This reference module contains the core terms for the electrochemistry domain.
Electrochemistry Domain Ontology
EMMO applies the naming convension to its sub-properties of rdfs:seeAlso that their label must end with one of the following terms: - 'Match': resolvable URLs to corresponding entity in another ontology - 'Entry': resolvable URLs to a human readable resource describing the subject - 'Ref': non-resolvable reference to a human readable resource describing the subject
Indicate a resource that might provide additional information about the subject resource.
a general annotation that provides extra context, clarifications, or useful background information
a note that helps to clarify the meaning and/or the use of a concept
The unit of measurement given using the UN/CEFACT Common Code (3 characters) or a URL.
The normative list of all codes is available at http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/cefact/recommendations/rec20/rec20_Rev9e_2014.xls
Other codes than the UN/CEFACT Common Code may be used with a prefix followed by a colon.
The UN/CEFACT Recommendation 20 provides three character alphabetic and alphanumeric codes for representing units of measurement for length, area, volume/capacity, mass (weight), time, and other quantities used in international trade. The codes are intended for use in manual and/or automated systems for the exchange of information between participants in international trade.
uneceCommonCode
Replaced by schema:unitCode
q critical alert about potential dangers, system failures, or serious misuse of a concept.
warning
A person or organisation acting as a contact point for enquiries about the ontology resource
contact
The annotation should include an email address.
A link to a graphical representation aimed to facilitate understanding of the concept, or of an annotation.
illustration
URL to corresponing entity in QUDT.
qudtReference
IRI to corresponding concept in the Ontology of units of Measure.
omReference
URL corresponding to entry in Wikidata.
wikidataReference
A hash of the full International Chemical Identifier (InChi) for a chemical substance.
inchiKey
The InChiKey is a hash of the full InChi identifier using the SHA-256 algorithm, designed to allow for easy web searches of chemical compounds.
OpenSMILES representation of a molecular structure.
SMILESReference
OpenSMILES is an open specification of the SMILE language for specifying molecular structures, which has become a defacto standard for exchange of molecular structures.
The conceptualisation annotation is a comment that helps the reader to understand how the world has been conceptualised by the ontology authors.
conceptualisation
A conceptualisation is the preliminary step behind each theory, preceding each logical formalisation. The readers approaching an ontology entity should first read the conceptualisation annotation to clearly understand "what we are talking about" and the accompanying terminology, and then read the elucidation.
An elucidation can provide references to external knowledge sources (i.e. ISO, Goldbook, RoMM).
marks an error or incorrect usage
error
Unified Code for Units of Measure (UCUM).
ucumCode
The Unified Code for Units of Measure (UCUM) is a code system intended to include all units of measures being contemporarily used in international science, engineering, and business. The purpose is to facilitate unambiguous electronic communication of quantities together with their units.
Pubchem URI for a compound or substance ID.
pubChemReference
highlights crucial points users must be aware of
important
URL for the entry in the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV).
IEVReference
metrologicalReference
a best practice or helpful suggestion related to the concept.
tip
URL to corresponding dpbedia entry.
dbpediaReference
The etymology annotation explains the origin of a word and the historical development of its meaning.
etymology
Definitions are usually taken from Wiktionary.
The etymology annotation is usually applied to rdfs:label entities, to better understand the connection between a label and the concept it concisely represents.
a customized callout for information not covered by default note types
admonition
Precise and univocal description of an ontological entity in the framework of an axiomatic system.
definition
A definition univocally determines a OWL entity using necessary and sufficient conditions referring to other OWL entities.
The standard symbol for a unit.
unitSymbol
A unit symbol may be a symbolic construct (e.g. km) or a symbol (e.g. m).
Axioms to add to the OWL 2 RL version of the ontology to reach DL expressivity.
OWLRL2DLAxioms
Corresponding item number in ISO 80 000.
ISO80000Reference
3-1.1 (ISO80000 reference to length)
indicates a serious risk, often safety-related
danger
Short enlightening explanation aimed to facilitate the user in drawing the connection (interpretation) between a OWL entity and the real world object(s) for which it stands.
elucidation
An elucidation should address the real world entities using the concepts introduced by the conceptualisation annotation.
a moderate-level advisory about possible pitfalls, errors, or inefficiencies
caution
Corresponds to the molecular formula of the compound.
molecularFormula
VIMTerm
quantity value (term in VIM that corresponds to Quantity in EMMO)
The term in the International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) (JCGM 200:2008) that corresponds to the annotated term in EMMO.
Axiom not included in the theory because of OWL 2 DL global restrictions for decidability.
OWL2DLRestrictedAxiom
A text that add some information about the entity.
note
A note can be addressed to facilitate interpretation, to suggest possible usage, to clarify the concepts behind each entity with respect to other ontological apporaches.
URL to corresponding Wikipedia entry.
wikipediaReference
links a quantity to the typical unit(s) that are commonly used
typicalUnit
Corresponds to the IUPAC name of the compound.
hasIUPACName
DOI to corresponding concept in IUPAC
iupacReference
the value of the standard InChI of a chemical substance
standardInChI
canonicalSMILES
the label of a term used in resources from Maccor
maccorLabel
bpxKey
the label of a term used in resources from Battery Archive
batteryArchiveLabel
cidemodKey
the label of a term used in resources from Biologic
biologicLabel
includeDocs
the label of a term used in resources from Neware
newareLabel
the label of a term used in resources from Indigo
indigoLabel
the label of a term used in resources from Arbin
arbinLabel
bvco
battmoKey
the label of a term used in resources from Novonix
novonixLabel
"3 cm"
A more complete example showing how to specify the value of a physical quantity in turtle using this datatype: height1 a emmo:Height ; hasSIQuantityValue "3 cm"^^emmo:SIQuantityDatatype .
SIQuantityDatatype
A datatype for a specifying a physcial quantity as a string consisting of a numerical, a separator and an SI unit.
The unit should be a valid, possible prefixed, derived SI unit.
isDeclaredBy
isObjectOutputOf
x isNotCauseOf y iff not(x isCauseOf y)
isNotCauseOf
A semiotic relation connecting an index sign to the interpreter (deducer) in a deduction process.
hasDeducer
isPortionPartOf
an object property linking a process to a process parameter
hasProcessParameter
consider promoting to EMMO top or middle
isMemberOf
Relates an object to a quantity describing a quantifiable property of the object obtained via a well-defined procedure.
hasObjectiveProperty
hasObjectInput
A semiotic relation connecting a declaring interpreter to the "declared" semiotic object in a declaration process.
hasDeclared
hasManufacturedOutput
isInterpretationAccordingTo
hasProductOutput
directlyCausedBye
The superproperty of all object property relations between an entity and one of its proper parts that belongs to different taxonomical branch.
hasDistinctPart
A molecule is a distinct part of a fluid.
A part is always distinct xor redundant.
We usa a predicate template notation as DP<φ>(x,y) to specify subclasses of DP(x,y) for the class φ, meaning that DP<φ>(x, y) ≡ PP(x, y) ∧ (φ(x) ↔ ¬φ(y))
φ is a class of the theory
hasStatus
isInputOf
Assigns a quantity to an object by convention.
An object can be represented by a quantity for the fact that it has been recognized to belong to a specific class. The quantity is selected without an observation aimed to measure its actual value, but by convention.
hasConventionalProperty
An Hydrogen atom has the quantity atomic number Z = 1 as its conventional property.
The primitive relation that express the concept of an entity being part of another one.
hasPart
All other mereology relations can be defined in FOL using hasPart as primitive.
isIncomingOverlappedBy
The generic EMMO semiotical relation.
semiotical
hasModel
Relates a chemical symbol to the atomic element it stands for.
isChemicalSymbolFor
The relation between an object O that proper overlaps a process P, where the non overapping part of P is caused by O.
isObjectInputOf
refersTo
A semiotic relation that connects a deduced semiotic object to an index in a deduction process.
hasIndex
throughOverlaps
isAfter
isTemporallyAfter
isOutputOf
isInfluencedBy
The relation between a process whole and a temporal part of the same type.
hasInterval
The relation between an object O1 and a object O2 that proper overlap, where the non overapping part of O2 is caused by O1.
isRemovedFrom
gets
isNotCausedBy
The relation between two individuals representing a collection and a non-maximal proper part, meaning the the latter is connected with the rest of the whole.
hasFragment
hasVariable
isParticipatedBy
The relation between an entity and a process, where the entity is the input of that process.
hasInput
A causal relation between the y effected and the x causing entities with intermediaries, where x isCauseOf y and not(y isCauseOf x).
foreruns
hasSuccessor
isAntecedentOf
predecessorOf
My life between 18-24 years has successor my life between 32-40 years, since there is an intermediary (i.e. my life between 25-32 years).
Transitivity is implemented at A-Box level with a SWRL rule.
From Latin succedĕre ("coming after").
A semiotic relation that connects a recognised semiotic object to an icon in a cognition process.
hasIcon
The relation between a process P that proper overlaps an object O, where the non overlapping part of P is cause of O.
influences
hasComponent
The superclass of all mereological EMMO relations.
mereological
The EMMO adheres to Atomistic General Extensional Mereology (AGEM).
Coined by Stanisław Leśniewski in 1927, from Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part”) +‎ -logy (“study, discussion, science”). https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mereology
The part is connected with the rest item or members with both hasNext (or its inverse) and hasContact relations.
hasJunctionPart
hasSpatioTemporalPart
isFragmentOf
The relation between a process P that proper overlaps an object O.
affects
hasServiceOutput
The relation between a process P1 that proper overlaps a process P2, where the non overlapping part of P1 is caused by P2.
isProcessOutputOf
successorOf
isAncestorOf
A relation connecting a sign to the interpreter in a semiotic process.
isInterpretedBy
A temporal relation between two entities occurs when the two entities are in a one directional causality relation. The idea is that a temporal relation always implies a one-directional causality between two entities, leading to a asymmetric relation. This means that the causing entity can be in direct and optionally indirect causality relation with the effect entity. On the contrary, the effect entity cannot be in any causal relation (direct or indirect) with the causing entity.
A time contact occurs when x isDirectCause y and not(y isCauseOf x).
precedes
foregoes
hasNext
isBefore
My life between 18-24 years has next my life between 24-32 years.
The raw sample has next the treated sampled, which has next the examined sample. In this sense the whole sample is made of three states, connected by the has next relation, following its evolution in time.
Each pair of entities in direct causality relation is either in hasNext or hasTwoWayCauseWith relation. The two are mutually exclusive.
This relation is asymmetric and irreflexive.
The relation identifying the tasks of a workflow that are not causally temporally dependent by other parts of the workflow.
hasBeginTask
Relates a prefixed unit to its metric prefix part.
hasMetricPrefix
isSignFor
A semiotic relation connecting a recogniting interpreter to the "cognised" semiotic object in a cognition process.
hasCognised
A semiotic relation connecting an icon to a interpreter (cogniser) in a cognition process.
hasCogniser
A relation jointly covered by Contact and InteractWith relations, which are mutually exclusive.
Spatial relations between entities are represented in the EMMO as bidirectional causality, meaning that both entities are at the beginning and at the end of causal paths connecting them. This type of relation represent the coexistence of two entities in the a spatial arrangement. The symmetric characteristic of this relation implies that it is not possible to order them and is related to the arbitrary choice of reference frames. Subclasses of spatial relations may be defined as asymmetric and introduce a spatial order, for example est to west, or internal to external layer..
The relation between entities that express a mutual causation.
coexistsWith
isSpatiallyRelatedWith
A proper part relation with domain restricted to items.
hasPortionPart
A part of an item is always non-maximal, meaning that is causally connected with the rest.
isConventionFor
A causal relation between the causing and the effected entities occurring without intermediaries.
Direct causality is a concept that captures the idea of direct interaction between two entities, given the fact that there are no causal intermediaries between them. It requires that at least a quantum of the causing entity is direct cause of a quantum of the caused entity. It does not exclude the possibility of other indirect causal routes between some proper parts of the two entities. The direct causality in a 4D ontology covers both time-like causal interaction (when causality is one-way from one entity to another) and space-like causal interaction (when causality is two-way between two entities).
directlyCauses
isDirectCauseOf
Direct cause is irreflexive.
Direct cause provides the edges for the transitive restriction of the direct acyclic causal graph whose nodes are the quantum entities.
isProperPartOf
isProcessedTo
releases
The relation between a process P1 that proper overlaps a process P2, where the non overlapping part of P1 is causing P2.
isProcessInputOf
Relates the result of a semiotic process to one of its obtained quantities.
hasQuantity
indirectlyCausedBy
hasIndirectCause
A relation that connects the semiotic object to the sign in a semiotic process.
isRepresentedBy
follows
isNextOf
succeeds
hasIterativeTask
hasSerialTask
incomingOverlaps
A relation that establishes for the whole a univocal tessellation in temporal parts forming the tessellation.
hasTemporalTile
hasTemporalDirectPart
Assigns a quantifiable uncertainty to an objective property through a well-defined procecure.
hasMetrologicalUncertainty
Since measurement uncertainty is a subclass of objective property, this relation can also describe the uncertainty of an measurement uncertainty.
A relation between the whole and one of its tiles, where the tile is both spatially and temporally connected with the other tiles forming the tessellation.
hasJunctionTile
isCausedBy
The superproperty of the all object property relations between a whole and its mereological parts of the same type.
hasRedundantPart
A volume of water has redundand parts other volumes of water. All this volumes have holistic parts some water molecules.
We usa a predicate template notation as RP<φ>(x,y) to specify subclasses of RP(x,y) for the class φ, meaning that RP<φ>(x, y) ≡ PP(x, y) ∧ φ(x) ∧ φ(y)
φ is a class of the theory that in the EMMO OWL is supposed to be subclass of CausalStructure.
Relates a quantity to its metrological reference through a semiotic process.
hasMetrologicalReference
In EMMO version 1.0.0, physical quantities used the hasMetrologicalReference object property to relate them to their units via physical dimensionality. This was simplified in 1.0.0-alpha3 in order to make reasoning faster. The restriction (e.g. for the physical quantity Length) Length hasMetrologicalReference only (hasPhysicsDimension only LengthDimension) was in 1.0.0-alpha3 changed to Length hasPhysicsDimension some LengthDimension Likewise were the universal restrictions on the corresponding unit changed to excistential. E.g. Metre hasPhysicsDimension only LengthDimension was changed to Metre hasPhysicsDimension some LengthDimension The label of this class was also changed from PhysicsDimension to PhysicalDimension.
The relation between two individuals representing the same entity.
equalsTo
Equality is here defined following a mereological approach.
The relation between a collection and one of its item members.
hasSingleMember
hasMember
The holistic relation connecting a workflow with one of its tasks.
hasTask
hasSubObject
The relation grouping all direct parthood relations used in the reductionistic perspective.
Tiling parthood enables the establishment of hierarchy of granularities, starting with an entity and providing several tessellation levels according to specific criteria. The criteria are implemented in specialised versions of the tiling parthood relation (e.g., metrological direct part, XML format direct part). The tiles and the tessellated entity (tessellation) are causally self connected (i.e., items), coherently with the concept behind the definition of the reductionistic perspective. The tiles of specific granularity level provide a covering for the whole and are mutually non-overlapping, as the label "tile" suggests.
hasTile
hasDirectPart
This relation is not antitransitive, to enable partitioning of a causal structure with more than one tiling scheme (e.g. time and space partitioning).
This relation is a simple collector of all relations inverse functional direct parthoods that can be defined in specialised theories using reductionism.
Relates a prefixed unit to its non-prefixed part.
hasUnitNonPrefixPart
For example the unit CentiNewtonMetre has prefix "Centi" and non-prefix part "NewtonMetre".
Relates an atomic element to its chemical symbol.
hasChemicalSymbol
isInterpreterFor
A relation that identify a proper item part of the whole, whose parts always cover the full spatial extension of the whole within a time interval.
hasTemporalPart
A temporal part of an item cannot both cause and be caused by any other proper part of the item. A temporal part is not constraint to be causally self-connected, i.e. it can be either an item or a collection. We therefore introduce two subproperties in order to distinguish between both cases.
In EMMO FOL this is a defined property. In OWL temporal relations are primitive.
joins
isCognisedBy
A tile that is connected with other tiles with bi-directional causal relations that fall under hasNext (or its inverse) or hasContact.
hasWellFormedTile
This owl:ObjectProperty is, like its super property, a mere collector of direct parthoods that manifest a spatiotemporal meaningful shape.
A relation that connects a semiotic object to the interpretant in a semiotic process.
hasInterpretant
Direct parthood is the non transitive version of parthood enabling the establishment of hierarchy of granularities, starting with an entity and providing several granularity levels of parthood.
The non-transitive version of proper parthood property.
hasImmediatePart
standsFor
isJoinedBy
A spatial contact between two entities occurs when the two entities are in an interaction relation whose causal structure is a representation of the fundamental interactions between elementary particles (Feynman diagrams). It means that if two entities are in contact, then there is at least a couple of elementary particles, one part of the first and one part of the second, interacting according to one of the fundamental interactions through virtual particles. This kind of connection is space-like (i.e. interconnecting force carrier particle is offshelf). Contacts between two entities exclude the possibility of other causal relations that are not included in a fundamental space-like interaction.
An interaction that is the sum of direct causality relations between two entities that are interpretable as fundamental physical interactions.
contacts
adjacentWith
hasSpatialnteractionWith
touches
An elementary electron is in contact with another elementary electron in a scattering process.
The laptop is in contact with the desk, since there is a double-directional causality.
Spatial contact is symmetric and irreflexive.
The contact relation is not an ordering relation since is symmetric.
isInterpretantFor
generates
The relation between the whole and a proper part of the whole that scale down to the point which it lose the characteristics of the whole and become something else.
hasRole
hasHolisticPart
An holistic part of water fluid is a water molecule.
Relates a quantity to its numerical value through spatial direct parthood.
hasNumericalPart
The relation between a semiotic process and the referent i.e., the object of the semiotic process.
hasReferent
The relation identifying the tasks of a workflow that are not a temporal cause of other parts of the workflow.
hasEndTask
isDirectPartOf
The relation between an entity and one of its parts, when both entities are distinct.
hasProperPart
The proper part relation has the following pair-covering sub-relations: - hasMembers xor hasPiece - hasPortionPart xor hasGatheredPart . hasItemPart xor hasScatteredPart
hasTaskTile
isCogniserFor
The part is connected with the rest item or members with a combination of hasNext (or its inverse) or hasContact relations.
hasNonTemporalPart
isRedundantPartOf
The relation between an entity that overlaps another without being its part.
overcrosses
The relation between a semiotic process and the sign standing for the referent.
hasSign
isDistinctPartOf
A semiotic relation connecting a deducing interpreter to the "deduced" semiotic object in a deduction process.
hasDeduced
isDeclarerFor
Relates a resource to its identifier.
hasResourceIdentifier
Reflexivity: Pxx Transitivity: (Pxy ∧ Pyz) → Pxz Antisymmetry: (Pxy ∧ Pyx) → x=y.
The inverse relation of hasPart.
isPartOf
hasQualifiedRole
hasQualifiedPart
The relation between individuals representing non-overlapping entities (i.e. that have no parts in common).
notOverlaps
disjointWith
isInternalRepresentationBy
Causality is the fundamental concept describing how entities affect each other, and conceptually precedes time and space relations. In the EMMO causality is the foundation for space and time relations. Embracing a strong reductionistic view, causality originates at quantum entities level, meaning that causal relations between macroscopic entities is simply the sum of quantum level causality relations.
The superclass of all causal EMMO relations.
causal
Causality in the EMMO is intended as physical causation and not counter-factual. Meaning that causality is an expression of actual physical interactions, and not of a counterfactual depence such as “I didn't water the flowers, hence, I'm the cause of their death”.
Each pair of entities is either in isCauseOf or isNotCauseOf relation. The two are mutually exclusive.
Participation is a parthood relation: you must be part of the process to contribute to it. A participant whose 4D extension is totally contained within the process. Participation is not under direct parthood since a process is not strictly related to reductionism, but it's a way to categorise temporal regions by the interpreters.
The relation between a process and an object participating to it, i.e. that is relevant to the process itself.
hasParticipant
Relates a dataset to its datum.
hasDatum
isOutgoingOverlappedBy
The relation between a object whole and its spatial part of the same type.
hasPortion
A volume of 1 cc of milk within a 1 litre can be considered still milk as a whole. If you scale down to a cluster of molecules, than the milk cannot be considered a fluid no more (and then no more a milk).
A relation between the whole and one of its tiles, where the tile is only spatially connected with the other tiles forming the tessellation.
hasSpatialTile
hasSpatialDirectPart
The relation between two entities that overlaps and neither of both is part of the other.
properOverlaps
isPropertyFor
A causal relation between the effected and the causing entities with intermediaries.
An indirect cause is a relation between two entities that is mediated by a intermediate entity. In other words, there are no quantum parts of the causing entity that are direct cause of quantum parts of the caused entity.
indirectlyCauses
isIndirectCauseOf
isSignificationFor
Assigns a quantity to an object via a well-defined modelling procedure.
hasModelledProperty
A conventional semiotic relation that relates a physical quantity to its unit.
hasMeasurementUnit
Length hasUnit only LengthUnit
isLeftBy
isReferredBy
The relation between the whole and a temporal tile that has only ingoing temporal connections.
hasEndTile
hasTemporalLast
isDeducedBy
IsIndexFor
The relation between an process and an entity, where the entity is the output of that process.
hasOutput
A semiotic relation that connects a declared semiotic object to a description in a declaration process.
hasDescription
outgoingOverlaps
isSignifiedBy
The relation between a semiotic process and the interpreter that is responsible for the sign-referent correspondance.
hasInterpreter
A semiotic relation connecting a conventional sign to the interpreter (declarer) in a declaration process.
hasDeclarer
The relation within a process and an agengt participant.
hasAgent
isContributedBy
interprets
The relation between two causally reachable entities through a path of contacts relations (i.e. representing physical interactions).
alongsideWith
concurrentWith
interactsWith
I'm interacting with another tennis player through a ball. Or, two people in a webconference are interacting using a mediator which is the network signal.
isPartakenBy
The relation between two processes, where the second is the input of the first.
hasProcessOutput
hasCharacterised
isAffectedBy
The relation between a process and one of its process parts.
hasSubProcess
Relates a prefixed unit to its unit symbol part.
hasUnitSymbol
A relation between an entity that causally affects another.
We say that an entity causes another if there is a quantum part of the first that is in causal relation with a quantum parts of the second. More formally, causality is defined as a relation between individuals x and y that holds if and only if: a) x having a part that is causing an effect on a part of y b) x and y are non-overlapping An entity cannot cause itself or a part of itself. For this reasons causality between entities excludes reflexivity and prevents them to overlap. The existence of one-directional of bi-directional causality relations between two entities is what reconstruct time-like and space-like relations, respectively.
isCauseOf
causes
John yesterday is the cause of John today, is an example of temporal-like causality. The desk supporting my laptop is a space-like causality.
Each pair of causally connected entities is either in isDirectCauseOf or isIndirectCauseOf relation. The two are mutually exclusive.
The OWL 2 DL version of the EMMO introduces this object property as primitive causal relation. It refers to the macro causality relation mC(x,y), defined in the EMMO FOL version. While the EMMO FOL introduces the quantum causality relation C(x,y) as primitive, the OWL 2 DL version of the EMMO substantially simplifies the theory, neglecting these lower level relations that are well above DL expressivity. For this reason the EMMO OWL 2 DL will only deal with macro causality relations, sacrificing the full FOL theory expressivity for the sake of simplicity.
The cause relation applies to both quantums and macro-entities (entities made of more than one quantum). It is admissible for two entities to be one the cause of the other, excepts when they are both quantums.
From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”).
isThroughOverlappedBy
The relation between two individuals representing entities that share at least one of their parts.
overlaps
The relation between the interpreter and the interpretant, being its internal representation.
hasInternalRepresentation
isDeducerFor
The relation between an object and one of its holistic part that contributes to the object under some spatial-based criteria.
hasConstituent
A proper part of a whole, whose parts always cover the full temporal extension of the whole within a spatial interval.
hasSpatialPart
The part is connected with the rest item or members with hasContact relations only (no hasNext).
A semiotic relation that connects a semiotic object to a property in a declaration process.
hasProperty
The relation between a process P and an object O that partially overlaps and the intersection between P and O is a participant of P.
participatesTo
semioticOvercrossedBy
hasConstitutiveProcess
The inverse relation for overcrosses.
isOvercrossedBy
The relation between an process and an object, where the object is the output of that process.
hasObjectOutput
partakesIn
The relation between an object O1 and a object O2 that proper overlap, and the overlapping part of O1 is: a) next of the non overlapping part and b) a constituent of O2.
isAddedTo
The relation between two processes, where the first is the input of the second.
hasProcessInput
A semiotic relation that connects a declared semiotic object to a conventional sign in a declaration process.
hasConvention
leaves
hasBehaviour
A relation between entities that are only one-directionally causally connected.
A relation jointly covered by hasNext and hasSuccessor relations, which are mutually exclusive.
isTemporallyBefore
The superclass for all relations used by the EMMO.
EMMORelation
The relation between a process P that proper overlaps an object O , where the non overapping part of P is caused by O.
isGeneratedBy
isReferentFor
Relates a quantity to its reference unit through spatial direct parthood.
hasReferencePart
hasCharacteriser
isIconFor
The relation between a process P1 that proper overlaps a process P2.
contributesTo
hasStage
The superproperties for overcrossing relations between semiotic entities.
semioticOvercrosses
A relation that connects the interpreter to the semiotic object in a semiotic process.
providesInterpretation
A semiotic relation that connects a description to a declared semiotic objec in a declaration process.
isDescriptionFor
Assigns a quantity to an object via a well-defined measurement procedure.
hasMeasuredProperty
isPieceOf
The relation between the whole and a temporal tile that has only outgoing temporal connections.
hasBeginTile
hasTemporalFirst
A sub collection relation where the proper part is fully encompasses some of the members of the collection.
hasMultipleMembers
A proper part which is not connected with the rest of the whole.
The relation between individuals representing a collection and one or more of its members.
hasMaximalPart
A maximal part is a proper part that is not connected with the rest of the whole.
The relation between two individuals representing an entity and a non-maximal proper part, meaning the the latter is connected with the rest of the whole.
hasPiece
hasNotMaximalPart
A non-maximal part is a proper part that is connected with the rest of the whole.
hasAccessConditions
hasBPMNDiagram
hasBeginCharacterisationTask
hasBeginCharacterizationTask
hasCharacterisationComponent
hasCharacterizationComponent
hasCharacterisationEnvironment
hasCharacterizationEnvironment
hasCharacterisationEnvironmentProperty
hasCharacterizationEnvironmentProperty
hasCharacterisationInput
hasCharacterizationInput
hasCharacterisationMeasurementInstrument
hasCharacterizationMeasurementInstrument
hasCharacterisationOutput
hasCharacterizationOutput
hasCharacterisationProcedureValidation
hasCharacterisationProperty
hasCharacterizationProperty
hasCharacterisationSoftware
hasCharacterizationSoftware
hasCharacterisationTask
hasCharacterizationTask
hasDataAcquisitionRate
hasDataProcessingThroughCalibration
hasDataQuality
hasDataset
hasEndCharacterisationTask
hasEndCharacterizationTask
hasHardwareSpecification
hasHazard
hasHolder
hasInstrumentForCalibration
hasInteractionVolume
hasInteractionWithProbe
hasInteractionWithSample
hasLaboratory
hasLab
hasLevelOfAutomation
hasMeasurementDetector
hasMeasurementParameter
hasMeasurementProbe
hasMeasurementSample
hasMeasurementTime
hasOperator
A reference to academic literature proving the scientific validity of the approach.
hasPeerReviewedArticle
hasPhysicsOfInteraction
hasPostProcessingModel
hasProcessingReproducibility
hasReferenceSample
hasSampleForInspection
hasSampleBeforeSamplePreparation
hasSampleForPreparation
hasSampleInspectionInstrument
hasSampleInspectionParameter
hasSamplePreparationInstrument
hasSamplePreparationParameter
hasSampledSample
rationaleHasCharacterisationProcedure
rationaleHasUserCase
requiresLevelOfExpertise
isComponentOf
relates a composite material or coating to a binder that provides mechanical cohesion and adhesion between its constituents
hasBinder
relates a system to the portion of the electrolyte that is in contact with the anode
hasAnolyte
hasElectrochemicalCell
relates an electrochemical cell or system to the electrolyte that enables ionic conduction between electrodes
hasElectrolyte
relates a device or assembly to the outer enclosure or housing that provides mechanical protection and containment
hasCase
relates a component to a coating that covers its surface to provide protective, functional, or structural properties
hasCoating
a property linking an electrochemical test to the equipment that is used to carry out the test.
hasTestEquipment
relates an electrochemical cell or subsystem to an electrode that participates in electron transfer reactions
hasElectrode
a property linking an electrochemical test to the object being tested
hasTestObject
relates an electrochemical cell to the electrode at which oxidation occurs during discharge
hasNegativeElectrode
relates an electrochemical cell or measurement setup to the electrode that provides a stable reference potential
hasReferenceElectrode
relates a system or component to a layer that forms part of its structural composition, typically distinguished by its material or functional characteristics
hasLayer
relates a component or mixture to an additive that is included in minor quantity to modify physical, chemical, or electrochemical properties
hasAdditive
hasSolvent
relates an electrode or other functional component to the material that participates directly in the primary electrochemical reaction
hasActiveMaterial
hasSolute
relates an electrochemical cell to the electrode at which reduction occurs during discharge
hasPositiveElectrode
relates a system to a separator that physically divides electrodes while allowing ionic transport
hasSeparator
relates a system to the portion of the electrolyte that is in contact with the cathode
hasCatholyte
relates a holistic system to the underlying material or surface onto which a coating, layer, or treatment is applied, serving as the base that supports and interacts with the added material.
hasSubstrate
hasFormFactor
relates an electrochemical cell or measurement setup to the electrode at which the primary reaction of interest occurs
hasWorkingElectrode
relates a component or mixture to an additive that is intendend to increase the conductivity of the whole.
hasConductiveAdditive
hasCurrentCollector
relates an electrochemical cell or setup to the electrode that completes the electrical circuit and serves as a reference or counter to the working electrode
hasCounterElectrode
a property that links a task to a parameter that is controlled during the task
hasControlParameter
a property that links a task to a parameter that determines the termination condition for that task
hasTerminationParameter
hasInsertedEntity
hasStringValue
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO string data entity.
Relates a SI dimensional unit to a dimension string.
hasDimensionString
hasSymbolValue
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO symbol data entity.
chemicalSymbolValue
Relates a physical quantity to its value specified as a string consisting of a numerical, a separator and a unit.
hasSIQuantityValue
Example showing how to specify the value of a physical quantity in turtle using hasSIQuantityValue: height1 a emmo:Height ; hasSIQuantityValue "3 cm"^^emmo:SIQuantityDatatype .
Using hasSIQuantityValue is a convenient, but less semantic, alternative to specify value and unit of a physical quantity compared to using the 'hasNumericalPart' and 'hasReferencePart'/'hasMetrologicalReference' relations. The unit should be a valid, possible prefixed, derived SI unit.
mathematicalSymbolValue
The mass of an atomic element according to IUPAC 2016.
This is a convenient shortcut for the measurement process process of the atomic mass reported by IUPAC2016.
hasIUPAC2016AtomicMass
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO JSON data entity.
hasJSONValue
Number to multiply a SI coherent unit with when converting to a given non-SI coherent unit.
hasSIConversionMultiplier
Conversion formula: nonsi_coherent_unit = si_coherent_unit * multiplier + offset
Relates a SI prefixed unit to the multiplication factor corresponding to the prefix.
hasPrefixMultiplier
The atomic number of an atomic element.
This is a convenient shortcut for the conventional declaration process of assigning an atomic number to an atom subclass.
hasAtomicNumber
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO URL data entity.
hasURLValue
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO URI data entity.
hasURIValue
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO data entity.
hasDataValue
This is the superproperty of all data properties used to serialise a fundamental data type in the EMMO Data perspective. An entity can have only one data value expressing its serialisation (e.g. a Real entity cannot have two different real values).
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO URN data entity.
hasURNValue
Number to add to a SI coherent unit when converting to a given non-SI coherent unit.
hasSIConversionOffset
Relates a SI prefixed unit to the prefix symbol.
hasPrefixSymbol
unitSymbolValue
Relates an individual to an ORCID that identifies the individual.
The domain is not provided to not impose restrictions on the individual carrying the ORCID. Typically it will be a person (maximal) or a temporal part of a person.
hasORCID
hasNumberValue
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO numerical data entity.
A string representing the Manufacturer of a CharacterisationHardware
hasManufacturer
A string representing the model of a CharacterisationHardware
A string representing the UniqueID of a CharacterisationHardware
hasUniqueID
hasDateOfCalibration
hasIECCode
hasANSICode
Person
the schema.org term for an Organization
Organization
the schema.org term for a Person
The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602176634×10−19 when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A s, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs.
Ampere
SI base unit ampere divided by the 0.01-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
AmperePerCentiMetre
Ampere Per Centimetre
A measure used to express how a current is subject to temperature. Originally used in Wien's Law to describe phenomena related to filaments. One use today is to express how a current generator derates with temperature. -- QUDT
AmperePerDegreeCelsius
Ampere per Degree Celsius
`Ampere per gram` is a practical unit to describe an (applied) current relative to the involved amount of material. This unit is often found in electrochemistry to standardize test conditions and compare various scales of investigated materials. -- QUDT
AmperePerGram
Ampere per Gram
The inverse measure of joule-per-ampere or weber. The measure for the reciprical of magnetic flux. -- QUDT
AmperePerJoule
Ampere per Joule
is the SI unit of magnetic field strength. One ampere per meter is equal to π/250 oersteds (12.566 371 millioersteds) in CGS units. The ampere per meter is also the SI unit of "magnetization" in the sense of magnetic dipole moment per unit volume; in this context 1 A/m = 0.001 emu per cubic centimeter. -- QUDT
AmperePerMetre
Ampere per Metre
SI base unit ampere divided by the 0.001-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
AmperePerMilliMetre
Ampere Per Millimetre
`Ampere per Radian` is a derived unit for measuring the amount of current per unit measure of angle, expressed in ampere per radian. -- QUDT
AmperePerRadian
Ampere per Radian
SI base unit ampere divided by the 0.0001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre by exponent 2 -- QUDT
AmperePerSquareCentiMetre
Ampere Per Square Centimetre
`Ampere Per Square Meter` is a unit in the category of electric current density. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. -- QUDT
AmperePerSquareMetre
Ampere per Square Metre
Ampere per square metre and square Kelvin.
AmperePerSquareMetreSquareKelvin
SI base unit ampere divided by the 0.000 001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre by exponent 2 -- QUDT
AmperePerSquareMilliMetre
Ampere Per Square Millimetre
product out of the SI base unit ampere and the SI base unit second -- QUDT
AmpereSecond
Ampere Second
The SI unit of electromagnetic moment. -- QUDT
AmpereSquareMetre
Ampere Square Metre
The SI unit of gyromagnetic ratio. -- QUDT
AmpereSquareMetrePerJouleSecond
Ampere Square Metre Per Joule Second
A minute of arc, arcminute, or minute arc (MOA), is a unit of angular measurement equal to one sixtieth (1/60) of one degree (circle/21,600), or π /10,800 radians. In turn, a second of arc or arcsecond is one sixtieth (1/60) of one minute of arc. Since one degree is defined as one three hundred and sixtieth (1/360) of a rotation, one minute of arc is 1/21,600 of a rotation. -- QUDT
Arcminute
ArcMinute
MinuteOfArc
"Arc Second" is a unit of angular measure, also called the `second of arc`, equal to 1/60 arcminute. One arcsecond is a very small angle: there are 1,296,000 in a circle. The SI recommends `double prime` ('') as the symbol for the arcsecond. The symbol has become common in astronomy, where very small angles are stated in milliarcseconds (mas). -- QUDT
Arcsecond
ArcSecond
SecondOfArc
An astronomical unit (abbreviated as AU, au, a.u., or ua) is a unit of length equal to 149,597,870,700 metres (92,955,807.273 mi) or approximately the mean Earth Sun distance. The symbol ua is recommended by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, and the international standard ISO 80000, while au is recommended by the International Astronomical Union, and is more common in Anglosphere countries. In general, the International System of Units only uses capital letters for the symbols of units which are named after individual scientists, while au or a.u. can also mean atomic unit or even arbitrary unit. However, the use of AU to refer to the astronomical unit is widespread. The astronomical constant whose value is one astronomical unit is referred to as unit distance and is given the symbol A. [Wikipedia] -- QUDT
One astronomical unit is defined as exactly 149597870700 m, which is roughly the distance from earth to sun.
AstronomicalUnit
astronomical-unit
Number of one type of species divided by the number of all species.
MoleFraction
AtomFraction
MolePerMole
Moles per mole
An AttoColomb is 10⁻¹⁸ C. -- QUDT
AttoCoulomb
0,000 000 000 000 000 001-fold of the SI derived unit farad -- QUDT
0,000 000 000 000 000 001-fold of the derived SI unit joule -- QUDT
unit of the Planck's constant as product of the SI derived unit joule and the SI base unit second -- QUDT
Attojoule Second
Radioactive decays per second.
SI unit for radioactive activity.
Becquerel
The SI derived unit of activity, usually meaning radioactivity. "Radioactivity" is caused when atoms disintegrate, ejecting energetic particles. One becquerel is the radiation caused by one disintegration per second; this is equivalent to about 27.0270 picocuries (pCi). The unit is named for a French physicist, Antoine-Henri Becquerel (1852-1908), the discoverer of radioactivity. Note: both the becquerel and the hertz are basically defined as one event per second, yet they measure different things. The hertz is used to measure the rates of events that happen periodically in a fixed and definite cycle. The becquerel is used to measure the rates of events that happen sporadically and unpredictably, not in a definite cycle. -- QUDT
The SI derived unit of unit in the category of Radioactivity concentration. -- QUDT
BecquerelPerCubicMetre
Becquerel per Cubic Metre
"Becquerel per Kilogram" is used to describe radioactivity, which is often expressed in becquerels per unit of volume or weight, to express how much radioactive material is contained in a sample. -- QUDT
Becquerel per Kilogram
Becquerel per square metre.
BecquerelPerSquareMetre
Becquerels second per cubic metre.
A logarithmic unit of sound pressure equal to 10 decibels (dB), It is defined as: 1 B = (1/2) log₁₀(Np) -- QUDT
One bel is defined as `1⁄2 ln(10) neper`.
Today decibel (one tenth of a bel) is commonly used instead of bel.
bel is used to express the ratio of one value of a power or field quantity to another, on a logarithmic scale, the logarithmic quantity being called the power level or field level, respectively.
Bel
The candela, symbol cd, is the SI unit of luminous intensity in a given direction. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540×1012 Hz, Kcd, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm W−1, which is equal to cd sr W−1, or cd sr kg−1 m−2 s3, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆νCs.
Candela
Candela per Lumen.
CandelaPerLumen
The candela per square metre (cd/m²) is the derived SI unit of luminance. The unit is based on the candela, the SI unit of luminous intensity, and the square metre, the SI unit of area. Nit (nt) is a deprecated non-SI name also used for this unit (1 nit = 1 cd/m²). As a measure of light emitted per unit area, this unit is frequently used to specify the brightness of a display device. Most consumer desktop liquid crystal displays have luminances of 200 to 300 cd/m²; the sRGB spec for monitors targets 80 cd/m2. HDTVs range from 450 to about 1000 cd/m2. Typically, calibrated monitors should have a brightness of 120 cd/m². Nit is believed to come from the Latin word nitere, to shine. -- QUDT
CandelaPerSquareMetre
candela per square metre
A CentiCoulomb is 10⁻² C. -- QUDT
CentiCoulomb
0,000 01-fold of the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
A centimetre is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one hundredth of a metre, which is the SI base unit of length. Centi is the SI prefix for a factor of 10. The centimetre is the base unit of length in the now deprecated centimetre-gram-second (CGS) system of units. -- QUDT
0,01-fold of the SI base unit metre divided by the SI base unit kelvin -- QUDT
Centimetre Per Kelvin
"Centimeter per Second" is a C.G.S System unit for 'Linear Velocity' expressed as cm/s. -- QUDT
centimetre per second
`Centimeter per Square Second` is a C.G.S System unit for `Linear Acceleration` expressed as cm/s². -- QUDT
Centimetre per Square Second
`Centimeter Second Degree Celsius` is a C.G.S System unit for 'Length Temperature Time' expressed as cm-s-degC. -- QUDT
Centimetre Second Degree Celsius
A centimole 0.01 N.
CentiMole
centimole
1/100 of SI unit of amount of substance per kilogram -- QUDT
Centimole per kilogram
A CentiNewton 0.01 N.
CentiNewton
0,01-fold of the product of the SI derived unit newton and SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Centinewton Metre
SI unit for electric charge.
Coulomb
The SI unit of electric charge. One coulomb is the amount of charge accumulated in one second by a current of one ampere. Electricity is actually a flow of charged particles, such as electrons, protons, or ions. The charge on one of these particles is a whole-number multiple of the charge e on a single electron, and one coulomb represents a charge of approximately 6.241 506 x 1018 e. The coulomb is named for a French physicist, Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1736-1806), who was the first to measure accurately the forces exerted between electric charges. -- QUDT
Coulomb Meter (C-m) is a unit in the category of Electric dipole moment. It is also known as atomic unit, u.a., au, ua. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Coulomb Meter (C-m) has a dimension of LTI where L is length, T is time, and I is electric current. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
CoulombMetre
It is also known as atomic unit, u.a., au, ua. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Coulomb Meter (C-m) has a dimension of LTI where L is length, T is time, and I is electric current. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category.
derived SI unit coulomb divided by the 0.000 001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre by exponent 3 -- QUDT
CoulombPerCubicCentiMetre
Coulomb Per Cubic Centimetre
Coulomb Per Cubic Meter (C/m³) is a unit in the category of Electric charge density. It is also known as coulomb per cubic metre, coulombs per cubic meter, coulombs per cubic metre, coulomb/cubic meter, coulomb/cubic metre. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Coulomb Per Cubic Meter has a dimension of L⁻³TI where L is length, T is time, and I is electric current. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
CoulombPerCubicMetre
Coulomb per Cubic Metre
derived SI unit coulomb divided by the 0.000 000 001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre by exponent 3 -- QUDT
CoulombPerCubicMilliMetre
Coulomb Per Cubic Millimetre
`Coulomb Per Kilogram (C/kg)` is the unit in the category of Exposure. It is also known as coulombs per kilogram, coulomb/kilogram. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Coulomb Per Kilogram (C/kg) has a dimension of M⁻¹TI where M is mass, T is time, and I is electric current. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Coulomb per Kilogram
The SI unit of exposure rate -- QUDT
Coulomb Per Kilogram Second
"Coulomb per Meter" is a unit for 'Electric Charge Line Density' expressed as C/m. -- QUDT
CoulombPerMetre
Coulomb per Metre
(C/mol) is a unit in the category of Molar electric charge. It is also known as coulombs/mol. Coulomb Per Mol has a dimension of TN{-1}I where T is time, N is amount of substance, and I is electric current. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
CoulombPerMole
Coulomb per Mole
derived SI unit coulomb divided by the 0.0001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre by exponent 2 -- QUDT
CoulombPerSquareCentiMetre
Coulomb Per Square Centimetre
Coulomb Per Square Meter (C/m²) is a unit in the category of Electric charge surface density. It is also known as coulombs per square meter, coulomb per square metre, coulombs per square metre, coulomb/square meter, coulomb/square metre. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Coulomb Per Square Meter (C/m2) has a dimension of L⁻²TI where L is length, T is time, and I is electric current. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
CoulombPerSquareMetre
Coulomb per Square Metre
derived SI unit coulomb divided by the 0.000 001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre by exponent 2 -- QUDT
CoulombPerSquareMilliMetre
Coulomb Per Square Millimetre
Coulomb Square Meter (C-m2) is a unit in the category of Electric quadrupole moment. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Coulomb Square Meter (C-m2) has a dimension of L2TI where L is length, T is time, and I is electric current. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
CoulombSquareMetre
Coulomb Square Metre
Coulomb Square Meter (C-m2-per-volt) is a unit in the category of Electric polarizability. -- QUDT
CoulombSquareMetrePerVolt
Coulomb Square Metre Per Volt
The CGS unit of volume, equal to 10-6 cubic meter, 1 milliliter, or about 0.061 023 7 cubic inch -- QUDT
CubicCentiMetre
cubic centimetre
volume ratio consisting of the 0.000 001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
CubicCentiMetrePerCubicCentiMetre
Cubic Centimetre Per Cubic Centimetre
CubicCentiMetrePerCubicMetre
Cubic Centimetre Per Cubic Metre
0,000 001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the SI base unit kelvin -- QUDT
CubicCentiMetrePerKelvin
Cubic Centimetre Per Kelvin
0.000 001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the SI base unit mol -- QUDT
CubicCentiMetrePerMole
Cubic Centimetre Per Mole
A unit that is the 0.000001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the SI base unit mol multiplied by the SI base unit second. -- QUDT
CubicCentiMetrePerMoleSecond
Cubic centimeter per mole second
0,000 001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the SI base unit second -- QUDT
CubicCentiMetrePerSecond
Cubic Centimetre Per Second
"Cubic Coulomb Meter per Square Joule" is a unit for 'Cubic Electric Dipole Moment Per Square Energy' expressed as C³ m³ J⁻². -- QUDT
CubicCoulombMetrePerSquareJoule
Cubic Coulomb Metre per Square Joule
1 000-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre by exponent 3 -- QUDT
CubicDecaMetre
Cubic Decametre
0.1-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
CubicDeciMetre
Cubic Decimetre
volume ratio consisting of the 0.001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
CubicDeciMetrePerCubicMetre
Cubic Decimetre Per Cubic Metre
0,001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the SI base unit mol -- QUDT
CubicDeciMetrePerMole
Cubic Decimetre Per Mole
0,001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the unit for time second -- QUDT
CubicDeciMetrePerSecond
Cubic Decimetre Per Second
`Cubic Kilometer per Square Second` is a unit for `Standard Gravitational Parameter` expressed as km³/s². -- QUDT
CubicKiloMetrePerSquareSecond
Cubic Kilometre per Square Second
The SI unit of volume, equal to 1.0e6 cm3, 1000 liters, 35.3147 ft3, or 1.30795 yd3. A cubic meter holds about 264.17 U.S. liquid gallons or 219.99 British Imperial gallons. -- QUDT
CubicMetre
Cubic metre per Coulomb.
CubicMetrePerCoulomb
Power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3. -- QUDT
CubicMetrePerCubicMetre
Cubic Metre Per Cubic Metre
Cubic metre per Kelvin.
CubicMetrePerKelvin
Cubic Meter Per Kilogram (m3/kg) is a unit in the category of Specific volume. It is also known as cubic meters per kilogram, cubic metre per kilogram, cubic metres per kilogram, cubic meter/kilogram, cubic metre/kilogram. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Cubic Meter Per Kilogram (m3/kg) has a dimension of M-1L3 where M is mass, and L is length. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Cubic Metre per Kilogram
Cubic metre per kilogram and square second.
The molar volume, symbol Vm, is the volume occupied by one mole of a substance (chemical element or chemical compound) at a given temperature and pressure. It is equal to the molar mass (M) divided by the mass density. It has the SI unit cubic metres per mole m3/mol, although it is more practical to use the units cubic decimetres per mole dm3/mol for gases and cubic centimetres per mole cm3/mol for liquids and solids. -- QUDT
CubicMetrePerMole
Cubic Metre per Mole
A cubic metre per second (m³s⁻¹, m³/s), cumecs or cubic meter per second in American English) is a derived SI unit of flow rate equal to that of a stere or cube with sides of one metre ( u0303 39.37 in) in length exchanged or moving each second. It is popularly used for water flow, especially in rivers and streams, and fractions for HVAC values measuring air flow. -- QUDT
CubicMetrePerSecond
Cubic Metre per Second
power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
CubicMetrePerSquareMetre
Cubic Metre Per Square Metre
`Cubic Meter per Square Second` is a C.G.S System unit for `Standard Gravitational Parameter` expressed as m³/s² -- QUDT
CubicMetrePerSquareSecond
Cubic Metre per Square Second
Cubic micrometre per cubic metre unit.
CubicMicroMetrePerCubicMetre
A metric measure of volume or capacity equal to a cube 1 millimeter on each edge -- QUDT
CubicMilliMetre
Cubic Millimetre
volume ratio consisting of the 0.000000001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
CubicMilliMetrePerCubicMetre
Cubic Millimetre Per Cubic Metre
One dalton is defined as one twelfth of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state.
The unified atomic mass unit (symbol: μ) or dalton (symbol: Da) is a unit that is used for indicating mass on an atomic or molecular scale. It is defined as one twelfth of the rest mass of an unbound atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state, and has a value of 1.660538782(83) × 10⁻²⁷ kg. One Da is approximately equal to the mass of one proton or one neutron. The CIPM have categorised it as a "non-SI unit whose values in SI units must be obtained experimentally". -- QUDT
Dalton
AtomicMassUnit
A measure of time defined as 86 400 seconds.
Mean solar day -- QUDT
Day
A DecaCoulomb is 10 C. -- QUDT
DecaCoulomb
0,01-fold of the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
10-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
10-fold of the derived SI unit pascal -- QUDT
A customary logarithmic measure most commonly used (in various ways) for measuring sound.Sound is measured on a logarithmic scale. Informally, if one sound is 1 bel (10 decibels) "louder" than another, this means the louder sound is 10 times louder than the fainter one. A difference of 20 decibels corresponds to an increase of 10 x 10 or 100 times in intensity. The beginning of the scale, 0 decibels, can be set in different ways, depending on exactly the aspect of sound being measured. For sound intensity (the power of the sound waves per unit of area) 0 decibel is equal to 1 picoWatts per Metre Squared. This corresponds approximately to the faintest sound that can be detected by a person who has good hearing. For sound pressure (the pressure exerted by the sound waves) 0 decibels equals 20 micropascals RMS, and for sound power 0 decibels sometimes equals 1 picoWatt. In all cases, one decibel equals ≈ 0.115129 neper. -- QUDT
A DeciCoulomb is 10⁻¹ C. -- QUDT
DeciCoulomb
0.0001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
A decimeter is a tenth of a meter. -- QUDT
DeciNewton
0.1-fold of the product of the derived SI unit joule and the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Decinewton Metre
A decisiemens is 0.1 S.
DeciSiemens
decisiemens
Decisiemens per metre. -- QUDT
decisiemens per metre
A degree (in full, a degree of arc, arc degree, or arcdegree), usually denoted by ° (the degree symbol), is a measurement of plane angle, representing 1/360 of a full rotation; one degree is equivalent to 2π /360 rad, 0.017453 rad. It is not an SI unit, as the SI unit for angles is radian, but is an accepted SI unit. -- QUDT
Degree is a measurement of plane angle, defined by representing a full rotation as 360 degrees.
Degree
Measurement unit for Celsius temperature. This unit can only be used for expressing temperature differences.
DegreeCelsius
Celsius, also known as centigrade, is a scale and unit of measurement for temperature. It can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicate a temperature interval, a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty. This definition fixes the magnitude of both the degree Celsius and the kelvin as precisely 1 part in 273.16 (approximately 0.00366) of the difference between absolute zero and the triple point of water. Thus, it sets the magnitude of one degree Celsius and that of one kelvin as exactly the same. Additionally, it establishes the difference between the two scales' null points as being precisely 273.15 °C. -- QUDT
`Degree Celsius Centimeter` is a C.G.S System unit for 'Length Temperature' expressed as cm-degC. -- QUDT
Degree Celsius Centimetre
Derived unit for the product of the temperature in degrees Celsius and the mass density of a medium, integrated over vertical depth or height in metres. -- QUDT
Degrees Celsius kilogram per square metre
unit with the name Degree Celsius divided by the SI base unit kelvin -- QUDT
DegreeCelsiusPerKelvin
Degree Celsius Per Kelvin
Degree Celsius per metre unit.
`Degree Celsius per Second` is a unit for 'Temperature Per Time' expressed as degC / s. -- QUDT
DegreeCelsiusPerSecond
Degree Celsius per Second
The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaPerTemperature'.
AreaPerTemperatureUnit
Atom subclass for carbon.
CarbonAtom
The symbol that stands for the uranium atom.
UraniumSymbol
The class for entities where an interpreter, interpretant, reference and sign relate with each others semiotically.
Semiosis
Me looking a cat and saying loud: "Cat!" -> the semiosis process me -> interpreter cat -> object (in Peirce semiotics) the cat perceived by my mind -> interpretant "Cat!" -> sign, the produced sign
EquivalentTo: Deduction or Declaration or Cognition
EquivalentTo: FullSemiosis or PartialSemiosis
Semiosis is intended here as a 4D entity, meaning that is not necessarily intended as a process. This enables users to represent more general state of things without necessarily committing to a process/object classification (which in a 4D framework is subjective, and not ontological) through the persistence perspective (in fact semiotics module is independent from persistence module). For example, in a deduction (semiosis) the yellow tinted skin (index) of a patient is a symptom for liver desease (referent) according to a doctor (interpreter). If the user wants to include a commit towards persistency then the deduction can be either: - an obejct: the deduction is a system (object) and the doctor, skin and patient are object components - a process: where the deduction is a process and the doctor, skin and patient are participants Since in the EMMO the object/process categorisation is relation-driven and object/process are not disjointed, the abovementioned deduction can be seen both as a process or object depending on the relation used by the user to navigate the graph.
An product that is ready for commercialisation.
CommercialProduct
Product
PhotochemicalProcesses
Draw forming by drawing a workpiece through a tool opening that is narrowed in the drawing direction.
DrawForming
A chain of linked physics based model simulations solved iteratively, where equations are segregated.
IterativeCoupledModelsSimulation
Atom subclass for osmium.
OsmiumAtom
Real part of the admittance.
ConductanceForAlternatingCurrent
The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticReluctivity'.
MagneticReluctivityUnit
Time derivative of the dose equivalent.
DoseEquivalentRate
A building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled.
Factory
IndustrialPlant
From Latin factor, from fact- ‘done’, from the verb facere (to do).
NCNameData
A perspective characterized by the belief that: - a whole is more than merely the sum of its parts (wholism) - the parts of a whole are interconnected in a way that can be explained only by reference to the whole (rolism).
An holistic perspective considers each part of the whole as equally important, without the need to position the parts within a hierarchy (in time or space). The interest is on the whole, on its parts (how they contribute to the whole, i.e. their roles), and their types, without going further into specifying the spatial hierarchy or the temporal position of each part. This class allows the picking of parts without necessarily going trough a rigid hierarchy of spatial compositions (e.g. body -> organ -> cell -> molecule) or temporal composition. This is inline with the transitive nature of parthood, as it is usually defined in literature.
The union of classes whole and part.
Holistic
Wholistic
A molecule of a body can have role in the body evolution, without caring if its part of a specific organ and without specifying the time interval in which this role occurred.
A product is a role that can be fulfilled by many objects, but always requires a process to which the product participates and from which it is generated.
The holistic perspective is not excluding the reductionistic perspective, on the contrary it can be considered its complement.
Whole and roles are defined using parthood relations. However, there also must be a primitive component in the definition, besides parthood, capturing more subtle relations between entities that makes their relation holistic. For example, a scattering event between an electron and a nucleus requires electron and nucleus types as parts to exist, but this is not enough to make this event an atom, since it requires a persistent bond. So defining something as an atom iff have parts some electons and a nucleus is not enough.
From the word 'holistic' with the 'w-' prefix, due to the affinity with the existing word 'whole', that share the same meaning of 'holos'.
Holism (from Greek ὅλος holos "all, whole, entire").
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerTemperature'.
PerTemperatureUnit
A 'Mathematical' entity that is made of a 'Numeral' and a 'MeasurementUnit' defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective. Measurement is done according to the same model.
In the same system of quantities, dim ρB = ML−3 is the quantity dimension of mass concentration of component B, and ML−3 is also the quantity dimension of mass density, ρ. ISO 80000-1
Measured or simulated 'physical propertiy'-s are always defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective and measurement is done according to the same model. Systems of units suggests that this is the correct approach, since except for the fundamental units (length, time, charge) every other unit is derived by mathematical relations between these fundamental units, implying a physical laws or definitions.
Measurement units of quantities of the same quantity dimension may be designated by the same name and symbol even when the quantities are not of the same kind. For example, joule per kelvin and J/K are respectively the name and symbol of both a measurement unit of heat capacity and a measurement unit of entropy, which are generally not considered to be quantities of the same kind. However, in some cases special measurement unit names are restricted to be used with quantities of specific kind only. For example, the measurement unit ‘second to the power minus one’ (1/s) is called hertz (Hz) when used for frequencies and becquerel (Bq) when used for activities of radionuclides. As another example, the joule (J) is used as a unit of energy, but never as a unit of moment of force, i.e. the newton metre (N · m).
— quantities of the same kind have the same quantity dimension, — quantities of different quantity dimensions are always of different kinds, and — quantities having the same quantity dimension are not necessarily of the same kind. ISO 80000-1
PhysicalQuantity
DisjointUnionOf: DerivedQuantity, BaseQuantity
Coupled
The class of units with dimensionality 'Time'.
TimeUnit
Ratio of magnetic dipole moment to total angular momentum.
GyromagneticCoefficient
MagnetogyricRatio
The velocity depends on the choice of the reference frame. Proper transformation between frames must be used: Galilean for non-relativistic description, Lorentzian for relativistic description. -- IEC, note 2
The velocity is related to a point described by its position vector. The point may localize a particle, or be attached to any other object such as a body or a wave. -- IEC, note 1
Vector quantity giving the rate of change of a position vector. -- ISO 80000-3
Velocity
MicrowaveSintering
Sintering is the process of forming a solid mass of material through heat and pressure without melting to the point of liquefaction. This process involves the atoms in materials diffusing across the particle boundaries and fusing together into one piece.
Sintering
ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy sintering: thermal treatment of a powder or compact, at a temperature below the melting point of the main constituent, for the purpose of increasing its strength by the metallurgical bonding of its particles
ISO/ASTM TR 52906:2022 Additive manufacturing sintering: process of heating a powder metal compact to increase density and/or improve mechanical properties via solid state diffusion
Sintering occurs naturally in mineral deposits, and is used as a manufacturing process for materials including ceramics, metals and plastics. Because the sintering temperature doesn’t reach the materials’ melting point, it is often used for materials with high melting points, such as molybdenum and tungsten.
Angle between the scattered ray and the lattice plane.
BraggAngle
Resonance in a nuclear reaction, determined by the kinetic energy of an incident particle in the reference frame of the target particle.
ResonanceEnergy
SI prefix who's value is 1/100.
Centi
Fundamental translation vector for the crystal lattice.
FundamentalLatticeVector
A computer language used to describe simulations.
SimulationLanguage
AdditiveManufacturing
GenerativeManufacturing
process of joining materials to make parts from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing (3.1.29) and formative manufacturing methodologies,
Disintegrations per unit time dN/dt for an atomic nucleus divided by the number of nuclei N existing at the same time t.
DecayConstant
DisintegrationConstant
The class of units with dimensionality 'LuminousEfficacy'.
LuminousEfficacyUnit
Laplacian
The amount of a constituent divided by the total amount of all constituents in a mixture.
AmountFraction
A property of an electrical conductor by which a change in current through it induces an electromotive force in both the conductor itself and in any nearby conductors by mutual inductance.
ElectricInductance
Inductance
Force of gravity acting on a body.
Weight
Gas is a compressible fluid, a state of matter that has no fixed shape and no fixed volume.
Gas
The entity (or agent, or observer, or cognitive entity) who connects 'Sign', 'Interpretant' and 'Object'.
Interpreter
For example, the ontologist may be interest in cataloguing in the EMMO how the same object (e.g. a cat) is addressed using different signs (e.g. cat, gatto, chat) by different interpreters (e.g. english, italian or french people). The same applies for the results of measurements: the ontologist may be interest to represent in the EMMO how different measurement processes (i.e. semiosis) lead to different quantitative results (i.e. signs) according to different measurement devices (i.e. interpreters).
EquivalentTo. Cogniser or Declarer or Deducer
The interpreter is not the ontologist, being the ontologist acting outside the ontology at the meta-ontology level. On the contrary, the interpreter is an agent recognized by the ontologist. The semiotic branch of the EMMO is the tool used by the ontologist to represent an interpreter's semiotic activity.
The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountSquareTimePerMassVolume'.
AmountSquareTimePerMassVolumeUnit
The interpreter's internal representation of the object in a semiosis process.
Interpretant
A film is the interpretant for a camera, which is the interpreter. The object captured by the camera is the referent. The film is the internal representation of the object, i.e. how the camera understand the object according to its capacity. The film (interpretant) refers to the object (referent) according to the camera (interpreter). When the film is removed from the camera, developed and printed on photographic paper (or for digital camera the image is downloaded as jpeg and displayed on a laptop) then we create a sign other than the interpretant. However, in case of analogic film we can always look at the negatve that will suggest the intended referent. This is because both sign and interpretant are related to the referent in a similar way. (What we call sign and interpretant in EMMO are both intended as "signs" in Peirce semiotics, the first being external signal for the interpreter and the second the internal sign)
A discrete data whose elements can be decoded as tokens from one or more alphabets, without necessarily respecting syntactic rules.
Symbolic
fe780 emmo !5*a cat for(i=0;i<N;++i)
EquivalentTo: SymbolicConstruct or Symbol
A symbolic entity is not necessarily graphical (e.g. it doesn't necessarily have the physical shape of a letter), but its elements can be decoded and put in relation with an alphabet. In other words, a sequence of bit "1000010" in a RAM (a non-graphical entity) is a valid symbol since it can be decoded through ASCII rules as the letter "B". The same holds for an entity standing for the sound of a voice saying: "Hello", since it can be decomposed in discrete parts, each of them being associated to a letter of an alphabet.
A symbolic object possesses a reductionistic oriented structure. For example, text is made of words, spaces and punctuations. Words are made of characters (i.e. atomic symbols).
From Ancient Greek σύμβολον (súmbolon, “a sign by which one infers something; a mark, token, badge, ticket, tally, check, a signal, watchword, outward sign”), from συμβάλλω (sumbállō, “I throw together, dash together, compare, correspond, tally, come to a conclusion”), from σύν (sún, “with, together”) + βάλλω (bállō, “I throw, put”).
Quantity representing the spatial distribution of mass in a continuous material.
Density
MassConcentration
MassDensity
Mass per volume.
A quantifiable property of a phenomenon, body, or substance.
Quantity
Measurand
length Rockwell C hardness electric resistance
DisjointUnionOf: SubjectiveProperty, ObjectiveProperty
EquivalentTo: PhysicalQuantity or OrdinalQuantity
measurand
quantity
VIM defines a quantity as a "property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has a magnitude that can be expressed as a number and a reference". A quantity in EMMO is a property and therefore only addresses the first part of the VIM definition (that is a property of a phenomenon, body, or substance). The second part (that it can be expressed as a number and a reference) is syntactic and addressed by emmo:QuantityValue.
VIM defines measurand as a quantity intended to be measured. This is redundant in EMMO and correspond to Quantity.
Dimensionless quantity in electromagnetism.
QualityFactor
1-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are numbers.
Vector
1DArray
The physical dimension can change based on the stoichiometric numbers of the substances involved.
for solutions, product for all substances B of concentration c_B of substance B in power of its stoichiometric number v_B: K_p = \sum_B{c_B^{v_B}}.
EquilibriumConstant
EquilibriumConstantConcentrationBasis
Superclass for all units prefixed with "pico" (1e-12).
PicoPrefixedUnit
Joining process by softening the surfaces to be joined, either by heat or with a solvent (swelling welding, solvent welding), and pressing the softened surfaces together.
Welding
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerEnergy'.
PerEnergyUnit
Atom subclass for gadolinium.
GadoliniumAtom
Vector quantity equal to the time derivative of the electric flux density.
DisplacementCurrentDensity
The symbol that stands for the lithium atom.
LithiumSymbol
Atom subclass for cadmium.
CadmiumAtom
Number of protons in an atomic nucleus.
AtomicNumber
The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticReluctance'.
MagneticReluctanceUnit
The symbol that stands for the bohrium atom.
BohriumSymbol
Dimensionless parameter to quantify fluid resistance.
DragCoefficient
DragFactor
MaterialRelationComputation
Atom subclass for curium.
CuriumAtom
Expectation value of the energy imparted.
MeanEnergyImparted
Derived units are defined as products of powers of the base units corresponding to the relations defining the derived quantities in terms of the base quantities.
DerivedUnit
derived unit
A measurement unit for a derived quantity. -- VIM
Minimum length of a straight line segment between a point and a reference line or reference surface.
Height
PlasticSintering
Java
The superclass for all classes of entities that have no proper parts of the same type of the whole is proper part of an entity of that type.
Minimal
A minimal class M (subclass of Minimal) is defined by choosing a reference type φ so that M is subclass of φ, all parts of x are needed to keep φ(x) and x is proper part of a larger φ entity.
Filling
Measure for how the magnetization of material is affected by the application of an external magnetic field .
Permeability
The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyPerAmount'.
EnergyPerAmountUnit
Atom subclass for lutetium.
LutetiumAtom
Rate of transfer of energy per unit time.
Power
The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthPerAmount'.
LengthPerAmountUnit
The symbol that stands for the tin atom.
TinSymbol
A causally bonded system is a system in which there are at least two causal paths that are interacting.
InteractingSystem
DisjointUnionOf: PhysicalObject, PhysicalPhenomenon
Probability is a dimensionless quantity that can attain values between 0 and 1; zero denotes the impossible event and 1 denotes a certain event.
The propability for a certain outcome, is the ratio between the number of events leading to the given outcome and the total number of events.
Probability
Quotient of radiation amplitude scattered by the atom and radiation amplitude scattered by a single electron.
AtomicScatteringFactor
A topological space with the property that each point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of 0-dimensional Euclidean space.
ZeroManifold
0-manifold
Force resisting the motion when a body (such as a ball, tire, or wheel) rolls on a surface.
RollingResistance
RollingDrag
RollingFrictionForce
Physical quantity for describing the temporal distance between events.
Duration
AmorphousMaterial
NonCrystallineMaterial
In an infinite medium, the probability that a neutron slowing down will traverse all or some specified portion of the range of resonance energies without being absorbed.
ResonanceEscapeProbability
A material in which distributed particles of one phase are dispersed in a different continuous phase.
Dispersion
Coefficient of heat transfer when heat exchange takes place between a body at thermodynamic temperature Ts and its surroundings that are at a reference temperature Tr.
SurfaceCoefficientOfHeatTransfer
A relation which makes a non-equal comparison between two numbers or other mathematical expressions.
Inequality
f(x) > 0
The symbol that stands for the arsenic atom.
ArsenicSymbol
A material is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. A solid is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. The word essentially means that most of the intensity of the diffraction is concentrated in relatively sharp Bragg peaks, besides the always present diffuse scattering. In all cases, the positions of the diffraction peaks can be expressed by H=∑ni=1hia∗i (n≥3)
Crystal
From Ancient Greek κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “clear ice”), from κρύος (krúos, “frost”).
The symbol that stands for the zinc atom.
ZincSymbol
A topological space with the property that each point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of 1-dimensional Euclidean space.
OneManifold
1-manifold
One-dimensional manifolds include lines and circles, but not self-crossing curves. Two-dimensional manifolds are also called surfaces. Examples include the plane, the sphere, and the torus, and also the Klein bottle and real projective plane.
A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in supplying a product or service to a consumer.
SupplyChain
Quotient of linear attenuation coefficient µ and the amount c of the medium.
MolarAttenuationCoefficient
The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePressurePerTime'.
TemperaturePressurePerTimeUnit
A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' due to causal continguity.
Index
Signal
Smoke stands for a combustion process (a fire). My facial expression stands for my emotional status.
From Latin index (“a discoverer, informer, spy; of things, an indicator, the forefinger, a title, superscription”), from indicō (“point out, show”).
Data that are decoded retaining its continuous variations characteristic.
AnalogData
A vynil contain continuous information about the recorded sound.
The fact that there may be a finite granularity in the variations of the material basis (e.g. the smallest peak in a vynil that can be recognized by the piezo-electric transducer) does not prevent a data to be analog. It means only that the focus on such data encoding is on a scale that makes such variations negligible, making them practically a continuum.
For a closed path, scalar quantity equal to the electric current through any surface bounded by the path.
CurrentLinkage
Atom subclass for gold.
GoldAtom
The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperatureLengthPerTime'.
TemperatureLengthPerTimeUnit
Atom subclass for molybdenum.
MolybdenumAtom
Retarding force on a body moving in a fluid.
DragForce
Measure of the relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a response to a pressure change.
Compressibility
A mixture in which more than one phases of matter cohexists.
PhaseHeterogeneousMixture
Phase heterogeneous mixture may share the same state of matter. For example, immiscibile liquid phases (e.g. oil and water) constitute a mixture whose phases are clearly separated but share the same state of matter.
A data that represents instants of time, optionally marked with a particular time zone offset.
DateTimeData
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:dateTime
Atom subclass for bismuth.
BismuthAtom
Partial differential quotient of the cross section of a process with respect to the solid angle around a given direction and the energy of a particle scattered in that direction.
DirectionAndEnergyDistributionOfCrossSection
An holistic temporal part of a whole.
TemporalRole
HolisticTemporalPart
A single phase mixture.
PhaseHomogeneousMixture
Coercive field strength in a substance when either the magnetic flux density or the magnetic polarization and magnetization is brought from its value at magnetic saturation to zero by monotonic reduction of the applied magnetic field strength.
Coercivity
A language construct that represents fraction or amount of all constituents of a substance.
TotalComposition
The symbol that stands for the ruthenium atom.
RutheniumSymbol
Measure for how the polarization of a material is affected by the application of an external electric field.
Permittivity
Atom subclass for titanium.
TitaniumAtom
A one-manyfold with two unconnected end points.
Curve
A particles system is a system made of causal paths that are not interacting between each others, or possibly merge and fork.
ParticlesSystem
NonInteractingSystem
A W boson that travels through time and space and decays in a quark and anti-quark, and their evolution after their generation.
A particle system is a combination of elementary particles that may include also decays and/or annihilations, without any space-like interaction between elementary particles.
Quotient of the total linear stopping power S and the mass density ρ of the material.
TotalMassStoppingPower
MassStoppingPower
Categorisation of physical objects by how they are bonded.
PhysicalObjectByBond
The class of units with dimensionality 'ThermalConductivity'.
ThermalConductivityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassAmountOfSubstance'.
MassAmountOfSubstanceUnit
Result of a measurement. A set of quantites being attributed to a measurand (measured quantitative property) together with any other available relevant information, like measurement uncertainty. -- VIM
MeasurementResult
measurement result
A measurement result generally contains “relevant information” about the set of measured quantity properties, such that some may be more representative of the measured quantity than others. This may be expressed in the form of a probability density function (pdf).
A measurement result has the measured quantity, measurement uncertainty and other relevant attributes as holistic parts.
A causal chain is an ordered causal sequence of entities that does not host any bifurcation within itself (a chain). A chain can only be partitioned in time.
The class of entities that possess a temporal structure but no spatial structure.
CausalPath
CausalChain
Elementary
An electron moving in time interacting with other particles.
DisjointUnionOf: MultiParticlePath, ElementaryParticle
A causal path is a concept almost equivalent to the concept of elementary particle in physics.
This axiom underlines the monodimensional nature of a causal chain, as a sequence of quanta.
From Old French chaine, chaene (“chain”), from Latin catēna (“chain”).
From Latin elementārius (“elementary”), from elementum (“one of the four elements of antiquity; fundamentals”).
From Ancient Greek πάτος (pátos, “path”).
Quantity characterizing the relative variation of volume V with pressure p at constant entropy.
IsentropicCompressibility
The coherent SI unit of isentropic compressibility is pascal to the power minus one, 1/Pa.
The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareMassPerSquareTime'.
SquareMassPerSquareTimeUnit
A 'Semiosis' that involves an 'Observer' that perceives another 'Physical' (the 'Object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'Property' (the 'Sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception according to a well defined conventional procedure.
Determination
Characterisation
Assigning the word "red" as sign for an object provides an information to all other interpreters about the outcome of a specific observation procedure according to the determiner.
A data that represents instants of time, marked with a particular time zone offset.
DateTimeStampData
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:dateTimeStamp
The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaPerTime'.
AreaPerTimeUnit
The symbol that stands for the vanadium atom.
VanadiumSymbol
Symbolic caterorised by its internal structure.
SymbolicByStructure
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerArea'.
PerAreaUnit
SI prefix who's value is 1e9.
Giga
Superclass for all units prefixed with "deci" (0.1).
DeciPrefixedUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentDensity'.
ElectricCurrentDensityUnit
The symbol that stands for the mercury atom.
MercurySymbol
Atom subclass for platinum.
PlatinumAtom
PaperManufacturing
Atom subclass for cerium.
CeriumAtom
For a solute X in a solution; quantity proportional to the absolute activity.
ActivityOfSolute
RelativeActivityOfSolute
Square root of the product of electron and hole density in a semiconductor.
IntrinsicCarrierDensity
A SI derived unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of SI base units is one.
This class collects all units that are products or powers of SI base or SI special units only.
SICoherentDerivedUnit
Service
IntangibleProduct
The class of units with dimensionality 'PressurePerTemperature'.
PressurePerTemperatureUnit
GasMixture
A meson with spin zero and odd parity.
PseudoscalarMeson
Normally a standard solution is a solution of the ion at a molality of 1 mol/kg (exactly). Standardized conditions are normally 1013,25 hPa and 25 °C.
The correction factor is called activity coefficient and it is determined experimentally. See ActivityCoefficient
ratio of the product of ion molality b and a correction factor γ to the molality b° of the same ion in a standard solution under standardized conditions: a = bγ / b°.
IonActivity
Heat is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system, by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or transfer of matter.
Heat
Permittivity divided by electric constant.
RelativePermittivity
An object which is a spatial part of a process.
Participant
A student during an examination.
Fundamental translation vectors for the reciprocal lattice.
FundamentalReciprocalLatticeVector
A process occurring by natural (non-intentional) laws.
NaturalProcess
NonIntentionalProcess
Quotient of the magnetic dipole moment of an atom, and the product of the nuclear spin quantum number and the nuclear magneton.
GFactorOfNucleusOrNuclearParticle
NuclearGFactor
A computer language that is domain-independent and can be used for expressing data from any kind of discipline.
DataExchangeLanguage
JSON, YAML, XML
The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountConductivity'.
AmountConductivityUnit
CompiledLanguage
Quotient of the mean rate of production of particles in a volume, and that volume.
ParticleSourceDensity
Atom subclass for erbium.
ErbiumAtom
The class of units with dimensionality 'LuminousIntensity'.
LuminousIntensityUnit
Measurement units that are not SI units.
NonSIUnit
Atom subclass for neptunium.
NeptuniumAtom
The symbol that stands for the plutonium atom.
PlutoniumSymbol
Differential quotient of the absorbed dose with respect to time.
AbsorbedDoseRate
Unit for dimensionless quantities that have the nature of count.
CountingUnit
Unit of atomic number Unit of number of cellular Unit of degeneracy in quantum mechanics
A class devoted to categorize causal objects by specifying their granularity levels.
Reductionistic
A granularity level is specified by a tiling decomposition of the whole y. A tiling is identified as a set of items {x1, x2, ... xn} called tiles that: - are proper parts of y - covers the entire whole (y = x1 +x2 + ... + xn) - do not overlap - are part of one, and one only, whole (inverse functional)
Direct parthood is the antitransitive parthood relation used to build the class hierarchy (and the granularity hierarchy) for this perspective.
The physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
ElectricCharge
Charge
JavaScript
Name of a chemical according to the IUPAC standard.
IUPACName
ThermalSprayingForming
A system arranged to setup a specific manufacturing process.
ManufacturingSystem
Galvanizing
Number of turns.
Rotation
Rotation is not necessarily integer.
Mass of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
A language construct that represents the fraction or amount of a single constituent of a substance.
SingleComponentComposition
Diffusion coefficient through the pore space of a porous media.
EffectiveDiffusionCoefficient
The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Avogadro_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
The number of constituent particles, usually atoms or molecules, that are contained in the amount of substance given by one mole. It defines the base unit mole in the SI system.
AvogadroConstant
A semiosis where the triangle of relation is not completely developed.
PartialSemiosis
The symbol that stands for the manganese atom.
ManganeseSymbol
Correspond to the work needed per unit of charge to move a test charge between two points in a static electric field.
The difference in electric potential between two points.
Voltage
ElectricPotentialDifference
ElectricTension
Voltage represents the difference in electric potential between two points in an electric circuit. In electrochemistry, it refers to the potential difference between the electrodes of a battery or electrochemical cell. Voltage influences the driving force of redox reactions and determines energy output in batteries, fuel cells, and electrolysis processes. It is commonly measured in volts (V).
Voltage is often used interchangeably with electric potential, but technically, voltage refers to a potential difference between two points.
A task in a workflow, categorised by its position in the workflow.
TaskByPosition
Shared agency occurs when two or more individuals do something together.
SharedAgency
The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerArea'.
AmountPerAreaUnit
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two masses.
MassFractionUnit
Unit for mass fraction.
Atom subclass for astatine.
AstatineAtom
Atom subclass for praseodymium.
PraseodymiumAtom
An artificial computer language used to express information or knowledge, often for use in computer system design.
ModellingLanguage
Architecture description language – used as a language (or a conceptual model) to describe and represent system architectures.
Hardware description language – used to model integrated circuits. Architecture description language – used as a language (or a conceptual model) to describe and represent system architectures. Algebraic Modeling Language which is a high-level programming languages for describing and solving high complexity problems like large-scale optimisation.
A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such (VIM3 1.1 NOTE 2).
MetrologicalReference
EquivalentTo: StandardUnit or MeasurementUnit or ProcedureUnit
A symbolic is recognized as reference unit also if it is not part of a quantity (e.g. as in the sentence "the Bq is the reference unit of Becquerel"). For this reason we can't declare the axiom: MetrologicalReference SubClassOf: inverse(hasMetrologicalReference) some Quantity because there exist reference units without being part of a quantity. This is peculiar to EMMO, where quantities as syntatic entities (explicit quantities) are distinct with quantities as semantic entities (properties).
A data representing a real number.
RealData
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some owl:real
The symbol that stands for the dysprosium atom.
DysprosiumSymbol
A quantity whose magnitude is additive for subsystems.
Note that not all physical quantities can be categorised as being either intensive or extensive. For example the square root of the mass.
Extensive
Mass Volume Entropy
Quantum number of an atom describing the inclination of the nuclear spin with respect to a quantization axis given by the magnetic field produced by the orbital electrons.
Encoded data made of more than one datum.
Dataset
An interpreter who establish the connection between an icon an an object recognizing their resemblance (e.g. logical, pictorial)
Cogniser
The scientist that connects an equation to a physical phenomenon.
From Latin cognitio (“knowledge, perception, a judicial examination, trial”), from cognitus, past participle of cognoscere (“to know”), from co- (“together”) + *gnoscere, older form of noscere (“to know”
The class of units with dimensionality 'LorenzNumber'.
LorenzNumberUnit
Measure of the tendency of a solution to take in pure solvent by osmosis.
OsmoticPressure
A formal language used to communicate with a computer.
ComputerLanguage
The categorisation of computer languages is based on Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK(R)): Version 3.0, January 2014. Editors Pierre Bourque, Richard E. Fairley. Publisher: IEEE Computer Society PressWashingtonDCUnited States. ISBN:978-0-7695-5166-1. https://www.computer.org/education/bodies-of-knowledge/software-engineering
An electric dipole, vector quantity of magnitude equal to the product of the positive charge and the distance between the charges and directed from the negative charge to the positive charge.
ElectricDipoleMoment
Manufacturing by separating particles of material from a solid body by non-mechanical means. Ablation refers both to the removal of layers of material and to the separation of workpiece parts. The production process of ablation is considered in its stationary instantaneous state, independently of the application of auxiliary processes necessary to initiate the process. Ablation is divided into three subgroups according to the order point of view (OGP) "process in the effective zone on the surface of the workpiece": - thermal ablation; - chemical ablation; - electrochemical ablation.
Ablation
Categorisation of data by its structure.
DataByStructure
Base quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
ISQBaseQuantity
distance between successive lattice planes
LatticePlaneSpacing
Characteristic quantum number s of a particle, related to its spin.
A task in a workflow, categorised by how it is connected to other tasks.
TaskByFlow
MetallicPowderSintering
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentPerUnitEnergy'.
ElectricCurrentPerUnitEnergyUnit
NMTOKENData
Number of slowed-down particles per time and volume.
SlowingDownDensity
PermanentLiquidPhaseSintering
Atom subclass for hassium.
HassiumAtom
An expression that has parts only integer constants, variables, and the algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation by an exponent that is a rational number)
AlgebraicExpression
ElectroSinterForging
Atom subclass for barium.
BariumAtom
A meson with total spin 1 and odd parity.
VectorMeson
An 'interpreter' that perceives another 'entity' (the 'object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'property' (the 'sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception.
Determiner
A coded that has been observed by an interpreter.
Observed
The biography of a person met by the author.
A structured collection of data held in a computer system that has a well-defined interface.
Database
- A database covering nine million chemical compositions. - A thermodynamic database.
A determination of an object without any actual interaction.
Estimation
From Latin aestimatus (“to value, rate, esteem”).
Matter composed of both matter and antimatter fundamental particles.
HybridMatter
Quantity characterizing the variation with thermodynamic temperature T of the volume V of a body, under given conditions.
alpha_V = (1/V) * (dV/dT)
CubicExpansionCoefficient
The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticDipoleMoment'.
MagneticDipoleMomentUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerElectricCharge'.
MassPerElectricChargeUnit
The symbol that stands for the flerovium atom.
FleroviumSymbol
A computation that provides a data output following the elaboration of some input data, using a data processing application.
DataProcessing
The class of units with dimensionality 'Density'.
DensityUnit
2-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are vectors.
Matrix
2DArray
The symbol that stands for the titanium atom.
TitaniumSymbol
A tessellation in which a tile has next two or more non spatially connected tiles.
Fork
Cutting workpieces between two cutting edges that move past each other (see Figure 1 [see figure in the standard]).
ShearCutting
Vector potential of the magnetic flux density.
MagneticVectorPotential
Superclass for all units prefixed with "deca" (10).
DecaPrefixedUnit
DekaPrefixedUnit
A 'Graphical' that stands for a real world object that shows a recognizable pictorial pattern without being necessarily associated to a symbolic language.
Pictorial
A drawing of a cat. A circle on a paper sheet. The Mona Lisa.
Symbolic data that can be represented as a sequence of zeros and ones.
BinaryData
inverse of the mass density ρ, thus v = 1/ρ.
SpecificVolume
MassicVolume
Categorisation of data by its nature.
DataByNature
EquivalentTo: ClassicalData or QuantumData
In geometrical optics, vergence describes the curvature of optical wavefronts.
Vergence
A SI base unit or SI derived unit with a metric prefix.
SIMetricPrefixedUnit
A perspective in which entities are represented according to the variation of their properties.
Contrast
Luciano Floridi, "Information - A very Short Introduction", Oxford University Press., (2010) ISBN 978-0199551378
Dedomena
Pattern
A contrast is a causal object whose variations (non-uniformity) can be recognised and eventually interpreted. A contrast can be of different physical types (e.g., matter, wave, atomic excited states). How the variations are recognised and eventually decoded depends on the interpreting rules that characterise that type of contrast. Variations are pure physical variations and do not necessarily possess semantic meaning.
The covering axiom that defines the contrast class discriminates within all the possible causal objects between encoded contrast (data) or non encoded contrast.
From Greek, nominative plural form of δεδομένο (dedoméno) (data, information)
For metals, the resistivity extrapolated to zero thermodynamic temperature.
ResidualResistivity
A variable is a symbolic object that stands for any other mathematical object, such as number, a vector, a matrix, a function, the argument of a function, a set, an element of a set.
Variable
x k
Fom Latin variabilis ("changeable").
The superclass of entities which are defined by requiring the existence of some parts (at least one) of specifically given types, where the specified types are different with respect to the type of the whole.
Whole
A whole is always defined using a criterion expressed through the classical transitive parthood relation. This class is expected to host the definition of world objects as they appear in its wholeness, dependently on some of their parts and independently on the surroundings.
A whole is categorized as fundamental (or maximal) or redundant (non-maximal).
From Middle English hole (“healthy, unhurt, whole”).
Any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object
Force
A non-elementary particle (bonded) of a fundamental bosonic type (integer spin).
CompositeBoson
Examples of composite particles with integer spin: spin 0: H1 and He4 in ground state, pion spin 1: H1 and He4 in first excited state, meson spin 2: O15 in ground state.
A collapse is a fundamental interaction between m colliding particles that results in a single outgoing particle (inverse decay) that is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(m,1) with m>1.
The class of fundamental systems where the number of input particles is reduced to one.
Collapse
The Higgs boson production from two gluons, or a bottom and an anti-bottom quark.
A colloid formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid.
Foam
Hexadecimal encoding of binary data, using the alphabet [0-9a-f].
HexBinaryData
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:hexBinary
Number of particles per time and area crossing a surface.
ParticleCurrentDensity
The symbol that stands for the nickel atom.
NickelSymbol
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargePerTemperature'.
ElectricChargePerTemperatureUnit
Measurement unit obtained by multiplying a given measurement unit by an integer SI prefix greater than one.
MetricMultipleUnit
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.
Solutions are characterized by the occurrence of Rayleigh scattering on light,
Solution
The symbol that stands for the protactinium atom.
ProtactiniumSymbol
The symbol that stands for the mendelevium atom.
MendeleviumSymbol
3-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are matrices.
Array3D
3DArray
A process which is a temporal part of an object.
Behaviour
Accelerating is a behaviour of a car.
Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity that can undergo a chemical reaction.
Molecular entity is used as a general term for singular entities, irrespective of their nature, while chemical species stands for sets or ensembles of molecular entities. Note that the name of a compound may refer to the respective molecular entity or to the chemical species,
MolecularEntity
ChemicalEntity
Hydrogen molecule is an adequate definition of a certain molecular entity for some purposes, whereas for others it is necessary to distinguish the electronic state and/or vibrational state and/or nuclear spin, etc. of the hydrogen molecule.
Methane, may mean a single molecule of CH4 (molecular entity) or a molar amount, specified or not (chemical species), participating in a reaction. The degree of precision necessary to describe a molecular entity depends on the context.
This concept is strictly related to chemistry. For this reason an atom can be considered the smallest entity that can be considered "molecular", including nucleus when they are seen as ions (e.g. H⁺, He⁺⁺).
Removal of material by means of rigid or flexible discs or belts containing abrasives.
Grinding
Widening is tensile forming to increase the circumference of a hollow body. A distinction is made between: Widening, bulging.
Widening
A symbol that stands for a single unit.
UnitSymbol
Some examples are "Pa", "m" and "J".
The class of units with dimensionality 'ThermalConductance'.
ThermalConductanceUnit
Superclass for all units prefixed with "hecto" (100).
HectoPrefixedUnit
A semiosis where the interpreter perceives a sign, that generates the interpretant as interpreter's internal representation, leading to potential interpretations.
Understanding
The class of units with dimensionality 'SexticLength'.
SexticLengthUnit
Quotient of the linear attenuation coefficient µ and the number density, n, of atoms in the substance.
AtomicAttenuationCoefficient
A number individual provides the link between the ontology and the actual data, through the data property hasNumericalValue.
A number is actually a string (e.g. 1.4, 1e-8) of numerical digits and other symbols. However, in order not to increase complexity of the taxonomy and relations, here we take a number as an "atomic" object, without decomposit it in digits (i.e. we do not include digits in the EMMO as alphabet for numbers).
A numerical data value.
In math usually number and numeral are distinct concepts, the numeral being the symbol or a composition of symbols (e.g. 3.14, 010010, three) and the number is the idea behind it. More than one numeral stands for the same number. In the EMMO abstract entities do not exists, and numbers are simply defined by other numerals, so that a number is the class of all the numerals that are equivalent (e.g. 3 and 0011 are numerals that stands for the same number). Or alternatively, an integer numeral may also stands for a set of a specific cardinality (e.g. 3 stands for a set of three apples). Rational and real numbers are simply a syntactic arrangment of integers (digits, in decimal system). The fact that you can't give a name to a number without using a numeral or, in case of positive integers, without referring to a real world objects set with specific cardinality, suggests that the abstract concept of number is not a concept that can be practically used. For these reasons, the EMMO will consider numerals and numbers as the same concept.
Number
Numeral
Base-64 encoding of binary data.
Base64Binary
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:base64Binary
The subject of condensed matter physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter, especially the solid and liquid phases which arise from electromagnetic forces between atoms. More generally, the subject deals with "condensed" phases of matter: systems of many constituents with strong interactions between them.
CondensedMatter
Exponent
Archetype join attaches two workpiece with geometrically defined shape together, using supplementary workpiece made of amorphous material (e.g. powder).
ArchetypeJoin
An experiment is a process that is intended to replicate a physical phenomenon in a controlled environment.
Experiment
Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by shear stress.
ShearForming
SI prefix who's value is a positive integer larger than 1.
SIMultiplePrefix
Superclass for all units prefixed with "femto" (1e-15).
FemtoPrefixedUnit
Metric prefix defined in the SI system.
SIPrefix
Differential quotient of N with respect to a, where N is the number of particles incident on a sphere of cross-sectional area a.
ParticleFluence
UndefinedEdgeCutting
Spanen mit geometrisch unbestimmten Schneiden
A participant that is the driver of a process.
Agent
The agent concept identifies the parts of a process that are also its drivers. An agent part has an active role with respect to any other generic part, meaning that is involved in the causal chain that characterize the process. An agent is a participant, meaning that is qualifiable as an object. As for all holistic relations, there is a level of subjectivity in drawing whole-role relations, so that the identification of an agent within a process is not fully axiomatizable. What is axiomatically expressible is that an agent requires to be part of a process (i.e., an agent exists only within a process) but a process may not require an agent to exist (qualified role). Agentless processes may have a distributed causality chain so that the agency is exerted collectively and there is no motivation to draw an holistic connection between the whole and some parts. For example, the breaking of a nail can be caused by an agent such as an hammer, or by the rusting process which is not a participant as required by the agent definition. This concept covers both intentional and non intentional agency.
A catalyst. A bus driver. A substance that is initiating a reaction that would not occur without its presence.
EquivalentTo: IntentionalAgent or UnintentionalAgent
An agent is not necessarily human. In fact, the concept of agent has been generalised to encompass both intentional and unintentional acts primarily to take into account usage of the term in chemistry (e.g., chemical agent that intiitate a reaction), inline also with the most recent development in the philosophical debate.
A real matrix with shape 4x3.
Shape4x3Matrix
Internal energy per amount of substance.
MolarInternalEnergy
Subatomic particle which contains an odd number of valence quarks, at least 3.
Baryon
Atom subclass for neon.
NeonAtom
A coded conventional that cannot be univocally determined and depends on an agent (e.g. a human individual, a community) acting as black-box.
The word subjective applies to property intrisically subjective or non-well defined. In general, when an black-box-like procedure is used for the definition of the property. This happens due to e.g. the complexity of the object, the lack of a underlying model for the representation of the object, the non-well specified meaning of the property symbols. A 'SubjectiveProperty' cannot be used to univocally compare 'Object'-s. e.g. you cannot evaluate the beauty of a person on objective basis.
Subjective
The beauty of that girl. The style of your clothing.
Number describing a particular state of a quantum system.
Atom subclass for nitrogen.
NitrogenAtom
Fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle or another printer technology.
fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle or another printer technology Note 1 to entry: This term is often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing (3.1.2) and, in these cases, typically associated with machines used for non-industrial purposes including personal use.
3DPrinting
This term is often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing and, in these cases, typically associated with machines used for non-industrial purposes including personal use.
Superclass for all units prefixed with "zepto" (1e-21).
ZeptoPrefixedUnit
For substance X in a liquid or a solid mixture; quotient of absolute activity of substance X and the product of absolute activity of the pure substance X at the same temperature and pressure and amount-of-substance fraction of substance X.
ActivityFactor
Activity factors can also be obtained applying Raoult's law or Henry's law.
An object which is a temporal part of another object.
SubObject
If an inhabited house is considered as an house that is occupied by some people in its majority of time, then an interval of inhabited house in which occasionally nobody is in there is no more an inhabited house, but an unhinabited house, since this temporal part does not satisfy the criteria of the whole.
Here we consider a temporal interval that is lower than the characteristic time of the physical process that provides the causality connection between the object parts.
For charged particles of a given type and energy E0 the differential quotient of E with respect to x, where E is the mean energy lost by the charged particles in traversing a distance x in the given material.
TotalLinearStoppingPower
LinearStoppingPower
The symbol that stands for the gadolinium atom.
GadoliniumSymbol
HandlingDevice
A network of objects that implements a production process through a series of interconnected elements.
ProductionSystem
Natural logarithm of the quotient of a reference energy and the kinetic energy of a neutron.
Lethargy
A 2-manifold with two unconnected boundaries.
Plane
Sum of the kinetic energy of the α-particle produced in the disintegration process and the recoil energy of the product atom in a reference frame in which the emitting nucleus is at rest before its disintegration.
AlphaDisintegrationEnergy
Internal energy minus the product of thermodynamic temperature and entropy.
HelmholtzEnergy
HelmholtzFreeEnergy
ThermochemicalTreatment
Name of a chemical according to a standard.
ChemicalName
A task that is a temporal tile of a workflow when there are no other activities taking place concurrently (i.e., no parallelism).
SerialTask
CSharp
Charge number that an atom within a molecule would have if all the ligands were removed along with the electron pairs that were shared.
OxidationNumber
OxidationState
Geometrical characteristic of a shape of a body.
SectionModulus
The symbol that stands for the nitrogen atom.
NitrogenSymbol
time constant for scattering, trapping or annihilation of charge carriers, phonons or other quasiparticles
RelaxationTime
InterferenceFitting
Since the nucleus account for nearly all of the total mass of atoms (with the electrons and nuclear binding energy making minor contributions), the atomic mass measured in Da has nearly the same value as the mass number.
The atomic mass is often expressed as an average of the commonly found isotopes.
The mass of an atom in the ground state.
AtomicMass
Quotient of thermal conductivity and the product of mass density and specific heat capacity.
ThermalDiffusivity
An 'equation' that stands for a 'physical_law' by mathematically defining the relations between physics_quantities.
PhysicsEquation
The Newton's equation of motion. The Schrödinger equation. The Navier-Stokes equation.
The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaPerQuarticTime'.
AreaPerQuarticTimeUnit
Array subclasses with a specific shape can be constructed with cardinality restrictions. See Shape4x3Matrix as an example.
Arrays are ordered mathematical objects who's elementary spatial parts are numbers. Their dimensionality is constructed with spatial direct parthood, where 1-dimensional arrays have spatial direct parts Number and n-dimensional array have spatial direct parts (n-1)-dimensional arrays.
Arrays are ordered objects, since they are a subclasses of Arrangement.
Array
A Vector is a 1-dimensional Array with Number as spatial direct parts, a Matrix is a 2-dimensional Array with Vector as spatial direct parts, an Array3D is a 3-dimensional Array with Matrix as spatial direct parts, and so forth...
A non-elementary particle (bonded) of a fundamental fermionic type (half-integer spin).
CompositeFermion
Examples of composite particles with half-integer spin: spin 1/2: He3 in ground state, proton, neutron spin 3/2: He5 in ground state, Delta baryons (excitations of the proton and neutron)
Atom subclass for francium.
FranciumAtom
Derived quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
ISQDerivedQuantity
A construction language used to make queries in databases and information systems.
QueryLanguage
SQL, SPARQL
Atom subclass for protactinium.
ProtactiniumAtom
A powder is a granular material composed of many very fine dry solid particles that may flow freely when shaken or tilted.
Duran, J., Reisinger A., Sands, Powders, and Grains: An Introduction to the Physics of Granular Materials. November 1999, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., New York, ISBN 0-387-98656-1.
Powder
An equation that define a new variable in terms of other mathematical entities.
DefiningEquation
The definition of velocity as v = dx/dt. The definition of density as mass/volume. y = f(x)
The ratio of the binding energy of a nucleus to the atomic mass number.
BindingFraction
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerPressure'.
PerPressureUnit
Angular measure between the positive real axis and the radius of the polar representation of the complex number in the complex plane.
PhaseAngle
Atom subclass for chromium.
ChromiumAtom
The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the area.
SurfaceDensityOfElectricCharge
AreicElectricCharge
SurfaceChargeDensity
A coded conventional that is determined by each interpeter following a well defined determination procedure through a specific perception channel.
The word objective does not mean that each observation will provide the same results. It means that the observation followed a well defined procedure. This class refers to what is commonly known as physical property, i.e. a measurable property of physical system, whether is quantifiable or not.
Objective
Partition function of a molecule.
MolecularPartitionFunction
The exponential of the ratio of the chemical potential to R*T where R is the gas constant and T the thermodynamic temperature.
AbsoluteActivity
Quotient of electron and hole mobility.
MobilityRatio
Multiplication
A well formed tessellation with at least a junction tile.
MixedTiling
SI prefix who's value is 1e-12.
Pico
A semiosis where an interpretant, already present in the internal representational space of the interpreter, is resolved by the interpreter by identifying the referent, i.e. the entity for which the sign stands for according to the interpreter understanding.
Verifying
A manufacturing in which workpieces are produced from solid raw parts through permanent deformation, provided that neither material is added nor removed.
ReshapeManufacturing
Forming
Umformen
The mass of the raw part is equal to the mass of the finished part.
ReactionSintering
ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy reaction sintering: process wherein at least two constituents of a powder mixture react during sintering
For a sinusoidal wave at a given point, velocity in the direction of propagation of the wavefront corresponding to a specified phase.
PhaseVelocity
PhaseSpeed
Atom subclass for calcium.
CalciumAtom
Class that includes the application of scientific knowledge, tools and techniques in order to transform a precursor object (ex. conversion of material) following a practic purpose.
Conversion of materials and assembly of components for the manufacture of products
Technology is the application of knowledge for achieving practical goals in a reproducible way.
Technology refers to methods, systems, and devices which are the result of scientific knowledge being used for practical purposes.
application of scientific knowledge, tools, techniques, crafts or systems in order to solve a problem or to achieve an objective which can result in a product or process
application of scientific knowledge, tools, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or achieve an objective
TechnologyProcess
ProductionEngineeringProcess
SandMolds
Categorisation of physical particles by whether they have integer or half-odd-integer spin.
PhysicalParticleBySpin
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerLengthTime'.
MassPerLengthTimeUnit
Quotient of the magnetic dipole moment of an atom, and the product of the total angular momentum quantum number and the Bohr magneton.
GFactorOfAtom
Atom subclass for manganese.
ManganeseAtom
Atom subclass for helium.
HeliumAtom
Average power over a period.
ActivePower
ISO80000Categorised
A collection is the concept that complements the item. A collection is an entity that has at least one part non directly causally connected with the rest. A collection can be partitioned in maximally connected items called members. The members are self-connected entities and there is no direct causality relation between them. The combination of collection and item concepts is the EMMO mereocausality alternative to set theory. However, two items can be members only if they are non direct causally connected, giving some constraints to a collection definition. For example, two entities which are directly connected cannot be two distinct members, while their interiors (i.e. the entities obtained by removing the layer of parts that provides the causal contact between them) can be.
The class of not direct causally self-connected world entities.
Collection
The collection of users of a particular software, the collection of atoms that have been part of that just dissociated molecule.
Every collection has at least two item members, since a collection of one item is a self-connected entity (and then an item).
From Latin collectio, from colligere ‘gather together’.
The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerMassPressure'.
AmountPerMassPressureUnit
An interpreter who establish the connection between an conventional sign and an object according to a specific convention.
Declarer
A scientist that assigns a quantity to a physical objects without actually measuring it but taking it for granted due to its previous experience (e.g. considering an electron charge as 1.6027663e-19 C, assigning a molecular mass to a gas only by the fact of a name on the bottle).
Someone who assigns a name to an object.
The class of units with dimensionality 'Acceleration'.
AccelerationUnit
The symbol that stands for the chlorine atom.
ChlorineSymbol
A coarse dispersion of solid in a solid continuum phase.
SolidSolidSuspension
Granite, sand, dried concrete.
The superclass for all classes of entities that have at least two non overlapping proper parts of the same type of the whole.
Heap
A heap class H (subclass of Heap) is defined by choosing a reference type φ, with H subclass of φ, so that each H entity has non overlapping φ parts.
Ratio of the number of dissociated molecules of a specified type to the total number of dissolved molecules of this type.
DissociationConstant
Atom subclass for einsteinium.
EinsteiniumAtom
The superclass for all tiles belonging to tessellations in which all tiles are connected through spatiotemporal relations hasNext or contacts.
WellFormedTile
EquivalentTo: SpatialTile or TemporalTile or JunctionTile
EquivalentTo: ThroughTile or EndTile or BeginTile
Number of neutrons in an atomic nucleus.
NeutronNumber
Atomic number (proton number) plus neutron number equals mass number.
Atom subclass for neodymium.
NeodymiumAtom
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricPotential'.
ElectricPotentialUnit
The symbol that stands for the neon atom.
NeonSymbol
For a solvent in a solution, quotient of the absolute activity and that of the pure substance at the same temperature and pressure.
ActivityOfSolvent
The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthTimePerMass'.
LengthTimePerMassUnit
Fraction of atoms in an Ising ferromagnet having magnetic moments in one direction, minus the fraction having magnetic moments in the opposite direction.
LongRangeOrderParameter
A standalone atom can be bonded with other atoms by intermolecular forces (i.e. dipole–dipole, London dispersion force, hydrogen bonding), since this bonds does not involve electron sharing.
An atom that does not share electrons with other atoms.
StandaloneAtom
A real vector with 3 elements.
Shape3Vector
The quantity value of physical quantities if real space is a Shape3Vector.
The datatype for bidimensional arrays.
MatrixData
SubClassOf: hasSpatialTile some VectorData
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerQuarticTime'.
MassPerQuarticTimeUnit
Flanging
Electroplating
A colloid in which small particles (1 nm to 100 nm) are suspended in a continuum phase.
Sol
The class of units with dimensionality 'NewtonianConstantOfGravity'.
NewtonianConstantOfGravityUnit
Number of ions per volume.
IonNumberDensity
IonDensity
A property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms.
Energy is often defined as "ability of a system to perform work", but it might be misleading since is not necessarily available to do work.
Energy
The symbol that stands for the livermorium atom.
LivermoriumSymbol
A unit symbol that belongs to the SI system. Is either a SI base unit or a SI special unit.
SIUnitSymbol
Atom subclass for meitnerium.
MeitneriumAtom
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricConductance'.
ElectricConductanceUnit
The subclass of measurement units with no physical dimension.
DimensionlessUnit
Refractive index Plane angle Number of apples
A generic task in a workflow, that is not the begin or the end.
InternalTask
FormingFromIonised
A meson with spin zero and even parity.
ScalarMeson
Distance from the centre of a circle to the circumference.
Radius
A perspective that categorises causal structures according to the merelogical relations between the whole and the parts, taking into account their types.
Structural
Bounded matter.
ParticulateMatter
The class of units with dimensionality 'Area'.
AreaUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassLengthPerCubicTime'.
MassLengthPerCubicTimeUnit
An atom-based state defined by an exact number of e-bonded atomic species and an electron cloud made of the shared electrons.
Molecule
ChemicalSubstance
H₂0, C₆H₁₂O₆, CH₄
DisjointUnionOf: Heteronuclear, Homonuclear
An entity is called essential if removing one direct part will lead to a change in entity class. An entity is called redundant if removing one direct part will not lead to a change in entity class.
This definition states that this object is a non-periodic set of atoms or a set with a finite periodicity. Removing an atom from the state will result in another type of atom_based state. e.g. you cannot remove H from H₂0 without changing the molecule type (essential). However, you can remove a C from a nanotube (redundant). C60 fullerene is a molecule, since it has a finite periodicity and is made of a well defined number of atoms (essential). A C nanotube is not a molecule, since it has an infinite periodicity (redundant).
The class of units with dimensionality 'ThermalResistivity'.
ThermalResistivityUnit
Interpreter classified by how the sign stands for its reference object.
InterpreterByReferent
A coarse dispersion of liquid in a solid continuum phase.
SolidLiquidSuspension
SI prefix who's value is 1e12.
Tera
For a substance in a mixture, the absolute activity of the pure substance at the same temperature but at standard pressure.
StandardAbsoluteActivityOfMixture
StandardAbsoluteActivity
A coefficient in thermodynamics used to account for deviation of a mixture of chemical substances from ideal behaviour.
ActivityCoefficient
A programming language entity expressing a formal detailed plan of what a software is intended to do.
SourceCode
A source code is the companion of an application, being it the entity used to generate the application list of CPU executable instructions.
Source code (also referred to as source or code) is the version of software as it is originally written (i.e., typed into a computer) by a human in plain text (i.e., human readable alphanumeric characters).
Sum of the maximum beta-particle kinetic energy and the recoil energy of the atom produced in a reference frame in which the emitting nucleus is at rest before its disintegration.
BetaDisintegrationEnergy
ThermomechanicalTreatment
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassArea'.
MassAreaUnit
The symbol that stands for the praseodymium atom.
PraseodymiumSymbol
The symbol that stands for the erbium atom.
ErbiumSymbol
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricResistivity'.
ElectricResistivityUnit
A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' through convention, norm or habit, without any resemblance to it.
Conventional
In Peirce semiotics this kind of sign category is called symbol. However, since symbol is also used in formal languages, the name is changed in conventional.
A coded that is not atomic with respect to a code of description.
Description
A biography.
A sentence about some object, depticting its properties.
A description is a collection of properties that depicts an object. It is not atomic since it is made of several properties collected together.
Measure of a conical geometric figure, called solid angle, formed by all rays, originating from a common point, called the vertex of the solid angle, and passing through the points of a closed, non-self-intersecting curve in space considered as the border of a surface.
SolidAngularMeasure
SolidAngle
The class of units with dimensionality 'CubicElectricChargeLengthPerSquareEnergy'.
CubicElectricChargeLengthPerSquareEnergyUnit
In an infinite medium, the quotient of the number of thermal neutrons absorbed in a fissionable nuclide or in a nuclear fuel, as specified, and the total number of thermal neutrons absorbed.
ThermalUtilizationFactor
A biological agent possessing an intentional mental state.
MentalAgent
A mental agent is typically attributed to a human but not nessesary.
The symbol that stands for the fluorine atom.
FluorineSymbol
An interpreter who establish the connection between an index sign and an object according to a causal contiguity.
Deducer
Someone who deduces an emotional status of a persona according to facial expression.
Someone who deduces the occurring of a physical phenomenon through other phenomena.
Atom subclass for silver.
SilverAtom
A causal object which is tessellated with only spatial direct parts.
Arrangement
MereologicalState
e.g. the existent in my glass is declared at t = t_start as made of two direct parts: the ice and the water. It will continue to exists as state as long as the ice is completely melt at t = t_end. The new state will be completely made of water. Between t_start and t_end there is an exchange of molecules between the ice and the water, but this does not affect the existence of the two states. If we partition the existent in my glass as ice surrounded by several molecules (we do not use the object water as direct part) then the appearance of a molecule coming from the ice will cause a state to end and another state to begin.
The definition of an arrangement implies that its spatial direct parts are not gained or lost during its temporal extension (they exist from the left to the right side of the time interval), so that the cardinality of spatial direct parts in an arrangement is constant. This does not mean that there cannot be a change in the internal structure of the arrangement direct parts. It means only that this change must not affect the existence of the direct part itself.
The use of spatial direct parthood in state definition means that an arrangement cannot overlap in space another arrangement that is direct part of the same whole.
The class of units with dimensionality 'PowerPerAreaVolume'.
PowerPerAreaVolumeUnit
ChipboardManufacturing
Product of the mean linear range R and the mass density ρ of the material.
MeanMassRange
Magnitude of the angular velocity ω divided by the angle 2π, thus n = |ω|/2π.
RotationalFrequency
Atomic quantum number related to the orbital angular momentum l of a one-electron state.
Atom subclass for actinium.
ActiniumAtom
BlowMolding
Atomic quantum number related to the number n−1 of radial nodes of one-electron wave functions.
The symbol that stands for the calcium atom.
CalciumSymbol
A geometrical property of an area which reflects how its points are distributed with regard to an arbitrary axis.
SecondPolarMomentOfArea
It is natural to define entities made or more than one smaller parts as object according to some unity criteria. One of the most general one applicable to causal interacting systems is to ask that all the quantum parts of the system are part of elementaries whose paths start and end within the entitiy. We call this causal convexity. In other words, causal convexity excludes all quantums that leave the system (no more interacting), or that are not yet part of it (not yet interacting). So, a photon leaving a body is not part of a convex system, while a real photon that is the carrier of clasical electromagnetic interaction between two molecular parts of the body, is part of the convex body. A physical phenomenon is defined as a causally non-convex interacting system, complement of causally convex interacting system.
The class of individuals standing for causally convex interacting systems.
PhysicalObject
DisjointUnionOf: CompositePhysicalObject, BondedObject
From Latin physica "study of nature" (and Ancient Greek φυσικός, “natural”), and Medieval Latin obiectum (“object”, literally “thrown against”).
A meson with total spin 1 and even parity.
PseudovectorMeson
The analytical composition of a saturated solution, expressed in terms of the proportion of a designated solute in a designated solvent, is the solubility of that solute.
The solubility may be expressed as a concentration, molality, mole fraction, mole ratio, etc.
Solubility
A coded classified by its structure.
CodedByStructure
ClassicallyDefinedMaterial
Equivalent To: AmorphousMaterial or CrystallineMaterial
Equivalent To: MetallicMaterial or CeramicMaterial or CompositeMaterial or PolymericMaterial
A zero-manifold of only one point.
Point
Quotient of thermal conductivity, and the product of electric conductivity and thermodynamic temperature.
LorenzCoefficient
LorenzNumber
InspectionDevice
Relative change of length per change of temperature.
LinearExpansionCoefficient
A soft, solid or solid-like colloid consisting of two or more components, one of which is a liquid, present in substantial quantity.
Gel
A construction language used to write configuration files.
ConfigurationLanguage
.ini files
Files in the standard .config directory on Unix systems.
A semiotic process that assigns a sign by deduction from causal continguity.
Deduction
IndexSemiosis
The interpreter feels that the plate is hot and assigns the status of the kitchen stove to be on.
Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by uniaxial or multiaxial compressive stress.
lasciano tensioni residue di compressione
CompressiveForming
The base units in the SI system.
SIBaseUnit
Superclass for all units prefixed with "tera" (1e12).
TeraPrefixedUnit
A data representing 32-bit non-negative integer number, 0...4294967295.
UnsignedIntData
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:unsignedInt
Describes elements' or compounds' readiness to form bonds.
AffinityOfAChemicalReaction
ChemicalAffinity
Ratio of void volume and total volume of a porous material.
Porosity
The magnetic flux density for disappearance of superconductivity in a type I superconductor.
ThermodynamicCriticalMagneticFluxDensity
A computer language by which a human can specify an executable problem solution to a computer.
ConstructionLanguage
A program aimed to provide a specific high level function to the user, usually hiding lower level procedures.
ApplicationProgram
App
Application
Word processors, graphic image processing programs, database management systems, numerical simulation software and games.
A characterisation of an object with an actual interaction.
Observation
From Latin observare (“to watch, note, mark, heed, guard, keep, pay attention to, regard, comply with, etc.”), from ob (“before”) + servare (“to keep”),
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-10.
AtomicAndNuclearPhysicsQuantity
Quotient of mass excess and the unified atomic mass constant.
RelativeMassExcess
Written as pOH
number quantifying the acidic or the alkaline character of a solution, equal to the negative of the decimal logarithm of ion activity aOH- of the hydroxide anion OH- pH = −10 log(a_OH-)
POH
Measure of magnetism, taking account of the strength and the extent of a magnetic field.
MagneticFlux
Atom subclass for lithium.
LithiumAtom
Atom subclass for rhodium.
RhodiumAtom
The symbol that stands for the actinium atom.
ActiniumSymbol
The class of units with physical dimensionality per length to the power of four.
PerQuarticLengthUnit
AlgebraicOperator
A scripting language developed specifically for an application, so that it's usage and interpretation is limited in this context.
ApplicationSpecificScript
Scripting file for the execution of modelling software such as LAMMPS, OpenFOAM, or for general purpose platforms such as MATLAB or Mathematica.
PrecipitationHardening
hardening of a workpiece caused by the precipitation of one or more compounds from a supersaturated solid solution
A data representing 8-bit integer number.
ByteData
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:byte
For particle X, mass of that particle at rest in an inertial frame.
RestMass
InvariantMass
ProperMass
energy difference between an electron at rest at infinity and an electron at the lowest level of the conduction band in an insulator or semiconductor
ElectronAffinity
LiquidPhaseSintering
ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy liquid-phase sintering: sintering of a powder or compact containing at least two constituents, under conditions such that a liquid phase is formed
The class of units with dimensionality 'EntropyPerAmount'.
EntropyPerAmountUnit
A coded classified by observation.
CodedByObservation
The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountTemperature'.
AmountTemperatureUnit
Mass density ρ of a substance divided by the mass density ρ0 of a reference substance, under conditions that should be specified for both substances.
RelativeMassDensity
RelativeDensity
Measure of probability that a specific process will take place in a collision of two particles.
AtomicPhysicsCrossSection
A dose quantity used in the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) system of radiological protection.
DoseEquivalent
The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperatureTime'.
TemperatureTimeUnit
1/12 of the mass of an atom of the nuclide 12C in the ground state at rest.
A causal object whose properties variation are encoded by an agent and that can be decoded by another agent according to a specific rule.
Data
EncodedContrast
EncodedData
A Radio Morse Code transmission can be addressed by combination of perspectives. Physicalistic: the electromagnetic pulses can be defined as individual A (of type Field) and the strip of paper coming out a printer receiver can be defined as individual B (of type Matter). Data: both A and B are also DiscreteData class individuals. In particular they may belong to a MorseData class, subclass of DiscreteData. Perceptual: B is an individual belonging to the graphical entities expressing symbols. In particular is a formula under the MorseLanguage class, made of a combination of . and - symbols. Semiotics: A and B can be signs if they refers to something else (e.g. a report about a fact, names).
A signal through a cable. A sound wave. Words on a page. The pattern of excited states within a computer RAM.
EncodedData is the class where inventions that don't actually exist would be placed. For example, the blueprint of a bridge is an encoded data. When the bridge will be built, than the blueprint will also be a semiotical entity. Another example is Superman, that exists only as a set of magazines, drawings, novels, movies, but not in the real world.
Variations in data are generated by an agent (not necessarily human) and are intended to be decoded by the same or another agent using the same encoding rules. Data are always generated by an agent but not necessarily possess a semantic meaning, either because it's lost or unknown or because simply they possess none (e.g. a random generation of symbols). A data object may be used as the physical basis for a sign, under Semiotics perspective.
We call "decoding" the act of recognise the variation according to a particular rule and generate another equivalent schema (e.g. in the agent's cognitive apparatus, as another form of data). We call "interpreting" the act of providing semantic meaning to data, which is covered by the semiotic perspective.
From Latin data, nominative plural of datum (“that is given”), neuter past participle of dō (“I give”).
The electronical state of the RAM of my laptop is decoded by it as ASCII characters and printed on the screen.
Atom subclass for radium.
RadiumAtom
A unit that belongs to one or more unit systems.
SystemUnit
GravitySintering
ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy loose-powder sintering, gravity sintering: sintering of uncompacted powder
Loose-powderSintering
PressurelessSintering
The class of units with dimensionality 'Entropy'.
EntropyUnit
A unit symbol that stands for a derived unit.
Special units are semiotic shortcuts to more complex composed symbolic objects.
SpecialUnit
Pa stands for N/m2 J stands for N m
A vector quantity equal to the product of the current, the loop area, and the unit vector normal to the loop plane, the direction of which corresponds to the loop orientation
MagneticMoment
MagneticAreaMoment
For a given unit system, measured constants are physical constants that are not used to define the unit system. Hence, these constants have to be measured and will therefore be associated with an uncertainty.
MeasuredConstant
Atom subclass for roentgenium.
RoentgeniumAtom
Radius of the electron orbital in the hydrogen atom in its ground state in the Bohr model of the atom.
SI prefix who's value is 1e18.
Exa
The mass that it seems to have when responding to forces, or the mass that it seems to have when interacting with other identical particles in a thermal distribution.
EffectiveMass
Number of particles of a given species per volume.
ParticleConcentration
A quantum is the most fundamental item of the EMMO (both mereologically and causally) and is considered causally self-connected by definition. The quantum concept recalls the fact that there is lower epistemological limit to our knowledge of the universe, related to the uncertainity principle. In the EMMO, space and time emerge following the network of causal connections between quantum objects. So quantum objects are adimensional objects, that precede space and time dimensions: they are simple beings (in greek οντα). Using physics concepts, we can think the quantum as an elementary particle (e.g. an electron) in a specific state between two causal interactions. For a quanta to change its state, it requires an interaction. A quantum may be thought as standing for an incoming or outcoming real particle in a Feynman diagram in a scattering event.
Q(x) ≡ ¬∃y(PP(y,x))
The class of the mereological and causal fundamental entities having no proper parts
Quantum
RealParticle
From a physics perspective a quantum can be related to smallest identifiable entities, according to the limits imposed by the uncertainty principle in space and time measurements. However, the quantum mereotopology approach is not restricted only to physics. For example, in a manpower management ontology, a quantum can stand for an hour (time) of a worker (space) activity.
A quantum is the EMMO mereological atomistic and causal reductionistic entity. To avoid confusion with the concept of atom coming from physics and to underline the causal reductionistic approach, we will use the expression quantum mereology, instead of atomistic mereology.
From Latin quantum (plural quanta) "as much as, so much as".
The symbol that stands for the scandium atom.
ScandiumSymbol
The symbol that stands for the seaborgium atom.
SeaborgiumSymbol
Semiosis classified as complete or partial representation of the semiotic triangle (interpretant, sign, referent).
SemiosisByStructure
The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthMass'.
LengthMassUnit
Atom subclass for cobalt.
CobaltAtom
The class of units with dimensionality 'Luminance'.
LuminanceUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerLength'.
MassPerLengthUnit
vector quantity between any two points in space
Displacement
Measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system.
Enthalpy
Quotient of Larmor angular frequency and 2π.
LarmonFrequency
For the dissociation of a salt AmBn → mA + nB, the solubility product is KSP = am(A) ⋅ an(B), where a is ionic activity and m and n are the stoichiometric numbers.
Product of the ion activities of the ions resulting from the dissociation of a solute in a saturated solution, raised to powers equal to their stoichiometric numbers.
SolubilityProduct
SolubilityProductConstant
Number of electrons in conduction band per volume.
ElectronDensity
An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (a liquid-liquid heterogeneous mixture).
Emulsion
Mayonnaise, milk.
The superclass for all classes of entities that have a proper parts of the same type φ of the whole, but have no φ proper part that is part of other φ proper parts.
NonNuclear
Screwing (screwing on, screwing in, screwing tight) is joining by pressing on by means of a self-locking thread (from: DIN 8593 Part 3/09.85).
Screwing
The superclass for tiles categorized accordingly to their topological role within a tessellation.
SpatioTemporalTileByConnection
Categorisation of matter by its structure.
MatterByStructure
Atom subclass for arsenic.
ArsenicAtom
The symbol that stands for the bromine atom.
BromineSymbol
Discrete quantity; number of entities of a given kind in a system.
NumberOfEntities
Atom subclass for lawrencium.
LawrenciumAtom
The class of individuals standing for an amount of ordinary matter substance (or mixture of substances) in different states of matter or phases.
Material
A instance of a material (e.g. nitrogen) can represent any state of matter. The fact that the individual also belongs to other classes (e.g. Gas) would reveal the actual form in which the material is found.
Material usually means some definite kind, quality, or quantity of matter, especially as intended for use.
An expression that provides information about the element types that constiture a molecule or a molecular substance and their number.
MolecularFormula
An interpreter who assigns a name to an object without any motivations related to the object characters.
Namer
A coarse dispersion of gas in a liquid continuum phase.
LiquidGasSuspension
Sparkling water
A coded classified by whether it is determined subjectively or objectively.
CodedBySubjectivity
Superclass for all units prefixed with "atto" (1e-18).
AttoPrefixedUnit
A procedure that is an hoilistic part of a workflow.
The concept of task is developed in strict connection with the concept of workflow: a task is always part of a workflow and a workflow always possess some tasks. This makes the relation between task and workflow an holistic relation, with task as role and workflow as whole. A task is also holistically connected to an intentional agent, since a task is defined as a procedure. For this reason a task is both a role, with respect to a workflow, and a whole, with respect to an intentional agent.
Task
Job
A task is a generic part of a workflow, without taking care of the task granularities. It means that you can declare that e.g. tightening a bolt is a task of building an airplane, without caring of the coarser tasks to which this tightening belongs.
A data representing an integer number >= 0.
NonNegativeIntegerData
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:nonNegativeInteger
Shortest distance between two surfaces limiting a layer, when this distance can be considered to be constant over a region of a finite size.
Thickness
Vector quantity from the origin of a coordinate system to a point in space.
PositionVector
Position
In the usual geometrical three-dimensional space, position vectors are quantities of the dimension length. -- IEC
Position vectors are so-called bounded vectors, i.e. their magnitude and direction depend on the particular coordinate system used. -- ISO 80000-3
The class of units with dimensionality 'NewtonSquareMetrePerAmpere'.
NewtonSquareMetrePerAmpereUnit
A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in liquid.
LiquidSol
A chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.
ElementalSubstance
PureSubstance
Product of mass and velocity.
Momentum
The symbol that stands for the dubnium atom.
DubniumSymbol
A causal system that is the representation of a Feynman diagram, where quantum represents the real particles entering and exiting the system.
A fundamental physical process is made of one or more standard particles as input, and one or more standard particles as output, where each input is direct cause of each output. Each fundamental physical phenomena refers to a Feynman diagram, hence is made at least of three standard model particles. This requirement implies that a physical phenomena is either a decay, annihilation, interaction, collapse or creation phenomena (fundamental) or a composition of them (non-fundamental).
FundamentalPhysicalSystem
DisjointUnionOf: Collapse, Interaction, Decay
A fundamental system is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(m,n) of quantums, m being the number of originating quantums, and n being the receiving quantums.
Superclass for all units prefixed with "peta" (1e15).
PetaPrefixedUnit
At a point on the surface separating two media with different thermodynamic temperatures, magnitude of the density of heat flow rate φ divided by the absolute value of temperature difference ΔT.
CoefficientOfHeatTransfer
ThermalTransmittance
Categorisation of matter by its type.
MatterByType
DisjointUnionOf: AntiMatter, HybridMatter, OrdinaryMatter
The class of units with dimensionality 'FrequencyPerVolume'.
FrequencyPerVolumeUnit
The superclass for causal structure classes whose individuals have some temporal item parts that are not of the same type of the whole.
Process
Occurrent
Perdurant
Practically speaking, the Process class can be populated by primitive subclasses (e.g. Cooking) for each of which holds the axiom that not all the item temporal parts are of the same type of the whole (e.g. breaking an egg, which is not necessarily a cooking process) and there are at least two temporal item parts of different types (e.g. breaking and egg and turning on the stove). The intended usage is not for an individual to belong directly to Process, but to belong to a specific subclass of Process that identifies entities with a specific non-type-persistent structure.
Equivalent To: Behaviour or ConstitutiveProcess or Stage or SubProcess
A process can be defined only according to an entity type. The minimum process is an entity made of two entities of different types that are temporally related.
Following the common definition of process, the reader may think that every entity in the EMMO should be a process, since every 4D entity0 always has a time dimension. However, in the EMMO we restrict the concept of process to items whose temporal parts show a change in type (i.e. every 4D object unfolds in time, but not every 4D time unfolding may be of interest for the ontologist and categorized as a process). The definition of every specific process subclass requires a reference type, that is expressed by some but not all temporal parts.
Dimensionless multiplicative unit prefix.
MetricPrefix
A data representing 16-bit integer number.
ShortData
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:short
Differential quotient of N with respect to time, where N is the number of particles being emitted from an infinitesimally small volume element in the time interval of duration dt, and dt.
ParticleEmissionRate
A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of continuum volume.
ContinuumModel
Fhe force of friction on an object that is not moving.
StaticFrictionForce
StaticFriction
Average value of the increment of the lethargy per collision.
AverageLogarithmicEnergyDecrement
The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthTimeTemperature'.
LengthTimeTemperatureUnit
The symbol that stands for the cerium atom.
CeriumSymbol
Machining with a circular cutting movement, usually associated with a multi-toothed tool, and with a feed movement perpendicular or oblique to the axis of rotation of the tool, to produce any workpiece surface.
Milling
The rest mass of an electron.
ElectronMass
A standalone atom that has no net charge.
NeutralAtom
da una forma non propria ad una forma propria
FromNotProperShapeToWorkPiece
Powder: particles that are usually less than 1 mm in size
A measurement always implies a causal interaction between the object and the observer.
A measurement is the process of experimentally obtaining one or more measurement results that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity.
An 'observation' that results in a quantitative comparison of a 'property' of an 'object' with a standard reference based on a well defined mesurement procedure.
Measurement
measurement
Number of molecules of a substance in a mixture per volume.
MolecularConcentration
Chosen value of amount concentration, usually equal to 1 mol dm−3.
StandardAmountConcentration
StandardConcentration
StandardMolarConcentration
Minus
HardeningByForming
A topological space with the property that each point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of 3-dimensional Euclidean space.
ThreeManifold
3-manifold
Shot peening is shot peening for shaping or straightening workpieces by introducing residual compressive stresses (from: DIN 8200/10.82).
FormingBlasting
An intentional process in which an agent works with some entities according to some existing formalised operative rules.
The set of established forms or methods of an organized body for accomplishing a certain task or tasks (Wiktionary).
Procedure
Elaboration
Work
The process in which a control unit of a CPU (the agent) orchestrates some cached binary data according to a list of instructions (e.g. a program). The process in which a librarian order books alphabetically on a shelf. The execution of an algorithm.
A procedure can be considered as an intentional process with a plan.
From Latin pro-cedere (“to go forward, to proceed”).
A chemical entity comprises the two different ways to represents matter: as single recognizable particle entity (molecular entity) and as a composition of particle entities (substance). This distinction is not well assessed in actual chemical nomenclature, in which an element name refers to both the pure elemental substance or the atom. In the EMMO we force the adoption of a more strict categorization based on mereotopology. The class Material hosts the subclasses for which a substance can be identified without necessarily considering its nature of molecule/atom or substance (e.g. hydrocarbon is the class of both hydrocarbon molecules or gases).
Efficiency of an ideal heat engine operating according to the Carnot process.
MaximumEfficiency
CarnotEfficiency
Distance in a superconductor over which the effect of a perturbation is appreciable at zero thermodynamic temperature
CoherenceLength
A WorkPiece is physical artifact, that has a proper shape and occupyes a proper volume intended for subsequent transformation. It is a condensed state, so it is a compact body that is processed or has to be processed.
A solid is defined as a portion of matter that is in a condensed state characterised by resistance to deformation and volume changes.
In manufacturing, a workpiece is a single, delimited part of largely solid material that is processed in some form (e.g. stone ).
In physics, a rigid body (also known as a rigid object[2]) is a solid body in which deformation is zero or so small it can be neglected. The distance between any two given points on a rigid body remains constant in time regardless of external forces or moments exerted on it. A rigid body is usually considered as a continuous distribution of mass.
It has a shape, so we conclude that it is solid
Seems to have to be processed through mechanical deformation. So it takes part of a manufacturing process. It is a Manufactured Product and it can be a Commercial Product
The raw material or partially finished piece that is shaped by performing various operations.
a physical artifact, real or virtual, intended for subsequent transformation within some manufacturing operation
it seems to be an intermediate product, that has to reach the final shape.
it seems to be solid, so it has a proper shape
powder is not workpiece because it has the shape of the recipient containing them
WorkPiece
A semiotic process that assigns a sign based on conventions.
Declaration
ConventionalSemiosis
HotDipGalvanizing
Hot-dipGalvanizing
Ngative quotient of Gibbs energy and temperature.
PlanckFunction
A coarse dispersion of liquid in a liquid continuum phase.
LiquidLiquidSuspension
The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaPerMass'.
AreaPerMassUnit
Arithmetic average of (electric field strength multiplied by electric flux density) and (magnetic field strength multiplied by magnetic flux density).
ElectromagneticEnergyDensity
VolumicElectromagneticEnergy
Factor by which the intensity of a diffraction line is reduced because of the lattice vibrations.
DebyeWallerFactor
The symbol that stands for the europium atom.
EuropiumSymbol
The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaTimeTemperature'.
AreaTimeTemperatureUnit
Atom subclass for oxygen.
OxygenAtom
A semiosis where the interpreter perceives a sign, that generates the interpretant as interpreter's internal representation. Than the interpretant is resolved by the interpreter by identifying the referent, i.e. the entity for which the sign stands for according to the interpreter understanding.
Resolving
Someone says: "Ketchup." (sign). I (interpreter) hear that, elaborate internally the perception by creating an internal representation (interpretant), and then reach for the ketchup bottle (referent).
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricFlux'.
ElectricFluxUnit
A granular material is a conglomeration of discrete solid, macroscopic particles that are large enough to avoid thermal motion fluctuations, and characterized by a loss of energy whenever the particles interact.
GranularMaterial
SI prefix who's value is 1/N where N is a positive integer larger than 1.
SISubMultiplePrefix
The symbol that stands for the tennessine atom.
TennessineSymbol
The class of causal objects that stand for world objects according to a specific representational perspective.
Perspective
This class is the practical implementation of the EMMO pluralistic approach for which the only objective categorization is provided by the Universe individual and all the Quantum individuals. Between these two extremes, there are several subjective ways to categorize real world objects, each one provide under a 'Perspective' subclass.
From medieval Latin perspectiva ‘(science of) optics’, from perspect- ‘looked at closely’, from the verb perspicere, from per- ‘through’ + specere ‘to look’.
An object which is instrumental for reaching a particular purpose through its characteristic functioning process, with particular reference to mechanical or electronic equipment.
Device
Equipment
Machine
From French équipement, from équiper ‘equip’.
From Latin māchina (“a machine, engine, contrivance, device, stratagem, trick”), from Doric Greek μᾱχᾰνᾱ́ (mākhanā́), cognate with Attic Greek μηχᾰνή (mēkhanḗ, “a machine, engine, contrivance, device”), from which comes mechanical.
From Old French "deviser", meaning: arrange, plan, contrive. Literally "dispose in portions," from Vulgar Latin "divisare", frequentative of Latin dividere, meaning "to divide".
A process which is a spatial part of another process.
SubProcess
Breathing is a subprocess of living for a human being.
In the EMMO the relation of participation to a process falls under mereotopology. Since topological connection means causality, then the only way for a real world object to participate to a process is to be a part of it.
A suspension of liquid droplets dispersed in a gas through an atomization process.
Spray
SI prefix who's value is 1/1000.
Milli
Atom subclass for nobelium.
NobeliumAtom
A characteriser that declares a property for an object without actually interact with it with the specific interaction required by the property definition (i.e. infer a property from other properties).
Estimator
Sign classified by how the sign stands for its reference object.
SignByReferent
An heterogeneous mixture that contains coarsly dispersed particles (no Tyndall effect), that generally tend to separate in time to the dispersion medium phase.
Suspensions show no significant effect on light.
Suspension
The symbol that stands for the cobalt atom.
CobaltSymbol
The class of units with dimensionality 'ThermalTransmittance'.
ThermalTransmittanceUnit
A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer as a sound.
Auditory
Sound
When we use the term 'sound' what are we referring to? The EMMO identifies a sound as the physical object that can be heard by the observer (more exactly, by the sensor of the observer). In this sense, a sound (which is an acoustical object) is to be identified as the air region that manifests the sound wave and is able to be perceived by an observer. In case the wave is travelling through water or steel, then these other media regions are the sounds. If the waveform is travelling through a cable as electronic signal (analog or digital) it is no more a sound, since it cannot be perceived by an observer as an acoustical object. This electrical waveform (or digital packet) is another physical that may stand for a sound if interpreted by a device (e.g. an amplifier, a DA converter).
'acoustical' refers to the perception mechanism of the observer that can occur through a microphone, an ear.
A liquid solution made of two or more component substances.
LiquidSolution
ContinuousCasting
Categorisation of measurement units by whether they are prefixed or not.
MeasurementUnitByPrefix
EquivalentTo: PrefixedUnit or NonPrefixedUnit
SI prefix who's value is 100.
Hecto
A function defined using functional notation.
A mathematical relation that relates each element in the domain (X) to exactly one element in the range (Y).
MathematicalFunction
FunctionDefinition
y = f(x)
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or orientation in a potential field.
PotentialEnergy
MetallicMaterial
A fluid in which a gas is ionized to a level where its electrical conductivity allows long-range electric and magnetic fields to dominate its behaviour.
Plasma
Quotient of the thermal diffusion ratio and the product of the local amount-of-substance fractions.
ThermalDiffusionFactor
The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticFlux'.
MagneticFluxUnit
Sum of the product of the proton number and the hydrogen atomic mass, and the neutron rest mass, minus the rest mass of the atom.
MassDefect
A 'Mathematical' that has no unknown value, i.e. all its 'Variable"-s parts refers to a 'Number' (for scalars that have a built-in datatype) or to another 'Numerical' (for complex numerical data structures that should rely on external implementations).
Numerical
A direct part that is obtained by partitioning a whole purely in spatial parts.
SpatialTile
A group of machineries used to process a group of similar parts.
Is not simply a collection of machineries, since the connection between them is due to the parallel flow of processed parts that comes from a unique source and ends into a common repository.
MachineCell
InjectionMolding
Sum of the slowing-down area from fission energy to thermal energy and the diffusion area for thermal neutrons.
MigrationArea
Semiosis classified by how the sign stands for its reference object.
SemiosisByReferent
A liquid aerosol composed of water droplets in air or another gas.
Vapor
MaterialByType
SI prefix who's value is 1e-21.
Zepto
Discrete data that are decoded as a sequence of 1/0, or true/false, or on/off.
DigitalData
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargePerMass'.
ElectricChargePerMassUnit
DropForging
InorganicCompound
FormingFromGas
The symbol that stands for the antimony atom.
AntimonySymbol
Vector quantity obtained at a given point by adding the electric polarization P to the product of the electric field strength E and the electric constant ε0.
ElectricFluxDensity
ElectricDisplacement
A role entity is categorized according to its relation with the whole, i.e. how it contribute to make a specific whole, and not as standalone entity. This class is expected to host the definition of world objects as they appear in its relation with the surrounding whole (being a part implies being surrounded by something bigger to which it contributes). For example. a human being is a stand alone type, but an instance of a human being can also be an instance of the type student (intended as a role) if it plays a part into a school environment (i.e., a student entity can exist only if it is part of a surrounding whole: the school). The role type requires that also the whole type depends on the existence of parts of a specific type (e.g., there is no school without students).
An entity that is categorized according to its relation with a whole through a parthood relation and that contributes to it according to an holistic criterion, where the type of the whole is not the type of the part.
Role
HolisticPart
Part
From Latin partire, partiri ‘divide, share’.
The term 'part' is here intended not only in mereological sense but also as role. For example. the term part is used to define the role played by an actor, specifying not only a mereological participation of the actor to an act, but also a specific role for that actor.
From French rôle, from obsolete French roule ‘roll’, referring originally to the roll of paper on which the actor's part was written.
The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePerTime'.
TemperaturePerTimeUnit
An icon that represents the internal logical structure of the object.
AnalogicalIcon
A physics equation is replicating the mechanisms internal to the object.
Electrical diagram is diagrammatic and resemblance
MODA and CHADA are diagrammatic representation of a simulation or a characterisation workflow.
An icon that focus on HOW the object works.
The subclass of icon inspired by Peirceian category (b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy (with the same logic) the relations in something (e.g. math formula, geometric flowchart).
From Ancient Greek ἀναλογία (analogía), from ἀνά (aná) + λόγος (lógos, “speech, reckoning”).
Energy required to move a unit charge through an electric field from a reference point.
The electric potential is not unique, since any constant scalar field quantity can be added to it without changing its gradient.
ElectricPotential
ElectroStaticPotential
Electric potential is the amount of electric potential energy per unit charge at a specific point in an electric field. In electrochemistry, it helps describe the energy state of an electrode relative to a reference electrode. It is a fundamental concept in electrode reactions, influencing redox potential and determining the driving force behind electrochemical processes. Electric potential is commonly measured in volts (V) and is essential for understanding electrode kinetics, corrosion processes, and electrochemical equilibrium.
Use a well-defined reference electrode (e.g., Standard Hydrogen Electrode, Ag/AgCl) when measuring electric potential to ensure consistency and comparability.
Electric potential differs from voltage; voltage is the difference in electric potential between two points.
The IUPAC Gold Book defines the a chemical element both as: - a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus - a pure chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus This qualifies a chemical element as a name and not a matter obejct that can stand for an atom or a substance.
The symbol for a specific chemical element, that can stand both for an atom or a substance.
ChemicalElement
Nailing is joining by hammering or pressing nails (wire pins) as auxiliary parts into the solid material. Several parts are joined by pressing them together (from: DIN 8593 part 3/09.85).
Nailing
The class of units with dimensionality 'Speed'.
SpeedUnit
One minus the square of the coupling factor
LeakageFactor
The symbol that stands for the silicon atom.
SiliconSymbol
Inverse of the impendance.
Admittance
ComplexAdmittance
The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyTimePerAmount'.
EnergyTimePerAmountUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AngularMomentum'.
AngularMomentumUnit
A direct part that is obtained by partitioning a whole purely in temporal parts.
TemporalTile
Defines the Candela base unit in the SI system.
The luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 10 12 Hz, K cd , is a technical constant that gives an exact numerical relationship between the purely physical characteristics of the radiant power stimulating the human eye (W) and its photobiological response defined by the luminous flux due to the spectral responsivity of a standard observer (lm) at a frequency of 540 × 10 12 hertz.
LuminousEfficacyOf540THzRadiation
Either a proton or a neutron.
Nucleon
A molecule composed of more than one element type.
Heteronuclear
Nitric oxide (NO) or carbon dioxide (CO₂).
A symbol that stands for a concept in the language of the meterological domain of ISO 80000.
MetrologicalSymbol
The force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.
Pressure
A causal interaction is a fundamental causal system that can be represented as a complete bipartite directed graph K(m,n), when m,n>1. This concept covers fundamental particles interactions with 2 or more particles as input and as output.
The class of fundamental systems where two or more input particles interacts, providing an output of other two or more particles.
Interaction
Electron-electron scattering. Electron-positron annihilation.
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-8.
AcousticQuantity
A measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle. It is based on the luminosity function, which is a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye.
LuminousIntensity
A self-consistent encoded data entity.
Datum
A character, a bit, a song in a CD.
Measure of how resistant to compressibility a substance is.
ModulusOfCompression
BulkModulus
A physical made of more than one symbol sequentially arranged.
String
The word "cat" considered as a collection of 'symbol'-s respecting the rules of english language. In this example the 'symbolic' entity "cat" is not related to the real cat, but it is only a word (like it would be to an italian person that ignores the meaning of this english word). If an 'interpreter' skilled in english language is involved in a 'semiotic' process with this word, that "cat" became also a 'sign' i.e. it became for the 'interpreter' a representation for a real cat.
A string is made of concatenated symbols whos arrangement is one-dimensional. Each symbol can have only one previous and one next neighborhood (bidirectional list).
A string is not requested to respect any syntactic rule: it's simply directly made of symbols.
Product of the rest mass and the square of the speed of light in vacuum.
E_0 = m_0 * c_0^2 where m_0 is the rest mass of that particle and c_0 is the speed of light in a vacuum.
The class of units with dimensionality 'Frequency'.
FrequencyUnit
An instruction to a computer system to perform a given task.
Command
From a bash shell would e.g. `ls` be a command. Another example of a shell command would be `/path/to/executable arg1 arg2`.
A command must be interpretable by the computer system.
Commands are typically performed from a shell or a shell script, but not limited to them.
The symbol that stands for the chromium atom.
ChromiumSymbol
Position vector of a particle.
ParticlePositionVector
Under periodic conditions, ratio of the absolute value of the active power P to the apparent power S.
PowerFactor
Proportionality constant between the particle current density J and the gradient of the particle fluence rate.
DiffusionCoefficientForFluenceRate
Helmholtz energy per unit mass.
SpecificHelmholtzEnergy
Any physical or virtual component of limited availability within a computer system.
SystemResource
Resource
A data representing 64-bit integer number.
LongData
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:long
Thickness of the attenuating layer that reduces the quantity of interest of a unidirectional beam of infinitesimal width to half of its initial value.
HalfValueThickness
Atom subclass for iodine.
IodineAtom
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerTimeMass'.
PerTimeMassUnit
A causal particle represents the most elementary entity in physics, being it a simple state of an elementary particle, called quantum in the EMMO, or a chain of causally connected quanta.
The class of individuals representing causal particles.
The disjoint union of CausalPath and Quantum classes.
CausalParticle
From Latin particula (“small part, particle”), diminutive of pars (“part, piece”).
The class of units with dimensionality 'MechanicalMobility'.
MechanicalMobilityUnit
A system of independent elements that are assembled together to perform a function.
Assembled
Reciprocal of the decay constant λ.
MeanDurationOfLife
MeanLifeTime
A symbolic data representing a 64-bit floating point numbers incl. ±Inf, ±0, NaN.
DoubleData
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:double
Hypothetical pressure of gas if it alone occupied the volume of the mixture at the same temperature.
PartialPressure
The equals symbol.
Equals
A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of mesoscopic entities, i.e. a set of bounded atoms like a molecule, bead or nanoparticle.
MesoscopicModel
The class of units with dimensionality 'PowerDensity'.
PowerDensityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentPerEnergy'.
ElectricCurrentPerEnergyUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Pressure'.
PressureUnit
A physical particle with half odd integer spin (1/2, 3/2, etc...) that follows Fermi-Dirac statistics.
Fermion
Ruby
The class of units with dimensionality 'Force'.
ForceUnit
A mereological fusion is any entity that is made up of two or more quantum entities, regardless of the fact that they are or not self-connected. It captures the idea of set, but excluding singletons.
The class of individuals representing mereological fusions consisting of two or more quantum entities.
The union of the CausalCluster and CausalStructure classes.
Fusion
An atom, a group of persons, a fluid.
EquivalentTo: CausalCluster or CausalStructure
From Latin fusio, from fundere ‘pour, melt’.
Atom subclass for darmastadtium.
DarmastadtiumAtom
A data representing a boolean number.
BooleanData
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:boolean
The class of general mathematical symbolic objects respecting mathematical syntactic rules.
Mathematical
A mathematical object in this branch is not representing a concept but an actual graphical object built using mathematcal symbols arranged in some way, according to math conventions.
SI prefix who's value is 1e-30.
Quecto
Relative change of length with respect the original length.
RelativeLinearStrain
The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthPerCubeTime'.
LengthPerCubeTimeUnit
Width of the forbidden energy band in a superconductor.
SuperconductorEnergyGap
A colloid composed of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas.
Aerosol
Electric field strength multiplied by magnetic field strength.
PoyntingVector
Proportionality constant between the particle current density J and the gradient of the particle number density n.
DiffusionCoefficientForParticleNumberDensity
Length of the repetition interval of a wave.
Wavelength
Atom subclass for xenon.
XenonAtom
The class of units with dimensionality 'ReciprocalElectricChargeDensity'.
ReciprocalElectricChargeDensityUnit
Atom subclass for copper.
CopperAtom
A guess is a theory, estimated and subjective, since its premises are subjective.
Guess
A workflow whose tasks are tiles of a sequence.
SerialWorkflow
The superclass for all classes of entities that have no proper parts of the same type of the whole.
Fundamental(x) ≡ ∃φ[φ(x) ∧ ¬∃yRP⟨φ⟩(y, x)]
Fundamental
Lifetime
A marathon is an example of class whose individuals are always maximal since the criteria satisfied by a marathon 4D entity poses some constraints on its temporal and spatial extent. On the contrary, the class for a generic running process does not necessarily impose maximality to its individuals. A running individual is maximal only when it extends in time for the minimum amount required to identify a running act, so every possible temporal part is always a non-running. Following the two examples, a marathon individual is a maximal that can be decomposed into running intervals. The marathon class is a subclass of running.
From Middle English liftime, equivalent to life +‎ time.
From Latin fundamentum (“foundation”), from fundō (“to lay the foundation (of something), to found”), from fundus (“bottom”).
A composite physical object is made of bonded objects (i.e. characterised by their quantum states using a Schrodinger equation approach) that are connected together by elementary particles travelling between them. These elemenentary particles are real particles, describing the existance of a classical field (e.g. Coulomb potential between charged particles).
The class of physical objects possessing a structure that is larger than a single composite particle, for which its bosonic or fermionic nature is undetermined.
CompositePhysicalObject
Scalar quantity equal to the flux of the electric flux density D through a given directed surface S.
ElectricFlux
The symbol that stands for the thallium atom.
ThalliumSymbol
A workflow can be seen as a direct acyclic graph, whose nodes are tasks and edges are asymmetric causal relations. A parallel graph occurs when the topological order of such graph if not unique, meaning that there is at least one portion of the workflow in which at least two tasks are running concurrently. Concurrent tasks may or may not communicate. Communication is represented as a symmetric causality relation, superimposing the direct acyclic graph structure of the workflow.
A workflow with some tasks running concurrently.
ParallelWorkflow
The class of units with dimensionality 'Inductance'.
InductanceUnit
The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Elementary_charge) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
The magnitude of the electric charge carried by a single electron. It defines the base unit Ampere in the SI system.
ElementaryCharge
Scalar measure of the rotational inertia with respect to a fixed axis of rotation.
MomentOfIntertia
System program refers to operating systems and utility programs that manage computer resources at a low level enabling a computer to function.
SystemProgram
An operating system. A graphic driver.
Rest mass of a nuclide X in the ground state.
The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareElectricPotentialPerSquareTemperature'.
SquareElectricPotentialPerSquareTemperatureUnit
A data representing an integer number > 0.
PositiveIntegerData
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:positiveInteger
The class of units with dimensionality 'ReciprocalMass'.
ReciprocalMassUnit
ProcessEngineeringProcess
Deals with entities that have a undefined shape. Undefined means that the actual shape of the entity that is produced is not relevant for the definition of the process. In fact, everything has a shape, but in process engineering this is not relevant. e.g. the fact that steel comes in sheets is not relevant for the definition of steel material generated in a steel-making process.
Scalar quantity or tensor quantity equal to the absolute permeability divided by the magnetic constant.
RelativePermeability
Product of damping coefficient and period duration.
LogarithmicDecrement
Atom subclass for thorium.
ThoriumAtom
A derived unit that belongs to the SI system.
SIDerivedUnit
In nuclear physics, the multiplication factor for an infinite medium.
InfiniteMultiplicationFactor
Contrast that occurs naturally without an encoding agent producing it.
NonEncodedContrast
EnvironmentalData
A cloud in the sky. The radiative spectrum of a star.
A non encoded contrast (e.g. a temperature variation) can be represented by data that describes (e.g. the string "today it's warmer than yesterday") or quantifies (e.g. Monday 28 °C, Tuesday 30 °C) it through a semiotic process.
This is a really broad class that gathers all physical phenomena in which a contrast occurs naturally, such as cloud patterns, tree rings, stains. It doesn't mean that such contrasts cannot be used to deduce something: in fact they can be seen as indexes (in semiotic sense) of a causally connected phenomena. Simply, there is no agent behind that contrast with the intention to transmit data.
Smoke is a solid aerosol made of particles emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis.
Smoke
Atom subclass for hydrogen.
HydrogenAtom
ElectricCurrentAssistedSintering
Quotient of the activity A of a sample and the mass m of that sample.
SpecificActivity
MassicActivity
A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in another continuous solid.
SolidSol
Atom subclass for iridium.
IridiumAtom
The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the length.
LinearDensityOfElectricCharge
The class of physical objects that have some fermionic quantum parts.
The interpretation of the term "matter" is not univocal. Several concepts are labelled with this term, depending on the field of science. The concept mass is sometimes related to the term "matter", even if the former refers to a physical quantity (precisely defined by modern physics) while the latter is a type that qualifies a physical entity. It is possible to identify more than one concept that can be reasonably labelled with the term "matter". For example, it is possible to label as matter only the entities that are made up of atoms. Or more generally, we can be more fine-grained and call "matter" the entities that are made up of protons, neutrons or electrons, so that we can call matter also a neutron radiation or a cathode ray. A more fundamental approach, that we embrace for the EMMO, considers matter as entities that are made of fermions (i.e. quarks and leptons) requiring their presence, without excluding particles like the W and Z bosons that possess some mass, but are not fermions. Antimatter is a subclass of matter.
Matter
PhysicalSubstance
DisjointUnionOf: HybridMatter, OrdinaryMatter, AntiMatter
A matter entity requires the presence of fermions without excluding the presence of real or virtual fundamental bosons parts that are responsible for the interactions between the (real) fundamental fermions.
Matter includes ordinary- and anti-matter. It is possible to have entities that are made of particle and anti-particles (e.g. mesons made of a quark and an anti-quark pair) so that it is possible to have entities that are somewhat heterogeneous with regards to this distinction.
From Latin materia (“matter, stuff, material”), from mater (“mother”).
MathematicalSymbol
A gaseous solution made of more than one component type.
GasSolution
An Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource. It is similar to URI, but greatly extends the allowed character set from ASCII to the Universal Character Set (Unicode/ISO 10646)..
IRI
IRIs are commonly used as identifiers for ontological entities, although the extended unicode character set is rarely used.
An object that enables or facilitate an agent in the execution of a process that modifies the surrounding environment.
Tool
Old English tōl, from a Germanic base meaning ‘prepare’.
The symbol that stands for the berkelium atom.
BerkeliumSymbol
Voltage between the two terminals of a voltage source when there is no electric current through the source.
SourceVoltage
SourceTension
A liquid solution in which the solvent is water.
AqueousSolution
Electric charge per volume.
ElectricChargeDensity
VolumeElectricCharge
A physical phenomenon is intended as a physical process that starts or ends with an unbonded state, or that includes incoming or aoutgoing particles.
The class of individuals standing for causally non-convex interacting systems.
PhysicalPhenomenon
A molecule, including a photon emitted (or captured) as result of a de-excitation (or excitation) process.
The formation of an hydrogen atom from a proton and electron.
Superclass for all units prefixed with "exa" (1e18).
ExaPrefixedUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerMassTime'.
AmountPerMassTimeUnit
Average number of fission neutrons, both prompt and delayed, emitted per fission event.
NeutronYieldPerFission
Differential quotient of the cross section for a process and the energy of the scattered particle.
EnergyDistributionOfCrossSection
Nanomaterials are Materials possessing, at minimum, one external dimension measuring 1-100nm
NanoMaterial
Sum of energies deposited by ionizing radiation in a given volume.
EnergyImparted
A functional icon that imitates the behaviour of the object through mathematical evaluations of some mathematical construct.
PhysicsMathematicalComputation
The equation that describes the velocity of a uniform accelerated body v = v0 + a*t is a functional icon. In general every analitical solution of a mathematical model can be considered an icon. A functional icon expresses its similarity with the object when is part of a process the makes it imitate the behavior of the object. In the case of v = v0 + a*t, plotting the velocity over time or listing their values at certain instants is when the icon expresses it functionality.
A chausal path whose quantum parts belongs to at least two different standard model fundamental types.
An multi-particle path is a causal path of quantum entities of different type, following the causal connection between an initial quantum up to the final one, regardless on the fact that causality is passing through elementary particles of different types. For example, a path starting from an elementary photon, then through the electron with which it scatter, and then trough a positron with which the electron collides.
MultiParticlePath
quotient of the rms value of the electric current in a two-terminal element or a two-terminal circuit by the rms value of the voltage between its terminals.
ModulusOfAdmittance
Apparent admittance is often denoted by Y .
The superclass for tiles categorized accordingly to their location within a tessellation in terms of causal source, sink or intermediary.
SpatioTemporalTileByPosition
FormingFromChip
A solid solution made of two or more component substances.
SolidSolution
Superclass for all units prefixed with "mega" (1e6).
MegaPrefixedUnit
"The unit one is the neutral element of any system of units – necessary and present automatically." -- SI Brochure
Represents the number 1, used as an explicit unit to say something has no units.
UnitOne
Unitless
Refractive index or volume fraction.
Typically used for ratios of two units whos dimensions cancels out.
Atom subclass for fermium.
FermiumAtom
Factor by which the phase velocity of light is reduced in a medium.
RefractiveIndex
A quantity defined as the inverse of time.
ReciprocalDuration
InverseDuration
InverseTime
ReciprocalTime
Frequency or rate.
A three-manifold with Euclidean metric.
EuclideanSpace
Symbolic data that consist of a sequence of characters.
StringData
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:string
Since a string is a simple type that can contain only characters but not other child elements, is often not suitable for representing human text, that may need additional elements for control of aspects such as bidirectional formatting or ruby annotation.
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassSquareTime'.
MassSquareTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Permittivity'.
PermittivityUnit
number of nucleons in an atomic nucleus
NucleonNumber
MassNumber
Ratio of specific heat capacity at constant pressure cp to specific heat capacity at constant volume cV, thus γ = cp/cV.
RatioOfSpecificHeatCapacities
A quantity whose magnitude is independent of the size of the system.
Intensive
Temperature Density Pressure ChemicalPotential
Vector k in the expression ω t−k⋅r+ϑ0 of the phase of a sinusoidal wave.
WaveVector
HardeningByRolling
Strengthening by rolling is the strengthening of component surfaces by mechanically generating compressive stresses in the component surface and consolidating the material.
The class of units with dimensionality 'ReciprocalLength'.
ReciprocalLengthUnit
A derived unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of base units is NOT equal to one.
SINonCoherentDerivedUnit
In condensed matter physics, position vector of an atom or ion in equilibrium.
EquilibriumPositionVector
Categorisation of measurement units by their physical dimensionality.
MeasurementUnitByDimensionality
EquivalentTo: DimensionalUnit or DimensionlessUnit
Sum of electric current and displacement current
TotalCurrent
DeepFreezing
Treatment carried out after hardening or case hardening consisting of cooling to a temperature below room temperature to complete the transformation of austenite to martensite
The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permittivity) is outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
The value of the absolute dielectric permittivity of classical vacuum.
VacuumElectricPermittivity
PermittivityOfVacuum
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerLengthTemperature'.
PerLengthTemperatureUnit
The integral over a time interval of the instantaneous power.
ActiveEnergy
Ratio of the partial pressure p of water vapour in moist air to its partial pressure psat at saturation, at the same temperature φ = p/psat.
The relative humidity is often expressed in per cent.
RelativeHumidity
Product of force and displacement.
Mechanical property of linear elastic solid materials.
ModulusOfElasticity
YoungsModulus
Atom subclass for boron.
BoronAtom
The symbol that stands for the tantalum atom.
TantalumSymbol
A chemical numenclature should not be confused with the chemical formula.
A language object following a specific nomenclature rules for defining univocal names of chemical compounds.
ChemicalNomenclature
At a given point within a domain of quasi-infinitesimal volume V, vector quantity equal to the electric dipole moment p of the substance contained within the domain divided by the volume V.
ElectricPolarization
A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource.
URI
URI = scheme ":" ["//" authority] path ["?" query] ["#" fragment]
A data representing an integer number < 0.
NegativeIntegerData
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:negativeInteger
The symbol that stands for the strontium atom.
StrontiumSymbol
A procedure that has at least two procedures (tasks) as proper parts.
Workflow
The class contrast individuals standing for entities that can stimulate a perception (e.g. a retina impression) to a human being and that are categorized accordingly to human perception mechanisms.
Perceptual
A line scratched on a surface. A sound. A smell. The word 'cat' and the sound of the word 'cat' (the first one is graphical and the second acoustical).
The meta-semiotic process: I see a cloud in the sky. Since I'm an EMMO ontologist, I create an individual named Cloud under the 'Perceptual' class, meaning that I recognize the cloud as an object thanks to a specific perceptual channel (e.g. through my eyes). This semiotic process occurs at meta-level: it's how I use the EMMO as tool for a direct representation of the world, understandable by others ontologists. The semiotic process within EMMO: My friend looks at the same cloud and says: "It is an elephant". I use the EMMO to record this experience by declaring: - my friend as MyFriend individual, belonging to 'Interpreter' classes - the sound of the word "elephant" as an acoustical perception individual named ElephantWord, belonging to 'Perceptual' - a relation hasSign between Cloud and ElephantWord, that makes ElephantWord also belonging to 'Sign' class and Cloud belonging also to 'Object' class - a 'Semiosis' individual called MyFriendElephantCloud that hasParticipant: Cloud, ElephantWord and MyFriend, respectively as object, sign and interpreter. So, the Perceptual class is here to categorized real-world objects at meta-level using common perceptual channels, for practical ontology usage. We could have represented the word "elephant" within a physicalistic approach, by identifying it as a pressure wave in the air.
This class is the most general superclass for the categorization of contrasts that are perceivable through a specific human-related perception mechanism. This perspective is based on human characterization of perceptions. A 'Perceptual' can stand for another object in an EMMO described semiotic process (acting as sign or as object), just like a word on a paper (the perceptual object) may refer semiotically to another object. However, a perceptual is not necessarily a 'Sign' (e.g. a line sketched on a blackboard is a recognizable 'Perceptual' but it may stand for nothing). A 'Perceptual' becomes a semiotic object, when it is part of a 'Semiotic' process described by the ontologist within the EMMO, and it's done always specifying for which interpreter this relation occurs.
From Latin percipiō, past participle perceptus (“take hold of, obtain, receive, observe”), from per (“by, through”) + capiō (“to take”).
A language object respecting the syntactic rules of C++.
CPlusPlus
C++
Information is data with a meaning (semiotic sign).
The General Definition of Information (GDI) can be used to define the concept of information. (GDI) a is an instance of information, understood as semantic content, if and only if: GDI.l) a consists of n data, for n > 1; GDI.2) the data are well formed; GDI.3) the well-formed data are meaningful. In the EMMO conceptualisation, well-formed data are data with a specific syntactic structure (symbolic and reductionistic modules), while meaningful data are data that are part of a semiotic interpretation process that declares what the data are about (semiotic module).
Information
Luciano Floridi, "Information - A Very Short Introduction", Oxford University Press (2010) ISBN: 9780199551378
FormingFromPlastic
A set of instructions that tell a computer what to do.
Program
Executable
A program is a sequence of instructions understandable by a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that indicates which operations the computer should perform on a set of data.
PowderCoating
The symbol that stands for the terbium atom.
TerbiumSymbol
An object that is made of a set of sub objects working together as parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting network (natural or artificial); a complex whole.
HolisticSystem
A system is conceived as an aggregate of things that 'work' (or interact) together. While a system extends in time through distinct temporal parts (like every other 4D object), this elucdation focuses on a timescale in which the obejct shows a persistence in time.
Coefficient in the law of recombination,
RecombinationCoefficient
Atom subclass for samarium.
SamariumAtom
Cut-off angular frequency in the Debye model of the vibrational spectrum of a solid.
DebyeAngularFrequency
Mass increment per time.
MassChangeRate
MesoscopicSubstance
GrowingCrystal
A matter object throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform.
PhaseOfMatter
Phase
In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform. Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, magnetization and chemical composition. A simple description is that a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The glass of the jar is another separate phase. The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but there can be several immiscible phases of the same state of matter. Also, the term phase is sometimes used to refer to a set of equilibrium states demarcated in terms of state variables such as pressure and temperature by a phase boundary on a phase diagram. Because phase boundaries relate to changes in the organization of matter, such as a change from liquid to solid or a more subtle change from one crystal structure to another, this latter usage is similar to the use of "phase" as a synonym for state of matter. However, the state of matter and phase diagram usages are not commensurate with the formal definition given above and the intended meaning must be determined in part from the context in which the term is used.
An objective comparative measure of hot or cold. Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature differences. Unlike ThermodynamicTemperature, it cannot express absolute temperatures.
CelsiusTemperature
The symbol that stands for the lutetium atom.
LutetiumSymbol
Measure of the extent and direction an object rotates about a reference point.
AngularMomentum
The symbol that stands for the sulfur atom.
SulfurSymbol
The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperatureAreaPerMassTime'.
TemperatureAreaPerMassTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperatureMassPerArea'.
TemperatureMassPerAreaUnit
Constant of a chemical reaction. It is the value of its reaction quotient at chemical equilibrium, a state approached by a dynamic chemical system after sufficient time has elapsed at which its composition has no measurable tendency towards further change.
StandardEquilibriumConstant
Magnetic tension divided by magnetic flux.
MagneticReluctance
Reluctance
The symbol that stands for the indium atom.
IndiumSymbol
Atom subclass for bohrium.
BohriumAtom
Non-SI units mentioned in the SI.
This is a list of units that are not defined as part of the International System of Units (SI), but are otherwise mentioned in the SI brouchure, because either the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) accepts their use as being multiples or submultiples of SI-units, they have important contemporary application worldwide, or are otherwise commonly encountered worldwide.
SIAcceptedUnit
NameData
A computational application that uses an empiric equation to predict the behaviour of a system without relying on the knowledge of the actual physical phenomena occurring in the object.
EmpiricalSimulationSoftware
Atom subclass for seaborgium.
SeaborgiumAtom
Free forming is pressure forming with tools that do not or only partially contain the shape of the workpiece and move against each other (from: DIN 8583 Part 3/05.70).
Moulding
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricPotentialPerTime'.
ElectricPotentialPerTimeUnit
A material that can take active part in a chemical reaction.
ReactiveMaterial
Magnitude of the magnetic moment of an electron in a state with orbital angular momentum quantum number l=1 due to its orbital motion.
SI prefix who's value is 1000.
Kilo
The symbol that stands for the tungsten atom.
TungstenSymbol
VaporDeposition
Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by a bending stress
Bending
Smallest energy difference between the lowest level of conduction band and the highest level of valence band at zero thermodynamic temperature.
GapEnergy
BandgapEnergy
Atom subclass for germanium.
GermaniumAtom
The symbol that stands for the argon atom.
ArgonSymbol
A symbolic data representing a rational number, that is a number that can be expressed exact by `p/q` where `p` and `q` are integer numbers.
RationalData
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some owl:rational
The class of units with dimensionality 'InverseSquareMass'.
InverseSquareMassUnit
Angular wavenumber of electrons in states on the Fermi sphere.
FermiAnglularWaveNumber
FermiAnglularRepetency
A manufacturing involving the creation of long-term connection of several workpieces.
The permanent joining or other bringing together of two or more workpieces of a geometric shape or of similar workpieces with shapeless material. In each case, the cohesion is created locally and increased as a whole.
JoinManufacturing
Fügen
An expression that provide information about the element type of a compound and their relative ratio.
EmpiricalFormula
The symbol that stands for the einsteinium atom.
EinsteiniumSymbol
Critical thermodynamic temperature of a ferromagnet.
CurieTemperature
The symbol that stands for the germanium atom.
GermaniumSymbol
The class of units with dimensionality 'JosephsonConstant'.
JosephsonConstantUnit
Energy to be added to or removed from a system under constant temperature and pressure to undergo a complete phase transition.
LatentHeatOfPhaseTransition
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerTemperatureTime'.
PerTemperatureTimeUnit
The symbol that stands for the phosphorus atom.
PhosphorusSymbol
For type II superconductors, the threshold magnetic flux density for disappearance of bulk superconductivity.
UpperCriticalMagneticFluxDensity
IsothermalConversion
A mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble or soluble particles (from 1 nm to 1 μm) is suspended throughout another substance and that does not settle, or would take a very long time to settle appreciably.
Colloid
Colloids are characterized by the occurring of the Tyndall effect on light.
The 'semiosis' process of interpreting a 'physical' and provide a complec sign, 'theory' that stands for it and explain it to another interpreter.
Theorisation
Theorization
The class of units with dimensionality 'QuarticLengthPerTime'.
QuarticLengthPerTimeUnit
Number of donor levels per volume.
DonorDensity
At a point in a fluid, the product of mass density and velocity.
MassFlow
In an infinite homogenous medium, one-sixth of the mean square of the distance between the neutron source and the point where a neutron reaches a given energy.
SlowingDownArea
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricDisplacementField'.
ElectricDisplacementFieldUnit
SI prefix who's value is 1e-6.
Micro
Differential quotient of fluence Φ with respect to time.
ParticleFluenceRate
A function solution of a physics equation that provides a methods for the prediction of some quantitiative properties of an object.
This must be a mathematical function v(t), x(t). A dataset as solution is a conventional sign.
PhysicsEquationSolution
A parabolic function is a prediction of the trajectory of a falling object in a gravitational field. While it has predictive capabilities it lacks of an analogical character, since it does not show the law behind that trajectory.
Atom subclass for plutonium.
PlutoniumAtom
Atomic quantum number related to the z component lz, jz or sz, of the orbital, total, or spin angular momentum.
A conventional that provides no possibility to infer the characteristics of the object to which it refers.
Uncoded
A random generated id for a product.
Matter composed of only matter particles, excluding anti-matter particles.
OrdinaryMatter
A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of electrons.
ElectronicModel
Density functional theory. Hartree-Fock.
Distance is the norm of Displacement.
Shortest path length between two points in a metric space.
Distance
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two areas.
AreaFractionUnit
Unit for solid angle.
Parameter in the expression for the thermionic emission current density J for a metal in terms of the thermodynamic temperature T and work function.
RichardsonConstant
The object, in Peirce semiotics, as participant to a semiotic process.
Referent
Object
SemioticObject
Here is assumed that the concept of 'object' is always relative to a 'semiotic' process. An 'object' does not exists per se, but it's always part of an interpretation. The EMMO relies on strong reductionism, i.e. everything real is a formless collection of elementary particles: we give a meaning to real world entities only by giving them boundaries and defining them using 'sign'-s. In this way the 'sign'-ed entity becomes an 'object', and the 'object' is the basic entity needed in order to apply a logical formalism to the real world entities (i.e. we can speak of it through its sign, and use logics on it through its sign).
The class of units with dimensionality 'TimePerVolume'.
TimePerVolumeUnit
Data that are expressed through quantum mechanical principles, and that can have several values ​​/ be in several states in the same place at the same time (quantum superposition), each of them with a certain probability.
QuantumData
Tempering
Process consisting of two steps: - first, the steel is heated in a quenching treatment to a temperature above Ac3 and then rapidly cooled in a liquid to produce a process-specific grain structure; - subsequently, the steel is heated to a specific temperature during tempering to set the desired property and cooled in air.
Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by a combined tensile and compressive stress.
TensileForming
SecondAxialMomentOfArea
OrganicCompound
Atom subclass for tennessine.
TennessineAtom
A unit that can be expressed as a product of powers of SI base units with no pre-factor or offset.
SICoherentUnit
Derived units are defined as products of powers of the base units. When the numerical factor of this product is one, the derived units are called coherent derived units. The base and coherent derived units of the SI form a coherent set, designated the set of coherent SI units.
ArithmeticOperator
A symbolic data is a data that is rooted on some specified symbolic based encoding, such as floating point numbers, strings, integer. When a symbolic data is used for expressing numerical data (e.g., integer), it is not to be intended as a mathematical entity (even if it may be interpreted as such) but as a syntactic structure (datastructures or datatypes) based on concatenated tokens (or symbols, letters) that can deliver data.
The class for entities which stands for a specific data format expressed using a symbolic encoding.
SymbolicData
The symbol that stands for the lead atom.
LeadSymbol
Quantity in condensed matter physics.
EnergyDensityOfStates
The symbol that stands for the iron atom.
IronSymbol
ProductionEngineering
Atom subclass for gallium.
GalliumAtom
A manufacturing process aimed to modify the precursor objects through a physical process (involving other materials, energy, manipulation) to change its material properties.
MaterialsProcessing
ContinuumManufacturing
Synthesis of materials, quenching, the preparation of a cake, tempering of a steel beam.
A material process requires the output to be classified as an individual of a material subclass.
The symbol that stands for the darmastadtium atom.
DarmastadtiumSymbol
"Quantity, in a system of quantities, defined in terms of the base quantities of that system".
DerivedQuantity
derived quantity
The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePerLength'.
TemperaturePerLengthUnit
Quotient of the activity A of a sample and the total area S of the surface of that sample.
SurfaceActivityDensity
The class of units with dimensionality 'Diffusivity'.
DiffusivityUnit
Magnetic flux the integration area of which is such that magnetic field lines cross it in the same orientation more than once.
LinkedFlux
Atom subclass for krypton.
KryptonAtom
Charge number is a quantity of dimension one defined in ChargeNumber.
For all types of ions in a solution, half the sum of the products of their molality b_i and the square of their charge number z_i.
IonicStrength
Vector whose scalar products with all fundamental lattice vectors are integral multiples of 2pi.
AngularReciprocalLatticeVector
A conventional that stands for an object according to a code of interpretation to which the interpreter refers.
Coded
A biography that makes use of a code that is provided by the meaning of the element of the language used by the author.
The name "red" that stands for the color of an object.
A conventional referring to an object according to a specific code that reflects the results of a specific interaction mechanism and is shared between other interpreters. A coded is always a partial representation of an object since it reflects the object capability to be part of a specific determination. A coded is a sort of name or label that we put upon objects that interact with an determiner in the same specific way. For example, "hot" objects are objects that interact with an observer through a perception mechanism aimed to perceive an heat source. The code is made of terms such as "hot", "warm", "cold", that commonly refer to the perception of heat.
Let's define the class Colour as the subclass of the coded signs that involve photon emission and electromagnetic radiation sensible observers. An individual C of this class Colour can be defined be declaring the process individual (e.g. daylight illumination) and the observer (e.g. my eyes) Stating that an entity E hasCoded C, we mean that it can be observed by such setup of process + observer (i.e. observed by my eyes under daylight). This definition can be specialised for human eye perception, so that the observer can be a generic human, or to camera perception so that the observer can be a device. This can be used in material characterization, to define exactly the type of measurement done, including the instrument type.
An elementary charged fermionic particle that belongs to the first generation of the lepton particle family.
ElementaryElectron
Atom subclass for yttrium.
YttriumAtom
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentPerMass'.
ElectricCurrentPerMassUnit
Atom subclass for promethium.
PromethiumAtom
Free forming is pressure forming with tools that do not or only partially contain the shape of the workpiece and move against each other.
Printing forms with tools that do not or only partially contain the shape of the workpiece and move against each other. The workpiece shape is created by free or fixed relative movement between the tool and the workpiece (kinematic shape generation).
FreeForming
Differential quotient of the cross section for scattering a particle in a given direction and the solid angle around that direction.
DirectionDistributionOfCrossSection
Superclass for all units prefixed with "kilo" (1000).
KiloPrefixedUnit
Atom subclass for lead.
LeadAtom
Vector quantity equal to the product of the magnetization M and the magnetic constant μ0.
MagneticPolarisation
DebyeTemperature
The symbol that stands for the yttrium atom.
YttriumSymbol
A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure.
Liquid
A 2-manifold with one unconnected boundary and two "faces".
Cylinder
The class of units with dimensionality 'RichardsonConstant'.
RichardsonConstantUnit
A symbolic construct used within the discipline of metrology.
MetrologicalConstruct
Atom subclass for argon.
ArgonAtom
Application of additive manufacturing intended for reducing the time needed for producing prototypes.
RapidPrototyping
Atom subclass for nihonium.
NihoniumAtom
A Material occurring in nature, without the need of human intervention.
NaturalMaterial
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricResistance'.
ElectricResistanceUnit
Cut-off angular wavenumber in the Debye model of the vibrational spectrum of a solid.
DebyeAngularWaveNumber
DebyeAngluarRepetency
The class of individuals representing causal clusters.
The disjoint union of the CausalSystem and Collection classes.
With the causal cluster term we address an heterogeneous group of entities, which possess the common feature of having at least two causally non connected quanta. It comprises collections (non self-connected entities) and causal systems (entities extended in space).
CausalCluster
EquivalentTo: Collection or CausalSystem
From Proto-Germanic *klas-, *klus- (“to clump, lump together”).
The quantum of action. It defines the kg base unit in the SI system.
PlanckConstant
Vector quantity giving the rate of change of angular velocity.
AngularAcceleration
SolidMixture
The class of units with dimensionality 'Mass'.
MassUnit
FormingJoin
Atom subclass for polonium.
PoloniumAtom
The class of units with dimensionality 'AngularFrequency'.
AngularFrequencyUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaSquareTime'.
AreaSquareTimeUnit
Atom subclass for rutherfordium.
RutherfordiumAtom
Atom subclass for phosphorus.
PhosphorusAtom
The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthPerTemperature'.
LengthPerTemperatureUnit
TransferMolding
The superclass for all physical quantities classes that are categorized according to some domain of interests (e.g. metallurgy, chemistry), property (intensive/extensive) or application.
CategorizedPhysicalQuantity
Atom subclass for silicon.
SiliconAtom
Measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to a current when a voltage is applied.
ElectricImpedance
acimp/ohms
A mixed tiling in which a tile has next spatially connected tiles.
Broadcast
Categorisation of intentional agents by their kind.
IntentionalAgentByKind
Atom subclass for flerovium.
FleroviumAtom
The symbol that stands for the zirconium atom.
ZirconiumSymbol
SI prefix who's value is 1e-24.
Yocto
RMS value voltage multiplied by rms value of electric current.
ApparentPower
Particles composed of two or more quarks.
Hadron
A chausal chain whose quantum parts are of the same standard model fundamental type.
An elementary particle is a causal chain of quantum entities of the same type. For example, an elementary electron is a sequence of fundamental electrons only.
ElementaryParticle
SingleParticleChain
An electron. A quark. A photon.
DisjointUnionOf: ElementaryFermion, ElementaryBoson
Atom subclass for tungsten.
TungstenAtom
Mass of a constituent divided by the total mass of all constituents in the mixture.
MassFraction
A process that has no identifiable agent driving its occurence.
SpontaneousProcess
The symbol that stands for the krypton atom.
KryptonSymbol
Electric current divided by the cross-sectional area it is passing through.
ElectricCurrentDensity
AreicElectricCurrent
CurrentDensity
An agent that is a machine-learning or symbolic reasoning system (not biological-based).
ArtificialIntelligence
ArtificialAgent
Hardening
Heat treatment process that generally produces martensite in the matrix.
A semiotic process that assigns a sign by recognising an object by how it resemble or imitate what the sign stands for, in shape, function or by sharing a similar logical structure.
Cognition
IconSemiosis
The class of units with dimensionality 'EntropyPerMass'.
EntropyPerMassUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'FrequencyPerAreaTime'.
FrequencyPerAreaTimeUnit
A physics based simulation with multiple physics based models.
MultiSimulation
Difference between the mass of an atom, and the product of its mass number and the unified mass constant.
MassExcess
A set of one or more 'MeasuringInstruments' and often other devices, including any reagent and supply, assembled and adapted to give information used to generate 'MeasuredQuantityProperty' within specified intervals for quantities of specified kinds. -- VIM
MeasuringSystem
measuring system
Surface density of electric charge multiplied by velocity
LinearElectricCurrentDensity
Atom subclass for aluminium.
AluminiumAtom
An intentional agency caused by the agent’s mental states and events.
MentalAgency
Mental states are strictly connected to the definition of mind, which is traditionally connected to high cognitive skills, such as the one provided by human beings brains.
A language construct that provides information about the consitutents of a substance and their fractions or amounts.
ChemicalComposition
Under sinusoidal conditions, phase difference between the voltage applied to a linear two-terminal element or two-terminal circuit and the electric current in the element or circuit.
PhaseDifference
DisplacementAngle
The superclass for all classes of entities that have a proper parts of the same type φ of the whole, and so that for every two distinct φ proper parts one is not part of the other.
NonConvergent
Quotient of mechanical output and input power.
MechanicalEfficiency
SI prefix who's value is 1e-15.
Femto
A bonded object is a sequence of fundamental interactions that can be described approximatively by Schrodinger formulation. A bonded object is typically characterised by having quantum states (e.g. electron states in an atom, energy levels of a molecule). Furthermore, a bonded object is made of elementary particles that travels from the beginning to the end of the entity (i.e. a bonded object doesn't change its components).
BondedObject
"... in the 'classical' picture ordinary matter is made of atoms, in which electrons are held in orbit around a nucleus of protons and neutrons by the electrical attraction of opposite charges. We can now give this model a more sophisticated formulation by attributing the binding force to the exchange of photons between the electrons and the protons in the nucleus. However, for the purposes of atomic physics this is overkill, for in this context quantization of the electromagnetic field produces only minute effects (notably the Lamb shift and the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron). To excellent approximation we can pretend that the forces are given by Coulomb's law (together with various magnetic dipole couplings). The point is that in a bound state enormous numbers of photons are continually streaming back and forth, so that the "lumpiness" of the field is effectively smoothed out, and classical electrodynamics is a suitable approximation to the truth. But in most elementary particle processes, such as the photoelectric effect or Compton scattering, individual photons are involved, and quantization can no longer be ignored." D. Griffiths, "Introduction to elementary Particles", Wiley-VCH, 2004, pp.16-17
Examples of condition might be constant volume or constant pressure for a gas.
Quantity C = dQ/dT, when the thermodynamic temperature of a system is increased by dT as a result of the addition of a amount of heat dQ, under given condition.
HeatCapacity
The EMMO conceptualises the world using the primitive concepts of causality and parthood. Parthood is about the composition of world entities starting from other more fundamental entities. Causality is about the interactions between world entities. The quantum is the smallest indivisible part of any world entity. Quantum individuals are the fundamental causal constituents of the universe, since it is implied that causality originates from quantum-to-quantum interactions. Quantums are no-dimensional, and their aggregation makes spacetime emerge from their causal structure. We can think of a quantum as an elementary particle after and interaction and before another interaction. Causality between macro entities (i.e. entities made of more than one quantum) is explained as the sum of the causality relations between their quantum constituents. Fundamental interactions (quantum fields) are represented as symmetric causality relation between macro entities, while classical interactions are mediated by chain of quantums (i.e. elementary particles). The fundamental distinction between world entities is causality self-connectedness: a world entity can be self-connected xor not self-connected depending on the causality network of its fundamental components. Void regions do not exist in the EMMO. In other words there is no spacetime without entities and spacetime emerges as relational property not as a self-standing entity). Entities are not placed in space or time: space and time are measured quantities, always relative between entities and are measured. In other words, space and time relations originates from causality interactions.
The class of all the OWL individuals representing world entities according to EMMO conceptualisation.
The disjoint union of the fundamental mereocausal classes of Quantum, CausalPath, CausalSystem and Collection.
EMMO
DisjointUnion: CausalPath, Collection, Quantum, CausalSystem
EMMO entities dimensionality is related to their mereocausal structures. From the no-dimensional quantum entity, we introduce time dimension with the elementary concept, and space with the causal system concept. The EMMO conceptualisation does not allow the existence of space without a temporal dimension, the latter coming from a causal relation between entities. For this reason, the EMMO entities that are not quantum or elementaries, may be considered to be always 4D spatiotemporal entities. Moreover, the combination of mereology and causality used in the EMMO theory (mereocausality) represents entities as direct acyclic graphs with dimension of 4 (i.e., the mereocasual graph can be represented in a 4D euclidian space with edges having unit length). For this reasons, the EMMO can be considered a 4D ontology.
Every entity is made of quantum parts. This axiomatisation is the expression of the radical reductionistic approach of the EMMO.
All EMMO individuals are part of the most comprehensive entity which is the universe.
EMMO is the acronym of Elementary Multiperspective Material Ontology.
While EMMO mereocausality conceptualisation can be used on any possibile domain, so that a quantum can be a Lego brick or an furniture component, it can be better understood when a quantum is elucidated as an elementary particle after and interaction and before another interaction. (e.g. quark, photon).
For an ideal gas, isentropic exponent is equal to ratio of the specific heat capacities.
IsentropicExponent
Atom subclass for selenium.
SeleniumAtom
Sum of canonical partition function Z (NA,NB,…) for the given number of particles A, B, ... multiplied by absolute activities of particles A, B, ...
GrandCanonicalPartionFunction
GrandPartionFunction
Material property which describes how the size of an object changes with a change in temperature.
CoefficientOfThermalExpansion
ThermalExpansionCoefficient
At about 25 °C aqueous solutions with: pH < 7 are acidic; pH = 7 are neutral; pH > 7 are alkaline. At temperatures far from 25 °C the pH of a neutral solution differs significantly from 7.
Number quantifying the acidic or the alkaline character of a solution, equal to the negative of the decimal logarithm of ion activity aH+ of the hydrogen cation H+ pH = −10 log(a_H+).
Written as pH
For more details, see ISO 80000-9:2009, Annex C
The symbol that stands for the gold atom.
GoldSymbol
Length per unit time.
Speed
Speed in the absolute value of the velocity.
"In the name “amount of substance”, the word “substance” will typically be replaced by words to specify the substance concerned in any particular application, for example “amount of hydrogen chloride, HCl”, or “amount of benzene, C6H6 ”. It is important to give a precise definition of the entity involved (as emphasized in the definition of the mole); this should preferably be done by specifying the molecular chemical formula of the material involved. Although the word “amount” has a more general dictionary definition, the abbreviation of the full name “amount of substance” to “amount” may be used for brevity." -- SI Brochure
The number of elementary entities present.
AmountOfSubstance
Reciprocal of the coefficient of heat transfer.
ThermalInsulance
CoefficientOfThermalInsulance
For an atom or nucleus, this energy is quantized and can be written as: W = g μ M B where g is the appropriate g factor, μ is mostly the Bohr magneton or nuclear magneton, M is magnetic quantum number, and B is magnitude of the magnetic flux density. -- ISO 80000
Vector quantity μ causing a change to its energy ΔW in an external magnetic field of field flux density B: ΔW = −μ · B
MagneticDipoleMoment
An elementary particle of a fundamental fermionic type.
ElementaryFermion
quotient of number of acceptor levels and volume.
AcceptorDensity
An SI unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of base SI units is NOT equal to one.
SINonCoherentUnit
A non-SI coherent can be expressed in terms of its corresponding SI coherent unit, as nonsi_coherent_unit = si_coherent_unit * multiplier + offset where `multiplier` and `offset` are specified via the 'hasConversionMultiplier' and 'hasConversionOffset' data properties, respectively.
NormalizedStringData
Atom subclass for thulium.
ThuliumAtom
The overall lifetime of an holistic that has been the output of an intentional process.
Output
This concepts encompass the overall lifetime of a product. Is temporaly fundamental, meaning that it can have other products as holistic spatial parts, but its holistic temporal parts are not products. In other words, the individual must encompass the whole lifetime from creation to disposal. A product can be a tangible object (e.g. a manufactured object), a process (e.g. service). It can be the outcome of a natural or an artificially driven process. It must have and initial stage of its life that is also an outcome of a intentional process.
From Latin productum ‘something produced’, derived from Latin producere, from pro- ‘forward’ + ducere ‘to lead’.
A bonded atom that shares at least one electron to the atom-based entity of which is part of.
A real bond between atoms is always something hybrid between covalent, metallic and ionic. In general, metallic and ionic bonds have atoms sharing electrons.
The bond types that are covered by this definition are the strong electronic bonds: covalent, metallic and ionic.
This class can be used to represent molecules as simplified quantum systems, in which outer molecule shared electrons are un-entangled with the inner shells of the atoms composing the molecule.
BondedAtom
A state quantity equal to the difference between the total energy of a system and the sum of the macroscopic kinetic and potential energies of the system.
InternalEnergy
ThermodynamicEnergy
For a two-terminal element or a two-terminal circuit under periodic conditions, quantity equal to the square root of the difference of the squares of the apparent power S and the active power P.
NonActivePower
Temperature below which quantum effects dominate.
CriticalTemperature
The class of units with dimensionality 'AbsorbedDoseRate'.
AbsorbedDoseRateUnit
Real part of the impedance.
ResistanceToAlternativeCurrent
A 2-manifold with one unconnected boundary and one "face".
MobiusStrip
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassTemperature'.
MassTemperatureUnit
The superclass for all classes that categorise projects according to their mereological and persistence context
ProcessByContext
In general, for a given set of information, it is understood that the measurement uncertainty is associated with a stated quantity value. A modification of this value results in a modification of the associated uncertainty.
Metrological uncertainty includes components arising from systematic effects, such as components associated with corrections and the assigned quantity values of measurement standards, as well as the definitional uncertainty. Sometimes estimated systematic effects are not corrected for but, instead, associated measurement uncertainty components are incorporated.
The uncertainty of a quantity obtained through a well-defined procedure, characterising of the dispersion of the quantity.
MetrologicalUncertainty
A metrological uncertainty can be assigned to any objective property via the 'hasMetrologicalUncertainty' relation.
- Standard deviation - Half-width of an interval with a stated coverage probability
Metrological uncertainty in EMMO is a slight generalisation of the VIM term 'measurement uncertainty', which is defined as "a non-negative parameter characterising the dispersion of the quantity being measured".
The class of units with dimensionality 'AbsorbedDose'.
AbsorbedDoseUnit
The symbol that stands for the thulium atom.
ThuliumSymbol
A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of atoms.
AtomisticModel
The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthTimeCurrent'.
LengthTimeCurrentUnit
Number of periods per time interval.
Frequency
An icon that not only resembles the object, but also can express some of the object's functions.
Replica
A small scale replica of a plane tested in a wind gallery shares the same functionality in terms of aerodynamic behaviour of the bigger one.
Pinocchio is a functional icon of a boy since it imitates the external behaviour without having the internal biological structure of a human being (it is made of magic wood...).
Enthalpy per unit mass.
SpecificEnthalpy
Atom subclass for caesium.
CaesiumAtom
The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerTemperature'.
VolumePerTemperatureUnit
SI prefix who's value is 1e6.
Mega
The simplest 2-manifold with genus 1.
Torus
The class of units with dimensionality 'CapacitancePerLength'.
CapacitancePerLengthUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'QuarticLength'.
QuarticLengthUnit
Foaming
DefinedEdgeCutting
Machining in which a tool is used whose number of cutting edges, geometry of the cutting wedges and position of the cutting edges in relation to the workpiece are determined
Spanen mit geometrisch bestimmten Schneiden
All or part of the programs, procedures, rules, and associated documentation of an information processing system.
Software
Software is usually used as a generic term for programs. However, in its broadest sense it can refer to all information (i.e., both programs and data) in electronic form and can provide a distinction from hardware, which refers to computers or other electronic systems on which software can exist and be use. Here we explicitly include in the definition also all the data (e.g. source code, script files) that takes part to the building of the executable, are necessary to the execution of a program or that document it for the users.
From soft +‎ -ware, by contrast with hardware (“the computer itself”). Coined by Paul Niquette in 1953.
A measurement unit symbol that do not have a metric prefix as a direct spatial part.
NonPrefixedUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerThermalTransmittance'.
PerThermalTransmittanceUnit
A device that is designed to participate to a manufacturing process.
ManufacturingDevice
An object that has been designed and manufactured for a particular purpose.
ManufacturedProduct
Artifact
Engineered
TangibleProduct
Car, tire, composite material.
From Latin arte ‘by or using art’ + factum ‘something made’.
From Latin ingenium "innate qualities, ability; inborn character," in Late Latin "a war engine, battering ram"; literally "that which is inborn," from in- ("in") + gignere ("give birth, beget").
From late Latin tangibilis, from tangere ‘to touch’.
From Latin manufacture: "made by hand".
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricConductivity'.
ElectricConductivityUnit
A quantity that is the result of a well-defined measurement procedure.
The specification of a measurand requires knowledge of the kind of quantity, description of the state of the phenomenon, body, or substance carrying the quantity, including any relevant component, and the chemical entities involved. -- VIM
MeasuredProperty
A manufacturing with an output that is an object with a specific function, shape, or intended use, not simply a material.
WorkpieceManufacturing
ISO 15531-1:2004 discrete manufacturing: production of discrete items.
ISO 8887-1:2017 manufacturing: production of components
DiscreteManufacturing
Werkstücke
A continuum that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure.
Fluid
Gas, liquid, plasma,
The class of units with dimensionality 'ReciprocalSquareEnergy'.
ReciprocalSquareEnergyUnit
Atom subclass for sulfur.
SulfurAtom
The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerSquareTime'.
VolumePerSquareTimeUnit
FunctionallyDefinedMaterial
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerTime'.
MassPerTimeUnit
A mathematical string that express a relation between the elements in one set X to elements in another set Y.
The set X is called domain and the set Y range or codomain.
MathematicalFormula
SurfaceTension
The class of units with dimensionality 'SquarePressureTime'.
SquarePressureTimeUnit
Data that can be decoded under a quantitative schema and also associated with a graphical number symbols.
NumericalData
parameter characterizing the response to a step input of a first‑order, linear time‑invariant system
TimeConstant
A symbolic data representing a numerical floating point value.
FloatingPointData
quotient of the number of vibrational modes in an infinitesimal interval of angular frequency, and the product of the width of that interval and volume
DensityOfVibrationalStates
The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyArea'.
EnergyAreaUnit
Energy per unit change in amount of substance.
ChemicalPotential
ArithmeticExpression
SI prefix who's value is 1/10.
Deci
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricConductivityPerAmount'.
ElectricConductivityPerAmountUnit
A well formed tessellation with tiles that all spatial.
SpatialTiling
Physical constant used to define a unit system. Hence, when expressed in that unit system they have an exact value with no associated uncertainty.
ExactConstant
A symbolic entity made of other symbolic entities according to a specific spatial configuration.
SymbolicConstruct
This class collects individuals that represents arrangements of strings, or other symbolic compositions, without any particular predefined arrangement schema.
KineticFrictionFactor
DynamicFrictionFactor
The symbol that stands for the palladium atom.
PalladiumSymbol
The final task of a workflow.
EndTask
There may be more than one end task, if they run in parallel leading to more than one output.
ChemicalMaterial
The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerMass'.
VolumePerMassUnit
The term "Uniform Resource Locator" (URL) refers to the subset of URIs that, in addition to identifying a resource, provide a means of locating the resource by describing its primary access mechanism (e.g., its network "location").
URL
Atom subclass for europium.
EuropiumAtom
Collective agency occurs when two or more individuals act as a group, in accordance with certain principles or procedures that constitute and organize the group.
CollectiveAgency
The group acting collectively is intended to be represented as an item, meaning that all members of the group should have had at least one causal interaction with another member. The collective action in fact is taken in accordance with certain principles or procedures that constitute and organize the group itself that requires implicitly a causal interaction between members.
Categorisation of intentional agencies by their kind.
IntentionalAgencyByKind
A state that is a collection of sufficiently large number of other parts such that: - it is the bearer of qualities that can exists only by the fact that it is a sum of parts - the smallest partition dV of the state volume in which we are interested in, contains enough parts to be statistically consistent: n [#/m3] x dV [m3] >> 1
ContinuumSubstance
A continuum is made of a sufficient number of parts that it continues to exists as continuum individual even after the loss of one of them i.e. a continuum is a redundant.
A continuum is not necessarily small (i.e. composed by the minimum amount of sates to fulfill the definition). A single continuum individual can be the whole fluid in a pipe.
A continuum is the bearer of properties that are generated by the interactions of parts such as viscosity and thermal or electrical conductivity.
A composite particle is a bonded particle for which it is possible to clearly define its bosonic or fermionic behaviour. The term particle is then reserved for entities whose fermionic or bosonic nature is clearly defined.
BondedParticle
DisjointUnionOf: CompositeBoson, CompositeFermion
LowPressureCasting
A symbolic data representing a numerical value.
NumericData
Volume per amount of substance.
MolarVolume
An application aimed to functionally reproduce an object.
SimulationApplication
An application that predicts the pressure drop of a fluid in a pipe segment is aimed to functionally reproduce the outcome of a measurement of pressure before and after the segment.
Quantum number in an atom describing the magnitude of total angular momentum J.
A perspective based on Pierce semiotics, where an interpreter relates a referent to a sign in through semiotic relations.
Semiotics
EquivalentTo: Semiosis or SemioticEntity
Differential quotient of q with respect to l, where q is the average total charge of all positive ions produced by an ionizing charged particle over a path l, divided by the elementary charge.
LinearIonization
An icon that mimics the spatial or temporal shape of the object.
ResemblanceIcon
A geographical map that imitates the shape of the landscape and its properties at a specific historical time.
An icon that focus on WHERE/WHEN the object is, in the sense of spatial or temporal shape.
The subclass of icon inspired by Peirceian category a) the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture).
From Old French sambler, sembler, from Late Latin similāre, present active infinitive of similō, from Latin similis, from Proto-Italic *semalis, from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“together, one”).
A variable that stand for a numerical constant, even if it is unknown.
Constant
The symbol that stands for the technetium atom.
TechnetiumSymbol
A semiosis where the interpreter perceives a referent, that generates the interpretant as interpreter's internal representation. Than the interpretant is communicated by the interpreter by the production of a sign, i.e. the entity that stands for the referent according to the interpreter.
Communicating
I (interpreter) see an entity (referent) whose perception stimulates in me an internal representation (interpretant). Then I say: "Ketchup." (sign) with the intention of communicate externally something about that entity.
The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticPotential'.
MagneticPotentialUnit
An intentional agent that drives a process according to some existing formalised operative rules.
ProceduralAgent
A 'conventional' that stand for a 'physical'.
The 'theory' is e.g. a proposition, a book or a paper whose sub-symbols suggest in the mind of the interpreter an interpretant structure that can represent a 'physical'. It is not an 'icon' (like a math equation), because it has no common resemblance or logical structure with the 'physical'. In Peirce semiotics: legisign-symbol-argument
Theory
The symbol that stands for the rhenium atom.
RheniumSymbol
Decays per unit time.
Radioactivity
RadioactiveActivity
A computational application that uses a physical model to predict the behaviour of a system, providing a identifiable analogy with the original object.
PhysicalBasedSimulationSoftware
The rest mass of a proton.
ProtonMass
Atom subclass for ytterbium.
YtterbiumAtom
Atom subclass for rhenium.
RheniumAtom
average distance that phonons travel between two successive interactions
MeanFreePathOfPhonons
At a point fixed in a medium with a temperature field, scalar quantity λ characterizing the ability of the medium to transmit heat through a surface element containing that point: φ = −λ grad T, where φ is the density of heat flow rate and T is thermodynamic temperature.
In an anisotropic medium, thermal conductivity is a tensor quantity.
ThermalConductivity
Plus
Average distance that electrons travel between two successive interactions.
MeanFreePathOfElectrons
Energy imparted to matter by ionizing radiation in a suitable small element of volume divided by the mass of that element of volume.
AbsorbedDose
Quantum number related to the total angular momentum, J, of a nucleus in any specified state, normally called nuclear spin.
Atom subclass for strontium.
StrontiumAtom
ElectricCurrentPhasor
Quantity wd = 1 − wH2O, where wH2O is mass fraction of water.
MassFractionOfDryMatter
Somatosensory
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargeDensity'.
ElectricChargeDensityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerVolumeTime'.
MassPerVolumeTimeUnit
The superclass for all classes of entities that have a proper parts of the same type of the whole that is part of all the other proper parts of the same type.
Nuclear
Molds
A positive charged subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus.
Proton
The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyLengthPerAmount'.
EnergyLengthPerAmountUnit
The symbol that stands for the nihonium atom.
NihoniumSymbol
Heat capacity at constant volume.
IsochoricHeatCapacity
HeatCapacityAtConstantVolume
Ratio of transverse strain to axial strain.
PoissonNumber
PoissonsRatio
A manufacturing process in which the shape of a workpiece is changed by breaking the material cohesion at the processing point and thus the material cohesion is reduced overall.
SeparateManufacturing
CuttingManufacturing
Trennen
The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaDensity'.
AreaDensityUnit
The measure of the resistance of a fluid to flow when an external force is applied.
DynamicViscosity
Viscosity
"Property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has no magnitude." "A nominal property has a value, which can be expressed in words, by alphanumerical codes, or by other means." International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
An 'ObjectiveProperty' that cannot be quantified.
NominalProperty
CFC is a 'sign' that stands for the fact that the morphology of atoms composing the microstructure of an entity is predominantly Cubic Face Centered A color is a nominal property. Sex of a human being.
nominal property
A language construct that represents fraction or amount of some (but not all) constituents of a substance.
PartialComposition
Number of all quantum states consistent with given energy, volume, and external fields.
MicrocanonicalPartitionFunction
Count per volume.
VolumetricNumberDensity
An item can be classified as an object according to a type ϕ (a ϕ-object) if it's a ϕ all its temporal item parts are also of type ϕ. This conceptualisation tries to catch the persistency of type in the temporal parts of an entity.
The superclass for causal structure classes whose individuals have all temporal item parts of the same type of the whole.
Continuant
Endurant
If ϕ is the class of human beings, then the 4D entity representing a lifetime from birth to death in senile age is an object. if ϕ is the class of underages, the 4D entity representing the same lifetime is a process, since the underage covers only a part of the lifetime.
Practically speaking, the Object class can be populated by primitive subclasses (e.g. Car) for each of which holds the axiom that all the item parts are of the same type of the whole (e.g. Car SubClassOf hasTemporalItemPart only Car). The intended usage is not for an individual to belong directly to Object, but to belong to a specific subclass of Object that identifies entities with a type-persistent structure.
Equivalent To: Constituent or Participant or Status or SubObject
Indefinitely temporally slicing of an entity leads to temporal parts whose temporal extension is so small that the connectivity relations that define the entity as an item will no longer hold. More generally. a temporal part is no more of type ϕ when the temporal interval is lower than the interval that characterizes the causality interactions between the object parts. In other terms, if the time span of a temporal part is lower than the inverse of the frequency of interactions between the constituents, then the constituents in such temporal part are not connected. The object is no more an object, neither an item, but simply a collection of fundamental quantum parts. For this reason, the definition of object is done by considering only item temporal parts, meaning that slicing in time has the lower limit of a self-connected (i.e. item) entity.
JSONData
duration of one cycle of a periodic event
PeriodDuration
Period
A solvable set of one Physics Equation and one or more Materials Relations.
MaterialsModel
Mean duration required for the decay of one half of the atoms or nuclei.
HalfLife
Relative change of pressure with temperature at constant volume.
RelativePressureCoefficient
The act of connecting together the parts of something
Assemblying
No loss or adds of parts by the components, nor merging. In assemblying parts are losing some of theirs movement degrees of freedom.
From Old French asembler, based on Latin ad- ‘to’ + simul ‘together’.
Probability that a neutron will not escape from the reactor during the slowing-down process or while it diffuses as a thermal neutron.
NonLeakageProbability
The class of units with dimensionality 'Volume'.
VolumeUnit
Polynomial
The symbol that stands for the magnesium atom.
MagnesiumSymbol
Categorisation of physical quantities by how they are defined.
PhysicalQuantiyByDefinition
Chemical nomenclauture following the IUPAC standard.
IUPACNomenclature
Amount of heat through a surface during a time interval divided by the duration of this interval.
HeatFlowRate
Continuous or stepwise pressure forming with one or more rotating tools (rollers), without or with additional tools, e.g. plugs or mandrels, rods, guide tools
Rolling
A manufacturing in which an adherent layer of amorphous material is applied to a workpiece.
CoatingManufacturing
Beschichten
The symbol that stands for the copernicium atom.
CoperniciumSymbol
A chemical formula may also include other symbols such as parentheses, plus and minus signs, brackets
A symbolic construct that provides informations about the chemical proportions of the elements that constitute a chemical compound or a specific molecule.
ChemicalFormula
A topological space with the property that each point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of 2-dimensional Euclidean space.
TwoManifold
2-manifold
A tessellation of temporal slices.
TemporalSequence
Sequence
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargeArea'.
ElectricChargeAreaUnit
The opposition of a circuit element to a change in current or voltage, due to that element's inductance or capacitance.
ElectricReactance
The imaginary part of the impedance.
Process for removing unwanted residual or waste material from a given product or material
Cleaning
The abstract notion of angle.
AngularMeasure
Non-SI prefixed units that have been accepted by SI to be used together with the SI system.
SIAcceptedPrefixedUnit
Proportionality constant in some physical laws.
DiffusionCoefficient
MassDiffusivity
A estimation of a property using a functional icon.
Simulation
Modelling
I calculate the electrical conductivity of an Ar-He plasma with the Chapman-Enskog method and use the value as property for it.
The symbol that stands for the hydrogen atom.
HydrogenSymbol
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentDensityPerTemperature'.
ElectricCurrentDensityPerTemperatureUnit
A scientific theory is a description, objective and observed, produced with scientific methodology.
ScientificTheory
In nuclear physics, quotient of the reduced Planck constant and the mean duration of life of an unstable particle or an excited state.
LevelWidth
An aerosol composed of liquid droplets in air or another gas.
LiquidAerosol
The qualified role concept express the requirement for an entity of a type, say A, to be part of a larger entity of another type, say B, with A and B belonging to different taxonomical branches. The concept of role is then defined as something that needs a wider and specific environment to exist. For example, the car radio type requires all instances to be a part of a car, while the opposite (the car having a radio) is not mandatory for qualified roles. The same applies for airplane winglets that are by definition an optional part of an airplane. Food preservatives are anothe optional part of foods.
The superclass for all classes of individuals that requires their individuals to be part of another specific class of entity of different type with a specific role with respect to it.
QualifiedRole
QRole
Al QRole subclasses shuld have an axiom to express the role requirements, in the form of: MyQRoleClass SubClassOf: isProperPartOf some AnotherClass This is a necessary but not sufficient condition.
We usually have the same word to identify both the role and the name of a device. for example, under the term hammer we can identify both a product and generic entity used for hammering a nail. The concept of role helps to distinguish between these two concepts. Ideally ther shuld be an HammerRole and an HammerProduct types. The product may or may not be used as HammerRole, but only expresses the fact that it has been designed as an optimal hammering device. The hammering role can be played by any hard-enough object, even if it is not an hammer product.
Ratio of the mass of water vapour to the mass of dry air in a given volume of air.
The mixing ratio at saturation is denoted xsat.
MixingRatio
MassRatioOfWaterVapourToDryGas
Atom subclass for ruthenium.
RutheniumAtom
An intentional agent that takes part in driving a process as part of a group.
CollectiveAgent
A catalyst that together with another catalyst drives a chemical process that needs both catalysts to occur.
Quotient of Thomson heat power developed, and the electric current and temperature difference.
ThomsonCoefficient
Frequency by which the nucleus angular momentum vector precesses about the axis of an external magnetic field.
NuclearPrecessionAngularFrequency
The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerMass'.
AmountPerMassUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaTime'.
AreaTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerVolume'.
PerVolumeUnit
TransportationDevice
Often denoted B.
Strength of the magnetic field.
MagneticFluxDensity
MagneticInduction
The symbol that stands for the samarium atom.
SamariumSymbol
Atom subclass for indium.
IndiumAtom
Painting
An aerosol composed of fine solid particles in air or another gas.
SolidAerosol
Extent of a surface.
Area
The symbol that stands for the oxygen atom.
OxygenSymbol
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricPotentialPerTemperature'.
ElectricPotentialPerTemperatureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerCubicTimeQuarticTemperature'.
MassPerCubicTimeQuarticTemperatureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyDensityOfStates'.
EnergyDensityOfStatesUnit
A logarithmic unit is a unit that can be used to express a quantity (physical or mathematical) on a logarithmic scale, that is, as being proportional to the value of a logarithm function applied to the ratio of the quantity and a reference quantity of the same type.
LogarithmicUnit
Decibel
Note that logarithmic units like decibel or neper are not univocally defines, since their definition depends on whether they are used to measure a "power" or a "root-power" quantity. It is advisory to create a uniquely defined subclass these units for concrete usage.
The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaPerAmount'.
AreaPerAmountUnit
A photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction.
Measured in cd/m². Not to confuse with Illuminance, which is measured in lux (cd sr/m²).
Luminance
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargePerLength'.
ElectricChargePerLengthUnit
A language entity used in the metrology discipline.
Metrological
Metrology is the science of measurement and its application and includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement, whatever the measurement uncertainty and field of application (VIM3 2.2)
For a quantum level, the statistical weight of that level.
Degenerency
Multiplicity
Quantity characterizing the deviation of a solvent from ideal behavior.
OsmoticCoefficientOfSolvent
OsmoticFactorOfSolvent
Dimensional unit with its physical dimensionality described accortind to the International System of Units (SI).
SIDimensionalUnit
In SI are the physical dimensions of the base quantities time (T), length (L), mass (M), electric current (I), thermodynamic temperature (Θ), amount of substance (N) and luminous intensity (J). In general the dimension of any quantity Q is written in the form of a dimensional product, dim Q = T^α L^β M^γ I^δ Θ^ε N^ζ J^η where the exponents α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ and η, which are generally small integers, which can be positive, negative, or zero, are called the dimensional exponents. -- SI brouchure The SI dimensional units are equivalent to dimensional strings that uniquely defines their dimensionality by specifying the values of the coefficients α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ and η. A dimensional string is a space-separated string of the physical dimension symbols followed by the value of the exponent (including it sign). They should always match the following regular expression: ^T([+-][1-9]|0) L([+-][1-9]|0) M([+-][1-9]|0) I([+-][1-9]|0) Θ([+-][1-9]|0) N([+-][1-9]|0) J([+-][1-9]|0)$ The physical dimensionality of all subclasses of SIDimensionalUnit are defined by their dimensional string. Examples of correspondance between dimensional units and their dimensional string are: - AmountOfSubstanceUnit <=> "T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0" - TimeUnit <=> "T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0" - ElectricCurrentDensityUnit <=> "T0 L-2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0"
An 'equation' that has parts two 'polynomial'-s
AlgebraicEquation
2 * a - b = c
Annealing
heat treatment consisting of heating and soaking at a suitable temperature, followed by cooling under conditions such that, after return to ambient temperature, the metal will be in a structural state closer to that of equilibrium
The speed of light in vacuum. Defines the base unit metre in the SI system.
SpeedOfLightInVacuum
A causal object that is direct part of a tessellation.
Tile
In computing, a computer file is a resource for recording data on a computer storage device, primarily identified by its file path.
File
An elementary fermionic particle that is the fundamental constituent of matter.
ElementaryQuark
The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the electric potential.
Capacitance
ElectricCapacitance
The symbol that stands for the radium atom.
RadiumSymbol
Atom subclass for tin.
TinAtom
An iterative workflow which is a task of a larger workflow.
IterativeTask
A Jacobi method, involving the iterative multiplication between a matrix A and a vector x, which is part of larger workflow for the solution of a partial differential equation using finite differences.
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerAreaTime'.
PerAreaTimeUnit
An intentional agent that takes part in driving a process without being a group.
SharedAgent
Singing a song together with others. Carrying a piece of furniture together with others.
A coded that is assigned from an estimation.
Estimated
The biography of a person that the author have not met.
Quotient of average drift speed imparted to a charged particle in a medium by an electric field, and the electric field strength.
Mobility
Angular frequency divided by angular wavenumber.
PhaseSpeedOfElectromagneticWaves
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerAmount'.
MassPerAmountUnit
Logarithmic measure of the number of available states of a system.
May also be referred to as a measure of order of a system.
Entropy
IsothermalCompressibility
Quantity characterising the relative variation of volume with pressure at constant thermodynamic temperature.
An observer that makes use of a measurement tool and provides a quantitative property.
Measurer
A foam of trapped gas in a solid.
SolidFoam
Aerogel
A law that provides a connection between a property of the object and other properties, capturing a fundamental physical phenomena.
PhysicalLaw
The superclass for all physical quantities classes that are categorized according to a standard (e.g. ISQ).
StandardizedPhysicalQuantity
The symbol that stands for the fermium atom.
FermiumSymbol
Atom subclass for technetium.
TechnetiumAtom
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerQuarticLengthTime'.
MassPerQuarticLengthTimeUnit
Number of holes in valence band per volume.
HoleDensity
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two pressures.
PressureFractionUnit
Measurement unit obtained by dividing a given measurement unit by an integer SI prefix greater than one.
MetricSubMultipleUnit
Presses
The superclass for all classes that categorise objects according to their mereological and persistence context
ObjectByContext
In non-relativistic physics, the centre of mass doesn’t depend on the chosen reference frame.
The unique point where the weighted relative position of the distributed mass of an Item sums to zero. Equivalently, it is the point where if a force is applied to the Item, causes the Item to move in direction of force without rotation.
CentreOfMass
A variable standing for a numerical defined mathematical object like e.g. a number, a vector of numbers, a matrix of numbers.
NumericalVariable
The pressure measured relative to the ambient atmospheric pressure.
GaugePressure
Gauge pressure can be measured using a diaphragm sensor, where one side of the diaphragm is exposed to the pressure media that is to be measured, while the other side is exposed to the ambient atmospheric pressure.
Measure of the tendency of a substance to leave a phase.
Fugacity
ConcreteOrPlasterPouring
An array is a datatype representing an ordered collection of elements (or values) that can be accessed by indexes. Arrays have an analog mathematical counterpart in vectors and matrixes, but are separate concepts. Arrays may be multidimensional.
ArrayData
SubClassOf: hasScalarData some ScalarData
SubClassOf: hasSpatialTile some SymbolicData
In the EMMO we use the following JSON based syntax to represent arrays: - mono-dimensional array [v1,v2,...,vn] (vector) - bi-dimensional array [[v1,v2,...,vn],[w1,w2,...,2n]] (matrix) This notation can be extended to multidimensional arrays.
The structure of an array is expressed mereologically. It consists of a set of equally sized tiles. The tiles of an n-dimensional array are (n-1) dimensional arrays. The tiles of an (n-1)-dimensional array are (n-2) dimensional arrays, and so forth down to 1-dimensional arrays (vectors), whos tiles are scalar data.
LanguageData
Conductivity per molar concentration of electrolyte.
MolarConductivity
A data representing a date.
DateData
In a metal, highest occupied energy level at zero thermodynamic temperature, where energy level means the energy of an electron in the interior of a substance.
FermiEnergy
Energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom in its ground state
Mathematical description in crystallography.
StructureFactor
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerLengthTime'.
PerLengthTimeUnit
Quotient of relative mass excess and the nucleon number.
PackingFraction
A semiosis where the interpreter perceives a referent, that generates the interpretant as interpreter's internal representation.The interpretant is not commmunicated to the external world, but kept in the internal representational space of the interpreter.
Learning
A task that is a well formed tile of a workflow, according to a reductionistic description.
While a task is only an holistic part of a workflow, a task tile provide a more precise context about the placement of a task in the topological structure of a workflow by using a reductionistic categorization. A workflow is now seen as a tiling and the task is on of its tiles.
TaskTile
Step
A task tile is part of a specific granularity level for the workflow description, as composition of tasks.
An entity made of two or more bonded atoms.
PolyatomicEntity
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two volumes.
VolumeFractionUnit
Unit for volume fraction.
Superclass for all units prefixed with "micro" (1e-6).
MicroPrefixedUnit
A language object that follows syntactic rules of a programming language.
ProgrammingLanguage
Code
SoftwareCode
A programming language object can also be a fragment (e.g. a C function) not suitable for exectution.
Entities are not necessarily digital data, but can be code fragments printed on paper.
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-9.
PhysioChemicalQuantity
ElementalMaterial
DippingForms
Least energy required for the emission of a conduction electron.
Work function is the energy difference between an electron at rest at infinity and an electron at the Fermi level in the interior of a substance.
WorkFunction
ElectronWorkFunction
Length of a rectifiable curve between two of its points.
PathLength
ArcLength
The class of individuals that stand for an elementary mark of a specific symbolic code (alphabet).
Symbol
AlphabeticEntity
A letter, a number, a punctuation sign, a space, an UTF-8 character.
The class of letter "A" is the symbol as idea and the letter A that you see on the screen is the mark that can be represented by an individual belonging to "A".
Subclasses of 'Symbol' are alphabets, in formal languages terminology. A 'Symbol' is atomic for that alphabet, i.e. it has no parts that are symbols for the same alphabet. e.g. a math symbol is not made of other math symbols A Symbol may be a String in another language. e.g. "Bq" is the symbol for Becquerel units when dealing with metrology, or a string of "B" and "q" symbols when dealing with characters.
Symbols of a formal language need not be symbols of anything. For instance there are logical constants which do not refer to any idea, but rather serve as a form of punctuation in the language (e.g. parentheses). Symbols of a formal language must be capable of being specified without any reference to any interpretation of them. (Wikipedia)
The class is the idea of the symbol, while the individual of that class stands for a specific mark (or token) of that idea.
ElectrolyticDeposition
Mass of the contained water vapour per volume.
AbsoluteHumidity
MassConcentrationOfWaterVapour
A polyatomic entity containing a very large number of atoms.
Macromolecule
Protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.
A well defined physical entity, elementary or composite, usually treated as a singular unit, that is found at scales spanning from the elementary particles to molecules, as fundamental constituents of larger scale substances (as the etymology of "particle" suggests).
The union of hadron and lepton, or fermion and bosons.
PhysicalParticle
Particle
The scope of the physical particle definition goes from the elementary particles to molecules, as fundamental constituents of substances.
Dimensionless scalar value which describes the ratio of the force of friction between two bodies and the force pressing them together; depends on the materials used, ranges from near zero to greater than one.
CoefficientOfFriction
FrictionCoefficient
FrictionFactor
translation vector that maps the crystal lattice on itself
LatticeVector
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-3.
SpaceAndTimeQuantity
In condensed matter physics, the square root of the product of diffusion coefficient and lifetime.
DiffusionLength
Displacement of one surface with respect to another divided by the distance between them.
ShearStrain
ChemicalCompositionQuantity
A continuum characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume, that retains its shape and density when not confined.
Solid
The symbol that stands for the boron atom.
BoronSymbol
the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture.
Concentration
The symbol that stands for the lanthanum atom.
LanthanumSymbol
Division
The corresponding Celsius temperature is denoted td and is also called dew point.
Thermodynamic temperature at which vapour in air reaches saturation.
DewPointTemperature
Superclass for all units prefixed with "milli" (1e-3).
MilliPrefixedUnit
The Rydberg constant represents the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (the inverse wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from the hydrogen atom, or, alternatively, the wavenumber of the lowest-energy photon capable of ionizing the hydrogen atom from its ground state.
RybergConstant
Change of thermodynamic temperature with respect to pressure in a Joule-Thomson process at constant enthalpy.
JouleThomsonCoefficient
Quotient of mass concentration of water vapour and mass concentration at its saturation ψ = r/rsat where r is mass ratio of water vapour to dry gas and rsat is the mass ratio of water vapour to dry gas at saturation of the same temperature.
RelativeMassFractionOfVapour
A graphical representation of a molecular structure showing the relative position in space of the atomic constituents and their bonds.
StructuralFormula
FormingFromPulp
Atom subclass for iron.
IronAtom
A process that occurs because of the exercise of the capacity to act of an agent.
Agency
AgentDrivenProcess
A computational application that uses existing data to predict the behaviour of a system without providing a identifiable analogy with the original object.
DataBasedSimulationSoftware
The process of transforming precursor objects (e.g. raw materials) into a product by the use of manual labor, machinery or chemical/biological processes.
Manufacturing
ISO 15531-1:2004 manufacturing: function or act of converting or transforming material from raw material or semi-finished state to a state of further completion
ISO 18435-1:2009 manufacturing process: set of processes in manufacturing involving a flow and/or transformation of material, information, energy, control, or any other element in a manufacturing area
Deals with entities that have a defined shape.
From Latin manu factum ("made by hand").
Change of pressure per change of temperature at constant volume.
PressureCoefficient
The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePerPressure'.
TemperaturePerPressureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricPotentialPerArea'.
ElectricPotentialPerAreaUnit
In nuclear physics, energy imparted per mass.
SpecificEnergyImparted
ArithmeticEquation
A process which is a temporal part of another process.
Stage
Moving a leg is a stage of the process of running.
A quantity to which no physical dimension is assigned and with a corresponding unit of measurement in the SI of the unit one.
ISQDimensionlessQuantity
Scalar potential of an irrotational magnetic field strength.
ScalarMagneticPotential
The symbol that stands for the carbon atom.
CarbonSymbol
The class of units with dimensionality 'Temperature'.
TemperatureUnit
DieCasting
The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerTime'.
VolumePerTimeUnit
Superclass for all units prefixed with "giga" (1e9).
GigaPrefixedUnit
Volume of a constituent of a mixture divided by the sum of volumes of all constituents prior to mixing.
VolumeFraction
The symbol that stands for the potassium atom.
PotassiumSymbol
The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerAreaTime'.
AmountPerAreaTimeUnit
ChemicallyDefinedMaterial
A decay is a fundamental process occurring to one particle that is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(1,n) with n>1, being n the number of outgoing particles.
The class of fundamental systems where a particle generates two or more other particles.
Decay
The W boson decays, where a single W boson decays in two particles such as electron and electron antineutrino, or quark and antiquark.
A quantity whos value that cannot be univocally determined and depends on an agent (e.g. a human individual, a community).
SubjectiveProperty
The measure of beauty on a scale from 1 to 10.
Radius of the circular movement of an electrically charged particle in a magnetic field.
Gyroradius
LarmorRadius
Folding
The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerAmount'.
VolumePerAmountUnit
A data representing 32-bit integer number.
IntData
FORTRAN
Even though torque has the same physical dimension as energy, it is not of the same kind and can not be measured with energy units like joule or electron volt.
The effectiveness of a force to produce rotation about an axis, measured by the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis.
Torque
The class of units with dimensionality 'TimePerLength'.
TimePerLengthUnit
Inverse of the time constant of an exponentially varying quantity.
DampingCoefficient
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCharge'.
ElectricChargeUnit
A language object that follows the syntactic rules used in the chemical field.
Chemical
Defived units that are accepted to be used with SI.
SIAcceptedDerivedUnit
Data that are non-quantitatively interpreted (e.g., qualitative data, types).
NonNumericalData
The energy of an object due to its motion.
KineticEnergy
Heat capacity at constant pressure.
IsobaricHeatCapacity
HeatCapacityAtConstantPressure
A symbolic data representing a 32-bit floating point numbers incl. ±Inf, ±0, NaN.
FloatData
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:float
"Quantity in a conventionally chosen subset of a given system of quantities, where no quantity in the subset can be expressed in terms of the other quantities within that subset" ISO 80000-1
BaseQuantity
base quantity
A reference unit provided by a reference material. International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
StandardUnit
Arbitrary amount-of-substance concentration of lutropin in a given sample of plasma (WHO international standard 80/552): 5.0 International Unit/l
FlexuralForming
Change of the relative positions of parts of a body, excluding a displacement of the body as a whole.
Strain
Atom subclass for niobium.
NiobiumAtom
Equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, but expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per mole (rather than energy per temperature increment per particle).
MolarGasConstant
A computer language that expresses the presentation of structured documents.
StyleSheetLanguage
CSS
Distance a magnetic field penetrates the plane surface of a semi-finite superconductor.
LondonPenetrationDepth
Gibbs energy per amount of substance.
MolarGibbsEnergy
The mean free path may thus be specified either for all interactions, i.e. total mean free path, or for particular types of interaction such as scattering, capture, or ionization.
in a given medium, average distance that particles of a specified type travel between successive interactions of a specified type.
MeanFreePath
Python
A variable that stand for a well known numerical constant (a known number).
KnownConstant
π refers to the constant number ~3.14
Casting
Helmholtz energy per amount of substance.
MolarHelmholtzEnergy
SI prefix who's value is 1e27.
Ronna
The class of units with dimensionality 'ReciprocalAmountPerVolume'.
ReciprocalAmountPerVolumeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerAmount'.
PerAmountUnit
The symbol that stands for the polonium atom.
PoloniumSymbol
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-6.
ElectromagneticQuantity
A grammar for annotating a document in a way that is syntactically distinguishable from the text.
MarkupLanguage
HTML
SI prefix who's value is 1e-9.
Nano
Mass per unit area.
AreaDensity
The symbol that stands for the neodymium atom.
NeodymiumSymbol
Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature. It is defined by the third law of thermodynamics in which the theoretically lowest temperature is the null or zero point.
ThermodynamicTemperature
Temperature
Quotient of the mass of water in a three-dimensional domain, irrespective of the form of aggregation, by the volume of the domain.
The mass concentration of water at saturation is denoted wsat.
MassConcentrationOfWater
Duration required for the neutron fluence rate in a reactor to change by the factor e when the fluence rate is rising or falling exponentially.
ReactorTimeConstant
Atom subclass for lanthanum.
LanthanumAtom
A metrological reference for a physical quantity.
MeasurementUnit
kg m/s km
DisjointUnionOf: DimensionlessUnit, DimensionalUnit
DisjointUnionOf: NonPrefixedUnit, PrefixedUnit
measurement unit (VIM3 1.9)
"Real scalar quantity, defined and adopted by convention, with which any other quantity of the same kind can be compared to express the ratio of the second quantity to the first one as a number" ISO 80000-1
"Unit symbols are mathematical entities and not abbreviations." "Symbols for units are treated as mathematical entities. In expressing the value of a quantity as the product of a numerical value and a unit, both the numerical value and the unit may be treated by the ordinary rules of algebra." https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf
Measurement units and procedure units are disjoint.
Quantitative value are expressed as a multiple of the 'MeasurementUnit'.
Number of different microstates in a subsystem.
StatisticalWeightOfSubsystem
The symbol that stands for the cadmium atom.
CadmiumSymbol
The class of units with dimensionality 'Capacitance'.
CapacitanceUnit
A mixed tiling in which a tile is the next of spatially connected tiles.
Gathering
An 'Physical' that is used as sign ("semeion" in greek) that stands for another 'Physical' through an semiotic process.
Sign
A novel is made of chapters, paragraphs, sentences, words and characters (in a direct parthood mereological hierarchy). Each of them are 'sign'-s. A character can be the a-tomistic 'sign' for the class of texts. The horizontal segment in the character "A" is direct part of "A" but it is not a 'sign' itself. For plain text we can propose the ASCII symbols, for math the fundamental math symbols.
EquivalentTo: Index or Conventional or Icon
A 'Sign' can have temporal-direct-parts which are 'Sign' themselves. A 'Sign' usually havs 'sign' spatial direct parts only up to a certain elementary semiotic level, in which the part is only a 'Physical' and no more a 'Sign' (i.e. it stands for nothing). This elementary semiotic level is peculiar to each particular system of signs (e.g. text, painting). Just like an 'Elementary' in the 'Physical' branch, each 'Sign' branch should have an a-tomistic mereological part.
According to Peirce, 'Sign' includes three subcategories: - symbols: that stand for an object through convention - indeces: that stand for an object due to causal continguity - icons: that stand for an object due to similitudes e.g. in shape or composition
Atom subclass for uranium.
UraniumAtom
At a given point within a domain of quasi-infinitesimal volume V, vector quantity equal to the magnetic area moment m of the substance contained within the domain divided by the volume V.
Magnetization
A causal system possessing bonding that can not be represented by a simple Feynman diagram.
A generic physical system is everything which is more complex than a scattering interaction, or a decay/annihilation event, which are represented by a single Feynman diagram.
GenericPhysicalSystem
DisjointUnionOf: InteractingSystem, ParticlesSystem
A mathematical entity based on a fundamental physics theory which defines the relations between physics quantities of an entity.
CEN Workshop Agreement – CWA 17284 “Materials modelling – terminology, classification and metadata”
PhysicsBasedModel
Self-connected one-manyfold.
Circle
The symbol that stands for the meitnerium atom.
MeitneriumSymbol
The relation between electric field strength and current density in an isotropic conductor.
HallCoefficient
Categorisation of physical particles by whether they are bonded.
PhysicalParticleByBond
DisjointUnionOf: BondedParticle, ElementaryParticle
Specific heat capacity at saturated vaport pressure.
SpecificHeatCapacityAtSaturatedVaporPressure
The class of units with dimensionality 'AreicSpeed'.
AreicSpeedUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Length'.
LengthUnit
Quantity equal to the volume dV of substance crossing a given surface during a time interval with infinitesimal duration dt, divided by this duration, thus qV = dV / dt-
VolumeFlowRate
VolumetricFlowRate
Time constant for recombination or trapping of minority charge carriers in semiconductors
CarrierLifetime
Mean energy, excluding rest energy, of the particles that are emitted, transferred, or received.
RadiantEnergy
Atom subclass for bromine.
BromineAtom
The symbol that stands for the beryllium atom.
BerylliumSymbol
Atom subclass for californium.
CaliforniumAtom
The superclass for all classes of entities that have no proper parts of the same type of the whole are not proper part of an entity of that type.
Maximal
A maximal class M (subclass of Maximal) is defined by choosing a reference type φ so that M is subclass of φ, all parts of x are needed to keep φ(x) and if you add something to x, then x is no more a φ.
Angular frequency of the electron angular momentum vector precession about the axis of an external magnetic field.
LarmonAngularFrequency
A well-formed formula that follows the syntactic rules of computer science.
ComputerScience
A well-formed formula in computer science may be or not be interpreted by a computer. For example pseudo-code is only intended for human consumption.
Strength of a magnetic field. Commonly denoted H.
MagneticFieldStrength
MagnetizingFieldStrength
Heat capacity divided by mass.
SpecificHeatCapacity
The superclass for all classes of entities that have a proper parts of the same type φ of the whole, and so that for every two distinct φ proper parts one is part of the other.
Convergent
The total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area.
Illuminance
The symbol that stands for the gallium atom.
GalliumSymbol
Quotient of dynamic viscosity and mass density of a fluid.
KinematicViscosity
Superclass for all units prefixed with "centi" (0.01).
CentiPrefixedUnit
A 'graphical' aimed to represent a geometrical concept.
Geometrical
A geometrical object can be expressed in many different forms. For example, a line can be expressed by: a) an equation like y=mx+q, which is both an 'equation' and a 'geometrical' b) a line drawn with a pencil on a paper, which is simply a 'graphical' object c) a set of axioms, when the properties of a line are inferred by the interpreter reading them, that are both 'graphical' and also 'formula' The case a) is a geometrical and mathematical, b) is geometrical and pictorial, while c) is geometrical and a composition of idiomatic strings.
A physical particle with integer spin that follows Bose–Einstein statistics.
Boson
1940s: named after S.N. Bose.
Gradient
PlasticModeling
For ionizing uncharged particles of a given type and energy, the differential quotient of Rtr with respect to l. Where Rtr is the mean energy that is transferred to kinetic energy of charged particles by interactions of the uncharged particles of incident radiant energy R in traversing a distance l in the material of density rho, divided by rho and R
MassEnergyTransferCoefficient
Atom subclass for moscovium.
MoscoviumAtom
Atom subclass for dubnium.
DubniumAtom
Complex representation of an oscillating voltage.
VoltagePhasor
Scalar quantity equal to the flux of the displacement current density JD through a given directed surface S.
DisplacementCurrent
StaticFrictionCoefficient
CoefficientOfStaticFriction
StaticFrictionFactor
Measure of voltage induced by change of temperature.
SeebeckCoefficient
A coded that makes use of an atomic symbol with respect to the code used to refer to the interaction.
Property
Hardness is a subclass of properties. Vickers hardness is a subclass of hardness that involves the procedures and instruments defined by the standard hardness test.
The name "red" which is atomic in the code made of the list of colors.
A property is atomic in the sense that is aimed to deliver one and one only aspect of the object according to one code, such as the color with one sign (e.g., black) or a quantitiative property (e.g., 1.4 kg).
From Latin proprietas (“a peculiarity, one's peculiar nature or quality, right or fact of possession, property”), from proprius (“special, particular, one's own”).
The class of individuals that stands for semiotic objects, i.e. objects that take part on a semiotic process.
SemioticEntity
EquivalentTo: Interpreter or SemioticObject or Sign
Semiotic subclasse are defined using Peirce's semiotic theory. "Namely, a sign is something, A, which brings something, B, its interpretant sign determined or created by it, into the same sort of correspondence with something, C, its object, as that in which itself stands to C." (Peirce 1902, NEM 4, 20–21). The triadic elements: - 'sign': the sign A (e.g. a name) - 'interpretant': the sign B as the effects of the sign A on the interpreter (e.g. the mental concept of what a name means) - 'object': the object C (e.g. the entity to which the sign A and B refer to) This class includes also the 'interpeter' i.e. the entity that connects the 'sign' to the 'object'
Atom subclass for beryllium.
BerylliumAtom
Quotient of the total mean charge of all positive ions produced by an ionizing charged particle along its entire path and along the paths of any secondary charged particles, and the elementary charge.
TotalIonization
The symbol that stands for the iridium atom.
IridiumSymbol
A manufacturing process in which metallic material is anodically dissolved under the influence of an electric current and an electrolyte solution. The current flow can be caused either by connection to an external current source or due to local element formation on the workpiece (etching).
SparkErosion
A process that does not have an active participation of an intentional agent driving it.
UnintentionalAgency
Atom subclass for chlorine.
ChlorineAtom
An initial task of a workflow.
BeginTask
There may be more than one begin task, if they run in parallel.
Critical thermodynamic temperature of a superconductor.
SuperconductionTransitionTemperature
A system which is mainly characterised by the spatial configuration of its elements.
HolisticArrangement
Physical constants are categorised into "exact" and measured constants. With "exact" constants, we refer to physical constants that have an exact numerical value after the revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019.
PhysicalConstant
DisjointUnionOf: MeasuredConstant, ExactConstant
A superclass made as the disjoint union of all the form under which matter can exist.
StateOfMatter
Disjoint Union Of: Gas, Plasma, Liquid, Solid
In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
Magnitude of the wave vector.
AngularWavenumber
AngularRepetency
Inverse of the magnetic flux quantum.
The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_flux_quantum) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
JosephsonConstant
A pure number, typically the number of something.
According to the SI brochure counting does not automatically qualify a quantity as an amount of substance. This quantity is used only to describe the outcome of a counting process, without regard of the type of entities. There are also some quantities that cannot be described in terms of the seven base quantities of the SI, but have the nature of a count. Examples are a number of molecules, a number of cellular or biomolecular entities (for example copies of a particular nucleic acid sequence), or degeneracy in quantum mechanics. Counting quantities are also quantities with the associated unit one.
PureNumberQuantity
1, i, π, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
A process occurring with the active participation of an intentional agent that drives the process according to a specific objective (intention).
IntentionalAgency
IntentionalProcess
Project
SubClassOf: hasAgent some IntentionalAgent
The concept is not restricted to agencies where the agent accomplish its intention. For example, breaking a vase while reaching for a book is an intentional agency, because the action causing the vase to fall and break follows a volition (i.e., an act of willing). Intentional agency may be further categorised acccording to the fact that the some of the resulting processes may or may not be coherent with the volition.
From Latin intentionem, derived from intendere ("stretching out")
From Latin agēns (present participle of agere (“to act”))
Ratio of the mass of water to the mass of dry matter in a given volume of matter.
The mass concentration of water at saturation is denoted usat.
MassRatioOfWaterToDryMatter
Redundant(x) ≡ ∃φ[φ(x) ∧ ∃yRP⟨φ⟩(y, x)]
The superclass for all classes of entities that have parts of the same type of the whole.
Redundant
NonMaximal
A sufficently large volume of liquid water has parts of the same type.
An object A which is classified as water-fluid possesses a proper part B which is water itself if the lenght scale of the B is larger than the water intermolecular distance keeping it in the continuum range. In this sense, A is redundant. If A is a water-fluid so small that its every proper part is no more a continuum object (i.e. no more a fluid), then A is fundamental.
A collective term for the processes in which, during joining, the parts to be joined and any auxiliary parts are essentially only elastically deformed and unintentional loosening is prevented by frictional connection.
Pressing
Atom subclass for mercury.
MercuryAtom
A composite physical object made of fermions (i.e. having mass and occupying space).
Substance
Disjoint Union Of: MesoscopicSubstance, ContinuumSubstance
The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerAmountTime'.
VolumePerAmountTimeUnit
A monodimensional arrangement of tiles.
SpatialSequence
Atom subclass for thallium.
ThalliumAtom
Axial vector quantity describing the rotation around an axis, with magnitude ω=|dφ/dt|, where dφ is the plane angle change during the infinitesimal time interval with duration dt, and with direction along the axis for which the rotation is clockwise.
AngularVelocity
Increase in the rate of reaction of a specified chemical reaction that an enzyme produces in a specific assay system.
CatalyticActivity
A symbolic construct that stands for a chemical.
ChemicalSymbolicConstruct
H2O
The symbol that stands for the copper atom.
CopperSymbol
Quotient of the product of the electric charge of a particle and the magnitude of the magnetic flux density of the magnetic field, and the particle mass.
CyclotronAngularFrequency
Quotient of change of volume and original volume.
RelativeVolumeStrain
BulkStrain
VolumeStrain
The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareTemperature'.
SquareTemperatureUnit
Hadronic subatomic particles composed of an equal number of quarks and antiquarks bound together by strong interactions.
Meson
EquivalentTo: PseudoscalarMeson or VectorMeson or ScalarMeson or PseudovectorMeson or TensorMeson
Most mesons are composed of one quark and one antiquark.
The value of the chemical potential under specified standard conditions (in the standard state).
StandardChemicalPotential
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-4.
MechanicalQuantity
Data whose variations are decoded according to a discrete schema.
DiscreteData
A text is a collection of discrete symbols. A compact disc is designed to host discrete states in the form of pits and lands.
A discrete schema may be based on a continuum material basis that is filtered according to its variations. For example, a continuous voltage based signal can be considered 1 or 0 according to some threshold. Discrete does not mean that the material basis is discrete, but that the data are encoded according to such step-based rules.
TokenData
The class of units with dimensionality 'PowerArea'.
PowerAreaUnit
For solvent A, standard absolute activity of the pure substance A at the same temperature and at a standard pressure.
StandardAbsoluteActivityOfSolvent
CondensedFormula
An expression that provides information about the element types that constiture a molecule or a molecular substance and their number, together with simple information about the connectivity of its groups by using parenthesis or by goruping element names according to its molecular structure.
A manufacturing in which material is removed from the workpiece in the form of chips.
Machining
The symbol that stands for the sodium atom.
SodiumSymbol
The class of units with dimensionality 'QuarticElectricDipoleMomentPerCubicEnergy'.
QuarticElectricDipoleMomentPerCubicEnergyUnit
Atom subclass for zirconium.
ZirconiumAtom
Square root of the migration area, M^2.
MigrationLength
A fundamental object overcrossing a manufacturing process, the intersection being the agent that participates and drives the manufacturing process.
Manufacturer
CeramicSintering
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassStoppingPower'.
MassStoppingPowerUnit
An holistic system of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to achieve its objectives.
Organisation
ISO 55000:2014 organization: person or group of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to achieve its objectives
For normal cases, the relative humidity may be assumed to be equal to relative mass concentration of vapour.
Ratio of the mass concentration of water vapour v to its mass concentration at saturation vsat, at the same temperature, thus ψ = v/vsat.
RelativeMassConcentrationOfWaterVapour
The symbol that stands for the iodine atom.
IodineSymbol
The symbol that stands for the roentgenium atom.
RoentgeniumSymbol
Time derivative of exposure.
ExposureRate
An agent that is driven by the intention to reach a defined objective in driving a process.
IntentionalAgent
Intentionality is not limited to human agents, but in general to all agents that have the capacity to decide to act in driving a process according to a motivation.
Sum of electric current density and displacement current density.
TotalCurrentDensity
A boson with spin of 1 that carries electromagnetism.
ElementaryPhoton
Atom subclass for tellurium.
TelluriumAtom
The symbol that stands for the nobelium atom.
NobeliumSymbol
maximal distance of two points of an object, in a given direction or along a straight line passing through the centre.
The diameter of a circle or a sphere is twice its radius.
Diameter
machining with a circular cutting movement in which the axis of rotation of the tool and the axis of the internal surface to be produced are identical and the feed movement is in the direction of this axis. The axis of rotation of the cutting movement maintains its position relative to the workpiece independently of the feed movement (axis of rotation workpiece-bound).
Drilling
Number dN of spontaneous nuclear transitions or nuclear disintegrations for a radionuclide of amount N produced during a short time interval dt, divided by this time interval.
Activity
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-12.
CondensedMatterPhysicsQuantity
Arctan of the loss factor
LossAngle
Measure for the energy lost by charged particles per traversed distance, including only interactions up to a given energy.
LinearEnergyTransfer
FiberReinforcePlasticManufacturing
Quantities that are ratios of quantities of the same kind (for example length ratios and amount fractions) have the option of being expressed with units (m/m, mol/mol to aid the understanding of the quantity being expressed and also allow the use of SI prefixes, if this is desirable (μm/m, nmol/mol). -- SI Brochure
Unit for fractions of quantities of the same kind, to aid the understanding of the quantity being expressed.
FractionUnit
RatioUnit
Magnetizing
Atom subclass for antimony.
AntimonyAtom
Quotient of the number of internal conversion electrons and the number of gamma quanta emitted by the radioactive atom in a given transition, where a conversion electron represents an orbital electron emitted through the radioactive decay.
InternalConversionFactor
InternalConversionCoefficient
Inverse of the quality factor.
LossFactor
Negative quotient of Helmholtz energy and temperature.
MassieuFunction
The symbol that stands for the francium atom.
FranciumSymbol
A formal computer-interpretable identifier of a system resource.
ResourceIdentifier
Parameter for diffusion and fluid flow in porous media.
Tortuosity
A coarse dispersion of gas in a solid continuum phase.
SolidGasSuspension
The symbol that stands for the promethium atom.
PromethiumSymbol
"Ordinal quantities, such as Rockwell C hardness, are usually not considered to be part of a system of quantities because they are related to other quantities through empirical relations only." International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
"Quantity, defined by a conventional measurement procedure, for which a total ordering relation can be established, according to magnitude, with other quantities of the same kind, but for which no algebraic operations among those quantities exist" International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
OrdinalQuantity
Hardness Resilience
ordinal quantity
Irradiate
HardeningByDrawing
LaserCutting
The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerVolumeTime'.
AmountPerVolumeTimeUnit
A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer through an optical perception employing the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Visual
A cloud. A picture. A colour gradient on a wall. A stain. A mail.
The class of individuals representing causally self-connected world entities.
The disjoint union of Causal Path and CausalSystem classes.
The most fundamental unity criterion for the definition of an structure is that: - is made of at least two quantums (a structure is not a simple entity) - all quantum parts form a causally connected graph
CausalStructure
EquivalentTo: CausalPath or CausalSystem
A causal structure expresses itself in time and space thanks to the underlying causality relations between its constituent quantum entities. It must at least provide two temporal parts. The unity criterion beyond the definition of a causal structure (the most general concept of structure) is the existence of an undirected causal path between each of its parts.
From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), and from Latin struere (“arrange, assemble, build”).
CeramicMaterial
In condensed matter physics, position vector of an atom or ion relative to its equilibrium position.
DisplacementVector
HardeningByForging
Categorisation of data by whether it is descrete or not.
DataByDiscretness
EquivalentTo: AnalogData or DiscreteData
A measurement unit that is made of a metric prefix and a unit symbol.
PrefixedUnit
z component of the diagonalized tensor of nuclear quadrupole moment, in the quantum state with the nuclear spin in the field direction (z).
NuclearQuadrupoleMoment
Ratio of the absolute value of the mutual permeance related to two circuit elements to the geometric average of their self-permeances.
CouplingFactor
InductiveCouplingFactor
An icon that imitates one representative character of the object. It share external similarities with the object, but not necessarily the same internal logical structure.
FunctionalIcon
A data based model is only a functional icon, since it provide the same relations between the properties of the object (e.g., it can predict some properties as function of others) but is not considering the internal mechanisms (i.e., it can ignore the physics).
A guinea pig.
An icon that focusing WHAT the object does.
This subclass of icon inspired by Peirceian category (c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else.
From Latin functiō (“performance, execution”), from functus, perfect participle of fungor (“to perform, execute, discharge”).
Dismantling
action to disassemble a product or a component by removing all or some of its constituent parts with the intent to salvage
The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePerSquareTime'.
TemperaturePerSquareTimeUnit
A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatial configuration results from an explicit graphical procedure and shows an identifiable pattern.
Graphical
'Graphical' objects include writings, pictures, sketches ...
This concept includes only things that are purposely created by an agent.
From the Ancient Greek γραφή (graphḗ) which means drawing, painting, writing, a writing, description, and from γράφω (gráphō) which means scratch, carve.
The term graphical is used in etymological sense, comprising both writings and visual arts.
The symbol that stands for the astatine atom.
AstatineSymbol
Method of joining metallic materials with the aid of a molten filler metal (solder), optionally with the use of flow agents
Soldering
Voltage phasor multiplied by complex conjugate of the current phasor.
ComplexPower
ComplexApparentPower
Process of cutting a workpiece into smaller parts that are either doughter parts, samples (e.g. for testing) or scrap.
Cutting with circular or straight cutting motion, using a multi-toothed tool of small cutting width, the cutting motion being performed by the tool
Sawing
A tessellation in which a tile is next for two or more non spatially connected tiles.
Join
Calendering
Atom subclass for rubidium.
RubidiumAtom
The class of units with dimensionality 'Power'.
PowerUnit
An interpreted computer language for job control in computing.
CommandLanguage
Unix shell. Batch programming languages.
Vector quantity expressing the internal angular momentum of a particle or a particle system.
Ratio of shear stress to the shear strain.
ModulusOfRigidity
ShearModulus
In nuclear physics, product of the number density of atoms of a given type and the cross section.
VolumicCrossSection
MacroscopicCrossSection
The symbol that stands for the curium atom.
CuriumSymbol
A flow of electric charge.
ElectricCurrent
Extrusion
In nuclear physics, incident radiant energy per cross-sectional area.
EnergyFluence
The symbol that stands for the hafnium atom.
HafniumSymbol
A reference unit provided by a measurement procedure.
ProcedureUnit
Rockwell C hardness of a given sample (150 kg load): 43.5HRC(150 kg)
Procedure units and measurement units are disjoint.
ThermalCutting
Thermal ablation is the separation of material particles in solid, liquid or gaseous state by heat processes as well as the removal of these material particles by mechanical or electromagnetic forces (from: DIN
Physical quantity for measuring per volume.
ReciprocalVolume
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricMobility'.
ElectricMobilityUnit
A tile that has next and is next of other tiles within the same tessellation.
IntermidiateTile
Atom subclass for nickel.
NickelAtom
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricDipoleMoment'.
ElectricDipoleMomentUnit
Atom subclass for palladium.
PalladiumAtom
Quantity of dimension 1 equal to u/(1 + u), where u is mass ratio of water to dry matter.
MassFractionOfWater
An elementary particle of a fundamental bosonic type.
ElementaryBoson
SI prefix who's value is 1e24.
Yotta
In an infinite medium, the ratio of the mean number of neutrons produced by fission due to neutrons of all energies to the mean number of neutrons produced by fissions due to thermal neutrons only.
FastFissionFactor
Product of the number density na of the atoms and the cross section σ_tot for a given type of atoms.
VolumicTotalCrossSection
MacroscopicTotalCrossSection
The class of units with dimensionality 'ForceArea'.
ForceAreaUnit
For substance B, an integer number or a simple fraction, being negative for a reactant and positive for a product, occurring in the expression for a chemical reaction.
StoichiometricNumberOfSubstance
The factors 1/2 and 3/2 in the chemical reaction formula below are stoicheiometric mumbers of substance. (1/2)N2 + (3/2)H2 = NH3
Following nominalistic approach a species is simply a name that can point to an element name, a chemical formula or a chemical compound. So everything addressed by these classes of names can be calleded a chemical species.
Specific form of an element defined as to isotopic composition, electronic or oxidation state, and/or complex or molecular structure. Chemical species is the macroscopic equivalent of molecular entity and refers to sets or ensembles of molecular entities.
ChemicalSpecies
A subclass of measurement unit focusing on the physical dimensionality that is carried by the unit.
DimensionalUnit
The current version of EMMO does not provide explicit classes for physical dimensions. Rather it embraces the fact that the physical dimensionality of a physical quantity is carried by its measurement unit. The role of dimensional unit and its subclasses is to express the physical dimensionality that is carried by the unit. Since the dimensionality of a physical quantity can be written as the product of powers of the physical dimensions of the base quantities in the selected system of quantities, the physical dimensionality of a measurement unit is uniquely determined by the exponents. For a dimensional unit, at least one of these exponents must be non-zero (making it disjoint from dimensionless units).
DataProcessingApplication
The charge of an electron.
The negative of ElementaryCharge.
ElectronCharge
Quotient of the total number of fission or fission-dependent neutrons produced in the duration of a time interval and the total number of neutrons lost by absorption and leakage in that duration.
MultiplicationFactor
A heterogeneous object made of different graphical object parts.
Document
From Latin documentum, from the verb doceō (“teach”) +‎ -mentum.
Extend of a spatial dimension.
Length is a non-negative additive quantity attributed to a one-dimensional object in space.
Length
Relation between observed magnetic moment of a particle and the related unit of magnetic moment.
GFactor
The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareCurrentQuarticTimePerMass'.
SquareCurrentQuarticTimePerMassUnit
Entropy per amount of substance.
MolarEntropy
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two lengths.
LengthFractionUnit
Unit for plane angle.
Conductivity is equeal to the resiprocal of resistivity.
Measure of a material's ability to conduct an electric current.
ElectricConductivity
The class of units with dimensionality 'CatalyticActivity'.
CatalyticActivityUnit
The symbol that stands for the rutherfordium atom.
RutherfordiumSymbol
The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaTemperature'.
AreaTemperatureUnit
An object which is a spatial part of another object.
Constituent
ObjectPart
A tire is a constituent of a car.
The symbol that stands for the moscovium atom.
MoscoviumSymbol
Categorisation of participant in terms of being an agent or not an agent.
ParticipantByAgency
A data representing an integer number <= 0.
NonPositiveIntegerData
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:nonPositiveInteger
The symbol that stands for the tellurium atom.
TelluriumSymbol
A parameter that describes a process
ProcessParameter
The symbol that stands for the selenium atom.
SeleniumSymbol
Factor taking into account health effects in the determination of the dose equivalent.
DoseEquivalentQualityFactor
The class of units with dimensionality 'ThermalResistance'.
ThermalResistanceUnit
Atom subclass for oganesson.
OganessonAtom
A quantity obtained from a well-defined modelling procedure.
ModelledProperty
The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthTemperature'.
LengthTemperatureUnit
DrawForms
The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareLengthPerVoltageTime'.
SquareLengthPerVoltageTimeUnit
The symbol that stands for the radon atom.
RadonSymbol
A standalone simulation, where a single physics equation is solved.
StandaloneModelSimulation
Force per unit oriented surface area .
Measure of the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other.
Stress
A variable whose value is assumed to be known independently from the equation, but whose value is not explicitated in the equation.
Parameter
Viscosity in the Navier-Stokes equation
Quotient of mass defect and the unified atomic mass constant.
RelativeMassDefect
The class of units with dimensionality 'InversePermittivity'.
InversePermittivityUnit
Chemical Abstact Service registry number for a chemical substance from the American Chemical Society
CASRN
Atom subclass for berkelium.
BerkeliumAtom
Absolute value of the electric charge of ions produced in dry air by X- or gamma radiation per mass of air.
Exposure
PorcelainOrCeramicCasting
A symbol that stands for a chemical element.
ChemicalSymbol
"H" "He" "Li" ...
Maximum kinetic energy of the emitted beta particle produced in the nuclear disintegration process.
MaximumBetaParticleEnergy
Property of a solute in a solution.
StandardAbsoluteActivityOfSolution
Riveting
Average number of fission neutrons, both prompt and delayed, emitted per neutron absorbed in a fissionable nuclide or in a nuclear fuel, as specified.
NeutronYieldPerAbsorption
A special unit with a metric prefix.
The presence of the prefix makes this units non-coherent with SI system.
MetricPrefixedUnit
A data representing an arbitrary precision decimal number.
DecimalData
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:decimal
The class of units with dimensionality 'ForcePerLength'.
ForcePerLengthUnit
Time derivative of kerma.
KermaRate
A direct part that is obtained by partitioning a whole hybridly in spatial, temporal and spatiotemporal parts.
JunctionTile
Inverse of the radius of curvature.
Curvature
A coarse dispersion of solid in a gas continuum phase.
GasSolidSuspension
Dust, sand storm.
One-dimensional subspace of space-time, which is locally orthogonal to space.
The indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.
Time can be seen as the duration of an event or, more operationally, as "what clocks read".
Time
Quotient of the Planck constant and the product of the mass of the particle and the speed of light in vacuum.
ComptonWavelength
A estimation of a property by a criteria based on the pre-existing knowledge of the estimator.
Assignment
The Argon gas in my bottle has ionisation energy of 15.7596 eV. This is not measured but assigned to this material by previous knowledge.
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentPerAmountVolume'.
ElectricCurrentPerAmountVolumeUnit
The amount of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
AmountConcentration
MolarConcentration
Molarity
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrent'.
ElectricCurrentUnit
Mechanical separation of workpieces without the formation of shapeless material, i.e. also without chips (chipless).
Cutting
The symbol that stands for the barium atom.
BariumSymbol
A manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create an end product.
Is not collection, since the connection between the elements of an assembly line occurs through the flow of objects that are processed.
AssemblyLine
Mean total rectified path length travelled by a particle in the course of slowing down to rest in a given material averaged over a group of particles having the same initial energy.
MeanLinearRange
A foam of trapped gas in a liquid.
LiquidFoam
FiberboardManufacturing
Mass per length.
LinearMassDensity
LinearDensity
LineicMass
FormingFromLiquid
The International Chemical Identifier (InChI) textual identifier proposed by IUPAC to provide a standard encoding for databases of molecular information.
InChI
Distance, where one point is located on an axis or within a closed non self-intersecting curve or surface.
RadialDistance
A sign that stands for an object by resembling or imitating it, in shape, function or by sharing a similar logical structure.
Icon
Model
Simulacrum
A picture that reproduces the aspect of a person.
An equation that reproduces the logical connection of the properties of a physical entity.
EquivalentTo: AnalogicalIcon or ResemblanceIcon or FunctionalIcon
If object and sign belongs to the same class, then the sign is fuctional, diagrammatic and resemblance. For example, when a Boeing 747 is used as a sign for another Boeing 747.
In Peirce semiotics three subtypes of icon are possible: (a) the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture) (b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy the relations in something (e.g. math formula, geometric flowchart) (c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else [Wikipedia]
From Latin modus (“measure”).
From Latin simulacrum ("likeness, semblance")
From Ancient Greek εἰκών (eikṓn, “likeness, image, portrait”).
A standard 2-manifold with no unconnected boundaries.
Sphere
SI prefix who's value is 1e15.
Peta
Atom subclass for potassium.
PotassiumAtom
A fundamental physical constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles.
FineStructureConstant
The name “thermal resistance” and the symbol R are used in building technology to designate thermal insulance.
Thermodynamic temperature difference divided by heat flow rate.
ThermalResistance
Imaginary part of the complex power.
ReactivePower
Sum over quantum states of energy in a system in equilibrium.
CanonicalPartitionFunction
In physics, a partition function describes the statistical properties of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium. Partition functions are functions of the thermodynamic state variables, such as the temperature and volume. Most of the aggregate thermodynamic variables of the system, such as the total energy, free energy, entropy, and pressure, can be expressed in terms of the partition function or its derivatives. The partition function is dimensionless.
A property that is associated to an object by convention, or assumption.
A quantitative property attributed by agreement to a quantity for a given purpose.
ConventionalProperty
The thermal conductivity of a copper sample in my laboratory can be assumed to be the conductivity that appears in the vendor specification. This value has been obtained by measurement of a sample which is not the one I have in my laboratory. This conductivity value is then a conventional quantitiative property assigned to my sample through a semiotic process in which no actual measurement is done by my laboratory. If I don't believe the vendor, then I can measure the actual thermal conductivity. I then perform a measurement process that semiotically assign another value for the conductivity, which is a measured property, since is part of a measurement process. Then I have two different physical quantities that are properties thanks to two different semiotic processes.
A language object is a discrete data entity respecting specific language syntactic rules (a well-formed formula).
Language
From Latin lingua (“tongue, speech, language”), from Old Latin dingua (“tongue”).
Categorisation of quantities by whether they can be obtained fully objectively or not.
QuantityBySubjectivity
EquivalentTo: ObjectiveProperty or SubjectiveProperty
An object which is a temporal part of a process.
Status
State
A semi-naked man is a status in the process of a man's dressing.
The datatype for monodimensional arrays.
VectorData
SubClassOf: hasSpatialTile some ScalarData
Faction of electrical current carried by given ionic species.
IonTransportNumber
CurrentFraction
TransferrenceNumber
Vector characterising a dislocation in a crystal lattice.
BurgersVector
Physical constant in Newton's law of gravitation and in Einstein's general theory of relativity.
NewtonianConstantOfGravity
Superclass for all units prefixed with "zetta" (1e21).
ZettaPrefixedUnit
SI prefix who's value is 1e30.
Quetta
Assigned
HeatTreatment
Heat to a temperature appropriate for the particular material, maintain at that temperature and then cool at an appropriate rate to reduce hardness, improve machinability or achieve desired properties.
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-5.
ThermodynamicalQuantity
The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareTemperaturePerTime'.
SquareTemperaturePerTimeUnit
A standalone atom with an unbalanced number of electrons with respect to its atomic number.
The ion_atom is the basic part of a pure ionic bonded compound i.e. without eclectron sharing,
IonAtom
A set of units that correspond to the base quantities in a system of units.
BaseUnit
base unit
The term "Uniform Resource Name" (URN) has been used historically to refer to both URIs under the "urn" scheme [RFC2141], which are required to remain globally unique and persistent even when the resource ceases to exist or becomes unavailable, and to any other URI with the properties of a name.
URN
A scientific theory that focuses on a specific phenomena, for which a single statement (not necessariliy in mathematical form) can be expressed.
NaturalLaw
Categorisation of quantities by their physical nature.
QuantityByPhysicalNature
QuantityByPhysical
Atom subclass for tantalum.
TantalumAtom
Peening
(according to DIN 8200) Shot peening to generate residual compressive stresses in layers of the blasting material close to the surface in order to improve certain component properties, e.g. fatigue strength, corrosion resistance, wear resistance (from: DIN 8200:1982)
Describes the effect that changing the volume of a crystal lattice has on its vibrational properties, and, as a consequence, the effect that changing temperature has on the size or dynamics of the lattice.
GrueneisenParamter
Cementing
For a particle, electric charge q divided by elementary charge e.
The charge number of a particle may be presented as a superscript to the symbol of that particle, e.g. H+, He++, Al3+, Cl−, S=, N3−.
The charge number of an electrically charged particle can be positive or negative. The charge number of an electrically neutral particle is zero.
ChargeNumber
IonizationNumber
A data representing 16-bit non-negative integer number, 0...65535.
UnsignedShortData
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:unsignedShort
Gustatory
Conventional radius of sphere in which the nuclear matter is included,
NuclearRadius
A quantity that is obtained from a well-defined procedure.
Subclasses of 'ObjectiveProperty' classify objects according to the type semiosis that is used to connect the property to the object (e.g. by measurement, by convention, by modelling).
ObjectiveProperty
PhysicalProperty
QuantitativeProperty
A manufacturing in which it is formed a solid body with its shape from shapeless original material parts, whose cohesion is created during the process.
WorkpieceForming
A symbolic data that is not array data.
ScalarData
Scalar data are primitive symbolic data that are not built up of other types of symbolic data.
Quotient of the initial kinetic energy Ek of an ionizing charged particle and the total ionization Ni produced by that particle.
AverageEnergyLossPerElementaryChargeProduced
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerSquareLengthSquareTime'.
MassPerSquareLengthSquareTimeUnit
The symbol that stands for the rhodium atom.
RhodiumSymbol
A workflow whose steps are the repetition of the same task type.
IterativeWorkflow
The DBpedia and UIPAC Gold Book definitions (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permeability, https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04504) are outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
The value of magnetic permeability in a classical vacuum.
VacuumMagneticPermeability
Quotient of a quantity by a duration.
Rate
Activity Specific absorption rate (SAR) Rate of rise Sampling rate Modulation rate Fading rate Rain rate
Vector quantity in a quantum system composed of the vectorial sum of angular momentum L and spin s.
Atom subclass for sodium.
SodiumAtom
The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyPerSquareMagneticFluxDensity'.
EnergyPerSquareMagneticFluxDensityUnit
An uncharged subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus.
Neutron
Quotient of the mass of water vapour in moist gas by the total gas volume.
The mass concentration of water at saturation is denoted vsat.
A substance is always composed of more than one molecular entity. It lays in the continuum or mesoscopic domain.
Matter of constant composition best characterized by the entities (molecules, formula units, atoms) it is composed of.
Quotient of Peltier heat power developed at a junction, and the electric current flowing from substance a to substance b.
PeltierCoefficient
Quotient of the traversed circular path length of a point in space during a rotation and its distance from the axis or centre of rotation.
RotationalDisplacement
AngularDisplacement
The symbol that stands for the holmium atom.
HolmiumSymbol
A molecule composed of only one element type.
Homonuclear
ElementalMolecule
Hydrogen molecule (H₂).
The union of the object or process classes.
Persistence
The persistence perspective classifies entities according to the persistence of temporal parts of specifc type, introducing the distiction between objects (when a type is conserved through all its time parts) or processes (where a type is not conserved through all its time parts). This perspective provides classes aimed to represent concepts similar to the ones of endurant and perdurant (a.k.a. continuant and occurrent). However, in the EMMO case, an entity is defined as an object or a process according to a specific type, and not per-se. For this reason an entity in the EMMO can be classified both object or a process depending on the reference type, due to the underlying 4D framework (e.g. an individual may belong both to the class of runners and the class of running process), and the distinction is purely representational. This categorisation has been introduced due to the large use of object/process commonsensical concepts, and the fact that our language distinguish between nouns and verbs to address things, forcing the separation between things that happens and things that persist.
SI prefix who's value is 10.
Deca
Deka
Reciprocal of the wavelength.
Wavenumber
Repetency
The number of waves per unit length along the direction of propagation.
A coarse dispersion of liquid in a gas continuum phase.
GasLiquidSuspension
Rain, spray.
Inverse of the reluctance.
Permeance
Olfactory
The superclass for all tessellations in which all tiles are connected through spatiotemporal relations hasNext or contacts.
WellFormedTessellation
EquivalentTo: MixedTiling or SpatialTiling or TemporalTiling
Electric field strength divided by the current density.
ElectricResistivity
Gibbs energy per unit mass.
SpecificGibbsEnergy
Superclass for all units prefixed with "nano" (1e-9).
NanoPrefixedUnit
Atom subclass for dysprosium.
DysprosiumAtom
CentrifugalCasting
Energy per unit mass
SpecificEnergy
GravimetricEnergyDensity
CmpEng(mWh/g)
FlameCutting
PlasmaCutting
A chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) composed of atoms from more than one element held together by chemical bonds.
ChemicalCompound
Perceived power of light.
LuminousFlux
Difference between equilibrium and initial amount of a substance, divided by its stoichiometric number.
ExtentOfReaction
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassFlux'.
MassFluxUnit
Type of thermodynamic potential; useful for calculating reversible work in certain systems.
GibbsEnergy
GibbsFreeEnergy
Derivative of velocity with respect to time.
Acceleration
Atom subclass for hafnium.
HafniumAtom
Performance measure of a device that uses thermal energy, expressed as the ratio of work done over thermal energy used.
ThermodynamicEfficiency
ThermalEfficiency
Atom subclass for terbium.
TerbiumAtom
A suspension of fine particles in the atmosphere.
Dust
The class of units with dimensionality 'IlluminanceTime'.
IlluminanceTimeUnit
The radiant energy emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit time.
RadiantFlux
In condensed matter physics, quotient of momentum and the reduced Planck constant.
AngularWaveNumber
The symbol that stands for the molybdenum atom.
MolybdenumSymbol
Length in a given direction regarded as horizontal.
The terms breadth and width are often used by convention, as distinguished from length and from height or thickness.
Width
Breadth
SizeDefinedMaterial
The class of units with dimensionality 'Amount'.
AmountUnit
A material_relation can e.g. return a predefined number, return a database query, be an equation that depends on other physics_quantities.
An 'equation' that stands for a physical assumption specific to a material, and provides an expression for a 'physics_quantity' (the dependent variable) as function of other variables, physics_quantity or data (independent variables).
MaterialRelation
The Lennard-Jones potential. A force field. An Hamiltonian.
The class of units with dimensionality 'SectionAreaIntegral'.
SectionAreaIntegralUnit
An equation with variables can always be represented as: f(v0, v1, ..., vn) = g(v0, v1, ..., vn) where f is the left hand and g the right hand side expressions and v0, v1, ..., vn are the variables.
The class of 'mathematical'-s that stand for a statement of equality between two mathematical expressions.
Equation
2+3 = 5 x^2 +3x = 5x dv/dt = a sin(x) = y
The symbol that stands for the platinum atom.
PlatinumSymbol
Scalar or tensor quantity the product of which by the magnetic constant μ0 and by the magnetic field strength H is equal to the magnetic polarization J.
MagneticSusceptibility
The symbol that stands for the oganesson atom.
OganessonSymbol
constituent of the interaction energy between the spins of adjacent electrons in matter arising from the overlap of electron state functions
ExchangeIntegral
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargePerAmount'.
ElectricChargePerAmountUnit
Proportionality constant between the magnetic dipole moment and the angular momentum of the electron.
GyromagneticCoefficientOfTheElectron
MagnetogyricRatioOfTheElectron
Radius of a sphere such that the relativistic electron energy is distributed uniformly.
ElectronRadius
The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticFieldStrength'.
MagneticFieldStrengthUnit
Electric conductivity of an electrolyte.
ElectrolyticConductivity
['Parameterisation','Electrolyte','Conductivity [S.m-1]']
['electrolyte','ionic_conductivity','value']
fraction of nearest-neighbour atom pairs in an Ising ferromagnet having magnetic moments in one direction, minus the fraction having magnetic moments in the opposite direction
ShortRangeOrderParameter
Scalar line integral of the magnetic field strength along a closed path.
MagnetomotiveForce
Electronic device capable of processing data, typically in binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program.
ComputerSystem
Computer
Superclass for all units prefixed with "yotta" (1e24).
YottaPrefixedUnit
A causal system provides the most general concept of system, being a union of causal structures interacting together. In its most simple form, a causal system is an interlacement of causal paths (the most simple structure type). A causal system is always a spatial-like structure, and is represented as a multiple topologically orderable direct acyclic graph, with quanta as nodes and causality relations as edges.
The class of individuals representing a causal system.
CausalSystem
A electron binded by a nucleus.
DisjointUnionOf: FundamentalPhysicalSystem, GenericPhysicalSystem
From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), and Ancient Greek σύστημα (sústēma, “musical scale; organized body; whole made of several parts or members”), from σῠν- (sun-, prefix meaning ‘with, together’) + ἵστημι (hístēmi, “to stand”).
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two speeds.
SpeedFractionUnit
Unit for refractive index.
Ratio of area on a sphere to its radius squared.
A hypothesis is a theory, estimated and objective, since its estimated premises are objective.
Hypothesis
Mean number of particles per volume.
ParticleNumberDensity
The symbol that stands for the silver atom.
SilverSymbol
In a steady-state of a binary mixture in which thermal diffusion occurs; proportionality factor between gradient of the amount-of-subsstance fraction of the heavier substance B, and negative gradient of the local thermodynamic temperature divided by that temperature.
ThermalDiffusionRatio
Atom subclass for mendelevium.
MendeleviumAtom
Internal energy per unit mass.
SpecificInternalEnergy
Inverse of 'ElectricalConductance'.
Measure of the difficulty to pass an electric current through a material.
ElectricResistance
Resistance
Non-SI unit that has been accepted by SI to be used together with the SI system.
SIAccepted
A manufacturing in which the product is a solid body with a well defined geometrical shape made from shapeless original material parts, whose cohesion is created during the process.
ArchetypeManufacturing
PrimitiveForming
Urformen
The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountConcentration'.
AmountConcentrationUnit
One-sixth of the mean square distance between the point where a neutron enters a specified class and the point where it leaves this class.
DiffusionArea
The symbol that stands for the neptunium atom.
NeptuniumSymbol
A path is a string of characters used to uniquely identify a location in a directory structure according to a particular convention.
Path
/etc/fstab (UNIX-like path) C:\\Users\\John\\Desktop (DOS-like path)
The superclass for all classes of entities that have a proper parts of the same type of the whole that overlaps all the oter proper parts of the same type.
Multiplex
Kinetic energy released per mass.
Kerma
SI prefix who's value is 1e-18.
Atto
A simulation that relies on physics based models, according to the Review of Materials Modelling and CWA 17284:2018.
PhysicsBasedSimulation
Mass per amount of substance.
MolarMass
TransientLiquidPhaseSintering
In a nuclear reaction, sum of the kinetic energies and photon energies of the reaction products minus the sum of the kinetic and photon energies of the reactants.
ReactionEnergy
A declaration that provides a sign for an object that is independent from any assignment rule.
Naming
A unique id attached to an entity.
A data representing 8-bit non-negative integer number, 0...255.
UnsignedByteData
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:unsignedByte
A coarse dispersion of solids in a liquid continuum phase.
LiquidSolidSuspension
Mud
The symbol that stands for the thorium atom.
ThoriumSymbol
The 22 derived units that are given a special name in the SI system that stands for units derived by SI base units.
SISpecialUnit
These units are SI coherent by definition.
A construction language designed to transform some input text in a certain formal language into a modified output text that meets some specific goal.
TransformationLanguage
Tritium, XSLT, XQuery, STX, FXT, XDuce, CDuce, HaXml, XMLambda, FleXML
Quotient of tangential and normal component of the force applied to a body which is rolling at constant speed over a surface.
RollingResistanceFactor
A semiosis where the triangle of relations is completely developed.
FullSemiosis
A characteriser that declares a property for an object through the specific interaction required by the property definition.
Observer
Given an electric current in a thin conducting loop and the linked flux caused by that electric current in another loop, the mutual inductance of the two loops is the linked flux divided by the electric current.
MutualInductance
quotient of the amount of substance nB of solute B by the mass m of the solvent: bB = nB / m.
Molality
AmountPerMass
Data that is encoded and/or decoded by a procedural agent following a procedure.
ProceduralData
A world entity is direct causally self-connected if any two parts that make up the whole are direct causally connected to each other. In the EMMO, topological connectivity is based on causality. All physical objects, i.e. entities whose behaviour is explained by physics laws, are represented only by items. In other words, a physical object part is embedded in a direct causal graph that provides always a path between two of its parts. Members of a collection lack such direct causality connection, i.e. they do not constitute a physical object. Following graph theory concepts, the quantums of an item are all connected together within a network of causal relations, forming a connected causal graph. A collection is then a set of disconnected graphs.
The class of individuals standing for quantum or causally self-connected world entities.
The disjoint union of Particle and CausalStructure classes.
Item
CausalObject
A person life, an interval of a person life. The lifetime of two components, from the production in separate manufacturing lines, their being connected components in a device, including their eparation and decommissioning.
EquivalentTo: CausalParticle or CausalStructure
The concept of self-connectivity is applied using a 4D approach. Given that, the entity made of an electron and a proton that travel, interact, and then depart from each other is an item, since we don't focus only on the beginning or the end stage but to the overall 4D entity, being the interaction the connectivity bridge between the two particles.
From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), and Medieval Latin obiectum (“object”, literally “thrown against”).
From Latin item, "likewise, just so, moreover".
The qualified whole concept express the requirement for an entity of a type, say A, to have a part of another type, say B, with A and B belonging to different taxonomical branches. The concept of whole is then defined as something that needs a part of a specific type to exist. For example, an atom always requires a nucleus part to exist (but not viceversa)
The superclass for all classes of individuals that requires to have a part of another specific class of entity of different type with a specific relation with it.
QualifiedWhole
QWhole
Al QWhole subclasses shuld have an axiom to express the part requirements, in the form of: MyQWholeClass SubClassOf: hasProperPart some AnotherClass This is a necessary but not sufficient condition.
Resistance quantum.
The von Klitzing constant is defined as Planck constant divided by the square of the elementary charge.
VonKlitzingConstant
A standalone atom has direct part one 'nucleus' and one 'electron_cloud'. An O 'atom' within an O₂ 'molecule' is an 'e-bonded_atom'. In this material branch, H atom is a particular case, with respect to higher atomic number atoms, since as soon as it shares its electron it has no nucleus entangled electron cloud. We cannot say that H₂ molecule has direct part two H atoms, but has direct part two H nucleus.
Atom
An 'atom' is a 'nucleus' surrounded by an 'electron_cloud', i.e. a quantum system made of one or more bounded electrons.
A graphical object aimed to represent schematically the conceptual, temporal or spatial structure of another object, that may or may not exist.
Representation
MergingManufacturing
In nuclear physics, fraction of interacting particles per distance traversed in a given material.
LinearAttenuationCoefficient
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricFieldStrength'.
ElectricFieldStrengthUnit
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-7.
LightAndRadiationQuantity
A Miixture is a material made up of two or more different substances which are physically (not chemically) combined.
Mixture
A chain of linked physics based model simulations, where equations are solved sequentially.
LinkedModelsSimulation
A material that is obtained through a manufacturing process.
ManufacturedMaterial
EngineeredMaterial
ProcessedMaterial
at a given point on a two-dimensional domain of quasi-infinitesimal area dA, scalar quantity equal to the mass dm within the domain divided by the area dA, thus ρA = dm/dA.
SurfaceMassDensity
AreicMass
SurfaceDensity
The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticFluxDensity'.
MagneticFluxDensityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Momentum'.
MomentumUnit
Process for joining two (base) materials by means of an adhesive polymer material
Gluing
A representation of objects belonging to the chemistry field.
ChemicalRepresentation
The inverse of length.
ReciprocalLength
Forming of vessel parts from a flat mould into a three-dimensional shape by means of a press and tools, whereby material is neither removed nor added
DeepDrawing
Decrease in magnitude of any kind of flux through a medium.
Attenuation
Extinction
Data that are expressed through classical physics mechanisms, having one value and one state, and being in the same place at the same time.
ClassicalData
Property of a physical body that express its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a force is applied.
Mass
The symbol that stands for the bismuth atom.
BismuthSymbol
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentPerTemperature'.
ElectricCurrentPerTemperatureUnit
The superclass for all classes that categorise roles according to that fact that they are temporal or non-temporal parts of the whole.
RoleBySpatiotemporal
A direct part that only is the target, but not the source of temporal relations.
EndTile
A causal structure that is tessellated in direct parts.
A tessellation (or tiling) is the covering of a surface, often a plane, using one or more geometric shapes, called tiles, with no overlaps and no gaps.
Tessellation
Tiling
At a fixed point in a medium, the direction of propagation of heat is opposite to the temperature gradient. At a point on the surface separating two media with different temperatures, the direction of propagation of heat is normal to the surface, from higher to lower temperatures.
Vector quantity with magnitude equal to the heat flow rate dΦ through a surface element divided by the area dA of the element, and direction eφ in the direction of propagation of heat.
DensityOfHeatFlowRate
AreicHeatFlowRate
Enthalpy per amount of substance.
MolarEnthalpy
Sum of all cross sections corresponding to the various reactions or processes between an incident particle of specified type and energy and a target entity.
TotalCrossSection
Electric polarization divided by electric constant and electric field strength.
ElectricSusceptibility
Number of turns in a winding.
NumberOfTurnsInAWinding
The symbol that stands for the hassium atom.
HassiumSymbol
Quotient of the rms value of the voltage between the terminals of a two-terminal element or a two-terminal circuit by the rms value of the electric current in the element or circuit.
ModulusOfImpedance
A procedure that deals with quantitative symbols (i.e. symbols associated with a quantitative oriented language).
Computation
A mathematician that calculates 2+2. A computation machine that calculate the average value of a dataset.
From Latin con- +‎ putō (“I reckon”).
MaterialByStructure
Atom subclass for vanadium.
VanadiumAtom
SparkPlasmaSintering
Critical thermodynamic temperature of an antiferromagnet.
NeelTemperature
Difference between energy of an electron at rest at infinity and a certain energy level which is the energy of an electron in the interior of a substance.
IonizationEnergy
The symbol that stands for the niobium atom.
NiobiumSymbol
Categorisation of data by whether it is numerical or not.
DataByNumerical
EquivalentTo: NumericalData or NonNumericalData
CrystallineMaterial
A participant that does not have an active role in driving the process.
NonAgent
The symbol that stands for the americium atom.
AmericiumSymbol
Antimatter is matter that is composed only of the antiparticles of those that constitute ordinary matter.
AntiMatter
This branch is not expanded due to the limited use of such entities.
Quotient of entropy and mass.
SpecificEntropy
Number of direct parts of a Reductionistic.
Using direct parthood EMMO creates a well-defined broadcasting between granularity levels. This also make it possible to count the direct parts of each granularity level.
NumberOfElements
A law that provides a connection between a material property and other properties of the object.
MaterialLaw
Extent of an object in space.
Volume
Quotient of the Boltzmann constant and the mass m.
SpecificGasConstant
GravityCasting
A data representing 64-bit non-negative integer number, 0...18446744073709551615.
UnsignedLongData
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:unsignedLong
The symbol that stands for the lawrencium atom.
LawrenciumSymbol
A estimator that uses its predefined knowledge to declare a property of an object.
Assigner
I estimate the molecular mass of the gas in my bottle as 1.00784 u because it is tagged as H.
The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareTime'.
SquareTimeUnit
Physical constant that by definition (after the latest revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019) has a known exact numerical value when expressed in SI units.
SIExactConstant
Atom subclass for livermorium.
LivermoriumAtom
A measuring instrument that can be used alone is a measuring system.
Device used for making measurements, alone or in conjunction with one or more supplementary devices. -- VIM
MeasuringInstrument
measuring instrument
Quantities declared under the ISO 80000.
InternationalSystemOfQuantity
Ratio of circular arc length to radius.
Angle
PlaneAngle
A command language designed to be run by a command-line interpreter, like a Unix shell.
ShellScript
Rate of change of the phase angle.
AngularFrequency
Dissociation may occur stepwise.
Ratio of the number of dissociation events to the maximum number of theoretically possible dissociation events.
DegreeOfDissociation
DissociationFraction
Atom subclass for zinc.
ZincAtom
The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareTimePerMass'.
SquareTimePerMassUnit
Vector field quantity E which exerts on any charged particle at rest a force F equal to the product of E and the electric charge Q of the particle.
ElectricFieldStrength
Categorisation of processes by whether they are driven by an agent or not.
ProcessByAgency
Type of scratching behaviour where the scratching force and the (displacement) deflection of the scratching tip are constant over the scratching distance during the test.
Planing
Superclass for all units prefixed with "yocto" (1e-24).
YoctoPrefixedUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Energy'.
EnergyUnit
A symbolic that has parts a numerical object and a reference expressing the value of a quantity (expressed as the product of the numerical and the unit).
Following the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM), EMMO distinguishes between a quantity (a property) and the quantity value (a numerical and a reference). So, for the EMMO the symbol "kg" is not a physical quantity but simply a 'Symbolic' object categorized as a 'MeasurementUnit'. While the string "1 kg" is a 'QuantityValue'.
QuantityValue
6.8 m 0.9 km 8 K 6 MeV 43.5 HRC(150 kg)
quantity value
A quantity value is not necessarily a property, since it is possible to write "10 kg", without assigning this quantity to a specific object.
Energy per amount of substance.
MolarEnergy
A material that contains two or more constituent materials.
CompositeMaterial
Composite
A process which is a spatial part of an object.
ConstitutiveProcess
Blood circulation in a human body.
A constitutive process is a process that is holistically relevant for the definition of the whole.
A mapping that acts on elements of one space and produces elements of another space.
MathematicalOperator
The algebraic operator '+' that acts on two real numbers and produces one real number.
The differential operator that acts on a C1 real function and produces another real function.
The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePerMagneticFluxDensity'.
TemperaturePerMagneticFluxDensityUnit
A constituent of a system.
Component
SubClassOf: inverse (hasConstituent) some HolisticSystem
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two amount of substance.
AmountFractionUnit
Unit for amount fraction.
The symbol that stands for the caesium atom.
CaesiumSymbol
A mathematical model can be defined as a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language to facilitate proper explanation of a system or to study the effects of different components and to make predictions on patterns of behaviour. Abramowitz and Stegun, 1968
An analogical icon expressed in mathematical language.
MathematicalModel
A well formed tessellation with tiles that are all temporal.
TemporalTiling
The small, dense region at the centre of an atom consisting of protons and neutrons.
Nucleus
A programming language that is executed through runtime interpretation.
ScriptingLanguage
In nuclear physics, time derivative of the energy fluence.
EnergyFluenceRate
A baryon containing one or more strange quarks, but no charm, bottom, or top quark.
Hyperon
This form of matter may exist in a stable form within the core of some neutron stars.
A meson with spin two.
TensorMeson
DifferentialOperator
FormingFromPowder
A data representing an arbritrary sized integer number.
IntegerData
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:integer
Atom subclass for americium.
AmericiumAtom
Atom subclass for copernicium.
CoperniciumAtom
A system whose is mainly characterised by the way in which elements are interconnected.
Network
A estimator that uses modelling to declare a property of an object (i.e. infer a property from other properties).
Modeller
Activity per unit volume of the sample.
ActivityDensity
ActivityConcentration
VolumetricActivity
VolumicActivity
The symbol that stands for the rubidium atom.
RubidiumSymbol
The frequency standard in the SI system in which the photon absorption by transitions between the two hyperfine ground states of caesium-133 atoms are used to control the output frequency. It defines the base unit second in the SI system.
HyperfineTransitionFrequencyOfCs
A well-formed finite combination of mathematical symbols according to some specific rules.
Expression
Measure of the change of amplitude and phase angle of a plane wave propagating in a given direction.
PropagationCoefficient
A direct part that only is the source, but not the target of temporal relations.
BeginTile
Speed with which the envelope of a wave propagates in space.
GroupVelocity
GroupSpeed
The class of units with dimensionality 'Permeability'.
PermeabilityUnit
The creation of a material entity starting from fundamental substances, involving chemical phenomena (e.g. reaction, bonding).
MaterialSynthesis
Deals with undefined shapes both input and output.
Quantities defined as ratios `Q=A/B` having equal dimensions in numerator and denominator are dimensionless quantities but still have a physical dimension defined as dim(A)/dim(B). Johansson, Ingvar (2010). "Metrological thinking needs the notions of parametric quantities, units and dimensions". Metrologia. 47 (3): 219–230. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/47/3/012. ISSN 0026-1394.
The class of quantities that are the ratio of two quantities with the same physical dimensionality.
RatioQuantity
refractive index, volume fraction, fine structure constant
The symbol that stands for the helium atom.
HeliumSymbol
The symbol that stands for the osmium atom.
OsmiumSymbol
Heat released or absorbed energy during a constant-temperature process.
LatentHeat
PolymericMaterial
A language used to describe what a computer system should do.
SpecificationLanguage
ACSL, VDM, LOTUS, MML, ...
The symbol that stands for the xenon atom.
XenonSymbol
SI prefix who's value is 1e-27.
Ronto
A simulation in which more than one model are solved together with a coupled method.
TightlyCoupledModelsSimulation
Solving within the same linear system the discretised form of the pressure and momentum equation for a fluid, using the ideal gas law as material relation for connecting pressure to density.
Absolute value of the magnetic moment of a nucleus.
Square root of the slowing down area.
SlowingDownLength
SI prefix who's value is 1e21.
Zetta
Atom subclass for scandium.
ScandiumAtom
Physical quantity of dimension energy × time.
Action
Imaginary part of the admittance.
Susceptance
The symbol that stands for the aluminium atom.
AluminiumSymbol
The processing of a material aimed to transform its structure by means of any type of treatment, without involving relevant synthesis phenomena.
MaterialTreatment
Has shaped bodies as input and output.
Manufacturing by changing the properties of the material of which a workpiece is made, which is done, among other things, by changes in the submicroscopic or atomic range, e.g. by diffusion of atoms, generation and movement of dislocations in the atomic lattice or chemical reactions, and where unavoidable changes in shape are not part of the essence of these processes.
FromWorkPIecetoWorkPiece
An holistic spatial part of a whole.
NonTemporalRole
HolisticSpatialPart
Scalar quantity equal to the line integral of the magnetic field strength H along a specified path linking two points a and b.
MagneticTension
The class of units with dimensionality 'PressurePerTime'.
PressurePerTimeUnit
Quotient of the linear attenuation coefficient µ and the mass density ρ of the medium.
MassAttenuationCoefficient
Atom subclass for holmium.
HolmiumAtom
A semiosis where the interpreter wants to express an interpretant (e.g., an idea, a reasoning, a distant entity) to the rest of the world by the production of a sign. In the intention of the interpreter, the sign should impress another agent with an intended interpretation that should match his one.
Expressing
For type II superconductors, the threshold magnetic flux density for magnetic flux entering the superconductor.
LowerCriticalMagneticFluxDensity
Atom subclass for radon.
RadonAtom
The symbol that stands for the ytterbium atom.
YtterbiumSymbol
in the free electron model, the Fermi energy divided by the Boltzmann constant
FermiTemperature
An agent that is driven by the law of physics rather than the intention to reach a defined objective.
UnintentionalAgent
A catalyst.
Force opposing the motion of a body sliding on a surface.
KineticFrictionForce
DynamicFrictionForce
An intentional agency exercised by artificial systems that have internal states that enables adaptive regulation of the agent’s coupling with the environment and metabolic self-maintenance.
ArtificialAgency
Reciprocal of the thermal resistance.
ThermalConductance
The dependent variable for which an equation has been written.
Unknown
Velocity, for the Navier-Stokes equation.
Radius of the osculating circle of a planar curve at a particular point of the curve.
RadiusOfCurvature
The complete set of SI units includes both the coherent set and the multiples and sub-multiples formed by using the SI prefixes.
The names, symbols and prefixes of SI units are defined by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures
The set of units provided by the SI referring to the ISQ.
SIUnit
Voltage between substances a and b caused by the thermoelectric effect.
ThermoelectricVoltage
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerLength'.
PerLengthUnit
Change of phase angle with the length along the path travelled by a plane wave.
PhaseCoefficient
PhaseChangeCoefficient
The imaginary part of the propagation coefficient.
The symbol that stands for the californium atom.
CaliforniumSymbol
A dimensionless thermodynamic parameter named after German physicist Eduard Grüneisen.
ThermodynamicGrueneisenParameter
Atom subclass for fluorine.
FluorineAtom
Atom subclass for magnesium.
MagnesiumAtom
Inverse of 'ElectricalResistance'.
Measure of the ease for electric current to pass through a material.
ElectricConductance
Conductance
The class of units with dimensionality 'SquarePressurePerSquareTime'.
SquarePressurePerSquareTimeUnit
A physical constant relating energy at the individual particle level with temperature. It is the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant. It defines the Kelvin unit in the SI system.
The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Boltzmann_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
BoltzmannConstant
A construct of two or more mathematical symbols.
MathematicalConstruct
An electron volt (eV) is the energy that an electron gains when it travels through a potential of one volt. You can imagine that the electron starts at the negative plate of a parallel plate capacitor and accelerates to the positive plate, which is at one volt higher potential. Numerically 1 eV approximates 1.6x10⁻¹⁹ joules, where 1 joule is 6.2x10¹⁸ eV. For example, it would take 6.2x10²⁰ eV/sec to light a 100 watt light bulb. -- QUDT
The amount of energy gained (or lost) by the charge of a single electron moving across an electric potential difference of one volt.
ElectronVolt
An ExaCoulomb is 10¹⁸ C. -- QUDT
ExaCoulomb
1 000 000 000 000 000 000-fold of the derived SI unit joule -- QUDT
Measurement unit for electric capacitance.
The SI unit of electric capacitance. Very early in the study of electricity scientists discovered that a pair of conductors separated by an insulator can store a much larger charge than an isolated conductor can store. The better the insulator, the larger the charge that the conductors can hold. This property of a circuit is called capacitance, and it is measured in farads. One farad is defined as the ability to store one coulomb of charge per volt of potential difference between the two conductors. This is a natural definition, but the unit it defines is very large. In practical circuits, capacitance is often measured in microfarads, nanofarads, or sometimes even in picofarads (10⁻¹² farad, or trillionths of a farad). The unit is named for the British physicist Michael Faraday (1791-1867), who was known for his work in electricity and electrochemistry. -- QUDT
Farad
SI derived unit farad divided by the 1 000-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
FaradPerKiloMetre
Farad Per Kilometre
Farad Per Meter (F/m) is a unit in the category of Electric permittivity. It is also known as farad/meter. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Farad Per Meter has a dimension of M-1L-3T4I2 where M is mass, L is length, T is time, and I is electric current. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
FaradPerMetre
Farad per Metre
A FemtoCoulomb is 10⁻¹⁵ C. -- QUDT
FemtoCoulomb
FemtoGram
One part per 10**18 by mass of the measurand in the matrix. -- QUDT
Femtograms per kilogram
0,000 000 000 000 001-fold of the derived SI unit joule -- QUDT
The `femtometre` is an SI unit of length equal to 10⁻¹⁵ meter. This distance can also be called `fermi` and was so named in honour of Enrico Fermi. It is often encountered in nuclear physics as a characteristic of this scale. The symbol for the fermi is also fm. -- QUDT
FemtoMole
A 10**15 part quantity of substance of the measurand per kilogram mass of matrix. -- QUDT
Femtomoles per kilogram
Fraction is a unit for 'Dimensionless Ratio' expressed as the value of the ratio itself. -- QUDT
Fraction
1 000 000 000-fold of the derived SI unit becquerel -- QUDT
GigaCoulomb
1 000 000 000-fold of the SI derived unit coulomb divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Gigacoulomb Per Cubic Metre
The hertz (symbol Hz) is the SI unit of frequency defined as the number of cycles per second of a periodic phenomenon. A GigaHertz is 10⁹ hz. -- QUDT
product of the 1 000 000 000-fold of the SI derived unit hertz and the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Gigahertz Metre
1 000 000 000-fold of the SI derived unit joule -- QUDT
1 000 000 000-fold of the SI derived unit ohm -- QUDT
1 000 000 000-fold of the SI derived unit pascal -- QUDT
1 000 000 000-fold of the SI derived unit watt -- QUDT
A unit of mass in the metric system. The name comes from the Greek gramma, a small weight identified in later Roman and Byzantine times with the Latin scripulum or scruple (the English scruple is equal to about 1.3 grams). The gram was originally defined to be the mass of one cubic centimeter of pure water, but to provide precise standards it was necessary to construct physical objects of specified mass. One gram is now defined to be 1/1000 of the mass of the standard kilogram, a platinum-iridium bar carefully guarded by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Paris for more than a century. (The kilogram, rather than the gram, is considered the base unit of mass in the SI.) The gram is a small mass, equal to about 15.432 grains or 0.035 273 966 ounce. -- QUDT
Gram is defined as one thousandth of the SI unit kilogram.
Gram
`Gram Degree Celsius` is a C.G.S System unit for 'Mass Temperature' expressed as g · degC. -- QUDT
GramDegreeCelsius
Gram Degree Celsius
unit of the imbalance as product of the 0.001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram and the 0.001-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Gram Millimetre
0,001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the 0.000 001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Gram Per Cubic Centimetre
0,001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the 0.001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Gram Per Cubic Decimetre
0,001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
GramPerCubicMetre
Gram Per Cubic Metre
mass ratio consisting of the 0.001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the 0.001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram. -- QUDT
GramPerGram
Gram Per Gram
0,001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the 1000-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Gram Per Kilometre
0,001 fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
Gram Per Kilogram
0,001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
GramPerMetre
Gram Per Metre
0,001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the 0.001-fold the SI base unit meter -- QUDT
Gram Per Millimetre
0,01-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the SI base unit mol -- QUDT
GramPerMole
Gram Per Mole
0,001fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the SI base unit second -- QUDT
GramPerSecond
Gram Per Second
0,001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the 0.0001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre and exponent 2 -- QUDT
Gram Per Square Centimetre
0,001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
GramPerSquareMetre
Gram Per Square Metre
SI unit for absorbed dose.
Gray
The SI unit of radiation dose. Radiation carries energy, and when it is absorbed by matter the matter receives this energy. The dose is the amount of energy deposited per unit of mass. One gray is defined to be the dose of one joule of energy absorbed per kilogram of matter, or 100 rad. The unit is named for the British physician L. Harold Gray (1905-1965), an authority on the use of radiation in the treatment of cancer. -- QUDT
"Gray per Second" is a unit for 'Absorbed Dose Rate' expressed as Gy/s. -- QUDT
GrayPerSecond
Gray per Second
A non-SI metric unit of area defined as the square with 100-metre sides.
The customary metric unit of land area, equal to 100 ares. One hectare is a square hectometer, that is, the area of a square 100 meters on each side: exactly 10 000 square meters or approximately 107 639.1 square feet, 11 959.9 square yards, or 2.471 054 acres. -- QUDT
Hectare
"HectoCoulomb" is a unit for 'Electric Charge' expressed as hC. -- QUDT
HectoCoulomb
0.1-fold of the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
100-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Hectopascal is a unit of pressure. 1 Pa is approximately the pressure exerted by a 10-g mass resting on a 1-cm2 area. 1013 hPa = 1 atm. There are 100 pascals in 1 hectopascal. -- QUDT
product out of the 100-fold of the SI unit pascal and the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the SI base unit second -- QUDT
Hectopascal Cubic Metre Per Second
100-fold of the SI derived unit pascal divided by the SI base unit kelvin -- QUDT
Hectopascal Per Kelvin
SI unit for electrical inductance.
Henry
H = Wb/A = V·s/A = Ω·s
The SI unit of electric inductance. A changing magnetic field induces an electric current in a loop of wire (or in a coil of many loops) located in the field. Although the induced voltage depends only on the rate at which the magnetic flux changes, measured in webers per second, the amount of the current depends also on the physical properties of the coil. A coil with an inductance of one henry requires a flux of one weber for each ampere of induced current. If, on the other hand, it is the current which changes, then the induced field will generate a potential difference within the coil: if the inductance is one henry a current change of one ampere per second generates a potential difference of one volt. The henry is a large unit; inductances in practical circuits are measured in millihenrys (mH) or microhenrys (μH). The unit is named for the American physicist Joseph Henry (1797-1878), one of several scientists who discovered independently how magnetic fields can be used to generate alternating currents. -- QUDT
SI derived unit henry divided by the 1 000-fold of the SI derived unit ohm -- QUDT
HenryPerKiloOhm
Henry Per Kiloohm
The henry per meter (symbolized H/m) is the unit of magnetic permeability in the International System of Units ( SI ). Reduced to base units in SI, 1 H/m is the equivalent of one kilogram meter per square second per square ampere. -- QUDT
HenryPerMetre
Henry per Metre
SI derived unit henry divided by the SI derived unit ohm -- QUDT
HenryPerOhm
Henry Per Ohm
SI unit for frequence.
Hertz
The hertz (symbol Hz) is the SI unit of frequency defined as the number of cycles per second of a periodic phenomenon. One of its most common uses is the description of the sine wave, particularly those used in radio and audio applications, such as the frequency of musical tones. The word "hertz" is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, who was the first to conclusively prove the existence of electromagnetic waves. -- QUDT
product of the SI derived unit hertz and the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
HertzMetre
Hertz Metre
`Hertz per Kelvin` is a unit for 'Inverse Time Temperature' expressed as Hz K⁻¹. -- QUDT
HertzPerKelvin
Hertz per Kelvin
"Hertz per Tesla" is a unit for 'Electric Charge Per Mass' expressed as Hz T⁻¹. -- QUDT
HertzPerTesla
Hertz per Tesla
In the Hertz per Volt standard the frequency of the note is directly related to the voltage. A pitch of a note goes up one octave when its frequency doubles, meaning that the voltage will have to double for every octave rise. Depending on the footage (octave) selected, nominally one volt gives 1000Hz, two volts 2000Hz and so on. In terms of notes, bottom C would be 0.25 volts, the next C up would be 0.5 volts, then 1V, 2V, 4V, 8V for the following octaves. This system was used mainly by Yamaha and Korg. -- QUDT
HertzPerVolt
Hertz per Volt
Measure of time defined as 3600 seconds.
The hour (common symbol: h or hr) is a unit of measurement of time. In modern usage, an hour comprises 60 minutes, or 3,600 seconds. It is approximately 1/24 of a mean solar day. An hour in the Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) time standard can include a negative or positive leap second, and may therefore have a duration of 3,599 or 3,601 seconds for adjustment purposes. Although it is not a standard defined by the International System of Units, the hour is a unit accepted for use with SI, represented by the symbol h. -- QUDT
Hour
SI unit for energy.
Joule
The SI unit of work or energy, defined to be the work done by a force of one newton acting to move an object through a distance of one meter in the direction in which the force is applied. Equivalently, since kinetic energy is one half the mass times the square of the velocity, one joule is the kinetic energy of a mass of two kilograms moving at a velocity of 1 m/s. -- QUDT
`Joule Meter per Mole` is a unit for 'Length Molar Energy' expressed as J · m · mol⁻¹. -- QUDT
JouleMetrePerMole
Joule Metre per Mole
`Joule Per Cubic Meter` (J/m³) is a unit in the category of Energy density. It is also known as joules per cubic meter, joule per cubic metre, joules per cubic metre, joule/cubic meter, joule/cubic metre. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. It has a dimension of ML⁻¹T⁻² where M is mass, L is length, and T is time. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
JoulePerCubicMetre
Joule per Cubic Metre
`Joule per Cubic Meter Kelvin` is a unit for 'Volumetric Heat Capacity' expressed as J/(m³ K). -- QUDT
JoulePerCubicMetreKelvin
Joule per Cubic Metre Kelvin
SI derived unit joule divided by the 0.001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
JoulePerGram
Joule Per Gram
Joule Per Kelvin (J/K) is a unit in the category of Entropy. It is also known as joules per kelvin, joule/kelvin. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Joule Per Kelvin (J/K) has a dimension of ML²T⁻²Q⁻¹ where M is mass, L is length, T is time, and Q is temperature. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
JoulePerKelvin
Joule per Kelvin
Joule Per Kilogram} (J/kg) is a unit in the category of Thermal heat capacity. It is also known as `joule/kilogram`, `joules per kilogram`. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. The unit has a dimension of L2T⁻² where L is length, and T is time. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Joule per Kilogram
Specific heat capacity - The heat required to raise unit mass of a substance by unit temperature interval under specified conditions, such as constant pressure: usually measured in joules per kelvin per kilogram. Symbol c_p (for constant pressure) Also called specific heat. -- QUDT
Joule per Kilogram Kelvin
Joule per kilogram and Kelvin and cubic metre.
Joule per kilogram and Kelvin and Pascal.
Joule per metre.
JoulePerMetre
The joule per mole (symbol: J· mol⁻¹) is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material. Energy is measured in joules, and the amount of material is measured in moles. Physical quantities measured in J· mol⁻¹) usually describe quantities of energy transferred during phase transformations or chemical reactions. Division by the number of moles facilitates comparison between processes involving different quantities of material and between similar processes involving different types of materials. The meaning of such a quantity is always context-dependent and, particularly for chemical reactions, is dependent on the (possibly arbitrary) definition of a 'mole' for a particular process. -- QUDT
JoulePerMole
Joule per Mole
Energy needed to heat one mole of substance by 1 Kelvin, under standard conditions (not standard temperature and pressure STP). The standard molar entropy is usually given the symbol S, and has units of joules per mole kelvin ( J· mol⁻¹ K⁻¹). Unlike standard enthalpies of formation, the value of S is an absolute. That is, an element in its standard state has a nonzero value of S at room temperature. -- QUDT
JoulePerMoleKelvin
Joule per Mole Kelvin
`Joule Per Quartic Meter` (J/m⁴) is a unit for the spectral concentration of radiant energy density (in terms of wavelength), or the spectral radiant energy density (in terms of wave length). This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. -- QUDT
JoulePerQuarticMetre
Joule per Quartic Metre
SI derived unit joule divided by the SI base unit second -- QUDT
JoulePerSecond
Joule Per Second
derived SI unit joule divided by the 0.0001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre by exponent 2 -- QUDT
JoulePerSquareCentiMetre
Joule Per Square Centimetre
Joule Per Square Meter (J/m²) is a unit in the category of Energy density. It is also known as joules per square meter, joule per square metre, joule/square meter, joule/square metre. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. -- QUDT
JoulePerSquareMetre
Joule per Square Metre
A measure of the diamagnetic energy, for a Bohr-radius spread around a magnetic axis, per square Tesla. -- QUDT
JoulePerSquareTesla
Joule per Square Tesla
The magnetic moment of a magnet is a quantity that determines the force that the magnet can exert on electric currents and the torque that a magnetic field will exert on it. A loop of electric current, a bar magnet, an electron, a molecule, and a planet all have magnetic moments. The unit for magnetic moment is not a base unit in the International System of Units (SI) and it can be represented in more than one way. For example, in the current loop definition, the area is measured in square meters and I is measured in amperes, so the magnetic moment is measured in ampere-square meters (A m2). In the equation for torque on a moment, the torque is measured in joules and the magnetic field in tesla, so the moment is measured in Joules per Tesla (J u00b7T-1). These two representations are equivalent: 1 A u00b7m2 = 1 J u00b7T-1. -- QUDT
JoulePerTesla
Joule per Tesla
The joule-second is a unit equal to a joule multiplied by a second, used to measure action or angular momentum. The joule-second is the unit used for Planck's constant. -- QUDT
JouleSecond
Joule Second
`Joule Second per Mole` is a unit for 'Molar Angular Momentum' expressed as J s mol⁻¹. -- QUDT
JouleSecondPerMole
Joule Second per Mole
Joule square metre.
JouleSquareMetre
Joule square metre per kilogram.
SI unit for catalytic activity.
Katal
A unit of catalytic activity used especially in the chemistry of enzymes. A catalyst is a substance that starts or speeds a chemical reaction. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts within the bodies of living plants and animals. A catalyst has an activity of one katal if it enables a reaction to proceed at the rate of one mole per second. -- QUDT
The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k to be 1.380649×10−23 when expressed in the unit J K−1, which is equal to kg m2 s−2 K−1, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆νCs.
Kelvin
Kelvin metre.
Kelvin metre per second.
product of the SI base unit kelvin and the SI base unit metre divided by the derived SI unit watt -- QUDT
KelvinMetrePerWatt
Kelvin Metre Per Watt
Kelvin Pascal per second.
SI base unit kelvin divided by the SI base unit kelvin -- QUDT
KelvinPerKelvin
Kelvin Per Kelvin
A change of temperature on the Kelvin temperature scale in one SI unit of length. -- QUDT
KelvinPerMetre
KelvinPerMeter
`Kelvin per Second` is a unit for 'Temperature Per Time' expressed as K / s. -- QUDT
KelvinPerSecond
Kelvin per Second
`Kelvin per Square Second` is a unit for 'Temperature Per Time Squared' expressed as K / s². -- QUDT
KelvinPerSquareSecond
Kelvin per Square Second
`Kelvin per Tesla` is a unit for 'Temperature Per Magnetic Flux Density' expressed as K T⁻¹. -- QUDT
KelvinPerTesla
Kelvin per Tesla
Thermal resistance is a heat property and a measure of a temperature difference by which an object or material resists a heat flow (heat per time unit or thermal resistance). Thermal resistance is the reciprocal thermal conductance. Absolute thermal resistance is the temperature difference across a structure when a unit of heat energy flows through it in unit time. It is the reciprocal of thermal conductance. The SI units of thermal resistance are kelvins per watt or the equivalent degrees Celsius per watt (the two are the same since as intervals). -- QUDT
KelvinPerWatt
Kelvin per Watt
Kelvin second.
KelvinSecond
Kelvin square metres per kilogram and second.
A kiloampere is 1000 A
KiloAmpere
kiloampere
1 000-fold of the SI base unit ampere divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Kiloampere Per Metre
1 000-fold of the SI base unit ampere divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Kiloampere Per Square Metre
1 000-fold of the SI derived unit becquerel -- QUDT
KiloCoulomb
1 000-fold of the SI derived unit coulomb divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Kilocoulomb Per Cubic Metre
1 000-fold of the SI derived unit coulomb divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Kilocoulomb Per Square Metre
"Kilohertz" is a C.G.S System unit for 'Frequency' expressed as KHz. -- QUDT
product of the 1 000-fold of the SI derived unit hertz and the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Kilohertz Metre
1 000-fold of the SI derived unit joule -- QUDT
1 000-fold of the SI derived unit joule divided by the SI base unit kelvin -- QUDT
Kilojoule Per Kelvin
1 000-fold of the SI derived unit joule divided by the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
Kilojoule Per Kilogram
1 000-fold of the SI derived unit joule divided by the product of the SI base unit kilogram and the SI base unit kelvin -- QUDT
Kilojoule Per Kilogram Kelvin
1 000-fold of the SI derived unit joule divided by the SI base unit mol -- QUDT
Kilojoule Per Mole
A common metric unit of length or distance. One kilometer equals exactly 1000 meters, about 0.621 371 19 mile, 1093.6133 yards, or 3280.8399 feet. Oddly, higher multiples of the meter are rarely used; even the distances to the farthest galaxies are usually measured in kilometers. -- QUDT
"Kilometer per Second" is a C.G.S System unit for 'Linear Velocity' expressed as km/s. -- QUDT
Kilometre per Second
Kilomole Per Kilogram (kmol/kg) is a unit of Molality -- QUDT
KiloMolePerKilogram
Kilomole per Kilogram
1 000-fold of the SI base unit mol -- QUDT
1 000-fold of the SI base unit mol divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Kilomole Per Cubic Metre
1 000-fold of the SI base unit mol divided by the SI base unit second -- QUDT
Kilomole Per Second
1 000-fold of the SI derived unit newton -- QUDT
1 000-fold of the product of the SI derived unit newton and the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Kilonewton Metre
KiloNewtonSquareMetre
Kilo Newton Square Metre
1 000-fold of the SI derived unit ohm -- QUDT
Kilopascal is a unit of pressure. 1 kPa is approximately the pressure exerted by a 10-g mass resting on a 1-cm2 area. 101.3 kPa = 1 atm. There are 1,000 pascals in 1 kilopascal. -- QUDT
1 000-fold of the SI derived unit pascal divided by the SI base unit kelvin -- QUDT
Kilopascal Per Kelvin
1 000-fold of the derived SI unit pascal divided by the 0.001-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Kilopascal Per Millimetre
sector-specific unit of the burst index as 1 000-fold of the derived unit for pressure pascal related to the substance, represented as a quotient from the 0.001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the power of the SI base unit metre by exponent 2 -- QUDT
Kilopascal Square Metre per Gram
1 000-fold of the SI derived unit siemens divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Kilosiemens Per Metre
1 000-fold of the SI derived unit volt -- QUDT
1 000-fold of the product of the SI derived unit volt and the SI base unit ampere -- QUDT
Kilovolt Ampere
1 000-fold of the SI derived unit volt divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Kilovolt Per Metre
The kilowatt is a derived unit of power in the International System of Units (SI), The unit, defined as 1,000 joule per second, measures the rate of energy conversion or transfer. -- QUDT
KiloWeber
1 000-fold of the SI derived unit weber divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Kiloweber Per Metre
The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.62607015×10−34 when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m2 s−1, where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and ∆νCs.
Kilogram
`Kilogram Kelvin` is a unit for 'Mass Temperature' expressed as kg-K. -- QUDT
Kilogram Kelvin
"Kilogram Meter Per Second" is a unit for 'Linear Momentum' expressed as kg-m/s. -- QUDT
Kilogram Metre Per Second
SI base unit kilogram divided by the 0.000 001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Kilogram Per Cubic Centimetre
SI base unit kilogram divided by the 0.001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Kilogram Per Cubic Decimetre
Kilogram per cubic metre is an SI derived unit of density, defined by mass in kilograms divided by volume in cubic metres. The official SI symbolic abbreviation is kg . m⁻³, or equivalently either kg/m³. -- QUDT
Kilogram per Cubic Metre
Kilograms per cubic metre per second
SI base unit kilogram divided by the 1 000-fold of the SI base unit mol -- QUDT
KilogramPerKiloMole
Kilogram Per Kilomole
SI base unit kilogram divided by the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
Kilogram Per Kilogram
Kilogram Per Meter (kg/m) is a unit in the category of Linear mass density. It is also known as kilogram/meter, kilogram/metre, kilograms per meter, kilogram per metre, kilograms per metre. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Kilogram Per Meter (kg/m) has a dimension of ML-1 where M is mass, and L is length. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Kilogram per Metre
Kilograms per metre per second
The SI unit of pressure. The pascal is the standard pressure unit in the MKS metric system, equal to one newton per square meter or one "kilogram per meter per second per second." The unit is named for Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), French philosopher and mathematician, who was the first person to use a barometer to measure differences in altitude. -- QUDT
Kilograms per metre per square second
SI base unit kilogram divided by the 0.001-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Kilogram Per Millimetre
In chemistry, the molar mass M is defined as the mass of a given substance (chemical element or chemical compound) divided by its amount of substance. It is a physical property of a given substance. The base SI unit for molar mass is kg/mol. However, for historical reasons, molar masses are almost always expressed in g/mol. As an example, the molar mass of water is approximately: 18.01528(33) g/mol. -- QUDT
KilogramPerMole
Kilogram per Mole
Kilogram Per Second (kg/s) is a unit in the category of Mass flow rate. It is also known as kilogram/second, kilograms per second. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Kilogram Per Second (kg/s) has a dimension of MT⁻¹ where M is mass, and T is time. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Kilogram per Second
SI base unit kilogram divided by the product of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 and the SI base unit second -- QUDT
Kilogram Per Second Per Square Metre
SI base unit kilogram divided by the 0.0001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre by exponent 2 -- QUDT
Kilogram Per Square Centimetre
One SI standard unit of mass over the square of one thousand standard unit of length. -- QUDT
Kilograms per square kilometre
Kilogram Per Square Meter (kg/m2) is a unit in the category of Surface density. It is also known as kilograms per square meter, kilogram per square metre, kilograms per square metre, kilogram/square meter, kilogram/square metre. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Kilogram Per Square Meter (kg/m2) has a dimension of ML-2 where M is mass, and L is length. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Kilogram per Square Metre
Kilograms per square metre per Pascal per second
Kilograms per square metre per second
Kilogram per Square Metre Square Second
Kilogram per Square Second
product of the SI base unit kilogram and the 0 0001fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Kilogram Square Centimetre
"Kilogram Square Meter" is a unit for 'Moment Of Inertia' expressed as kg-m². -- QUDT
Kilogram Square Metre
"Kilogram Square Meter Per Second" is a unit for 'Angular Momentum' expressed as kg-m²-s⁻¹. -- QUDT
Kilogram Square Metre Per Second
product of the SI base kilogram and the 0.001-fold of the power of the SI base metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Kilogram Square Millimetre
Kilogram Square Second
A non-SI unit of volume defined as 1 cubic decimetre (dm3),
Other used symbols for litre are "l" and "ℓ".
The litre (American spelling: `liter`; SI symbol l or L) is a non-SI metric system unit of volume equal to 1 `cubic decimetre` (dm³), 1,000 cubic centimetres (cm³) or 1/1000 `cubic metre`. If the lower case "L" is used as the symbol, it is sometimes rendered as a italic "l" to help distinguish it from the capital "I", although this usage has no official approval by any international bureau. -- QUDT
Litre
liter
SI unit for luminous flux.
Lumen
The SI unit for measuring the flux of light being produced by a light source or received by a surface. The intensity of a light source is measured in candelas. One lumen represents the total flux of light emitted, equal to the intensity in candelas multiplied by the solid angle in steradians into which the light is emitted. A full sphere has a solid angle of 4·π steradians. A light source that uniformly radiates one candela in all directions has a total luminous flux of 1 cd·4π sr = 4π cd·sr ≈ 12.57 lumens. "Lumen" is a Latin word for light. -- QUDT
A measurement of luminous efficacy, which is the light output in lumens using one watt of electricity. -- QUDT
LumenPerWatt
Lumen per Watt
In photometry, the lumen second is the SI derived unit of luminous energy. It is based on the lumen, the SI unit of luminous flux, and the second, the SI base unit of time. The lumen second is sometimes called the talbot (symbol T). An older name for the lumen second was the lumberg. -- QUDT
LumenSecond
lumen second
SI unit for illuminance.
Lux
The SI unit for measuring the illumination (illuminance) of a surface. One lux is defined as an illumination of one lumen per square meter or 0.0001 phot. In considering the various light units, it's useful to think about light originating at a point and shining upon a surface. The intensity of the light source is measured in candelas; the total light flux in transit is measured in lumens (1 lumen = 1 candelau·steradian); and the amount of light received per unit of surface area is measured in lux (1 lux = 1 lumen/square meter). One lux is equal to approximately 0.09290 foot candle. -- QUDT
1 000 000-fold of the SI base unit ampere -- QUDT
1 000 000-fold of the SI base unit ampere divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
MegaAmperePerSquareMetre
Megaampere Per Square Metre
1 000 000-fold of the derived unit becquerel -- QUDT
A MegaCoulomb is 10⁶ C. -- QUDT
MegaCoulomb
1 000 000-fold of the SI derived unit coulomb divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Megacoulomb Per Cubic Metre
1 000 000-fold of the SI derived unit coulomb divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Megacoulomb Per Square Metre
1 000-fold of the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
1 000-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Megagram Per Cubic Metre
"Megahertz" is a C.G.S System unit for 'Frequency' expressed as MHz. -- QUDT
product of the 1 000 000-fold of the SI derived unit hertz and the 1 000-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Megahertz Metre
`Mega Hertz per Kelvin` is a unit for 'Inverse Time Temperature' expressed as MHz K⁻¹. -- QUDT
MegaHertzPerKelvin
Mega Hertz per Kelvin
"Mega Hertz per Tesla" is a unit for 'Electric Charge Per Mass' expressed as MHz T⁻¹. -- QUDT
MegaHertzPerTesla
Mega Hertz per Tesla
1,000,000-fold of the derived unit joule -- QUDT
1,000,000-fold of the SI derived unit joule divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Megajoule Per Cubic Metre
MegaJoule Per Kelvin (MegaJ/K) is a unit in the category of Entropy. -- QUDT
MegaJoule per Kelvin
1,000,000-fold of the derived SI unit joule divided by the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
Megajoule Per Kilogram
quotient of the 1,000,000-fold of the derived SI unit joule divided by the SI base unit second -- QUDT
Megajoule Per Second
1,000,000-fold of the SI derived unit joule divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Megajoule Per Square Metre
1,000,000-fold of the SI derived unit newton -- QUDT
1,000,000-fold of the product of the SI derived unit newton and the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Meganewton Metre
1,000,000-fold of the derived unit ohm -- QUDT
1,000,000-fold of the derived unit pascal -- QUDT
product out of the 1,000,000-fold of the SI derived unit pascal and the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the SI base unit second -- QUDT
Megapascal Cubic Metre Per Second
1,000,000-fold of the SI derived unit pascal divided by the SI base unit kelvin -- QUDT
Megapascal Per Kelvin
MegaSiemens
1,000,000-fold of the SI derived unit siemens divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Megasiemens Per Metre
1,000,000-fold of the derived unit volt -- QUDT
1,000,000-fold of the product of the SI derived unit volt and the SI base unit ampere -- QUDT
Megavolt Ampere
1,000,000-fold of the SI derived unit volt divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Megavolt Per Metre
Unit for power; 1 000 000 watt.
MegaWatt
The metre, symbol m, is the SI unit of length. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the speed of light in vacuum c to be 299792458 when expressed in the unit m s−1, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs.
Metre
Meter
`Meter Kelvin` is a unit for 'Length Temperature' expressed as m K. -- QUDT
MetreKelvin
Metre Kelvin
Kilogram metre.
MetreKilogram
Metre per Farad.
MetrePerFarad
Metre per Kelvin.
MetrePerKelvin
Metre per second is an SI derived unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector quantity which specifies both magnitude and a specific direction), defined by distance in metres divided by time in seconds. The official SI symbolic abbreviation is mu00b7s-1, or equivalently either m/s. -- QUDT
MetrePerSecond
The `meter per Square second` is the unit of acceleration in the International System of Units (SI). As a derived unit it is composed from the SI base units of length, the metre, and the standard unit of time, the second. Its symbol is written in several forms as m/s², or m s⁻². As acceleration, the unit is interpreted physically as change in velocity or speed per time interval, that is, `metre per second per second`. -- QUDT
MetrePerSquareSecond
Metre per Square Second
microampere
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit becquerel -- QUDT
One radioactive disintegration per hundred thousand seconds from an SI standard unit of mass of sample. -- QUDT
Microbecquerels per kilogram
A MicroCoulomb is 10⁻⁶ C. -- QUDT
MicroCoulomb
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit coulomb divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
MicroCoulombPerCubicMetre
Microcoulomb Per Cubic Metre
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit coulomb divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
MicroCoulombPerSquareMetre
Microcoulomb Per Square Metre
The "microfarad" (symbolized μ F) is a unit of capacitance, equivalent to 0.000001 (10 to the -6th power) farad. The microfarad is a moderate unit of capacitance. In utility alternating-current (AC) and audio-frequency (AF) circuits, capacitors with values on the order of 1 μ F or more are common. At radio frequencies (RF), a smaller unit, the picofarad (pF), is often used. -- QUDT
microfarad
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit farad divided by the 1,000-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
MicroFaradPerKiloMetre
Microfarad Per Kilometre
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit farad divided by the SI base unit metre. -- QUDT
MicroFaradPerMetre
Microfarad Per Metre
0.000000001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
0.000000001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Microgram Per Cubic Metre
One part per 10**6 (million) by mass of the measurand in the matrix. -- QUDT
Micrograms per gram
mass ratio as 0.000000001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
Microgram Per Kilogram
A unit of mass per area, equivalent to 0.01 grammes per square metre -- QUDT
Microgram per square centimetre
0.000001 fold of the SI unit of radiation dose. Radiation carries energy, and when it is absorbed by matter the matter receives this energy. The dose is the amount of energy deposited per unit of mass. One gray is defined to be the dose of one joule of energy absorbed per kilogram of matter, or 100 rad. The unit is named for the British physician L. Harold Gray (1905-1965), an authority on the use of radiation in the treatment of cancer. -- QUDT
MicroGray
The SI derived unit for inductance is the henry. 1 henry is equal to 1000000 microhenry. -- QUDT
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit henry divided by the 1,000-fold of the SI derived unit ohm -- QUDT
Microhenry Per Kiloohm
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit henry divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Microhenry Per Metre
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit henry divided by the SI derived unit ohm -- QUDT
Microhenry Per Ohm
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit joule -- QUDT
MicroJoule
Micro Joule
"Micrometer" is a unit for 'Length' expressed as microm. -- QUDT
MicroMetre
MicroMeter
Microm
0.000001-fold of the SI base unit metre divided by the SI base unit kelvin -- QUDT
MicroMetrePerKelvin
Micrometre Per Kelvin
Micro metres measured per Newton -- QUDT
MicroMetrePerNewton
Micro metre per Newton
0.000001-fold of the SI base unit mol -- QUDT
0.000001-fold of the SI base unit mol divided by the 0.001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
Micromoles per gram
Micromoles per gram per second
Micromoles per kilogram
MicroMolePerMole
Micromoles per mole
This unit is used commonly to describe Photosynthetic Photon Flux (PPF) - the total number of photons emitted by a light source each second within the PAR wavelength range. -- QUDT
Micromoles per second
One part per 10**6 (million) of the SI unit of quantity of matter (the mole) per SI unit area. -- QUDT
Micromoles per square metre
One part per 10**6 (million) of the SI unit of quantity of matter (the mole) per SI unit area per SI unit of time. This term is based on the number of photons in a certain waveband incident per unit time (s) on a unit area (m2) divided by the Avogadro constant (6.022 x 1023 mol-1). It is used commonly to describe PAR in the 400-700 nm waveband. Definition Source: Thimijan, Richard W., and Royal D. Heins. 1982. Photometric, Radiometric, and Quantum Light Units of Measure: A Review of Procedures for Interconversion. HortScience 18:818-822. -- QUDT
Micromoles per square metre per second
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit newton -- QUDT
0.000001-fold of the product out of the derived SI newton and the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
MicroNewtonMetre
Micronewton Metre
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit ohm -- QUDT
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit pascal -- QUDT
microradian
"Microsecond" is a unit for 'Time' expressed as microsec. -- QUDT
microsecond
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit siemens -- QUDT
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit Siemens divided by the 0.01-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
MicroSiemensPerCentiMetre
Microsiemens Per Centimetre
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit Siemens divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
MicroSiemensPerMetre
Microsiemens Per Metre
Although the sievert has the same dimensions as the gray (i.e. joules per kilogram), it measures a different quantity. To avoid any risk of confusion between the absorbed dose and the equivalent dose, the corresponding special units, namely the gray instead of the joule per kilogram for absorbed dose and the sievert instead of the joule per kilogram for the dose equivalent, should be used. 0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit sievert. -- QUDT
MicroSievert
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit tesla -- QUDT
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit volt -- QUDT
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit volt divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Microvolt Per Metre
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit watt -- QUDT
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit watt divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Microwatt Per Square Metre
A milliampere is 0.001 A
MilliAmpere
milliampere
a unit of electric current per mass
MilliAmperePerGram
0.001-fold of the SI base unit ampere divided by the 0.001-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Milliampere Per Millimetre
0.001-fold of the SI base unit ampere divided by the 0.0001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre by exponent 2
MilliAmperePerSquareCentiMetre
MilliBecquerel
One radioactive disintegration per thousand seconds per 1000th SI unit of sample mass. -- QUDT
Millibecquerels per gram
One radioactive disintegration per thousand seconds from an SI standard unit of mass of sample. -- QUDT
Millibecquerels per kilogram
A MilliCoulomb is 10⁻³ C. -- QUDT
MilliCoulomb
0.001-fold of the SI derived unit coulomb divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Millicoulomb Per Cubic Metre
0.001-fold of the SI derived unit coulomb divided by the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
Millicoulomb Per Kilogram
0.001-fold of the SI derived unit coulomb divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Millicoulomb Per Square Metre
Millidegree Celsius is a scaled unit of measurement for temperature. -- QUDT
Millidegree Celsius
0.001-fold of the SI derived unit farad -- QUDT
0.000001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
0.000001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Milligram Per Cubic Metre
Milligrams per cubic metre per second
0.000001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the 0.001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
Milligram Per Gram
0.000001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
Milligram Per Kilogram
0.000001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Milligram Per Metre
0.000001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the SI base unit second -- QUDT
Milligram Per Second
0.000001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the 0.0001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Milligram Per Square Centimetre
0.000001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Milligram Per Square Metre
Milligrams per square metre per second
0.001-fold of the SI derived unit gray -- QUDT
A unit of inductance equal to one thousandth of a henry. -- QUDT
0.001-fold of the SI derived unit henry divided by the 1 000-fold of the SI derived unit ohm -- QUDT
Millihenry Per Kiloohm
0.001-fold of the SI derived unit henry divided by the SI derived unit ohm -- QUDT
Millihenry Per Ohm
0.001-fold of the SI derived unit joule -- QUDT
The millimetre (International spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures) or millimeter (American spelling) (SI unit symbol mm) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one thousandth of a metre, which is the SI base unit of length. It is equal to 1000 micrometres or 1000000 nanometres. A millimetre is equal to exactly 5/127 (approximately 0.039370) of an inch. -- QUDT
0.001-fold of the SI base unit metre divided by the SI base unit kelvin -- QUDT
Millimetre Per Kelvin
0.001-fold of the SI base unit metre divided by the SI base unit second -- QUDT
Millimetre Per Second
0.001-fold of the SI base unit mol -- QUDT
Unavailable. -- QUDT
Millimoles per cubic metre
0.001-fold of the SI base unit mol divided by the 0.001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
Millimole Per Gram
0.001-fold of the SI base unit mol divided by the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
Millimole Per Kilogram
Millimoles per mole
Millimoles per square metre
Millimoles per square metre per second
0.001-fold of the SI derived unit newton -- QUDT
0.001-fold of the product of the SI derived unit newton and the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Millinewton Metre
0.001-fold of the SI derived unit newton divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Millinewton Per Metre
0.001-fold of the SI derived unit ohm -- QUDT
0.001-fold of the SI derived unit pascal -- QUDT
0.001-fold of the product of the SI derived unit pascal and the SI base unit second -- QUDT
Millipascal Second
milliradian
"Millisecond" is an Imperial unit for 'Time' expressed as ms. -- QUDT
millisecond
0.001-fold of the SI derived unit siemens -- QUDT
0.001-fold of the SI derived unit Siemens divided by the 0.01-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Millisiemens Per Centimetre
MilliSiemens per metre
0.001-fold of the SI derived unit sievert -- QUDT
0.001-fold of the SI derived unit tesla -- QUDT
0,001-fold of the SI derived unit volt -- QUDT
Millivolt Per Metre
A milliwatt 0.01 N.
MilliWatt
milliwatt
Milliwatts per square centimetre per micrometre per steradian
0.001-fold of the SI derived unit weber divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Milliwatt Per Square Metre
Milliwatts per square metre per nanometre
Milliwatts per square metre per nanometre per steradian
0.001-fold of the SI derived unit weber -- QUDT
A minute is a unit of measurement of time. The minute is a unit of time equal to 1/60 (the first sexagesimal fraction of an hour or 60 seconds. In the UTC time scale, a minute on rare occasions has 59 or 61 seconds; see leap second. The minute is not an SI unit; however, it is accepted for use with SI units. The SI symbol for minute or minutes is min (for time measurement) or the prime symbol after a number, e.g. 5' (for angle measurement, even if it is informally used for time). -- QUDT
Non-SI time unit defined as 60 seconds.
Minute
Mole Per Kilogram (mol/kg) is a unit of Molality -- QUDT
MolePerKilogram
Mole per Kilogram
The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.022 140 76 × 1023 elementary entities. This number is the fixed numerical value of the Avogadro constant, NA, when expressed in the unit mol−1 and is called the Avogadro number. The amount of substance, symbol n, of a system is a measure of the number of specified elementary entities. An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group of particles.
Mole
`Mole Degree Celsius` is a C.G.S System unit for 'Temperature Amount Of Substance' expressed as mol-degC. -- QUDT
MoleDegreeCelsius
Mole Degree Celsius
Mole Kelvin is a unit for `Temperature Amount Of Substance` expressed as mol-K. -- QUDT
MoleKelvin
Mole Kelvin
SI base unit mol divided by the 0.001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
MolePerCubicDeciMetre
Mole Per Cubic Decimetre
The SI derived unit for amount-of-substance concentration is the mole/cubic meter. -- QUDT
MolePerCubicMetre
Mole per Cubic Metre
SI unit of quantity of matter per SI unit volume per SI unit of time. -- QUDT
Moles per cubic metre per second
Mole Per Kilogram Pascal (mol/kg-pa) is a unit of Molar Mass variation due to Pressure. -- QUDT
Mole per Kilogram Pascal
SI base unit mol divided by the SI base unit second -- QUDT
MolePerSecond
Mole Per Second
SI unit of quantity of matter per SI unit area. -- QUDT
Moles per square metre
SI unit of quantity of matter per SI unit area per SI unit of time. -- QUDT
Moles per square metre per second
Moles per square metre and second and metre.
Moles per square metre per second per metre per steradian.
Moles per square metre per second per steradian.
nanoampere
NanoBecquerel
A NanoCoulomb is 10⁻⁹ C. -- QUDT
NanoCoulomb
A common metric unit of electric capacitance equal to 10⁻⁹ farad. This unit was previously called the millimicrofarad. -- QUDT
0.000000001-fold of the SI derived unit farad divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Nanofarad Per Metre
10**-9 grams or one 10**-12 of the SI standard unit of mass (kilogram). -- QUDT
0.000000000001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Nanogram Per Cubic Metre
mass ratio consisting of the 0.000000000001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
Nanogram Per Kilogram
Nanograms per square metre per Pascal per second
0.000000001-fold of the SI derived unit henry -- QUDT
0.000000001-fold of the SI derived unit henry divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Nanohenry Per Metre
Nanometer Per Millimeter Megapascal
0.000000001-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
NanoMole
Nanomoles per cubic centimetre per hour
Nanomoles per gram per second
Nanomoles per kilogram
Nanomoles per micromole
A nanosecond is a SI unit of time equal to one billionth of a second (10-9 or 1/1,000,000,000 s). One nanosecond is to one second as one second is to 31.69 years. The word nanosecond is formed by the prefix nano and the unit second. -- QUDT
nanosecond
NanoSiemens
0.000000001-fold of the SI derived unit Siemens by the 0.01 fol of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Nanosiemens Per Centimetre
0.000000001-fold of the SI derived unit Siemens divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Nanosiemens Per Metre
0.000000001-fold of the SI derived unit tesla -- QUDT
0.000000001-fold of the SI derived unit watt -- QUDT
The neper is a logarithmic unit for ratios of measurements of physical field and power quantities, such as gain and loss of electronic signals. It has the unit symbol Np. The unit's name is derived from the name of John Napier, the inventor of logarithms. As is the case for the decibel and bel, the neper is not a unit in the International System of Units (SI), but it is accepted for use alongside the SI. Like the decibel, the neper is a unit in a logarithmic scale. While the bel uses the decadic (base-10) logarithm to compute ratios, the neper uses the natural logarithm, based on Euler's number -- QUDT
Unit of measurement for quantities of type level or level difference, which are defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio of power- or field-type quantities. The value of a ratio in nepers is given by `ln(x1/x2)` where `x1` and `x2` are the values of interest (amplitudes), and ln is the natural logarithm. When the values are quadratic in the amplitude (e.g. power), they are first linearised by taking the square root before the logarithm is taken, or equivalently the result is halved. Wikipedia
Neper
SI unit for force.
Newton
The "Newton" is the SI unit of force. A force of one newton will accelerate a mass of one kilogram at the rate of one meter per second per second. The newton is named for Isaac Newton (1642-1727), the British mathematician, physicist, and natural philosopher. He was the first person to understand clearly the relationship between force (F), mass (m), and acceleration (a) expressed by the formula F = m·a. -- QUDT
product of the SI derived unit newton and the 0.01-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
NewtonCentiMetre
Newton Centimetre
"Torque" is the tendency of a force to cause a rotation, is the product of the force and the distance from the center of rotation to the point where the force is applied. Torque has the same units as work or energy, but it is a different physical concept. To stress the difference, scientists measure torque in newton meters rather than in joules, the SI unit of work. One newton meter is approximately 0.737562 pound foot. -- QUDT
Note that the physical dimension is the same as for Joule.
NewtonMetre
product of the SI derived unit newton and the SI base unit metre divided by the SI base unit ampere -- QUDT
NewtonMetrePerAmpere
Newton Metre Per Ampere
product of the derived SI unit newton and the SI base unit metre divided by the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
Newton Metre Per Kilogram
This is the SI unit for the rolling resistance, which is equivalent to drag force in newton -- QUDT
NewtonMetrePerMetre
Newton metre per metre
Newton metre per metre and radian.
Newton Meter per Radian is the SI unit for Torsion Constant -- QUDT
NewtonMetrePerRadian
Newton metre per radian
product of the SI derived unit newton and the SI base unit metre divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
NewtonMetrePerSquareMetre
Newton Metre Per Square Metre
The SI derived unit of angular momentum. -- QUDT
NewtonMetreSecond
Newton Metre Second
Newton metre seconds measured per metre -- QUDT
Newton metre seconds per metre
Newton metre seconds measured per radian -- QUDT
Newton metre seconds per radian
SI derived unit newton divided by the SI base unit ampere -- QUDT
NewtonPerAmpere
Newton Per Ampere
SI derived unit newton divided by the 0.01-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
NewtonPerCentiMetre
Newton Per Centimetre
Newton Per Coulomb ( N/C) is a unit in the category of Electric field strength. It is also known as newtons/coulomb. Newton Per Coulomb ( N/C) has a dimension of MLT-3I-1 where M is mass, L is length, T is time, and I is electric current. It essentially the same as the corresponding standard SI unit V/m. -- QUDT
NewtonPerCoulomb
Newton per Coulomb
Newton per cubic metre.
Gravitational field strength at a point is the gravitational force per unit mass at that point. It is a vector and its S.I. unit is N kg-1. -- QUDT
Newton per Kilogram
Newton Per Meter (N/m) is a unit in the category of Surface tension. It is also known as newtons per meter, newton per metre, newtons per metre, newton/meter, newton/metre. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Newton Per Meter (N/m) has a dimension of MT-2 where M is mass, and T is time. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
NewtonPerMetre
Newton per Metre
SI derived unit newton divided by the 0.001-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
NewtonPerMilliMetre
Newton Per Millimetre
A one-newton force applied for one angle/torsional torque -- QUDT
NewtonPerRadian
Newton per radian
derived SI unit newton divided by the 0.0001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre by exponent 2 -- QUDT
NewtonPerSquareCentiMetre
Newton Per Square Centimetre
Newtons Per Square Metre
SI derived unit newton divided by the 0.000001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
NewtonPerSquareMilliMetre
Newton Per Square Millimetre
product of the SI derived unit newton and the SI base unit second -- QUDT
NewtonSecond
Newton Second
The SI unit of specific acoustic impedance. When sound waves pass through any physical substance the pressure of the waves causes the particles of the substance to move. The sound specific impedance is the ratio between the sound pressure and the particle velocity it produces. The specific impedance is 1 N · s · m⁻³ if unit pressure produces unit velocity. -- QUDT
NewtonSecondPerCubicMetre
Newton second per Cubic Metre
Newton second measured per metre -- QUDT
NewtonSecondPerMetre
Newton Second per Metre
Newton seconds measured per radian -- QUDT
Newton seconds per radian
Newton square metre.
NewtonSquareMetre
Newton metre squared per Ampere.
NewtonSquareMetrePerAmpere
unit of gravitational constant as product of the derived SI unit newton, the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 divided by the power of the SI base unit kilogram with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Newton Square Metre Per Square Kilogram
The SI derived unit of electrical resistance, named after German physicist Georg Simon Ohm.
Ohm
Ω = V/A = H/s
Ohm metre.
OhmMetre
Ohm square metre per metre.
OhmSquareMetrePerMetre
SI unit for pressure.
Pascal
product out of the SI derived unit pascal and the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the SI base unit second -- QUDT
PascalCubicMetrePerSecond
Pascal Cubic Metre Per Second
Pascal metre.
Pascal metre per second.
Pascal metre per square second.
Pascal per Kelvin.
PascalPerKelvin
SI derived unit pascal divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
PascalPerMetre
Pascal Per Metre
A rate of change of pressure measured as the number of Pascals in a period of one second. -- QUDT
PascalPerSecond
Pascal per Second
The SI unit of dynamic viscosity, equal to 10 poises or 1000 centipoises. -- QUDT
PascalSecond
Pascal Second
`Pascal Second Per Cubic Meter` (Pa-s/m³) is a unit in the category of Acoustic impedance. It is also known as `pascal-second/cubic meter`. It has a dimension of ML⁻⁴T⁻¹ where M is mass, L is length, and T is time. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
PascalSecondPerCubicMetre
Pascal Second Per Cubic Metre
Pascal Second Per Meter (Pa-s/m) is a unit in the category of Specific acoustic impedance. It is also known as pascal-second/meter. Pascal Second Per Meter has a dimension of ML²T⁻¹ where M is mass, L is length, and T is time. It essentially the same as the corresponding standard SI unit kg/m2· s. -- QUDT
PascalSecondPerMetre
Pascal Second Per Metre
reciprocal of the 0.01-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
PerCentiMetre
ReciprocalCentimetre
reciprocal of the 0.000001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
PerCubicCentiMetre
ReciprocalCubicCentiMetre
"Per Cubic Meter" is a denominator unit with dimensions /m³. -- QUDT
PerCubicMetre
Reciprocal Cubic Metre
Per cubic metre and second.
PerCubicMetreSecond
reciprocal value of the 0.000000001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
PerCubicMilliMetre
ReciprocalCubicMilliMetre
Reciprocal Henry.
PerHenry
ReciprocalHenry
Per Joule cubic metre.
PerJouleCubicMetre
Per Kelvin Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions /K. -- QUDT
PerKelvin
Reciprocal Kelvin
Per Kilometer Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions /km. -- QUDT
PerKiloMetre
ReciprocalKiloMetre
Per Meter Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions /m. -- QUDT
PerMetre
Reciprocal metre
Per Meter Kelvin Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions /m.k. -- QUDT
PerMetreKelvin
ReciprocalMetreKelvin
Per metre and nanometre.
PerMetreNanoMetre
ReciprocalMetreNanoMetre
Per metre and nanometre and steradian.
PerMetreNanoMetreSteradian
ReciprocalMetreNanoMetreSteradian
Per metre and second.
PerMetreSecond
ReciprocalMetreSecond
Per metre and steradian.
PerMetreSteradian
ReciprocalMetreSteradian
Per Micrometer Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions /microm. -- QUDT
PerMicroMetre
ReciprocalMicroMetre
Per Millimeter Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions /mm. -- QUDT
PerMilliMetre
ReciprocalMilliMetre
Per millisecond.
PerMilliSecond
ReciprocalMilliSecond
Per Mole Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions mol⁻¹. -- QUDT
PerMole
ReciprocalMole
Per Nanometer Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions /nm. -- QUDT
PerNanoMetre
ReciprocalNanoMetre
Per Pascal.
PerPascal
ReciprocalPascal
Per Pascal and Second.
PerPascalSecond
Per Picoometer Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions /pm. -- QUDT
PerPicoMetre
ReciprocalPicoMetre
A reciprical unit of time for `reciprocal second` or `inverse second`. The `Per Second` is a unit of rate. -- QUDT
PerSecond
ReciprocalSecond
`Per Second Square Meter` is a measure of flux with dimensions /sec-m². -- QUDT
PerSecondSquareMetre
ReciprocalSecondSquareMetre
Per Second Square Meter Steradian is a denominator unit with dimensions /sec-m²-sr. -- QUDT
PerSecondSquareMetreSteradian
ReciprocalSecondSquareMetreSteradian
Per Second Steradian Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions /sec-sr. -- QUDT
PerSecondSteradian
ReciprocalSecondSteradian
Per Square Joule is a denominator unit with dimensions /eV². -- QUDT
PerSquareJoule
ReciprocalSquareJoule
Per Square Kilogram is a denominator unit with dimensions /kg². -- QUDT
ReciprocalSquareKilogram
"Per Square Meter" is a denominator unit with dimensions /m². -- QUDT
PerSquareMetre
ReciprocalSquareMetre
Per square metre and second.
PerSquareMetreSecond
ReciprocalSquareMetreSecond
Per square second.
PerSquareSecond
ReciprocalSquareSecond
Per steradian.
PerSteradian
ReciprocalSteradian
Per Tesla Meter Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions /m .· T. -- QUDT
PerTeslaMetre
ReciprocalTeslaMetre.
Per Tesla Second Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions /s . T. -- QUDT
PerTeslaSecond
Per Tesla and Second unit.
Per Weber unit.
PerWeber
ReciprocalWeber
A PetaCoulomb is 10¹⁵ C. -- QUDT
PetaCoulomb
1,000,000,000,000,000-fold of the derived SI unit joule -- QUDT
picoampere
A PicoCoulomb is 10⁻¹² C. -- QUDT
PicoCoulomb
"PicoF" is a common unit of electric capacitance equal to 10⁻¹² farad. This unit was formerly called the micromicrofarad. -- QUDT
1e-12 fold of the SI derived unit farad divided by the SI base unit metre. -- QUDT
Picofarad Per Metre
10**-12 grams or one 10**-15 of the SI standard unit of mass (kilogram). -- QUDT
One part per 10**12 (trillion) by mass of the measurand in the matrix. -- QUDT
Picograms per gram
One part per 10**15 by mass of the measurand in the matrix. -- QUDT
Picograms per kilogram
0.000000000001-fold of the SI derived unit henry -- QUDT
0.000000000001-fold of the unit litre -- QUDT
0.000000000001-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
PicoMole
Picomoles per cubic metre
Picomoles per cubic metre per second
Picomoles per kilogram
Picomoles per metre per watt per second
PicoPascal
0.000000000001-fold of the SI derived unit pascal divided by the 1 000-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Picopascal Per Kilometre
0.000000000001-fold of the SI base unit second -- QUDT
PicoSiemens
0.000000000001-fold of the SI derived unit Siemens divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Picosiemens Per Metre
0.000000000001-fold of the SI derived unit watt -- QUDT
0.000000000001-fold of the SI derived unit watt divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Picowatt Per Square Metre
"Quartic Coulomb Meter per Cubic Energy" is a unit for 'Quartic Electric Dipole Moment Per Cubic Energy' expressed as C⁴ m⁴ J⁻³. -- QUDT
QuarticCoulombMetrePerCubicEnergy
Quartic Coulomb Metre per Cubic Energy
A unit associated with area moments of inertia. -- QUDT
QuarticMetre
Quartic Metre
Metre to the power four per second.
0.001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 4 -- QUDT
QuarticMilliMetre
Quartic Millimetre
Metre to the power of five.
QuinticMetre
Dimensionless measurement unit for plane angle.
Measure of plane angle.
Radian
Radian per metre.
RadianPerMetre
"Radian per Second" is the SI unit of rotational speed (angular velocity), and, also the unit of angular frequency. The radian per second is defined as the change in the orientation of an object, in radians, every second. -- QUDT
RadianPerSecond
radian per second
Angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular velocity. In SI units, it is measured in radians per Square second (rad/s²), and is usually denoted by the Greek letter α. -- QUDT
RadianPerSquareSecond
Radian per Square Second
Radian square metre per kilogram.
Radian square metre per mole.
RadianSquareMetrePerMole
The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency ∆νCs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium 133 atom, to be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s−1.
Second
Second per metre.
Second per radian and cubic metre unit.
SecondPerRadianCubicMetre
Metre to the power of six.
SexticMetre
SI unit for electrical conductance.
Siemens
Siemens is the SI unit of electric conductance, susceptance, and admittance. The most important property of a conductor is the amount of current it will carry when a voltage is applied. Current flow is opposed by resistance in all circuits, and by also by reactance and impedance in alternating current circuits. Conductance, susceptance, and admittance are the inverses of resistance, reactance, and impedance, respectively. To measure these properties, the siemens is the reciprocal of the ohm. In other words, the conductance, susceptance, or admittance, in siemens, is simply 1 divided by the resistance, reactance or impedance, respectively, in ohms. The unit is named for the German electrical engineer Werner von Siemens (1816-1892). -- QUDT
SI derived unit Siemens divided by the 0.01-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Siemens Per Centimetre
SI derived unit siemens divided by the SI base unit metre. -- QUDT
SiemensPerMetre
Siemens Per Metre
Siemens square metre per mole.
SiemensSquareMetrePerMole
SI unit for equivalent doseof ionizing radiation. Sievert is derived from absorbed dose, but takes into account the biological effectiveness of the radiation, which is dependent on the radiation type and energy.
Sievert
Although the sievert has the same dimensions as the gray (i.e. joules per kilogram), it measures a different quantity. To avoid any risk of confusion between the absorbed dose and the equivalent dose, the corresponding special units, namely the gray instead of the joule per kilogram for absorbed dose and the sievert instead of the joule per kilogram for the dose equivalent, should be used. -- QUDT
A unit of area equal to that of a square, of sides 1cm -- QUDT
Square Centimetre
Square centimetre per cubic centimetre.
SquareCentiMetrePerGram
Square centimetre per second.
"Square Centimeter Second" is a C.G.S System unit for 'Area Time' expressed as cm² . s. -- QUDT
Square Centimetre Second
"Square Coulomb Square Meter per Joule" is a unit for 'Polarizability' expressed as C² m² J⁻¹. -- QUDT
SquareCoulombSquareMetrePerJoule
Square Coulomb Square Metre per Joule
0.1-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Square Decimetre
Square degree Celsius per second.
Square Kelvin.
SquareKelvin
Square kilogram per square second.
The S I unit of area is the square metre. -- QUDT
SquareMetre
Square metre and cubic Hertz.
Square metre Hertz.
`Square Meter Kelvin` is a unit for 'Area Temperature' expressed as m²-K. -- QUDT
SquareMetreKelvin
Square Metre Kelvin
`Square Meter Kelvin per Watt` is a unit for 'Thermal Insulance' expressed as (K²)m/W. -- QUDT
SquareMetreKelvinPerWatt
Square Metre Kelvin per Watt
A unit in the category of specific area.
Square metres per gram
Square metre per Hertz.
Square metre per Joule.
SquareMetrePerJoule
Square metre per Kelvin.
SquareMetrePerKelvin
Square Meter Per Kilogram (m2/kg) is a unit in the category of Specific Area. It is also known as square meters per kilogram, square metre per kilogram, square metres per kilogram, square meter/kilogram, square metre/kilogram. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Square Meter Per Kilogram (m2/kg) has a dimension of M-1L2 where M is mass, and L is length. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Square Metre per Kilogram
Square Meter Per Mole (m2/mol) is a unit in the category of Specific Area. It is also known as square meters per mole, square metre per per, square metres per per, square meter/per, square metre/per. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Square Meter Per Mole (m2/mol) has a dimension of M-1L2 where M is mass, and L is length. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
SquareMetrePerMole
Square Metre per Mole
power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 divided by the derived SI unit newton -- QUDT
SquareMetrePerNewton
Square Metre Per Newton
Square Metres per second is the SI derived unit of angular momentum, defined by distance or displacement in metres multiplied by distance again in metres and divided by time in seconds. The unit is written in symbols as m2/s or m2u00b7s-1 or m2s-1. It may be better understood when phrased as "metres per second times metres", i.e. the momentum of an object with respect to a position. -- QUDT
SquareMetrePerSecond
Square Metre per Second
Square metres per square Hertz.
A square metre unit of area per square metre -- QUDT
SquareMetrePerSquareMetre
square metre per square metre
Square metre per square second.
Square metre per steradian.
SquareMetrePerSteradian
Square metre per steradian and Joule.
SquareMetrePerSteradianJoule
Square metre per volt second.
SquareMetrePerVoltSecond
Square metre and quartic Hertz.
Square metre seconds per radian.
Square metre and square Hertz.
"Square Meter Steradian" is a unit for 'Area Angle' expressed as m²-sr. -- QUDT
SquareMetreSteradian
Square Metre Steradian
0.000000000001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Square Micrometre
0.000001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Square Millimetre
0.000001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 divided by the SI base unit second -- QUDT
Square Millimetre Per Second
A unit of area equal to that of a square, of sides 1nm -- QUDT
Square Nanometre
Square Pascal per square second.
SquarePascalPerSquareSecond
Square Pascal Second (Pa²· s) is a unit in the category of sound exposure. -- QUDT
SquarePascalSecond
Square Pascal Second
"Square Second" is a unit for 'Square Time' expressed as s². -- QUDT
SquareSecond
Square Second
Square volt per square Kelvin.
SquareVoltPerSquareKelvin
Dimensionless measurement unit for solid angle.
Steradian
A TeraCoulomb is 10¹² C. -- QUDT
TeraCoulomb
1 000 000 000 000-fold of the SI derived unit hertz -- QUDT
1 000 000 000 000-fold of the SI derived unit joule -- QUDT
1,000,000,000,000-fold of the SI derived unit ohm -- QUDT
1,000,000,000,000-fold of the SI derived unit watt -- QUDT
SI unit for magnetic flux density or induction.
Tesla
The SI unit of flux density (or field intensity) for magnetic fields (also called the magnetic induction). The intensity of a magnetic field can be measured by placing a current-carrying conductor in the field. The magnetic field exerts a force on the conductor, a force which depends on the amount of the current and on the length of the conductor. One tesla is defined as the field intensity generating one newton of force per ampere of current per meter of conductor. Equivalently, one tesla represents a magnetic flux density of one weber per square meter of area. A field of one tesla is quite strong: the strongest fields available in laboratories are about 20 teslas, and the Earth's magnetic flux density, at its surface, is about 50 microteslas. The tesla, defined in 1958, honors the Serbian-American electrical engineer Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), whose work in electromagnetic induction led to the first practical generators and motors using alternating current. -- QUDT
1,000-fold of the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
A non-SI unit defined as 1000 kg.
Tonne
SI unit for electric potential difference.
Volt
The volt is the unit of electric potential difference—electric potential difference is also known as voltage. The size of 1 volt is officially defined as the potential difference between two points of a wire carrying a current of 1 ampere when the power dissipated in the wire is 1 watt.
product of the SI derived unit volt and the SI base unit ampere -- QUDT
VoltAmpere
Volt Ampere
derived SI unit volt divided by the 0.01-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Volt Per Centimetre
Volt per Kelvin.
VoltPerKelvin
Volt Per Meter (V/m) is a unit in the category of Electric field strength. It is also known as volts per meter, volt/meter, volt/metre, volt per metre, volts per metre. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Volt Per Meter (V/m) has a dimension of MLT⁻³I⁻¹ where M is mass, L is length, T is time, and I is electric current. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
VoltPerMetre
Volt per Metre
SI derived unit volt divided by the 0.000001-fold of the SI base unit second -- QUDT
Volt Per Microsecond
SI derived unit volt divided by the 0.001-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Volt Per Millimetre
'Volt per Second' is a unit of magnetic flux equaling one weber. This is the flux passing through a conducting loop and reduced to zero at a uniform rate in one second inducing an electric potential of one volt in the loop. -- QUDT
VoltPerSecond
Volt per second
The divergence at a particular point in a vector field is (roughly) how much the vector field 'spreads out' from that point. Operationally, we take the partial derivative of each of the field with respect to each of its space variables and add all the derivatives together to get the divergence. Electric field (V/m) differentiated with respect to distance (m) yields V/(m²). -- QUDT
VoltPerSquareMetre
Volt per Square Metre
product of the SI derived unit volt and the SI base unit second divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
VoltSecondPerMetre
Volt Second Per Metre
SI unit for power.
Watt
The SI unit of power. Power is the rate at which work is done, or (equivalently) the rate at which energy is expended. One watt is equal to a power rate of one joule of work per second of time. This unit is used both in mechanics and in electricity, so it links the mechanical and electrical units to one another. In mechanical terms, one watt equals about 0.001 341 02 horsepower (hp) or 0.737 562 foot-pound per second (lbf/s). In electrical terms, one watt is the power produced by a current of one ampere flowing through an electric potential of one volt. The name of the unit honors James Watt (1736-1819), the British engineer whose improvements to the steam engine are often credited with igniting the Industrial Revolution. -- QUDT
The power per unit area of radiation of a given wavenumber illuminating a target at a given incident angle. -- QUDT
Watts metre per square metre steradian
SI derived unit watt divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
WattPerCubicMetre
Watt Per Cubic Metre
Watt Per Kelvin (W/K) is a unit in the category of Thermal conductivity. -- QUDT
WattPerKelvin
Watt per Kelvin
SI derived unit watt divided by the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
Watt Per Kilogram
Watts per metre.
Watt per metre and Kelvin unit.
WattPerMetreKelvin
Watt Per Square Centimeter is a unit of heat flux or thermal flux, the rate of heat energy transfer through a given surface. -- QUDT
Watt per Square Centimetre
"Watt per Square Meter} is a unit of irradiance defined as the power received per area. This is a unit in the category of Energy flux. It is also known as watts per square meter, watt per square metre, watts per square metre, watt/square meter, watt/square metre. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Watt Per Square Meter (W/m²) has a dimension of MT^{-3" where M is mass, and T is time. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
WattPerSquareMetre
Watt per Square Metre
`Watt Per Square Meter Per Kelvin `(W m⁻² K⁻¹) is a unit in the category of Thermal heat transfer coefficient. It is also known as watt/square meter-kelvin. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Watt Per Square Meter Per Kelvin (W m⁻² K⁻¹) has a dimension of MT⁻¹Q⁻¹ where M is mass, T is time, and Q is temperature. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
WattPerSquareMetreKelvin
Watt per Square Metre Kelvin
Watt Per Square Meter Per Pascal (W/m²-pa) is a unit of Evaporative Heat Transfer. -- QUDT
WattPerSquareMetrePascal
Watt per Square Metre Pascal
Watts per square metre per metre.
Watts per square metre and metre and steradian.
Watt per square metre and nanometre.
Watt per square metre and nanometre and steradian unit.
Watt Per Square Meter Per Quartic Kelvin (W/m2·K4) is a unit in the category of light. -- QUDT
WattPerSquareMetreQuarticKelvin
Watt per Square Metre Quartic Kelvin
`Watt per steradian per square metre` is the SI unit of radiance (W·sr⁻¹·m⁻²), while that of spectral radiance in frequency is the watt per steradian per square metre per hertz (W·sr⁻¹·m⁻²·Hz⁻¹) and that of spectral radiance in wavelength is the watt per steradian per square metre, per metre (W·sr⁻¹·m⁻³), commonly the watt per steradian per square metre per nanometre (W·sr⁻¹·m⁻²·nm⁻¹). It has a dimension of ML⁻⁴T⁻³ where M is mass, L is length, and T is time. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
WattPerSquareMetreSteradian
Watt per Square Metre Steradian
`Watt Per Steradian (W/sr)` is the unit in the category of Radiant intensity. It is also known as watts per steradian. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Watt Per Steradian (W/sr) has a dimension of M· L⁻²· T⁻³ where M is mass, L is length, and T is time. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
WattPerSteradian
Watt per Steradian
product of the SI derived unit watt and SI base unit second -- QUDT
WattSecond
Watt Second
Watt second per square metre.
SI unit for magnetic flux.
Weber
The SI unit of magnetic flux. "Flux" is the rate (per unit of time) at which something crosses a surface perpendicular to the flow. The weber is a large unit, equal to 10⁸ maxwells, and practical fluxes are usually fractions of one weber. The weber is the magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, would produce in it an electromotive force of 1 volt if it were reduced to zero at a uniform rate in 1 second. In SI base units, the dimensions of the weber are (kg·m²)/(s²·A). The weber is commonly expressed in terms of other derived units as the Tesla-square meter (T·m²), volt-seconds (V·s), or joules per ampere (J/A).
Weber metre.
WeberMetre
SI derived unit weber divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
WeberPerMetre
Weber Per Metre
derived SI unit weber divided by the 0.001-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Weber Per Millimetre
A YoctoCoulomb is 10⁻²⁴ C. -- QUDT
YoctoCoulomb
A YottaCoulomb is 10²⁴ C. -- QUDT
YottaCoulomb
A ZeptoCoulomb is 10⁻²¹ C. -- QUDT
ZeptoCoulomb
A ZettaCoulomb is 10²¹ C. -- QUDT
ZettaCoulomb
Power transferred per unit area.
Intensity
Voltammetry in which a sinusoidal alternating potential of small amplitude (10 to 50 mV) of constant frequency (10 Hz to 100 kHz) is superimposed on a slowly and linearly varying potential ramp. The obtained AC voltammogram is peak-shaped.
Voltammetry in which a sinusoidal alternating potential of small amplitude (10 to 50 mV) of constant frequency (10 Hz to 100 kHz) is superimposed on a slowly and linearly varying potential ramp. The resulting alternating current is plotted versus imposed DC potential. The obtained AC voltammogram is peak-shaped.
ACVoltammetry
ACV
Electrochemical method where traces of solid particles are abrasively transferred onto the surface of an electrode, followed by an electrochemical dissolution (anodic or cathodic dissolution) that is recorded as a current–voltage curve.
AbrasiveStrippingVoltammetry
Scholz F, Nitschke L, Henrion G (1989) Naturwiss 76:71;
Describes what is needed to repeat the experiment.
AccessConditions
Stripping voltammetry involving pre-concentration by adsorption of the analyte (in contrast to electro-chemical accumulation). A peak-shaped adsorptive stripping voltammogram is obtained. Peak current depends on time of accumulation, mass transport of analyte (stirring), scan rate and mode (linear or pulse), and analyte concentration in solution. AdSV is usually employed for analysis of organic compounds or metal complexes with organic ligands. Stripping is done by means of an anodic or a cathodic voltammetric scan (linear or pulse), during which the adsorbed compound is oxidized or reduced.
AdsorptiveStrippingVoltammetry
AdSV
Alpha spectrometry (also known as alpha(-particle) spectroscopy) is the quantitative study of the energy of alpha particles emitted by a radioactive nuclide that is an alpha emitter. As emitted alpha particles are mono-energetic (i.e. not emitted with a spectrum of energies, such as beta decay) with energies often distinct to the decay they can be used to identify which radionuclide they originated from.
AlphaSpectrometry
Amperometry can be distinguished from voltammetry by the parameter being controlled (electrode potential E) and the parameter being measured (electrode current I which is usually a function of time – see chronoamperometry). In a non-stirred solution, a diffusion-limited current is usually measured, which is propor-tional to the concentration of an electroactive analyte. The current is usually faradaic and the applied potential is usually constant. The integral of current with time is the electric charge, which may be related to the amount of substance reacted by Faraday’s laws of electrolysis. The amperometric method provides the ability to distinguish selectively between a number of electroactive species in solution by judicious selection of the applied potential and/or choice of electrode material.
Amperometry
Analytical electron microscopy (AEM) refers to the collection of spectroscopic data in TEM or STEM, enabling qualitative or quantitative compositional analysis.
AnalyticalElectronMicroscopy
Stripping voltammetry in which material accumulated at the working electrode is electrochemically oxi- dized in the stripping step. A peak-shaped anodic stripping voltammogram is obtained. Peak current depends on time of accumulation, mass transport of analyte (stirring), scan rate and mode (linear or pulse), and analyte concentration in solution. A solid electrode, carbon paste or composite electrode, bismuth film electrode, mercury film electrode, or static mercury drop electrode may be used.
AnodicStrippingVoltammetry
Atom Probe Tomography (APT or 3D Atom Probe) is the only material analysis technique offering extensive capabilities for both 3D imaging and chemical composition measurements at the atomic scale (around 0.1-0.3nm resolution in depth and 0.3-0.5nm laterally). Since its early developments, Atom Probe Tomography has contributed to major advances in materials science. The sample is prepared in the form of a very sharp tip. The cooled tip is biased at high DC voltage (3-15 kV). The very small radius of the tip and the High Voltage induce a very high electrostatic field (tens V/nm) at the tip surface, just below the point of atom evaporation. Under laser or HV pulsing, one or more atoms are evaporated from the surface, by field effect (near 100% ionization), and projected onto a Position Sensitive Detector (PSD) with a very high detection efficiency. Ion efficiencies are as high as 80%, the highest analytical efficiency of any 3D microscopy.
AtomProbeTomography
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an influential surface analysis technique used for micro/nanostructured coatings. This flexible technique can be used to obtain high-resolution nanoscale images and study local sites in air (conventional AFM) or liquid (electrochemical AFM) surroundings.
AtomicForceMicroscopy
BPMNDiagram
A technique used to measure the specific surface area of porous materials by analyzing the adsorption of gas molecules onto the material's surface
BrunauerEmmettTellerMethod
BET
Calibration data are used to provide correction of measured data or perform uncertainty calculations. They are generally the result of a measuerement on a reference specimen.
CalibrationData
From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Operation performed on a measuring instrument or a measuring system that, under specified conditions: 1) establishes a relation between the values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications with associated measurement uncertainties and 2) uses this information to establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication. NOTE 1 The objective of calibration is to provide traceability of measurement results obtained when using a calibrated measuring instrument or measuring system. NOTE 2 The outcome of a calibration may be expressed by a statement, calibration function, calibration diagram, calibration curve, or calibration table. In some cases, it may consist of an additive or multiplicative correction of the indication with associated measurement uncertainty. NOTE 3 Calibration should not be confused with adjustment of a measuring system, often mistakenly called “selfcalibration”, nor with verification of calibration. Calibration is sometimes a prerequisite for verification, which provides confirmation that specified requirements (often maximum permissible errors) are met. Calibration is sometimes also a prerequisite for adjustment, which is the set of operations carried out on a measuring system such that the system provides prescribed indications corresponding to given values of quantities being measured, typically obtained from measurement standards. NOTE 4 Sometimes the first step alone of the operation mentioned in the definition is intended as being calibration, as it was in previous editions of this Vocabulary. The second step is in fact required to establish instrumental uncertainty for the measurement results obtained when using the calibrated measuring system. The two steps together aim to demonstrate the metrological traceability of measurement results obtained by a calibrated measuring system. In the past the second step was usually considered to occur after the calibration. NOTE 5 A comparison between two measurement standards may be viewed as a calibration if the comparison is used to check and, if necessary, correct the value and measurement uncertainty attributed to one of the measurement standards.
Sequence of operations/actions that are needed to convert the initial signal (as produced by the detector) into a meaningful and useable raw data.
Sequence of operations/actions that are needed to convert the initial signal (as produced by the detector) into a meaningful and useable raw data. From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Operation performed on a measuring instrument or a measuring system that, under specified conditions: 1) establishes a relation between the values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications with associated measurement uncertainties and 2) uses this information to establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication. NOTE 1 The objective of calibration is to provide traceability of measurement results obtained when using a calibrated measuring instrument or measuring system. NOTE 2 The outcome of a calibration may be expressed by a statement, calibration function, calibration diagram, calibration curve, or calibration table. In some cases, it may consist of an additive or multiplicative correction of the indication with associated measurement uncertainty. NOTE 3 Calibration should not be confused with adjustment of a measuring system, often mistakenly called “selfcalibration”, nor with verification of calibration. Calibration is sometimes a prerequisite for verification, which provides confirmation that specified requirements (often maximum permissible errors) are met. Calibration is sometimes also a prerequisite for adjustment, which is the set of operations carried out on a measuring system such that the system provides prescribed indications corresponding to given values of quantities being measured, typically obtained from measurement standards. NOTE 4 Sometimes the first step alone of the operation mentioned in the definition is intended as being calibration, as it was in previous editions of this Vocabulary. The second step is in fact required to establish instrumental uncertainty for the measurement results obtained when using the calibrated measuring system. The two steps together aim to demonstrate the metrological traceability of measurement results obtained by a calibrated measuring system. In the past the second step was usually considered to occur after the calibration. NOTE 5 A comparison between two measurement standards may be viewed as a calibration if the comparison is used to check and, if necessary, correct the value and measurement uncertainty attributed to one of the measurement standards. In nanoindentation, the electrical signal coming from capacitive displacement gauge is converted into a real raw-displacement signal after using a proper calibration function (as obtained by the equipment manufacturer). Then, additional calibration procedures are applied to define the point of initial contact and to correct for instrument compliance, thermal drift, and indenter area function to obtain the real useable displacement data. Usually the calibration process involve a reference sample (with pre-defined, specific, and stable physical characteristics and known properties), in order to extract calibration data. In this way, the accuracy of the measurement tool and its components (for example the probe) will be evaluated and confirmed.
CalibrationProcess
In nanoindentation, the electrical signal coming from capacitive displacement gauge is converted into a real raw-displacement signal after using a proper calibration function (as obtained by the equipment manufacturer). Then, additional calibration procedures are applied to define the point of initial contact and to correct for instrument compliance, thermal drift, and indenter area function to obtain the real useable displacement data.
Usually the calibration process involve a reference sample (with pre-defined, specific, and stable physical characteristics and known properties), in order to extract calibration data. In this way, the accuracy of the measurement tool and its components (for example the probe) will be evaluated and confirmed.
In chemistry and thermodynamics, calorimetry (from Latin calor 'heat', and Greek μέτρον (metron) 'measure') is the science or act of measuring changes in state variables of a body for the purpose of deriving the heat transfer associated with changes of its state due, for example, to chemical reactions, physical changes, or phase transitions under specified constraints. Calorimetry is performed with a calorimeter.
Calorimetry
Stripping voltammetry in which material accumulated at the working electrode is electrochemically reduced in the stripping step. A peak-shaped cathodic stripping voltammogram is obtained. Peak current depends on time of accumulation, mass transport of analyte (stirring), scan rate and mode (linear or pulse), and analyte concentration in solution.
CathodicStrippingVoltammetry
CSV
Represents every type of data that is produced during a characterisation process
Procedure to validate the characterisation data.
CharacterisationDataValidation
Medium of the characterisation experiment defined by the set of environmental conditions that are controlled and measured over time during the experiment.
Medium of the characterisation experiment defined by the set of environmental conditions that are controlled and measured over time during the experiment. Characterisation can either be made in air (ambient conditions, without specific controls on environmental parameters), or at different temperatures, different pressures (or in vacuum), or using different types of working gases (inert or reactive with respect to sample), different levels of humidity, etc.
CharacterisationEnvironment
Characterisation can either be made in air (ambient conditions, without specific controls on environmental parameters), or at different temperatures, different pressures (or in vacuum), or using different types of working gases (inert or reactive with respect to sample), different levels of humidity, etc.
A characterisation experiment is the process by which a material's structure and properties are probed and measured. It is a fundamental process in the field of materials science, without which no scientific understanding of engineering materials could be ascertained.
CharacterisationExperiment
Whatever hardware is used during the characterisation process.
CharacterisationHardware
HardwareManufacturer
HardwareModel
CharacterisationHardwareSpecification
A device used for making measurements, alone or in conjunction with one or more supplementary devices. NOTE 1 A measuring instrument that can be used alone for making measurements is a measuring system. NOTE 2 A measuring instrument is either an indicating measuring instrument or a material measure.
The instrument used for characterising a material, which usually has a probe and a detector as parts.
The instrument used for characterising a material, which usually has a probe and a detector as parts. A device used for making measurements, alone or in conjunction with one or more supplementary devices. NOTE 1 A measuring instrument that can be used alone for making measurements is a measuring system. NOTE 2 A measuring instrument is either an indicating measuring instrument or a material measure. In nanoindentation is the nanoindenter.
Measuring instrument
From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Process of experimentally obtaining one or more values that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity together with any other available relevant information. NOTE 1 The quantity mentioned in the definition is an individual quantity. NOTE 2 The relevant information mentioned in the definition may be about the values obtained by the measurement, such that some may be more representative of the measurand than others. NOTE 3 Measurement is sometimes considered to apply to nominal properties, but not in this Vocabulary, where the process of obtaining values of nominal properties is called “examination”. NOTE 4 Measurement requires both experimental comparison of quantities or experimental counting of entities at some step of the process and the use of models and calculations that are based on conceptual considerations. NOTE 5 The conditions of reasonable attribution mentioned in the definition take into account a description of the quantity commensurate with the intended use of a measurement result, a measurement procedure, and a calibrated measuring system operating according to the specified measurement procedure, including the measurement conditions. Moreover, a maximum permissible error and/or a target uncertainty may be specified, and the measurement procedure and the measuring system should then be chosen in order not to exceed these measuring system specifications.
The measurement process associates raw data to the sample through a probe and a detector.
The measurement process associates raw data to the sample through a probe and a detector. From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Process of experimentally obtaining one or more values that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity together with any other available relevant information. NOTE 1 The quantity mentioned in the definition is an individual quantity. NOTE 2 The relevant information mentioned in the definition may be about the values obtained by the measurement, such that some may be more representative of the measurand than others. NOTE 3 Measurement is sometimes considered to apply to nominal properties, but not in this Vocabulary, where the process of obtaining values of nominal properties is called “examination”. NOTE 4 Measurement requires both experimental comparison of quantities or experimental counting of entities at some step of the process and the use of models and calculations that are based on conceptual considerations. NOTE 5 The conditions of reasonable attribution mentioned in the definition take into account a description of the quantity commensurate with the intended use of a measurement result, a measurement procedure, and a calibrated measuring system operating according to the specified measurement procedure, including the measurement conditions. Moreover, a maximum permissible error and/or a target uncertainty may be specified, and the measurement procedure and the measuring system should then be chosen in order not to exceed these measuring system specifications.
CharacterisationMeasurementProcess
The process of performing characterisation by following some existing formalised operative rules.
The process of performing characterisation by following some existing formalised operative rules. Characterisation procedure may refer to the full characterisation process or just a part of the full process. Examples include: Sample preparation, Sample inspection, Calibration, Microscopy, Viscometry, Data sampling.
CharacterisationProcedure
Examples include: Sample preparation, Sample inspection, Calibration, Microscopy, Viscometry, Data sampling.
Characterisation procedure may refer to the full characterisation process or just a part of the full process.
Describes why the characterization procedure was chosen and deemed to be the most useful for the sample.
CharacterisationProcedureValidation
The characterisation property is the investigate property or behaviour of a sample. It is derived from the secondary data, usually after classification or quantification (manually or by a model).
CharacterisationProperty
A characterisation protocol is defined whenever it is desirable to standardize a laboratory method to ensure successful replication of results by others in the same laboratory or by other laboratories.
CharacterisationProtocol
A software application to process characterisation data.
A software application to process characterisation data. In Nanoindentation post-processing the software used to apply the Oliver-Pharr to calculate the characterisation properties (i.e. elastic modulus, hardness) from load and depth data.
In Nanoindentation post-processing the software used to apply the Oliver-Pharr to calculate the characterisation properties (i.e. elastic modulus, hardness) from load and depth data.
Set of one or more measuring instruments ('CharacterisationInstruments') and often other components and devices, including any sample holder, reagent and supply, assembled and adapted to give information used to generate measured values ('MeasuredQuantityProperty') within specified intervals for quantities of specified kinds.
Set of one or more measuring instruments ('CharacterisationInstruments') and often other components and devices, including any sample holder, reagent and supply, assembled and adapted to give information used to generate measured values ('MeasuredQuantityProperty') within specified intervals for quantities of specified kinds. NOTE 1 The components mentioned in the definition may be devices, reagents, and supplies. NOTE 2 A measuring system is sometimes referred to as “measuring equipment” or “device”, for example in ISO 10012, Measurement management systems – Requirements for measurement processes and measuring equipment and ISO 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. NOTE 3 Although the terms “measuring system” and “measurement system” are frequently used synonymously, the latter is instead sometimes used to refer to a measuring system plus all other entities involved in a measurement, including the object under measurement and the person(s) performing the measurement. NOTE 4 A measuring system can be used as a measurement standard.
Set of one or more measuring instruments ('CharacterisationInstruments') and often other components and devices, including any sample holder, reagent and supply, assembled and adapted to give information used to generate measured values within specified intervals for quantities of specified kinds. NOTE 1 The components mentioned in the definition may be devices, reagents, and supplies. NOTE 2 A measuring system is sometimes referred to as “measuring equipment” or “device”, for example in ISO 10012, Measurement management systems – Requirements for measurement processes and measuring equipment and ISO 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. NOTE 3 Although the terms “measuring system” and “measurement system” are frequently used synonymously, the latter is instead sometimes used to refer to a measuring system plus all other entities involved in a measurement, including the object under measurement and the person(s) performing the measurement. NOTE 4 A measuring system can be used as a measurement standard.
CharacterisationSystem
Measuring system
CharacterisationTask
The description of the overall characterisation technique. It can be composed of different steps (e.g. sample preparation, calibration, measurement, post-processing).
The description of the overall characterisation technique. It can be composed of different steps (e.g. sample preparation, calibration, measurement, post-processing). A characterisation technique is not only related to the measurement process which can be one of its steps.
CharacterisationTechnique
Characterisation procedure
Characterisation technique
A characterisation technique is not only related to the measurement process which can be one of its steps.
A characterisation procedure that has at least two characterisation tasks as proper parts.
CharacterisationWorkflow
The sample after having been subjected to a characterization process.
ChargeDistribution
In chemical analysis, chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture into its components.
Chromatography
Amperometry in which the current is measured as a function of time after a change in the applied potential. If the potential step is from a potential at which no current flows (i.e., at which the oxidation or reduction of the electrochemically active species does not take place) to one at which the current is limited by diffusion (see diffusion-limited current), the current obeys the Cottrell equation.
Chronoamperometry
AmperiometricDetection
AmperometricCurrentTimeCurve
Direct coulometry at controlled potential in which the electric charge passed after the application of a potential step perturbation is measured as a function of time (Q-t curve). Chronocoulometry provides the same information that is provided by chronoamperometry, since it is based on the integration of the I-t curve. Nevertheless, chronocoulometry offers important experimental advantages, such as (i) the measured signal usually increases with time and hence the later parts of the transient can be detected more accurately, (ii) a better signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved, and (iii) other contributions to overall charge passed as a function of time can be discriminated from those due to the diffusion of electroactive substances.
Chronocoulometry
Potentiometry in which the potential is measured with time following a change in applied current. The change in applied current is usually a step, but cyclic current reversals or linearly increasing currents are also used.
Chronopotentiometry
Compression tests characterize material and product strength and stiffness under applied crushing loads. These tests are typically conducted by applying compressive pressure to a test specimen using platens or specialized fixtures with a testing machine that produces compressive loads.
CompressionTesting
Titration in which the electric conductivity of a solution is measured as a function of the amount of titrant added. The equivalence-point is obtained as the intersection of linear parts of the conductance G, versus titrant volume V, curve. The method can be used for deeply coloured or turbid solutions. Acid-base and precipitation reactions are most frequently used. The method is based on replacing an ionic species of the analyte with another species, cor- responding to the titrant or the product with significantly different conductance.
ConductometricTitration
Measurement principle in which the electric conductivity of a solution is measured. The conductivity of a solution depends on the concentration and nature of ions present.
Measurement principle in which the electric conductivity of a solution is measured. The conductivity of a solution depends on the concentration and nature of ions present. An example is monitoring of the purity of deionized water.
Conductometry
Monitoring of the purity of deionized water.
Confocal microscopy, most frequently confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) or laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation.
ConfocalMicroscopy
Titration in which the titrant is generated electrochemically, either by constant current or at constant potential. The titrant reacts stoichiometrically with the analyte, the amount of which is calculated using Faraday’s laws of electrolysis from the electric charge required to reach the end-point. Coulometric titrations are usually carried out in convective mass transfer mode using a large surface working electrode. The reference and auxiliary electrodes are located in sepa- rate compartments. A basic requirement is a 100 % current efficiency of titrant generation at the working electrode. End-point detection can be accomplished with potentiometry, amperometry, biamperometry, bipotentiometry, photometry, or by using a visual indicator. The main advantages are that titration is possible with less stable titrants, the standardi- zation of titrant is not necessary, the volume of the test solution is not changed, and the method is easily automated.
CoulometricTitration
Electrochemical measurement principle in which the electric charge required to carry out a known electrochemical reaction is measured. By Faraday’s laws of electrolysis, the amount of substance is proportional to the charge. Coulometry used to measure the amount of substance is a primary reference measurement procedure [VIM 2.8] not requiring calibration with a standard for a quantity of the same kind (i.e. amount of substance). The coulometric experiment can be carried out at controlled (constant) potential (see direct coulometry at controlled potential) or controlled (constant) current (see direct coulometry at controlled current).
Coulometry
The creep test is a destructive materials testing method for determination of the long-term strength and heat resistance of a material. When running a creep test, the specimen is subjected to increased temperature conditions for an extended period of time and loaded with a constant tensile force or tensile stress.
CreepTesting
CriticalAndSupercriticalChromatography
Chronopotentiometry where the change in applied current undergoes a cyclic current reversal.
CyclicChronopotentiometry
J. M. Pingarrón et al., Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 4, 92, 2020, 641-694. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109.
Voltammetry in which the electric current is recorded as the electrode potential is varied with time cyclically between two potential limits, normally at a constant scan rate. Cyclic voltammetry is frequently used for the investigation of mechanisms of electrochemical/electrode reactions. The current-potential curve may be modelled to obtain reaction mechanisms and electrochemical parameters. Normally the initial potential is chosen where no electrode reaction occurs and the switching potential is greater (more positive for an oxidation or more negative for a reduction) than the peak potential of the analyte reaction. The initial potential is usually the negative or positive limit of the cycle but can have any value between the two limits, as can the initial scan direction. The limits of the potential are known as the switching potentials. The plot of current against potential is termed a cyclic voltammogram. Usually peak-shaped responses are obtained for scans in both directions.
CyclicVoltammetry
Linear scan voltammetry with slow scan rate in which a dropping mercury electrode is used as the working electrode. If the whole scan is performed on a single growing drop, the technique should be called single drop scan voltammetry. The term polarography in this context is discouraged. This is the oldest variant of polarographic techniques, introduced by Jaroslav Heyrovský (1890 – 1967). Usually the drop time is between 1 and 5 s and the pseudo-steady-state wave-shaped dependence on potential is called a polarogram. If the limiting current is controlled by diffusion, it is expressed by the Ilkovich equation.
DCPolarography
Quantifies the raw data acquisition rate, if applicable.
DataAcquisitionRate
Data processing activities performed on the secondary data to determine the characterisation property (e.g. classification, quantification), which can be performed manually or exploiting a model.
DataAnalysis
Data filtering is the process of examining a dataset to exclude, rearrange, or apportion data according to certain criteria.
DataFiltering
Data normalization involves adjusting raw data to a notionally common scale.
DataNormalisation
It involves the creation of shifted and/or scaled versions of the values to allow post-processing in a way that eliminates the effects of influences on subsequent properties extraction.
Analysis, that allows one to calculate the final material property from the calibrated primary data.
DataPostProcessing
Data preparation is the process of manipulating (or pre-processing) data (which may come from disparate data sources) to improve their quality or reduce bias in subsequent analysis.
DataPreparation
Evaluation of quality indicators to determine how well suited a data set is to be used for the characterisation of a material.
Evaluation of quality indicators to determine how well suited a data set is to be used for the characterisation of a material. An example is the evaluation of S/N ratio, or other quality indicators (limits of detection/quantification, statistical analysis of data, data robustness analysis).
DataQuality
An example is the evaluation of S/N ratio, or other quality indicators (limits of detection/quantification, statistical analysis of data, data robustness analysis).
Physical device (or the chain of devices) that is used to measure, quantify and store the signal after its interaction with the sample.
Physical device (or the chain of devices) that is used to measure, quantify and store the signal after its interaction with the sample. Examples include: Back Scattered Electrons (BSE) and Secondary Electrons (SE) detectors for SEM; Displacement and force sensors for mechanical testing.
Detector
Examples include: Back Scattered Electrons (BSE) and Secondary Electrons (SE) detectors for SEM; Displacement and force sensors for mechanical testing.
Specific type of sample that is a device.
DeviceSample
Dielectric spectroscopy (DS) or impedance spectroscopy, also known as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, is frequently used to study the response of a sample subjected to an applied electric field of fixed or changing frequency. DS describes the dielectric properties of a material as a function of frequency. In DS, the radio and microwave frequency regions of the electromagnetic spectrum have been successfully made to interact with materials, so as to study the behavior of molecules. The interaction of applied alternating electric fields with dipoles possessing reorientation mobility in materials is also dealt by DS.
DielectricAndImpedanceSpectroscopy
Electrochemical measurement principle based on the measurement of the dielectric constant of a sample resulting from the orientation of particles (molecules or ions) that have a dipole moment in an electric field. Dielectrometric titrations use dielectrometry for the end-point detection. The method is used to monitor the purity of dielectrics, for example to detect small amounts of moisture.
Dielectrometry
Differential Pulse Voltammetry in which small potential pulses are superimposed onto a linearly varying potential.
DifferentialLinearPulseVoltammetry
Voltammetry in which small potential pulses (constant height 10 to 100 mV, constant width 10 to 100 ms) are superimposed onto a linearly varying potential or onto a staircase potential ramp. The current is sampled just before the onset of the pulse (e.g. 10 to 20 ms) and for the same sampling time just before the end of the pulse. The difference between the two sampled currents is plotted versus the potential applied before the pulse. Thus, a differential pulse voltammogram is peak-shaped. Differential pulse polarography is differential pulse voltammetry in which a dropping mercury electrode is used as the working electrode. A pulse is applied before the mechani- cally enforced end of the drop and the current is sampled twice: just before the onset of the pulse and just before its end. The pulse width is usually 10 to 20 % of the drop life. The drop dislodgement is synchronized with current sampling, which is carried out as in DPV. The ratio of faradaic current to charging current is enhanced and the negative influence of charging current is partially eliminated in the same way as in normal pulse voltammetry (NPV). Moreover, subtraction of the charging current sampled before the application of the pulse further decreases its negative influence. Due to the more enhanced signal (faradaic current) to noise (charging current) ratio, the limit of detection is lower than with NPV. The sensitivity of DPV depends on the reversibility of the electrode reaction of the analyte.
DifferentialPulseVoltammetry
DPV
DifferentialRefractiveIndex
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermoanalytical technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference is measured as a function of temperature. Both the sample and reference are maintained at nearly the same temperature throughout the experiment. Generally, the temperature program for a DSC analysis is designed such that the sample holder temperature increases linearly as a function of time. The reference sample should have a well-defined heat capacity over the range of temperatures to be scanned. Additionally, the reference sample must be stable, of high purity, and must not experience much change across the temperature scan. Typically, reference standards have been metals such as indium, tin, bismuth, and lead, but other standards such as polyethylene and fatty acids have been proposed to study polymers and organic compounds, respectively.
DifferentialScanningCalorimetry
Differential Pulse Voltammetry in which small potential pulses are superimposed onto a staircase potential ramp.
DifferentialStaircasePulseVoltammetry
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is a thermoanalytic technique that is similar to differential scanning calorimetry. In DTA, the material under study and an inert reference are made to undergo identical thermal cycles, (i.e., same cooling or heating programme) while recording any temperature difference between sample and reference.[1] This differential temperature is then plotted against time, or against temperature (DTA curve, or thermogram). Changes in the sample, either exothermic or endothermic, can be detected relative to the inert reference. Thus, a DTA curve provides data on the transformations that have occurred, such as glass transitions, crystallization, melting and sublimation. The area under a DTA peak is the enthalpy change and is not affected by the heat capacity of the sample.
DifferentialThermalAnalysis
Dilatometry is a method for characterising the dimensional changes of materials with variation of temperature conditions.
Dilatometry
Coulometry at an imposed, constant current in the electrochemical cell. Direct coulometry at controlled current is usually carried out in convective mass transfer mode. The end-point of the electrolysis, at which the current is stopped, must be determined either from the inflection point in the E–t curve or by using visual or objective end-point indi- cation, similar to volumetric methods. The total electric charge is calculated as the product of the constant current and time of electrolysis or can be measured directly using a coulometer. The advantage of this method is that the electric charge consumed during the electrode reaction is directly proportional to the electrolysis time. Care must be taken to avoid the potential region where another electrode reaction may occur.
DirectCoulometryAtControlledCurrent
Coulometry at a preselected constant potential of the working electrode. Direct coulometry at controlled potential is usually carried out in convective mass trans- fer mode using a large surface working electrode. Reference and auxiliary electrodes are placed in separate compartments. The total electric charge is obtained by integration of the I–t curve or can be measured directly using a coulometer.
In principle, the end point at which I = 0, i.e. when the concentration of species under study becomes zero, can be reached only at infinite time. However, in practice, the electrolysis is stopped when the current has decayed to a few percent of the initial value and the charge passed at infinite time is calculated from a plot of charge Q(t) against time t. For a simple system under diffusion control Qt= Q∞[1 − exp(−DAt/Vδ)], where Q∞ = limt→∞Q(t) is the total charge passed at infinite time, D is the diffusion coefficient of the electroactive species, A the electrode area, δ the diffusion layer thickness, and V the volume of the solution.
DirectCoulometryAtControlledPotential
Method of determining the internal resistance of an electrochemical cell by applying a low current followed by higher current within a short period, and then record the changes of battery voltage and current.
DirectCurrentInternalResistance
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a technique in physics that can be used to determine the size distribution profile of small particles in suspension or polymers in solution. In the scope of DLS, temporal fluctuations are usually analyzed using the intensity or photon auto-correlation function (also known as photon correlation spectroscopy - PCS or quasi-elastic light scattering - QELS).
DynamicLightScattering
Dynamic mechanical analysis (abbreviated DMA) is a characterisation technique where a sinusoidal stress is applied and the strain in the material is measured, allowing one to determine the complex modulus. The temperature of the sample or the frequency of the stress are often varied, leading to variations in the complex modulus; this approach can be used to locate the glass transition temperature[1] of the material, as well as to identify transitions corresponding to other molecular motions.
DynamicMechanicalAnalysis
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) is a material characterization technique where a small deformation is applied to a sample in a cyclic manner. This allows measurement of the materials response to stress, temperature, frequency or time. The term is also used to refer to the analyzer that performs the test.
DynamicMechanicalSpectroscopy
Electrochemical measurement method of the complex impedance of an electrochemical system as a function of the frequency of a small amplitude (normally 5 to 10 mV) sinusoidal voltage perturbation superimposed on a fixed value of applied potential or on the open circuit potential. Impedimetric sensors are based on measurement of a concentration-dependent parameter taken from analysis of the respective electrochemical impedance spectra, or from the impedance magnitudes at a chosen fixed frequency. The sinusoidal current response lags behind the sinusoidal voltage perturbation by a phase angle φ. Resistances (e.g. to charge transfer) give a response in phase with the voltage perturbation; capacitances (e.g. double layer) give a response 90° out of phase; combinations of resistances and capacitances give phase angles between 0 and 90°. Plots of the out of phase vs. the in phase component of the impedance for all the frequencies tested are called complex plane (or Nyquist) plots. Plots of the phase angle and the magnitude of the impedance vs. the logarithm of perturbation frequency are called Bode diagrams. Complex plane plots are the more commonly used for electrochemical sensors.
ElectrochemicalImpedanceSpectroscopy
EIS
Electrogravimetry using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. The change of mass is, for rigid deposits, linearly proportional to the change of the reso- nance frequency of the quartz crystal, according to the Sauerbrey equation. For non- rigid deposits, corrections must be made.
ElectrochemicalPiezoelectricMicrogravimetry
In electrochemical characterization, the measurement of potential, charge, or current is used to determine an analyte's concentration or to characterize an analyte's chemical reactivity
ElectrochemicalTesting
Method of electroanalytical chemistry used to separate by electrolyse ions of a substance and to derive the amount of this substance from the increase in mass of an electrode.
Electrogravimetry
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), IEC 60050 - International Electrotechnical Vocabulary, retrieved from: https://www.electropedia.org
Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique used to study the crystallographic structure of materials. EBSD is carried out in a scanning electron microscope equipped with an EBSD detector comprising at least a phosphorescent screen, a compact lens and a low-light camera. In this configuration, the SEM incident beam hits the tilted sample. As backscattered electrons leave the sample, they interact with the crystal's periodic atomic lattice planes and diffract according to Bragg's law at various scattering angles before reaching the phosphor screen forming Kikuchi patterns (EBSPs). EBSD spatial resolution depends on many factors, including the nature of the material under study and the sample preparation. Thus, EBSPs can be indexed to provide information about the material's grain structure, grain orientation, and phase at the micro-scale. EBSD is applied for impurities and defect studies, plastic deformation, and statistical analysis for average misorientation, grain size, and crystallographic texture. EBSD can also be combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), cathodoluminescence (CL), and wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS) for advanced phase identification and materials discovery.
ElectronBackscatterDiffraction
Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) is used for quantitative analysis of the elemental composition of solid specimens at a micrometer scale. The method uses bombardment of the specimen by keV electrons to excite characteristic X-rays from the sample, which are then detected by using wavelength-dispersive (WD) spectrometers.
ElectronProbeMicroanalysis
Ellipsometry is an optical technique that uses polarised light to probe the dielectric properties of a sample (optical system). The common application of ellipsometry is the analysis of thin films. Through the analysis of the state of polarisation of the light that is reflected from the sample, ellipsometry yields information on the layers that are thinner than the wavelength of the light itself, down to a single atomic layer or less. Depending on what is already known about the sample, the technique can probe a range of properties including layer thickness, morphology, and chemical composition.
Ellipsometry
An analytical technique used for the elemental analysis or chemical characterization of a sample.
EnergyDispersiveXraySpectroscopy
EDS
EDX
The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) that allows for the option of collecting electron micrographs of specimens that are wet, uncoated, or both by allowing for a gaseous environment in the specimen chamber.
EnvironmentalScanningElectronMicroscopy
Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), along with X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), is a subset of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Like other absorption spectroscopies, XAS techniques follow Beer's law. The X-ray absorption coefficient of a material as a function of energy is obtained by directing X-rays of a narrow energy range at a sample, while recording the incident and transmitted x-ray intensity, as the incident x-ray energy is incremented. When the incident x-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron of an atom within the sample, the number of x-rays absorbed by the sample increases dramatically, causing a drop in the transmitted x-ray intensity. This results in an absorption edge. Every element has a set of unique absorption edges corresponding to different binding energies of its electrons, giving XAS element selectivity. XAS spectra are most often collected at synchrotrons because of the high intensity of synchrotron X-ray sources allow the concentration of the absorbing element to reach as low as a few parts per million. Absorption would be undetectable if the source is too weak. Because X-rays are highly penetrating, XAS samples can be gases, solids or liquids.
Exafs
Fatigue testing is a specialised form of mechanical testing that is performed by applying cyclic loading to a coupon or structure. These tests are used either to generate fatigue life and crack growth data, identify critical locations or demonstrate the safety of a structure that may be susceptible to fatigue.
FatigueTesting
The FIB-DIC (Focused Ion Beam - Digital Image Correlation) ring-core technique is a powerful method for measuring residual stresses in materials. It is based on milling a ring-shaped sample, or core, from the material of interest using a focused ion beam (FIB).
Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) is an advanced technology used to capture the microstructure image of the materials. FE-SEM is typically performed in a high vacuum because gas molecules tend to disturb the electron beam and the emitted secondary and backscattered electrons used for imaging.
FieldEmissionScanningElectronMicroscopy
A technique used to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption or emission of a solid, liquid, or gas
FourierTransformInfraredSpectroscopy
FTIR
Fractography is the study of fracture surfaces in order to determine the relation between the microstructure and the mechanism(s) of crack initiation and propagation and, eventually, the root cause of the fracture. Fractography qualitatively interprets the mechanisms of fracture that occur in a sample by microscopic examination of fracture surface morpholog.
Fractography
The general principle of freezing point depression osmometry involves the relationship between the number of moles of dissolved solute in a solution and the change in freezing point.
FreezingPointDepressionOsmometry
Electrochemical method that applies current pulses to an electrochemical cell at rest and measures the voltage response.
GalvanostaticIntermittentTitrationTechnique
GITT
Gamma-ray spectroscopy is the qualitative study of the energy spectra of gamma-ray sources, such as in the nuclear industry, geochemical investigation, and astrophysics.[1] Gamma-ray spectrometry, on the other hand, is the method used to acquire a quantitative spectrum measurement. Most radioactive sources produce gamma rays, which are of various energies and intensities. When these emissions are detected and analyzed with a spectroscopy system, a gamma-ray energy spectrum can be produced. A detailed analysis of this spectrum is typically used to determine the identity and quantity of gamma emitters present in a gamma source, and is a vital tool in radiometric assay. The gamma spectrum is characteristic of the gamma-emitting nuclides contained in the source, just like in an optical spectrometer, the optical spectrum is characteristic of the material contained in a sample.
GammaSpectrometry
Gas Adsorption Porosimetry is a method used for analyzing the surface area and porosity of materials. In this method, a gas, typically nitrogen or argon, is adsorbed onto the surface of the material at various pressures and temperatures.
GasAdsorptionPorosimetry
Grinding is a machining process that involves the use of a disc-shaped grinding wheel to remove material from a workpiece. There are several types of grinding wheels, some of which include grindstones, angle grinders, die grinders and specialized grinding machines.
Electrochemical method that measures the voltage drop of a cell resulting from a square wave current load.
HPPC
HybridPulsePowerCharacterisation
HybridPulsePowerCharacterization
A test to determine the resistance a material exhibits to permanent deformation by penetration of another harder material.
HardnessTesting
Set of inherent properties of a substance, mixture of substances, or a process involving substances that, under production, usage, or disposal conditions, make it capable of causing adverse effects to organisms or the environment, depending on the degree of exposure; in other words, it is a source of danger.
Hazard
An object which supports the specimen in the correct position for the characterisation process.
Holder
Voltammetry with forced flow of the solution towards the electrode surface. A linear potential scan, at sufficiently slow scan rates so as to ensure a steady state response, is usually applied. Mass transport of a redox species enhanced by convection in this way results in a greater electric current. Convective mass transfer occurs up to the diffusion-limiting layer, within which the mass transfer is controlled by diffusion. Electroactive substance depletion outside the diffusion layer is annulled by convective mass transfer, which results in steady- state sigmoidal wave-shaped current-potential curves. The forced flow can be accomplished by movement either of the solution (solution stirring, or channel flow), or of the electrode (electrode rotation or vibration).
HydrodynamicVoltammetry
Electrochemical method that measures the voltage response of an electrochemical cell under galvanostatic conditions to short interruptions in the current.
ICI
IntermittentCurrentInterruptionMethod
Measurement principle in which the complex electric impedance of a system is measured, usually as a function of a small amplitude sinusoidal electrode potential.
Impedimetry
The volume of material, and the surrounding environment, that interacts with the probe and generate a detectable (measurable) signal (information).
The volume of material, and the surrounding environment, that interacts with the probe and generate a detectable (measurable) signal (information). In Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the interaction volume is the volume of material that interacts directly with the incident electron beam, is usually much smaller than the entire specimen’s volume, and can be computed by using proper models. The interaction between the scanning probe and the sample generates a series of detectable signals (back scattered electrons, secondary electrons, x-rays, specimen current, etc.) which contain information on sample morphology, microstructure, composition, etc. In x-ray diffraction, the interaction volume is the volume of material that interacts directly with the x-ray beam and is usually smaller than the volume of the entire specimen. Depending on sample’s structure and microstructure, the interaction between the sample and the x-ray incident beam generates a secondary (reflected) beam that is measured by a detector and contains information on certain sample’s properties (e.g., crystallographic structure, phase composition, grain size, residual stress...). In some cases, (like tribological characterisations) the “sample” can also be the “probe”. When analysing a system of samples that interact each other, finding a clear definition can become a complex problem. It is important to note that, in some cases, the volume of interaction could be different from the volume of detectable signal emission. Example: in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the volume of interaction between the electron probe and the material is different from the volumes that generate the captured signal.
InteractionVolume
In Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the interaction volume is the volume of material that interacts directly with the incident electron beam, is usually much smaller than the entire specimen’s volume, and can be computed by using proper models. The interaction between the scanning probe and the sample generates a series of detectable signals (back scattered electrons, secondary electrons, x-rays, specimen current, etc.) which contain information on sample morphology, microstructure, composition, etc. In x-ray diffraction, the interaction volume is the volume of material that interacts directly with the x-ray beam and is usually smaller than the volume of the entire specimen. Depending on sample’s structure and microstructure, the interaction between the sample and the x-ray incident beam generates a secondary (reflected) beam that is measured by a detector and contains information on certain sample’s properties (e.g., crystallographic structure, phase composition, grain size, residual stress...).
In some cases, (like tribological characterisations) the “sample” can also be the “probe”. When analysing a system of samples that interact each other, finding a clear definition can become a complex problem. It is important to note that, in some cases, the volume of interaction could be different from the volume of detectable signal emission. Example: in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the volume of interaction between the electron probe and the material is different from the volumes that generate the captured signal.
IntermediateSample
Ion chromatography (or ion-exchange chromatography) is a form of chromatography that separates ions and ionizable polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
IonChromatography
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) It is a method of conducting analytical research that separates and identifies ionized molecules present in the gas phase based on the mobility of the molecules in a carrier buffer gas. Even though it is used extensively for military or security objectives, such as detecting drugs and explosives, the technology also has many applications in laboratory analysis, including studying small and big biomolecules. IMS instruments are extremely sensitive stand-alone devices, but are often coupled with mass spectrometry, gas chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography in order to achieve a multi-dimensional separation. They come in various sizes, ranging from a few millimeters to several meters depending on the specific application, and are capable of operating under a broad range of conditions. IMS instruments such as microscale high-field asymmetric-waveform ion mobility spectrometry can be palm-portable for use in a range of applications including volatile organic compound (VOC) monitoring, biological sample analysis, medical diagnosis and food quality monitoring.
IonMobilitySpectrometry
Isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC) is a laboratory method for real-time monitoring and dynamic analysis of chemical, physical and biological processes. Over a period of hours or days, IMC determines the onset, rate, extent and energetics of such processes for specimens in small ampoules (e.g. 3–20 ml) at a constant set temperature (c. 15 °C–150 °C). IMC accomplishes this dynamic analysis by measuring and recording vs. elapsed time the net rate of heat flow (μJ/s = μW) to or from the specimen ampoule, and the cumulative amount of heat (J) consumed or produced.
IsothermalMicrocalorimetry
The laboratory where the whole characterisation process or some of its stages take place.
Describes the level of automation of the test.
LevelOfAutomation
Describes the level of expertise required to carry out a process (the entire test or the data processing).
LevelOfExpertise
Light scattering is the way light behaves when it interacts with a medium that contains particles or the boundary between different mediums where defects or structures are present. It is different than the effects of refraction, where light undergoes a change in index of refraction as it passes from one medium to another, or reflection, where light reflects back into the same medium, both of which are governed by Snell’s law. Light scattering can be caused by factors such as the nature, texture, or specific structures of a surface and the presence of gas, liquid, or solid particles through which light propagates, as well as the nature of the light itself, of its wavelengths and polarization states. It usually results in diffuse light and can also affect the dispersion of color.
LightScattering
Chronopotentiometry where the applied current is changed linearly.
LinearChronopotentiometry
Voltammetry in which the current is recorded as the electrode potential is varied linearly with time. LSV corresponds to the first half cycle of cyclic voltammetry. The peak current is expressed by the Randles-Ševčík equation. The scan is usually started at a potential where no electrode reaction occurs.
LinearScanVoltammetry
LSV
LinearPolarization
LinearSweepVoltammetry
Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique used to quantify known materials, to identify unknown compounds within a sample, and to elucidate the structure and chemical properties of different molecules.
MassSpectrometry
Describes the main input parameters that are needed to acquire the signal.
MeasurementParameter
Activity which has the goal of adjusting/tuning a measing instrument, without performing a measurement on a reference sample (which is a calibration). The output of this process can be a specific measurement parameter to be used in the characteriasation measurement process.
From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Set of operations carried out on a measuring system so that it provides prescribed indications corresponding to given values of a quantity being measured. NOTE 1: If there is any doubt that the context in which the term is being used is that of metrology, the long form “adjustment of a measuring system” might be used. NOTE 2: Types of adjustment of a measuring system include zero adjustment, offset adjustment, and span adjustment (sometimes called “gain adjustment”). NOTE 3: Adjustment of a measuring system should not be confused with calibration, which is sometimes a prerequisite for adjustment. NOTE 4: After an adjustment of a measuring system, the measuring system must usually be recalibrated.
Activity which has the goal of adjusting/tuning a measing instrument, without performing a measurement on a reference sample (which is a calibration). The output of this process can be a specific measurement parameter to be used in the characteriasation measurement process. From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Set of operations carried out on a measuring system so that it provides prescribed indications corresponding to given values of a quantity being measured. NOTE 1: If there is any doubt that the context in which the term is being used is that of metrology, the long form “adjustment of a measuring system” might be used. NOTE 2: Types of adjustment of a measuring system include zero adjustment, offset adjustment, and span adjustment (sometimes called “gain adjustment”). NOTE 3: Adjustment of a measuring system should not be confused with calibration, which is sometimes a prerequisite for adjustment. NOTE 4: After an adjustment of a measuring system, the measuring system must usually be recalibrated.
Adjustment
The overall time needed to acquire the measurement data.
MeasurementTime
Mechanical testing covers a wide range of tests, which can be divided broadly into two types: 1. those that aim to determine a material's mechanical properties, independent of geometry; 2. those that determine the response of a structure to a given action, e.g. testing of composite beams, aircraft structures to destruction, etc.
MechanicalTesting
In the membrane osmometry technique, a pure solvent and polymer solution are separated by a semipermeable membrane, due to the higher chemical potential of the solvent in the pure solvent than in polymer solution, the solvent starts moving towards the polymer solution.
MembraneOsmometry
A method used to measure the pore size distribution and total pore volume of solid materials by infiltrating mercury into the pores under controlled pressure conditions and analyzing the amount of mercury intrusion.
MercuryPorosimetry
Microscopy is a category of characterization techniques which probe and map the surface and sub-surface structure of a material. These techniques can use photons, electrons, ions or physical cantilever probes to gather data about a sample's structure on a range of length scales.
Microscopy
Milling is a machining process that involves the use of a milling machine to remove material from a workpiece. Milling machines feature cutting blades that rotate while they press against the workpiece.
The sample is mounted on a holder.
Nanoindentation (known also as nanoindentation test) is a method for testing the hardness and related mechanical properties of materials, facilitated by high-precision instrumentation in the nanometer scale, as well as analytical and computational algorithms for result evaluation.
Nanoindentation (known also as nanoindentation test) is a method for testing the hardness and related mechanical properties of materials, facilitated by high-precision instrumentation in the nanometer scale, as well as analytical and computational algorithms for result evaluation. By definition, when someone performs nanoindentation, it refers to either quasistatic or continuous stiffness measurement. However, in reality with a nanoindenter it is also possible to perform scratch testing, scanning probe microscopy, and apply non-contact surface energy mapping, which can also be called nanoindentation, because they are measurements conducted using an nanoindenter.
Nanoindentation
By definition, when someone performs nanoindentation, it refers to either quasistatic or continuous stiffness measurement. However, in reality with a nanoindenter it is also possible to perform scratch testing, scanning probe microscopy, and apply non-contact surface energy mapping, which can also be called nanoindentation, because they are measurements conducted using an nanoindenter.
Neutron spin echo spectroscopy is a high resolution inelastic neutron scattering method probing nanosecond dynamics. Neutron spin echo (NSE) spectroscopy uses the precession of neutron spins in a magnetic field to measure the energy transfer at the sample and decouples the energy resolution from beam characteristics like monochromatisation and collimation.
NeutronSpinEchoSpectroscopy
Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), also known as X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), is a type of absorption spectroscopy that indicates the features in the X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of condensed matter due to the photoabsorption cross section for electronic transitions from an atomic core level to final states in the energy region of 50–100 eV above the selected atomic core level ionization energy, where the wavelength of the photoelectron is larger than the interatomic distance between the absorbing atom and its first neighbour atoms.
Nexafs
Voltammetry in which potential pulses of amplitude increasing by a constant increment and with a pulse width of 2 to 200 ms are superimposed on a constant initial potential. Normal pulse polarography is NPV in which a dropping mercury electrode is used as the working electrode. A pulse is applied just before the mechanically enforced end of the drop. The pulse width is usually 10 to 20 % of the drop time. The drop dislodgment is synchro- nized with current sampling, which is carried out just before the end of the pulse, as in NPV. Sigmoidal wave-shaped voltammograms are obtained. The current is sampled at the end of the pulse and then plotted versus the potential of the pulse. The current is sampled just before the end of the pulse, when the charging current is greatly diminished. In this way, the ratio of faradaic current to charging current is enhanced and the negative influence of charging current is partially eliminated. Due to the improved signal (faradaic current) to noise (charging current) ratio, the limit of detec- tion is lowered. The sensitivity of NPV is not affected by the reversibility of the electrode reaction of the analyte.
NormalPulseVoltammetry
NPV
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei. This spectroscopy is based on the measurement of absorption of electromagnetic radiations in the radio frequency region from roughly 4 to 900 MHz. Absorption of radio waves in the presence of magnetic field is accompanied by a special type of nuclear transition, and for this reason, such type of spectroscopy is known as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. The sample is placed in a magnetic field and the NMR signal is produced by excitation of the nuclei sample with radio waves into nuclear magnetic resonance, which is detected with sensitive radio receivers. The intramolecular magnetic field around an atom in a molecule changes the resonance frequency, thus giving access to details of the electronic structure of a molecule and its individual functional groups. As the fields are unique or highly characteristic to individual compounds, in modern organic chemistry practice, NMR spectroscopy is the definitive method to identify monomolecular organic compounds.
NuclearMagneticResonance
A process in which the electric current is kept constant at 0 (i.e., open-circuit conditions).
OpenCircuitHold
OCVHold
The human operator who takes care of the whole characterisation method or sub-processes/stages.
Operator
Optical microscopy is a technique used to closely view a sample through the magnification of a lens with visible light.
OpticalMicroscopy
OpticalTesting
Osmometry is an advanced analytical method for determining the osmotic concentration of solutions. The osmotic – or solute – concentration of a colloidal system is expressed in osmoles (Osm) per unit of volume (Osm/L) or weight (Osm/kg).
Osmometry
Outlier removal refers to the process of identifying and eliminating anomalous data points that deviate significantly from the overall pattern of a dataset. These outliers are generally considered to be observations that are unusually distant from other values and can potentially distort the results of analyses.
Photoluminescence spectroscopy is a widely used technique for characterisation of the optical and electronic properties of semiconductors and molecules.
PhotoluminescenceMicroscopy
Polishing is a machining process to achieve a smooth surface of the Sample, which uses abrasive compounds with smal particles that are embedded in a pad or wheel.
Polishing
Porosimetry
Mathematical model used to process data.
Mathematical model used to process data. The PostProcessingModel use is mainly intended to get secondary data from primary data.
PostProcessingModel
The PostProcessingModel use is mainly intended to get secondary data from primary data.
Two-step electrochemical measurement in which 1) material is accumulated at an electrode and 2) the material is removed by chemical reaction or electrochemically at constant current with measurement of electrode potential. Historically for the analysis of metal ions, mercury ions were added to the test solution to form a mercury amalgam when reduced. Alternatively, an HMDE or MFE was used and the oxidizing agent added after amalgam formation. However, the toxicity of mercury and its compounds have all but precluded the present-day use of mercury. The accumulation is similar to that used in stripping voltammetry. The stripping potentiogram shows staircase curves of potential as a function of time. Frequently, the first derivative is displayed (dE/dt=f(t)), as this produces peak-shaped signals. The time between transitions (peaks) is proportional to the concentration of analyte in the test solution. The time between changes in potential in step 2 is related to the concentration of analyte in the solution.
PotentiometricStrippingAnalysis
PSA
Method of electroanalytical chemistry based on measurement of an electrode potential. Potentiometric methods are used to measure the electrochemical potentials of a metallic structure in a given environment. For measurements using ion-selective electrodes, the measurement is made under equilibrium conditions what means that the macroscopic electric current is zero and the concentrations of all species are uniform throughout the solution. The indicator electrode is in direct contact with the analyte solution, whereas the reference electrode is usually separated from the analyte solution by a salt bridge. The potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is normally directly proportional to the logarithm of the activity (concentration) of the analyte in the solution (Nernst equation). See also ion selective electrode.
Potentiometry
The sample after a preparation process.
Data resulting of a pre-processing of raw data, applying corrections to normalize/harmonize, in order to prepare them for the post-processing.
Data resulting of a pre-processing of raw data, applying corrections to normalize/harmonize, in order to prepare them for the post-processing. Examples include: baseline subtraction, noise reduction , X and Y axes correction.
PrimaryData
Baseline subtraction, noise reduction , X and Y axes correction.
Probe is the physical tool (i.e., a disturbance, primary solicitation, or a gadget), controlled over time, that generates measurable fields that interact with the sample to acquire information on the specimen’s behaviour and properties.
Probe is the physical tool (i.e., a disturbance, primary solicitation, or a gadget), controlled over time, that generates measurable fields that interact with the sample to acquire information on the specimen’s behaviour and properties. In dynamic light scattering, temporal fluctuations of backscattered light due to Brownian motion and flow of nanoparticles are the probe, resolved as function of pathlength in the sample. From fluctuation analysis (intensity correlations) and the wavelength of light in the medium, the (distribution of) diffusion coefficient(s) can be measured during flow. The Stokes-Einstein relation yields the particle size characteristics. In electron microscopy (SEM or TEM), the probe is a beam of electrons with known energy that is focused (and scanned) on the sample’s surface with a well-defined beam-size and scanning algorithm. In mechanical testing, the probe is a the tip plus a force actuator, which is designed to apply a force over-time on a sample. Many variants can be defined depending on way the force is applied (tensile/compressive uniaxial tests, bending test, indentation test) and its variation with time (static tests, dynamic/cyclic tests, impact tests, etc…) In spectroscopic methods, the probe is a beam of light with pre-defined energy (for example in the case of laser beam for Raman measurements) or pre-defined polarization (for example in the case of light beam for Spectroscopic Ellipsometry methods), that will be properly focused on the sample’s surface with a welldefined geometry (specific angle of incidence). In x-ray diffraction, the probe is a beam of x-rays with known energy that is properly focused on the sample’s surface with a well-defined geometry.
Probe
In dynamic light scattering, temporal fluctuations of backscattered light due to Brownian motion and flow of nanoparticles are the probe, resolved as function of pathlength in the sample. From fluctuation analysis (intensity correlations) and the wavelength of light in the medium, the (distribution of) diffusion coefficient(s) can be measured during flow. The Stokes-Einstein relation yields the particle size characteristics. In electron microscopy (SEM or TEM), the probe is a beam of electrons with known energy that is focused (and scanned) on the sample’s surface with a well-defined beam-size and scanning algorithm. In mechanical testing, the probe is a the tip plus a force actuator, which is designed to apply a force over-time on a sample. Many variants can be defined depending on way the force is applied (tensile/compressive uniaxial tests, bending test, indentation test) and its variation with time (static tests, dynamic/cyclic tests, impact tests, etc…) In spectroscopic methods, the probe is a beam of light with pre-defined energy (for example in the case of laser beam for Raman measurements) or pre-defined polarization (for example in the case of light beam for Spectroscopic Ellipsometry methods), that will be properly focused on the sample’s surface with a welldefined geometry (specific angle of incidence). In x-ray diffraction, the probe is a beam of x-rays with known energy that is properly focused on the sample’s surface with a well-defined geometry.
Process representing the interaction between the Probe and the Sample (with a certain Interaction Volume) which generates a Signal.
ProbeSampleInteraction
Profilometry is a technique used to extract topographical data from a surface. This can be a single point, a line scan or even a full three dimensional scan. The purpose of profilometry is to get surface morphology, step heights and surface roughness.
Profilometry
A technique used to measure the voltage of a cell under a low applied current as an estimate for the open-circuit voltage.
PseudoOpenCircuitVoltageMethod
PseudoOCV
The pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method is an established method for space charge measurements in polymeric dielectrics.
PulsedElectroacousticMethod
Raman spectroscopy (/ˈrɑːmən/) (named after physicist C. V. Raman) is a spectroscopic technique typically used to determine vibrational modes of molecules, although rotational and other low-frequency modes of systems may also be observed. Raman spectroscopy is commonly used in chemistry to provide a structural fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. Raman spectroscopy relies upon inelastic scattering of photons, known as Raman scattering. A source of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range is used, although X-rays can also be used. The laser light interacts with molecular vibrations, phonons or other excitations in the system, resulting in the energy of the laser photons being shifted up or down. The shift in energy gives information about the vibrational modes in the system. Infrared spectroscopy typically yields similar yet complementary information. Typically, a sample is illuminated with a laser beam. Electromagnetic radiation from the illuminated spot is collected with a lens and sent through a monochromator. Elastic scattered radiation at the wavelength corresponding to the laser line (Rayleigh scattering) is filtered out by either a notch filter, edge pass filter, or a band pass filter, while the rest of the collected light is dispersed onto a detector.
RamanSpectroscopy
A set of reasons or a logical basis for a decision or belief.
Rationale
Direct output of the equipment with the manufacturer’s software including automatic pre-processing that is not modified by the user once the acquisition method is defined and the equipment calibrated. The raw data is a set of (unprocessed) data that is given directly as output from the detector, usually expressed as a function of time or position, or photon energy.
Direct output of the equipment with the manufacturer’s software including automatic pre-processing that is not modified by the user once the acquisition method is defined and the equipment calibrated. The raw data is a set of (unprocessed) data that is given directly as output from the detector, usually expressed as a function of time or position, or photon energy. In mechanical testing, examples of raw data are raw-force, raw-displacement, coordinates as function of time. In spectroscopic testing, the raw data are light intensity, or refractive index, or optical absorption as a function of the energy (or wavelength) of the incident light beam. In some cases, raw data can be considered to have already some level of data processing, e.g., in electron microscopy a “raw image” that is formed on the screen is already result from multiple processing after the signal is acquired by the detector.
RawData
In mechanical testing, examples of raw data are raw-force, raw-displacement, coordinates as function of time. In spectroscopic testing, the raw data are light intensity, or refractive index, or optical absorption as a function of the energy (or wavelength) of the incident light beam.
In some cases, raw data can be considered to have already some level of data processing, e.g., in electron microscopy a “raw image” that is formed on the screen is already result from multiple processing after the signal is acquired by the detector.
RawSample
From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Material, sufficiently homogeneous and stable with reference to one or more specified properties, which has been established to be fit for its intended use in measurement or in examination. NOTE 1 Reference materials can be certified reference materials or reference materials without a certified property value. NOTE 2 For a reference material to be used as a measurement standard for calibration purposes it needs to be a certified reference material. NOTE 3 Reference materials can be used for measurement precision evaluation and quality control. EXAMPLE Human serum without an assigned quantity value for the amount-of-substance concentration of the inherent cholesterol, used for quality control. NOTE 4 Properties of reference materials can be quantities or nominal properties. NOTE 5 A reference material is sometimes incorporated into a specially fabricated device. EXAMPLE Spheres of uniform size mounted on a microscope slide. NOTE 6 Some reference materials have assigned values in a unit outside the SI. Such materials include vaccines to which International Units (IU) have been assigned by the World Health Organization. NOTE 7 A given reference material can only be used for one purpose in a measurement, either calibration or quality control, but not both. NOTE 8 ISO/REMCO has an analogous definition but uses the term “measurement process” (ISO Guide 30, Reference materials – Selected terms and definitions, definition 2.1.1) for both measurement and examination. From [ISO 17858:2007]: Quality control sample used to determine accuracy and precision of method.
Material, sufficiently homogeneous and stable with respect to one or more specified properties, which has been established to be fit for its intended use in a measurement process.
Material, sufficiently homogeneous and stable with respect to one or more specified properties, which has been established to be fit for its intended use in a measurement process. From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Material, sufficiently homogeneous and stable with reference to one or more specified properties, which has been established to be fit for its intended use in measurement or in examination. NOTE 1 Reference materials can be certified reference materials or reference materials without a certified property value. NOTE 2 For a reference material to be used as a measurement standard for calibration purposes it needs to be a certified reference material. NOTE 3 Reference materials can be used for measurement precision evaluation and quality control. EXAMPLE Human serum without an assigned quantity value for the amount-of-substance concentration of the inherent cholesterol, used for quality control. NOTE 4 Properties of reference materials can be quantities or nominal properties. NOTE 5 A reference material is sometimes incorporated into a specially fabricated device. EXAMPLE Spheres of uniform size mounted on a microscope slide. NOTE 6 Some reference materials have assigned values in a unit outside the SI. Such materials include vaccines to which International Units (IU) have been assigned by the World Health Organization. NOTE 7 A given reference material can only be used for one purpose in a measurement, either calibration or quality control, but not both. NOTE 8 ISO/REMCO has an analogous definition but uses the term “measurement process” (ISO Guide 30, Reference materials – Selected terms and definitions, definition 2.1.1) for both measurement and examination. From [ISO 17858:2007]: Quality control sample used to determine accuracy and precision of method.
ReferenceSample
Certified Reference Material
Reference material
Portion of material selected from a larger quantity of material. The term needs to be qualified, e.g., bulk sample, representative sample, primary sample, bulked sample, test sample, etc. The term 'sample' implies the existence of a sampling error, i.e., the results obtained on the portions taken are only estimates of the concentration of a constituent or the quantity of a property present in the parent material.
Portion of material selected from a larger quantity of material. The term needs to be qualified, e.g., bulk sample, representative sample, primary sample, bulked sample, test sample, etc. The term 'sample' implies the existence of a sampling error, i.e., the results obtained on the portions taken are only estimates of the concentration of a constituent or the quantity of a property present in the parent material. Sample and Specimen are often used interchangeably. However in some cases the term Specimen is used to specify a portion taken under conditions such that the sampling variability cannot be assessed (usually because the population is changing), and is assumed, for convenience, to be zero.
Sample
Sample and Specimen are often used interchangeably. However in some cases the term Specimen is used to specify a portion taken under conditions such that the sampling variability cannot be assessed (usually because the population is changing), and is assumed, for convenience, to be zero.
Act of extracting a portion (amount) of material from a larger quantity of material. This operation results in obtaining a sample representative of the batch with respect to the property or properties being investigated.
Act of extracting a portion (amount) of material from a larger quantity of material. This operation results in obtaining a sample representative of the batch with respect to the property or properties being investigated. The term can be used to cover either a unit of supply or a portion for analysis. The portion taken may consist of one or more sub-samples and the batch may be the population from which the sample is taken.
SampleExtraction
The term can be used to cover either a unit of supply or a portion for analysis. The portion taken may consist of one or more sub-samples and the batch may be the population from which the sample is taken.
SampleExtractionByCutting
SampleExtractionInstrument
Analysis of the sample in order to determine information that are relevant for the characterisation method.
Analysis of the sample in order to determine information that are relevant for the characterisation method. In the Nanoindentation method, the Scanning Electron Microscope to determine the indentation area is a SampleInspection.
SampleInspection
In the Nanoindentation method, the Scanning Electron Microscope to determine the indentation area is a SampleInspection.
Parameter used for the sample inspection process.
SampleInspectionParameter
Sample preparation processes (e.g., machining, polishing, cutting to size, etc.) before actual observation and measurement.
SamplePreparation
SamplePreparationByCutting
SamplePreparationInstrument
Parameter used for the sample preparation process.
SamplePreparationParameter
DC polarography with current sampling at the end of each drop life mechanically enforced by a knocker at a preset drop time value. The current sampling and mechanical drop dislodge are synchronized. In this way, the ratio of faradaic current to double layer charging current is enhanced and the negative influence of charging current is partially eliminated. Due to the improved signal (faradaic current) to noise (charging current) ratio, the limit of detection is lowered.
SampledDCPolarography
TASTPolarography
Auger electron spectroscopy (AES or simply Auger) is a surface analysis technique that uses an electron beam to excite electrons on atoms in the particle. Atoms that are excited by the electron beam can emit “Auger” electrons. AES measures the kinetic energies of the emitted electrons. The energy of the emitted electrons is characteristic of elements present at the surface and near the surface of a sample.
ScanningAugerElectronMicroscopy
AES
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) uses a focused beam of high-energy electrons to generate a variety of signals at the surface of solid specimens. The signals that derive from electron-sample interactions reveal information about the sample including external morphology (texture), chemical composition, and crystalline structure and orientation of materials making up the sample.
ScanningElectronMicroscopy
SEM
Scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) and scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) are probe techniques which permit mapping of topography and Volta potential distribution on electrode surfaces. It measures the surface electrical potential of a sample without requiring an actual physical contact.
ScanningKelvinProbe
SKB
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is a branch of microscopy that forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen.
ScanningProbeMicroscopy
SPM
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, or STM, is an imaging technique used to obtain ultra-high resolution images at the atomic scale, without using light or electron beams.
ScanningTunnelingMicroscopy
STM
ScatteringAndDiffraction
Data resulting from the application of post-processing or model generation to other data.
Data resulting from the application of post-processing or model generation to other data. Examples include: deconvoluted curves, intensity maps.
SecondaryData
Elaborated data
Deconvoluted curves, intensity maps.
Secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a technique used to analyze the composition of solid surfaces and thin films by sputtering the surface of the specimen with a focused primary ion beam and collecting and analyzing ejected secondary ions.
SecondaryIonMassSpectrometry
SIMS
ShearOrTorsionTesting
According to UPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, a “signal” is “A representation of a quantity within an analytical instrument” (https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/S05661).
Result (effect) of the interaction between the sample and the probe, which usually is a measurable and quantifiable quantity.
Result (effect) of the interaction between the sample and the probe, which usually is a measurable and quantifiable quantity. According to UPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, a “signal” is “A representation of a quantity within an analytical instrument” (https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/S05661). Signal is usually emitted from a characteristic “emission” volume, which can be different from the sample/probe “interaction” volume and can be usually quantified using proper physics equations and/or modelling of the interaction mechanisms.
Signal is usually emitted from a characteristic “emission” volume, which can be different from the sample/probe “interaction” volume and can be usually quantified using proper physics equations and/or modelling of the interaction mechanisms.
Spectroscopic techniques are numerous and varied, but all involve measuring the response of a material to different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. Depending on the technique used, material characterization may be based on the absorption, emission, impedance, or reflection of incident energy by a sample.
Spectrometry
Spectroscopy is a category of characterization techniques which use a range of principles to reveal the chemical composition, composition variation, crystal structure and photoelectric properties of materials.
Spectroscopy
Voltammetry in which a square-wave potential waveform is superimposed on an underlying linearly varying potential ramp or staircase ramp. Most instruments show plots of the current at the end of the forward-going pulse and of the backward-going pulse vs. the potential, as well as their difference. This can give valuable information on the kinetics of the electrode reaction and the electrode process. The current is sampled just before the end of the forward- going pulse and of the backward-going pulse and the difference of the two sampled currents is plotted versus the applied potential of the potential or staircase ramp. The square-wave voltammogram is peak-shaped. The sensitivity of SWV depends on the reversibility of the electrode reaction of the analyte.
SquareWaveVoltammetry
OSWV
OsteryoungSquareWaveVoltammetry
SWV
Chronopotentiometry where the applied current is changed in steps.
StepChronopotentiometry
Two-step electrochemical measurement in which 1) material is accumulated at an electrode and 2) the amount of an accumulated species is measured by voltammetry. The measured electric current in step 2 is related to the concentration of analyte in the solution by calibration. Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) was historically used to measure concentrations of metal ions in solution using cathodic accumulation with mercury to form an amalgam. Due to the toxicity of mercury and its compounds, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry have frequently replaced ASV at mercury electrodes in the laboratory, often sacrificing the probing of speciation and lability in complex matrices. Mercury has now been replaced by non-toxic bismuth or anti- mony as films on a solid electrode support (such as glassy carbon) with equally good sensi- tivity and detection limits. Because the accumulation (pre-concentration) step can be prolonged, increasing the amount of material at the electrode, stripping voltammetry is able to measure very small concentrations of analyte. Often the product of the electrochemical stripping is identical to the analyte before the accumulation. Stripping voltammetry is a calibrated method to establish the relation between amount accumulated in a given time and the concentration of the analyte in solution. Types of stripping voltammetry refer to the kind of accumulation (e.g. adsorptive stripping voltammetry) or the polarity of the stripping electrochemistry (anodic, cathodic stripping voltammetry).
StrippingVoltammetry
Synchrotron
Tensile testing, also known as tension testing, is a test in which a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure. Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are ultimate tensile strength, breaking strength, maximum elongation and reduction in area. From these measurements the following properties can also be determined: Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield strength, and strain-hardening characteristics. Uniaxial tensile testing is the most commonly used for obtaining the mechanical characteristics of isotropic materials. Some materials use biaxial tensile testing. The main difference between these testing machines being how load is applied on the materials.
TensileTesting
Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) is a technique used in thermal analysis, a branch of materials science which studies the properties of materials as they change with temperature.
ThermochemicalTesting
TMA
Thermogravimetric analysis or thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is a method of thermal analysis in which the mass of a sample is measured over time as the temperature changes. This measurement provides information about physical phenomena, such as phase transitions, absorption, adsorption and desorption; as well as chemical phenomena including chemisorptions, thermal decomposition, and solid-gas reactions (e.g., oxidation or reduction).
Thermogravimetry
TGA
Method of mechanical testing that provides values for the modulus of elasticity in bending, flexural stress, flexural strain, and the flexural stress–strain response of a material sample.
ThreePointBendingTesting
ThreePointFlexuralTest
Tomography is imaging by sections or sectioning that uses any kind of penetrating wave. The method is used in radiology, archaeology, biology, atmospheric science, geophysics, oceanography, plasma physics, materials science, cosmochemistry, astrophysics, quantum information, and other areas of science. The word tomography is derived from Ancient Greek τόμος tomos, "slice, section" and γράφω graphō, "to write" or, in this context as well, "to describe." A device used in tomography is called a tomograph, while the image produced is a tomogram.
Tomography
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons with the sample as the beam is transmitted through the specimen. The image is then magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, a layer of photographic film, or a sensor such as a scintillator attached to a charge-coupled device.
TransmissionElectronMicroscopy
TEM
Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a family of non-destructive testing techniques based on the propagation of ultrasonic waves in the object or material tested. In most common UT applications, very short ultrasonic pulse-waves with center frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz, and occasionally up to 50 MHz, are transmitted into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize materials. A common example is ultrasonic thickness measurement, which tests the thickness of the test object, for example, to monitor pipework corrosion. Ultrasonic testing is often performed on steel and other metals and alloys, though it can also be used on concrete, wood and composites, albeit with less resolution. It is used in many industries including steel and aluminium construction, metallurgy, manufacturing, aerospace, automotive and other transportation sectors.
UltrasonicTesting
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy or UV/VIS refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region.
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy or UV/VIS refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region. It is routinely used in material science and analytical chemistry, commonly carried out in gas, solutions or vacuum environment.
UltravioletVisibleSpectroscopy
UV-VIS
It is routinely used in material science and analytical chemistry, commonly carried out in gas, solutions or vacuum environment.
High level description of the user case. It can include the properties of the material, the conditions of the environment and possibly mentioning which are the industrial sectors of reference.
UserCase
Vapor pressure osmometry measures vapor pressure indirectly by measuring the change in temperature of a polymer solution on dilution by solvent vapor and is generally useful for polymers with Mn below 10,000–40,000 g/mol. When molecular weight is more than that limit, the quantity being measured becomes very small to detect.
VaporPressureDepressionOsmometry
VPO
Viscometry or viscosity method was one of the first methods used for determining the MW of polymers. In this method, the viscosity of polymer solution is measured, and the simplest method used is capillary viscometry by using the Ubbelohde U-tube viscometer. In this method, both the flow time of the polymer solution (t) and the flow time of the pure solvent (t0) are recorded. The ratio of the polymer solution flow time (t) to the flow time of pure solvent (t0) is equal to the ratio of their viscosities (η/η0) only if they have the same densities.
Viscometry
Voltammetry is an analytical technique based on the measure of the current flowing through an electrode dipped in a solution containing electro-active compounds, while a potential scanning is imposed upon it. The current vs. potential (I-E) curve is called a voltammogram.
Voltammetry
Hydrodynamic voltammetry using a a rotating disc electrode, where the limiting current is described by the Levich equation.
VoltammetryAtARotatingDiskElectrode
A wear test measures the changes in conditions caused by friction, and the result is obtained from deformation, scratches, and indentations on the interacting surfaces. Wear is defined as the progressive removal of the material from a solid surface and manifested by a change in the geometry of the surface.
WearTesting
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), also known as ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis) is a surface analysis technique which provides both elemental and chemical state information virtually without restriction on the type of material which can be analysed. It is a relatively simple technique where the sample is illuminated with X-rays which have enough energy to eject an electron from the atom. These ejected electrons are known as photoelectrons. The kinetic energy of these emitted electrons is characteristic of the element from which the photoelectron originated. The position and intensity of the peaks in an energy spectrum provide the desired chemical state and quantitative information. The surface sensitivity of XPS is determined by the distance that that photoelectron can travel through the material without losing any kinteic energy. These elastiaclly scattered photoelectrons contribute to the photoelectron peak, whilst photoelectrons that have been inelastically scattered, losing some kinetic energy before leaving the material, will contribute to the spectral background.
XpsVariableKinetic
Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA)
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
A technique used to analyze the atomic and molecular structure of crystalline materials by observing the diffraction patterns produced when X-rays interact with the regular array of atoms in the crystal lattice.
XrayDiffraction
XRD
A method for analyzing the crystal structure of powdered materials by measuring the diffraction patterns produced when X-rays interact with randomly oriented crystallites within the sample.
XrayPowderDiffraction
XRPD
XrdGrazingIncidence
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to anions
MagnesiumSaltCompound
a chemical compound consisting of titanium and oxygen atoms
TitaniumOxideCompound
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to hexafluorophosphate anions
MagnesiumHexafluorophosphate
Mg(PF6)2
a chemical compound consisting of one cadmium and oxygen atom
CadmiumOxide
CdO
a chemical compound consisting of gallium and oxygen atoms
GalliumOxideCompound
a chemical compound consisting of lead in the +2 oxidation state bonded to carbonate anions
LeadIICarbonate
PbCO3
a chemical compound consisting of sodium, manganese, and oxygen atoms in an oxide structure
SodiumManganeseOxide
NMO
a chemical compound consisting of transition metal cations bonded to anions
TransitionMetalSaltCompound
a chemical compound consisting of silicon and oxygen atoms
SiliconOxide
NonStoichiometricSiliconOxide
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide anions
SodiumBistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide
NaTFSI
a chemical compound consisting of aluminium cations bonded to chlorate anions
AluminiumChlorate
Al(ClO3)3
a chemical compound consisting of lead in the +2 oxidation state bonded to acetate anions
LeadIIAcetate
Pb(OAc)2
a chemical compound consisting of a carboxylic acid group bonded to a hydrogen atom
FormicAcid
HCO2H
a chemical compound consisting of lead cations bonded to anions
LeadSaltCompound
a chemical compound containing a carboxylic acid group and a vinyl group
AcrylicAcid
a chemical compound consisting of a five-membered lactone ring formed from gamma-hydroxybutyric acid
GammaButyrolactone
GBL
GButyrolactone
a chemical compound consisting of cobalt in the +2 oxidation state bonded to fluoride anions
CobaltIIFluoride
CoF2
a chemical compound consisting of aluminium cations bonded to carbonate anions
AluminiumCarbonate
Al2(CO3)3
a chemical compound consisting of copper in the +2 oxidation state bonded to nitrate anions
CopperIINitrate
Cu(NO3)2
a chemical compound consisting of a carbonate group bonded to a 2-methoxyethyl group and a methyl group
MOEMC
2MethoxyethylMethylCarbonate
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide anions
BariumBistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide
Ba(TFSI)2
a chemical compound consisting of cobalt in the +2 oxidation state bonded to nitrite anions
CobaltIINitrite
Co(NO2)2
a chemical compound consisting of indium in the +3 oxidation state bonded to bromide anions
IndiumIIIBromide
InBr3
a chemical compound consisting of copper cations bonded to anions
CopperSaltCompound
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to triflate anions
CalciumTriflate
Ca(OTf)2
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal copper in its elemental form
Copper
a chemical compound consisting of manganese in the +2 oxidation state bonded to chlorate anions
ManganeseIIChlorate
Mn(ClO3)2
a chemical compound consisting of a hydroxyl group bonded to a methyl group
Methanol
MeOH
a chemical compound consisting of calcium and hydroxide ions
CalciumHydroxide
Ca(OH)2
a chemical compound consisting of indium in the +3 oxidation state bonded to tetrafluoroborate anions
IndiumIIITetrafluoroborate
In(BF4)3
a chemical substance consisting of finely divided amorphous carbon
CarbonBlack
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to bisoxalatophosphate anions
SodiumBisoxalatophosphate
NaBOP
a chemical compound consisting of indium in the +3 oxidation state bonded to triflate anions
IndiumIIITriflate
In(OTf)2
a chemical compound consisting of sodium, cobalt, phosphate, and oxygen atoms
SodiumCobaltPhosphate
a chemical compound consisting of palladium and oxygen atoms
PalladiumOxideCompound
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to hexafluorophosphate anions
LithiumHexafluorophosphate
LiPF6
a chemical compound consisting of aluminium atoms bonded to hydroxide groups
AluminiumHydroxide
Al(OH)3
a chemical compound consisting of a five-membered cyclic ether with two oxygen atoms in the ring
Dioxolane
DOL
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal technetium in its elemental form
Technetium
a chemical compound consisting of two carbon atoms joined by a double bond and bonded to four hydrogen atoms
Ethylene
C2H4
Ethene
a substance into which another substance is dissolved
a chemical compound consisting of a carboxylic acid group bonded to a propyl group
PropionicAcid
a chemical compound consisting of nickel in the +2 oxidation state bonded to bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide anions
NickelIIBistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide
Ni(TFSI)2
a chemical compound consisting of copper in the +2 oxidation state bonded to phosphate anions
CopperIIPhosphate
Cu3(PO4)2
a chemical compound consisting of tin and oxygen atoms
TinOxideCompound
a chemical compound consisting of a combination of metal oxides
MixedMetalOxideCompound
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to tetrafluoroborate anions
BariumTetrafluoroborate
Ba(BF4)2
a chemical compound consisting of zinc and hydroxide ions
ZincHydroxide
a chemical compound consisting of indium in the +3 oxidation state bonded to perchlorate anions
IndiumIIIPerchlorate
In(ClO4)3
A cationic polymer consisting of an arylene backbone functionalized with imidazolium groups, forming an ion-conducting polymeric material.
PolyAryleneImidazolium
Poly(arylene imidazolium)s are a distinct class of cationic polymers featuring imidazolium-functionalized arylene backbones, widely used in ion-conducting membranes and electrochemical applications. They exhibit unique properties such as ionic conductivity, thermal stability, and tunable charge transport behavior. Including this term is necessary to clearly distinguish this polymer family within broader polymer and ionic liquid material ontologies.
This polymer class is primarily used in advanced electrochemical systems such as fuel cell membranes and CO2 separation materials. The absence of standardized ontology entries motivates explicit inclusion for interoperability in materials informatics frameworks.
a chemical compound consisting of cobalt in the +2 oxidation state bonded to sulfite anions
CobaltIISulfite
CoSO3
a chemical compound consisting of chlorine and oxygen atoms bonded to a hydroxyl group
ChloricAcid
HClO3
a chemical compound consisting of gallium in the +3 oxidaiton state and oxygen atoms
GalliumOxide
Ga2O3
a chemical compound consisting of zinc cations bonded to cyanide anions
ZincCyanide
Zn(CN)2
a chemical compound consisting of aluminium cations bonded to acetate anions
AluminiumAcetate
Al(OAc)3
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to trifluoromethanesulfonyl oxalatoborate anions
SodiumTrifluoromethanesulfonyloxalatoborate
NaTFOB
a chemical compound consisting of a borate group bonded to three trifluoroethyl groups
Tris222TrifluoroethylBorate
TTFEB
a chemical compound consisting of one carbon atom double-bonded to two oxygen atoms
CarbonDioxide
CO2
a chemical compound containing a methyl group bonded to an acetate functional group
MethylAcetate
MeOAc
MethylEthanoate
a chemical compound consisting of nickel in the +2 oxidation state bonded to sulfate anions
NickelIISulfate
NiSO4
a chemical compound consisting of zinc cations bonded to sulfite anions
ZincSulfite
ZnSO3
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to bisoxalatophosphate anions
CalciumBisoxalatophosphate
Ca(BOP)2
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to a hexafluoroarsenate anion.
LithiumHexafluoroarsenate
a chemical compound consisting of a cyclic carbonate structure with a fluorine atom substituted on the ethylene group
FluoroethyleneCarbonate
FEC
a chemical substance consisting of the metalloid arsenic in its elemental form
Arsenic
a polymer consisting of styrene and butadiene monomers
StyreneButadiene
SBR
an acetal that is the dimethyl acetal derivative of formaldehyde
Dimethoxymethane
DMM
Methylal
a chemical compound consisting of copper in the +1 oxidation state and oxygen atoms
CopperIOxide
Cu2O
a chemical compound containing a carboxylic acid group and a hydroxyl group
GlycolicAcid
HOCH2CO2H
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to acetate anions
StrontiumAcetate
Sr(OAc)2
a chemical compound consisting of ammonium cations bonded to perchlorate anions
AmmoniumPerchlorate
NH4ClO4
a chemical compound consisting of indium in the +3 oxidation state bonded to nitrate anions
IndiumIIINitrate
In(NO3)3
a chemical compound consisting of chromium atoms bonded to hydroxide groups
ChromiumHydroxide
Cr(OH)3
a chemical compound consisting of copper in the +2 oxidation state and oxygen atoms
CopperIIOxide
CuO
a chemical substance consisting of the noble metal platinum in its elemental form
Platinum
a chemical compound containing a spirocyclic structure with boron, oxygen, and carbon atoms, featuring eight trifluoromethyl groups attached to the framework
BPFPB
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to iodide anions
SodiumIodide
NaI
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to bisoxalatoborate anions
MagnesiumBisoxalatoborate
Mg(BOB)2
a chemical compound consisting of ammonium cations bonded to chlorate anions
AmmoniumChlorate
a chemical compound consisting of potassium cations bonded to hexafluorophosphate anions
PotassiumHexafluorophosphate
KPF6
a chemical compound consisting of rhodium in the +4 oxidation state bonded to oxygen atoms
RhodiumIVOxide
RhO2
a chemical compound consisting of zinc and oxygen atoms
ZincOxideCompound
a chemical compound consisting of carbon bonded to hydroxyl and oxygen atoms
CarbonicAcid
H2CO3
a chemical substance consisting of the nonmetal oxygen in its elemental form
Oxygen
a chemical compound consisting of manganese in the +2 oxidation state bonded to iodide anions
ManganeseIIIodide
MnI2
a chemical compound consisting of cobalt and hydroxide ions
CobaltHydroxide
Co(OH)2
a chemical compound consisting of cobalt in the +2 oxidation state bonded to sulfate anions
CobaltIISulfate
CoSO4
a chemical compound consisting of manganese in the +2 oxidation state bonded to bromide anions
ManganeseIIBromide
MnBr2
a chemical compound consisting of two ethylene glycol units bonded to two ethyl ether groups
DiethyleneGlycolDiethylEther
Ethyldiglyme
an acid compound classified as weak because it is only partially dissociated in aqueous solution under standard dilute conditions
WeakAcid
This class classifies compounds by acid strength behavior in aqueous solution; it does not denote a solution class.
a chemical compound consisting of silver and oxygen atoms
SilverIOxide
Ag2O
a chemical compound consisting of indium in the +3 oxidation state and oxygen atoms
IndiumIIIOxide
In2O3
a chemical substance consisting of the alkali metal rubidium in its elemental form
Rubidium
a chemical compound consisting of nickel in the +2 oxidation state bonded to sulfite anions
NickelIISulfite
NiSO3
a chemical compound consisting of copper in the +2 oxidation state bonded to fluoride anions
CopperIIFluoride
CuF2
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to trifluoromethanesulfonyl oxalatoborate anions
MagnesiumTrifluoromethanesulfonyloxalatoborate
Mg(TFOB)2
a chemical compound consisting of beryllium atoms bonded to hydroxide groups
BerylliumHydroxide
Be(OH)2
a chemical substance consisting of the noble gas krypton in its elemental form
Krypton
a chemical compound consisting of potassium cations bonded to iodide anions
PotassiumIodide
a chemical compound containing a borate functional group bonded to four fluorine atoms
TetraFluoroBorate
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to carbonate anions
SodiumCarbonate
Na2CO3
an iron-based alloy containing a minimum level of chromium that is resistant to rusting and corrosion
StainlessSteel
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to triflate anions
StrontiumTriflate
Sr(OTf)2
a chemical compound consisting of platinum and oxygen atoms
PlatinumOxideCompound
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to acetate anions
MagnesiumAcetate
Mg(OAc)2
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to tetrachloroaluminate anions
LithiumTetrachloroaluminate
LiAlCl4
A cationic polymer consisting of an aryl backbone functionalized with piperidinium groups, used primarily in ion-conducting membrane materials.
PolyArylPiperidinium
Poly(aryl piperidinium)s are a class of cationic polymers featuring piperidinium-functionalized aryl backbones, commonly used in anion exchange membranes and electrochemical energy systems. They are structurally and functionally distinct from other ionic polymers such as imidazolium- or ammonium-based systems. Including this term enables precise semantic classification of emerging membrane materials in electrochemical and polymer ontologies.
Poly(aryl piperidinium)s are an emerging class of anion exchange membrane materials used in alkaline fuel cells and related electrochemical devices. Their distinct backbone–cation architecture differentiates them from imidazolium- and ammonium-based polymer electrolytes, motivating explicit ontology representation for materials informatics and energy systems modeling.
a chemical substance consisting of the nonmetal nitrogen in its elemental form
Nitrogen
a chemical compound consisting of a hydroxyl group bonded to an isopropyl group
Isopropyl
IPA
IsopropylAlcohol
a chemical compound consisting of manganese in the +2 oxidation state bonded to acetate anions
ManganeseIIAcetate
Mn(OAc)2
a chemical substance consisting of a transition metal in its elemental form
TransitionMetalElementalSubstance
a chemical compound consisting of a hydroxyl group bonded to a butyl group in a straight chain
NButanol
C4H9OH
a chemical compound consisting of ammonium cations bonded to chloride anions
AmmoniumChloride
a chemical compound consisting of tantalum in the +5 oxidation state and oxygen atoms
TantalumIVOxide
A polysulfone-based polymer functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups, used as an anion-conducting membrane material in electrochemical applications.
QuaternaryAmmoniumPolySulfone
Quaternary ammonium polysulfones are a class of anion exchange polymers where quaternary ammonium functional groups are grafted onto a polysulfone backbone, enabling ionic conductivity in alkaline electrochemical systems. They are structurally distinct from other ion-conducting polymers such as imidazolium-functionalized or piperidinium-based materials due to their sulfone-containing aromatic backbone. Including this term supports precise semantic classification of anion exchange membrane materials in energy and polymer ontologies.
Quaternary ammonium polysulfones are widely used in anion exchange membranes for fuel cells, electrolyzers, and related alkaline electrochemical devices.
Quaternary ammonium polysulfones are chemically and functionally distinct from piperidinium- and imidazolium-functionalized polymers due to differences in cation stability and hydroxide conductivity behavior.
a chemical compound consisting of manganese in the +2 oxidation state bonded to chloride anions
ManganeseIIChloride
MnCl2
a chemical compound consisting of aluminium cations bonded to iodide anions
AluminiumIodide
AlI3
a chemical compound consisting of a cyclic carbonate with a vinylene group
VinyleneCarbonate
a chemical compound containing a phosphorus atom bonded to six methyl groups and amide functional groups
Hexamethylphosphoramide
HMPA
a chemical compound containing iron in the +3 oxidation state bonded to hydroxide ions
IronIIIHydroxide
Fe(OH)3
a chemical compound containing a perchlorate functional group with one chlorine atom bonded to four oxygen atoms
Perchlorate
a chemical compound consisting of zinc cations bonded to tetrafluoroborate anions
ZincTetrafluoroborate
Zn(BF4)2
a chemical substance consisting of the metal bismuth in its elemental form
Bismuth
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to trifluoromethanesulfonyl oxalatoborate anions
LithiumTrifluoromethanesulfonyloxalatoborate
LiTFOB
a chemical compound consisting of nickel in the +2 oxidation state bonded to triflate anions
NickelIITriflate
Ni(OTf)2
a chemical compound consisting of phosphorus, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms
PhosphoricAcid
H3PO4
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to sulfate anions
StrontiumSulfate
SrSO4
a chemical compound consisting of cadmium and oxygen atoms
CadmiumOxideCompound
a chemical compound consisting of potassium cations bonded to sulfite anions
PotassiumSulfite
K2SO3
a chemical compound consisting of a carboxylic acid group bonded to a pentyl group
PentanoicAcid
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to chloride anions
StrontiumChloride
SrC2l
a chemical compound consisting of zirconium in the +4 oxidation state bonded to oxygen atoms
ZirconiumIVOxide
ZrO2
a chemical substance consisting of the metalloid germanium in its elemental form
Germanium
a chemical substance consisting of the noble gas argon in its elemental form
Argon
a sulfonic acid compound in which the sulfonic acid functional group is bonded to a fully fluorinated carbon chain
PerfluorosulfonicAcid
PFSA
widely used in fuel cell ion-exchange membranes
a chemical compound consisting of iron in the +3 oxidation state and oxygen atoms
IronIIIOxide
Fe2O3
a chemical compound containing silicon bonded to ethyl groups and oxygen atoms
TetraethylOrthosilicate
TEOS
Tetraethoxysilane
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to hexafluorophosphate anions
StrontiumHexafluorophosphate
Sr(PF6)2
a substance dissolved into another substance
Solute
a chemical compound consisting of lithium, nickel, manganese, cobalt, and oxygen atoms in an oxide structure
LithiumNickelManganeseCobaltOxide
NMC
a chemical substance consisting of the metalloid polonium in its elemental form
Polonium
a chemical compound consisting of sulfur bonded to two methyl groups and four oxygen atoms
DimethylSulfate
DMS
a chemical compound consisting of indium in the +3 oxidation state bonded to phosphate anions
IndiumIIIPhosphate
InPO4
2,4,5-trioxa-1λ5-phospha-3-indabicyclo[1.1.1]pentane 1-oxide
a chemical compound consisting of copper in the +2 oxidation state bonded to iodide anions
CopperIIIodide
CuI2
a chemical compound consisting of one nitrogen atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms
Ammonia
NH3
a chemical compound consisting of copper in the +1 oxidation state bonded to iodide anions
CopperIIodide
CuI
a chemical compound consisting of indium in the +3 oxidation state bonded to fluoride anions
IndiumIIIFluoride
InF3
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to tetrafluoroborate anions
LithiumTetrafluoroborate
LiBF4
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to sulfite anions
CalciumSulfite
CaSO3
a chemical compound consisting of lithium, manganese, iron, phosphorous, and oxygen atoms in an olivine-type structure
LithiumManganeseIronPhosphate
a chemical compound containing a carboxylic acid group and hydroxyl groups bonded to a three-carbon backbone
GlycericAcid
a chemical compound consisting of lead in the +2 oxidation state and oxygen atoms
LeadIIOxide
PbO
a chemical compound consisting of cobalt in the +2 oxidation state bonded to nitrate anions
CobaltIINitrate
Co(NO3)2
a chemical compound consisting of zinc cations bonded to perchlorate anions
ZincPerchlorate
Zn(ClO4)2
a chemical compound consisting of iron cations bonded to anions
IronSalt
a chemical compound consisting of potassium cations bonded to phosphate anions
PotassiumPhosphate
K3PO4
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to bisfluorosulfonylimide anions
StrontiumBisfluorosulfonylimide
Sr(FSI)2
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to nitrite anions
MagnesiumNitrite
Mg(NO2)2
a polymer consisting of a perfluorinated backbone with sulfonic acid functional groups attached
Nafion
1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethene;1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-[1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoro-3-(1,2,2-trifluoroethenoxy)propan-2-yl]oxyethanesulfonic acid
a chemical compound consisting of cobalt in the +2 oxidation state bonded to acetate anions
CobaltIIAcetate
Co(OAc)2
a chemical substance consisting of the halogen chlorine in its elemental form
Chlorine
Cl2
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to bisfluorosulfonylimide anions
MagnesiumBisfluorosulfonylimide
Mg(FSI)2
a chemical compound consisting of tin in the +2 oxidation state bonded to oxygen atoms
TinIIOxide
SnO
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to chlorate anions
MagnesiumChlorate
Mg(ClO3)2
a chemical compound consisting of nickel in the +2 oxidation state bonded to nitrate anions
NickelIINitrate
Ni(NO3)2
a chemical compound consisting of copper in the +2 oxidation state bonded to nitrite anions
CopperIINitrite
Cu(NO2)2
a chemical compound consisting of a cyclic carbonate derived from propylene glycol
PropyleneCarbonate
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to phosphate anions
LithiumPhosphate
Li3PO4
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to anions
LithiumSaltCompound
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to tetrachloroaluminate anions
SodiumTetrachloroaluminate
NaAlCl4
a chemical compound consisting of potassium cations bonded to nitrate anions
PotassiumNitrate
KNO3
a chemical compound consisting of vanadium in the +3 oxidation state bonded to oxygen atoms
VanadiumIIIOxide
Vi2O3
a chemical compound consisting of nickel in the +2 oxidation state bonded to acetate anions
NickelIIAcetate
Ni(OAc)2
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to difluorooxalatoborate anions
LithiumDifluorooxalatoborate
LiDFOB
a chemical compound consisting of cobalt in the +2 oxidation state bonded to triflate anions
CobaltIITriflate
Co(OTf)2
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to sulfate anions
SodiumSulfate
Na2SO4
a chemical compound containing two carboxylic acid groups and two hydroxyl groups
TartaricAcid
a chemical compound consisting of cobalt in the +2 oxidation state bonded to iodide anions
CobaltIIIodide
CoI2
a chemical compound consisting of potassium cations bonded to triflate anions
PotassiumTriflate
KOTf
a chemical compound consisting of iridium and oxygen atoms
IridiumOxideCompound
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to nitrate anions
LithiumNitrate
LiNO3
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to bisoxalatoborate anions
LithiumBisoxalatoborate
LiBOB
a chemical compound consisting of aluminium cations bonded to perchlorate anions
AluminiumPerchlorate
Al(ClO4)3
a chemical compound consisting of lithium, cobalt, and oxygen atoms in an oxide structure
LithiumCobaltOxide
LCO
a chemical compound consisting of ruthenium and oxygen atoms
RutheniumOxideCompound
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to chloride anions
SodiumChloride
NaCl
TableSalt
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to trifluoromethanesulfonyl oxalatoborate anions
BariumTrifluoromethanesulfonyloxalatoborate
Ba(TFOB)2
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to phosphate anions
SodiumPhosphate
Na3PO4
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to acetate anions
SodiumAcetate
NaOAc
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to sulfite anions
BariumSulfite
BaSO3
a chemical substance consisting of the nonmetal carbon in its elemental form
Carbon
a chemical compound consisting of a cyclic anhydride derived from succinic acid
SuccinicAnhydride
an alkylbenzene that is benzene carrying an isopropyl group
Cumene
Isopropylbenzene
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to perchlorate anions
SodiumPerchlorate
NaClO4
a chemical compound consisting of nickel in the +2 oxidation state bonded to hexafluorophosphate anions
NickelIIHexafluorophosphate
Ni(PF6)2
a chemical substance consisting of the halogen fluorine in its elemental form
Fluorine
a chemical compound consisting of nickel in the +2 oxidation state bonded to oxygen atoms
NickelIIOxide
NiO
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to fluoride anions
CalciumFluoride
CaF2
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal hafnium in its elemental form
Hafnium
a chemical compound consisting of zinc cations bonded to phosphate anions
ZincPhosphate
Zn3(PO4)2
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to fluoride anions
MagnesiumFluoride
MgF2
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to bromide anions
CalciumBromide
CaBr2
a chemical compound containing an azido functional group (-N₃)
HydrazoicAcid
HN3
a chemical compound consisting of iron and oxygen atoms
IronOxideCompound
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to iodide anions
StrontiumIodide
SrI2
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to iodide anions
BariumIodide
BaI2
a chemical compound consisting of ammonium cations bonded to sulfite anions
AmmoniumSulfite
NH4SO3
a chemical compound consisting of ammonium cations bonded to bromide anions
AmmoniumBromide
a chemical compound consisting of lead in the +2 oxidation state bonded to sulfite anions
LeadIISulfite
PbSO3
a type of polymer with the general formula (CH2CHR)n where R is an alkyl group
Polyolefin
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to difluorooxalatoborate anions
CalciumDifluorooxalatoborate
Ca(DFOB)2
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to bisoxalatophosphate anions
BariumBisoxalatophosphate
Ba(BOP)2
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal zirconium in its elemental form
Zirconium
a chemical compound consisting of indium in the +3 oxidation state bonded to acetate anions
IndiumIIIAcetate
In(OAc)3
a chemical compound consisting of ruthenium in the +8 oxidation state bonded to oxygen atoms
RutheniumVIIIOxide
RuO4
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to acetate anions
CalciumAcetate
Ca(OAc)2
a chemical compound consisting of titanium in the +2 oxidation state bonded to oxygen atoms
TitaniumIIOxide
TiO
PalladiumOxide
PdO
a chemical compound containing a cyano-functionalized imidazolylidene group bonded to a methylideneazanide and substituted with a trifluoromethyl group
TDI
a carbonate ester
EthyleneCarbonate
a chemical compound consisting of nickel in the +2 oxidation state bonded to chloride anions
NickelIIChloride
NiCl2
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to carbonate anions
StrontiumCarbonate
SrCO3
an organic acid compound containing a sulfonic acid functional group consisting of a sulfur atom double-bonded to two oxygen atoms and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group
SulfonicAcid
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to anions
SodiumSaltCompound
a chemical substance consisting of the alkaline earth metal magnesium in its elemental form
Magnesium
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to hexafluorophosphate anions
SodiumHexafluorophosphate
NaPF6
a chemical compound consisting of a pyrrolidone ring substituted with a methyl group
NMethyl2Pyrrolidone
NMP
a chemical compound consisting of zinc cations bonded to sulfide anions
ZincSulfide
ZnS
a homogeneous mixture of gases constituting Earth’s atmosphere, primarily composed of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and trace gases
Air
Air is a ubiquitous and chemically relevant mixture that acts as a reactant, solvent, and environmental medium in many chemical processes. It is essential for representing atmospheric conditions, gas-phase reactions, and exposure contexts in chemical substance modeling. Including “Air” ensures consistent reference to a well-defined, commonly used mixture across domains.
Air should be modeled as a natural, variable-composition mixture rather than a pure substance, with potential extensions to specify dry air, humid air, or polluted air where needed.
a chemical compound consisting of manganese and oxygen atoms
ManganeseOxideCompound
an ion having a negative charge
Anion
a chemical compound consisting of lead in the +2 oxidation state bonded to chloride anions
LeadIIChloride
PbCl2
a chemical compound containing hydroxyl and amine groups
Hydroxylamine
NH2OH
a chemical compound containing a boron atom bonded to three pentafluorophenyl groups
TrisPentafluorophenylBorane
TPFTB
a chemical compound consisting of titanium in the +3 oxidation state bonded to oxygen atoms
TitaniumIIIOxide
Ti2O3
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal niobium in its elemental form
Niobium
a chemical substance consisting of a form of carbon with a non-graphitizable amorphous structure
HardCarbon
a chemical compound consisting of a sulfolane structure with three methyl groups substituted on the sulfolane ring
ThreeMeSulfolane
3Methylsulfolane
a chemical compound consisting of one carbon atom triple-bonded to one oxygen atom
CarbonMonoxide
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to nitrite anions
SodiumNitrite
NaNO2
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal molybdenum in its elemental form
Molybdenum
a chemical compound consisting of cobalt in the +2 oxidation state bonded to carbonate anions
CobaltIICarbonate
CoCO3
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to perchlorate anions
MagnesiumPerchlorate
Mg(ClO4)2
a chemical compound containing a methanesulfonate functional group bonded to three fluorine atoms
TriFluoroMethaneSulfonate
Triflate
a chemical substance consisting of the noble gas xenon in its elemental form
Xenon
a chemical compound consisting of lead in the +2 oxidation state bonded to chlorate anions
LeadIIChlorate
Pb(ClO3)2
a chemical compound consisting of a post-transition metal element bonded to oxygen atoms
PostTransitionMetalOxideCompound
a chemical compound containing a cyano-functionalized imidazolylidene group bonded to a methylideneazanide and substituted with a pentafluoroethyl group
PDI
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide anions
MagnesiumBistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide
Mg(TFSI)2
a chemical compound consisting of an oxazolidinone ring with three methyl groups and two oxygen atoms substituted on the ring structure
ThreeMeTwoOxazolidinone
3Methyl2Oxazolidone
a chemical compound consisting of iridium cations bonded to anions
IridiumSaltCompound
a chemical compound consisting of nickel in the +2 oxidation state bonded to sulfide anions
NickelIISulfide
NiS
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to dihydrogen phosphate anions
LithiumDifluorophosphate
LiPO2F2
a chemical compound consisting of nickel in the +2 oxidation state bonded to tetrafluoroborate anions
NickelIITetrafluoroborate
Ni(BF4)2
a chemical compound consisting of aluminium and oxygen atoms
AluminiumOxideCompound
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to sulfite anions
LithiumSulfite
Li2SO3
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to hexafluorophosphate anions
BariumHexafluorophosphate
Ba(PF6)2
a chemical compound consisting of manganese in the +3 oxidation state and oxygen atoms
ManganeseIIIOxide
Mn2O3
a chemical compound consisting of lithium and hydroxide ions
LithiumHydroxide
a chemical compound consisting of cobalt in the +2 oxidation state bonded to bromide anions
CobaltIIBromide
CoBr2
a chemical compound consisting of zinc cations bonded to bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide anions
ZincBistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide
Zn(TFSI)2
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to difluorooxalatoborate anions
SodiumDifluorooxalatoborate
NaDFOB
a chemical compound consisting of manganese in both the +2 and +3 oxidation states bonded to oxygen atoms in a mixed oxidation state structure
ManganeseII_IIIOxide
Mn3O4
a chemical substance consisting of the metalloid silicon in its elemental form
Silicon
a chemical substance consisting of an alkali metal in its elemental form
AlkaliMetalElementalSubstance
a chemical compound consisting of sodium, chromium, and oxygen atoms in an oxide structure
SodiumChromiumOxide
a chemical compound consisting of manganese in the +2 oxidation state bonded to phosphate anions
ManganeseIIPhosphate
Mn3(PO4)2
a chemical substance consisting of the post-transition metal thallium in its elemental form
Thallium
a chemical compound consisting of a tetrahydrofuran (THF) ring with two methyl groups substituted at specific positions on the ring
TwoMeTHF
2Methyltetrahydrofuran
a chemical compound consisting of a phosphate group bonded to three trimethylsilyl groups
TrisTrimethylsilyPhosphite
TMSPI
a chemical compound consisting of aluminium cations bonded to fluoride anions
AluminiumFluoride
AlF3
a chemical compound consisting of nickel in the +2 oxidation state bonded to carbonate anions
NickelIICarbonate
NiCO3
a chemical compound consisting of zinc cations bonded to chlorate anions
ZincChlorate
Zn(ClO3)2
a chemical compound consisting of potassium cations bonded to sulfate anions
PotassiumSulfate
K2SO4
a chemical substance consisting of elemental carbon in its various allotropic forms
CarbonElementalSubstance
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to perchlorate anions
StrontiumPerchlorate
Sr(ClO4)2
a chemical compound consisting of an alkali metal cation bonded to an anion
AlkaliMetalSaltCompound
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to bisoxalatophosphate anions
LithiumBisoxalatophosphate
LiBOP
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to difluorooxalatoborate anions
StrontiumDifluorooxalatoborate
Sr(DFOB)2
a chemical compound consisting of manganese in the +2 oxidation state and oxygen atoms
ManganeseIIOxide
MnO
a chemical substance consisting of the halogen iodine in its elemental form
Iodine
a chemical compound consisting of lead in the +2 oxidation state bonded to nitrate anions
LeadIINitrate
Pb(NO3)2
a chemical compound consisting of indium in the +3 oxidation state bonded to iodide anions
IndiumIIIIodide
InI3
a chemical compound consisting of zinc cations bonded to carbonate anions
ZincCarbonate
ZnCO3
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to perchlorate anions
BariumPerchlorate
Ba(ClO4)2
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to fluoride anions
SodiumFluoride
NaF
a chemical compound consisting of copper in the +2 oxidation state bonded to perchlorate anions
CopperIIPerchlorate
Cu(ClO4)2
A high-performance thermoplastic polymer in the polyaryletherketone (PAEK) family composed of repeating ether and ketone linkages with a higher ketone-to-ether ratio than PEEK.
PolyEtherKetone
PEK
PolyEtherKetone should be treated as a separate entry from Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and used only when the polymer backbone specifically corresponds to the PEK structure within the PAEK family.
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to nitrate anions
CalciumNitrate
Ca(NO3)2
a chemical substance consisting of the metal gallium in its elemental form
Gallium
a chemical compound consisting of nickel in the +2 oxidation state bonded to nitrite anions
NickelIINitrite
Ni(NO2)2
a chemical compound consisting of potassium cations bonded to chlorate anions
PotassiumChlorate
KClO3
a chemical compound consisting of a linear polyethylene glycol chain with four ethylene glycol units, terminated by methyl ether groups on both ends
Tetraglyme
4Glyme
TEGDME
TetraethyleneGlycolDimethylEther
a chemical compound containing two carboxylic acid groups and one hydroxyl group
TartronicAcid
a chemical substance consisting of the noble gas helium in its elemental form
Helium
a chemical compound consisting of zinc cations bonded to iodide anions
ZincIodide
ZnI2
a chemical compound consisting of a formamide group substituted with two methyl groups
Dimethylformamide
DMF
a chemical compound consisting of indium in the +3 oxidation state bonded to chloride anions
IndiumIIIChloride
InCl3
an aqueous solution whose acid solute is hydrogen chloride
HydrochloricAcidSolution
HydrochloricAcid
Use HydrogenChloride for the isolated HCl compound; this class denotes the aqueous solution.
a chemical substance consisting of a reactive nonmetal in its elemental form
ReactiveNonMetalElementalSubstance
a chemical compound consisting of copper and hydroxide ions
CopperHydroxide
Cu(OH)2
a polymer consisting of acrylic acid monomers
PolyacrylicAcid
PAA
(3S,5S,7S)-octane-1,3,5,7-tetracarboxylic acid
a chemical compound consisting of a carboxylic acid group bonded to a butyl group
ButanoicAcid
a polymer consisting of ethylene monomers
Polyethylene
a chemical compound consisting of nickel in the +2 oxidation state bonded to bromide anions
NickelIIBromide
NiBr2
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to fluoride anions
StrontiumFluoride
SrF2
a chemical compound consisting of potassium cations bonded to carbonate anions
PotassiumCarbonate
K2CO3
a polymer consisting of perfluorosulfonic acid groups bonded to a polytetrafluoroethylene backbone
Aquivion
1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-(1,2,2-trifluoroethenoxy)ethanesulfonyl fluoride
a chemical compound containing two carboxylic acid groups and a hydroxyl group
MalicAcid
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to chlorate anions
CalciumChlorate
Ca(ClO3)2
a chemical substance classified as a base because it decreases hydron concentration or accepts protons under relevant conditions; in this ontology, base strength classifications refer to aqueous solution behavior
Base
AlkalineSubstance
This class classifies substances by base behavior; it does not denote a solution class.
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to bromide anions
LithiumBromide
LiBr
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to bisfluorosulfonylimide anions
BariumBisfluorosulfonylimide
Ba(FSI)2
a chemical compound consisting of lead in the +2 oxidation state bonded to tetrafluoroborate anions
LeadIITetrafluoroborate
Pb(BF4)2
a chemical compound consisting of nickel, oxygen, and hydroxide groups in a mixed structure
NickelOxideHydroxide
NiOOH
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to anions
BariumSaltCompound
a chemical compound consisting of long-chain molecules made up of repeating structural units (monomers) bonded together
PolymerCompound
a chemical compound containing borate functional groups bonded to oxalato ligands
BisOxalatoBorate
BOB
a chemical compound consisting of aluminium cations bonded to triflate anions
AluminiumTriflate
Al(OTf)3
a polyaryletherketone polymer compound in which aromatic units are connected by two ether linkages and one ketone linkage in the repeating backbone structure
PolyetherEtherKetone
PEEK
known for its exceptional mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and high-temperature stability.
a chemical compound that serves as a solvent and does not contain acidic hydrogen atoms capable of forming hydrogen bonds
AproticSolventCompound
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to sulfide anions
BariumSulfide
BaS
a chemical compound consisting of vanadium in the +5 oxidation state bonded to oxygen atoms
VanadiumVOxide
V2O5
a chemical compound consisting of indium in the +1 oxidation state and oxygen atoms
IndiumIOxide
In2O
a chemical substance consisting of the alkaline earth metal calcium in its elemental form
Calcium
a chemical compound consisting of copper in the +2 oxidation state bonded to carbonate anions
CopperIICarbonate
CuCO3
SolventCompound
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anions
LithiumBistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide
LiTFSI
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to difluorooxalatoborate anions
MagnesiumDifluorooxalatoborate
Mg(DFOB)2
a chemical compound consisting of cadmium and hydroxide ions
CadmiumHydroxide
Cd(OH)2
a chemical compound consisting of hydrogen and iodine atoms
HydrogenIodide
a chemical compound consisting of one carbon atom bonded to two chlorine atoms and two hydrogen atoms
Dichloromethane
DCM
MethyleneChloride
MethyleneDichloride
a chemical compound consisting of manganese in the +2 oxidation state bonded to sulfide anions
ManganeseIISulfide
MnS
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to acetate anions
LithiumAcetate
LiOAc
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to phosphate anions
CalciumPhosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
ZincOxide
ZnO
a chemical substance consisting of the alkali metal caesium in its elemental form
Caesium
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal tungsten in its elemental form
Tungsten
a chemical compound consisting of a cyclic sulfone
Sulfolane
(CH2)4SO2
a chemical compound that serves as a solvent and contains a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen), capable of forming hydrogen bonds
ProticSolventCompound
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to sulfide anions
SodiumSulfide
Na2S
a chemical compound consisting of chromium and oxygen atoms
ChromiumOxideCompound
a chemical substance consisting of the alkali metal potassium in its elemental form
Potassium
a chemical compound containing triflimide functional groups bonded to a central nitrogen atom
BisTriflimide
TFSI
a chemical compound consisting of aluminium cations bonded to phosphate anions
AluminiumPhosphate
AlPO4
a chemical compound consisting of aluminium cations bonded to chloride anions
AluminiumChloride
AlCl3
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to sulfite anions
SodiumSulfite
Na2SO3
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal iron in its elemental form
Iron
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to chlorate anions
StrontiumChlorate
Sr(ClO3)2
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to sulfate anions
CalciumSulfate
CaSO4
a chemical compound consisting of ammonium cations bonded to sulfide anions
AmmoniumSulfide
NH4S
a chemical compound containing borate functional groups bonded to malonato ligands
BisMalonatoBorate
BMB
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to sulfide anions
LithiumSulfide
Li2S
a chemical compound consisting of indium in the +1 oxidation state bonded to bromide anions
IndiumIBromide
InBr
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to bromide anions
StrontiumBromide
SrBr2
a chemical compound consisting of post-transition metal cations bonded to anions
PostTransitionMetalSaltCompound
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to sulfite anions
MagnesiumSulfite
MgSO3
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to sulfide anions
StrontiumSulfide
SrS
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to phosphate anions
BariumPhosphate
Ba3(PO4)2
a chemical substance consisting of the metalloid tellurium in its elemental form
Tellurium
a chemical compound consisting of lead in the +2 oxidation state bonded to fluoride anions
LeadIIFluoride
PbF2
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to chlorate anions
BariumChlorate
Ba(ClO3)2
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to hexafluorophosphate anions
CalciumHexafluorophosphate
Ca(PF6)2
a base compound classified as weak because it is only partially protonated or only partially generates hydroxide in aqueous solution under standard dilute conditions
WeakBase
This class classifies compounds by base strength behavior in aqueous solution; it does not denote a solution class.
a chemical compound consisting of indium and oxygen atoms
IndiumOxideCompound
a chemical substance consisting of the metal aluminium in its elemental form
Aluminium
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal cobalt in its elemental form
Cobalt
a chemical compound consisting of a polymer backbone with hydroxyl functional groups attached
PolyvinylAlcohol
PVA
a chemical compound consisting of a pyridine ring substituted with two fluorine atoms
TwoFluoropyridine
2-FP
a chemical compound consisting of sodium and hydroxide ions
SodiumHydroxide
NaOH
a chemical compound consisting of tantalum and oxygen atoms
TantalumOxideCompound
a chemical substance consisting of the metal cadmium in its elemental form
Cadmium
a chemical compound consisting of zinc cations bonded to sulfate anions
ZincSulfate
ZnSO4
a chemical compound consisting of indium cations bonded to anions
IndiumSaltCompound
a chemical compound consisting of nickel in the +2 oxidation state bonded to perchlorate anions
NickelIIPerchlorate
Ni(ClO4)2
a chemical compound containing a urea functional group bonded to a propylene group and substituted with two methyl groups
Dimethylpropyleneurea
DMPU
a chemical compound consisting of lead in the +2 oxidation state bonded to sulfate anions
LeadIISulfate
PbSO4
a chemical compound consisting of indium in the +3 oxidation state bonded to sulfide anions
IndiumIIISulfide
In2S3
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to sulfide anions
MagnesiumSulfide
MgS
a chemical compound consisting of lead in the +2 oxidation state bonded to nitrite anions
LeadIINitrite
Pb(NO2)2
a chemical compound containing one or more hydroxyl functional groups (-OH) bonded to a carbon atom
Alcohol
a chemical compound consisting of sodium, nickel, phosphate, and oxygen atoms
SodiumNickelPhosphate
a chemical compound consisting of manganese in the +2 oxidation state bonded to perchlorate anions
ManganeseIIPerchlorate
Mn(ClO4)2
a polyether that is the dimethyl ether derivative of diethylene glycol
Diglyme
2Glyme
DiethyleneGlycolDimethylEther
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to nitrite anions
StrontiumNitrite
Sr(NO2)2
a chemical compound consisting of sulfur, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms
SulfurousAcid
H2SO3
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal ruthenium in its elemental form
Ruthenium
a chemical compound consisting of copper in the +2 oxidation state bonded to chloride anions
CopperIIChloride
CuCl2
a chemical substance consisting of the metal indium in its elemental form
Indium
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal zinc in its elemental form
Zinc
a chemical substance consisting of the reactive nonmetal sulfur in its elemental form
Sulfur
a chemical substance consisting of the post-transition metal tin in its elemental form
Tin
a chemical compound consisting of a carboxylic acid group bonded to a hexyl group
HexanoicAcid
a chemical compound consisting of lead in the +4 oxidation state and oxygen atoms
LeadIVOxide
PbO2
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to bisoxalatoborate anions
CalciumBisoxalatoborate
Ca(BOB)2
a chemical compound consisting of silicon bonded to a methoxy group and three methyl groups
MethoxyTrimethylSilane
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to sulfate anions
MagnesiumSulfate
MgSO4
a chemical compound consisting of carbon and fluorine atoms in a 1:1 ratio
CarbonMonofluoride
CFx
a chemical compound consisting of ammonium cations bonded to fluoride anions
AmmoniumFluoride
NH4F
a chemical compound consisting of one carbon atom bonded to three chlorine atoms and one fluorine atom
Trichlorofluoromethane
CFC11
Freon11
A perfluoroalkyl substance consisting of a fully fluorinated carbon chain terminating in a carboxylic acid functional group.
PerfluorocarboxylicAcid
Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) are a distinct and widely recognized subclass of PFAS with a shared structural motif and consistent chemical behavior. They are frequently referenced in environmental science, toxicology, and regulatory frameworks as a separate category from other fluorinated substances. Including this term enables precise semantic classification and interoperability across chemical substance ontologies.
Perfluorocarboxylic acids include compounds such as trifluoroacetic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid, which are relevant due to their persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and industrial use. The class is commonly treated
a chemical compound consisting of cobalt in the +2 oxidation state bonded to tetrafluoroborate anions
CobaltIITetrafluoroborate
Co(BF4)2
a chemical compound consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to hydroxyl and oxygen atoms
NitrousAcid
HNO2
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to carbonate anions
MagnesiumCarbonate
MgCO3
a chemical compound consisting of a carbonyl group bonded to two methyl groups
Acetone
(CH3)2CO
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to anions
StrontiumSaltCompound
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to difluorooxalatoborate anions
BariumDifluorooxalatoborate
a(DFOB)2
a chemical substance consisting of the alkali metal sodium in its elemental form
Sodium
TantalumVOxide
a chemical compound consisting of aluminium and three oxygen atoms
AluminiumOxide
Al2O3
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal rhenium in its elemental form
Rhenium
a chemical substance consisting of an alkaline earth metal in its elemental form
AlkalineEarthMetalElementalSubstance
a chemical compound consisting of zinc cations bonded to hexafluorophosphate anions
ZincHexafluorophosphate
Zn(PF6)2
a chemical compound consisting of vanadium and oxygen atoms
VandaiumOxideCompound
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to tetrafluoroborate anions
StrontiumTetrafluoroborate
Sr(BF4)2
a chemical compound consisting of a five-membered cyclic ether
Tetrahydrofuran
(CH2)4O
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to nitrate anions
SodiumNitrate
NaNO3
a chemical compound consisting of ammonium cations bonded to nitrate anions
AmmoniumNitrate
NH4NO3
a chemical compound consisting of zirconium and oxygen atoms
ZirconiumOxideCompound
a chemical compound consisting of potassium cations bonded to chloride anions
PotassiumChloride
KCl
a chemical substance consisting of a metalloid in its elemental form
MetalloidElementalSubstance
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to carbonate anions
LithiumCarbonate
Li2CO3
a chemical compound consisting of hydrogen and chlorine atoms
HydrogenChloride
HCl
a chemical compound consisting of lithium, iron, phosphate, and oxygen atoms
LithiumIronPhosphate
LFP
a chemical compound consisting of ammonium cations bonded to anions
AmmoniumSaltCompound
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to acetate anions
BariumAcetate
Ba(OAc)2
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to trifluoromethanesulfonyl oxalatoborate anions
StrontiumTrifluoromethanesulfonyloxalatoborate
Sr(TFOB)2
a chemical compound consisting of potassium cations bonded to bromide anions
PotassiumBromide
KBr
a chemical compound consisting of a six-membered aromatic ring of carbon atoms
Benzene
a chemical compound consisting of hydrogen and bromine atoms
HydrogenBromide
HBr
a chemical compound consisting of lithium and titanium atoms in an oxide structure
LithiumTitanate
LTO
a chemical compound consisting of zinc cations bonded to acetate anions
ZincAcetate
Zn(OAc)2
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to bisoxalatoborate anions
BariumBisoxalatoborate
Ba(BOB)2
a chemical compound consisting of vanadium in the +2 oxidation state bonded to oxygen atoms
VanadiumIIOxide
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to fluoride anions
LithiumFluoride
LiF
a chemical compound consisting of chromium in the +3 oxidation state and oxygen atoms
ChromiumIIIOxide
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to fluoride anions
BariumFluoride
BaF2
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal yttrium in its elemental form
Yttrium
a chemical compound consisting of sodium, manganese, phosphate, and oxygen atoms
SodiumManganesePhosphate
a chemical compound consisting of zinc cations bonded to anions
ZincSaltCompound
a chemical compound consisting of lead in the +2 oxidation state bonded to perchlorate anions
LeadIIPerchlorate
Pb(ClO4)2
a chemical compound consisting of a carboxylic acid group bonded to a methyl group
AceticAcid
CH3CO2H
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to chloride anions
MagnesiumChloride
MgCl2
a chemical compound containing a carboxylic acid group and an aldehyde group
GlyoxylicAcid
OHCCO2H
a chemical compound containing three carboxylic acid groups and one hydroxyl group
CitricAcid
2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to nitrate anions
StrontiumNitrate
Sr(NO3)2
an organic compound with acidic properties
OrganicAcid
OrganicAcidCompound
The most common organic acids are the carboxylic acids, whose acidity is associated with their carboxyl group –COOH. Sulfonic acids, containing the group –SO2OH, are relatively stronger acids. Alcohols, with –OH, can act as acids but they are usually very weak.
a chemical compound consisting of a methyl group bonded to a nitrile group
Acetonitrile
MeCN
a chemical substance consisting of the noble metal gold in its elemental form
Gold
a chemical compound consisting of a hydroxyl group bonded to an ethyl group
Ethanol
EtOH
a chemical compound consisting of ruthenium in the +4 oxidation state bonded to oxygen atoms
RutheniumIVOxide
RuO2
a chemical compound consisting of a transition metal element bonded to oxygen atoms
TransitionMetalOxideCompound
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal manganese in its elemental form
Manganese
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal scandium in its elemental form
Scandium
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to bisoxalatoborate anions
StrontiumBisoxalatoborate
Sr(BOB)2
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal vanadium in its elemental form
Vanadium
a chemical compound consisting of aluminium cations bonded to nitrate anions
AluminiumNitrate
Al(NO3)3
a diether that is the 1,2-dimethyl ether of ethane-1,2-diol
Dimethoxyethane
DME
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to iodide anions
CalciumIodide
CaI2
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to phosphate anions
MagnesiumPhosphate
Mg3(PO4)2
a chemical compound consisting of indium in the +1 oxidation state bonded to iodide anions
IndiumIIodide
InI
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to triflate anions
LithiumTriflate
LiOTf
DiethylCarbonate
DEC
a chemical compound consisting of nickel and oxygen atoms
NickelOxideCompound
a chemical substance consisting of a post-transition metal in its elemental form
PostTransitionMetalElementalSubstance
a chemical compound consisting of nickel and hydroxide ions
NickelHydroxide
Ni(OH)2
a chemical compound containing silicon bonded to two methoxy groups and two methyl groups
DimethoxyDimethylSilane
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to iodide anions
MagnesiumIodide
MgI2
a chemical compound consisting of a benzene ring substituted with three methyl groups in the 1,2,4 positions
Pseudocumeme
124Trimethylbenzene
a chemical compound containing arsenate functional groups bonded to six fluorine atoms
HexaFluoroArsenate
Fluoroarsenate
a chemical compound consisting of a carbonate group bonded to an ethyl group and a methyl group
EthylMethylCarbonate
EMC
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to tetrafluoroborate anions
CalciumTetrafluoroborate
Ca(BF4)2
a chemical compound containing two carboxylic acid groups and one hydroxyl group bonded to a three-carbon backbone
MesoxalicAcid
a chemical substance consisting of the noble metal iridium in its elemental form
Iridium
a chemical compound consisting of cobalt cations bonded to anions
CobaltSaltCompound
a chemical substance consisting of the noble gas radon in its elemental form
Radon
a chemical compound consisting of lead and oxygen atoms
LeadOxideCompound
a chemical substance consisting of the halogen bromine in its elemental form
Bromine
Br2
a chemical compound consisting of copper in the +2 oxidation state bonded to acetate anions
CopperIIAcetate
Cu(OAc)2
a chemical compound consisting of manganese in the +2 oxidation state bonded to sulfate anions
ManganeseIISulfate
MnSO4
a chemical compound consisting of zinc cations bonded to fluoride anions
ZincFluoride
ZnF2
a chemical compound consisting of aluminium cations bonded to sulfide anions
AluminiumSulfide
Al2S3
a chemical compound consisting of cobalt in the +2 oxidation state bonded to phosphate anions
CobaltIIPhosphate
Co3(PO4)2
SulfuricAcid
H2SO4
a base compound classified as strong because it is essentially completely dissociated or protonated in aqueous solution under standard dilute conditions
StrongBase
a chemical substance consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice
Graphene
a chemical compound consisting of zinc cations bonded to chloride anions
ZincChloride
ZnCl2
a chemical compound containing sulfur and nitrogen atoms bonded to a central carbon atom
Thiourea
THU
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to bromide anions
SodiumBromide
NaBr
a chemical compound consisting of gallium in the +1 oxidaiton state and oxygen atoms
GalliumIOxide
Ga2O
a chemical substance consisting of the alkaline earth metal radium in its elemental form
Radium
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to bisoxalatophosphate anions
MagnesiumBisoxalatophosphate
Mg(BOP)2
a chemical compound consisting of iron in the +2 oxidation state and oxygen atoms
IronIIOxide
FeO
a chemical substance consisting of the alkali metal lithium in its elemental form
Lithium
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to anions
CalciumSaltCompound
PolyArylAmmonium
a chemical compound consisting of iridium in the +3 oxidation state and oxygen atoms
IridiumIIIOxide
Ir2O3
a chemical compound consisting of lithium, nickel, and oxygen atoms in an oxide structure
LithiumNickelOxide
LNO
a chemical compound consisting of ammonium cations bonded to sulfate anions
AmmoniumSulfate
NH4SO4
a chemical compound consisting of potassium cations bonded to sulfide anions
PotassiumSulfide
K2S
An elemental substance consisting of hydrogen in its gas form (H2 molecule).
Hydrogen
Dihydrogen
HydrogenGas
MolecularHydrogen
a carbonate ester that is carbonic acid in which both hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups
DimethylCarbonate
DMC
a chemical compound consisting of silicon and one oxygen atom
SiliconMonoxide
a chemical compound containing a carboxylic acid group and a hydroxyl group on a two-carbon backbone
LacticAcid
a chemical compound consisting of lead in the +2 oxidation state bonded to triflate anions
LeadIITriflate
Pb(OTf)2
a chemical compound consisting of sodium, iron, phosphate, and oxygen atoms
SodiumIronPhosphate
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to tetrafluoroborate anions
MagnesiumTetrafluoroborate
Mg(BF4)2
a chemical compound consisting of manganese in the +2 oxidation state bonded to carbonate anions
ManganeseIICarbonate
MnCO3
a polymer consisting of propylene monomers
Polypropylene
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to bisoxalatophosphate anions
StrontiumBisoxalatophosphate
Sr(BOP)2
a chemical compound consisting of potassium cations bonded to tetrafluoroborate anions
PotassiumTetrafluoroborate
KBF4
a chemical compound consisting of potassium cations bonded to anions
PotassiumSaltCompound
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to sulfate anions
LithiumSulfate
Li2SO4
a chemical compound consisting of iron cations bonded to sulfide anions in a 1:2 ratio
IronDisulfide
FeS2
a chemical compound consisting of a hydroxyl group bonded to a propyl group in a straight chain
NPropanol
PrOH
a chemical compound consisting of rhodium in the +3 oxidation state bonded to oxygen atoms
RhodiumIIIOxide
Rh2O3
a chemical substance consisting of the alkaline earth metal beryllium in its elemental form
Beryllium
a chemical compound consisting of rhodium and oxygen atoms
RhodiumOxideCompound
a chemical compound consisting of tantalum in the +3 oxidation state and oxygen atoms
TantalumIIIOxide
a chemical compound consisting of barium and hydroxide ions
BariumHydroxide
Ba(OH)2
a chemical compound consisting of indium in the +3 oxidation state bonded to sulfate anions
IndiumIIISulfate
InSO4
a chemical substance consisting of the metalloid boron in its elemental form
Boron
a chemical substance consisting of a noble gas in its elemental form
NobleGasElementalSubstance
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to carbonate anions
CalciumCarbonate
CaCO3
a chemical compound consisting of manganese cations bonded to anions
ManganeseSaltCompound
a chemical substance classified as an acid because it donates protons or increases hydron concentration under relevant conditions; in this ontology, acid strength classifications refer to aqueous solution behavior
substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen cations when dissolved
Acid
This class classifies substances by acid behavior; it does not denote a solution class.
a chemical compound consisting of potassium and hydroxide ions
PotassiumHydroxide
KOH
chemical compound consisting of nickel in the +2 oxidation state bonded to chlorate anions
NickelIIChlorate
Ni(ClO3)2
a chemical compound consisting of lithium, nickel, cobalt, aluminium, and oxygen atoms in an oxide structure
LithiumNickelCobaltAluminiumOxide
NCA
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal osmium in its elemental form
Osmium
a chemical compound consisting of sodium, cobalt, and oxygen atoms in an oxide structure
SodiumCobaltOxide
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to nitrate anions
MagnesiumNitrate
Mg(NO3)2
a chemical compound containing two carboxylic acid groups bonded directly to each other
OxalicAcid
HO2CCO2H
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal rhodium in its elemental form
Rhodium
a chemical compound consisting of a carboxylic acid group bonded to a benzene ring
BenzoicAcid
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide anions
StrontiumBistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide
Sr(TFSI)2
a polymer compound composed of aromatic rings linked by ether and ketone functional groups within the polymer backbone
Polyaryletherketone
PAEK
a chemical compound consisting of potassium cations bonded to perchlorate anions
PotassiumPerchlorate
KClO4
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to sulfate anions
BariumSulfate
BaSO4
a chemical compound consisting of copper in the +2 oxidation state bonded to sulfate anions
CopperIISulfate
CuSO4
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to sulfite anions
StrontiumSulfite
SrSO3
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide anions
CalciumBistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide
Ca(TFSI)2
a polymer derived from cellulose with carboxymethyl functional groups attached to its glucose units
CarboxymethylCellulose
CMC
acetic acid;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
a chemical compound consisting of copper in the +2 oxidation state bonded to triflate anions
CopperIITriflate
Cu(OTf)2
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium and hydroxide ions
MagnesiumHydroxide
Mg(OH)2
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to carbonate anions
BariumCarbonate
BaCO3
a polymer precursor containing a pentafluorophenyl group bonded to an isocyanate functional group
PentafluorophenylIsocyanate
PFPI
a chemical substance consisting of the reactive nonmetal selenium in its elemental form
Selenium
a chemical substance consisting of stacked layers of graphene with weak interlayer bonds
Graphite
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to chlorate anions
SodiumChlorate
NaClO3
a chemical compound consisting of ammonium cations bonded to nitrite anions
AmmoniumNitrite
NH4NO2
a chemical compound consisting of copper in the +2 oxidation state bonded to sulfide anions
CopperIISulfide
CuS
a chemical substance consisting of the alkaline earth metal strontium in its elemental form
Strontium
a chemical compound consisting of titanium and oxygen atoms in a 1:2 ratio
TitaniumDioxide
TiO2
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to chloride anions
CalciumChloride
CaCl2
a chemical compound consisting of copper in the +2 oxidation state bonded to bromide anions
CopperIIBromide
CuBr2
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to triflate anions
SodiumTriflate
NaOTf
GlycidicAcid
a chemical substance consisting of the noble gas neon in its elemental form
Neon
a chemical compound containing two carboxylic acid groups on a three-carbon backbone
MalonicAcid
a chemical compound consisting of zinc cations bonded to bromide anions
ZincBromide
ZnBr2
a chemical compound consisting of ammonium cations bonded to carbonate anions
AmmoniumCarbonate
a chemical compound consisting of mercury and oxygen atoms
MercuryOxideCompound
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to chloride anions
BariumChloride
BaCl2
a chemical compound consisting of an ethyl group bonded to a monoglyme (ethylene glycol dimethyl ether) structure
Ethylmonoglyme
EthyleneGlycolDiethylEther
a chemical compound consisting of indium in the +3 oxidation state bonded to carbonate anions
IndiumIIICarbonate
In2(CO3)3
an ion with a positive charge
Cation
a chemical compound consisting of tin in the +4 oxidation state bonded to oxygen atoms
TinIVOxide
SnO2
a chemical compound consisting of zinc cations bonded to nitrite anions
ZincNitrite
Zn(NO2)2
a chemical compound consisting of potassium cations bonded to heptaiododismuthate anions
TetrapotassiumHeptaiodobismuthate
K4BiI7
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to sulfide anions
CalciumSulfide
CaS
a chemical substance consisting of the metal mercury in its elemental form
Mercury
a polymer containing ionic groups distributed along its chain
IonomerCompound
a polymer consisting of repeating ethylene glycol units
PolyethyleneGlycol
PEG
a chemical compound consisting of lead in both the +2 and +4 oxidation states bonded to oxygen atoms in a mixed oxidation state structure
LeadII_IVOxide
Pb3O4
a chemical compound consisting of manganese and oxygen atoms in a 1:2 ratio
ManganeseDioxide
MnO2
a chemical compound consisting of nickel cations bonded to anions
NickelSaltCompound
a chemical compound containing phosphate functional groups bonded to six fluorine atoms
HexaFluoroPhosphate
PF6
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to trifluoromethanesulfonyl oxalatoborate anions
CalciumTrifluoromethanesulfonyloxalatoborate
Ca(TFOB)2
a chemical compound that can act as both an acid and a base depending on the environment
AmphotericCompound
a chemical compound consisting of a nonmetal element bonded to oxygen atoms
NonMetalOxide
a chemical compound consisting of cobalt in the +2 oxidation state bonded to sulfide anions
CobaltIISulfide
CoS
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to perchlorate anions
LithiumPerchlorate
LiClO4
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal chromium in its elemental form
Chromium
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to triflate anions
MagnesiumTriflate
Mg(OTf)2
a chemical compound consisting of nickel in the +2 oxidation state bonded to phosphate anions
NickelIIPhosphate
Ni3(PO4)2
a chemical compound containing fluorosulfonyl functional groups bonded to a nitrogen atom
BisFluorosulfonylAmide
FSI
a chemical compound consisting of copper in the +2 oxidation state bonded to tetrafluoroborate anions
CopperIITetrafluoroborate
Cu(BF4)2
a polymer consisting of tetrafluoroethylene monomers, commonly known as Teflon
Polytetrafluoroethylene
PTFE
Teflon
a chemical compound consisting of cobalt in the +2 oxidation state bonded to perchlorate anions
CobaltIIPerchlorate
Co(ClO4)2
a chemical compound consisting of strontium cations bonded to phosphate anions
StrontiumPhosphate
Sr3(PO4)2
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to nitrite anions
BariumNitrite
Ba(NO2)2
a chemical compound consisting of zinc cations bonded to nitrate anions
ZincNitrate
Zn(NO3)2
a chemical substance consisting of the metalloid antimony in its elemental form
Antimony
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to nitrate anions
BariumNitrate
Ba(NO3)2
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal silver in its elemental form
Silver
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to iodide anions
LithiumIodide
LiI
a chemical compound consisting of ammonium cations bonded to iodide anions
AmmoniumIodide
a chemical compound consisting of vanadium in the +4 oxidation state bonded to oxygen atoms
VanadiumIVOxide
VO2
a chemical compound consisting of tantalum in the +2 oxidation state and oxygen atoms
TantalumIIOxide
a chemical compound consisting of cobalt in the +2 oxidation state bonded to chloride anions
CobaltIIChloride
CoCl2
a chemical compound consisting of a benzene ring substituted with a single methyl group
Toluene
Methylbenzene
Toluol
a chemical compound consisting of chromium in the +4 oxidation state and oxygen atoms
ChromiumIVOxide
a chemical compound consisting of strontium and hydroxide ions
StrontiumHydroxide
Sr(OH)2
a chemical compound consisting of aluminium cations bonded to sulfate anions
AluminiumSulfate
Al2(SO4)3
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to tetrafluoroborate anions
SodiumTetrafluoroborate
NaBF4
a chemical compound consisting of sodium cations bonded to bisoxalatoborate anions
SodiumBisoxalatoborate
NaBOB
a chemical compound consisting of lithium, manganese, and oxygen atoms in an oxide structure
LithiumManganeseOxide
LMO
a chemical compound consisting of nickel in the +2 oxidation state bonded to iodide anions
NickelIIIodide
NiI2
a chemical compound consisting of iron in both the +2 and +3 oxidation states bonded to oxygen atoms in a mixed oxidation state structure
IronII_IIIOxide
Fe3O4
a chemical compound consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to two methyl groups and one oxygen atom
DimethylSulfoxide
DMSO
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to chlorate anions
LithiumChlorate
a chemical compound consisting of manganese in the +2 oxidation state bonded to nitrate anions
ManganeseIINitrate
Mn(NO3)2
a chemical compound consisting of zinc cations bonded to triflate anions
ZincTriflate
Zn(OTf)2
a chemical compound consisting of potassium cations bonded to fluoride anions
PotassiumFluoride
a chemical compound consisting of a silane bonded to a methyl group and three methoxy groups
TrimethoxyMethylSilane
PerchloricAcid
HClO4
a chemical compound consisting of cobalt in the +2 oxidation state bonded to chlorate anions
CobaltIIChlorate
Co(ClO3)2
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal tantalum in its elemental form
Tantalum
PlatinumOxide
PtO
a chemical compound consisting of an assembly of cations and anions
Salt
IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). Online version (2019-) created by S. J. Chalk. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.
a chemical compound containing a cyclic carbonate with vinyl and ethylene groups
VinylEthyleneCarbonate
VEC
a chemical compound consisting of a benzene ring substituted with two methyl groups in the ortho positions
OXylene
OrthoXylene
a chemical compound consisting of copper in the +2 oxidation state bonded to chlorate anions
CopperIIChlorate
Cu(ClO3)2
an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge
Ion
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to bisfluorosulfonylimide anions
LithiumBisfluorosulfonylimide
LiFSI
a chemical compound consisting of a benzene ring bonded to an ethyl group
EthylBenzene
a chemical compound consisting of a six-membered aromatic ring with one nitrogen atom
Pyridine
C5H5N
a chemical compound consisting of potassium cations bonded to acetate anions
PotassiumAcetate
KOAc
SilverOxideCompound
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to nitrite anions
CalciumNitrite
Ca(NO2)2
a polymer consisting of vinylidene fluoride monomers
PolyvinylideneFluoride
PVDF
(2S)-2-(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-3-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]propanethioic S-acid
a chemical compound consisting of aluminium cations bonded to anions
AluminiumSaltCompound
A sulfonated derivative of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) containing sulfonic acid (–SO₃H) functional groups that enable proton conduction.
SulfonatedPolyEtherEtherKetone
SPEEK
Sulfonated polyetheretherketone (SPEEK) is a chemically modified derivative of PEEK in which sulfonic acid groups are introduced to the aromatic backbone, enabling proton-conducting behavior. It must be explicitly distinguished from base PEEK due to its fundamentally altered ion transport, hydrophilicity, and membrane performance characteristics. Including this term enables precise representation of proton exchange membrane materials in electrochemical and polymer ontologies.
SPEEK should be modeled as a functionalized derivative of PEEK rather than a separate base polymer class. This distinction is important for accurately representing proton exchange membrane behavior in fuel cells and related electrochemical systems.
a chemical compound consisting of lithium, nickel, manganese, and oxygen atoms in an oxide structure
LithiumNickelManganeseOxide
LNMO
a chemical compound consisting of a benzene ring substituted with two methyl groups in the meta positions
MXylene
MetaXylene
a chemical compound consisting of cobalt in the +2 oxidation state bonded to bistrifluoromethane anions
CobaltIIBistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide
Co(TFSI)2
a chemical compound consisting of lead in the +2 oxidation state bonded to phosphate anions
LeadIIPhosphate
Pb3(PO4)2
Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (also called triglyme) is a glycol ether used as a solvent.
Triglyme
3Glyme
TriethyleneGlycolDimethylEther
an acid compound classified as strong because it is essentially completely dissociated in aqueous solution under standard dilute conditions
StrongAcid
a chemical compound containing a phosphate group bonded to three 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl groups
TFP
Tris(222Trifluoroethyl)Phosphate
a chemical compound consisting of a sulfone group bonded to two propyl groups
DipropylSulfone
PropylSulfone
a chemical compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to two amine groups
Urea
CO(NH2)2
a chemical compound consisting of iridium and oxygen atoms in a 1:2 ratio
IridiumDioxide
IrO2
a chemical compound consisting of hydrogen bonded to fluorine
HydrogenFluoride
a chemical compound consisting of copper and oxygen atoms
CopperOxideCompound
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to nitrite anions
LithiumNitrite
LiNO2
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal titanium in its elemental form
Titanium
a chemical compound consisting of lead in the +2 oxidation state bonded to sulfide anions
LeadIISulfide
PbS
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal nickel in its elemental form
Nickel
a chemical substance consisting of the transition metal palladium in its elemental form
Palladium
a chemical compound consisting of potassium cations bonded to nitrite anions
PotassiumNitrite
KNO2
a chemical compound consisting of manganese in the +2 oxidation state bonded to fluoride anions
ManganeseIIFluoride
MnF2
a chemical compound consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms
NitricAcid
HNO3
a chemical compound consisting of magnesium cations bonded to bromide anions
MagnesiumBromide
MgBr2
a chemical compound containing sulfur, oxygen, and chlorine atoms
ThionylChloride
SOCl2
a chemical substance consisting of the alkaline earth metal barium in its elemental form
Barium
a chemical compound consisting of lead in the +2 oxidation state bonded to bromide anions
LeadIIBromide
PbBr2
a chemical compound consisting of an alkaline earth metal cation bonded to anions
AlkalineEarthMetalSaltCompound
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to triflate anions
BariumTriflate
Ba(OTf)2
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to perchlorate anions
CalciumPerchlorate
Ca(ClO4)2
a chemical compound consisting of mercury in the +2 oxidation state and oxygen atoms
MercuryIIOxide
HgO
a polymer consisting of acrylonitrile monomers
Polyacrylonitrile
PAN
a chemical compound consisting of an ethyl group bonded to an acetate functional group
EthylAcetate
a chemical compound consisting of calcium cations bonded to bisfluorosulfonylimide anions
CalciumBisfluorosulfonylimide
Ca(FSI)2
a chemical compound containing a carboxylic acid group and a ketone group
PyruvicAcid
a chemical compound consisting of lead in the +2 oxidation state bonded to iodide anions
LeadIIIodide
PbI2
a chemical compound consisting of aluminium cations bonded to bromide anions
AluminiumBromide
AlBr3
a chemical compound consisting of silicon and two oxygen atoms
SiliconDioxide
Silica
dioxosilane
a chemical compound consisting of barium cations bonded to bromide anions
BariumBromide
BaBr2
a chemical compound consisting of lithium cations bonded to chloride anions
LithiumChloride
LiCl
a chemical compound consisting of nickel in the +2 oxidation state bonded to fluoride anions
NickelIIFluoride
NiF2
a chemical substance consisting of the metal lead in its elemental form
Lead
the unit for C-Rate in electrochemistry and related domains
AmperePerAmpereHour
Electrochemical
Application of a post-processing model to signals through a software, in order to calculate the final characterisation property.
MeasurementDataPostProcessing
Analysis of SEM (or optical) images to gain additional information (image filtering/integration/averaging, microstructural analysis, grain size evaluation, Digital Image Correlation procedures, etc.)
In nanoindentation testing, this is the Oliver-Pharr method, which allows calculating the elastic modulus and hardness of the sample by using the load and depth measured signals.
the unit for P-Rate in electrochemistry and related domains
WattPerWattHour
a test where an electrochemical device is operated at a very low current, approximating equilibrium behaviour, in order to extract a pseudo-open-circuit-voltage profile
PseudoOpenCircuitVoltageTest
the imaginary part of the complex electric impedance
ImaginaryElectricImpedance
formation of compounds that reduces the conductivity at the surface of an electrode
ElectrodePassivation
Passivation
electric charge which an energy storage device can deliver under specified discharging conditions
DischargingCapacity
AH-OUT
CapD
CapD/mAh
Q discharge/mA.h
wf dis cap
Discharge_Capacity (Ah)
Capacitance_DChg(mAh)
discharge_capacity
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 4.8 mm and a height of 1.6 mm
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 7.9 mm and a height of 5.4 mm
accelerated charge applied at greater than normal values of electric currents or of voltages (for a particular design) during a short time interval
BoostCharging
FastCharging
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 95% of the sample's particles fall.
D95ParticleSize
a quantity that indicates the performance of an electrochemical device
ElectrochemicalPerformanceQuantity
a proportionality constant which quantifies the rate and direction of a chemical reaction by relating it with the concentration of reactants
ReactionRateConstant
part of the electrode polarization arising from an electric current through an ohmic resistance within the electrode or the electrolyte
OhmicOverpotential
OhmicOvervoltage
OhmicPolarization
insertion or removal of electrons into or from ions to obtain particles having zero electric charge
Neutralisation
Neutralization
unstable condition arising during constant voltage charge in which the rate of heat dissipation capability, causing a continuous temperature increase with resulting further charge current increase, which can lead to the destruction of the battery
ThermalRunaway
in lithium batteries thermal runaway may cause melting of lithium
quotient of the capacity of the negative electrode and the capacity of the positive electrode in a cell
NPRatio
ACRatio
AToCRatio
NToPRatio
a solid electrolyte is a solid material where the predominant charge carriers are ions.
SolidElectrolyte
FastIonConductor
SolidStateElectrolyte
NASICON (Na Super Ionic Conductor), which has the general formula Na1+xZr2P3-xSix O12 , 0 < x < 3.
J. M. Pingarron et al., Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 4, 92, 2020, 641-694. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109
electrode made of glassy carbon material with an intertwined graphitic ribbon structure, formed by pyrolysis of a resol precursor at temperatures up to 3000 °C
GlassyCarbonElectrode
GCE
extremely resistant to many chemicals, impermeable to gases and liquids, and has good electrical conductivity, high hardness and strength, and biocompatibility
glassy carbon combines glass-like mechanical characteristics with physical properties similar to graphite, owing to its “graphene ribbon” structure
one of the most frequently used working electrodes
a measure of the total area that the surface of a solid object occupies
SurfaceArea
a coin cell case with a nominal diameter of 23.0 mm and a height of 2.5 mm
operation during which an electrochemical cell supplies electric energy as the result of chemical changes within the cell
Discharging
ElectrochemicalDischarging
the opposite of a charging process
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 7.9 mm and a height of 2.6 mm
maximum electric current density that can be achieved for an electrode reaction at a given concentration of a electrochemically active material in the presence of a large excess of supporting electrolyte
LimitingCurrentDensity
Electric current that flows, at a particular value of the applied potential, in the absence of the substance whose electrode behaviour is being investigated, i.e. a "blank" solution.
I_{r}
The residual (or background) current may be subtracted from the total current to calculate the net faradaic current.
ResidualCurrent
BackgroundCurrent
electrode polarization associated with an electrochemical reduction reaction
CathodicOverpotential
CathodicPolarization
the capacity obtained during constant current discharging of an electrochemical device
ConstantCurrentDischargingCapacity
DC-Cap
DC-Cap/mAh
the lower value for C-Rate that is used to indicate a change in an electrochemical measurement process
LowerCRateLimit
an electrode with blended lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) and lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) active materials
LithiumNickelManganeseCobaltOxideLithiumCobaltOxideElectrode
NMCLCOElectrode
the initial amount concentration of lithium in an electrolyte
InitialChargeCarrierConcentrationInElectrolyte
this is a very specific term with a narrow conceptualization, used mostly as an anchor term for supporting interoperability; a more general term is suitable in most cases.
['Parameterisation','Electrolyte','Initial concentration [mol.m-3]']
['electrolyte','initial_concentration','value']
a covering on the surface of an object
Coating
Linear ramp of electric current followed by a reversal to the initial current (typically I=0), both at the same current change rate.
TriangularCurrentWaveform
a control limit placed on the rate of change of the cell voltage, dV/dt.
VoltageChangeLimit
dV/dt
Time-dependent variation of electric potential
ElectricPotentialSignal
A phenomenon that causes an electrochemical device to deviate from its ideal behaviour.
ElectrochemicalDegradationPhenomenon
PositiveElectrodeActiveMaterialVolumetricSurfaceArea
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Surface area per unit volume [m-1]']
a substance added to something in small quantities to alter its properties
Additive
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 5.8 mm and a height of 2.1 mm
the average characteristic size of the pores in a porous material, typically derived from a pore size distribution
MeanPoreSize
Mean pore size is a fundamental descriptor of porous materials that directly influences transport properties such as ionic conductivity, diffusion, and electrolyte accessibility in electrochemical systems. It is widely used in characterizing electrodes, separators, and catalysts. Including this term supports consistent semantic representation of structure–property relationships in electrochemistry.
Mean pore size is commonly obtained from techniques such as gas adsorption (e.g., BET/BJH analysis), mercury intrusion porosimetry, capilary flow porometery, or imaging methods. It complements related descriptors like pore size distribution, porosity, and specific surface area, which are already relevant in electrochemical material modeling.
a device whose primary function is facilitating the conversion between chemical and electrical energy.
ElectrochemicalDevice
The term refers to the engineered assembly; it must not be conflated with the electrochemical cell itself.
Electrochemical devices typically include safety and control subsystems that are not part of the electrochemical cell (e.g. pressure relief, BMS, valves, current collectors).
When documenting a device, identify the number and arrangement of cells and the presence of auxiliary components such as separators, membranes, and power electronics.
an electrochemical device contains at least one electrochemical cell plus the apparati required to make it work as a practical device (e.g. terminals, container, etc.)
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of potassium or potassium compounds
PotassiumBasedElectrode
the magnitude of the voltage step in step voltammetry and related techniques
StepSignalVoltage
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 7.9 mm and a height of 3.6 mm
the dissolution of molecules from a gas into another phase
GasDissolution
Absorption of CO₂ into an alkaline electrolyte forming carbonate species.
Hydrogen evolution during water electrolysis.
Often leads to efficiency loss or mechanical degradation in electrochemical devices.
inverse of internal resistance
the internal conductance of an electrochemical device
InternalConductance
a frequency response analyser (FRA) manufactured by BioLogic
MTZ35
MTZ-35
a two-step charging process in which a constant current is applied until a set upper cutoff voltage is reached and then the cell is potentiostatically held at that voltage until the current falls below some set threshhold value
ConstantCurrentConstantVoltageCharging
CCCV
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of nickel or nickel compounds
NickelBasedElectrode
often represented in IEC cell designations by the letter N
this class is intended to enable designations based on IEC recommendations
signal consisting of a constant electric potential.
ConstantPotentialSignal
a practical hydrogen electrode whose potential depends on the pH of the solution
ReversibleHydrogenElectrode
the miniumum temperature at which an electrochemical device shall be stored
MinimumStorageTemperature
NegativeElectrodeActiveMaterialOpenCircuitVoltage
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','OCP [V]']
['negative_electrode','active_materials',0,'OCP','value']
Periodic potential where the amplitude alternates at a steady frequency between fixed minimum and maximum values, with the same duration at minimum and maximum.
SquareWavePotentialWaveform
In an ideal square wave, the transitions between minimum and maximum are instantaneous.
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 21 mm, width of 148 mm, and height of 128 mm
a mixture comprised of solid constituents
DryMixture
the overall density of an electrochemical device, calculated as the quotient of the total mass and the total volume
DeviceDensity
['Parameterisation','Cell','Density [kg.m-3]']
['properties','density','value']
the maximum temperature at which an electrochemical device shall be stored
MaximumStorageTemperature
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 30% of the sample's particles fall.
D30ParticleSize
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of vanadium or vanadium compounds
VanadiumBasedElectrode
often represented in IEC cell designations by the letter V
electronically conductive part in electric contact with a medium of lower electronic conductivity and intended to perform one or more of the functions of emitting charge carriers to or receiving charge carriers from that medium or to establish an electric field in that medium
Electrode
From Greek elektron (‘amber, electricity’) + hodos (‘way’): ‘the way of electricity’. Proposed to replace vague ‘poles/plates’ with a neutral, process-descriptive term. Introduced by Michael Faraday, with support from William Whewell and Whitlock Nicholl.
Alternative definition: Half-cell consisting of at least one electron conductor and at least one ionic conductor (electrolyte). - Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019)
Electron conductor in an electrochemical cell connected to the external circuit.
In some electroanalytical techniques (conductometry and differential potentiometry), two indicator electrodes are used. For many analytical measurements in cells with current flow, a three-electrode cell is used.
Many types of electrodes are used. These may be classified into groups according to their composition, form and size, and according to their operating mode. See section 4.
The current flow through electrochemical cells may be zero or non-zero. An electrochemical cell with current flow can operate either as a galvanic cell or an electrolytic cell.
evolution of gas resulting from electrolysis of the water in the electrolyte of a cell
GassingOfACell
the total amount of energy that has passed through an electrochemical device
TotalEnergy
the derivative of the capacity of an electrochemical device with respect to the terminal voltage
DifferentialCapacity
dQ/dV
dQ/dV(mAh/V)
electrode in which the active material is sodium metatitanate
SodiumMetatitanateElectrode
electric charge which an energy storage device can deliver under specified charging conditions
ChargingCapacity
AH-IN
CapC
CapC/mAh
Q charge/mA.h
wf chg cap
Charge_Capacity (Ah)
Capacitance_Chg(mAh)
charge_capacity
chemical reaction in which oxygen is removed from an oxide, implying a transfer of electrons from the oxygen atoms, or, more generally, in which a substance gains electrons
Reduction
ReductionReaction
Electrons are generally transferred from another substance by an oxidation reaction.
electrode in which the active material is ruthenium oxide
RutheniumOxideElectrode
RuO2Electrode
half the peak-to-peak amplitude of a sinusoidal alternating current
AmplitudeOfAlternatingCurrent
electrochemical cell that has two half-cells separated by a wall permeable to ions, both containing the same electrolyte differing only in their temperatures.
ThermogalvanicCell
Thermocell
mass m of electrochemically-transformed substance is proportional to the charge Q passed, m ∝ Q.
FaradaysFirstLawOfElectrolysis
FaradaysLaw
FaradaysLawOfElectrolysis
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 23.0 mm and a height of 3.0 mm
an insertion electrode in which the guest molecule is a proton (hydrogen)
ProtonInsertionElectrode
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 24.5 mm and a height of 3.0 mm
characteristic size of a particle, usually expressed as the representative diameter of an equivalent spherical particle
ParticleSize
The electrode electric potential range between which the substance is neither oxidized nor reduced.
ElectrochemicalWindow
ElectrochemicalStabilityWindow
instrument intended to measure the value of a voltage.
Voltmeter
The selectivity coefficient is determined by means of the potential difference of the ion- selective electrode in mixed solutions of the primary ion, A, and interfering ion, B (Fixed Interference Method) or, less desirably, in separate solutions of A and B (Separate Solution Method). The activities of the primary ion, A, and the interfering ion, B, at which K is determined should always be specified, as the value of K is defined by a modified Nikolsky-Eisenman equation. The smaller the value of K , the A,B greater the electrode’s preference for the primary ion, A.
parameter defining the ability of an ion-selective electrode to distinguish a particular ion, i.e., a primary ion A from an interfering ion B
PotentiometricSelectivityCoefficient
SelectivityCoefficient
SelectivityConstant
SelectivityFactor
a process that measures the total amount of charge an electrochemical device can store and deliver under specified conditions
CapacityTest
a semi-liquid mixture, typically composed of particles suspended in a solvent
Slurry
in quantum mechanical terms, electrochemical potential is defined as the energy level of the electron orbitals in the species that have a 50 percent probability of occupancy
the chemical potential of an ion in the presence of an electric potential
ElectrochemicalPotential
J. Newman and K. E. Thmoas-Alyea, Electrochemical Systems, 3rd ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
Atkins and DePaula, Aktins' Physical Chemistry, 8th ed., p.952
an electrode in the shape of a rectangle
RectangularElectrode
algebraic sum of faradaic currents flowing through an electrode
NetFaradaicCurrent
a physical quantity that is adjusted to consider the effects of porous media structure
EffectivePorousMediaQuantity
an internal compartment of the electrochemical flow cell through which gas flows
GasCompartment
A membrane having ion-exchange groups:
IonExchangeMembrane
a selective barrier that permits the passage of ions of one sign while preventing the passage of ions of opposite sign.
a sign that is used to indicate the shape of the case of an electrochemical device
FormFactor
measurement of electric current
ElectricCurrentMeasurement
electrolyte on the cathode side of an electrochemical cell that is divided into compartments.
Catholyte
From Greek kathodos ('way down') + lytēs (, ‘looser’)
Electrolyte solution in the cathodic compartment of an electrolysis cell or galvanic cell, i.e., in that part of the cell where the cathode is placed.
A. J. Bard, G. Inzelt, and F. Scholz, Eds., Electrochemical Dictionary, 2nd Edition. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29551-5
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 6.8 mm and a height of 2.1 mm
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 38 mm and height of 138 mm
nominal property of an electrode, having values negative or positive according to the sign of the electrode potential, or neutral when the electrode potential is zero.
Polarity
Diffusion current is governed by Fick’s Laws of diffusion. It is the principle on which many electroana- lytical methods are based, because the current is proportional to the bulk concentration of the diffusing species. I_{d} = z*F*A*D*\grad(c)_{x=0}, where z is the electron number of an electrochemical reaction, F the Faraday constant, A the electrode surface area, D the diffusion coefficient of electroactive substance, and (∂c/∂x)x=0 the gradient of the amount concentration at the electrode surface position x = 0.
I_{d}
faradaic current that is controlled by the rate at which electroactive species diffuse toward (or away from) and electrode-solution interface.
DiffusionCurrent
electrode in which the active material is mercury(II) oxide
MercuryOxideElectrode
HgOElectrode
electrode polarization associated with a cathodic reaction
CathodicPolarisation
a manufactured material consisting of interconnected fibers or strands forming a porous network with high surface area, whose porosity and structural characteristics can be tuned depending on the fabrication method and material system.
Mesh
rotational frequency of a rotating component in a rotating disk electrode
RotatingDiskSpeed
The rotating component can be the main rotating disk or a secondary ring as used in rotating ring disk electrodes.
the process of inserting a dry jelly roll into a cylindrical cell container
CylindricalCellPackaging
a chemical phenomenon that is accompanied by the flow of electric current
ElectrochemicalPhenomenon
conventional designation value for battery energy content, used as a product label
NominalEnergy
Conventional designation value for the energy content of a battery, used to identify and label a product class. The nominal energy is a rounded or representative figure (not a manufacturer's guarantee) and may differ from energy measured under actual operating conditions.
Buck and Lindner suggest a slope of 0.6 mV min-1 .
Duration between the time when an ion-selective electrode and an external reference electrode (the two completing the ion-selective electrode cell) are brought into contact with a sample solution (or the time at which the activity of the ion of interest in solution is changed) and the first time at which the slope of the cell potential vs. time plot (ΔE/Δt) becomes equal to a limiting value selected on the basis of the experimental conditions and/or requirements concerning accuracy.
Previously defined response times t95 (corresponding to the 95% change of the potential span) and t* (to 1 mV from the steady value) require prior knowledge of steady-state E values that may not be available. These descriptive quantities underestimate practical response times of ion-selective electrodes in clinical applications where the total span may be narrower than 10 mV. The response time expressed in terms of ΔE/Δt (i.e., rate of cell potential variation with time) seems to be the best choice among non-ideal options. It can be related to t95 and t* through mathematical models, provided that the long-time potential- determining processes are identified.
ResponseTimeAtAnISE
Buck, Richard P., and Erno Lindner. "Recommendations for nomenclature of ionselective electrodes (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 66.12 (1994): 2527-2536. DOI: 10.1351/pac199466122527
ridges in the bottom of the case which support the plate pack (electrode stack) and thus create a space which allows the active material detached from the plates (electrodes) to settle without causing a short-circuit between the plates (electrodes)
Mudrib
the process of inserting a dry jelly roll into a prismatic cell container
PrismaticCellPackaging
the ratio of the discharged capacity to the rated capacity of an electrochemical device
DepthOfDischarge
DoD
container for the plate pack or packs and electrolyte of a cell or cells made of a material impervious to the electrolyte
Case
Can
Container
Housing
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 46 mm and height of 80 mm
the maximum current approved for pulse charge of an electrochemical device
MaximumPulseChargingCurrent
MaximumPulseChargeCurrent
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 10% of the sample's particles fall.
D65ParticleSize
a naturally occuring solution of salts (mostly NaCl) dissolved in water
Seawater
a non-woven mat of randomly oriented carbon fibers, providing excellent thermal insulation, chemical resistance, and high surface area for various industrial and electrochemical applications
CarbonFelt
an insertion electrode in which the guest molecule is aluminium
AluminiumInsertionElectrode
difference between the electrode potential with current flow, and the electrode potential without current flow, i.e. the equilibrium potential
electrode potential (E) minus the equilibrium electrode potential (Eeq) of an electrochemical reaction
overpotential is positive for oxidation reactions and negative for reduction reactions
Overpotential
ElectrodePolarization
Overvoltage
PolarizationPotential
Overpotential is often divided into different contributions: activation overpotential, ohmic overpotential, and concentration overpotential.
Overpotential is the extra voltage required to drive an electrochemical reaction beyond its thermodynamic equilibrium potential. It arises due to kinetic barriers such as activation energy, mass transport limitations, and charge transfer resistance. Overpotential is a key factor in battery efficiency, electrolysis, and corrosion studies, as it affects reaction rates and energy losses.
the maximum amount of energy that can be reversible stored within an electrochemical device, component, or material - operated at an infinitely low rate - based on its chemical composition and design
MaximumStorageEnergy
electrode in which the active material is lithium iron phosphate
LithiumIronPhosphateElectrode
LFPElectrode
a sheet of material in which the thickness is much smaller than the length and width
Foil
part used to close the case normally having holes for filling, topping-up, gas escape, terminals, etc.
CellLid
Can also be applied to electrodes.
quotient of the capacity of a cell or battery [ or electrode or active material ] by its mass.
SpecificCapacity
GravimetricCapacity
SpecificChargeCapacity
SpecificElectricChargeCapacity
Capacity Density(mAh/g)
the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form of symbols and formulae, wherein the reactant entities are given on the left-hand side and the product entities on the right-hand side
StoichiometricEquation
ChemicalEquation
ChemicalReactionEquation
the mass of active material per unit area
ActiveMassLoading
electrolyte solution, the ions of which are electroinactive in the range of applied potential being studied, and whose ionic strength (and, therefore, contribution to the overall conductivity) is usually much greater than the concentration of an electroactive substance to be dissolved in it.
SupportingElectrolyte
BaseElectrolyte
IndifferentElectrolyte
InertElectrolyte
Square wave potential waveform superimposed to a linear potential ramp or a staircase potential ramp.
SquareWaveVoltammetryWaveform
A good electron conductor support designed to transfer electrons from the external circuit to the active materials of the cell.
CurrentCollector
ElectrodeCurrentCollector
Copper foil, Aluminum foil
I_{ads}
The terms “adsorption current” and “limiting adsorption current” should not be applied to faradaic cur- rents that have been increased or decreased by adding a non-electroactive surfactant to a solution con- taining an electroactive substance, nor to currents resulting from the effect of adsorption or desorption on double-layer currents.
electric current that accompanies the adsorption of a species
AdsorptionCurrent
a quantity that relates to the kinetics of a reaction.
ElectrochemicalKineticQuantity
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Minimum stoichiometry']
['negative_electrode','active_materials',0,'stoichiometry0','value']
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 11.6 mm and a height of 3.6 mm
instrument which controls the electric current between the working electrode and the auxiliary electrode
Galvanostat
Amperostat
I_{m}
The sign convention regarding current is such that the migration current is positive for the oxida- tion of a cation or the reduction of an anion and is negative for the reduction of a cation or for the oxidation of an anion. Hence, the migration current may either increase or decrease the total current observed. The migration current approaches zero as the transport number of the electroactive sub- stance is decreased by increasing the concentration of supporting electrolyte, and hence the conduc- tivity of the solution.
component of electric current due to transport of ions in the electric field between the electrodes
MigrationCurrent
an aqueous mixture of ammonium chloride and zinc chloride
LeclancheElectrolyte
an insertion electrode in which the guest molecule is zinc
ZincInsertionElectrode
a form factor describing a coin cell, which is a cylindrical cell where the height is less than the diameter
Coin
service test with an uninterrupted discharge
ContinuousServiceTest
a measure of a substance's tendency towards ionic conduction
IonicConductivity
[an indicator of the] electric current at which a battery is discharged
the discharge rate is calculated as the rated capacity divided by the corresponding discharge time which results in an electric current
the quantity DRate is not used for energy-decoupled batteries like Redox Flox batteries
DischargingCRate
CRate
DRate
DischargeRate
the rate of change of applied potential with time
PotentialScanRate
PotentialSweepRate
ScanRate
SweepRate
sum of the absolute values of the potential differences resulting from anodic and cathodic polarizations of an electrochemical cell
CellPolarisationPotential
CellPolarizationPotential
the duration during which an electrochemical device is kept at open-circuit conditions
RestingTime
RestingDuration
In electrochemical measurements, the voltage of an electrochemical cell to which a voltage signal is superimposed.
BaselineCellVoltage
in EIS, an alternating voltage signal is superimposed to a baseline voltage, which can be the open circuit potential or a fixed cell voltage
a solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) dissolved in water (H2O)
PotassiumHydroxideSolution
AqueousPotassiumHydroxideSolution
KOHSolution
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of copper or copper compounds
CopperBasedElectrode
In practice, appropriate correction for the double-layer charging current is needed.
electric potential of the indicator electrode, in chronopotentiometry at constant current, at the instant when the time that has elapsed since the application of current is equal to one-fourth of the transition time
QuarterTransitionTimePotential
finished assembly of the positive and negative plate (electrode) groups with interleaved separators and terminals or intercell connectors
ElectrodeStack
PlatePack
Time-dependent variation of electric charge passed through a system.
ElectricChargeSignal
analyzes the output signal of a stimulated system
FrequencyResponseAnalyser
FRA
FrequencyResponseAnalyzer
based on the Fourier Transform analysis
solution which has the same concentration of a solute as one that is in equilibrium with undissolved solute at specified values of the temperature and pressure
SaturatedSolution
time of a measurement relative to the start of the test (t = 0)
TestTime
RunTime
TestTime/Sec
time/s
test (sec)
Test_Time (s)
Time(h:min:s.ms)
time_s
test_time
Run Time (h)
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 12 mm, width of 103 mm, and height of 310 mm
electrode polarization associated with an anodic reaction
AnodicPolarisation
AnodicPolarization
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 18 mm, width of 65 mm, and height of 140 mm
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 12.5 mm and a height of 2.0 mm
An electrolyte mixutre with the nominal recipe EC/DMC (1/1, wt/wt) + LiPF6 (11.8%,wt)
LP30
the label originated as a commercial/product code used by electrolyte suppliers and subsequently adopted as informal community shorthand in publications and laboratory practice
not an IEC, IUPAC, or ISO standardized designation; do not infer composition from the code alone; the same label is sometimes used with small vendor- or era-dependent variations
Signal where the electric potential is varied linearly from an initial potential.
LinearPotentialRamp
the upper bounding limit placed on the current density used in the definition of an electrochemical testing protocol
UpperCurrentDensityLimit
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of magnesium or magnesium compounds
MagnesiumBasedElectrode
the minimum allowable temperature of an electrochemical device during a discharging process
MinimumDischargingTemperature
Current that is produced by other processes, for example by diffusion of charged species, is termed ‘non- faradaic current’.
I_f
electric current that results from the electrooxidation or electroreduction of an electroactive substance
FaradaicCurrent
for solutions in protic solvents, the universal reference electrode for which, under standard conditions, the standard electrode potential (H+ / H2) is zero at all temperatures
StandardHydrogenElectrode
SHE
Potential of a platinum electrode in a theoretical ideal solution (the current standard for zero potential for all temperatures)
energy delivered by a deviced under some specific charge conditions
ChargingEnergy
Energy charge/W.h
EnergyC
EnergyC/mWh
WH-IN
wf chg e
Charge_Energy (Wh)
Engy_Chg(mWh)
charge_energy
E1/2 is used in techniques providing a sigmoidal wave-shaped current including DC voltammetry/polarography, normal pulse voltammetry, hydrodynamic voltammetry, and tast polarography.
For quasi-reversible and irreversible electrode reactions, the value of E1/2 is also affected by the rate constant of the charge transfer reaction, the difference being greater than that caused by different diffusion coefficients.
The quarter-wave potential, Ep/4, the three-quarter-wave potential, Ep3/4 , etc., may be similarly defined.
electric potential of a steady-state voltammetric working electrode at the point, on the rising part of the voltammetric wave, where the current is equal to one-half of the limiting current
HalfWavePotential
a double layer of charges exists at the interface between two conducting media: One side carries a positive excess charge, which is balanced by a negative excess of equal magnitude on the other side.
DoubleLayer
EDL
ElectricalDoubleLayer
the percentage quantity relating the weight of a constituent to the total weight
WeightPercent
the initial value of a property at the start of a simulation or experiment
InitialCondition
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 45 mm, width of 173 mm, and height of 225 mm
the mass of inactive material per unit area
InactiveMassLoading
foil, wire, disc, or mesh electrode made of platinum, which is the most commonly used metallic working electrode in electrochemistry
PlatinumElectrode
PtElectrode
Pt has a very small overpotential for hydrogen evolution, which determines the negative potential limit in protic solvents. Pt adsorbs hydrogen, resulting in hydrogen adsorption/desorption waves. However, the positive potential limit in polar aprotic solvents free of oxygen and water is higher than that for any other commonly used electrode materials. In the presence of water and/or oxygen, Pt forms a film of oxide (and/or chemisorbed oxygen), resulting in potentially interfering waves or peaks.
a chemical reaction involving a change in oxidation state of one or more atomic centers through electron transfer or an equivalent formal process
RedoxReaction
Redox
Redox reactions include both electrochemical and non-electrochemical processes; when the electron transfer occurs across an electrode–electrolyte interface the reaction is electrochemical.
a description (usually an integer, string, or alpha numeric code) describing the nature of a step in an electrochemical test protocol
StepType
state
Step Type
an electrochemical quantity describing concepts from thermodynamics
ElectrochemicalThermodynamicQuantity
Rapid, transient change in the amplitude of an electric potential, from a baseline value to a higer or lower value, followed by a rapid return to the baseline value.
PotentialPulse
a measurement of the value of the temperature in units of degree Celsius
CelsiusTemperatureMeasurementResult
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 5% of the sample's particles fall.
D5ParticleSize
electrochemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons between electrolyte and electrode
ElectrodeReaction
An interfacial reaction that necessarily involves a charge-transfer step.
The electrode (or interfacial) reaction involves all the processes (chemical reaction, structural reorganization, adsorption) accompanying the charge transfer step.
accumulation or depletion of electric charges at an electrode, resulting in a difference between the electrode potential with current flow, and the potential without current flow or equilibrium electrode potential
ElectrodePolarisation
Polarisation
Polarization
the class of units for describing the C-Rate in electrochemistry and related domains
PRateUnit
a potentiostat manufactured by BioLogic
SP300
SP-300
an electrode with blended silicon oxide and graphite active materials
SiliconOxideGraphiteElectrode
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 20.0 mm and a height of 1.6 mm
often used in wrist watches
the energy density of a device obtained during a charging process
ChargingEnergyDensity
a sheet that has been slit and stretched to form a network of diamond-shaped openings, providing structural strength and high surface area for applications like filtration and reinforcement
ExpandedMesh
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 11.6 mm and a height of 2.1 mm
an internal compartment of the electrochemical flow cell in contact with the negative electrode through which gas flows
NegativeElectrodeGasCompartment
a time series of electrical quantities
TimeSeriesElectricalDataSet
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 7.9 mm and a height of 2.1 mm
I_{SW}
The component may be faradaic (if the analyte is electroactive) or non-faradaic (if the analyte is surface-active). The simultaneous occurrence of both effects is quite common.
component of an electric current that is associated with the presence of an analyate in square-wave voltammetry
SquareWaveCurrent
internal component used to reduce the amount of electrolyte loss due to electrolyte spray being carried in the gas and/or by electrolyte movement
CellBaffle
a cell baffle has a second function in protecting the plate pack from damage by objects inserted through the filling hole
in an electrochemical cell, device made of insulating material permeable to the ions of the electrolyte and prohibiting totally or partially the mixing of the substances on both sides.
Separator
ElectrochemicalSeparator
Membranes and diaphragms are special forms of electrochemical separators.
a solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) dissolved in water (H2O)
SulfuricAcidSolution
electrode in which the active material is tin oxide doped with fluorine
FluorineDopedTinOxideElectrode
FTOElectrode
a target quantity in a control system
ControlProperty
ControlledQuantity
SetQuantity
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of nickel oxide hydroxide or nickel oxide hydroxide compounds.
NickelOxideHydroxideElectrode
NiOOHElectrode
NickelOxyhydroxideElectrode
the combination with zinc metal and an alkali metal hydoxide electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code Z
the magnitude of a current pulse applied to an electrochemical cell during pulsed potentiometry and related techniques
PulseCurrent
MagnitudeOfCurrentPulse
PulseMagnitudeCurrent
needle-like or tree-like formation of crystalline growth formed during deposition of a material
Dendrite
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 7.9 mm and a height of 1.65 mm
a step in an electrochemical testing workflow in which the electrochemical device is held at open-circuit conditions (i.e. cell current = 0 A) and occuring in series with at least one active (i.e. cell current ~= 0 A) step.
Resting
by convention, cell electrode at which, a reduction reaction occurs
Cathode
The cathode is the positive electrode during discharge and the negative electrode during charge.
The term "cathode" is often used interchangably with "positive electrode" even though it only applies while the cell is being discharged. When the cell is being charged the negative electrode becomes the cathode.
IEC and IUPAC recommend defining anode/cathode by oxidation/reduction rather than by polarity or charge sign.
From Greek kathodos (‘way down’). Intended to name the electrode on the ‘downward’ path of current by convention; in modern usage the site of reduction. Coined by Michael Faraday with support from William Whewell and Whitlock Nicholl.
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 45 mm, width of 173 mm, and height of 115 mm
porous electrodes consist of porous matrices of a single reactive electronic conductor or a mixture of solids that include essentially non-conducting, reactive materials in addition to electronic conductors. An electrolytic solution fills the void spaces of the porous matrix.
PorousElectrode
the process of drying an electrode
ElectrodeDrying
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 12.5 mm and a height of 1.6 mm
the amount of electric charge that can be stored in a material, component, or device, under infinitely low current, and derived from first principles
TheoreticalCapacity
The value of the practically achieve able capacity is often much lower than the theoretical value.
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 29 mm, width of 135 mm, and height of 214 mm
a measure of the rate at which particles or heat or fluids spread
not to be confused with MassDiffusivity (i.e., DiffusionCoefficient)
Diffusivity
the capacity obtained during constant current charging of an electrochemical device
ConstantCurrentChargingCapacity
CC-Cap
CC-Cap/mAh
Constant current charging capacity is often used to assess device performance and state-of-health. In a CC-CV charging process, if this value is significantly lower than the rated capacity under the same conditions, it may indicate underlying limitations. A decline over multiple cycles can be a sign of degradation.
I_{p}
Since the concentration of an electroactive substance at the electrode-solution interface decreases mono- tonically, the faradaic current due to its electrooxidation or electroreduction increases monotonically with time because of the increasing concentration gradient of the electroactive substance, the concentra- tion of which remains constant in the bulk. The maximum current value is passed when the transport rate of electroactive substance to the electrode-solution interface starts to be lower than the rate at which it is removed by reaction at the electrode. The result of these two competing processes leads to the peak- shaped I-E dependence.
in dynamic voltammetric techniques, the maximum value of the faradaic current attained by varying the applied potential in the current-potential or I-E curve
PeakCurrent
Typical examples of imposed potential programmes in dynamic voltammetric techniques resulting in peak-shaped responses are linear-scan voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, ac voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, square-wave voltammetry, stripping voltammetry, and derivative techniques.
a tank for holding anolyte
AnolyteTank
usually used in a flow cell system
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 9.5 mm and a height of 2.7 mm
the process of calendering an electrode
ElectrodeCalendering
the stoichiometric coefficient for a reactive entity in a chemical substance that corresponds to a cell-level state-of-charge of 100%
StoichiometricCoefficientAtSOC100
a round-type case with a height that is less than the diameter
CoinCase
ButtonCase
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of rhodium or rhodium compounds
RhodiumBasedElectrode
the ambient thermodynamic temperature
AmbientThermodynamicTemperature
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 11.5 mm and a height of 3.0 mm
the maximum current approved for continuous charge for a given electrochemical device
MaximumContinuousChargingCurrent
MaximumContinuousChargeCurrent
a fabric-like structure created by interweaving wires or fibres in an over-under pattern, commonly used for filtration, screening, and reinforcement due to its high strength and durability
WovenMesh
a working electrode in the shape of a ring used in a rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE).
AnnularWorkingElectrode
RingElectrode
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 21 mm and height of 70 mm
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 21 mm, width of 173 mm, and height of 85 mm
thickness of the coating before any additional treatment is applied
CoatingThickness
quotient of change in open-circuit voltage of a cell or battery by the corresponding change in temperature.
TemperatureCoefficientOfTheOpenCircuitVoltage
The pulse duration includes the sampling interval.
time interval during which the excitation signal deviates from the base line in normal pulse voltamme- try, differential pulse voltammetry, and related techniques
PulseDuration
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 50% of the sample's particles fall.
in particle size distribution measurements, the mass-median-diameter, considered to be the average particle size by mass
D50ParticleSize
MassMedianDiameter
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 18 mm and height of 65 mm
A material relation in electrochemistry.
ElectrochemicalRelation
the upper bounding limit on the current used in the definition of an electrochemical testing protocol
UpperCurrentLimit
the maximum current approved for pulse discharge of an electrochemical device
MaximumPulseDischargingCurrent
MaximumPulseDischargeCurrent
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of iridium or iridium compounds
IridiumBasedElectrode
charge during which the voltage is maintained at a constant value regardless of charge current or temperature
FloatCharging
ConstantVoltageCharging
PotentiostaticCharging
a solution of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) dissolved in water (H2O)
AmmoniumChlorideSolution
AqueousAmmoniumChlorideSolution
gradual and slow spreading of an electrolyte film on the external surface of a cell or battery
ElectrolyteCreep
electrolyte creep is sometimes indicated by the presence of a visible solid deposit or wet spots
conductive part of a device, electric circuit or electric network, provided for connecting that device, electric circuit or electric network to one or more external conductors
Terminal
a system for measuring electric potential
ElectricPotentialMeasuringSystem
a digital voltmeter connected to a computer
electrode in which the active material is tungsten oxide
TungstenOxideElectrode
WO3Electrode
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 20.0 mm and a height of 5.0 mm
the process through which the size of an interphase increases over time
InterphaseGrowth
solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth
a coating layer that is part of an electrode and contains one or more active chemical substances together with auxiliary components
ElectrodeCoating
A LiFePO4 cathode coating comprising LFP powder (active), PVDF (binder), and carbon black (conductive additive)
PositiveElectrodeReactionRateConstant
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Reaction rate constant [mol.m-2.s-1]']
['positive_electrode','active_materials',0,'kinetic_constant','value']
Signal consisting of a constant electric current.
DirectCurrent
ConstantCurrentSignal
electrode in which the active material is silicon oxide
SiliconOxideElectrode
an electrode that is coated on only one side of the current collector
SingleCoatedElectrode
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 40 mm, width of 148 mm, and height of 95 mm
electrode in which the active material is lithium nickel manganese oxide
LithiumNickelManganeseOxideElectrode
LNMOElectrode
an electrode in which the main active material is zinc metal
ZincElectrode
the combination with manganese dioxide and an alkali metal hydoxide electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code L
the combination with nickel oxide hydroxide and an alkali metal hydoxide electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code Z
the combination with oxygen and an alkali metal hydoxide electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code P
the combination with oxygen and an ammonium chloride zinc chloride electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code A
the combination with silver oxide and an alkali metal hydoxide electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code S
process through which a gas is evolved
GasEvolution
Gassing
a process that determines the number of complete charge-discharge cycles an electrochemical device can undergo before its capacity falls below a predefined threshold
CyclingTest
a rigid prismatic case that is described by characteristic length, width, and height
PrismaticCase
often represented in cell designations by the letter P
PositiveElectrodeElectronicConductivity
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Conductivity [S.m-1]']
['positive_electrode','electronic_conductivity','value']
phenomenon by which a cell or battery loses energy in other ways than by discharge into an external circuit
SelfDischarging
ChargeRetention
a quantity that is used to express the termination criteria for an electrochemical process
TerminationQuantity
assembly of plates of the same polarity electrically connected together
PlateGroup
the percentage of the total discharge capacity that is obtained during a constant current discharge process
DischargingConstantCurrentPercentage
ConstantCurrentDischargePercentage
DC-Per
DC-Per/%
a selective barrier that permits the passage of anions while obstructing the passage of cations
AnionExchangeMembrane
amount of energy that is passed to or from an energy storage device under specified conditions
StoredEnergy
BatteryEnergy
EnergyStorageCapability
Energy/mWh
Watt-hr
mWatt-hr
watt-hr
Energy(mWh)
cell_energy_j
Energy (Wh)
the temperature of an electrochemical device
DeviceTemperature
Cell_Temperature (C)
An electrolyte with the nominal recipe EC/DEC (3/7, wt/wt) + LiPF6 (13.1%,wt)
LP47
plot of the time-dependent amount of electric charge passed through an electrochemical system due to the application of a electric potential
ChargeTimePlot
ChargeTimeCurve
ElectricChargeTimeCurve
ElectricChargeTimePlot
QtCurve
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of manganese phosphate or manganese phosphate compounds
ManganesePhosphateBasedElectrode
often represented in cell designations by the letter Mp
a process in which the voltage is controlled
VoltageControlledProcess
The ratio of electrical charge delivered in the first discharge to the charge consumed in the first charge of an electrochemical cell, expressed as a percentage.
InitialCoulombicEfficiency
FirstCycleCoulombicEfficiency
ICE
Often used in lithium-ion cell characterisation; especially significant for graphite, silicon, and other anode materials that form an SEI layer on the first cycle.
Captures irreversible first-cycle losses that permanently reduce deliverable capacity and cannot be recovered by subsequent cycling. Must not be conflated with CoulombicEfficiency measured in later cycles.
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of strontium or strontium compounds
StrontiumBasedElectrode
the maximum amount concentration of a species in a phase, either imposed or naturally occurring
MaximumConcentration
the thickness of a separator
SeparatorThickness
['Parameterisation','Separator','Thickness [m]']
['separator','thickness','value']
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of lithium or lithium compounds
LithiumBasedElectrode
the minimum allowable temperature
MiniumumTemperature
Min-T(C)
number of discrete finite volume cells in a grid or sub-grid
NumberOfFiniteVolumeCells
The geometric area, A_{geom} , is the interfacial area, determined on the assumption that the interface is truly flat (2-dimensional) and calculated using the geometric data of the involved surfaces. The real (true) area, A_{real}, takes into account non-idealities of the interface (roughness, porosity, etc.) and can be measured by a variety of electrochemical methods. The electroactive area is the area calculated from experiments with model electroactive species and may be different from the real surface area in cases where not all of the surface is electrochemically active or accessible.
area of electrode - solution interface.
ElectrodeSurfaceArea
the number of electrochemical cells connected in parallel
NumberOfCellsConnectedInParallel
an electrode consisting of two metal oxide active materials
BimetallicOxideElectrode
quotient of the capacity of a cell or battery [ or electrode or active material ] obtained during a charge process by its mass.
ChargingSpecificCapacity
SpeCapC
SpeCapC/mAh/g
an electrode with blended lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) and lithium manganese oxide (LMO) active materials
LithiumNickelMananeseCobaltOxideLithiumManganeseOxideElectrode
NMCLMOElectrode
electric current data, usually resulting from an electrochemical measurement process
ElectricCurrentData
mixing of a substance into another substance with formation of one new homogeneous substance
Dissolution
the result of the dissolution of one or more solutes into a solvent is a solution
the reseult of a time measurement
TimeMeasurementResult
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of thionyl chloride
ThionylChlorideElectrode
the combination with lithium metal and non-aqueous in-organic electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code E
component of a cell made of insulating material intended to maintain the spacing between plates of opposite polarity or between the plate pack and the case
Spacer
ability of a cell or battery to retain capacity on open circuit under specified conditions.
SelfDischarge
CapacityRetention
electrode in which the active material is sodium nickel phosphate
SodiumNickelPhosphateElectrode
the total duration of a test
TotalDuration
the maximum allowable temperature of an electrochemical device during a charging process
MaximumChargingTemperature
an electrochemical quantity related to the transport of mass, charge, or energy.
ElectrochemicalTransportQuantity
cell container which is usually metallic and typically, but not exclusively, cylindrical
CellCan
the quotient of the energy of an energy-storage device or system and its volume
EnergyDensity
EnergyDensityOfStorage
VolumetricEnergyDensity
the time that elapses between the instants at which two successive drops of liquid metal are detached from the tip of the capillary.
DropTimeInPolarography
situation in which a material in a given environment undergoes negligible electrochemical corrosion.
ElectrochemicalImmunity
cathodic protection
a model for the double layer that includes the action of the solvent on the surface
BockrisDevanathanMuellerModel
BDM
proposed by John Bockris, M. A. V. Devanathan, and Klaus Mueller in 1963
the diffusivity of lithium in an electrolyte
ChargeCarrierDiffusivityInElectrolyte
['Parameterisation','Electrolyte','Diffusivity [m2.s-1]']
['electrolyte','diffusion_constant','value']
an insertion electrode in which the guest molecule is lithium
LithiumInsertionElectrode
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 12 mm, width of 120 mm, and height of 85 mm
voltage data, usually resulting from an electrochemical measurement process
VoltageData
The magnitude of a voltage pulse applied to an electrochemical cell during pulsed amperometry and related techniques.
PulseVoltage
MagnitudeOfPotentialPulse
PulseMagnitudePotential
the activation energy barrier in an Arrhenius expression for the diffusivity of lithium in the positive electrode
ActivationEnergyOfGuestDiffusivityInPositiveElectrodeActiveMaterial
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Diffusivity activation energy [J.mol-1]']
['positive_electrode','active_materials',0,'diffusion_constant','arrhenius','activation_energy']
increasing the rate of an electrode reaction by adding specific material to the electrode.
Electrocatalysis
the electrochemical dissolution of a material to soluble species
Electrodissolution
Dissolution of metallic copper as Zn^{2+} during corrosion or anodization.
It can be regarded as the reversal of electrodeposition.
an electrolyte consisting of anions and cations with equal absolute charge numbers.
BinaryElectrolyte
difference of electric potentials measured between identical metallic leads to two electrodes of an electrochemical cell
voltage between the terminals of an electrochemical cell
CellVoltage
AppliedPotential
Ecell/V
Voltage/V
Volts
Cell voltage fluctuates based on factors such as applied current, internal resistance, temperature, and composition.
Cell voltage represents the instantaneous electrical potential difference between the positive and negative electrodes of an electrochemical cell. It is a key parameter for monitoring battery performance, estimating state-of-charge, and diagnosing potential failures.
volts
Voltage (V)
Voltage(V)
cell_voltage_v
voltage
Potential (V)
electrode in which the active material is sodium manganese hexacyanoferrate
SodiumManganeseHexacyanoferrateElectrode
the energy density of a device obtained during a discharging process.
DischargingEnergyDensity
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of calcium or calcium compounds
CalciumBasedElectrode
the two-dimensional space comprising the boundary between two electrochemical constituents
ElectrochemicalInterface
The area where electrochemical reactions normally take place.
the diffusivity of lithium in the negative electrode
GuestDiffusivityInNegativeElectrodeActiveMaterial
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Diffusivity [m2.s-1]']
['negative_electrode','active_materials',0,'diffusion_constant','value']
electrode in which the active material is sodium iron phosphate
SodiumIronPhosphateElectrode
[an indicator of the] electric current at which a battery is charged towards the end of charge
the quantity CRate is not used for energy-decoupled batteries like Redox Flox batteries
FinishingCRate
FinishingChargeRate
the process of aging an electrochemical device as part of the manufacturing process
ElectrochemicalDeviceAging
the process of slitting an electrode into smaller sections
ElectrodeSlitting
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 27 mm, width of 148 mm, and height of 98 mm
data that describes the mass diffusivity of some particle under some stated conditions
DiffusionData
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of chromium or chromium compounds
ChromiumBasedElectrode
an active electrode with a blend of two or more active materials
BlendedActiveElectrode
the underlying material or surface onto which a coating, layer, or treatment is applied, serving as the base that supports and interacts with the added material.
Substrate
density after calendering
CalenderedDensity
accessible conductive part provided for the connection of an external electric circuit to the positive electrode of the cell
PositiveTerminal
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of gold or gold compounds
GoldBasedElectrode
charged active material remaining in a cell following a discharge to a specified end-of-discharge voltage.
ResidualActiveMass
PositiveElectrodeActiveMaterialOpenCircuitVoltage
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','OCP [V]']
['positive_electrode','active_materials',0,'OCP','value']
time interval during which the current is measured in pulse voltammetry
SamplingInterval
minimum voltage limit at which an applied excitation is altered or terminated
specified voltage of a battery at which the battery discharge is terminated.
CutOffVoltage
DischargeCutoffVoltage
EndOfDischargeVoltage
EndPointVoltage
EndVoltage
FinalVoltage
LowerCutoffVoltage
a discharging process in which the current is kept at a constant value
ConstantCurrentDischarging
GalvanostaticDischarging
a spatial region at the interface between two bulk phases in contact, which is different chemically and physically from both phases in contact
Interphase
InterfacialLayer
InterfacialRegion
SEI
A substance added to an electrolyte to alter its properties
ElectrolyteAdditive
a process in which the electric current is controlled
CurrentControlledProcess
an electrode in which the active material is lithium metal
LithiumElectrode
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 40 mm and height of 108 mm
movement of a fluid through a diaphragm, produced by application of an electric field
Electroosmosis
an electrolyte solution with an organic solvent
OrganicElectrolyte
electrode polarization associated with an electrochemical oxidation reaction
AnodicOverpotential
SP150e
SP-150e
fraction of the electric current passing through an electrochemical cell which accomplishes the desired chemical reaction
CoulombicEfficiency
CoulombEfficiency
CurrentEfficiency
FaradayEfficiency
CoulombEfficiency/%
the activation energy barrier in an Arrhenius expression for the positive electrode charge transfer reaction
PostiveElectrodeActivationEnergyOfReaction
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Reaction rate constant activation energy [J.mol-1]']
the activation energy barrier in an Arrhenius expression for the diffusivity of lithium in an electrolyte
ActivationEnergyOfChargeCarrierDiffusivityInElectrolyte
['Parameterisation','Electrolyte','Diffusivity activation energy [J.mol-1]']
['electrolyte','diffusion_constant','arrhenius','activation_energy']
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 17 mm, width of 148 mm, and height of 91 mm
an electrode that is coated on both sides of the current collector
DoubleCoatedElectrode
data that describes the electrolytic conductivitysome material under some stated conditions
ElectrolyticConductivityData
a gas diffusion electrode in which the active material is carbon dioxide (CO2)
CardonDioxideElectrode
the number of charge-discharge cycles that an electrochemical device has experienced
CycleIndex
Cycle
CycleNumber
Cycle-Index
CycleNo
cyc#
Cycle_Index
cycle number
Cycle ID
cycle_count
cycle_index
Cycle Number
PositiveElectrodeActiveMaterialParticleRadius
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Particle radius [m]']
['positive_electrode','active_materials',0,'particle_radius','value']
a separator with a porosity greater than 0
PorousSeparator
Sinusoidal potential waveform superimposed to a linear potential ramp.
ACVoltammetrySignal
time data, usually resulting from an electrochemical measurement process
TimeData
An electrolyte with the nominal recipe EC/DEC/DMC (1/1/1, wt/wt/wt) + LiPF6 (12.4%,wt)
LP71
for a two-terminal element or a two-terminal circuit with terminals A and B, product of the voltage uAB between the terminals and the electric current i in the element or circuit
InstantaneousPower
Power(mW)
cell_power_w
For any electrolyte A_xB_y, the limiting molar conductivity is expressed as x times the limiting molar conductivity of A^{y+} and y times the limiting molar conductivity of B^{x-}.
KohlrauschsLaw
proposed by Friedrich Kohlrausch between 1875-1879
valid for dilute solutions
a measurement of one or more quantities, usually at a given time
Record
electrochemical method where the voltage of an electrochemical device is held constant while measuring the current response over multiple charge-discharge cycles to evaluate its performance and stability
PotentiostaticCycling
the rate of the chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the activities or concentrations of the reactants
LawOfMassAction
an electrode in which the actve electrochemical material is a metal
MetalElectrode
the term metal is meant to loosely cover alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, post-transition metals, and metalloids
electrode in which the active material is carbon monofluoride
CarbonMonofluorideElectrode
the combination with lithium metal and an organic electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code B
quantity that is used to estimate effective transport coefficients in porous media
valid in situations where the insulating phase is present in a low volume fraction and represented by random, isotropic spheres
BruggemanCoefficient
NegativeElectrodeCoatingPorosity
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Porosity']
['negative_electrode','porosity','value']
change of the mechanical stress at the surface separating two bodies due to the presence of electric charges at the interface
Electrocapillarity
the density of a powdered or granular material when it is subjected to tapping or mechanical vibration
TappedDensity
TapDensity
an electrode which contains mostly materials based on iron
IronBasedElectrode
often represented in cell designations by the letter F
the specific energy of an electrochemical device obtained during a charge process
ChargingSpecificEnergy
SpeEnergyC
SpeEnergyC/mWh/g
limit on the amount concentration of a species in a phase, either imposed or naturally occurring
ConcentrationLimit
limit on the voltage of an electrical system
VoltageLimit
an ion-transport medium that does not contain water.
NonAqueousElectrolyte
NonAqueousElectrolyticSolution
NonAqueousSolution
IEEE Standard Glossary of Stationary Battery Terminology (2016), https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2016.7552407
I_{d,lim}
diffusion current of the potential-independent value that is approached as the rate of the charge-transfer process is increased by varying the applied potential, being greater than the rate of mass transport controlled by diffusion
DiffusionLimitedCurrent
LimitingDiffusionCurrent
electric potential difference between two solutions separated by an ion-selective membrane in the absence of any electric current flowing through the membrane
MembranePotential
DonnanPotential
MembraneElectromotiveForce
A positive surface overpotential produces a positive (anodic) current.
The driving force for an electrochemcial charge-transfer reaction.
The potential of a working electrode relative to a reference electrode of the same kinds placed in the solution adjacent to the surface of the working electrode (just outside the double layer).
\eta_s = \phi_{electrode} - \phi_{solution} - E_{eq}
SurfaceOverpotential
SurfacePolarization
an electrolyte in the liquid phase.
LiquidElectrolyte
cover of insulating material used to avoid electric contact with the cell or battery terminal
TerminalProtector
TerminalCover
when the same electric charge (quantity of electricity) Q is passed through several electrolytes, the mass, m_i, of the substances deposited are proportional to their respective chemical equivalent molar mass, M_i/z_i.
FaradaysSecondLawOfElectrolysis
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of lead or lead compounds
LeadBasedElectrode
an aqueous electrolyte with a nominal pH greater than 7
AlkalineElectrolyte
AlkalineAqueousElectrolyte
AlkalineSolution
KOH-H2O
typical alkaline electrolytes have a pH in the range 13 < x < 15
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 27 mm, width of 148 mm, and height of 129 mm
electrode in which the active material is hard carbon
HardCarbonElectrode
Successive current steps that form a signal with a staircase waveform.
StaircaseCurrentRamp
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 20% of the sample's particles fall.
D20ParticleSize
thickness of the positive electrode coating
PositiveElectrodeCoatingThickness
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Thickness [m]']
['positive_electrode','thickness','value']
any junction between two electrolyte solutions of different composition.
LiquidJunction
Across such a junction there arises a potential difference, called the liquid junction potential.
In the operational pH cell the junction is between the test, or pH standard, solution and the filling solution or the bridge solution of the reference electrode.
means of making electrolytic connection between two half cells without introducing a significant liquid junction potential.
SaltBridge
A typical construction is a tube of an inert material (e.g. agar agar) filled with a solution containing an electrolyte with approximately equal ion mobilities of the cation and the anion (e.g., KNO3, KCl), with the ends of the tube immersed in the electrolyte solution of the half cells.
electric current flowing to or from an electrochemical cell or device
CellCurrent
/mA
Amps
Current/mA
mAmps
amps
Current (A)
I/mA
Current(mA)
cell_current_a
current
a spring made of pre-hardened flat wire, formed into a wavy washer shape
WaveSpring
suitable approximate value of the voltage used to designate or identify a cell, a battery or an electrochemical system
NominalVoltage
Nominal voltage is the standardized voltage value assigned to a battery cell or module based on typical operating conditions. It serves as a reference point for battery specifications but does not represent the actual voltage during operation. Actual cell voltage may vary due to factors such as state-of-charge, temperature, and load conditions.
Nominal voltage may not accurately reflect voltage under extreme loads or temperatures—always check manufacturer specifications.
The total coverage may be distinguished from coverage that is electrochemically reactive or accessible on some given timescale.
amount of a chemical modifier at an electrode surface per unit area
ElectrodeCoverageDensity
ElectrodeCoverage
transport of ions in an electrolyte due to an electric field
ElectrochemicalMigration
the first order time rate of change of electric current
CurrentChangeRate
dIdt (V/h)
material used to seal the cell lid to the case or to the terminals of a cell
LidSealingCompound
an aqueous electrolyte with a nominal pH values less than 7
AcidicElectrolyte
AcidicAqueousElectrolyte
AcidicSolution
HCl-H2O
typical alkaline electrolytes have a pH in the range 0 < x < 4
electrode made of a solid amalgam of an appropriate metal
SolidAmalgamElectrode
SAE
Liquid and paste amalgams can also be used.
Solid amalgam electrodes are electrochemically similar to the hanging mercury drop electrode. Their main advantages are high hydrogen overpotential (similar to liquid mercury); a wide working potential range; the simple mechanical, chemical, and electrochemical regeneration of the surface; a long lifetime; low toxicity of material (comparable with that of dental amalgams); applicability for field measurements; compatibility with flow-through systems; simple construction, without mobile parts; and easy miniaturization.
the higher end of the interval of frequencies tested in impedimetry and related techniques
UpperFrequencyLimit
the magnitude of the current step in chronopotentiometry and related techniques
StepSignalCurrent
a form factor describing a prismatic cell, which has the shape of a rectangular prism
Prismatic
CRateUnit
Alternating potential signals such as the ones applied in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy are superimposed to a reference potential, which can be an applied potential or the open circuit potential.
Potential to which the magnitude of an excitation signal is compared to.
SignalReferencePotential
BaselinePotential
PINGARRÓN, José M., et al. Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2020, 92.4: 641-694.
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 6.8 mm and a height of 2.6 mm
material or substance that holds or draws other materials together to form a cohesive whole
Binder
ElectrodeBinder
CMC, PVDF
a part of the current collector that provides an interface between the electrode and the external electrical interface
CurrentCollectorTab
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 54 mm and height of 137 mm
the process of inserting a dry cell assembly into a container
CellPackaging
An electrolyte with the nominal recipe EC/EMC (3/7, wt/wt) + LiPF6 (12.7%,wt)
LP57
positive plate (electrode) which is either composed of an assembly of porous tube of perforated metal or tissue either a gauntlet with or without a central current collector spine, the active material being placed within the tubes
TubularPlate
A disc electrode that is embedded in the centre of a cylinder which rotates in solution around the longitudinal cylinder axis.
RotatingDiskElectrode
RDE
The current is directly proportional to the electrode area and the electrode is uniformly accessible.
The limiting current is given by the Levich equation.
electrode in which the active material is lithium titanate
LithiumTitanateElectrode
LTOElectrode
the total number of cycles carried out on a specific device under a given set of conditions
TotalNumberOfCycles
maximum voltage limit at which an applied excitation is altered or terminated
UpperVoltageLimit
EndOfChargeVoltage
UpperCutoffVoltage
term used in the context of primary and secondary cells and batteries
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 40 mm and height of 92 mm
A type of reference electrode based on the reaction between sliver and silver chloride.
SilverChlorideElectrode
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 27 mm and height of 66 mm
system containing two electrodes that allow transport of electrons, separated by an electrolyte that allows movement of ions but blocks movement of electrons
ElectrochemicalCell
composite system in which the supplied electric energy mainly produces chemical reactions or, conversely, in which the energy released by chemical reactions is mainly delivered by the system as electric energy
It is important to distinguish between the conceptual electrochemical cell and the electrochemical device used in practice.
Do not confuse the physical 'cell' with the manufactured 'device' that embeds it.
Model each electrode, electrolyte, and interface explicitly to represent charge transport correctly in simulations or ontological mappings.
Terminology varies across disciplines; in some contexts 'cell' may refer to the assembled device rather than the electrochemical unit of reaction.
HCP803
HCP-803
foil, wire or disc electrode made of gold which is easily fabricated into a variety of electrode geometries
GoldElectrode
AuElectrode
At positive potentials, Au forms an oxide and/or chemisorbed oxygen layer, while in the presence of complexing anions, such as chloride or cyanide, it readily undergoes oxidation and dissolution, limiting its working potential range and its applications.
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 27 mm, width of 70 mm, and height of 120 mm
the process of forming a negative electrode, separator, and positive electrode into a wound dry jelly roll
ElectrodeWinding
rapid, transient change in the amplitude of an electric current, from a baseline value to a higer or lower value, followed by a rapid return to the baseline value.
CurrentPulseSignal
electrode in which the active material is lithium manganese phosphate
LithiumManganesePhosphateElectrode
LMPElectrode
the limit on the value of the time change of the electric current
CurrentChangeLimit
SP50e
SP-50e
a solution of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) dissolved in water (H2O)
ZincChlorideSolution
AqueousZincChlorideSolution
the capacity that can be obtained from an electrochemical device after it has been subjected to some specified conditions, then recharged and discharged according to a recommended protocol
RecoveredCapacity
RecoveryCapacity
The time elapsed from initial commissioning until an electrochemical cell or battery reaches a defined end-of-life criterion under specified storage or use conditions, independent of the number of charge–discharge cycles performed.
CalendarLife
Commonly measured at 25 °C, 35 °C, and 45 °C with cells held at 50% or 100% state of charge; Arrhenius or power-law models are used to extrapolate to operational lifetime.
Characterises time-dependent degradation that occurs independently of cycling load. Particularly relevant for automotive (typically 15-year targets) and stationary storage (20+ year targets) applications.
CalendarLife and CycleLife are independent quantities. A cell may reach calendar end-of-life before its rated cycle count if stored at elevated temperature or high state of charge for extended periods.
End-of-life is typically defined as 80% capacity retention or 20% power fade relative to initial values; the criterion used must be stated alongside the value.
Strongly dependent on storage temperature and state of charge. Values reported without these conditions specified cannot be meaningfully compared. Accelerated ageing tests at elevated temperature require validated time–temperature superposition models to extrapolate to use conditions.
a soft pouch case that is described by its length, width, and height
PouchCase
PositiveElectrodeCoatingPorosity
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Porosity']
['positive_electrode','porosity','value']
discharge voltage of a cell or battery at the beginning of the discharge immediately after any transients have subsided
InitialDischargingVoltage
InitialClosedCircuitVoltage
limit on the electric current of an electrical system
CurrentLimit
An electrolyte with the nominal recipe EC/DEC (1/1, wt/wt) + LiPF6 (12.4%,wt)
LP40
an electrode at which the predominant electrochemical reaction includes an insertion (intercalation) step
InsertionElectrode
IntercalationElectrode
maximum current which should be delivered by a cell or battery into an external circuit with zero electric resistance, or an external circuit which depresses the cell or battery voltage to approximately zero volt
zero electric resistance is a hypothetical condition and in practice the short-circuit current is the peak current flowing in a circuit of very low resistance compared to the internal resistance of the battery
ShortCircuitCurrent
a single value, for instance a mean, root mean square or peak value characterizing the aggregate instantaneous values of a unidirectional pulse with respect to the common initial and final value
PulseMagnitude
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 5.8 mm and a height of 1.6 mm
cable used for the electrical connection of the battery terminals and the load and/or the charger
OutputCable
electrode in which the active material is nickel oxide
NickelOxideElectrode
NiOElectrode
a limit placed on the electric current density of an electrical system
CurrentDensityLimit
electrode in which the active material is titanium dioxide
TitaniumDioxideElectrode
TiO2Electrode
Electrode with a well-defined and constant equilibrium potential with respect to which it is possible to measure or calculate electrode potentials of other electrodes by including them in an appropriate electrochemical cell.
ReferenceElectrode
The standard hydrogen electrode represents the primary standard in electrochemistry. Elec- trodes of the 2nd kind, such as Ag | AgCl, Hg | Hg2, Cl2, Hg | Hg2SO4, and Hg | HgO, can be used as reference electrodes in aqueous solutions containing ions Cl^{−}, SO_4^{2−}, and OH^{−}, respectively.
Electrode that maintains an essentially constant potential under the conditions prevailing in an electrochemical measurement, and that serves for observation, measurement, or control of the potential of the indicator or working electrode.
In potentiometry, under zero current condition, the essentially constant potential is achieved by ensuring a constant composition of solution in contact with the electrode forming a half-cell. Practical reference half-cells are generally non-polarizable electrodes of the 2nd kind (metal | insoluble salt | ion), constructed so that their electrolyte solutions serve as salt bridges to the solutions under investigation.
“Double” junction reference electrodes are recommended when the reference electrolyte contains interfering components.
a potentiostat / galvanostat manufactured by BioLogic
VSP3e
VSP-3e
electrolytic cell in which a chemical reaction is influenced by the absorption of light
PhotoelectrolyticCell
Pulses of electric potential, of amplitude increasing by a constant increment and with a pulse width of 2 to 200 ms, which are superimposed on a constant initial potential.
IncreasingPotentialPulses
fundamental physical constant representing molar elementary charge
FaradayConstant
a form factor describing a cylindrical cell, which has the shape of a cylinder nominally described by a height and diameter
Cylindrical
the net electric charge accumulated in an electrochemical device over time, starting from zero and calculated as the time integral of current with sign preserved, such that charging increases the value and discharging decreases it
NetCapacity
a process in which the electric current is kept constant
CurrentHold
ConstantCurrentOperation
GalvanostaticProcess
a solution of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) dissolved in water (H2O)
PhosphoricAcidSolution
ratio of the electric energy provided from a secondary battery [ or electrochemical device ] during discharge to the electric energy supplied to the battery during the preceding charge
EnergyEfficiency
RoundTripEfficiency
EnergyEfficiency/%
electric charge which an energy storage device can deliver under specified conditions
the SI unit for electric charge is the coulomb (1 C = 1 A·s) but in practice, capacity is usually expressed in ampere hours (A·h)
Capacity
ChargeCapacity
ElectricChargeCapacity
StorageCapacity
Amp-hr
Capacity/mAh
mAmp-hr
amp-hr
Capacity(mAh)
cell_coulomb_count_c
Capacity (Ah)
electric current applied to an electrochemical device during a charging process
ChargingCurrent
a cycling protocol in which an electrochemical cell is subject to alternating galvanostatic charging and discharging processes
GalvanostaticCycling
voltage between the terminals of a cell or battery when being charged
ChargingVoltage
material that is oxidized or reduced at an electrode in an electrochemical cell
ActiveMaterial
ActiveElectrochemicalMaterial
ElectrochemicallyActiveMaterial
lithium iron phosphate
zinc
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of silicon or silicon compounds
SiliconBasedElectrode
Internal resistance of an electrochemical cell determined from the voltage response to a direct-current pulse, calculated as ΔV/ΔI at a specified elapsed time after pulse onset.
DCInternalResistance
DCIR
Encompasses contributions from ohmic resistance and from electrochemical kinetic processes — charge-transfer resistance and short-timescale diffusion — active within the measurement interval. Typically reported in milliohms (mΩ)
Used to characterise power capability and resistive losses under pulsed discharge conditions; a standard output of the Hybrid Pulse Power Characterisation (HPPC) protocol.
Values are not directly comparable between measurements made with different pulse durations or current magnitudes. Measurement conditions must be reported alongside the value.
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of cobalt or cobalt compounds
CobaltBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of indium or indium compounds
IndiumBasedElectrode
the result of an electric current measurement
ElectricCurrentMeasurementResult
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of caesium or caesium compounds
CaesiumBasedElectrode
a lightweight, porous material characterized by a network of interconnected pores, typically made from metals or polymers, which allows for high gas and liquid permeability and is used in applications such as filtration, thermal insulation, and energy absorption
OpenCellFoam
ReticulatedFoam
the lower bounding limit on the current used in the definition of an electrochemical testing protocol
LowerCurrentLimit
the percentage of the total charge capacity that is obtained during a constant current charge process
ChargingConstantCurrentPercentage
ConstantCurrentChargePercentage
CC-Per
CC-Per/%
a modification of the Stern model that considers the double layer as three regions separated by the inner Helmholtz plane and the outer Helmholtz plane
GrahameModel
proposed by D. C. Grahame in 1947
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 25% of the sample's particles fall.
D25ParticleSize
the quotient of the surface area of some object and its total volume
SurfaceAreaPerVolume
a second annular working electrode positioned concentric with a rotating disc electrode to make a rotating ring-disc electrode (RRDE)
RotatingRingDiskElectrode
RRDE
This arrangement is largely used in mechanistic studies.
part of the electrode polarization arising from a charge-transfer step of the electrode reaction
ActivationOverpotential
ActivationPolarization
a series of data points indexed in time order
TimeSeriesDataSet
E° is related to the standard Gibbs Energy of the electrode reaction, ΔrG° or ΔrG , written as a reduction with respect to that of the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) E° = −ΔrG°/zF.
The standard electrode potential of an electrochemical reaction is the standard potential of a hypothetical cell in which the electrode (half cell) at the left of the cell diagram is the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) and the electrode at the right is the electrode in question. See also line representation of electrochemical cells.
equilibrium electrode potential of an electrode under standard conditions
equilibrium electrode potential referenced to the standard hydrogen electrode.
StandardElectrodePotential
StandardPotential
measurement of time
TimeMeasurement
Of a substance in a specified phase, the partial molar Gibbs energy of the substance at the specified electric potential.
electrochemical potential per mole.
MolarElectrochemicalPotential
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of ruthenium or ruthenium compounds
RutheniumBasedElectrode
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Minimum stoichiometry']
['positive_electrode','active_materials',0,'stoichiometry0','value']
time of a measurement relative to the start of the step (t = 0)
StepTime
StepTime/Sec
step (sec)
step_time
Step Time (h)
a liquid electrode with an active material of gallium
LiquidGalliumElectrode
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 32 mm, width of 173 mm, and height of 115 mm
the amount concentration of some ionic species in a given volume of solution
IonConcentration
blend containing a material which reacts chemically to produce electrical energy with other constituents and additives
ActiveMaterialMix
measurement of the electric potential between the terminals of an electrochemical cell
VoltageMeasurement
ElectrochemicalCellVoltageMeasurement
An electrolyte with the nominal capacity EC/PC/DMC (1/1/3,wt/wt/wt) + LiPF6 (11.46%,wt)
LP100
A reference electrode based on the reaction between elemental mercury and mercury(I) chloride.
SaturatedCalomelElectrode
electrode in which the active material is zinc oxide
ZincOxideElectrode
ZnOElectrode
limit on the temperature of a system
TemperatureLimit
a material added to an electrode for the purpose of increasing its electronic conductivity.
ConductiveAdditive
ElectronicallyConductiveElectrodeAdditive
carbon black
the process of evaluating the performance and operational capabilities of an electrochemical device under specific conditions to determine its practical suitability for intended applications
ElectrochemicalTestingProcedure
charging an electrochemical device at a given charging current for a defined short duration
PulseCharging
an entry in a dataset, typically consisting of one line.
Rec#
an electrode which contains mostly materials based on cobalt
often represented in IEC cell designations by the letter C
ability of a cell or battery to contain its electrolyte under specified mechanical and environmental conditions
ElectrolyteContainment
reversing of the polarities of the electrodes of a cell, generally due to over-discharge of a low-capacity cell in a series arrangement
PolarityReversal
CellReversal
potential of a platinum electrode in 1 M acid solution.
NormalHydrogenElectrode
NHE
hydrogen gas at 1 atm pressures is bubbled through the acid solution
charge during which the electric current is maintained at a constant value regardless of the battery voltage or temperature
ConstantCurrentCharging
GalvanostaticCharging
[a sign that] qualifies a cell or a battery having the shape of a parallelepiped whose faces are rectangular
unit of percentage
PercentUnit
Signal consisting of successive pulses of electric potential of the same magnitude.
ConstantPotentialPulses
the mass of all material (active and inactive) per unit area
TotalMassLoading
a woven fabric made from carbon fibers, offering flexibility, high electrical conductivity, and durability, commonly used in high-performance fuel cells
CarbonCloth
the duration between two consecutive steps in a staircase signal
StepDuration
Typically, the duration is defined between the onset of one step and the onset of the next step.
The minimum allowed value for stoichiometric coefficient for an entity in a chemical substance
MinimumStoichiometricCoefficient
electrolyte on the anode side of an electrochemical cell that is divided into compartments
Anolyte
From Greek anodos ('way up') + lytēs (, ‘looser’)
Electrolyte solution in the anodic compartment of an electrolysis cell or galvanic cell, i.e., in that part of the cell where the anode is placed.
the activation energy barrier in an Arrhenius expression for the diffusivity of lithium in the negative electrode
ActivationEnergyOfGuestDiffusivityInNegativeElectrodeActiveMaterial
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Diffusivity activation energy [J.mol-1]']
['negative_electrode','active_materials',0,'diffusion_constant','arrhenius','activation_energy']
electrode containing two different metals (e.g. platinum and ruthenium) on its surface (e.g. to modify its electrocatalytic properties)
BimetallicElectrode
electrode whose function is to carry the electric current flowing through the electrical circuit of an electrochemical cell, the electrochemical processes on its surface not being of interest
CounterElectrode
AuxiliaryElectrode
An auxiliary electrode is used in any three-electrode cell, together with a working electrode and reference electrode.
An auxiliary electrode must not add an excessive potential burden to the cell. It is chosen for the efficiency of the electrochemical reaction and usually has a greater surface area than the working electrode.
an elastic device
Spring
a process in which the electric power is kept constant
PowerHold
ConstantPowerOperation
FonctionnementAPuissanceConstante
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 60% of the sample's particles fall.
D60ParticleSize
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 7.9 mm and a height of 3.1 mm
quotient of the capacity of a cell or battery [ or electrode or active material ] obtained during a discharge process by its mass.
DischargingSpecificCapacity
SpecificDischargeCapacity
SpeCapD
SpeCapD/mAh/g
electric current that flows in a constant direction, i.e. a current with a constant sign
I_{DC}
The term ‘direct current’ should be used where there is ambiguity concerning the constancy of direction of current. See alternating current.
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 23.0 mm and a height of 3.5 mm
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of sulfur or sulfur compounds
SulfurBasedElectrode
the number of times an iterative process should occur
NumberOfIterations
electrode in which the active material is sodium iron hexacyanoferrate
SodiumIronHexacyanoferrateElectrode
Time dependent variation of an electric quantity.
ElectricSignal
a process that results in the interconversion of chemical species
ChemicalReaction
PAC, 1994, 66, 1077. (Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)) on page 1096
electrochemical cell that has two half-cells separated by a wall permeable to ions, both containing the same electrolyte differing only in their ion concentrations
ConcentrationCell
a concentration cell produces a voltage as it attempts to reach equilibrium, which will occur when the concentration in both cells is equal.
HCP1005
HCP-1005
specifically designed to study high-capacity secondary batteries
substance that increases chemical reaction speed, and which is conserved after the reaction
Catalyst
the rated capacity that is representative of the typical value associated with a cell as stated by the manufacturer
NominalCapacity
The value for 'nominal capacity' is provided by manufacturers as an indication of the expected performance of the device under a set of defined nominal conditions. It serves as a benchmark for comparing different devices.
To ensure meaningful comparisons, nominal capacity values should always be evaluated under matching test conditions.
While nominal capacity provides a useful reference, actual capacity depends on various factors, including temperature, rate, and state-of-health.
an electrode designed to operate fully immersed in a liquid electrolyte
ImmersionElectrode
An ImmersionElectrode is a common electrochemical configuration where the electrode operates fully submerged in a liquid electrolyte, distinct from the existing terms GasDiffusionElectrode and AirElectrode. Addition of this term improves clarity when modelling electrode–electrolyte interfaces and complements existing electrode classifications.
This concept contrasts with gas-diffusion and partially wetted electrodes by explicitly requiring full immersion in a liquid phase, which impacts transport phenomena, reaction kinetics, and modelling assumptions.e
the ratio of the charged capacity to the rated capacity of an electrochemical device
StateOfCharge
SoC
a gas diffusion electrode in which the gas is air
AirElectrode
The reaction occuring in an air electrode is typically the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).
a selective barrier that permits the passage of cations while obstructing the passage of anions
CationExchangeMembrane
the activation energy barrier in an Arrhenius expression for the ionic conductivity of an electrolyte
ActivationEnergyOfElectrolyteConductivity
['Parameterisation','Electrolyte','Conductivity activation energy [J.mol-1]']
['electrolyte','ionic_conductivity','arrhenius','activation_energy']
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Maximum stoichiometry']
['negative_electrode','active_materials',0,'stoichiometry1','value']
arrangement of cells or batteries wherein the positive terminal of each cell or battery is connected to the negative terminal of the next cell or battery in sequence.
SeriesConnection
cell which remains closed and does not release either gas or liquid when operated within the limits specified by the manufacturer
SealedCell
a sealed cell may be equipped with a safety device to prevent a dangerously high internal pressure and is designed to operate during its life in its original sealed state
part of the electrode polarization arising from crystal nucleation and growth phenomena
CrystalizationOverpotential
CrystalizationPolarization
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 90% of the sample's particles fall.
D90ParticleSize
quotient of the change in capacity of a cell by the corresponding change in temperature.
TemperatureCoefficientOfTheCapacity
electric potential at which a material undergoes an oxidation or reduction decomposition
ElectrochemicalStabilityLimit
capacitor consisting of a metallic plate as first conductor, a very thin oxide film formed on the metal as the dielectric and an electrolyte as second conductor
ElectrolyticCapacitor
a property that is typical in the electrochemistry domain
ElectrochemicalProperty
an insertion electrode in which the guest molecule is calcium
CalciumInsertionElectrode
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 20.0 mm and a height of 2.0 mm
Time-dependent variation of electric current
ElectricCurrentSignal
electrode in which the active material is lithium manganese iron phosphate
LithiumManganeseIronPhosphateElectrode
LMFPElectrode
two-step electrochemical measurement in which 1) material is accumulated at an electrode and 2) the material is removed by chemical reaction or electrochemically at constant current with measurement of electrode potential
historically for the analysis of metal ions, mercury ions were added to the test solution to form a mercury amalgam when reduced. Alternatively, an HMDE or MFE was used and the oxidizing agent added after amalgam formation. However, the toxicity of mercury and its compounds have all but precluded the present-day use of mercury
the accumulation is similar to that used in stripping voltammetry
the stripping potentiogram shows staircase curves of potential as a function of time. Frequently, the first derivative is displayed (dE/dt=f(t)), as this produces peak-shaped signals. The time between transitions (peaks) is proportional to the concentration of analyte in the test solution
the time between changes in potential in step 2 is related to the concentration of analyte in the solution
the perpendicular distance between the nearest pair of parallel edges belonging to the tab base and the current collector
TabOffset
the process of mixing binder components to create a binder solution
BinderSolutionMixing
cell electrode consisting of a current collector and active material
CoatedElectrode
Plate
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 15% of the sample's particles fall.
D15ParticleSize
An electroltte with the nominal recipeEC/PC/DMC (1/1/3,wt/wt/wt) + LiFSI (13.74%,wt)
LF100
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 13 mm, width of 120 mm, and height of 85 mm
an indicator of the electric power at which an electrochemical device is charged
ChargingPRate
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 5.8 mm and a height of 1.3 mm
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 20.0 mm and a height of 3.2 mm
very common case for lithim metal cells
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 32 mm, width of 173 mm, and height of 225
the plane ideally marking the boundary between two phases
Interface
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of aluminium or aluminium compounds
AluminiumBasedElectrode
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 26 mm and height of 65 mm
an electrochemical device in which the active materials are flowed through the cell from an external source
FlowCell
ElectrochemicalFlowCell
The maximum allowed value for stoichiometric coefficient for an entity in a chemical substance
MaximumStoichiometricCoefficient
chemiluminescence produced in electrode reactions
Electrochemiluminescence
ECL
ElectrogeneratedChemiluminescence
The magnitude of the complex impedance of an electrochemical cell at a specified alternating-current frequency, typically 1 kHz.
ACInternalResistance
ACIR
Determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy or by a single-frequency AC perturbation technique. Typically reported in milliohms (mΩ).
At 1 kHz, reactive contributions from double-layer capacitance and Warburg diffusion are suppressed for typical battery geometries, making the result a practical approximation of ohmic resistance.
The measurement frequency must be stated alongside the value. At frequencies above a few kilohertz, inductive reactance from cell tabs and interconnects can dominate the measured impedance.
Characteristically lower than DCInternalResistance because electrochemical kinetic contributions are excluded at the measurement frequency. The two quantities must not be used interchangeably.
D80ParticleSize
a discharging process in which the voltage between the terminals of the electrochemical cell is kept at a constant value
ConstantVoltageDischarging
PotentiostaticDischarging
The kinetic current is partially or entirely controlled by the rate of the chemical reaction. This reaction may be heterogeneous, occurring at an electrode-solution interface (surface reaction), or it may be homo- geneous, occurring at some distance from the interface (bulk reaction).
faradaic current of an electroactive substance B formed by a prior chemical reaction from another substance Y that is no electroactive at the potential at which B is electrochemically transformed
KineticCurrent
a type of spring, in the form of a conical washer
BellevilleWasher
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Maximum stoichiometry']
['positive_electrode','active_materials',0,'stoichiometry1','value']
extended charge to ensure an equal state of charge of all cells in a battery
EqualizationCharging
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 30.0 mm and a height of 3.2 mm
the process of filling an electrolyte in a prismatic cell
PrismaticCellElectrolyteFilling
a process that assesses the performance of an electrochemical device at different charge and discharge rates to understand its behavior under various current loads
CRateTest
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 9.3 mm and a height of 3.2 mm
8 of these in series are used to form an A23 battery
rarely used independently
an electrode which is chemically altered by the electrode reaction
ActiveElectrode
NonInertElectrode
ReactiveElectrode
the opposite of an inert electrode
a test performed on an electrolyser
ElectrolysisTest
capacity value of a battery [or electrode or electrochemical device] determined under specified conditions and declared by the manufacturer
RatedCapacity
The term 'rated capacity' is used by manufacturers to specify the energy storage capability of a product under some controlled test conditions. The value is often determined during a constant current load until the a voltage limit is reached, under controlled temperature conditions. The 'rated capacity' helps to compare performance across different devices and provides a bisis for performing system engineering calculations. It can also be used as a basis for calculating other terms like the C-Rate, state-of-charge, and state-of-health of the device. The rated capacity at beginning of life serves as a reference for capacity-fade analysis during long-term cycling.
The value of rated capacity should be reported together with information on the conditions under which it was determined (e.g. voltage limits, applied current, temperature).
The value for rated capacity does not necessarily represent the actual capacity in real-world usage, as factors like temperature, rate, and state-of-health affect the effective capacity.
a tank for holding catholyte
CatholyteTank
a structural representation of the double layer that states that the accumulation of electric charge on the surface of the electrode is balanced by a layer of ions in the electrolyte
HelmholtzModel
proposed by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1853
the first model for the double layer
According to to Thévenin's theorem can any linear electric curcuit be replaced with a voltage source in series with an impedance. This impedance is for historical reasons termed "internal resistance".
For batteries, it the internal resistance the resistance of the cell.
impedance of a linear circuit's Thévenin representation
InternalResistance
dcir/ohms
DCIR(O)
internal_resistance
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 20.0 mm and a height of 1.2 mm
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of titanium or titanium compounds
TitaniumBasedElectrode
often represented in cell designations by the letter T
In the case of a reversible electrode system, the OCP is also referred to as the equilibrium electrode potential. Otherwise, it is called the rest potential, or the corrosion potential, depending on the system being studied.
electrode potential of working electrode relative to the reference electrode when no potential or electric current is being applied to the electrochemical cell
voltage of a cell or battery when the discharge current is zero.
OpenCircuitVoltage
OCP
OCV
OpenCircuitPotential
interface between an electrolyte and an electrode where an electrode reaction takes place.
ElectrodeElectrolyteInterface
ActiveSurfaceOfAnElectrode
the thermodynamic temperature at some point in time designated to be the initial state
InititalThermodynamicTemperature
the lumped specific heat capacity of an electrochemical device
DeviceLumpedSpecificHeatCapacity
['Parameterisation','Cell','Specific heat capacity [J.K-1.kg-1]']
['properties','specific_heat','value']
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 20.0 mm and a height of 2.5 mm
often used in wrist watches and automobile remotes
D75ParticleSize
PositiveElectrodeEntropicChangeCoefficient
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Entropic change coefficient [V.K-1]']
['positive_electrode','active_materials',0,'entropy_coefficient','value']
the specific energy of an electrochemical device obtained during a discharge process
DischargingSpecificEnergy
SpeEnergyD
SpeEnergyD/mWh/g
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 45% of the sample's particles fall.
D45ParticleSize
the number of electrochemical cells connected in series
NumberOfCellsConnectedInSeries
an equation relating the limiting molar conductivity Λ_m^0 to the ionic diffusion coefficients.
NernstEinsteinEquation
data processing procedure that determines the capacity based on time data and electric current data
CapacityCalculation
a system comprising one electrode in contact with an ionic conductor.
ElectrochemicalHalfCell
HalfCell
Do not conflate a half-cell (a physical arrangement) with a half-reaction (a formal redox equation component).
A half-cell becomes operational when paired with at least one other half-cell to form an electrochemical cell; the pair allows charge balance through ionic and electronic pathways.
Do not conflate an ElectrochemicalHalfCell (the combination of one electrode and one electrolyte) with a half-cell device, which is an experimental setup used to measure the properties of an electrode relative to a reference electrode.
A single half-cell cannot sustain continuous current by itself; closed-circuit operation requires a counter half-cell and an external electronic path.
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 19 mm and height of 66 mm
electrode in which the active material is sodium cobalt phosphate
SodiumCobaltPhosphateElectrode
a nonwoven mesh made by electrospinning, in which an electric field draws polymer jets into ultra-thin fibers that form a porous, interconnected network with high surface area with tunable porosity and fiber diameter.
ElectrospunMesh
VMP300
VMP-300
The concentration overpotential of an electrode reaction at a given electrode current density (c.d.) is basically the difference in equilibrium potentials across the diffusion layer. More precisely, it is the potential of a reference electrode (of the same electrode reaction as the working electrode ) with the interfacial concentrations which establish themselves at c.d., relative to the potential of a similar reference electrode with the concentrations of the bulk solution. From such a measured potential difference, with c.d. flowing, one needs to subtract the ohmic potential drop prevailing between the two electrodes.
part of the electrode polarization arising from concentration gradients of electrode reactants and products.
ConcentrationOverpotential
ConcentrationPolarization
MassTransferOverpotential
MassTransferPolarization
continued charging of a fully charged secondary cell or battery
Overcharging
overcharge is also the act of charging beyond a certain limit specified by the manufacturer
the process of applying a current pulse to an electrochemical device
CurrentPulsing
an electrode that holds its potential essentially constant by efficiently allowing electric current to pass
NonPolarizableElectrode
this is a desirable characteristic for a reference electrode
an electrode that uses a liquid metal
LiquidMetalElectrode
they can be used in electrocapillarity, voltammetry, and impedance measurements
electrode reaction in which oxidation occurs at the anode
AnodicReaction
Electrooxidation
ElectrooxidationReaction
electrode that serves only as a source or sink for electrons without playing a chemical role in the electrode reaction
InertElectrode
Noble metals, mercury, and carbon are typically used as (nearly) inert electrodes.
partial or complete external covering of a cell
Jacket
a jacket may be made of metal (insulated from the cell terminals), plastic, paper or other suitable material
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of tin or tin compounds
TinBasedElectrode
data that is obtained from experiment or simulation during a discharging process
DischargingData
A quantity expressing the proportion of the principal component in a substance, typically reported as mass fraction or volume fraction, used to characterise the degree of contamination by impurities.
Purity
Purity is a fundamental material property required to accurately report electrochemical experiments, as it directly affects the actual concentration of active species in solution.
molar conductivity at infinite dilution
LimitingMolarConductivity
Kohlrausch's Law
Nernst-Einstein Equation
plate in which the active material is applied as a paste to a conductive current collector
PastedPlate
PastedElectrode
I_{t}
The instantaneous current is usually time-dependent and may have the character of an adsorption current, catalytic current, diffusion current, double-layer current, or kinetic current, and may include a migration current. A plot of the dependence of instantaneous current on time is commonly called an “I-t curve”.
value of an electric current at an instant in time
InstantaneousCurrent
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 9.5 mm and a height of 2.6 mm
characteristic size of a pore, usually expressed as the representative diameter of an equivalent spherical pore
PoreSize
plots of the out of phase vs. the in phase component of the impedance for all the frequencies tested in an impedimetry measurement
NyquistPlot
ComplexPlanePlot
NyquistDiagram
process inside an electrolytic cell used to coat a conductive object with a layer of a material
The process of depositing a usually thin layer of metal upon a usually metallic substrate (or any other conductor, e.g. graphite), in order to improve the appearance, and/or to change the surface properties of the substrate.
component of a cell which permits the flow of gas in one direction only
Valve
a valve has a characteristic venting or opening and closing pressure
discharge during which the electric power is maintained at a constant value
ConstantPowerDischarging
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of manganese dioxide or vmanganese dioxide compounds
SilverOxideElectrode
the combination with zinc metal and an alkali metal hydoxide electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code S
material that can cause electrocatalysis.
Electrocatalyst
electrode in the form of foil, mesh, wire, rod, tube, powder, pellets, or single crystal of silver
SilverElectrode
AgElectrode
Ag electrodes were first used in potentiometry for the determination of Cl−, Br−, I−, as well as for Ag+ ions, to which they are sensitive.
the porosity of a separator
SeparatorPorosity
['Parameterisation','Separator','Porosity']
['separator','porosity','value']
the process of stacking layers of negative electrode, separator, and positive electrode to create a dry stack
ElectrodeStacking
a dataset resulting from a pseudo-open-circuit voltage experiment or simulation
PseudoOpenCircuitVoltageData
POCVData
PseudoOCVData
The cathodic transfer coefficient αc is defined as –(RT/nF)(dlnkc /dE), where kc is the electroreduction rate constant, E is the applied potential, and R, T, and F have their usual significance. This definition is equivalent to the other, -(RT/nF)(dln|jc |/dE), where jc is the cathodic current density corrected for any changes in the reactant concentration at the electrode surface with respect to its bulk value.
the fraction of the electrostatic potential energy affecting the reduction rate in an electrode reaction, with the remaining fraction affecting the corresponding oxidation rate
ChargeTransferCoefficient
R. Guidelli et al., “Defining the transfer coefficient in electrochemistry: An assessment (IUPAC Technical Report),” Pure Appl. Chem., vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 245–258, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-5026
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 24.5 mm and a height of 1.2 mm
periodic current where the amplitude alternates at a steady frequency between fixed minimum and maximum values, with the same duration at minimum and maximum
AlternatingCurrent
ratio of the surface area of a solid object to the volume of the object
VolumetricSurfaceArea
SurfaceAreaToVolumeRatio
non-faradaic current associated with the charging of the electrical double layer at the electrode-solution interface
DoubleLayerCurrent
ratio of the electric charge discharged from a secondary battery to the electric charge provided during the preceding charge
ChargeEfficiency
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 27 mm, width of 70 mm, and height of 102 mm
number of discrete finite volume cells in a grid or sub-grid in the Z-direction
NumberOfFiniteVolumeCellsInZ
a device that performs electrolysis.
Electrolyser
Electrolyzer
a chemical reaction in an electrolyte involving a transfer of electrons between chemical components or between chemical components and an electrode
ElectrochemicalReaction
ChargeTransferReaction
electrochemical reactions occur at electrochemical interfaces
The electrode reaction can also involve other chemical reactions including subreactions on a cell electrode.
any process either caused or accompanied by the passage of an electric current and involving in most cases the transfer of electrons between two substances
Bockris, J. O'M. and Despić, . Aleksandar R. (2011, December 15). Electrochemical reaction. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/electrochemical-reaction
the result of a voltage measurement
VoltageMeasurementResult
An indication of the health of an electrochemical device
StateOfHealth
a chemical compound consisting of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom
Water
[an indicator of the] electric current at which a secondary cell or battery is charged
ChargingCRate
the charge rate is expressed as the reference current It = Cr/n where Cr is the rated capacity declared by the manufacturer and n is the time base in hours for which the rated capacity is declared
the quotient of the power of an energy-storage device or system and its volume
VolumetricPowerDensity
surface area of an electrode that takes into account non-idealities of the interface (roughness, porosity, etc.) and can be measured by a variety of electrochemical methods
the electroactive area is the area calculated from experiments with model electroactive species and may be different from the real surface area in cases where not all of the surface is electrochemically active or accessible
ElectrodeRealSurfaceArea
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 24.5 mm and a height of 7.7 mm
an electrode in the shape of a circle
RoundElectrode
electrode in which the active material is cupric oxide (copper (II) oxide)
CopperOxideElectrode
CupricOxideElectrode
the combination with lithium metal and an organic electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code G
the minimum amount concentration of a species in a phase, either imposed or naturally occuring
MiniumumConcentration
operation during which a secondary cell or battery is supplied with electric energy from an external circuit which results in chemical changes within the cell and thus the storage of energy as chemical energy.
Charging
ElectrochemicalCharging
measuring instrument for electric current that controls the potential difference between a working electrode and a reference electrode and measures the electric current between a working electrode and an auxiliary electrode.
Potentiostat
describes the double layer as divided into two parts separated by the Stern plane, located about one hydrated ion radius from the electrode surface
SternModel
proposed by Otto Stern in 1924
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 24.5 mm and a height of 5.0 mm
charging method applied to a secondary battery using two levels of charge rate with feedback control to initiate the changeover from a high to a low charge rate
TwoStepCharging
the process of manufacturing and electrode
ElectrodeManufacturing
the celsius temperature of the ambient environment
AmbientCelsiusTemperature
Environmental_Temperature (C)
the lower bounding limit placed on the current density used in the definition of an electrochemical testing protocol
LowerCurrentDensityLimit
RealElectricImpedance
ACResistance
Symbol n is commonly used when there is no risk of confusion with an amount of substance.
The apparent number of electrons transferred, z_{app} , represents the experimentally measured number of electrons transferred between an electrode and one electroactive substance species, whose identity must be specified. When the electrooxidation or electroreduction of a substance B is accompanied by chemical processes, such as the catalyzed or induced reduction of a second substance, or a side reaction that consumes B or an intermediate, the value of z_{app} will differ from that of z.
number of electrons transferred in a charge transfer reaction between an electrode and a single entity (ion, radical-ion, or molecule) of an electroactive substance, whose identity must be specified
NumberOfElectronsTransferred
ElectronNumberOfAnElectrochemicalReaction
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 11.6 mm and a height of 4.2 mm
a dataset resulting from a galvanostatic intermittent titration technique experiment or simulation
GalvanostaticIntermittentTitrationTechniqueData
GITTData
a cycling protocol in which an electrochemical cell is first put through a CCCV charging process followed by a constant current discharge process
ConstantCurrentConstantVoltageCycling
CCCVCycling
model representing the structure of an electrolyte at an electrode-electrolyte interface by a rigid layer formed by the charge carriers on the surface of the electrode and a diffuse layer formed by mobile ions in the electrolyte.
DoubleLayerModel
ElectricalDoubleLayerModel
ElectricalPolarizationLayerModel
the process of preparing an electrochemical device for its intended functional performance
ElectrochemicalDeviceFinishing
constant voltage charge where the electric current is limited to a predetermined value
ModifiedConstantVoltageCharging
discharging an electrochemical device at a given charging current for a defined short duration
PulseDischarging
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 32 mm and height of 70 mm
an electrolyte solution that contains no water and no organic species
NonAqueousInorganicElectrolyte
the amount of charge that has passed through an electrochemical device within the time interval of a given testing step
StepCapacity
vent of special design which provides protection against the propagation of a flame front from or into the interior of a secondary cell
FlameArrestorVent
this flame front may originate from a spark or an external naked flame igniting combustible electrolysis gas
a typical end-of-life criterion in the battery domain is 80% of the initial capacity of the device
the maximum number of cycles achieved in an electrochemical device before reaching some end-of-life criterion
CycleLife
ElectrochemicalCycleLife
In experimental practice, the latter is often taken to be the moment when the rate of varia- tion of the potential of the indicator electrode attains a maximum value.
in chronopotentiometry and related techniques, the duration between the application of current and when the concentration of an electroactive substance at the electrode-solution interface becomes indistinguishable from zero
TransitionTime
Physical quantities defined within the domain of electrochemistry.
ElectrochemicalQuantity
a form factor describing a pouch cell, which has the shape of a rectangular prism where the thickness less than the length and the width and the case material is flexible
Pouch
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 23.0 mm and a height of 5.4 mm
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 27 mm, width of 70 mm, and height of 131 mm
for a device having two electrodes, that electrode having the higher electric potential
PositiveElectrode
PositivePlate
The term "cathode" is often used interchangably with "positive electrode" even though it only applies while the cell is being discharged. When the cell is being charged the positive electrode becomes the anode.
by convention, a reduction reaction occurs during discharge
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 55% of the sample's particles fall.
D55ParticleSize
Electrode of a composite of carbon powder and a pasting liquid (including mineral oil, Nujol, bromoform, bromonaphthalene).
CarbonPasteElectrode
CPE
The CPE was first described by Adams in 1958. A CPE is typically housed in a Teflon holder, contacted by a conductive wire (occasionally a piston is used to renew the surface by extrusion of the used paste). Problems are long-term stability of the paste and that the binder can influence its properties.
These electrodes can easily be chemically modified by the incorporation of reagents (electrocatalysts, redox mediators, complexation agents, enzymes, etc.) and by the attachment of micro- or nanoparticles to prepare electrochemical sensors for analytical applications.
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of manganese or manganese compounds
ManganeseBasedElectrode
often represented in cell designations by the letter M
a round-type case with a height that is greater than or equal to the diameter
CylindricalCase
E^{\circ '}
E_{eq} = E^{\circ '} - (R*T / (z*F)) * \sum_i{\nu_i * ln(c_i/c^{circ})}
It is E°′ which is calculated in electrochemical experiments when the concentrations of the various species are known, but their activities are not. Its value depends on the composi- tion of the electrolyte solution. The argument of ln is dimensionless, while the concentration ci is normalized through division by the standard concentration, usually c° = 1 mol dm^{−3} for soluble species.
equilibrium electrode potential under conditions of unit concentration of species involved in the electrode reaction
FormalElectrodePotential
FormalPotential
membrane constituted of two or more structural planes of non-identical morphologies
AsymmetricMembrane
a limit quantity in a control system
LimitQuantity
process where molecules split up into ions due to being dissolved
Dissociation
electrode in which the active material is lithium nickel manganese cobalt
LithiumNickelManganeseCobaltOxideElectrode
NMCElectrode
the total volume of an electrochemical device, determined by its external dimensions
DeviceVolume
['Parameterisation','Cell','Volume [m3]']
['properties','volume','value']
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 11.6 mm and a height of 3.1 mm
Small pulses of electric potential superimposed to a linear potential ramp or a staircase potential ramp.
DifferentialPotentialPulse
The pulses are usually of constant height 10 to 100 mV and constant width 10 to 100 ms.
the process of notching tabs into an electrode sheet
ElectrodeNotching
a device used in electrochemistry to measure the resistance of a solution to determine its conductivity
ConductivityCell
Formed, in theory, by two 1 cm2 reversible electrodes spaced 1 cm apart, providing a uniform distribution of electrical field. In practice, however, a number of other configurations are used.
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 5.8 mm and a height of 2.7 mm
electrode in which the active material is lithium vanadium oxide
LithiumVanadiumOxideElectrode
A component in an electrochemical system.
ElectrochemicalComponent
by convention, cell electrode at which an oxidation reaction occurs
Anode
The anode is the negative electrode during discharge and the positive electrode during charge.
The term "anode" is often used interchangably with "negative electrode" even though it only applies while the cell is being discharged. When the cell is being charged the positive electrode becomes the anode.
From Greek anodos (‘way up’). Chosen to denote the electrode associated with the ‘upward’ path of current by convention; later anchored by usage to the site of oxidation.Coined by Michael Faraday with guidance from William Whewell and Whitlock Nicholl.
the lower end of the interval of frequencies tested in impedimetry and related techniques
LowerFrequencyLimit
an indicator of the electric power at which an electrochemical device is discharged
DischargingPRate
mercury electrode formed by sequence of mercury drops falling from a small aperture
DroppingMercuryElectrode
Other kinds of mercury drop electrodes are the static mercury drop electrode (SMDE), in which a drop is held at constant radius before being mechanically knocked off, and the hanging mercury drop elec- trode (HMDE), in which the whole experiment is performed on a single drop of mercury.
The DME was introduced by Jaroslav Heyrovský (1890 – 1967). A drop is renewed every few seconds. Many metals amalgamate with mercury so that in the analysis of metal ions in aqueous solution the DME maintains a fresh surface throughout.
the maximum amount of electric charge that can be reversible stored within an electrochemical device
MaximumCapacity
MaximumStorageCapacity
Manufacturers define the value for 'maximum capacity' as the upper performance limit that a device in a batch will typically achieve. The maximum capacity is larger than the nominal capacity, and acts as an indicator of the spread in performacne in a given batch of devices.
For real applications, the maximum capacity is affected by environmental conditions, rate of operation, and state-of-heath and can deviate from the reported value.
an unwanted side reaction
ParasiticReaction
Parasitic reactions are a subset of side reactions specifically associated with unwanted charge transfer.
in a galvanic cell, parasitic reactions may cause inefficiencies or loss of performance
data that describes the exchange current density of some material or electrode under some stated conditions
ExchangeCurrentDensityData
time series data that contains a controlled pulse and the response of a system
PulseResponseData
an ion-transport medium, which may be immobilized, in which water is the solvent.
AqueousElectrolyte
AqueousElectrolyticSolution
D10ParticleSize
accessible conductive part provided for the connection of an external electric circuit to the negative electrode of the cell
NegativeTerminal
the process of manufacturing electrolyte
ElectrolyteManufacturing
a flow field is the structured channel network that distributes reactants across the electrode surface and facilitates the removal of products.
FlowField
Flow field design affects pressure drop, mass transport, and overall cell performance.
the capacity that an electrochemical device can deliver after being stored under some specified conditions
RetainedCapacity
the minimum allowable temperature of an electrochemical device during a charging process
MinimumChargingTemperature
Device that stores electrical energy using a double layer in an electrochemical cell.
ElectrochemicalDoubleLayerCapacitor
DoubleLayerCapacitor
EDLC
ElectrochemicalCapacitor
stores energy electrostatically in the Helmholtz Layer
radius of a particle
ParticleRadius
plot of the dependence of instantaneous current on time
CurrentTimePlot
CurrentTimeCurve
plot of current versus applied potential (I-E) for a given system
CurrentPotentialPlot
CurrentPotentialCurve
ElectricCurrentPotentialCurve
The curve is sigmoidal in hydrodynamic voltammetry, voltammetry at microelectrodes and polarography, or peak-shaped in ac voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, square- wave voltammetry, stripping voltammetry, and derivative techniques.
Pingarron José M., et al. "Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 92.4 (2020): 641-694. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109
electrochemical cell with a working electrode, reference electrode, and auxiliary electrode
ThreeElectrodeElectrochemicalCell
The working electrode is the site of interest where the electrochemical process occurs, the reference electrode provides a stable potential, and the auxiliary (counter) electrode completes the circuit.
A potentiostat can be used to maintain a potential difference between the working and reference electrodes.
Electric current flows between the working and auxiliary electrodes. Electrode potential may be measured between the working and reference electrodes.
SP200
SP-200
designed for corrosion with the 100 fA accuracy ultra-low current option
the maximum current approved for continuous discharge for a given electrochemical device
MaximumContinuousDischargingCurrent
MaximumContinuousDischargeCurrent
the area of the electrode material that is accessible to the electrolyte that is used for charge transfer and/or storage
ElectrochemicallyActiveSurfaceArea
EASA
ECSA
ElectrochemicalActiveSurfaceArea
An electrolyte with the nominal recipe EC/EMC (1/1, wt/wt) + LiPF6 (12.2%,wt)
LP50
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 7.9 mm and a height of 1.3 mm
an electrode with blended lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) active materials
LithiumNickelManganeseOxideLithiumIronPhosphateElectrode
LNMOLFPElectrode
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 20 mm, width of 100 mm, and height of 141 mm
current-potential curve in a voltammetry experiment
Voltammogram
a type of electrode specifically designed for gaseous reactants or products or both
GasDiffusionElectrode
GDE
A gas diffusion electrode usually comprises one or more porous layers, like the gas diffusion layer and the catalyst layer.
Gas diffusion electrodes can be gas diffusion anodes or gas diffusion cathodes.
Gas diffusion electrodes can be used in batteries, fuel cells, and electrolyzers.
part which insures insulation between the plate (electrode) edges and adjacent plates (electrodes) and the container side walls
EdgeInsulator
quotient of the capacity of a battery cell or battery by its plane area.
AreicCapacity
ArealCapacity
galvanic cell that transforms chemical energy from continuously supplied reactants to electric energy by an electrochemical process.
FuelCell
an internal compartment of the electrochemical flow cell in contact with the positive electrode through which gas flows
PositiveElectrodeGasCompartment
the electronic conductivity of the negative electrode
NegativeElectrodeElectronicConductivity
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Conductivity [S.m-1]']
['negative_electrode','electronic_conductivity','value']
measurement of temperature
CelsiusTemperatureMeasurement
arrangement of cells or batteries wherein in series connected cells or batteries are connected in parallel.
SeriesParallelConnection
a liquid solution comprising binder dispersed in a solvent
BinderSolution
data that is obtained from experiment or simulation during a charging process
ChargingData
an electroanalytical technique that involves applying a constant current to a working electrode to strip previously deposited analyte from the electrode surface while measuring the potential change over time
StrippingChronopotentiometry
result of an electrolysis test
ElectrolysisTestResult
NegativeElectrodeActiveMaterialParticleRadius
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Particle radius [m]']
['negative_electrode','active_materials',0,'particle_radius','value']
a dataset resulting from an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiment or simulation
ElectrochemicalImpedanceSpectroscopyData
EISData
device used to assist in the measurement of the level of electrolyte in a cell
ElectrolyteLevelIndicator
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 32 mm and height of 134 mm
permanently sealed gas tight cell without pressure release device
HermeticallySealedCell
an insertion electrode in which the guest molecule is potassium
PotassiumInsertionElectrode
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 35% of the sample's particles fall.
D35ParticleSize
electrode whose potential changes with an applied potential
PolarizableElectrode
electrode in which the active material is lithium manganese oxide
LithiumManganeseOxideElectrode
LMOElectrode
number of discrete finite volume cells in a grid or sub-grid in the Y-direction
NumberOfFiniteVolumeCellsInY
an internal compartment of the electrochemical flow cell through which catholyte flows
CatholyteCompartment
CatholyteTank holds the anolyte typically outside of the eletrochemical cell, where the term CatholyteCompartment describes a space inside the electrochemical flow cell.
Because the working potential range is a function of a specific electrode/electrolyte system, only approximate ranges can be given for generic systems.
The working potential range is usually limited by the stability of the electrolyte, itself affected by the catalytic properties of the electrode, or by the stability of the electrode.
range of electrode potentials of a given working electrode in a given electrolyte, where the electric current from reactions of the electrode or electrolyte is negligible compared with the current from reactions of the system under investigation
WorkingPotentialRange
The rate at which the deliverable capacity of an electrochemical cell decreases during open-circuit storage under specified conditions, in the absence of an external load.
SelfDischargeRate
Arises from internal parasitic reactions including electrolyte oxidation at the positive electrode, SEI instability at the negative electrode, and electronic leakage through the separator.
Strongly temperature- and state-of-charge-dependent. Values reported without these conditions specified cannot be meaningfully compared.
An ionic liquid is an electrolyte composed of a salt that is liquid below 100 °C. Ionic liquids have found uses in electrochemical analysis, because their unconventional properties include a negligible vapor pressure, a high thermal and electrochemical stability, and exceptional dissolution properties for both organic and inorganic chemical species.
IonicLiquidElectrolyte
IonicLiquid
an indicator of the electric power at which an electrochemical device is operated
PRate
platinized platinum electrode saturated by a stream of pure gaseous hydrogen
HydrogenElectrode
A platinized platinum electrode consists of a platinum rod covered by compact platinum powder called platinum black.
The quarter-peak potential, Ep/4, the three-quarter-peak potential, Ep3/4, etc., may be similarly defined.
This term is used in techniques providing peak-shaped responses (linear scan voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, AC voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, square-wave voltam- metry, stripping voltammetry, and derivative techniques).
for dynamic voltammetric techniques, the electric potential of the working electrode at which the current is equal to one-half of the peak current
HalfPeakPotential
quantities that control electroanalytical techniques
ElectrochemicalControlQuantity
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 12 mm, width of 120 mm, and height of 80 mm
I_{cat}
In either of the two following situations, the current increase is termed a catalytic current: (i) The scheme below generates a catalytic or regenerative current: B±e→ B′, B' + A → B (ii) The presence at the electrode-solution interface of a substance, which may be added or generated by an electrochemical reaction, decreases the overpotential for the electrochemical reaction of B. In either case, the magnitude of the catalytic current depends on the applied potential. If the current observed with a mixture of A and B is lower than the sum of the separate currents, the term non-additive current should be used.
faradaic current measured in a solution containing two electroactive substances, A and B, that exceeds the sum of the faradaic currents that would be obtained for A and B separately under the same experimental conditions
CatalyticCurrent
unplanned escape of electrolyte, gas or other material from a cell or battery
Leakage
NegativeElectrodeReactionRateConstant
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Reaction rate constant [mol.m-2.s-1]']
['negative_electrode','active_materials',0,'kinetic_constant','value']
electrode in which the active material is sodium titanium oxide
SodiumTitaniumOxideElectrode
NegativeElectrodeActiveMaterialVolumetricSurfaceArea
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Surface area per unit volume [m-1]']
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of tungsten or tungsten compounds
TungstenBasedElectrode
cell from which electrolyte cannot escape regardless of its orientation
NonSpillableCell
some vented cells or batteries are designed so as to be non-spillable when operated within the limits specified by the manufacturer
electrode in which the active material is indium tin oxide
IndiumTinOxideElectrode
ITO
maximum concentration of lithium in the positive electrode
PositiveElectrodeActiveMaterialMaximumGuestConcentration
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Maximum concentration [mol.m-3]']
['positive_electrode','active_materials',0,'maximum_concentration','value']
chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred from a substance to oxygen to form a compound of that substance or, more generally, in which substance loses electrons
Oxidation
OxidationReaction
Electrons are generally transferred to another substance by a reduction reaction.
a polymer matrix capable of ion conduction
PolymerElectrolyte
Sinusoidal alternating potential of small amplitude (10 to 50 mV) of constant frequency (10 Hz to 100 kHz).
SinusoidalPotentialWaveform
the quotient of the power of an energy-storage device or system and its mass
SpecificPower
voltage between the terminals of a cell or battery when being discharged
DischargingVoltage
ClosedCircuitVoltage
a periodic assessment of battery degradation during life testing
ReferencePerformanceTest
electrode in which the active material is graphite
GraphiteElectrode
a thin sheet that has been punched with a pattern of holes, offering controlled porosity and strength for uses in filtration, sound suppression, and structural components
PerforatedFoil
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 40% of the sample's particles fall.
D40ParticleSize
test carried out to measure the loss of capacity, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current or other quantities after storage under specified conditions
StorageTest
SelfDischargeTest
electrochemical immunity produced by an appropriate cathodic polarization.
CathodicProtection
for a device having two electrodes, that electrode having the lower electric potential
NegativeElectrode
NegativePlate
by convention, an oxidation reaction occurs during discharge
The term "anode" is often used interchangably with "negative electrode" even though it only applies while the cell is being discharged. When the cell is being charged the negatve electrode becomes the cathode.
mass of a material per unit area
MassLoading
a type of supercapacitor that uses metal oxide or conducting polymer electrodes with a high amount of electrochemical pseudocapacitance additional to the double-layer capacitance
ElectrochemicalPseudocapacitor
stores energy electrochemically via Faradaic mechanisms
energy delivered by a deviced under some specific discharge conditions
DischargingEnergy
Energy discharge/W.h
EnergyD
EnergyD/mWh
WH-OUT
wf dis e
Discharge_Energy (Wh)
Engy_DChg(mWh)
discharge_energy
cycle number data, usually resulting from an electrochemical measurement process
CycleNumberData
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of manganese dioxide or manganese dioxide compounds.
ManganeseDioxideElectrode
MnO2Electrode
the combination with lithium metal and an organic electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code C
the combination with zinc metal and an alkali metal hydoxide electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code L
electrode in which the active material is lithium nickel oxide
LithiumNickelOxideElectrode
LNOElectrode
the cycling of a cell after manufacturing, usually for the purpose of forming interfacial layers
FormationCycling
electrode in which the active material is iridium oxide
IridiumOxideElectrode
IrO2Electrode
data processing procedure that determines the energy based on time data, voltage data, and electric current data
EnergyCalculation
electrode in which the active material is sodium manganese phosphate
SodiumManganesePhosphateElectrode
component fitted into the filling hole of a cell with a provision of allowing the venting of electrolysis gas from the cell¨
VentCap
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of iron or iron compounds
the maximum allowable temperature
MaximumTemperature
Max-T(C)
For an electrode at equilibrium at which only one reaction is significant i = 0. When more than one reaction is significant at a given electrode, subscripts to i0 may be used to distinguish exchange currents. i is not usually zero when only one of these reactions is at equilibrium.
i0 = ia = - ic
the common value (i0) of the anodic and cathodic partial currents when the reaction is at equilibrium
ExchangeCurrent
the external surface area of an electrochemical device
DeviceSurfaceArea
['Parameterisation','Parameterisation','Cell','External surface area [m2]']
['properties','external_surface_area','value']
a container for an electrochemical cell manufactured by the company Swagelok
SwagelokCase
the process of manufacturing an electrochemical device
ElectrochemicalDeviceManufacturing
a thin, flat material composed of compressed carbon fibers, used in fuel cells and other electrochemical devices for its high electrical conductivity and gas permeability
CarbonPaper
plot of the time-dependence of instantaneous electric potential following a change in applied current
PotentialTimePlot
ElectricPotentialTimeCurve
ElectricPotentialTimePlot
PotentialTimeCurve
thickness of the negative electrode coating
NegativeElectrodeCoatingThickness
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Thickness [m]']
['negative_electrode','thickness','value']
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 15.8 mm and a height of 11.1 mm
measure of a substance's tendency towards electronic conduction
ElectronicConductivity
a quantity that is expressed as a percentage
PercentQuantity
total surface of a solid per mass
SpecificSurfaceArea
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 11.6 mm and a height of 2.6 mm
the process of applying a coating to a substrate to manufacture an electrode
electrode in which the active material is sodium titanium phosphate
SodiumTitaniumPhosphateElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of zinc or zinc compounds
ZincBasedElectrode
a generic denomination of particles or quasiparticles responsible for electric charge transport.
ChargeCarrier
electron, hole, ion
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 12 mm, width of 120 mm, and height of 81 mm
a separator is composed of a mass of intermeshed glass fibers.
GlassFibreSeparator
FibreglassSeparator
an interfacial layer of an electrode surface, that causes the electrode to become passivated
PassivationLayer
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 18 mm, width of 68 mm, and height of 107 mm
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of iron disulfide or iron disulfide compounds.
IronDisulfideElectrode
the combination with lithium metal and an organic electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code F
a series of data points indexed in cycle order
CycleSeriesDataset
Successive steps of electric potential that form a staircase waveform.
StaircasePotentialRamp
the minimum acceptable threshold value for the rated capacity of an electrochemical device, as stated by the manufacturer.
MinimumCapacity
MiniumumAcceptedCapacity
Manufacturers define the value for 'minimum capacity' as the lower performance limit, ensuring that every device meets a minimum standard. In practice, minimum capacity is often about 95-97% of the nominal capacity, acting as a guaranteed lower bound rather than an exact measurement.
For real applications, the achieveable minimum capacity is affected by environmental conditions, rate of operation, and state-of-heath and can deviate from the reported value.
set of operations that is carried out on a secondary cell or battery and is repeated regularly in the same sequence.
Cycling
ChargeCycle
ElectrochemicalCycling
in a secondary battery these operations may consist of a sequence of a discharge followed by a charge or a charge followed by a discharge under specified conditions
this sequence may include rest periods
electric charge capacity remaining in a cell or battery following a discharge, operation or storage under specific test conditions
ResidualCapacity
a phenomenological model for electrode kinetics, describing the relation between the electrode current from an electrochemical charge-transfer reaction and the surface overpotential of the electrode
ButlerVolmerEquation
ButlerVolmerApproximation
ErdeyGruzVolmerEquation
i = i0 * (exp(alpha*n*F*eta/(R*T)) – exp(-(1-alpha)*n*F*eta/(R*T)))
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of iron phosphate or iron phosphate compounds
IronPhosphateBasedElectrode
represented in IEC cell designations by the letter code Fp
A limiting current is reached when the overpotential is sufficiently large that the faradaic current is determined solely by the ability to supply electroactive species by mass transport. A limiting current is therefore independent of applied potential over a corresponding finite potential range. A limiting current may have the character of an adsorption, catalytic, diffusion, or kinetic current, and may include a migration current.
faradaic current that is approached as the rate of the charge-transfer process is increased by varying the applied potential, being greater than the rate of mass transport controlled by diffusion
LimitingCurrent
arrangement of cells or batteries wherein parallel connected cells or batteries are connected in series.
ParallelSeriesConnection
the maximum duration of a pulse discharge for a given electrochemical device
MaximumDischargingPulseDuration
the process of inserting a dry electrode stack into a pouch cell container
PouchCellPackaging
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 16.0 mm and a height of 1.6 mm
alternating current consistent with a sinusoidal waveform
SinusoidalCurrentWaveform
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 9.5 mm and a height of 3.6 mm
the currently running step number in the procedure
StepIndex
StepNumber
step
Step ID
step_index
Step Number
the activation energy in an arrhenius formulation
ActivationEnergy
ArrheniusActivationEnergy
conductor of electricity used for carrying current between components in an electric circuit
Connector
a connector electrically joins two cells, or a terminal of a cell to a terminal of the battery, or a terminal of the battery to an exterior circuit and also to auxiliary devices
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of platinum or platinum compounds
PlatinumBasedElectrode
assembly of one positive plate, one negative plate and the associated separator if any
ElectrodePair
PlatePair
Eeq is related to the standard electrode potential by the Nernst equation.
Temperature and activities of relevant species must be specified.
electrode potential when the electrode reaction is in equilibrium.
potential of an electrode when no electric current flows through the cell and all local charge transfer equilibria across phase boundaries that are represented in the cell diagram (except at possible electrolyte-electrolyte junctions) and local chemical equilibria are established
EquilibriumElectrodePotential
EquilibriumPotential
NernstPotential
ReversiblePotential
an insertion electrode in which the guest molecule is sodium
SodiumInsertionElectrode
an insertion electrode in which the guest molecule is magnesium
MagnesiumInsertionElectrode
the amount of energy that an electrochemical device can store under some specific conditions
RatedEnergy
VMP3e
VMP-3e
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 11.6 mm and a height of 10.8 mm
the process of filling an electrolyte into a cylindrical cell
CylindricalCellElectrolyteFilling
the ratio of a constituent volume to the total volume
VolumePercent
the thermodynamic temperature that is the reference for a calculation
ReferenceThermodynamicTemperature
the process of filling an electrolyte in a pouch cell
PouchCellElectrolyteFilling
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 6.8 mm and a height of 1.65 mm
a process in which the electric power is controlled
PowerControlledProcess
an aqueous electrolyte with a nominal pH value between 4 and 10.
NearNeutralElectrolyte
NearNeutralAqueousElectrolyte
NearNeutralSolution
this covers the pH domain typically described as "weakly acidic", "neutral", and "weakly alkaline"
type of capacitor characterized by high capacitance, high specific and volumetric energy density, and low voltage limits
Supercapacitor
Supercap
charge during which the electric power is maintained at a constant value
ConstantPowerCharging
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of cadmium or cadmium compounds.
CadmiumBasedElectrode
Graphical representation of a dataset resulting from the measurement of the response of an electrochemical system.
ElectrochemicalPlot
Shows the relationship between two or more electrochemical variables.
the maximum allowable temperature of an electrochemical device during a discharging process
MaximumDischargingTemperature
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of sodium or sodium compounds
SodiumBasedElectrode
liquid metal electrode used in polarography
MercuryElectrode
HgElectrode
A mercury film electrode (MFE) or thin mercury film electrode (TMFE) is formed by coating a conducting substrate, usually glassy carbon, with a layer of mercury (thin film, amalgam, or array of microdrops), often by electrodeposition from a solution containing Hg(II). The electrode area is normally in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 cm2 and mercury film thickness typically ranges from 10 to 1000 nm, producing a film of large surface area-to-volume ratio that results in a high analyte pre-concentration during the deposition step of anodic stripping voltammetry. Compared to an HMDE, the MFE provides high sensitivity and resolution; however, it is somewhat less reproducible and more prone to interferences from intermetallic formation and surface-active substances.
Liquid mercury is an ideal electrode material for negative potentials because of its high overpotential for hydrogen evolution (electrochemical reduction of hydroxonium cations from solution). However, mercury is readily oxidized, particularly in the presence of anions that form complexes or that pre- cipitate with Hg(I) or Hg(II) ions, and thus it is not suitable for use at positive potentials. The use of liquid mercury has largely been discontinued because of concerns about the toxicity of the element and its compounds.
the total amount of electric charge that has cumulatively passed through an electrochemical device within a defined time interval, increasing monotonically over time
CumulativeCapacity
TotalCapacity
D70ParticleSize
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 15.5 mm and a height of 6.0 mm
plots of the phase angle and the magnitude of the impedance vs. the logarithm of perturbation frequency at all the frequencies tested in an impedimetry measurement
BodePlot
BodeDiagram
a small localized object which can be described by several physical or chemical properties, such as volume, density, or mass.
CapacityRate
electrochemical cell in which chemical reactions occur spontaneously and chemical energy is converted into electrical energy.
GalvanicCell
An electrochemical cell that spontaneously produces work.
Electrochemical cell intended to produce electric energy.
rate at which a chemical reaction takes place
ReactionRate
method of separating and neutralizing ions by an electric current in an electrolytic cell
Electrolysis
From Greek elektron (‘electric’) + lysis (‘loosening, dissolution’): ‘decomposition by electricity’. Part of Faraday’s systematic terminology built to avoid theoretical commitments. Coined by Michael Faraday with support from William Whewell and Whitlock Nicholl.
a gas diffusion electrode in which the active material is oxygen (O2)
OxygenElectrode
the combination with zinc metal and an alkali metal hydroxide electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code P
electric potential difference between the rigid layer and the diffuse layer of a double layer
DiffuseLayerPotential
a degradation phenomena in electrochemical devices in which the practicaclly achieveable capacity of the cell is less than the measured capacity at the beginning of life.
CapacityFade
CapacityLoss
transport number of lithium ion in electrolyte
ChargeCarrierTransportNumber
['Parameterisation','Electrolyte','Cation transference number']
['electrolyte','transference_number','value']
an interphase formed when two materials with different chemical potentials are brought in contact with each other, and the atoms or electrons are unable to migrate to establish local charge neutrality
SpaceChargeLayer
DepletionLayer
DepletionRegion
DepletionZone
JunctionRegion
SpaceChargeRegion
This term is used in dynamic voltammetric techniques providing a peak-shaped current response (linear-sweep voltammetry, triangular-wave voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, AC voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, square-wave voltammetry, stripping voltamme- try and derivative techniques).
electrode potential of the working electrode at which the peak current is attained
PeakPotential
electrode in which the active material is a metal oxide
MetalOxideElectrode
electric current delivered by a battery during its discharge
DischargingCurrent
the diffusivity of lithium in the positive electrode
GuestDiffusivityInPositiveElectrodeActiveMaterial
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Diffusivity [m2.s-1]']
['positive_electrode','active_materials',0,'diffusion_constant','value']
VSP
quotient of the capacity of a cell or battery by its volume.
VolumetricCapacity
VolumetricChargeCapacity
VolumetricElectricChargeCapacity
number of discrete finite volume cells in a grid or sub-grid in the X-direction
NumberOfFiniteVolumeCellsInX
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 10.0 mm and a height of 2.5 mm
maximum concentration of lithium in the negative electrode
NegativeElectrodeActiveMaterialMaximumGuestConcentration
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Maximum concentration [mol.m-3]']
['negative_electrode','active_materials',0,'maximum_concentration','value']
a solution of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) dissolved in water (H2O)
LithiumHydroxideSolution
AqueousLithiumHydroxideSolution
LiOHSolution
an electrode with blended silicon and graphite active materials
SiliconGraphiteElectrode
electrode in which the active material is sodium manganese oxide
SodiumManganeseOxideElectrode
duration, under specific conditions, at the end of which a battery [ or electrochemical device ] has retained the ability to perform a specified function
ShelfLife
StorageLife
electrochemical cell intended to produce chemical reactions
ElectrolyticCell
An electrochemical cell that requires input of work to drive the reaction.
Electrochemical cell in which electrical energy is converted into chemical energy.
case with multiple separate cell compartments
MonoblocContainer
defined by j0 = i0/A, where i0 is the exchange current of the electrode reaction and A is usually taken as the geometric area of the electrode
ExchangeCurrentDensity
MeanExchangeCurrentDensity
NegativeElectrodeEntropicChangeCoefficient
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Entropic change coefficient [V.K-1]']
['negative_electrode','active_materials',0,'entropy_coefficient','value']
a case that is described by its diameter and height
RoundCase
often represented in cell designations by the letter R
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of bismuth or bismuth compounds.
BismuthBasedElectrode
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 9.5 mm and a height of 2.1 mm
a solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) dissolved in water (H2O)
SodiumHydroxideSolution
AqueousSodiumHydroxideSolution
NaOHSolution
a material that takes active part in an electrochemical reaction
ElectrochemicalMaterial
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 9.5 mm and a height of 1.6 mm
secondary cell having a cover provided with an opening through which products of electrolysis and evaporation are allowed to escape freely from the cell to the atmosphere
VentedCell
development of a carbon paste electrode that is screen printed using a carbon/polymer mixture of suitable composition
CarbonInkElectrode
Typical composition of a carbon ink expressed as mass fractions is graphite powder 60 % and polystyrene 40 %.
duration of the sampling interval in pulse voltammetry
SamplingTime
an interfacial layer that forms between an electrode phase and and electrolyte phase, due to the decomposition of the electrolyte
SolidElectrolyteInterphase
although the definition could apply to any electrode, it is conventionally used to describe interfacial layers that form on the anode of an electrochemical cell.
electrode in which the active material is sodium cobalt oxide
SodiumCobaltOxideElectrode
a material comprised of many particles
the process of separating individual electrodes from an electrode sheet
ElectrodeSeparation
celsius temperature data, usually resulting from an electrochemical measurement process
CelsiusTemperatureData
arrangement of cells or batteries wherein all the positive terminals and all the negative terminals, respectively, are connected together.
ParallelConnection
The rate of change of an applied current with time.
CurrentScanRate
Used in linear potentiometry and related techniques, where a linearly-changing current is imposed to a cell to measure its voltage response.
the absolute value of the stoichiometric number
StoichiometricCoefficient
a process in which the voltage is kept constant
VoltageHold
PotentiostaticProcess
the process of forming a film or a bulk material using an electrochemical process where the electrons are supplied by an external power supply
Electrodeposition
Deposition of metallic zinc from Zn^{2+} ions in an electroplating bath.
Used in manufacturing, coating, and electrorefining applications.
electrode in which the active material is lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide
LithiumNickelCobaltAluminumOxideElectrode
NCAElectrode
an asymmetric membrane composed of two layers, typically with different chemical properties or functional roles
BilayerMembrane
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 26 mm and height of 70 mm
the stoichiometric coefficient for a reactive entity in a chemical substance that corresponds to a cell-level state-of-charge of 0%
StoichiometricCoefficientAtSOC0
the process of assembling components into an electrochemical device
ElectrochemicalDeviceAssembly
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of carbon or carbon compounds
CarbonBasedElectrode
often represented in IEC cell designations by the letter I
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 16.0 mm and a height of 3.2 mm
a property whose value is controlled on some surface or domain
BoundaryCondition
vent of special design which allows to release gas from a cell in order to avoid excessive internal pressure and thereby to preclude rupture or explosion of the cell container
PressureReliefVent
A deformable sealing component placed between cell assembly layers to prevent fluid leakage and define the active electrode area through controlled compression.
Gasket
Electrochemical (flow) cells require gaskets to seal the electrolyte compartments and define the active electrode area through compression. Gaskets are a distinct, functionally critical cell component that determines compression ratio, contact resistance, and electrolyte leakage.
Gaskets in electrochemical (flow) cells are typically made from polymer materials (e.g. PTFE, Viton, silicone) and their thickness directly determines electrode compression, which affects mass transport and contact resistance. They are a required component in any flow cell metadata description alongside electrodes, membrane, and flow field. The term is distinct from Separator and Membrane which describe ionically active components, whereas a gasket is purely a mechanical sealing element.
chemical reaction which occurs in addition to the main process
SideReaction
SecondaryReaction
Side reactions can lead to degradation, gas formation, or loss of active material.
a method used in electrochemistry
ElectrochemicalMethod
electrode reaction in which reduction occurs at the cathode
CathodicReaction
Electroreduction
ElectroreductionReaction
electrode reaction involving an electrochemical reduction
electrode reaction, where the energy of electrons in the working electrode is higher than the LUMO orbital of the substrate
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 27 mm, width of 148 mm, and height of 91 mm
The measurement step in an electrochemical testing procedure or characterization method with output data for voltage, current, time, and temperature.
ElectrochemicalMeasurementProcess
part of the electrode polarization arising from a chemical reaction impeding the electrode reaction
ReactionOverpotential
ReactionOvervoltage
ReactionPolarization
E, U
The absolute value of the electrode potential cannot be measured, so E is always reported relative to the potential of a reference electrode, e.g. that of a standard hydrogen electrode (SHE).
cell source voltage when the electrodes of the electrochemical cell are a reference electrode and the electrode in question.
electric potential at an electrode, reported as the difference in potential relative to a reference electrode
ElectrodePotential
a flow cell that uses one or more electroactive components deposited as a solid layer
HybridFlowCell
considers the effects of specific adsorbed ions in the double layer
TrasattiBuzzancaModel
proposed by Sergio Trasatti and Giovanni Buzzanca in 1971
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 38 mm and height of 136 mm
For Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, the Peak Potential Amplitude is usually small, (normally 5 to 10 mV).
half of the peak-to-peak amplitude of a periodic voltage perturbation within a single time period, with respect to a reference potential value
AmplitudeOfAlternatingVoltage
This term should denote half of the peak-to-peak amplitude. Peak-to-peak and r.m.s. amplitudes should be so specified.
electrode in which the active material is lead oxide
LeadOxideElectrode
PbOElectrode
a degradation mechanism in electrochemical cells in which fractures in the particles degrade performance
ParticleCracking
Often afflicts active material particles.
a system for measuing electric current
ElectricCurrentMeasuringSystem
a digital coulometer connected to a computer
the first order time rate of change of voltage
VoltageChangeRate
dv/dt
dVdt (I/h)
electrode that responds to one, or more than one, species in the solution being investigated, with no appreciable change of bulk solution composition during the measurement
IndicatorElectrode
If processes of interest occur both at the anode and the cathode of a cell (as in differential amperometry or controlled-current potentiometric titration with two indicator electrodes), the cell should be said to comprise two indicator or working electrodes.
This term is typically used in potentiometry.
a 3D spatial region at an interface with physical properties that are distinct from the bulk phases in contact
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 12.05 mm and a height of 2.5 mm
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of silver or silver compounds
SilverBasedElectrode
a type of solid electrolyte interface that forms on the surface of the electrode designated as the "cathode" or positive electrode
CathodeElectrolyteInterphase
used to distinguish the interphase on the cathode surface from that on the anode, which is typically called the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI)
electrode in which the active material is sodium chromium oxide
SodiumChromiumOxideElectrode
internal apparent resistance is expressed in ohms
quotient of change of voltage of a battery by the corresponding change in discharge current under specified conditions.
InternalApparentResistance
Linear ramp of electric potential, followed by a reversal to the initial potential. Both forward and reversed signal ramps are applied at the same scan rate.
TriangularPotentialWaveform
thickness of the coating after a calendering process
CalenderedCoatingThickness
a solution of ammonia (NH3) dissolved in water (H2O)
AmmoniaSolution
AqueousAmmoniaSolution
the solution can also be made by dissolving ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) in water
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of palladium or palladium compounds
PalladiumBasedElectrode
a liquid electrolyte that consists of solutes dissolved in a solvent
ElectrolyteSolution
ElectrolyticSolution
an extension of the Helmholtz model that describes the distribution of ions as a function of distance from the electrode surface to the bulk of the electrolyte
GouyChapmanModel
this model fails for highly charged double layers
signal where an electric current is varied linearly from an initial current, typically 0 A
LinearCurrentRamp
A_{geom}
the interfacial area, determined on the assumption that the interface is truly flat (2-dimensional) and calculated using the geometric data of the involved surfaces
ElectrodeGeometricSurfaceArea
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 20.0 mm and a height of 4.0 mm
a material in which the mobile species are ions and free movement of electrons is blocked.
Electrolyte
From Greek elektron ('electric') + lytēs (, ‘looser’): ‘that which is set free or made to pass by electricity’; adopted to denote the conducting medium undergoing electrolysis. Coined by Michael Faraday with support from William Whewell and Whitlock Nicholl.
A solid electrolyte is a solid material where the predominant charge carriers are ions. For example: NASICON (Na Super Ionic Conductor), which has the general formula Na1+xZr2P3-xSix O12 , 0 < x < 3.
conducting medium in which the flow of electric current is accompanied by the movement of ions
liquid or solid substance containing mobile ions that render it conductive
substance that provides ions on dissolution in a solvent or on melting
electrode at which one or more electroactive substances undergo reaction in the solution being investigated
WorkingElectrode
Te potential of a working electrode is controlled with respect to the reference electrode.
This term is typically used in voltammetry, polarography, amperometry, and coulometry.
measuring instrument to obtain the electrical charge passed in an experiment, or to produce a known amount of substance in a titration.
Coulometer
Voltameter
Modern instruments for measuring trace water by Karl Fischer titration use the passage of a measured charge to produce iodine from iodide solution. They are known as Karl Fischer coulometers
The silver coulometer is a primary reference measurement procedure [VIM 2.8] for charge and current. By weighing the mass of silver deposited in a known time at constant current, the charge and current are calculated from Faraday’s laws of electrolysis
D85ParticleSize
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 23.0 mm and a height of 2.0 mm
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 54 mm and height of 215 mm
electrode in which the active material is lithium cobalt oxide
LithiumCobaltOxideElectrode
LCOElectrode
NegativeElectrodeActivationEnergyOfReaction
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Reaction rate constant activation energy [J.mol-1]']
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 11.6 mm and a height of 5.4 mm
R44
An equation that relates the reduction potential of an electrochemical reaction (half-cell or full cell reaction) to the standard electrode potential, temperature, and activities (often approximated by concentrations) of the chemical species undergoing reduction and oxidation.
NernstEquation
An expression of the Law of Mass Action.
an internal compartment of the electrochemical flow cell through which anolyte flows
AnolyteCompartment
AnolyteTank holds the anolyte typically outside of the eletrochemical cell, where the term AnolyteCompartment describes a space inside the electrochemical flow cell.
VSP300
VSP-300
The specification of the ISE and outer reference electrode must be described.
When an isothermal cell is used with identical internal and external reference electrodes, the isopotential point is the activity of sensed ions for which zero net membrane potential difference is measured, e.g., sensed ion activity is the same in the inner and outer (test) solution. Slopes of calibration plots for different cell temperatures are different, but inter- sect at a common activity point. Cells with temperature gradients are not recommended.
electric potential of an ion-selective electrode (ISE) and activity of an analyte ion at which the potential of the ISE is independent of temperature
IsopotentialPoint
the insertion of liquid electrolyte into an electrochemical device
ElectrolyteFilling
an electrode with blended lithium manganese oxide (LMO) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) active materials
LithiumManganeseOxideLithiumIronPhosphateElectrode
LMOLFPElectrode
a heating system that uses circulating hot gas (often air) to uniformly dry or cure materials
ConvectiveDryer
equipment used for sealing
SealingEquipment
a system that uses high-frequency ultrasonic vibrations to bond materials together
UltrasonicWelder
a mechanical press that stamps materials into predefined shapes using sharp-edged dies
DieCutter
the process of using a vaccum chamber to lower the liquid content of an object
VacuumDrying
consider promoting to domain-manufacturing
a device that is used as a container for some material, usually liquid or gas
Tank
a device that is intended to reduce the liquid content of an object
Dryer
a device used to apply a coating
Coater
the processes of joining two or more components using the method of ultrasonic welding
UltrasonicWelding
a grinding device used to reduce particle size in powders through mechanical impact and friction
BallMill
the process of joining two components by welding
a device used for mixing
Mixer
a system that removes moisture from materials by sublimation under low temperature and vacuum conditions
FreezeDryer
a tool that spreads a liquid layer onto a surface at a controlled thickness using a blade
DoctorBladeCoater
a welding machine that joins metal components by applying localized heat and pressure
SpotWelder
a drying system that uses infrared radiation to rapidly evaporate solvents from coated materials
InfraredDryer
a precision coating system that applies thin films to substrates with uniform thickness
SlotDieCoater
the process of applying pressure to an object using two rolls
RollPressing
a machine that compresses materials between rollers to achieve a specific thickness or smoothness
Calenderer
CalenderingMachine
a device that atomizes liquids into fine droplets and sprays them onto a surface for uniform coating
SprayCoater
an enclosed chamber that dries materials under reduced pressure to prevent oxidation or heat degradation
VacuunDryer
a mixing system where the agitator rotates around its own axis while revolving around a central axis
PlanetaryMixer
a process intended to lower the liquid content of an object
Drying
a resonant acoustic mixer
ResonantAcousticMixer
RAM
the process of wrapping a component or device in a layer of film
FilmWrapping
the process of mixing consistuent components into a single entity
Mixing
a device that uses high-frequency sound waves to break apart and evenly distribute particles in liquids
UltrasonicMixer
the process of joining two or more components using laser welding
LaserWelding
A planetary ball mill
PlanetaryBallMill
a machine that rapidly disperses and homogenizes materials by applying high shear forces
HighShearMixer
the process of applying heat and pressure to some device or component
HotPressing
a device that cuts large rolls of material into narrower strips with high precision
SlittingMachine
equipment used in welding
WeldingEquipment
the process of kneading
Kneading
a high-speed rotating platform used to evenly spread thin liquid films on flat surfaces
SpinCoater
equipment used for cutting
CuttingEquipment
the process of heating a component or device prior to some other process
PreHeating
the process of mixing dry components
DryMixing
a system that uses heat and pressure to seal thermoplastic materials together
HeatSealer
a machine that removes air from a package and seals it under vacuum conditions
VacuumSealer
a precision cutting tool that uses a high-energy laser beam to cut or engrave materials
LaserCutter
a device used to move liquid or gas
Pump
the process of holding a component in an environment with a controlled temperature to change its properties
Baking
Francesca Lønstad Bleken
Lønstad
Bleken
Francesca
Jesper Friis
Friis
Jesper
Casper Welzel Andersen
Welzel
Andersen
Casper
Simon Clark
Clark
Simon
Eibar Flores
Flores
Eibar
EMMC ASBL European Materials Modelling Council Silversquare Stéphanie Avenue Louise 54 1050 Brussels CBE no: 0731 621 312
The universe is considered as a causally self-connected object, encompassing all other objects. For this reason is unique.
universe
This axiom reflects the fact the the universe is causally self-connected. In fact, a non causally connected universe would have been the sum of causally independend sub-universes, without any knowledge of others. This axiom may be seen as Ockam's razor applied to causality.
This definition reads: "The universe is the sum of all entities that are part of themselves". Since parthood (P) is reflexive by axiom, then the universe is the sum of all mereological entities.
The rule for the subproperty chain: inverse (hasSign) o inverse (hasReferent) ⇒ hasInterpreter
The rule for the subproperty chain: inverse (hasInterpreter) o inverse (hasSign) ⇒ hasReferent
The rule for the subproperty chain: inverse (hasReferent) o inverse (hasInterpreter) ⇒ hasSign
deprecate_OrganicCompound
Enforcing the fact that an entity cannot cause itself.
Enforcing parthood reflexivity.
Enforcing reflexivity of overlapping.
Implementation of equality based on mereology.
Transitivity for parthood.
Implementig transitivity.
The equalsTo object property is equivalent to the OWL SameAs
Transitivity for proper parthood.
Implementing transitivity.
Implementing Transitivity.
Enforcing exclusivity between overlapping and causality.