MDO
type: Ontology
version IRI: https://w3id.org/emmo/domain/microstructure/0.4.0
imports: dependencies
abstract: The Microstructure Domain Ontology is intended to be a domain ontology for physical metallurgy. The intension is to cover all relevant aspect of metallic microstructures, including: - composition - particles, both stable (primary) and metastable (precipitates) - grains - subgrains - grain boundaries & particle free zones (PFZs) - texture - dislocations - alloy systems The aim is to support both microstructure modelling as well as characterisation. For modelling, we will distinguish between - evolution models (that changes the microstructure through a succession of states) and - property models (that relates a microstructure state to a property). It should support describing same concept at different spatial resolutions, like mean field, 1D, 2D and 3D. For mean field descriptions (what about spatially resolved), it should be possible describe quantities at different statistical levels, like mean size, normalised size distribution (mean + standard deviation) and full size distribution. There should be a common way to connect a state to external conditions, like temperature, volume/shape and pressure (essential for describing a process).
contributor: Astrid Marthinsen
contributor: Ulrike Cihak-Bayr
contributor: Tomas Manik
contributor: Georg J. Schmitz
created: 2020-05-02
creator: Jesper Friis
creator: Sylvain Gouttebroze
description: A domain ontology for microstructures focusing on physical metallurgy.
issued: 2023-05-24
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
publisher: SFI PhysMet
title: Microstructure domain ontology
doi: zenodo.7966659
status: UnderDevelopment
preferred namespace prefix: mdo
prior version: 0.3.1
version info: 0.4.0
funded by: www.forskningsradet.no

metallurgicalReference
type: AnnotationProperty
sub property of: seeAlso

alloyDesignation
type: AnnotationProperty
example: - 6061 (four-digit aluminium alloy designation) - S31008 (UNS)
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: An alloy designation is a system of numbers, letters, and sometimes chemical symbols used to identify the composition and properties of a metal alloy. These designations often indicate the primary alloying elements, their percentages.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Common systems include the four-digit numerical system for wrought aluminum and the Unified Numbering System (UNS), which uses a prefix letter followed by five digits.
sub property of: identifier
range: string

sampleName
type: AnnotationProperty
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A name identifying a sample.
sub property of: identifier
range: string
domain: Sample

materialName
type: AnnotationProperty
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A name identifying a material.
sub property of: identifier
range: string

temperDesignation
type: AnnotationProperty
example: T6 (peak aged)
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: An alphanumeric designation appended to the alloy designation that describes the thermomecanical treatment of the alloy.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Temper designations tell both the producer and the user how the alloy has been mechanically and/or thermally treated to achieve the properties desired. The first character in the temper designation (a capital letter, F, O, H, W, or T) indicates the general class of treatment. - F, as fabricated. Most F-temper products are “semi-finished” products. They will be used in shaping, finishing or thermal processes to achieve other finished forms or tempers. - O, annealed. Annealing treatments are used to achieve the lowest-strength condition for the alloy. The main reason is to maximize workability or increase toughness and ductility. - H, strain-hardened. This is for non-heat-treatable alloys that have had their strength increased by strain hardening, usually at room temperature. - W, solution heat-treated. This designation applies only to alloys that age naturally and spontaneously after solution heat treating. It is rarely a finished temper. - T, thermally treated. This applies to any product form of any heat-treatable alloy that has been given a solution heat treatment followed by quenching and aging.
sub property of: identifier
range: string

SinglePhaseParticle
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Particle containing one PhaseOfMatter
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: In the physical sciences, a particle (or corpuscule in older texts) is a small localized object to which can be ascribed several physical or chemical properties, such as volume, density, or mass. [Wikipedia]

PhysicalMetallurgy
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A language entity used in the domain of physical metallurgy.

EquivalentSphericalGrainSize
type: Class
alternative label: EquivalentSphericalGrainDiameter
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Diameter of an equivalent sphere with the same volume as the grain

SurfaceDensity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: the measure of a quantity of any characteristic value per unit of area.

HeterogeneousNucleation
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The surface of some different substance, such as a dust particle or the wall of the container, acts as the centre upon which the first atoms, ions, or molecules of the crystal become properly oriented.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Most common nucleation process.

MicrostructureMatrix
type: Class
alternative label: HostMatrix
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Continuous phase in which a composite or multi-phase alloy is formed in a microstructure of metals and completely surrounds the other (dispersed) phases.

DistributionFunction
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A function that provides the possible values for a variable and how often they occur.

HighAngleGrainBoundary
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A grain boundary with a high oritation angle between the grains.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: In aluminium are high angle grain boundaries typically defined with as grain boundaries with a grain boundary angle larger than 15 degree.

Orientation
type: Class
example: For texture is the local reference frame typically connected to the crystal directions and the main reference frame to the rolling, transverse and normal directions.
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The orientation of a real world object relative to a main reference frame. It can be expressed as the transformation from the main reference frame to a local reference frame.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Three independent values are needed to describe the orientation of the local reference frame.

SharpBoundary
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A boundary related to a discontinous change in a physical property.

Nucleation
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The initial process that occurs in the formation of a crystal from a solution, a liquid, or a vapour, in which a small number of ions, atoms, or molecules become arranged in a pattern characteristic of a crystalline solid, forming a site upon which additional particles are deposited as the crystal grows.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Nucleation processes are classed as heterogeneous or homogeneous.

Microstructure
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
comment: Being nominalistic, the microstructure is the material itself, not just a description of its structure.
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A composite material, who's components are in general so small that they require a microscope to be observed.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: A microstructure is also a holistic system (a complex whole with interconnected parts). However, since its parts (collectively called microstructure components) are of a different type than the microstructure itself, it also a fundamental whole.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: This is consistent with the definition of a microstructure in Oxford Languages: "The fine structure (in a metal or other material) which can be made visible and examined with a microscope".

PropertyModel
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A microstructure model that predicts the value of a property from a given microstructure.

AreaFraction
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Area of parts divided by the total area of the whole (domain under consideration).

YieldStress
type: Class
alternative label: ElasticLimit
alternative label: YieldStrength
EMMO 26bf1bef d192 4da6 b0eb d2209698fb54: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_(engineering)
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The stress corresponding to the yield point at which the material begins to deform plastically.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: The yield strength is often used to determine the maximum allowable load in a mechanical component, since it represents the upper limit to forces that can be applied without producing permanent deformation. In some materials, such as aluminium, there is a gradual onset of non-linear behavior, and no precise yield point. In such a case, the offset yield point (or proof stress) is taken as the stress at which 0.2% plastic deformation occurs. Yielding is a gradual failure mode which is normally not catastrophic, unlike ultimate failure.

Centroid
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The arithmetic mean position vector of all the position vectors in the object
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: defined the position of an extended object

Boundary
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The zone of transition of a physical property between two regions of a material.

GrainBoundary
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A boundary between at least two grains.

NumberDensity
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Number of objects per volume

PhysicalVectorField
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A physical field who’s values are vectors.

DistanceFromSurface
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Distance from a point inside a material to the surface.

VoxelField
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
example: tomography image
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Field values assigned to each voxel (VoxelGrid cell)

PhysicalMetallurgicalProcess
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A material process that is categorised to be long to the field of physical metallurgy.

CoolingRate
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Rate of cooling.

AspectRatio
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Ratio between the maximum and minimum length of an object

Solute
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The minor component in a solution, dissolved in a solvent.

OrderedCluster
type: Class
alternative label: Cluster
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Short-range ordered fluctuations of the spatial distribution of solutes in a non-random solid solution.

PlanarDefect
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A planar defect is a discontinuity of the perfect crystal structure across a plane.

AverageParticleSize
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The average size of a set of particles.

IncoherentPhaseBoundary
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Boundray between two crystalline solid phases - incoherent lattices

Precipitation
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The process by which a solute separates from a solution and forms solid particles.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: This can occur either from a liquid solution or a solid solution.

MaterialName
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A name identifying a material.

Subgrain
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A region of a grain with (almost) the same crystal orientation.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: A common definition is that subgrains are separated from their neighbours by subgrain boundaries with a misorientation angle between 5 and 15 degrees.

PhaseBoundary
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Boundary between two (or more) phases.

GasPore
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A pore filled with gas.

MobilityDatabase
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A database containing mobilities of a range of species.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: A mobility database is typically combined with a thermodynamic database for predicting diffusivities and other kinetic properties.

CrystallographicDefect
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Imperfection in the regular geometrical arrangement of the atoms in a crystalline solid.

HomogenousNucleation
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Nucleation because to atoms coming into a enegetically beneficial configuration due to random movement of through the bulk of the medium.

GlobalReferenceFrame
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A conventional global reference frame.

GeneralisedDensity
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: the measure of a quantity of any characteristic value per unit of length, area or volume

MicrostructureModel
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A model that either predict a microstructure property or the evolution of the microstructure.

ParticleSizeDistribution
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A distribution of the Sizes of multiple particles.

MicrostructureParticle
type: Class
alternative label: Innoculant
example: Precipates
example: Alpha particles
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Small solid self-connected part of a microstructure that is separated from its sourroundings and has a different phase(s) across all its borders.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Everything a metallurgist calls a "particle" in a microstructure.

SubgrainSize
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Representative length of a subgrain measured according to a specified procedure (experimentally or theoretically).

LowAngleGrainBoundary
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A grain boundary with a low oritation angle between the grains.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: In aluminium are high angle grain boundaries typically defined with as grain boundaries with a grain boundary angle less than 5 degree.

BoxAspectRatio
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Ratio between the maximum and minimum length of a box
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Also a method to characterize object by finding the smallest box that fully comprise the object

RepresentativeElementaryVolume
type: Class
alternative label: REV
alternative label: RVE
alternative label: RepresentativeVolumeElement
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The smallest volume over which a measurement can be made that will provide a value representative for the whole.

StatisticalQuantity
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A physical quantity that is determined from a statistical analysis the value of a set of determinations/observations/measurements of another physical quantity.

DualBoundary
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A boundary consisting of exactly two phase of matter.

Defect
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Local deviation from a regular pattern.

Recovery
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A physical phenomenon where deformed grains within a metal reduce their stored energy by removing or rearranging defects in their crystal structure, primarily dislocations.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Dislocations are introduced by plastic deformation and contribute to increasing the yield strength of the material. The recovery process reduces dislocation density, leading to a decrease in material strength but an increase in ductility. This is why recovery can be seen as either beneficial or detrimental depending on the application.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Doherty et al. (1997) defined recovery as All annealing processes occurring in deformed materials that occur without the migration of a high-angle grain boundary. This definition allows to differentiated recovery from recrystallization and grain growth as both feature extensive movement of high-angle grain boundaries. -- RD Doherty; DA Hughes; FJ Humphreys; JJ Jonas; D Juul Jenson; ME Kassner; WE King; TR McNelley; HJ McQueen; AD Rollett (1997). "Current Issues In Recrystallisation: A Review". Materials Science and Engineering. A238: 219–274.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Recovery differs from recrystallization and grain growth, which involve significant movement of high-angle grain boundaries. In contrast, recovery occurs without this migration. If recovery happens during deformation (common in high-temperature processing), it is known as dynamic recovery. When it happens after processing, it is called static recovery.

EvolutionModel
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A microstructure model that predicts the evolution of a microstructure given a starting point and some boundary conditions.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: An evilution model is a formal description of one or more physical phenomena.

ThermodynamicDatabase
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A set of critically evaluated parameter values for a range of thermodynamic functions.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: For metallic systems is CALPHAD a popular approach for calculating thermodynamic properties. In this approach are the thermodynamic properties defived from parametrised expressions of the Gibb free energy (and possible other basic quantities) of each phase. It is the parameters of these expressions that are stored in the thermodynamic database.

AreaPhaseFraction
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Area of one phase divided by the total area.

PhysicalScalarField
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A physical field who’s values are scalars.

PixelSize
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Length of a pixel.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: A pixel is the smallest unit of a digital image. In the common case where the pixels are 2D squares, the pixel size is length of one of the sides.

LineDefect
type: Class
example: Stacking fault, dislocation
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A line defect is a line along which whole rows of atoms in a solid are arranged anomalously.

CrystallinePhase
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Phase with uniform crystalline structure with a defined composition range (or stoichiometry)

VoxelGrid
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Grid with cubic elements of exactly the same size composing a box.

AlloySystem
type: Class
example: AA6082 Inconel 625
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A language within physical metallurgy with which alloys are categorised.

Solvent
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: A solvent can be in many state of matter.

AlloyDesignation
type: Class
example: For example, "6061-T6" indicates a 6061 alloy that has been solution heat treated and then artificially aged.
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Alphanumeric code that identify the chemical composition and temper (heat treatment) of a metal alloy.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: The four-digit numerical portion represents the alloy chemistry, while the temper designation, added after the four-digit code, indicates the specific heat treatment applied.

Dispersoid
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: finely divided particles of one substance [PhaseOfMatter] dispersed in another [Merriam-Webster]
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: clarify difference from precipitate

Diffusion
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The movement of individual atoms, ions and molecules relative to the remainder of the material.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: The movements of individual atoms is random but where there is a concentration gradient and a large number of movement occur, there will be a net effect for atoms to move down the gradient.

PhysicalTensorField
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A physical field who’s values are tensors.

Distribution
type: Class
alternative label: Histogram
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Numbers of counts for a number of intervals for the value of some property.

VolumeDensity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: the measure of a quantity of any characteristic value per unit of volume.

PhysicalDiscretisedField
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A physical field that is only defined on a set of volume elements in space and time.

TemperatureChangeRate
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Rate at which the temperature is changed.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Since ISO 80000 does not define a temperature change rate, this quantity should not be included in EMMO. We therefore add it here.

DependentElement
type: Class
alternative label: BalanceElement
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: An element whos concentration is given from the remaining concentration after the concentration of all other elements has been given.

NumberOfGrains
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Number of grains in a control volume.

Mesh
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Generic discretisation of a volume. It covers completely (an approximation of) the volume with no overlapping elements.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: A mesh does not put any restructiction on the type of vomume elements that are used.

NumberOfPhases
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Number of phases in a control volume.

GasPoreSize
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Length of a gas pore measured according to a specified procedure (and/or model)

Grid
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Regular mesh with one type of volume elements.

CoherentPhaseBoundary
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Boundray between two crystalline solid phases - epitaxial layer

MicrostructureQuantity
type: Class
alternative label: MicrostructureProperty
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Physical quantities categorised according to the microstructure domain ontology.

CylinderShapedGrainLength
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Length or thickness of a grain who's shape can be approximated with a cylinder.

CylinderShapedGrainDiameter
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Diameter of a grain who's shape can be approximated with a cylinder.

SpatialContrast
type: Class
alternative label: SpatialPattern
alternative label: SpatialVariation
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: An entity with a spatial variation of its properties.

DiffuseBoundary
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Smooth and continuation change in a physical property.

Precipitate
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Finely dispersed particles containing one PhaseOfMatter forming from solid phaseOfMatter by precipitation.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: A precipitate can not live without its sourounding microstructure

Hardening
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Reduction of dislocation mobility in a material as a response to an external thermomechanical treatment.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Hardening typically involves the alteration of the metal's microstructure through heat treatment, mechanical work, or the addition of alloying elements.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Here are some common hardening techniques: 1. Work Hardening (Cold Working): This process involves deforming the metal at temperatures below its recrystallization point, which introduces defects into the crystal structure. These defects impede the movement of dislocations, making the metal harder and stronger. Common methods include rolling, hammering, and drawing. 2. Heat Treatment: This broad category includes several specific processes: Quenching and Tempering: The metal is heated to a high temperature and then rapidly cooled (quenched) in water or oil. This results in a hard but brittle structure. The metal is then reheated to a lower temperature (tempered) to achieve a balance between hardness and toughness. Precipitation Hardening (Age Hardening): This involves heating the alloy to a high temperature to form a solid solution and then cooling it rapidly. Subsequent aging at lower temperatures allows the formation of fine precipitates within the metal matrix, which hinder dislocation movement and increase hardness 3. Case Hardening: This method is used to harden the surface of a metal while maintaining a softer, ductile core. Techniques include carburizing, nitriding, and carbonitriding, where the surface of the metal is enriched with carbon or nitrogen through exposure to a reactive gas or liquid at high temperatures 4. Solid Solution Strengthening: Alloying elements are added to the metal to create a solid solution, where the atoms of the alloying element distort the metal’s crystal lattice and hinder dislocation movement, thereby increasing hardness and strength.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: In metallurgy, hardening refers to a variety of processes used to increase the hardness and strength of a metal or alloy.

PoreSizeDistribution
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A distribution of the Sizes of multiple pores

ProbabilityDistribution
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A distribution that gives the probabilities of the occurence of different possible outcomes (of a measurement).

RepresentativeLength
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A length that represent the size of an object measured according to a given procedure (experimental or theoretical).

MassPhaseFraction
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Mass of one phase divided by the total mass.

EllipsoidAspectRatio
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Ratio between the major axis and minor axis length of an ellipsoid
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Also a method to characterize object by finding the smallest ellipsoid that fully comprise the object

Pore
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A small openings in a solid substance.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Pores are typically filled with other material, like air or water.

ParticleSize
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Size of a particle measured according to a specified procedure (and/or model).
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Common representations of a particle size are the particle volume or the diameter of a (hypothetical) sphere with the same volume as the particle.

ConcentrationField
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: a PhysicalField where

PointDefect
type: Class
example: vacancy, interstitial atom, substitutional atom
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Point defects are lattice defects of zero dimensionality, i.e., they do not possess lattice structure in any dimension.

PrimaryParticle
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: SinglePhaseParticle forming during solidification

VoxelSize
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Length of a voxel.

NominalComposition
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Average total composition of a microstructure.

InterstitialDefect
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: An interstitial defect is an atom that occupies a site in the crystal structure at which there is usually not an atom

GrainSizeDistribution
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A distribution of the Sizes of multiple grains

GPZone
type: Class
alternative label: GuinierPrestonZone
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A Guinier–Preston zone, or GP-zone, is a fine-scale metallurgical phenomenon, involving early stage precipitation.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: GP-zones are associated with the phenomenon of age hardening, whereby room-temperature reactions continue to occur within a material through time, resulting in changing physical properties.

Grain
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A part of a microstructure with (almost) the same crystal orientation.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: A common definition is that grains are separated from their neighbour grains by grain boundaries with a misorientation angle higher than 15 degrees.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Grain, in metallurgy, any of the crystallites (small crystals or grains) of varying, randomly distributed, small sizes that compose a solid metal. Randomly oriented, the grains contact each other at surfaces called grain boundaries. The structure and size of the grains determine important physical properties of the solid metal. Grains of a metal ingot can be elongated and locked together by rolling to improve the mechanical properties in the direction of grain length. Internal stresses at grain boundaries may be relieved by annealing to restore exhausted ductility in certain alloys or to harden other alloys. -- britannica.com (https://www.britannica.com/science/grain-solid)
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Grains (and subgrains) are in general not (single) crystals since they may include small particles (e.g. precipitates) with another crystal structure.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Note, since grains are defined as being a (holistic) component of a microstructure, we cannot speak about a single grain without it being a part of a microstucture.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Part of a crystalline material consituted primarily of one crystalline phase.

PixelGrid
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Grid with square elements of exactly the same size composing a rectangular shape.

FractalObject
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Self-similar object at different length scale

Average
type: Class
alternative label: AverageValue
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A mathematical operator producing a single number that represents a set of numbers.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: An average operator can be defined in several ways, like as an median, arithmetic mean or geometrical mean.

NumberOfPrecipitates
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Number of precipitates in a control volume.

DislocationDensity
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Length of the dislocation per volume. Usually counted by pits in an etched area section

EulerAngles
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Three angles describing the orientation of a real world object with respect to a main reference frame.

HeatingTime
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Time duration for heating.

SolidSolutionHardening
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The attainment of an increase in matrix strength through addition of different soluble elements, which are likely to include chromium, tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum, rhenium and ruthenium. The distortion of atomic lattice caused by the misfit of atomic radius inhibits dislocation movement.

CoolingTime
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Time duration for cooling.

WorkHardening
type: Class
alternative label: ColdWorking
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The process involves deforming the metal at temperatures below its recrystallization point, which introduces defects into the crystal structure. These defects impede the movement of dislocations, making the metal harder and stronger. Common methods include rolling, hammering, and drawing.

SoluteCluster
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: NMer
alternative label: UnorderedCluster
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Unordered fluctuations of the spatial configuration of solutes in a solid solution.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: The size distribution of solute clusters are assumed to follow Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics.

PixelField
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
example: Pixelated image.
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Field values assigned to each pixel (PixelGrid cell)

HeatingRate
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Rate of heating.

Dislocation
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A linear crystallographic defect or irregularity within a crystal structure.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: NEED TO CLARIFY LINE OR PLANAR

VolumetricConcentration
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Number of specifiying chemical compounds or atoms in a volume

LengthDensity
type: Class
alternative label: LineDensity
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: the measure of a quantity of any characteristic value per unit of length.

SolidPhaseBoundary
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Boundary with at least one solid

TripleJunction
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A boundary volume , where tree things collocate.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: A triple junction is a line in space.

NucleationRate
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Number of particles that are nucleated per time unit.

AtomVolume
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The average volume of atoms in a given phase.

Misorientation
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
example: Misorientation between two grains.
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The difference between two orientations.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: The misorientation depends only on the two local reference frames, but not on the main reference frame.

PhysicalField
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A physical quantity that has a value in each point in space and time.

GrainSize
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A representative length of a grain measured according to a specified procedure (experimentally or theoretically).
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Note the asymmetry with the definition of the more general particle size, which can be measured with any quantity (e.g. volume, average cross-section diameter, etc) the grain size is always a length. This is to be consistent with the common jargon in metallurgy where grain size always refer to a length.

QuadrupleJunction
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A boundary volume , where four things collocate.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: A quadruple junction is a point in space.

PhaseFraction
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Ratio of the quantity of a phase over the total quantity of all the phases over the domain considered. Quantity is usually mass, mole, area, or volume.

ReferenceFrame
type: Class
alternative label: FrameOfReference
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: An abstract coordinate system with an origin, oritation and scale specified by a set of reference points.

CompositionMeasurement
type: Class
subclass of: CharacterisationMeasurementProcess
subclass of: Restriction
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A characterisation measurement process where the composition of a material is measured.

NumberOfCells
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Number of VolumeElements in a mesh (or grid)

EquivalentSphericalDiameter
type: Class
alternative label: EquivalentSphericalGrainDiameter
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Diameter of an equivalent sphere with the same volume as the object

OrientationDistribution
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The distribution of orientations of the constituents of a whole.

Alloy
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Mixture with metallic character composed of two or more elements of which at least one is a metal.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Alloys may have very different properties compared to the pure substances it is composed of.

SecondaryDendriteArmSpacing
type: Class
alternative label: DAS
alternative label: SDAS
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Averaging the distance between adjacent side branches on the longitudinal section of a primary dendrite.

AmountPhaseFraction
type: Class
alternative label: MolePhaseFraction
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Number of moles of one phase divided by the total number of moles.

GrainVolume
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The volume of a grain.

VolumePhaseFraction
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Volume of one phase divided by the total volume.

LocalReferenceFrame
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Reference frame that is local to (follows) a real world object.

AverageQuantity
type: Class
example: AverageGrainSize
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A physical quantity that is determined from averinging the value of a set of determinations/observations/measurements of another physical quantity.

SolidificationCoolingRate
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Cooling rate during solidification.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Typically an average value is referred to.

GrainSurfaceArea
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The surface area of a grain.

SizeDistribution
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A distribution of the sizes of multiple objects. It is measured in as the number of items of a given size class per volume.

PrecipitateSizeDistribution
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Size distribution of precipitates.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: An alloy can have multiple precipitate size distributions, one for each type of precipitates. For example GP zones, β'', β', U1 and U2 in an aluminium 6xxx alloy.

EffectiveComposition
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The composition in the matrix.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: The effective composition is different from the nominal composition, since it only considers the composition of the matrix, excluding all other phases.

ParticleGrowth
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The process where particles increase in size and mass over time. particle growth can be understood as the manifestation of various physical processes that lead to the enlargement of particles in a system.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Particle growth occurs through several mechanisms: * Diffusion: Atoms, molecules, or ions move randomly and attach to the surface of a growing particle. * Aggregation: Smaller particles collide and stick together, forming larger particles. * Coalescence: Two or more smaller particles merge to form a single larger particle. * Condensation: A vapor or gas transforms into solid or liquid particles under supersaturated conditions. * Ostwald Ripening: Larger particles grow at the expense of smaller ones, driven by differences in solubility.

MicrostructureComponent
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
example: Grain, precipitate
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A part (component) of a microstructure that contributes to the overall properties of the microstructure itself.
EMMO c7b62dd7 063a 4c2a 8504 42f7264ba83f: Microstructure components are defined as holistic spatial parts of a microstructure. Hence, single microstructure components does not exists - their definition depends on being a part of a microstructure.

Astrid Marthinsen
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type: Person
alternative label: AstridMarthinsen
workplace homepage: https://www.sintef.no/en/

Ulrike Cihak-Bayr
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
alternative label: UlrikeCihakBayr
workplace homepage: https://www.ac2t.at/en/

Jesper Friis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
alternative label: JesperFriis
workplace homepage: https://www.sintef.no/en/

Sylvain Gouttebroze
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
alternative label: SylvainGouttebroze
workplace homepage: https://www.sintef.no/en/

Tomas Manik
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
alternative label: TomasManik
workplace homepage: https://www.sintef.no/en/

Georg J. Schmitz
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
alternative label: GeorgSchmitz

SFI PhysMet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Organization
alternative label: SFIPhysMet
logo: https://www.ntnu.edu/image/layout_set_logo
title: Centre for Sustainable and Competitive Metallurgical and Manufacturing Industry

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