en Alessandra Bordoni Alessia Trimigno Bernard De Baets Carl Lachat Chen Yang Damariz Rivero Duccio Cavalieri ENPADASI WP 4 Francesco Capozzi Francesco Taglino Francesco Vitali Franco Miglietta Fulvio Mattivi Giovanni Felici Guy De Tré Jildau Bouwman Katharina Nimptsch Mariona Pinart Nathalie De Cock Pietro Franceschi Rosario Lombardo Tobias Pischon The Ontology for Nutritional Studies (ONS) has been developed as part of the ENPADASI European project (http://www.enpadasi.eu/) with the aim to define a common language and building ontologies for nutritional studies. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Ontology for Nutritional Studies ENPADASI_WP4 ONS Release version 1.2.3 true Version in which a concept was created. concept_properties Created in true When 'true', the concept has been proposed or is supported within Debian as a tag. concept_properties isdebtag BFO OWL specification label Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification. Really of interest to developers only BFO OWL specification label BFO CLIF specification label Relates an entity in the ontology to the term that is used to represent it in the the CLIF specification of BFO2 Person:Alan Ruttenberg Really of interest to developers only BFO CLIF specification label editor preferred label editor preferred label editor preferred term editor preferred term editor preferred term~editor preferred label The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English) PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> editor preferred label editor preferred label editor preferred term editor preferred term editor preferred term~editor preferred label example example of usage A phrase describing how a class name should be used. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding of a class semantics, such as widely known prototypical subclasses or instances of the class. Although essential for high level terms, examples for low level terms (e.g., Affymetrix HU133 array) are not A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> example of usage example of usage in branch An annotation property indicating which module the terms belong to. This is currently experimental and not implemented yet. GROUP:OBI OBI_0000277 in branch has curation status PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bill Bug PERSON:Melanie Courtot OBI_0000281 has curation status has curation status definition definition textual definition English language definitions of what NCI means by the concept. These are limited to 1024 characters. They may also include information about the definition's source and attribution in a form that can easily be interpreted by software. The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. 2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with. PERSON:Daniel Schober DEFINITION GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> DEFINITION definition definition textual definition editor note An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obfoundry.org/obo/obi> IAO:0000116 uberon editor_note true editor_note IAO:0000116 uberon editor_note 1 editor_note editor note editor note definition editor term editor Name of editor entering the definition in the file. The definition editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The definition editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people 20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail?id=115. 20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/115. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition editor definition editor definition_editor term editor term editor alternative term An alternative name for a class or property which means the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent) PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> alternative term alternative term definition source formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007 PERSON:Daniel Schober Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition source definition source definition_source curator note An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg curator note curator note term tracker item the URI for an OBI Terms ticket at sourceforge, such as https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/772/ An IRI or similar locator for a request or discussion of an ontology term. Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg The 'tracker item' can associate a tracker with a specific ontology term. term tracker item imported from For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Melanie Courtot GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> imported from OBO foundry unique label An alternative name for a class or property which is unique across the OBO Foundry. The intended usage of that property is as follow: OBO foundry unique labels are automatically generated based on regular expressions provided by each ontology, so that SO could specify unique label = 'sequence ' + [label], etc. , MA could specify 'mouse + [label]' etc. Upon importing terms, ontology developers can choose to use the 'OBO foundry unique label' for an imported term or not. The same applies to tools . PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bjoern Peters PERSON:Chris Mungall PERSON:Melanie Courtot GROUP:OBO Foundry <http://obofoundry.org/> OBO foundry unique label elucidation person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Barry Smith Primitive terms in a highest-level ontology such as BFO are terms which are so basic to our understanding of reality that there is no way of defining them in a non-circular fashion. For these, therefore, we can provide only elucidations, supplemented by examples and by axioms elucidation has associated axiom(nl) Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg An axiom associated with a term expressed using natural language has associated axiom(nl) has associated axiom(fol) Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg An axiom expressed in first order logic using CLIF syntax has associated axiom(fol) term_mapping_to_UMLS term_mapping_to_NCIT true NHC0 code code code The semantic type describes the sort of thing or category to which a concept belongs in the context of the UMLS semantic network. P106 Conceptual Entity Semantic Type Semantic_Type In general, applying semantic types aids in allowing users (or computer programs) to draw conclusions about concepts by virtue of the categories to which they have been assigned. We use a set of semantic types developed for the UMLS Metathesaurus. There are currently 134 semantic types in the UMLS. Semantic_Type Semantic_Type Provides an alternative Preferred Name for use in some NCI systems. P107 Conceptual Entity Display Name Display_Name Display Name Display_Name Display_Name The word or phrase that NCI uses by preference to refer to the concept. P108 Conceptual Entity Preferred Name Preferred_Name Preferred Name Preferred Term Preferred_Name Preferred_Name Concept Unique Identifiers, or CUIs, are concept numbers assigned by the National Library of Medicine (NLM). If a concept in any NCI-maintained knowledgebase exists in the NLM Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), NCI includes the NLM CUI among the information we provide about the concept. P207 Conceptual Entity UMLS CUI UMLS_CUI UMLS_CUI UMLS_CUI This property is used to indicate when a non-EVS entity has contributed to, and has a stake in, a concept. This is used where such entities, within or outside NCI, have indicated the need to be able to track their own concepts. A single concept can have multiple instances of this property if multiple entities have such a defined stake. P322 Conceptual Entity Contributing Source Contributing_Source Contributing_Source Contributing_Source English language definitions of what a source other than NCI means by the concept. These are limited to 1024 characters. They include information about the definition's source in a form that can easily be interpreted by software. P325 Conceptual Entity [source] Definition ALT_DEFINITION ALT_DEFINITION ALT_DEFINITION true A retired unique concept identifier created and stored as Concept Name by legacy EVS software. Use of these values was long discouraged, but continued as late as 2009 when creation of new values ceased and Concept Name was retired. Legacy values are intended solely to help resolve and update earlier coding. P366 Conceptual Entity Legacy Concept Name Legacy Concept Name Legacy_Concept_Name Design notes are notations made by NCI vocabulary curators. They are intended to provide supplemental, unstructured information to the user or additional insight about the concept. P98 Conceptual Entity DesignNote DesignNote DesignNote DesignNote ISA alternative term An alternative term used by the ISA tools project (http://isa-tools.org). Requested by Alejandra Gonzalez-Beltran https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3603413&group_id=177891&atid=886178 Person: Alejandra Gonzalez-Beltran Person: Philippe Rocca-Serra ISA tools project (http://isa-tools.org) ISA alternative term NIAID GSCID-BRC alternative term An alternative term used by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Genomic Sequencing Centers for Infectious Diseases (GSCID) and Bioinformatics Resource Centers (BRC). PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group NIAID GSCID-BRC alternative term IEDB alternative term An alternative term used by the IEDB. PERSON:Randi Vita, Jason Greenbaum, Bjoern Peters IEDB IEDB alternative term an alternative term used for STATO statistical ontology and ISA team Alejandra Gonzalez-Beltran Orlaith Burke Philippe Rocca-Serra STATO alternative term Super-property collecting all annotation properties assigning classes in ONS to specific subset (i.e. Metadata search). For each subset, there will be an annotation property. To assign a class to a subset, set the annotation property value to "TRUE" in subset of ONS Annotation properties assigning a class to the ONS-subset of metadata search classes. Set value to "TRUE" to assign a class. in minimal requirement ONS subset This annotation property gives the unique label of all Apollo_SV entities that are refered to in the schema. The UAL is the denotator for the Apollo_SV class in the schema. There can at all times only be ONE value of UAL for each class. UAL Unique Apollo Label Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organisation, or a service. Typically, the name of a Contributor should be used to indicate the entity. An entity responsible for making contributions to the content of the resource. Contributor Contributor Coverage will typically include spatial location (a place name or geographic coordinates), temporal period (a period label, date, or date range) or jurisdiction (such as a named administrative entity). Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary (for example, the Thesaurus of Geographic Names [TGN]) and that, where appropriate, named places or time periods be used in preference to numeric identifiers such as sets of coordinates or date ranges. The extent or scope of the content of the resource. Coverage Coverage Examples of a Creator include a person, an organisation, or a service. Typically, the name of a Creator should be used to indicate the entity. An entity primarily responsible for making the content of the resource. Creator Creator Typically, Date will be associated with the creation or availability of the resource. Recommended best practice for encoding the date value is defined in a profile of ISO 8601 [W3CDTF] and follows the YYYY-MM-DD format. A date associated with an event in the life cycle of the resource. Date Date Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, table of contents, reference to a graphical representation of content or a free-text account of the content. An account of the content of the resource. Description Description Typically, Format may include the media-type or dimensions of the resource. Format may be used to determine the software, hardware or other equipment needed to display or operate the resource. Examples of dimensions include size and duration. Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary (for example, the list of Internet Media Types [MIME] defining computer media formats). The physical or digital manifestation of the resource. Format Format Recommended best practice is to identify the resource by means of a string or number conforming to a formal identification system. Example formal identification systems include the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) (including the Uniform Resource Locator (URL)), the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and the International Standard Book Number (ISBN). An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context. Resource Identifier Resource Identifier Recommended best practice is to use RFC 3066 [RFC3066], which, in conjunction with ISO 639 [ISO639], defines two- and three-letter primary language tags with optional subtags. Examples include "en" or "eng" for English, "akk" for Akkadian, and "en-GB" for English used in the United Kingdom. A language of the intellectual content of the resource. Language Language Examples of a Publisher include a person, an organisation, or a service. Typically, the name of a Publisher should be used to indicate the entity. An entity responsible for making the resource available Publisher Publisher Recommended best practice is to reference the resource by means of a string or number conforming to a formal identification system. A reference to a related resource. Relation Relation Typically, a Rights element will contain a rights management statement for the resource, or reference a service providing such information. Rights information often encompasses Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), Copyright, and various Property Rights. If the Rights element is absent, no assumptions can be made about the status of these and other rights with respect to the resource. Information about rights held in and over the resource. Rights Management Rights Management The present resource may be derived from the Source resource in whole or in part. Recommended best practice is to reference the resource by means of a string or number conforming to a formal identification system. A reference to a resource from which the present resource is derived. Source Source Typically, a Subject will be expressed as keywords, key phrases or classification codes that describe a topic of the resource. Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary or formal classification scheme. The topic of the content of the resource. Subject and Keywords Subject and Keywords Typically, a Title will be a name by which the resource is formally known. A name given to the resource. Title Title Type includes terms describing general categories, functions, genres, or aggregation levels for content. Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary (for example, the DCMI Type Vocabulary [DCMITYPE]). To describe the physical or digital manifestation of the resource, use the Format element. The nature or genre of the content of the resource. Resource Type Resource Type description comment example hasSynonym subset http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/DOID_definition_citation is an annotation property that is drawn from DOID http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/DOID_definition_citation is an annotation property that is drawn from DOID http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/ICD9_definition_citation is an annotation property that is drawn from ICD9 Definition citation for the Microarray and Gene Expression Data Ontology MO_definition_citation http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/MESH_definition_citation is an annotation property that is drawn from MESH http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/MSH_definition_citation is an annotation property that is drawn from MSH http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/NCI_Thesaurus_definition_citation is an annotation property that is drawn from NCI_Thesaurus http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/NCI_Thesaurus_definition_citation is an annotation property that is drawn from NCI_Thesaurus http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/NIFSTD_definition_citation is an annotation property that is drawn from NIFSTD http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/OMIM_definition_citation is an annotation property that is drawn from OMIM http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/SNOMEDCT_definition_citation is an annotation property that is drawn from SNOMEDCT An alternative label for a given entity such as a commonly used abbreviation or synonym. alternative_term definition A definition citation is a document, ontology class, person or organization from which the definition of the class is derived. It is used in the same sense as a citation in literature, in that the definition may have been derived from these sources or that this definition is related to these source. has_alternative_id has broad synonym has_broad_synonym database cross reference database_cross_reference Fully qualified synonym, contains the string, term type, source, and an optional source code if appropriate. Each subfield is deliniated to facilitate interpretation by software. FULL_SYN Synonym with Source Data has exact synonym has_exact_synonym has narrow synonym has_obo_format_version has_obo_namespace has_related_synonym has synonym Used to associate the concept defining a particular terminology subset with concepts that belong to this subset. Concept_In_Subset in subset in_subset shorthand shorthand is defined by label label label part of my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity) this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a part and its whole Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'. part_of part of http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:part_of has part my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity) this year has part this day (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a whole and its part Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'. has_part has part realized in this disease is realized in this disease course this fragility is realized in this shattering this investigator role is realized in this investigation is realized by realized_in [copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realized in realizes this disease course realizes this disease this investigation realizes this investigator role this shattering realizes this fragility to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realizes preceded by An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other. is preceded by preceded_by http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:preceded_by preceded by precedes precedes occurs in b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t occurs_in unfolds in unfolds_in Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant occurs in contains process [copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant contains process has taxonomic identifier has ingredient has measurement unit label has measurement unit label is about This document is about information artifacts and their representations is_about is a (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity. 7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic. person:Alan Ruttenberg Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy is about denotes A person's name denotes the person. A variable name in a computer program denotes some piece of memory. Lexically equivalent strings can denote different things, for instance "Alan" can denote different people. In each case of use, there is a case of the denotation relation obtaining, between "Alan" and the person that is being named. denotes is a primitive, instance-level, relation obtaining between an information content entity and some portion of reality. Denotation is what happens when someone creates an information content entity E in order to specifically refer to something. The only relation between E and the thing is that E can be used to 'pick out' the thing. This relation connects those two together. Freedictionary.com sense 3: To signify directly; refer to specifically 2009-11-10 Alan Ruttenberg. Old definition said the following to emphasize the generic nature of this relation. We no longer have 'specifically denotes', which would have been primitive, so make this relation primitive. g denotes r =def r is a portion of reality there is some c that is a concretization of g every c that is a concretization of g specifically denotes r person:Alan Ruttenberg Conversations with Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters, Bjoern Peters, Michel Dumontier, Melanie Courtot, James Malone, Bill Hogan denotes is quality measurement of m is a quality measurement of q at t when q is a quality there is a measurement process p that has specified output m, a measurement datum, that is about q 8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: The strategy is to be rather specific with this relationship. There are other kinds of measurements that are not of qualities, such as those that measure time. We will add these as separate properties for the moment and see about generalizing later From the second IAO workshop [Alan Ruttenberg 8/6/2009: not completely current, though bringing in comparison is probably important] This one is the one we are struggling with at the moment. The issue is what a measurement measures. On the one hand saying that it measures the quality would include it "measuring" the bearer = referring to the bearer in the measurement. However this makes comparisons of two different things not possible. On the other hand not having it inhere in the bearer, on the face of it, breaks the audit trail. Werner suggests a solution based on "Magnitudes" a proposal for which we are awaiting details. -- From the second IAO workshop, various comments, [commented on by Alan Ruttenberg 8/6/2009] unit of measure is a quality, e.g. the length of a ruler. [We decided to hedge on what units of measure are, instead talking about measurement unit labels, which are the information content entities that are about whatever measurement units are. For IAO we need that information entity in any case. See the term measurement unit label] [Some struggling with the various subflavors of is_about. We subsequently removed the relation represents, and describes until and only when we have a better theory] a represents b means either a denotes b or a describes describe: a describes b means a is about b and a allows an inference of at least one quality of b We have had a long discussion about denotes versus describes. From the second IAO workshop: An attempt at tieing the quality to the measurement datum more carefully. a is a magnitude means a is a determinate quality particular inhering in some bearer b existing at a time t that can be represented/denoted by an information content entity e that has parts denoting a unit of measure, a number, and b. The unit of measure is an instance of the determinable quality. From the second meeting on IAO: An attempt at defining assay using Barry's "reliability" wording assay: process and has_input some material entity and has_output some information content entity and which is such that instances of this process type reliably generate outputs that describes the input. This one is the one we are struggling with at the moment. The issue is what a measurement measures. On the one hand saying that it measures the quality would include it "measuring" the bearer = referring to the bearer in the measurement. However this makes comparisons of two different things not possible. On the other hand not having it inhere in the bearer, on the face of it, breaks the audit trail. Werner suggests a solution based on "Magnitudes" a proposal for which we are awaiting details. Alan Ruttenberg is quality measurement of is duration of relates a process to a time-measurement-datum that represents the duration of the process Person:Alan Ruttenberg is duration of is quality measured as inverse of the relation of is quality measurement of 2009/10/19 Alan Ruttenberg. Named 'junk' relation useful in restrictions, but not a real instance relationship Person:Alan Ruttenberg is quality measured as provides_service_consumer_with The provides_service_consumer_with relation links the service to its primary process it provides for the consumer (as opposed to secondary processual parts of a service process such as payment or documentation). For example, a 'DNA sequencing service' provides_service_consumer_with 'DNA sequencing' as the essential process performed by the provider for the client. A relation between a service and the primary processual part of the service that is performed by the provider for the consumer. provides_service_consumer_with is_supported_by_data The relation between the conclusion "Gene tpbA is involved in EPS production" and the data items produced using two sets of organisms, one being a tpbA knockout, the other being tpbA wildtype tested in polysacharide production assays and analyzed using an ANOVA. The relation between a data item and a conclusion where the conclusion is the output of a data interpreting process and the data item is used as an input to that process OBI OBI Philly 2011 workshop is_supported_by_data has_specified_input see is_input_of example_of_usage A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of. 8/17/09: specified inputs of one process are not necessarily specified inputs of a larger process that it is part of. This is in contrast to how 'has participant' works. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Larry Hunter PERSON: Melanie Coutot has_specified_input is_specified_input_of some Autologous EBV(Epstein-Barr virus)-transformed B-LCL (B lymphocyte cell line) is_input_for instance of Chromum Release Assay described at https://wiki.cbil.upenn.edu/obiwiki/index.php/Chromium_Release_assay A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of. Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bjoern Peters is_specified_input_of has_specified_output A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Larry Hunter PERSON: Melanie Courtot has_specified_output is_specified_output_of A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of. Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bjoern Peters is_specified_output_of is_proxy_for position on a gel is_proxy_for mass and charge of molecule in an western blot. Florescent intensity is_proxy_for amount of protein labeled with GFP. Examples: A260/A280 (of a DNA sample) is_proxy_for DNA-purity. NMR Sample scan is a proxy for sample quality. Within the assay mentioned here: https://wiki.cbil.upenn.edu/obiwiki/index.php/Chromium_Release_assay level of radioactivity is_proxy_for level of toxicity A relation between continuant instances c1 and c2 where within an experiment/ protocol application, measurement of c1 is used to determine what a measurement of c2 would be. A relation between continuant instances c1 and c2 where within a protocol application, measurement of c1 is related to a what would be the measurement of c2. (another definition) Alan Ruttenberg is_proxy_for achieves_planned_objective A cell sorting process achieves the objective specification 'material separation objective' This relation obtains between a planned process and a objective specification when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process. BP, AR, PPPB branch PPPB branch derived modified according to email thread from 1/23/09 in accordince with DT and PPPB branch achieves_planned_objective has grain the relation of the cells in the finger of the skin to the finger, in which an indeterminate number of grains are parts of the whole by virtue of being grains in a collective that is part of the whole, and in which removing one granular part does not nec- essarily damage or diminish the whole. Ontological Whether there is a fixed, or nearly fixed number of parts - e.g. fingers of the hand, chambers of the heart, or wheels of a car - such that there can be a notion of a single one being missing, or whether, by contrast, the number of parts is indeterminate - e.g., cells in the skin of the hand, red cells in blood, or rubber molecules in the tread of the tire of the wheel of the car. Discussion in Karslruhe with, among others, Alan Rector, Stefan Schulz, Marijke Keet, Melanie Courtot, and Alan Ruttenberg. Definition take from the definition of granular parthood in the cited paper. Needs work to put into standard form PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PAPER: Granularity, scale and collectivity: When size does and does not matter, Alan Rector, Jeremy Rogers, Thomas Bittner, Journal of Biomedical Informatics 39 (2006) 333-349 has grain is grain of A relation between granular parts and the whole of which they are a part. Granular parts have indeterminate number such that removing one granular part does not necessarily damage or diminish the whole. JAO: Added definition 2013-10-25 based on 'has grain', but both these terms seem problematic. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg Discussion in Karslruhe with, among others, Alan Rector, Stefan Schulz, Marijke Keet, Melanie Courtot, and Alan Ruttenberg. With inspiration from the paper Granularity, scale and collectivity: When size does and does not matter, Alan Recto, Jeremy Rogers, Thomas Bittner, Journal of Biomedical Informatics 39 (2006) 333-349 is grain of supplies A relation between an organisation or person and a material entity who owned or has license to the material entity and there was a legal transfer of ownership or licensing of the material entity to the current owner. GROUP: Relations branch supplies has_supplier A relation between a material entity and an organisation or person who owned or has license to the material entity and there was a legal transfer of ownership or licensing of the material entity to the current owner. PERSON: Alan Rutternberg PERSON: Cristian Cocos PERSON: Frank Gibson PERSON: Melanie Courtot has_supplier objective_achieved_by This relation obtains between a a objective specification and a planned process when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process. OBI OBI objective_achieved_by is member of organization Relating a legal person or organization to an organization in the case where the legal person or organization has a role as member of the organization. 2009/10/01 Alan Ruttenberg. Barry prefers generic is-member-of. Question of what the range should be. For now organization. Is organization a population? Would the same relation be used to record members of a population JZ: Discussed on May 7, 2012 OBI dev call. Bjoern points out that we need to allow for organizations to be members of organizations. And agreed by the other OBI developers. So, human and organization were specified in 'Domains'. The textual definition was updated based on it. Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Helen Parkinson Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Helen Parkinson 2009/09/28 Alan Ruttenberg. Fucoidan-use-case is member of organization has organization member Relating an organization to a legal person or organization. See tracker: https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3512902&group_id=177891&atid=886178 Person: Jie Zheng has organization member specifies value of A relation between a value specification and an entity which the specification is about. specifies value of has value specification A relation between an information content entity and a value specification that specifies its value. PERSON: James A. Overton OBI has value specification has performer performer relation covers the need to report on who performed a planned processed. it has to cover processes done by People or Devices (such as a robot controlled by software WF management system) has performer process is result of The production of IFN-gamma by effector T cells is a process result of T cell stimulation through the TCR is a relationship between a process and a preceding occurrent that directly caused the later one to occur IEDB PERSON:Bjoern Peters process is result of inheres in this fragility inheres in this vase this red color inheres in this apple a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A dependent inheres in its bearer at all times for which the dependent exists. inheres_in inheres in bearer of this apple is bearer of this red color this vase is bearer of this fragility a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist. bearer_of is bearer of bearer of participates in this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation this input material (or this output material) participates in this process this investigator participates in this investigation a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process participates_in participates in has participant this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot this investigation has participant this investigator this process has participant this input material (or this output material) a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time. has_participant http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:has_participant has participant is concretized as A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The journal article (a generically dependent continuant) is concretized as the quality (a specifically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant). An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process). A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants. is concretized as concretizes A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant). An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process). A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant. concretizes function of this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. function_of is function of function of quality of this red color is a quality of this apple a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists. is quality of quality_of quality of role of this investigator role is a role of this person a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. is role of role_of role of has function this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. has_function has function has quality this apple has quality this red color a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist. has_quality has quality has role this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. has_role has role derives from this cell derives from this parent cell (cell division) this nucleus derives from this parent nucleus (nuclear division) a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops from'. derives_from derives from derives into this parent cell derives into this cell (cell division) this parent nucleus derives into this nucleus (nuclear division) a relation between two distinct material entities, the old entity and the new entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops into'. To avoid making statements about a future that may not come to pass, it is often better to use the backward-looking 'derives from' rather than the forward-looking 'derives into'. derives_into derives into location of my head is the location of my brain this cage is the location of this rat a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime location_of location of located in my brain is located in my head this rat is located in this cage a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime located_in http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:located_in located in 2D boundary of the surface of my skin is a 2D boundary of my body a relation between a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary) and a material entity, in which the boundary delimits the material entity A 2D boundary may have holes and gaps, but it must be a single connected entity, not an aggregate of several disconnected parts. Although the boundary is two-dimensional, it exists in three-dimensional space and thus has a 3D shape. 2D_boundary_of boundary of is 2D boundary of is boundary of 2D boundary of has 2D boundary my body has 2D boundary the surface of my skin a relation between a material entity and a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary), in which the boundary delimits the material entity A 2D boundary may have holes and gaps, but it must be a single connected entity, not an aggregate of several disconnected parts. Although the boundary is two-dimensional, it exists in three-dimensional space and thus has a 3D shape. has boundary has_2D_boundary has 2D boundary immediately preceded by David Osumi-Sutherland starts_at_end_of X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) immediately preceded by immediately precedes David Osumi-Sutherland ends_at_start_of meets X immediately_precedes_Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) immediately precedes surrounded by x surrounded_by y if and only if x is adjacent to y and for every region r that is adjacent to x, r overlaps y surrounded by adjacent to adjacent to temporal relation move to BFO? Allen A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations. temporal relation starts inverse of starts with Chris Mungall Allen starts member of An organism that is a member of a population of organisms is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection. is member of member part of SIO member of has member has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item. SIO has member 'consumer of food' eats food eats SIO_000001 A is related to B iff there is some relation between A and B. 'is related to' is the top level relation in SIO core relations+ is related to has measurement value has measurement value has specified value A relation between a value specification and a number that quantifies it. A range of 'real' might be better than 'float'. For now we follow 'has measurement value' until we can consider technical issues with SPARQL queries and reasoning. PERSON: James A. Overton OBI has specified value beta12orEarlier Moby:GCP_SimpleCitation Moby:Publication Bibliographic data that uniquely identifies a scientific article, book or other published material. Bibliographic reference Reference Citation beta12orEarlier Function A function that processes a set of inputs and results in a set of outputs, or associates arguments (inputs) with values (outputs). Computational method Computational operation Computational procedure Computational subroutine Function (programming) Lambda abstraction Mathematical function Mathematical operation Computational tool Process sumo:Function Operation beta12orEarlier Search or query a data resource and retrieve entries and / or annotation. Database retrieval Query Query and retrieval beta12orEarlier Query scientific literature, in search for articles, article data, concepts, named entities, or for statistics. Literature search beta12orEarlier Search a database (or other data resource) with a supplied query and retrieve entries (or parts of entries) that are similar to the query. Search Database search beta12orEarlier true true Protein and peptide identification, especially in the study of whole proteomes of organisms. Metaproteomics Peptide identification Protein and peptide identification Proteomics beta12orEarlier true true Whole genomes of one or more organisms, or genomes in general, such as meta-information on genomes, genome projects, gene names etc. Personal genomics Genomics 1.1 true true The systematic study of metabolites, the chemical processes they are involved, and the chemical fingerprints of specific cellular processes in a whole cell, tissue, organ or organism. Metabolomics 1.1 true Community genomics Ecogenomics Environmental genomics Environmental omics The study of genetic material recovered from environmental samples, and associated environmental data. Biome sequencing Environmental sequencing Shotgun metagenomics Metagenomics 1.3 true true The analysis of transcriptomes, or a set of all the RNA molecules in a specific cell, tissue etc. Comparative transcriptomics Metatranscriptomics Transcriptome Transcriptomics entity Entity entity Julius Caesar Verdi’s Requiem the Second World War your body mass index BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81 Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001]) entity continuant Continuant continuant An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts. BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240 Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002]) if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002]) (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001] (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002] (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002] continuant occurrent Occurrent occurrent An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players. Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process. Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame. An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002]) Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001]) b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001]) (forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001] (forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001] occurrent ic IndependentContinuant independent continuant a chair a heart a leg a molecule a spatial region an atom an orchestra. an organism the bottom right portion of a human torso the interior of your mouth A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything. b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001]) For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002]) (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001] (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002] (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002] independent continuant s-region SpatialRegion spatial region BFO 2 Reference: Spatial regions do not participate in processes. Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional. A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001]) All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001]) (forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001] spatial region t-region TemporalRegion temporal region Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001]) All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001]) Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002]) (forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001] (forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001] temporal region 2d-s-region TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion two-dimensional spatial region an infinitely thin plane in space. the surface of a sphere-shaped part of space A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of two dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [039-001]) (forall (x) (if (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [039-001] two-dimensional spatial region st-region SpatiotemporalRegion spatiotemporal region the spatiotemporal region occupied by a human life the spatiotemporal region occupied by a process of cellular meiosis. the spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumor A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of spacetime. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [095-001]) All parts of spatiotemporal regions are spatiotemporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [096-001]) Each spatiotemporal region at any time t projects_onto some spatial region at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [099-001]) Each spatiotemporal region projects_onto some temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [098-001]) Every spatiotemporal region occupies_spatiotemporal_region itself. Every spatiotemporal region s is such that s occupies_spatiotemporal_region s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [107-002]) (forall (r) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [107-002] (forall (x t) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (SpatialRegion y) (spatiallyProjectsOntoAt x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [099-001] (forall (x y) (if (and (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (SpatioTemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [096-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [095-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (TemporalRegion y) (temporallyProjectsOnto x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [098-001] spatiotemporal region process Process process a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart a process of meiosis a process of sleeping the course of a disease the flight of a bird the life of an organism your process of aging. An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war) (iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003] process disposition Disposition disposition an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways. the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type. b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002]) If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002]) (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002] (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002] disposition realizable RealizableEntity realizable entity the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity. the disposition of your blood to coagulate the function of your reproductive organs the role of being a doctor the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances. To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002]) All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002]) (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002] (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002] realizable entity 0d-s-region ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion zero-dimensional spatial region A zero-dimensional spatial region is a point in space. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [037-001]) (forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [037-001] zero-dimensional spatial region quality Quality quality the ambient temperature of this portion of air the color of a tomato the length of the circumference of your waist the mass of this piece of gold. the shape of your nose the shape of your nostril a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001]) If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001]) (forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001] (forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001] quality sdc SpecificallyDependentContinuant specifically dependent continuant Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates. the disposition of this fish to decay the function of this heart: to pump blood the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79 the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center the role of being a doctor the shape of this hole. the smell of this portion of mozzarella A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same. b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n &gt; 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i &lt; j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004]) b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc. (iff (RelationalSpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (forall (t) (exists (b c) (and (not (SpatialRegion b)) (not (SpatialRegion c)) (not (= b c)) (not (exists (d) (and (continuantPartOfAt d b t) (continuantPartOfAt d c t)))) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [131-004] (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003] specifically dependent continuant role Role role John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married. the priest role the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories the role of a building in serving as a military target the role of a stone in marking a property boundary the role of subject in a clinical trial the student role A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts. BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives. b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001]) (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001] role fiat-object FiatObjectPart fiat object or with divisions drawn by cognitive subjects for practical reasons, such as the division of a cake (before slicing) into (what will become) slices (and thus member parts of an object aggregate). However, this does not mean that fiat object parts are dependent for their existence on divisions or delineations effected by cognitive subjects. If, for example, it is correct to conceive geological layers of the Earth as fiat object parts of the Earth, then even though these layers were first delineated in recent times, still existed long before such delineation and what holds of these layers (for example that the oldest layers are also the lowest layers) did not begin to hold because of our acts of delineation.Treatment of material entity in BFOExamples viewed by some as problematic cases for the trichotomy of fiat object part, object, and object aggregate include: a mussel on (and attached to) a rock, a slime mold, a pizza, a cloud, a galaxy, a railway train with engine and multiple carriages, a clonal stand of quaking aspen, a bacterial community (biofilm), a broken femur. Note that, as Aristotle already clearly recognized, such problematic cases – which lie at or near the penumbra of instances defined by the categories in question – need not invalidate these categories. The existence of grey objects does not prove that there are not objects which are black and objects which are white; the existence of mules does not prove that there are not objects which are donkeys and objects which are horses. It does, however, show that the examples in question need to be addressed carefully in order to show how they can be fitted into the proposed scheme, for example by recognizing additional subdivisions [29 the FMA:regional parts of an intact human body. the Western hemisphere of the Earth the division of the brain into regions the division of the planet into hemispheres the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body the upper and lower lobes of the left lung BFO 2 Reference: Most examples of fiat object parts are associated with theoretically drawn divisions b is a fiat object part = Def. b is a material entity which is such that for all times t, if b exists at t then there is some object c such that b proper continuant_part of c at t and c is demarcated from the remainder of c by a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [027-004]) (forall (x) (if (FiatObjectPart x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y) (and (Object y) (properContinuantPartOfAt x y t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [027-004] fiat object 1d-s-region OneDimensionalSpatialRegion one-dimensional spatial region an edge of a cube-shaped portion of space. A one-dimensional spatial region is a line or aggregate of lines stretching from one point in space to another. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [038-001]) (forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [038-001] one-dimensional spatial region object-aggregate ObjectAggregate object aggregate a collection of cells in a blood biobank. a swarm of bees is an aggregate of members who are linked together through natural bonds a symphony orchestra an organization is an aggregate whose member parts have roles of specific types (for example in a jazz band, a chess club, a football team) defined by fiat: the aggregate of members of an organization defined through physical attachment: the aggregate of atoms in a lump of granite defined through physical containment: the aggregate of molecules of carbon dioxide in a sealed container defined via attributive delimitations such as: the patients in this hospital the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint the aggregate of blood cells in your body the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere the restaurants in Palo Alto your collection of Meissen ceramic plates. An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects BFO 2 Reference: object aggregates may gain and lose parts while remaining numerically identical (one and the same individual) over time. This holds both for aggregates whose membership is determined naturally (the aggregate of cells in your body) and aggregates determined by fiat (a baseball team, a congressional committee). ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158. b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004]) (forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004] object aggregate 3d-s-region ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion three-dimensional spatial region a cube-shaped region of space a sphere-shaped region of space, A three-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of three dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [040-001]) (forall (x) (if (ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [040-001] three-dimensional spatial region site Site site Manhattan Canyon) a hole in the interior of a portion of cheese a rabbit hole an air traffic control region defined in the airspace above an airport the Grand Canyon the Piazza San Marco the cockpit of an aircraft the hold of a ship the interior of a kangaroo pouch the interior of the trunk of your car the interior of your bedroom the interior of your office the interior of your refrigerator the lumen of your gut your left nostril (a fiat part – the opening – of your left nasal cavity) b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002]) (forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002] site object Object object atom cell cells and organisms engineered artifacts grain of sand molecule organelle organism planet solid portions of matter star BFO 2 Reference: BFO rests on the presupposition that at multiple micro-, meso- and macroscopic scales reality exhibits certain stable, spatially separated or separable material units, combined or combinable into aggregates of various sorts (for example organisms into what are called ‘populations’). Such units play a central role in almost all domains of natural science from particle physics to cosmology. Many scientific laws govern the units in question, employing general terms (such as ‘molecule’ or ‘planet’) referring to the types and subtypes of units, and also to the types and subtypes of the processes through which such units develop and interact. The division of reality into such natural units is at the heart of biological science, as also is the fact that these units may form higher-level units (as cells form multicellular organisms) and that they may also form aggregates of units, for example as cells form portions of tissue and organs form families, herds, breeds, species, and so on. At the same time, the division of certain portions of reality into engineered units (manufactured artifacts) is the basis of modern industrial technology, which rests on the distributed mass production of engineered parts through division of labor and on their assembly into larger, compound units such as cars and laptops. The division of portions of reality into units is one starting point for the phenomenon of counting. BFO 2 Reference: Each object is such that there are entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its interior, and other entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its exterior. This may not be so for entities lying at or near the boundary between the interior and exterior. This means that two objects – for example the two cells depicted in Figure 3 – may be such that there are material entities crossing their boundaries which belong determinately to neither cell. Something similar obtains in certain cases of conjoined twins (see below). BFO 2 Reference: To say that b is causally unified means: b is a material entity which is such that its material parts are tied together in such a way that, in environments typical for entities of the type in question,if c, a continuant part of b that is in the interior of b at t, is larger than a certain threshold size (which will be determined differently from case to case, depending on factors such as porosity of external cover) and is moved in space to be at t at a location on the exterior of the spatial region that had been occupied by b at t, then either b’s other parts will be moved in coordinated fashion or b will be damaged (be affected, for example, by breakage or tearing) in the interval between t and t.causal changes in one part of b can have consequences for other parts of b without the mediation of any entity that lies on the exterior of b. Material entities with no proper material parts would satisfy these conditions trivially. Candidate examples of types of causal unity for material entities of more complex sorts are as follows (this is not intended to be an exhaustive list):CU1: Causal unity via physical coveringHere the parts in the interior of the unified entity are combined together causally through a common membrane or other physical covering\. The latter points outwards toward and may serve a protective function in relation to what lies on the exterior of the entity [13, 47 BFO 2 Reference: an object is a maximal causally unified material entity BFO 2 Reference: ‘objects’ are sometimes referred to as ‘grains’ [74 b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001]) object gdc GenericallyDependentContinuant generically dependent continuant The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity. the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule. A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time. b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001]) (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001] generically dependent continuant function Function function the function of a hammer to drive in nails the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc. A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001]) (forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001] function p-boundary ProcessBoundary process boundary the boundary between the 2nd and 3rd year of your life. p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001]) Every process boundary occupies_temporal_region a zero-dimensional temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [085-002]) (forall (x) (if (ProcessBoundary x) (exists (y) (and (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion y) (occupiesTemporalRegion x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [085-002] (iff (ProcessBoundary a) (exists (p) (and (Process p) (temporalPartOf a p) (not (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [084-001] process boundary 1d-t-region OneDimensionalTemporalRegion one-dimensional temporal region the temporal region during which a process occurs. BFO 2 Reference: A temporal interval is a special kind of one-dimensional temporal region, namely one that is self-connected (is without gaps or breaks). A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001]) (forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001] one-dimensional temporal region material MaterialEntity material entity a flame a forest fire a human being a hurricane a photon a puff of smoke a sea wave a tornado an aggregate of human beings. an energy wave an epidemic the undetached arm of a human being An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60 BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity. BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here. A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002]) Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002]) every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002]) (forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002] material entity cf-boundary ContinuantFiatBoundary continuant fiat boundary b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001]) BFO 2 Reference: In BFO 1.1 the assumption was made that the external surface of a material entity such as a cell could be treated as if it were a boundary in the mathematical sense. The new document propounds the view that when we talk about external surfaces of material objects in this way then we are talking about something fiat. To be dealt with in a future version: fiat boundaries at different levels of granularity.More generally, the focus in discussion of boundaries in BFO 2.0 is now on fiat boundaries, which means: boundaries for which there is no assumption that they coincide with physical discontinuities. The ontology of boundaries becomes more closely allied with the ontology of regions. BFO 2 Reference: a continuant fiat boundary is a boundary of some material entity (for example: the plane separating the Northern and Southern hemispheres; the North Pole), or it is a boundary of some immaterial entity (for example of some portion of airspace). Three basic kinds of continuant fiat boundary can be distinguished (together with various combination kinds [29 Continuant fiat boundary doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary and a one dimensional continuant fiat boundary that doesn't overlap it. The situation is analogous to temporal and spatial regions. Every continuant fiat boundary is located at some spatial region at every time at which it exists (iff (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ImmaterialEntity a) (exists (b) (and (or (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b)) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))) (not (exists (c t) (and (SpatialRegion c) (continuantPartOfAt c a t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [029-001] continuant fiat boundary immaterial ImmaterialEntity immaterial entity BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10 immaterial entity 1d-cf-boundary OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary The Equator all geopolitical boundaries all lines of latitude and longitude the line separating the outer surface of the mucosa of the lower lip from the outer surface of the skin of the chin. the median sulcus of your tongue a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a continuous fiat line whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [032-001]) (iff (OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [032-001] one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary process-profile ProcessProfile process profile On a somewhat higher level of complexity are what we shall call rate process profiles, which are the targets of selective abstraction focused not on determinate quality magnitudes plotted over time, but rather on certain ratios between these magnitudes and elapsed times. A speed process profile, for example, is represented by a graph plotting against time the ratio of distance covered per unit of time. Since rates may change, and since such changes, too, may have rates of change, we have to deal here with a hierarchy of process profile universals at successive levels One important sub-family of rate process profiles is illustrated by the beat or frequency profiles of cyclical processes, illustrated by the 60 beats per minute beating process of John’s heart, or the 120 beats per minute drumming process involved in one of John’s performances in a rock band, and so on. Each such process includes what we shall call a beat process profile instance as part, a subtype of rate process profile in which the salient ratio is not distance covered but rather number of beat cycles per unit of time. Each beat process profile instance instantiates the determinable universal beat process profile. But it also instantiates multiple more specialized universals at lower levels of generality, selected from rate process profilebeat process profileregular beat process profile3 bpm beat process profile4 bpm beat process profileirregular beat process profileincreasing beat process profileand so on.In the case of a regular beat process profile, a rate can be assigned in the simplest possible fashion by dividing the number of cycles by the length of the temporal region occupied by the beating process profile as a whole. Irregular process profiles of this sort, for example as identified in the clinic, or in the readings on an aircraft instrument panel, are often of diagnostic significance. The simplest type of process profiles are what we shall call ‘quality process profiles’, which are the process profiles which serve as the foci of the sort of selective abstraction that is involved when measurements are made of changes in single qualities, as illustrated, for example, by process profiles of mass, temperature, aortic pressure, and so on. b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002]) b process_profile_of c holds when b proper_occurrent_part_of c& there is some proper_occurrent_part d of c which has no parts in common with b & is mutually dependent on b& is such that b, c and d occupy the same temporal region (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [094-005]) (forall (x y) (if (processProfileOf x y) (and (properContinuantPartOf x y) (exists (z t) (and (properOccurrentPartOf z y) (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion y t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion z t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x) (occurrentPartOf w z))))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [094-005] (iff (ProcessProfile a) (exists (b) (and (Process b) (processProfileOf a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [093-002] process profile r-quality RelationalQuality relational quality John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married. a marriage bond, an instance of love, an obligation between one person and another. b is a relational quality = Def. for some independent continuants c, d and for some time t: b quality_of c at t & b quality_of d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [057-001]) (iff (RelationalQuality a) (exists (b c t) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (IndependentContinuant c) (qualityOfAt a b t) (qualityOfAt a c t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [057-001] relational quality 2d-cf-boundary TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary (surface) is a self-connected fiat surface whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [033-001]) (iff (TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [033-001] two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary 0d-cf-boundary ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary the geographic North Pole the point of origin of some spatial coordinate system. the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet zero dimension continuant fiat boundaries are not spatial points. Considering the example 'the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet' : There are many frames in which that point is zooming through many points in space. Whereas, no matter what the frame, the quadripoint is always in the same relation to the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona. a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a fiat point whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [031-001]) (iff (ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [031-001] zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary 0d-t-region ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion zero-dimensional temporal region a temporal region that is occupied by a process boundary right now the moment at which a child is born the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident the moment of death. temporal instant. A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is without extent. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [102-001]) (forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [102-001] zero-dimensional temporal region history History history A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by a material entity or site, including processes on the surface of the entity or within the cavities to which it serves as host. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [138-001]) history Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. CHEBI:15131 CHEBI:23008 CHEBI:9318 Wikipedia:Carbohydrate carbohydrate carbohydrates chebi_ontology Kohlenhydrat Kohlenhydrate carbohidrato carbohidratos glucide glucides glucido glucidos hydrates de carbone saccharide saccharides saccharidum CHEBI:16646 carbohydrate peptide Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc. peptide deoxyribonucleic acid High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; DNA contain the genetic information of organisms. deoxyribonucleic acid glucose An aldohexose used as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate. glucose molecular entity Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. We are assuming that every molecular entity has to be completely connected by chemical bonds. This excludes protein complexes, which are comprised of minimally two separate molecular entities. We will follow up with Chebi to ensure this is their understanding as well molecular entity Any fatty acid with one double or triple bond in the fatty acid chain and singly bonded carbon atoms in the rest of the chain. MUFAs have positive effects on the cardiovascular system, and in diabetes treatment. PMID:10584045 PMID:12936956 chebi_ontology MUFA MUFAs monounsaturated fatty acids CHEBI:25413 monounsaturated fatty acid Any fatty acid containing more than one double bond. Acids in this group are reported to have cardioprotective effects; and levels are lowered in chronic fatigue syndrome. PMID:14977874 PMID:16380690 PMID:17891522 chebi_ontology PUFA PUFAs polyunsaturated fatty acids CHEBI:26208 polyunsaturated fatty acid Any fatty acid containing no carbon to carbon multiple bonds. Known to produce adverse biological effects when ingested to excess. PMID:16492686 PMID:19763019 PMID:20237329 saturated fatty acid chebi_ontology SFA SFAs saturated fatty acids CHEBI:26607 saturated fatty acid atom A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element. atom nucleic acid A macromolecule made up of nucleotide units and hydrolysable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose and phosphoric acid. nucleic acid ribonucleic acid High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing ribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; RNA is central to the synthesis of proteins. ribonucleic acid macromolecule A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. polymer macromolecule A biological macromolecule minimally consisting of one polypeptide chain synthesized at the ribosome. CHEBI:13677 CHEBI:14911 proteins chebi_ontology CHEBI:36080 protein Any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental contaminants. chebi_ontology dietary component dietary components food components CHEBI:78295 food component Measurement of the entire amount of cholesterol, a eukaryotic sterol that in higher animals is the precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones and a key constituent of cell membranes, without taking into account any association with other molecules such as lipoproteins, in a specified volume of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. Clinical_Measurement.ontology blood TC level CMO:0000051 blood total cholesterol level Measurement of the amount of cholesterol, a eukaryotic sterol that in higher animals is the precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones and a key constituent of cell membranes, carried in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) molecules in a specified volume of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. HDL is the smallest of the major lipoprotein particles, complex molecules that consist of a protein membrane surrounding a core of lipids. The HDL class of lipoproteins, specifically the subtypes of HDL2 and HDL3, have densities between 1.063 and 1.210 g/ml. Clinical_Measurement.ontology blood HDL level blood HDL-C CMO:0000052 Values for density ranges of the lipoprotein classes are approximate. The classes may be defined differently by different researchers, in part because class definitions depend on the number of subclasses into which the lipoprotein fractions are divided. blood high density lipoprotein cholesterol level Measurement of the amount of cholesterol, a eukaryotic sterol that in higher animals is the precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones and a key constituent of cell membranes, carried in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) molecules in a specified volume of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. LDL constitute a class of relatively large, heterogeneous lipoprotein particles, complex molecules that consist of a protein membrane surrounding a core of lipids. The LDL class of lipoproteins has a density between 1.019 and 1.063 g/ml. In some animal species, such as canine and rodents, this may overlap with the HDL1 class and be designated LDL/HDL1. Clinical_Measurement.ontology blood LDL level blood LDL-C level CMO:0000053 Values for density ranges of the lipoprotein classes are approximate. The classes may be defined differently by different researchers, in part because class definitions depend on the number of subclasses into which the lipoprotein fractions are divided. blood low density lipoprotein cholesterol level A measurement relating body weight to height in an organism; typically calculated as the weight of an individual divided by the height of that individual squared. For quadrupeds, the square of body height is often replaced by the square of body length. true Clinical_Measurement.ontology BMI CMO:0000105 body mass index (BMI) The quantification of any parameter related to the process whereby food (i.e. material, usually of plant or animal origin, that contains essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and/or minerals and that is ingested and assimilated by an organism to produce energy, stimulate growth, and maintain life) is taken in for utilization by the body. JSmith 2012-03-28T01:37:36Z Clinical_Measurement.ontology CMO:0000772 food intake measurement The amount of ethanol, a colorless volatile flammable liquid CH3CH2OH that is the intoxicating agent in liquors, consumed per unit time. JSmith 2013-01-14T15:41:12Z alcohol intake rate Clinical_Measurement.ontology CMO:0001407 ethanol drink intake rate An drug intervention for cancer. A planned process used to influence one or more factors in a research study, and the independent variable in an interventional study wherein the influence is measured or evaluated. PERSON: Melanie Wilson PERSON: Melissa Haendel intervention A physiological assay of the human body that uses such tools as body mass index, basal metabolic rate, bioelectrical impedance, and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, along with measurements of skinfold thickness and arm muscle circumference, to assess the structure, form, and composition of the body for purposes of comparison. PERSON: Nicole Vasilevsky http://www.answers.com/topic/anthropometric-analysis true anthropometric analysis The FoodOn food ontology is a controlled vocabulary that currently covers human food raw ingredients, food products and product types. It will develop semantics for food safety, food security, the agricultural and animal husbandry practices linked to food production, culinary, nutritional and chemical ingredients and processes. FoodOn will also grow to encompass food-chains and natural ecosystems involving other animals and plants. It is built to interoperate with the OBO Library family of ontologies. FoodOn owes a large debt to LanguaL, the food indexing system developed since the mid 1970's (see LanguaL.org). LanguaL's facets have all been imported here, with some adaptation. Damion Dooley foodon ontology swine food product http://langual.org Cucurbitaceae DPNL 2003:8684 GRIN:10675 ITIS:22356 LANGUAL:B1391 MANSFELD:3905 PLANTS:CILA3 http://eol.org/pages/584423 Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura & Nakai citrullus lanatus citrullus vulgaris colocynthis citrullus cucurbita citrullus datiro edible seed melon equisi kaffir melon momordica lanata watermelon fruit food product watermelon plant watermelon plant as food source A vegetable with dark green, spear-shaped leaves that can be curled or smooth and are attached to thin stems. http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13251 GRIN:35256 ITIS:20709 LANGUAL:B1420 MANSFELD:485 PLANTS:SPOL http://eol.org/pages/582002 Spinacia oleracea L. spinacia oleracea spinach plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1001 pea, edible seed cultivars as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1002 aspidobranchia archaeogastropod as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SBF ITIS:172431 LANGUAL:B1003 http://eol.org/pages/212861 Thunnus maccoyii Thunnus maccoyii (Castelnau, 1872) thunnus maccoyii southern bluefin tuna as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1003 FAO ASFIS:LOT ITIS:172430 LANGUAL:B1004 http://eol.org/pages/212863 Thunnus tonggol Thunnus tonggol (Bleeker, 1851) Thunnus tonggol (Bleeker, I851) neothunnus rarus northern bluefin tuna thunnus tonggol longtail tuna as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1005 stem or spear vegetable as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1006 fruit used as vegetable as food source Having a skeleton made up mainly of cartilage, as any of a class (Chondrichthyes) of fishes (cartilaginous fish), including sharks, rays, and skates (Source: Webster's). http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1007 http://eol.org/pages/2774522 chondrichthyes fish, cartilaginous as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1008 http://eol.org/pages/2441 mesogastropod as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1009 polysaccharide-producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1010 neogastropoda neogastropod as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1011 pectin-producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1012 sugar-producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1013 plant used for producing extract or concentrate as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1014 gum-producing plant hemicellulose-producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1015 fiber-producing plant cellulose-producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1016 starch-producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1017 oil-producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1018 vegetable-producing plant, root, tuber or bulb used as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1019 http://eol.org/pages/4267 alpine cranberry cowberry vaccinium vitis-idaea lingonberry (cowberry) plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1020 http://eol.org/pages/8300 aciperseriformes fish, acipenseriform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1021 invertebrate, water fish or lower water animal as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1022 tropical or subtropical nut producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1023 http://eol.org/pages/5168 flat-fish flat-fishes flatfish flatfish, flounder flounders pleuronectiformes fish, pleuronectiform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1024 tropical or subtropical fruit producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1025 http://eol.org/pages/5169 soleidae sole family as food source http://langual.org BASIS:126 GRIN:14976 ITIS:506699 LANGUAL:B1026 MANSFELD:20690 http://eol.org/pages/1120264 Eleocharis dulcis (Burm. f.) Trin. ex Hensch. Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Hensch. Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trinius ex Henschel Eleocharis dulcis (Burman f.) Trin. ex Henschel chinese water chestnut eleocharis dulcis ground-chestnut ma-tai water chestnut matting reed waternut chinese waterchestnut plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1027 great northern bean plant as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:OIF LANGUAL:B1030 Soletellina diphos (Linnaeus 1771) hiatula diphos purple clam soletellina diphos diphos sanguin as food source http://langual.org GRIN:319442 LANGUAL:B1031 Pisum sativum L. subsp. sativum var. macrocarpon Ser. chinese pea edible-podded pea pisum sativum var. macrocarpon snow pea sugar pea sugar pod garden pea pea, edible pod cultivars as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1033 agar-agar agar plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1059 FAO ASFIS:OPP FDA RFE 2010:66 ITIS:166707 LANGUAL:B1034 http://eol.org/pages/994486 Sebastes alutus Sebastes alutus (Gilbert, 1890) sebastes alutus pacific ocean perch as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PTS ITIS:81464 LANGUAL:B1035 http://eol.org/pages/401135 Protothaca staminea Protothaca staminea (Conrad, 1837) native littleneck protothaca staminea steamer pacific littleneck clam as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1036 floret used as vegetable as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:DJO ITIS:79501 LANGUAL:B1037 http://eol.org/pages/451577 Modiolus modiolus Modiolus modiolus (Linnaeus, 1758) modiolus modiolus northern horse mussel as food source http://langual.org BASIS:145 GRIN:27946 ITIS:36691 LANGUAL:B1038 MANSFELD:32904 http://eol.org/pages/468029 Helianthus tuberosus L. girasole helianthus tuberosus jerusalem sunflower jerusalem artichoke plant as food source Dipteryx odorata (commonly known as "cumaru" or "kumaru") is a species of flowering tree in the pea family, Fabaceae, that is native to the Orinoco region of northern South America. Its seeds are known as tonka beans. They are black and wrinkled and have a smooth, brown interior. Their fragrance is reminiscent of vanilla, almonds, cinnamon, and cloves. WIKIPEDIA:Dipteryx_odorata http://langual.org GRIN:14393 ITIS:506251 LANGUAL:B1039 PLANTS:DIOD2 http://eol.org/pages/639810 Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd. Dipteryx odorata (Aublet) Willd. cumaru dipteryx odorata kumaru tonka bean plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1040 http://eol.org/pages/5099 ictaluridae bullhead catfish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1042 pea, smooth wrinkled crosses (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1043 http://eol.org/pages/24776 scomber spp. mackerel as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1044 http://eol.org/pages/24016 caranx spp. jack as food source The sultana grape is cultivated in the United States under the name Thompson Seedless, named after William Thompson, a viticulturist who was an early grower in California and is sometimes credited with the variety's introduction. WIKIPEDIA:Thompson_Seedless http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13868 GRIN:41905 ITIS:28629 LANGUAL:B1045 MANSFELD:3182 PLANTS:VIVI5 http://eol.org/pages/582304 Vitis vinifera L. thompson seedless grape grape, thompson seedless (plant) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:MUJ ITIS:79455 LANGUAL:B1046 http://eol.org/pages/449960 Mytilus californianus Mytilus californianus Conrad, 1837 mytilus californianus california mussel as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1047 grain or seed-producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1048 carbohydrate-producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1049 protein-producing plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1353 FAO ASFIS:SCA ITIS:79718 LANGUAL:B1050 http://eol.org/pages/448745 Placopecten magellanicus Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin, 1791) Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin, 1792) american sea scallop placopecten magellanicus sea scallop as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8122 GRIN:319636 LANGUAL:B1051 MANSFELD:23998 http://eol.org/pages/4219 Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis (Lour.) Hanelt Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (Lour.) Hanelt brassica pekinensis brassica rapa var. pekinensis celery cabbage chinese cabbage heading chinese cabbage napa napa cabbage pe-tsai cabbage shantung cabbage chinese or celery cabbage plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12268 GRIN:29866 ITIS:24773 LANGUAL:B1052 MANSFELD:9206 PLANTS:PRCE http://eol.org/pages/242597 Cerasus vulgaris Mill. Prunus cerasus L. acid cherry morello cherry prunus cerasus tart cherry sour cherry plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:556175 LANGUAL:B1054 http://eol.org/pages/591395 Hapalochlaena maculosa (Hoyle, 1883) hapalochlaena maculosa octopus maculosus blue ring octopus as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12577 GRIN:31860 ITIS:504798 LANGUAL:B1055 MANSFELD:17064 PLANTS:RIRU80 http://eol.org/pages/489743 Ribes rubrum L. cultivated currant garden currant garnetberry ribes ruburm ribes sativum ribes sylvestre red currant plant as food source The Valencia Orange is a sweet orange first hybridized by California pioneer agronomist and land developer William Wolfskill, on his farm in Santa Ana, United States. WIKIPEDIA:Valencia_orange http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8703 GRIN:10782 ITIS:28889 LANGUAL:B1056 MANSFELD:7673 PLANTS:CISI3 http://eol.org/pages/4414 Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Citrus ×sinensis (L.) Osbeck (pro sp.) california valencia orange plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1057 vegetable-producing plant, above-ground parts used as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1058 vegetable-producing plant, most parts used as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1059 shellfish or crustacean as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1060 bush bean green or wax bean pole bean phaseolus vulgaris, edible pod cultivar (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1061 black bean (phaseolus) phaseolus vulgaris, edible seed cultivar (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1062 temperate-zone nut producing plant as food source A boysenberry is a cross between a European Raspberry (Rubus idaeus), a Common Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), and a Loganberry (Rubus × loganobaccus) . WIKIPEDIA:Boysenberry http://langual.org GRIN:104968 LANGUAL:B1063 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Rubus loganobaccus L. H. Bailey rubus hybr. rubus loganobaccus x laciniatus x idaeus rubus ursinus var. loganobaccus cv. boysen boysenberry plant Huckleberry is a name used in North America for several plants in two closely related genera in the family Ericaceae: Gaylussacia and Vaccinium. While some Vaccinium species, such as the Red Huckleberry, are always called huckleberries, other species may be called blueberries or huckleberries depending upon local custom. Similar Vaccinium species in Europe are called bilberries. Berries range in color according to species from bright red, through dark purple, and into the blues. In taste the berries range from tart to sweet, with a flavor similar to that of a blueberry, especially in blue/purple colored varieties. [Wikipedia : ] WIKIPEDIA:Huckleberries http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1064 gaylussacia spp. vaccinium spp. huckleberry plant http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1385 FAO ASFIS:BCL ITIS:568268 LANGUAL:B1065 http://eol.org/pages/491722 Saxidomus gigantea Saxidomus gigantea (Deshayes, 1839) Saxidomus giganteus (Deshayes, 1839) saxidomus giganteus butter clam as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8687 GRIN:10683 ITIS:506403 LANGUAL:B1067 MANSFELD:7576 PLANTS:CIAU7 http://eol.org/pages/4414 Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. & Panz.) Swingle Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Citrus ×aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle (pro sp.) citrus aurantiifolia citrus medica var. acida indian lime key lime sour lime lime (citrus) plant as food source http://langual.org CEC:1380 FAO ASFIS:CLH ITIS:81496 LANGUAL:B1068 http://eol.org/pages/492162 Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus 1758) Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus, 1758) cherrystone clam clam, cherrystone hardshell littleneck mercenaria mercenaria venus mercenaria northern quahog as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1000 FAO ASFIS:BET ITIS:172428 LANGUAL:B1069 http://eol.org/pages/212862 Thunnus obesus Thunnus obesus (Lowe, 1839) ahi parathunnus mebachi thunnus obesus bigeye tuna as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:998 FAO ASFIS:BLF ITIS:172427 LANGUAL:B1070 http://eol.org/pages/223944 Thunnus atlanticus Thunnus atlanticus (Lesson, 1830) Thunnus atlanticus (Lesson, 1831) thunnus atlanticus blackfin tuna as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10557 GRIN:20762 ITIS:19254 LANGUAL:B1071 PLANTS:JUNI http://eol.org/pages/594611 Juglans nigra L. juglans nigra LanguaL curation note: When indexing the black walnut (drupe, seed) index both *BLACK WALNUT [B1533]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). black walnut plant as food source The sultana (also called the sultanina) is a type of white, seedless grape assumed to originate from the Turkish, Greek, or Iranian area. Unprocessed sultanas must be obtained from grapes of the varieties (cultivars) Vitis vinifera L. Apyrena.[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1999:192:0021:0032:EN:PDF] WIKIPEDIA:Sultana_(grape) http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13868 GRIN:41905 ITIS:28629 LANGUAL:B1072 MANSFELD:3182 PLANTS:VIVI5 http://eol.org/pages/582304 Vitis vinifera L. sultana grape, sultana (plant) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:997 FAO ASFIS:YFT FDA RFE 2010:90 ITIS:172423 LANGUAL:B1074 http://eol.org/pages/205934 Thunnus albacares Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788) neothunnus macropterus thunnus albacares tuna, yellowfin yellowfin tuna as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1075 http://eol.org/pages/15276 crayfish, marine marine crayfish palinurus spp. rock lobster palinurid spiny lobster as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1076 solanum dulcamara bittersweet, european (plant) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:258 FAO ASFIS:SVF ITIS:162003 LANGUAL:B1077 http://eol.org/pages/205276 Salvelinus fontinalis Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814) Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1815) salvelinus fontinalis speckled trout brook trout as food source "Slicing" or "globe" tomatoes are the usual tomatoes of commerce, used for a wide variety of processing and fresh eating. WIKIPEDIA:Tomato http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10985 GRIN:101442 ITIS:521671 ITIS:529044 LANGUAL:B1078 PLANTS:SOLY2 http://eol.org/pages/392557 Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Lycopersicon esculentum var. esculentum P. Mill. Solanum lycopersicum L. globe tomato plant as food source Very hard, translucent, light colored grain used to make semolina flour for pasta. http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13672 GRIN:406896 LANGUAL:B1079 MANSFELD:34092 PLANTS:TRDU3 http://eol.org/pages/8223 Triticum durum Desf. Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn. triticum durum triticum ispahanicum ssp. durum triticum turgidum var. durum durum wheat plant as food source WIKIPEDIA:Penaeus http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1081 http://eol.org/pages/7184 penaeid shrimps penaeidae penaeid shrimp family as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10761 GRIN:21763 ITIS:22954 LANGUAL:B1082 PLANTS:LECA5 http://eol.org/pages/584503 Lepidium campestre (L.) Ait. f. Lepidium campestre (L.) R.Br. Lepidium campestre (L.) W. T. Aiton Lepidium campestre (L.) W.T. Aiton cream-anther field pepperwort field peppergrass field pepperweed lepidium campestre field cress plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1083 pinus genus plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1084 http://eol.org/pages/5126 scorpaenidae scorpionfish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1085 http://eol.org/pages/3196 Ictiobus Rafinesque, 1820 ictiobus spp. buffalofish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1086 http://eol.org/pages/7211 rock shrimps sicyoniidae sicyoniid shrimp family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:682 FAO ASFIS:SNR FDA RFE 2010:30 ITIS:168853 LANGUAL:B1089 http://eol.org/pages/216388 Lutjanus campechanus Lutjanus campechanus (Poey, 1860) lutjanus blackfordi lutjanus campechanus lutjanus pensacolae snapper, red red snapper as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1090 http://eol.org/pages/24767 jack and horse mackerel scad and horse mackerels trachurus spp. saurel as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12262 GRIN:29844 ITIS:24770 LANGUAL:B1091 MANSFELD:9202 PLANTS:PRAV http://eol.org/pages/231737 Prunus avium (L.) L. prunus avium sweet cherry plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8096 GRIN:7654 ITIS:23059 LANGUAL:B1092 MANSFELD:24014 PLANTS:BRJU http://eol.org/pages/583919 Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. brassica juncea indian mustard leaf mustard mustard spinach mustard, brown brown mustard plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:KCY ITIS:97937 LANGUAL:B1093 http://eol.org/pages/313373 Paralithodes brevipes Paralithodes brevipes (Benedict, 1894) Paralithodes brevipes (H. Milne Edwards and Lucas, 1841) brown king crab paralithodes brevipes hanasaki crab as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8104 GRIN:7671 ITIS:530957 LANGUAL:B1094 MANSFELD:23925 PLANTS:BROLB http://eol.org/pages/4219 Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L. Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L. brassica oleracea var. botrytis cauliflower plant as food source A large rooted white skinned and fleshed variety popular in Belgium and France for forage for animals but also used for human consumption. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1095 belgian carrot plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:524635 ITIS:524636 LANGUAL:B1096 PLANTS:RUIDI PLANTS:RUIDS2 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Rubus idaeus L. ssp. idaeus Rubus idaeus L. ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke Rubus idaeus ssp. idaeus L. Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke Rubus idaeus var. idaeus L. american red raspberry european red raspberry rubus idaeus western red raspberry red raspberry plant http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1097 origanum heracleoticum origanum onites marjoram, pot (plant) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1239 FAO ASFIS:RSH ITIS:96028 LANGUAL:B1098 http://eol.org/pages/342178 Sicyonia brevirostris Sicyonia brevirostris Stimpson, 1871 Sicyonia brevirostris Stimpson, 1874 sicyonia brevirostris brown rock shrimp as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:ASX ITIS:168899 LANGUAL:B1099 http://eol.org/pages/356304 Apsilus dentatus Apsilus dentatus Guichenot, 1853 apsilus dentatus black snapper as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1100 blackeyed bean southern pea vigna unguiculata unguiculata blackeyed pea plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1101 balsam pear bitter cucumber bitter gourd fu gwa la-kwa momordica charantia bitter melon plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:12571 LANGUAL:B1102 Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. inodorus H. Jacq. casaba melon plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:YNR ITIS:169243 LANGUAL:B1104 http://eol.org/pages/1012532 Cynoscion arenarius Cynoscion arenarius Ginsburg, 1930 cynoscion arenarius white seatrout sand seatrout as food source http://langual.org GRIN:20142 LANGUAL:B1106 MANSFELD:21565 NETTOX: Ipomoea batatas (L.) Poiret ipomoea batatas sweet potato plant as food source Pear tomato or teardrop tomato is the common name for any one in a group of indeterminate heirloom tomatoes. It originated in Europe in the 1700s. There are yellow, orange, and red varieties of this tomato; the yellow variety being most common. They are generally sweet, and are in the shape of a pear, but smaller. Pear tomatoes are commonly eaten raw, but can also be used as a garnish, as an ingredient in many different dishes and sauces, or in drinks. WIKIPEDIA:Pear_tomato http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1107 italian tomato lycopersicon lycopersicum var. pyriforme pear tomato plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:244 FAO ASFIS:CHE ITIS:161978 LANGUAL:B1108 http://eol.org/pages/205249 Oncorhynchus masou Oncorhynchus masou (Brevoort, 1856) Oncorhynchus masou (Jordan & Oshima 1919) Oncorhynchus masu (Brevoort, 1856) masou salmon oncorhynchus masou cherry salmon as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:245 FAO ASFIS:TRR FDA RFE 2010:43 ITIS:161989 LANGUAL:B1109 http://eol.org/pages/205250 Oncorhynchus mykiss Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum 1792) Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) oncorhynchus mykiss salmo gairdneri salmo irideus steelhead trout trout, rainbow rainbow trout as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13835 GRIN:312022 ITIS:505691 LANGUAL:B1110 MANSFELD:27404 PLANTS:VIAN7 http://eol.org/pages/648839 Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & H.Ohashi Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi Vigna angularis var. angularis azuki bean phaseolus angularis vigna angularis adzuki bean plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:956 FAO ASFIS:LTA ITIS:172402 LANGUAL:B1111 http://eol.org/pages/223064 Euthynnus alletteratus Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810) euthynnus alletteratus spotted tunny as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:957 FAO ASFIS:BKJ ITIS:172405 LANGUAL:B1112 http://eol.org/pages/206690 Euthynnus lineatus Euthynnus lineatus Kishinouye, 1920 euthynnus lineatus black skipjack as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1113 french bean kidney bean plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1114 satureja montana savory winter savory savory, winter (plant) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:242 FAO ASFIS:CHU ITIS:161976 LANGUAL:B1115 http://eol.org/pages/205247 Oncorhynchus keta Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum in Artedi, 1792) Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum, 1792) keta salmon oncorhynchus keta salmon, chum chum salmon as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PIN FDA RFE 2010:41 ITIS:161975 LANGUAL:B1116 http://eol.org/pages/205246 Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792) oncorhynchus gorbuscha salmon, pink pink salmon as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:243 FAO ASFIS:COH FDA RFE 2010:42 ITIS:161977 LANGUAL:B1117 http://eol.org/pages/205248 Oncorhynchus kisutch Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792) cohoe salmon medium red salmon oncorhynchus kisutch salmon, coho silver salmon coho salmon as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:229 FAO ASFIS:CIS ITIS:623384 LANGUAL:B1118 http://eol.org/pages/225402 Coregonus artedi Coregonus artedi Lesueur, 1818 Coregonus artedii Lesueur, 1818 chub cisco coregonus artedii lake cisco lakefish tullibee lake herring as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1119 http://eol.org/pages/7176 pandalid shrimps pandalid shrimps nei pandalidae pink shrimps pandalid shrimp family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1002 FAO ASFIS:BFT ITIS:172421 LANGUAL:B1120 http://eol.org/pages/223943 Thunnus thynnus Thunnus thynnus (Linnaeus, 1758) thunnus thynnus bluefin tuna as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1121 http://eol.org/pages/30108 rubus spp. berry, bramble (plant) as food source marine mammal is a mammal that is primarily ocean-dwelling or depends on the ocean for its food. Mammals originally evolved on land, but later marine mammals evolved to live back in the ocean. There are five groups of marine mammals: (1) Order Sirenia: the manatee, dugong, and sea cow. (2) Order Carnivora, family Ursidae: the polar bear. (3) Order Carnivora, infrafamily Pinnipedia: the seal, sea lion, and walrus. (4) Order Carnivora, family Mustelidae: the Sea Otter and Marine Otter. (5) Order Cetacea: the whale, dolphin, and porpoise. WIKIPEDIA:Marine_mammal http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1122 cetacea marine mammal as food source http://langual.org GRIN:33176 LANGUAL:B1123 MANSFELD:16404 NETTOX: Satureja hortensis L. satureja hortensis summer savory savory, summer (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1124 http://eol.org/pages/6893 clupeidae herring family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1125 http://eol.org/pages/7592 numididae guinea fowl as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1126 http://eol.org/pages/24383 oncorhynchus salmon, pacific pacific salmon as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8100 GRIN:7666 ITIS:23061 LANGUAL:B1127 MANSFELD:24109 PLANTS:BRNI http://eol.org/pages/583895 Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J.Koch brassica nigra mustard, black black mustard plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SOC ITIS:161979 LANGUAL:B1128 http://eol.org/pages/205251 Oncorhynchus nerka Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum in Artedi, 1792) Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum, 1792) blueback salmon oncorhynchus nerka red salmon redfish, little salmon, sockeye sockeye salmon as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1129 http://eol.org/pages/5158 salmonidae trout and salmon family as food source Juglans regia, the Persian walnut, English walnut, or especially in Great Britain, Common walnut, is an Old World walnut tree species native to the region stretching from the Balkans eastward to the Himalayas and southwest China. The whole fruit, including the husk, falls in autumn; the seed is large, with a relatively thin shell, and edible, with a rich flavor. WIKIPEDIA:Juglans_regia http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10558 GRIN:20772 ITIS:503244 LANGUAL:B1130 MANSFELD:11850 PLANTS:JURE80 http://eol.org/pages/487229 Juglans regia L. juglans regia persian walnut LanguaL curation note: When indexing the English walnut fruit (drupe, seed) index both *ENGLISH WALNUT [B1130]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). english walnut plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FDA RFE 2010:50 ITIS:172921 LANGUAL:B1131 http://eol.org/pages/210935 Parophrys vetulus Parophrys vetulus Girard, 1854 parophrys vetulus sole, english english sole as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:247 FAO ASFIS:CHI FDA RFE 2010:44 ITIS:161980 LANGUAL:B1132 http://eol.org/pages/205252 Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum in Artedi, 1792) Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum, 1792) king salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha salmon, chinook spring salmon chinook salmon as food source Persian melon, binomial name cucumis melo, is a type of melon. It is orange in color and has a strongly netted, unridged rind. It is also known as the "Patelquat". WIKIPEDIA:Persian_melon http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1133 persian melon plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1134 animal (mammal) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1135 water snail as food source http://langual.org ITIS:180722 LANGUAL:B1136 MSW3:14200054 http://eol.org/pages/328663 Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 ham pig pork sus scrofa sus scrofa domesticus swine as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1137 merluccius productus pacific hake pacific whiting as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1138 http://eol.org/pages/8897 Squatina Duméril, 1806 squatina spp. angel shark as food source Rutaceae, commonly known as the rue or citrus family, is a family of flowering plants, usually placed in the order Sapindales. Citrus is a common term and genus (*Citrus*) of flowering plants in the rue family, *Rutaceae*. Citrus is believed to have originated in the part of Southeast Asia bordered by Northeastern India, Myanmar (Burma) and the Yunnan province of China. Citrus fruit has been cultivated in an ever-widening area since ancient times; the best-known examples are the oranges, lemons, grapefruit, and limes. WIKIPEDIA:Rutaceae http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1139 http://eol.org/pages/4414 rutaceae citrus family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1140 fruit-producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1141 white pepper pepper, white (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1142 aquatic animal as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:282 FAO ASFIS:FPI ITIS:162139 LANGUAL:B1143 http://eol.org/pages/206652 Esox lucius Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758 esox lucius northern pike as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1144 http://eol.org/pages/8245 cheilopogon spp. cypselurus spp. exocoetus spp. hirundichthys spp. parexocoetus spp. flyingfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1145 ocimum minimum basil, bush as food source http://langual.org GRIN:4234 LANGUAL:B1146 MANSFELD:23561 NETTOX: Armoracia rusticana Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb. armoracia lapathifolia horseradish plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:159 FAO ASFIS:SHA ITIS:161702 LANGUAL:B1147 http://eol.org/pages/205467 Alosa sapidissima Alosa sapidissima (Wilson, 1811) alosa sapidissima american shad as food source White mustard (*Sinapis alba*) is an annual plant of the family *Brassicaceae*. It is sometimes also referred to as *Brassica alba* or *Brassica hirta*. Grown for its seeds, mustard, as fodder crop or as a green manure, it is now widespread worldwide, although it probably originated in the Mediterranean region. WIKIPEDIA:White_mustard http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13121 GRIN:33963 ITIS:23309 LANGUAL:B1148 MANSFELD:24142 PLANTS:SIAL5 http://eol.org/pages/583812 Sinapis alba L. brassica hirta mustard, white or yellow mustard, yellow white mustard plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1214 FAO ASFIS:PST ITIS:551680 LANGUAL:B1149 http://eol.org/pages/128564 Litopenaeus setiferus Litopenaeus setiferus (Linnaeus, 1767) Penaeus setiferus (Linnaeus, 1767) litopenaeus setiferus penaeus setiferus white shrimp northern white shrimp as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7927 GRIN:6531 ITIS:192210 LANGUAL:B1150 MANSFELD:25776 PLANTS:BAAL2 http://eol.org/pages/594519 Basella alba L. basella alba ceylon spinach indian spinach malabar spinach vine spinach malabar nightshade plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1151 popcorn, white (plant) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:588 FAO ASFIS:PEW ITIS:167678 LANGUAL:B1152 http://eol.org/pages/216654 Morone americana Morone americana (Gmelin, 1789) morone americana white perch as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1063 FAO ASFIS:REG LANGUAL:B1153 http://eol.org/pages/5126 Sebastes marinus (Linnaeus, 1758) golden redfish norway haddock ocean perch rockfish (ocean perch) sebastes marinus redfish or ocean perch as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1154 http://eol.org/pages/5194 Trichiurus Linnaeus, 1758 hairtailfish trichiurus spp. cutlassfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1155 http://eol.org/pages/5115 ariidae sea catfish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1156 pod or seed vegetable as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1157 http://eol.org/pages/5496 gadiformes fish, gadiform as food source http://langual.org GRIN:25478 LANGUAL:B1158 MANSFELD:15847 NETTOX: Ocimum basilicum L. basil ocimum basilicum sweet basil basil, sweet (plant) as food source Ribes is a genus of about 150 species of flowering plants native throughout the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is usually treated as the only genus in the family Grossulariaceae. Seven subgenera are recognized. WIKIPEDIA:Ribes http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1159 http://eol.org/pages/38348 ribes spp. berry, ribes (plant) as food source Cattle (colloquially cows) are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily *Bovinae*, are the most widespread species of the genus *Bos*, and are most commonly classified collectively as *Bos primigenius*. WIKIPEDIA:Domestic_cattle http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1161 http://eol.org/pages/2851454 auroch bos spp. cattle as food source The pomegranate, *Punica granatum*, is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub or small tree growing between five and eight meters tall. WIKIPEDIA:Punica_granatum http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12381 GRIN:30372 ITIS:27278 LANGUAL:B1162 MANSFELD:7860 PLANTS:PUGR2 http://eol.org/pages/582971 Punica granatum L. punica granatum punica malus pomegranate plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1163 http://eol.org/pages/7171 freshwater prawns freshwater shrimps palaemonid shrimps palaemonidae palaemonid shrimp family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1164 agnatha fish, jawless as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:162144 LANGUAL:B1165 http://eol.org/pages/223145 Esox masquinongy Esox masquinongy Mitchill, 1824 esox masquinongy muskellunge as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:665 FAO ASFIS:HOM ITIS:168588 LANGUAL:B1166 http://eol.org/pages/206048 Trachurus trachurus Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758) scad trachurus trachurus atlantic horse mackerel as food source http://langual.org GRIN:1227 LANGUAL:B1167 MANSFELD:7306 NETTOX: Acer saccharum Marsh. sugar maple plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:LJI FDA RFE 2010:31 ITIS:168848 LANGUAL:B1168 http://eol.org/pages/214443 Lutjanus griseus Lutjanus griseus (Linnaeus, 1758) lutjanus griseus gray snapper as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1169 green olive plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1170 black olive plant as food source turnip greens = turnip tops = turnip salad = Hanover greens. http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8123 GRIN:7687 ITIS:23063 LANGUAL:B1171 PLANTS:BRRA http://eol.org/pages/583898 Brassica rapa L. Brassica rapa L. subsp. perviridis L.H.Bailey Brassica rapa var. perviridis L. H. Bailey brassica rapa var. perviridis hanover greens turnip salad turnip tops turnip greens plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:10535 LANGUAL:B1172 MANSFELD:30808 NETTOX: Cicer arietinum L. bengal gram bean chick bean chick pea cicer arietinum indian gram bean garbanzo bean plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:36628 LANGUAL:B1173 MANSFELD:16336 NETTOX: Thymus serpyllum L. thymus serpyllum thyme, wild (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1174 edible seed producing plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8007 GRIN:7057 LANGUAL:B1175 MANSFELD:276 PLANTS:BEVUC Beta vulgaris L. ssp. cicla (L.) W.D.J. Koch Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla L. Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla (L.) Koch Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris beta vulgaris var. cicla leaf beet mangold silver beet spinach beet swiss chard chard plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1176 caraway, black nigella sativa nutmeg flower roman coriander cumin, black (plant) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:607 FAO ASFIS:FPY ITIS:168469 LANGUAL:B1177 http://eol.org/pages/205259 Perca flavescens Perca flavescens (Mitchill, 1814) perca flavescens yellow perch as food source The Muscat variety of grapes of the species Vitis vinifera is widely grown for wine, raisins and table grapes. Unprocessed dried muscatel grapes must be obtained from grapes of the varieties (cultivars) Vitis vinifera L. muscatel.[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1999:192:0021:0032:EN:PDF] WIKIPEDIA:Muscat_grape http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13868 GRIN:41905 ITIS:28629 LANGUAL:B1178 MANSFELD:3182 PLANTS:VIVI5 http://eol.org/pages/582304 Vitis vinifera L. muscat grape grape, muscat (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1179 flavor-producing plant herb-producing plant spice or flavor-producing plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1275 FAO ASFIS:DUN ITIS:98675 LANGUAL:B1180 http://eol.org/pages/328221 Cancer magister Cancer magister Dana, 1852 cancer magister dungeness crab as food source http://langual.org GRIN:14175 LANGUAL:B1181 MANSFELD:18574 NETTOX: Dioscorea species dioscorea alata greater yam guyana arrowroot water yam yam, tropical (plant) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:CVB ITIS:98429 LANGUAL:B1182 http://eol.org/pages/313720 Chionoecetes bairdi Chionoecetes bairdi M. J. Rathbun, 1924 Chionoecetes bairdi Rathbun, 1924 chionoecetes bairdi tanner crab southern tanner crab as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1183 http://eol.org/pages/39510 mutton (meat) ovis spp. sheep as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1184 http://eol.org/pages/5288 moronidae percichthyidae temperate bass families as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1185 baby lima bean plant as food source Also called shell bean or shellout, and known as borlotti bean in Italy, the cranberry bean has a large, knobby beige pod splotched with red. The beans inside are cream-colored with red streaks and have a delicious nutlike flavor. Cranberry beans must be shelled before cooking. Heat diminishes their beautiful red color. They're available fresh in the summer and dried throughout the year. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1186 phaseolus vulgaris cranberry bean plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:711 FAO ASFIS:WEW ITIS:169387 LANGUAL:B1187 http://eol.org/pages/137943 Atractoscion nobilis Atractoscion nobilis (Ayres, 1860) atractoscion nobilis cynoscion nobilis white seabass as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1188 cusparia trifoliata galipea officinalis angostura (tree) plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1189 cucurbita maxima winter squash plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:12606 LANGUAL:B1190 MANSFELD:4153 NETTOX: Cucurbita pepo L. cucurbita pepo yellow crookneck squash yellow squash summer squash plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:28589 LANGUAL:B1191 MANSFELD:9964 NETTOX: Piper nigrum L. black pepper malabar black pepper pepper, black (plant) as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12576 GRIN:31845 ITIS:24488 LANGUAL:B1192 MANSFELD:17044 PLANTS:RINI http://eol.org/pages/583204 Ribes nigrum L. ribes nigrum black currant plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8688 GRIN:10684 ITIS:28884 LANGUAL:B1193 MANSFELD:7658 PLANTS:CIAU8 PLANTS:CIAUA http://eol.org/pages/4414 Citrus aurantium L. Citrus aurantium L. subsp. aurantium Citrus ×aurantium L. (pro sp.) Citrus ×aurantium L. ssp. aurantium bigarade bitter orange citrus aurantium citrus aurantium var. aurantium citrus vulgaris seville orange sour orange plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1194 head vegetable as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1195 http://eol.org/pages/25511 dogfish shark spurdog squalus spp. spiny dogfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1196 crowder pea plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:21664 LANGUAL:B1197 MANSFELD:15206 NETTOX: Laurus nobilis L. bay laurel leaf bay leaf laurel laurus nobilis bay plant as food source A young chicken (usually 8-12 weeks or age), of either sex, that is tender-meated with soft, pliable, smooth- textured skin and flexible breastbone cartilage. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1198 broiler chicken fryer chicken broiler or fryer chicken as food source http://langual.org GRIN:36631 LANGUAL:B1199 MANSFELD:16318 NETTOX: Thymus vulgaris L. thyme, common thyme, white thymus vulgaris thyme plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:300675 LANGUAL:B1200 MANSFELD:27303 NETTOX: Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. unguiculata vigna sinensis vigna unguiculata cowpea plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:183838 LANGUAL:B1201 MSW3:14200687 http://eol.org/pages/328699 Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 bos taurus domesticated cattle cow as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7770 GRIN:4485 ITIS:18117 LANGUAL:B1202 PLANTS:ASTR http://eol.org/pages/1054816 Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal asimina triloba dog banana indian banana pawpaw plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:676899 LANGUAL:B1203 http://eol.org/pages/1064947 Patagioenas fasciata (Say, 1823) band-tailed dove columba fasciata patagioenas fasciata dove as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1204 http://eol.org/pages/99403 aplodinotus spp. river drum thunderpumper freshwater drum as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1205 http://eol.org/pages/2351 calamari loliginidae squid as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12270 GRIN:29888 ITIS:24774 LANGUAL:B1206 MANSFELD:9332 PLANTS:PRDO http://eol.org/pages/301139 Prunus domestica L. prunus domestica plum plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1208 squash plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11866 GRIN:28046 ITIS:42458 LANGUAL:B1209 MANSFELD:10700 PLANTS:PHDA4 http://eol.org/pages/1135088 Phoenix dactylifera L. phoenix dactylifera date plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:5113 LANGUAL:B1210 MANSFELD:13652 PLANTS:GOSSY http://eol.org/pages/4321 Gossypium L. gossypium spp. cotton plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8698 GRIN:10745 ITIS:28886 LANGUAL:B1211 MANSFELD:7611 PLANTS:CIME3 http://eol.org/pages/582203 Citrus medica L. Citrus medica L. var. medica citrus medica citron plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10889 GRIN:22399 ITIS:503504 LANGUAL:B1212 MANSFELD:6914 PLANTS:LICH4 http://eol.org/pages/487032 Litchi chinensis Sonn. litchee litchi chinensis litchi nut lychee nephelium litchi litchi plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1213 nut producing plant as food source The nutmeg tree is any of several species of trees in genus *Myristica*. The most important commercial species is *Myristica fragrans*, an evergreen tree indigenous to the Banda Islands in the Moluccas (or Spice Islands) of Indonesia. The nutmeg tree is important for two spices derived from the fruit: nutmeg and mace. Nutmeg is the actual seed of the tree, while mace is the dried "lacy" reddish covering or aril of the seed. WIKIPEDIA:Nutmeg http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11300 GRIN:24855 ITIS:18125 LANGUAL:B1214 MANSFELD:12036 PLANTS:MYFR3 http://eol.org/pages/596922 Myristica fragrans Houtt. myristica fragrans LanguaL curation note: When indexing the spice mace made from nutmeg, use *NUTMEG [B1214]* and *ARIL [C0287]*. nutmeg plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11328 GRIN:25110 ITIS:18400 LANGUAL:B1216 PLANTS:NENU2 http://eol.org/pages/596454 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. nelumbo nucifera lotus plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:103137 ITIS:505272 LANGUAL:B1218 MANSFELD:5808 PLANTS:SOSU http://eol.org/pages/482935 Solanum tuberosum L. irish potato solanum tuberosum white potato potato plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7879 GRIN:6123 ITIS:41459 LANGUAL:B1219 MANSFELD:33218 PLANTS:AVSA http://eol.org/pages/1114783 Avena sativa L. avena sativa common oat plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1220 Insecta insecta insect as food source The cashew is a tree in the family Anacardiaceae. Its English name derives from the Portuguese name for the fruit of the cashew tree, caju, which in turn derives from the indigenous Tupi name, acajú. It is now widely grown in tropical climates for its cashew nuts and cashew apples. The fruit of the cashew tree is an accessory fruit (sometimes called a pseudocarp or false fruit). What appears to be the fruit is an oval or pear-shaped structure that develops from the pedicel and the receptacle of the cashew flower. Called the cashew apple, better known in Central America as "marañón", it ripens into a yellow and/or red structure about 5 to 11 cm long. It is edible, and has a strong "sweet" smell and a sweet taste. The pulp of the cashew apple is very juicy, but the skin is fragile, making it unsuitable for transport. In Latin America, a fruit drink is made from the cashew apple pulp which has a very refreshing taste and tropical flavor that can be described as having notes of mango, raw green pepper, and just a little hint of grapefruit-like citrus. The true fruit of the cashew tree is a kidney or boxing-glove shaped drupe that grows at the end of the cashew apple. The drupe develops first on the tree, and then the pedicel expands into the cashew apple. Within the true fruit is a single seed, the cashew nut. Although a nut in the culinary sense, in the botanical sense the nut of the cashew is a seed. The seed is surrounded by a double shell containing an allergenic phenolic resin, anacardic acid, a potent skin irritant chemically related to the more well known allergenic oil urushiol which is also a toxin found in the related poison ivy. Properly roasting cashews destroys the toxin, but it must be done outdoors as the smoke (not unlike that from burning poison ivy) contains urushiol droplets which can cause severe, sometimes life-threatening, reactions by irritating the lungs. WIKIPEDIA:Anacardium_occidentale http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7475 GRIN:3060 ITIS:28793 LANGUAL:B1221 MANSFELD:28212 PLANTS:ANOC http://eol.org/pages/582263 Anacardium occidentale L. anacardium occidentale cashew apple LanguaL curation note: When indexing the pecan fruit (drupe, seed) index both *PECAN [B1221]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). cashew plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1222 fish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1223 http://eol.org/pages/2235 mytilidae mussel as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1224 http://eol.org/pages/2248 crassostrea spp. ostrea spp. ostreidae oyster as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1225 rosaceae rosae rose plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13063 GRIN:33749 ITIS:505186 LANGUAL:B1226 MANSFELD:10138 PLANTS:SEOR4 http://eol.org/pages/4428 Sesamum indicum L. Sesamum orientale L. sesamum indicum sesamum orientale sesame plant as food source The carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) is a root vegetable, usually orange, purple, red, white, or yellow in colour, with a crisp texture when fresh. The edible part of a carrot is a taproot. It is a domesticated form of the wild carrot Daucus carota, native to Europe and southwestern Asia. It has been bred for its greatly enlarged and more palatable, less woody-textured edible taproot, but is still the same species. [Wikipedia] \n\nDaucus carota (common names include wild carrot, (UK) bird's nest, bishop's lace, and (US) Queen Anne's lace) is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to temperate regions of Europe, southwest Asia and naturalised to northeast North America; domesticated carrots are cultivars of a subspecies, Daucus carota subsp. sativus. Like the cultivated carrot, the wild carrot root is edible while young, but quickly becomes too woody to consume. [Wikipedia] http://langual.org GRIN:13337 GRIN:300172 ITIS:29477 ITIS:524845 ITIS:524846 LANGUAL:B1227 MANSFELD:1080 http://eol.org/pages/581785 Daucus L. Daucus carota L. Daucus carota L. subsp. carota Daucus carota ssp. carota L. Daucus carota ssp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang. baby carrot bird's nest daucus carota queen anne's lace wild carrot LanguaL curation note: Use for both wild and domesticated (garden) carrot. The is some disagreement concerning the scientific name. carrot plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:326 FAO ASFIS:FCP ITIS:163344 LANGUAL:B1228 http://eol.org/pages/985921 Cyprinus carpio Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 Cyprinus carpio carpio Linnaeus, 1758 chub (carp) cyprinus carpio common carp as food source http://langual.org ITIS:180691 LANGUAL:B1229 MSW3:14100015 http://eol.org/pages/328648 Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 equus caballus horse as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10323 GRIN:317403 ITIS:40874 LANGUAL:B1230 MANSFELD:33890 PLANTS:HOVU http://eol.org/pages/1114455 Hordeum vulgare L. hordeum vulgare barley plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1231 berry plant http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13973 GRIN:311987 ITIS:42269 LANGUAL:B1232 MANSFELD:36372 PLANTS:ZEMA http://eol.org/pages/1115259 Zea mays L. Zea mays subsp. mays maize zea mays LanguaL curation note: Use 'field corn' for any breakfast cereals or snack foods having 'corn' as the main ingredient. corn plant (sensu maize) http://langual.org GRIN:315611 LANGUAL:B1233 MANSFELD:212 NETTOX: Allium sativum L. allium sativum garlic plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1234 http://eol.org/pages/25595 calamus spp. porgy as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:200 FAO ASFIS:SPR ITIS:161789 LANGUAL:B1235 http://eol.org/pages/607993 Sprattus sprattus Sprattus sprattus (Linnaeus, 1758) Sprattus sprattus sprattus (Linnaeus, 1758) clupea sprattus european sprat sprattus sprattus sprat as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1236 http://eol.org/pages/18523 meleagris spp. turkey (poultry) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1237 http://eol.org/pages/2602479 caridea crangonidae palaemondidae penaeidae prawn shrimp as food source http://langual.org GRIN:316592 LANGUAL:B1238 MANSFELD:23971 NETTOX: Brassica rapa L. ssp. rapa brassica rapa var. rapifera turnip plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1239 http://eol.org/pages/25872 opisthonema spp. thread herring as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1158 CEC 1993:1159 FAO ASFIS:TUR ITIS:616195 LANGUAL:B1240 http://eol.org/pages/213913 Psetta maxima Psetta maxima (Linnaeus, 1758) Psetta maxima maeotica (Pallas, 1811) psetta maxima scophthalmus maximus turbot as food source Okra (*Abelmoschus esculentus* Moench, known in many English-speaking countries as lady's fingers or gumbo) is a flowering plant in the mallow family. It is valued for its edible green seed pods. The geographical origin of okra is disputed, with supporters of South Asian, Ethiopian and West African origins. The plant is cultivated in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions around the world. WIKIPEDIA:Abelmoschus_esculentus http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7006 GRIN:619 ITIS:21770 LANGUAL:B1241 PLANTS:ABES http://eol.org/pages/584458 Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench abelmoschus esculentus gombo gumbo hibiscus esculentus lady's finger okra plant as food source Turtles are reptiles of the order *Testudines* (the crown group of the superorder *Chelonia*), characterised by a special bony or cartilaginous shell developed from their ribs that acts as a shield.Species of the zoological order *Chelonia*. WIKIPEDIA:Turtle http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1242 chelonia malaclemys terrapin turtle as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1243 http://eol.org/pages/25445 istiophorus spp. makaira spp. tetrapturus spp. marlin as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9581 GRIN:15602 ITIS:502403 LANGUAL:B1244 MANSFELD:8991 PLANTS:ERJA3 http://eol.org/pages/628975 ErioboInOwltrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. erioboInOwltrya japonica japanese medlar japanese plum (erioboInOwltrya) loquat plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11049 GRIN:104681 LANGUAL:B1245 MANSFELD:8860 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Malus domestica Borkh. malus communis malus domestica pyrus malus apple tree as food source http://langual.org GRIN:8897 LANGUAL:B1247 MANSFELD:24347 NETTOX: Capparis spinosa L. capparis spinosa caper plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:311781 LANGUAL:B1248 MANSFELD:24078 NETTOX: Brassica napus L. emend. Metzg. var. napus brassica napus rape plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8382 GRIN:9147 ITIS:22324 LANGUAL:B1249 MANSFELD:23437 PLANTS:CAPA23 http://eol.org/pages/585682 Carica papaya L. carica papaya hawaiian papaya lechoza melon tree pawpaw papaya plant as food source The taxonomies given vary widely. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1250 capsicum capsicum annuum pepper, green or red (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1251 http://eol.org/pages/2822835 tetraoninae grouse as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1252 rana catesbiana rana esculenta rana japonica rana nigromaculata rana pipiens rana sylvatica salientia frog as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1253 http://eol.org/pages/18070 branta spp. goose as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1254 trifolium spp. clover plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:50069 LANGUAL:B1255 MANSFELD:12338 NETTOX: Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry caryophyllus eugenia aromatica syzygium aromaticum clove plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:722 FAO ASFIS:SPT ITIS:169267 LANGUAL:B1256 http://eol.org/pages/206726 Leiostomus xanthurus Leiostomus xanthurus Lacepède, 1802 Leiostomus xanthurus Lacépède, 1803 leiostomus xanthurus spot croaker as food source http://langual.org ITIS:180703 LANGUAL:B1257 MSW3:14200208 http://eol.org/pages/328654 Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758) Alces alces Linnaeus, 1758 alces alces eurasian elk moose as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1258 salmo except salmo salar trout as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1259 http://eol.org/pages/58242 busycon strombus spp. conch as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10032 GRIN:17540 ITIS:183269 LANGUAL:B1260 PLANTS:GIBI2 http://eol.org/pages/1156278 Ginkgo biloba L. ginkgo biloba LanguaL curation note: When indexing the ginkgo fruit (nut) index both *GINGKO [B1260]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). ginkgo plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9845 GRIN:300219 ITIS:29509 LANGUAL:B1262 MANSFELD:1536 PLANTS:FOVU http://eol.org/pages/585008 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill. foeniculum vulgare fennel plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1232 FAO ASFIS:PRF ITIS:96343 LANGUAL:B1263 http://eol.org/pages/344690 Macrobrachium rosenbergii Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man 1879) Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879) giant freshwater shrimp giant river prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii giant freshwater prawn as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1264 http://eol.org/pages/13109 sarda spp. bonito as food source http://langual.org GRIN:42254 LANGUAL:B1265 MANSFELD:3222 NETTOX: Zingiber officinale Roscoe zingiber officinale ginger plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11278 GRIN:70453 ITIS:42391 LANGUAL:B1266 MANSFELD:12425 PLANTS:MUPA3 http://eol.org/pages/1116069 Musa X paradisiaca L. (pro sp.) Musa x paradisiaca L. Musa ×paradisiaca L. (pro sp.) banana, common common banana dessert banana french plantain musa sapientum musa x paradisiaca plantain sweet banana common banana plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1267 mentha spp. mint plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:21739 LANGUAL:B1268 MANSFELD:30720 NETTOX: Lens culinaris Medik. lens culinaris lentil plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1269 http://eol.org/pages/2804369 thunnini tuna as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11082 GRIN:23351 ITIS:28803 LANGUAL:B1270 MANSFELD:28253 PLANTS:MAIN3 http://eol.org/pages/582270 Mangifera indica L. indian mango mangifera indica mango plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:312261 LANGUAL:B1271 MANSFELD:18979 http://eol.org/pages/8223 Bambusa Schreb. Bambusa spp. bambusa spp. bamboo plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12275 GRIN:29890 ITIS:24775 LANGUAL:B1272 MANSFELD:9421 http://eol.org/pages/231567 Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb Prunus dulcis (P. Mill.) D.A. Webber prunus amygdalus prunus communis prunus dulcis LanguaL curation note: When indexing the almond fruit (drupe), index both *ALMOND [B2721]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). almond plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:12617 LANGUAL:B1274 MANSFELD:1199 NETTOX: Cuminum cyminum L. cuminum cyminum cumin plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8694 GRIN:10732 ITIS:28885 LANGUAL:B1275 MANSFELD:7625 PLANTS:CILI5 http://eol.org/pages/4414 Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. Citrus limon (L.) Burm. fil. Citrus ×limon (L.) Burm. f. (pro sp.) citrus limon citrus medica var. limonum lemon plant as food source The word "tomato" may refer to the plant (Solanum lycopersicum) or the edible, typically red, fruit that it bears. Originating in South America, the tomato was spread around the world following the Spanish colonization of the Americas, and its many varieties are now widely grown, often in greenhouses in cooler climates.See also the list of tomato cultivars . WIKIPEDIA:List_of_tomato_cultivars http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10985 GRIN:101442 ITIS:521671 ITIS:529044 LANGUAL:B1276 MANSFELD:6054 PLANTS:SOLY2 http://eol.org/pages/392557 Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Lycopersicon esculentum var. esculentum P. Mill. Solanum lycopersicum L. gold apple love apple lycopersicon esculentum lycopersicon lycopersicum solanum lycopersicum tomato plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:3412 LANGUAL:B1277 MANSFELD:1571 NETTOX: Anethum graveolens L. anethum dill plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1278 anguillidae congridae nettastomatidae eel as food source Cola acuminata belongs to the family Sterculiaceae and its fruits are harvested from the forests of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The fruits are rough, mottled and up to 8 inches long and contain large, flat and bright red coloured seeds. The fruit is commonly known as a Kola nut. WIKIPEDIA:Cola_acuminata http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8778 GRIN:101905 ITIS:506101 LANGUAL:B1279 MANSFELD:5440 PLANTS:COAC4 http://eol.org/pages/486399 Cola acuminata (P. Beauv.) Schott & Endl. Cola acuminata (P.Beauv.) Schott & Endl. abata cola abatacola cola acuminata colatree kola nut cola plant as food source A male hog castrated before sexual maturity.[Webster´s] http://langual.org ITIS:180722 LANGUAL:B1280 MSW3:14200054 http://eol.org/pages/328663 Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 barrow as food source Kale (also called Borecole) is a form of cabbage (*Brassica oleracea* Acephala Group) in which the central leaves do not form a head. It is considered to be closer to wild cabbage than most domesticated forms. The species *Brassica oleracea* contains a wide array of vegetables, including broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts. The Cultivar Group Acephala also includes spring greens and collard greens, which are extremely similar genetically. Kale can be classified by leaf type: Curly leaved (Scots kales), Plain leaved, Rape kale, Leaf and spear (a cross between curly leaved and plain leaved kale), Cavolo nero (also known as black cabbage, Tuscan kale, Lacinato and dinosaur kale) ( WIKIPEDIA:Kale) http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8115 GRIN:319629 ITIS:23062 LANGUAL:B1281 MANSFELD:23870 http://eol.org/pages/583899 Brassica oleracea L. Brassica oleracea L. var. sabellica L. Brassica oleracea var. sabellica L. brassica oleracea cole kale plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:300034 LANGUAL:B1282 MANSFELD:1212 NETTOX: Apium graveolens L. apium graveolens var. dulce celery plant as food source Melon is a name given to various members of the plant family Cucurbitaceae with sweet flavored, fleshy fruit e.g. gourds or cucurbits. Melon can be referred as a plant or a fruit. Many different cultivars have been produced, particularly of muskmelons. WIKIPEDIA:Melon http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1283 http://eol.org/pages/38795 cucumis spp. melon plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13277 GRIN:35331 ITIS:182142 LANGUAL:B1284 PLANTS:SPDU3 http://eol.org/pages/596822 Spondias dulcis Parkinson Spondias dulcis Sol. ex Parkinson golden apple otaheite ambarella spondias cytherea spondias dulcis wi tree ambarella plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11617 GRIN:317710 ITIS:40946 LANGUAL:B1285 MANSFELD:34757 PLANTS:PAMI2 http://eol.org/pages/1114498 Panicum miliaceum L. panicum miliaceum proso millet common millet plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1286 palm plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1287 http://eol.org/pages/24151 mugil spp. gray mullet as food source The Pili nut (Canarium ovatum), one of 600 species in the family Burseraceae, is native to Malesia. The genus name Canarium comes from the vernacular name "kenari" in the Molucca Isles of Indonesia. Pili (pronounced pee-lee) fruit is a drupe, 4 to 7 cm long, 2.3 to 3.8 cm in diameter, and weighs 15.7 to 45.7 g. The most important product from pili is the kernel. When raw, it resembles the flavor of roasted pumpkin seed, and when roasted, its mild, nutty flavor and tender-crispy texture is superior to that of the almond. WIKIPEDIA:Canarium_ovatum http://langual.org GRIN:8819 ITIS:506413 LANGUAL:B1289 PLANTS:CAOV7 http://eol.org/pages/483518 Canarium ovatum Engl. Canarium ovatum Engler canarium ovatum pili nut LanguaL curation note: When indexing the pili fruit (drupe, seed) index both *PILI TREE [B1289]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). pili tree as food source Juglans is a plant genus of the family Juglandaceae, the seeds of which are known as walnuts. WIKIPEDIA:Juglans http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1290 http://eol.org/pages/38394 juglans spp. LanguaL curation note: When indexing the walnut fruit (drupe, seed) index both *WALNUT [B1290]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). walnut plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1291 http://eol.org/pages/25222 hake merluce merluza urophycis spp. codling as food source The elk or wapiti (*Cervus canadensis*) is one of the largest species of deer in the world, and one of the largest land mammals in North America and eastern Asia. It was long believed to be a subspecies of the European red deer (*Cervus elaphus*), but evidence from a 2004 study of the mitochondrial DNA indicates that the two are distinct species. This animal should not be confused with the larger moose (*Alces alces*), to which the name "elk" applies in Eurasia. Apart from the moose, the only other member of the deer family to rival the elk in size is the south Asian sambar *(Rusa unicolor*). WIKIPEDIA:Wapiti http://langual.org ITIS:180695 LANGUAL:B1292 MSW3:14200358 http://eol.org/pages/328649 Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 Cervus elaphus canadensis Erxleben, 1777 cervus canadensis cervus elaphus canadensis wapiti elk as food source WIKIPEDIA:Esox http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1293 http://eol.org/pages/25461 esox spp. pike as food source http://langual.org GRIN:2369 LANGUAL:B1294 MANSFELD:85 NETTOX: Allium schoenoprasum L. allium schoenoprasum chive plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1295 Serpentes Linnaeus, 1758 ophidia serpentes snake as food source http://langual.org GRIN:28395 LANGUAL:B1296 MANSFELD:1373 NETTOX: Pimpinella anisum L. anise, common aniseed pimpinella anisum anise plant as food source Multicellular animal, e.g., fish, meat animal or poultry. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1297 LanguaL curation note: For a unicellular animal, use *ALGAE OR FUNGUS USED AS FOOD SOURCE*. animal used as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1298 http://eol.org/pages/30000 cydonia spp. quince plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:25555 LANGUAL:B1299 MANSFELD:11672 NETTOX: Olea europaea L. manzanilla olive olea europaea olive plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7304 GRIN:300022 LANGUAL:B1300 PLANTS:ALLIU http://eol.org/pages/4174 Allium Allium L. Allium sp. allium spp. bulb onion cebolla garden onion onion plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9805 GRIN:16801 ITIS:19093 LANGUAL:B1302 MANSFELD:12757 PLANTS:FICA http://eol.org/pages/594632 Ficus carica L. common fig edible fig ficus carica fig plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:32950 LANGUAL:B1303 MANSFELD:16755 NETTOX: Salvia officinalis L. salvia sage plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1304 http://eol.org/pages/7978 columbidae squab pigeon as food source http://langual.org GRIN:300141 LANGUAL:B1305 MANSFELD:2900 NETTOX: Coffea arabica L. coffea arabica coffee plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1306 http://eol.org/pages/29913 prunus spp. cherry plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:35334 ITIS:28816 LANGUAL:B1307 MANSFELD:28347 PLANTS:SPMO http://eol.org/pages/582279 Spondias mombin L. ashanti plum jamaica-plum joboInOwl spondias lutea spondias mombin yellow mombin hog plum plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:2351 ITIS:532057 LANGUAL:B1308 MANSFELD:200 Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum Allium porrum L. allium porrum garden leek leek plant as food source The beet (*Beta vulgaris*) is a plant in the Chenopodiaceae family which is now included in *Amaranthaceae* family. It is best known in its numerous cultivated varieties, the most well known of which is the root vegetable known as the beetroot or garden beet. However, other cultivated varieties include the leaf vegetables chard and spinach beet, as well as the root vegetables sugar beet, which is important in the production of table sugar, and mangelwurzel, which is a fodder crop. Three subspecies are typically recognised. All cultivated varieties fall into the subspecies *Beta vulgaris* subsp. *vulgaris*, while *Beta vulgaris* subsp. *maritima*, commonly known as the sea beet, is the wild ancestor of these, and is found throughout the Mediterranean, the Atlantic coast of Europe, the Near East, and India. A second wild subspecies, *Beta vulgaris* subsp. *adanensis*, occurs from Greece to Syria. WIKIPEDIA:Beta_vulgaris http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8005 GRIN:300073 ITIS:20681 LANGUAL:B1309 PLANTS:BEVU2 http://eol.org/pages/585884 Beta vulgaris L. beetroot beta vulgaris beet plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:OSY ITIS:162049 LANGUAL:B1310 http://eol.org/pages/205330 Spirinchus thaleichthys Spirinchus thaleichthys (Ayres 1860) Spirinchus thaleichthys (Ayres, 1860) osmerus thaleichthys spirinchus thaleichthys longfin smelt as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1311 http://eol.org/pages/59534 ziziphus spp. jujube plant as food source Wheat (Triticum spp.) is a domesticated grass from the Levant that is cultivated worldwide. Major cultivated species of wheat: * Common wheat or Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) A hexaploid species that is the most widely cultivated in the world. * Durum (Triticum durum) The only tetraploid form of wheat widely used today, and the second most widely cultivated wheat. * Einkorn (Triticum monococcum) A diploid species with wild and cultivated variants. Domesticated at the same time as emmer wheat, but never reached the same importance. * Emmer (Triticum dicoccon) A tetraploid species, cultivated in ancient times but no longer in widespread use. * Spelt (Triticum spelta) Another hexaploid species cultivated in limited quantities. WIKIPEDIA:Wheat http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1312 triticum spp. wheat plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12952 GRIN:317600 ITIS:42090 LANGUAL:B1313 PLANTS:SECE http://eol.org/pages/1115159 Secale cereale L. secale cereale rye plant as food source Endive, *Cichorium endivia*, is a leaf vegetable belonging to the daisy family. Endive can be cooked or used raw in salads. WIKIPEDIA:Endive http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8651 GRIN:10542 ITIS:501522 LANGUAL:B1314 MANSFELD:31969 PLANTS:CIEN http://eol.org/pages/488332 Cichorium endivia L. cichorium endivia endive plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:30857 LANGUAL:B1315 MANSFELD:24313 NETTOX: Raphanus sativus L. var. acanthiformis Makino raphanus sativus radish plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1316 http://eol.org/pages/8027 anatidae duck as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1317 http://eol.org/pages/2278 cardiidae cockle as food source http://langual.org GRIN:400137 LANGUAL:B1318 MANSFELD:5328 NETTOX: Theobroma cacao L. theobroma cacao cacao plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1319 http://eol.org/pages/3196 Catostomus Lesueur, 1817 catostomus spp. sucker as food source The pecan, Carya illinoinensis, is a species of hickory, native to south-central North America, in Mexico from Coahuila south to Jalisco and Veracruz, in the United States from southern Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, and Indiana east to western Kentucky, southwestern Ohio, North Carolina, South Carolina, and western Tennessee, south through Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Florida, and west into New Mexico. "Pecan" is from an Algonquian word, meaning a nut requiring a stone to crack. In Mexico, pecans and walnuts share the same Spanish name, nuez, which is a cognate of the English word nut. WIKIPEDIA:Pecan http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8402 GRIN:9253 ITIS:19234 LANGUAL:B1320 MANSFELD:11946 PLANTS:CAIL2 http://eol.org/pages/594985 Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K.Koch carya illinoinensis carya pecan pecan nut LanguaL curation note: When indexing the pecan fruit (drupaceous nut) index both *PECAN [B1320]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precidese narrower terms). pecan plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11528 GRIN:26077 ITIS:41976 LANGUAL:B1322 MANSFELD:20986 PLANTS:ORSA http://eol.org/pages/1115098 Oryza sativa L. asian rice lowland rice oryza sativa upland rice rice plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1323 http://eol.org/pages/1689 leporidae oryctolagus spp. sylvilagus spp. rabbit as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1324 grain plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1325 http://eol.org/pages/42276 castor spp. beaver as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1326 early june pea pea, smooth skin cultivars alaska pea plant as food source *Acacia* is a genus of shrubs and trees belonging to the subfamily *Mimosoideae* of the family *Fabaceae*. Acacias are also known as thorntrees, whistling thorns or wattles. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1327 acacia spp. wattle acacia (genus) plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:180715 LANGUAL:B1328 MSW3:14200776 http://eol.org/pages/328660 Capra hircus Linnaeus, 1758 capra hircus goat as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13866 LANGUAL:B1329 http://eol.org/pages/38383 Vitis vitis spp. grape plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1331 clam as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:257 FAO ASFIS:ACH ITIS:162001 LANGUAL:B1332 http://eol.org/pages/1156463 Salvelinus alpinus Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus, 1758) char, alpine salvelinus alpinus arctic char as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12335 GRIN:30205 ITIS:27240 LANGUAL:B1333 MANSFELD:12287 PLANTS:PSGU http://eol.org/pages/2508593 Psidium guajava L. abas apple guava common guava guabang guayaba kautonga kuahpa pisidium guajava psidium spp. yellow guava guava plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1334 cluster bean cyamopsis tetragonoloba cyamposis psoralioides guar plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1335 http://eol.org/pages/2604866 brachyura short-tailed crabs true crabs crab as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1336 crambe abyssinica crambe plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7636 GRIN:3785 ITIS:26463 LANGUAL:B1337 MANSFELD:29861 PLANTS:ARHY http://eol.org/pages/641309 Arachis hypogaea L. arachis hypogaea earthnut groundnut peanut plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:300472 LANGUAL:B1338 MANSFELD:30744 NETTOX: Pisum sativum L. english pea garden pea green pea lathyrus l. pisum l. pea plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8703 GRIN:10782 ITIS:28889 LANGUAL:B1339 MANSFELD:7673 PLANTS:CISI3 http://eol.org/pages/4414 Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Citrus ×sinensis (L.) Osbeck (pro sp.) batavian orange citrus sinensis mozambique orange sweet orange tight-skinned orange west african sweet orange orange plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1340 http://eol.org/pages/24884 raja spp. ray skate as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1341 http://eol.org/pages/7666 phocidae true seal seal family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1342 LanguaL curation note: Use only, when no other information is available. shark as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1343 whale as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12395 GRIN:30474 ITIS:25295 LANGUAL:B1344 MANSFELD:8689 PLANTS:PYCO http://eol.org/pages/414311 Pyrus communis L. pyrus communis pear plant as food source Quail is a collective name for several genera of mid-sized birds generally considered in the order *Galliformes*. Old World quail are found in the family *Phasianidae*, and New World quail are found in the family *Odontophoridae*. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1346 http://eol.org/pages/7590 galliformes odontophoridae phasianidae quail as food source Multicellular plants. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1347 LanguaL curation note: For unicellular plants as well as for algae, mushrooms and yeast, use the appropriate narrower term under *ALGAE OR FUNGUS USED AS FOOD SOURCE*. plant used as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1348 http://eol.org/pages/6893 Alosa Linck, 1790 alosa spp. shad river herring as food source Calves are the young of domestic cattle. Calves are reared to become adult cattle, or are slaughtered for their meat, called veal. WIKIPEDIA:Calf http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1349 veal calf as food source The peach tree (Prunus persica) is a species of Prunus native to China that bears an edible juicy fruit called a peach. WIKIPEDIA:Peach http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12289 GRIN:30065 ITIS:24765 LANGUAL:B1350 MANSFELD:9402 PLANTS:PRPE3 PLANTS:PRPEP2 http://eol.org/pages/631649 Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. persica prunus persica peach plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1351 wax bean plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:431678 LANGUAL:B1352 MANSFELD:2228 NETTOX: Manihot esculenta Crantz manihot esculenta yuca cassava plant as food source Wide, semi-hot variety used in Hungarian cuisine. Frequently pickled. Also commonly dried, ground and presented as "Paprika". WIKIPEDIA:List_of_capsicum_cultivars http://langual.org GRIN:311784 LANGUAL:B1353 Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum capsicum annuum var. longum hungarian paprika hungarian pepper paprika paprika, hungarian hungarian wax pepper plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1354 http://eol.org/pages/5381 Ammodytes Linnaeus, 1758 ammodytes spp. sandeel sand lance as food source http://langual.org GRIN:41111 LANGUAL:B1355 MANSFELD:11314 NETTOX: Vanilla planifolia Andr. french vanilla vanilla fragrans vanilla plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:28390 LANGUAL:B1356 MANSFELD:12263 NETTOX: Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. jamaica pepper pimenta pimenta officinalis allspice plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13948 GRIN:300683 ITIS:500788 ITIS:506625 LANGUAL:B1358 PLANTS:TRRI8 http://eol.org/pages/8223 X Triticosecale X Triticosecale Wittm. X Triticosecale rimpaui Wittm. X Triticosecale sp. ×Triticosecale rimpaui Wittm. rye-wheat hybrid x triticosecale triticale plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1359 lucerne medicago sativa alfalfa plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11046 GRIN:23206 ITIS:565291 LANGUAL:B1360 MANSFELD:14412 PLANTS:MAGL6 http://eol.org/pages/398658 Malpighia glabra L. barbados cherry malpighia glabra malpighia marginata west indian cherry acerola plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1361 corn and lima beans lima bean and corn lima bean and sweet corn lima beans and corn vegetable corn and lima bean succotash plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:592 FAO ASFIS:AKR ITIS:168097 LANGUAL:B1362 http://eol.org/pages/205064 Ambloplites rupestris Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque, 1817) ambloplites rupestris rock bass as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1364 MANSFELD:9537 http://eol.org/pages/61521 rheum spp. rhubarb plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1365 osteichthyes fish, bony as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1366 ceratonia siliqua locust bean carob bean plant as food source GRIN Nomen 300661 Vicia faba L. (broad bean, bell-bean, fava-bean, faba-bean); however ITIS Id. 26339 Vicia faba L. (horsebean). Vicia faba, the Broad Bean, Fava Bean, Field Bean, Bell Bean or Tic Bean, is a species of bean (Fabaceae) native to north Africa and southwest Asia, and extensively cultivated elsewhere. A variety is provisionally recognized: Vicia faba var. equina Pers. - Horse Bean. Although usually classified in the same genus Vicia as the vetches, some botanists treat it in a separate monotypic genus Faba. The term fava bean (from the Italian fava, meaning "broad bean") is usually used in English speaking countries such as the US, however the term broad bean is the most common name in the UK. WIKIPEDIA:Vicia_faba http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13823 GRIN:300661 ITIS:26339 LANGUAL:B1367 MANSFELD:30416 PLANTS:VIFA http://eol.org/pages/703202 Vicia faba L. Vicia faba L. (varieties for human consumption) faba bean fava bean horse bean vicia faba broad bean plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1368 pinto bean plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8108 GRIN:7676 ITIS:530960 LANGUAL:B1369 MANSFELD:23859 PLANTS:BROLG2 http://eol.org/pages/4219 Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L. Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L. brassica oleracea var. gongylodes kohlrabi plant as food source Sugar beet, a cultivated plant of *Beta vulgaris*, is a plant whose tuber contains a high concentration of sucrose. It is grown commercially for sugar production. Sugar beets and other *B. vulgaris* cultivars such as beetroot and chard share a common wild ancestor, the sea beet (*Beta vulgaris maritima*). WIKIPEDIA:Sugarbeet http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8006 GRIN:7057 ITIS:20681 LANGUAL:B1370 MANSFELD:362 http://eol.org/pages/585884 Beta vulgaris L. Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris Beta vulgaris L. var. altissima Döll beta vulgaris var. altissima sugar beet plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1371 snap bean string bean stringless bean green bean plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1372 phaseolus lunatus sieva bean plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1374 http://eol.org/pages/2598871 crustacea crustacean as food source Wild rice (also called Canada rice, Indian rice, and water oats) is four species of grasses forming the genus Zizania, and the grain which can be harvested from them. The grain was historically gathered and eaten in both North America and China. While it is now something of a delicacy in North America, the grain is eaten less in China,[1]:165 where the plant's stem is used as a vegetable. WIKIPEDIA:Wild_rice http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13988 GRIN:403525 LANGUAL:B1375 MANSFELD:21064 NETTOX: http://eol.org/pages/8223 Zizania Zizania L. Zizania aquatica L. rice, wild water oats zizania spp. wild rice plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:961 FAO ASFIS:SKJ FDA RFE 2010:25 ITIS:172401 LANGUAL:B1376 http://eol.org/pages/205769 Katsuwonus pelamis Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758) euthynnus pelamis katsuwonus pelamis thynnus pelamis skipjack tuna as food source http://langual.org GRIN:3415 LANGUAL:B1377 MANSFELD:1655 NETTOX: Angelica archangelica L. angelica archangelica angelica plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:32617 LANGUAL:B1378 MANSFELD:35616 NETTOX: Saccharum officinarum L. saccharum officinarum sugar cane plant as food source Field corn is maize of varieties that (in contrast with sweet corn and popcorn) are not, in the United States, grown primarily for consumption as human food in the form of fresh kernels. More than 98% of corn-growing land in the U.S. is in use for field-corn production. Principal field corn varieties are Dent corn, Flint corn, Flour corn (including blue corn (Zea mays amylacea), and Waxy corn. WIKIPEDIA:Field_corn http://langual.org GRIN:311987 LANGUAL:B1379 PLANTS:ZEMAM2 http://eol.org/pages/8223 Zea mays L. ssp. mays Zea mays L. subsp. mays Zea mays ssp. mays L. corn, field dent corn flint corn maize podcorn zea mays var. indentata (not acc.) zea mays var. indurata (not acc.) Field corn is a general term used in North America for corn varieties other than sweet corn, popcorn, yellow food grade corn used for yellow corn meal or flour and corn starch, and white food-grade corn used for white meal or flour and corn starch. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_corn LanguaL curation note: Searching note--use 'field corn' for any breakfast cereal or snack food having 'corn' as the first ingredient. field corn plant as food source Sweet corn (Zea mays convar. saccharata var. rugosa; also called Indian corn, sugar corn, and pole corn) is a variety of maize with a high sugar content. Sweet corn is the result of a naturally occurring recessive mutation in the genes which control conversion of sugar to starch inside the endosperm of the corn kernel. Unlike field corn varieties, which are harvested when the kernels are dry and mature (dent stage), sweet corn is picked when immature (milk stage) and prepared and eaten as a vegetable, rather than a grain. Since the process of maturation involves converting sugar to starch, sweet corn stores poorly and must be eaten fresh, canned, or frozen, before the kernels become tough and starchy. WIKIPEDIA:Sweet_corn http://langual.org ITIS:42269 LANGUAL:B1380 http://eol.org/pages/1115259 Zea mays L. corn, sweet corn, vegetable golden corn sugar corn sweet corn zea mays var. rugosa vegetable corn plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:11523 LANGUAL:B1381 MANSFELD:1118 NETTOX: Coriandrum sativum L. chinese parsley cilantro coriandrum sativum coriander plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1382 http://eol.org/pages/2822977 odontophorinae perdicinae perdrix partridge as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1383 http://eol.org/pages/5188 xiphiidae swordfish family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1080 FAO ASFIS:CLI FDA RFE 2010:45 ITIS:167116 LANGUAL:B1384 http://eol.org/pages/206859 Ophiodon elongatus Ophiodon elongatus Girard 1854 Ophiodon elongatus Girard, 1854 ophiodon elongatus lingcod as food source Collard greens are various loose-leafed cultivars of *Brassica oleracea* (Acephala Group), the same species as cabbage and broccoli. The plant is grown for its large, dark-colored, edible leaves and as a garden ornamental, mainly in Brazil, Portugal, the southern United States, many parts of Africa, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, southern Croatia, Spain and in Pakistan, as well as in Kashmir region of both India and Pakistan. They are classified in the same cultivar group as kale and spring greens, to which they are closely similar genetically. The name "collard" is a shortened form of the word "colewort" (cabbage plant). WIKIPEDIA:Borekale http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:7679 LANGUAL:B1385 http://eol.org/pages/4219 Brassica oleracea L. var. viridis L. borekale brassica oleracea var. viridis cow cabbage fodder kale portuguese kale collard plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1386 gaultheria procumbens wintergreen spice wintergreen plant as food source A trailing, prickly hybrid between a blackberry and a dewberry (Rubus ursinus cv. Young) of the rose family, cultivated in the western United States. http://langual.org GRIN:104971 LANGUAL:B1388 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Rubus Hybr. rubus hybr. rubus ursinus cv. young youngberry plant Squirrels belong to a large family of small or medium-sized rodents called the Sciuridae. The family includes tree squirrels, ground squirrels, chipmunks, marmots (including woodchucks), flying squirrels, and prairie dogs. Squirrels are indigenous to the Americas, Eurasia, and Africa and have been introduced to Australia. WIKIPEDIA:Squirrel http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1389 http://eol.org/pages/8703 sciuridae squirrel as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10656 GRIN:21360 ITIS:36607 LANGUAL:B1390 PLANTS:LASA3 http://eol.org/pages/468144 Lactuca sativa L. lactuca sativa lettuce plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1392 http://eol.org/pages/24571 sardinella spp. sardinella as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1393 http://eol.org/pages/29917 fragaria spp. strawberry plant http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12580 GRIN:31874 ITIS:504800 LANGUAL:B1394 MANSFELD:17095 PLANTS:RIUV80 PLANTS:RIUVS http://eol.org/pages/489744 Ribes uva-crispa L. Ribes uva-crispa L. var. sativum DC. ribes uva-crispa gooseberry plant http://langual.org GRIN:312026 LANGUAL:B1395 MANSFELD:27370 NETTOX: Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek golden gram bean green gram bean phaseolus aureus mung bean plant as food source Menhaden, also known as mossbunker, bunker and pogy, are forage fish of the genera Brevoortia and Ethmidium, two genera of marine fish in the family Clupeidae. WIKIPEDIA:Menhaden http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1396 http://eol.org/pages/24695 Ethmidium Thompson, 1916 brevoortia spp. ethmidium spp. menhaden as food source http://langual.org GRIN:300449 LANGUAL:B1397 MANSFELD:27587 NETTOX: Phaseolus lunatus L. var. lunatus phaseolus limensis lima bean plant as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:613 FAO ASFIS:STV ITIS:650173 LANGUAL:B1398 http://eol.org/pages/211303 Sander vitreus (Mitchill, 1818) Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchill, 1818) sander vitreus stizostedion vitreum stizostedion vitreum vitreum yellow pike walleye pike as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:612 FAO ASFIS:FPP ITIS:650172 LANGUAL:B1399 http://eol.org/pages/222787 Sander lucioperca Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) Stizostedion lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) sander lucioperca stizostedion lucioperca pike perch as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1400 http://eol.org/pages/39080 phytolacca spp. pokeberry pokeweed plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12671 GRIN:104968 ITIS:506229 LANGUAL:B1401 PLANTS:RULO11 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Rubus loganobaccus L. H. Bailey Rubus loganobaccus L.H. Bailey Rubus loganobaccus L.H.Bailey rubus loganobaccus rubus ursinus var. loganobaccus cv. logan loganberry plant http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:158 FAO ASFIS:ALE ITIS:161706 LANGUAL:B1402 http://eol.org/pages/205466 Alosa pseudoharengus Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson, 1811) alosa pseudoharengus pomolobus pseudoharengus river herring alewife as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12780 GRIN:32994 ITIS:35324 LANGUAL:B1403 MANSFELD:23325 PLANTS:SANI4 http://eol.org/pages/488731 Sambucus nigra L. black elderberry elderberry sambucus spp. european elder plant as food source Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is a widely cultivated plant in the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae. It is a creeping vine that bears cucumiform fruits that are used as vegetables. There are three main varieties of cucumber: slicing, pickling, and seedless. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumber http://langual.org GRIN:12580 LANGUAL:B1404 MANSFELD:3698 NETTOX: Cucumis sativus L. ssp. sativus cucumis sativus cucumber plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9759 GRIN:16528 ITIS:502589 LANGUAL:B1405 MANSFELD:9680 PLANTS:FAES2 http://eol.org/pages/487699 Fagopyrum esculentum Moench fagopyrum esculentum fagopyrum sagittatum buckwheat plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8101 GRIN:7668 ITIS:23062 ITIS:526963 LANGUAL:B1406 PLANTS:BROL http://eol.org/pages/583899 Brassica oleracea L. Brassica oleracea var. oleracea L. brassica oleracea varieties cabbage plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:419819 ITIS:504851 LANGUAL:B1407 MANSFELD:8156 PLANTS:RUFR80 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Rubus fruticosus L. Rubus fruticosus aggregate rubus fruticosus european blackberry plant http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1408 http://eol.org/pages/32566 abalones nei haliotis spp. abalone as food source The species of this genus are known as crappies and are extremely popular game fish. The genus has two species the white and black crappie. Crappie of both species are sometimes referred to as papermouths, calico bass, and strawberry bass. Both species of crappie feed on minnows as adults. Both species spawn in the early spring when the water temperature nears 64 to 68 degrees. Crappie create a nest in fine silt or gravel, and the nests are often congregated in very high densities in shallow waters. ( WIKIPEDIA:White_crappie) http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1409 http://eol.org/pages/27527 pomoxis spp. crappie as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1024 FAO ASFIS:BUT ITIS:172567 LANGUAL:B1410 http://eol.org/pages/215092 Peprilus triacanthus Peprilus triacanthus (Peck, 1804) Peprilus triacanthus (Peek, 1804) peprilus triacanthus butterfish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:411 FAO ASFIS:NFA ITIS:165551 LANGUAL:B1411 http://eol.org/pages/204101 Strongylura marina (Walbaum, 1792) atlantic needlefish strongylura marina needlefish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PAM ITIS:161088 LANGUAL:B1412 http://eol.org/pages/208600 Polyodon spathula Polyodon spathula (Walbaum, 1792) polyodon spathula paddlefish as food source http://langual.org GRIN:7663 LANGUAL:B1413 MANSFELD:24068 NETTOX: Brassica napus L. emend. Metzg var. napobrassica brassica napobrassica var. solidflora brassica napus var. napobrassica swede swedish turnip rutabaga plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1414 http://eol.org/pages/6893 Clupea Linnaeus, 1758 clupea spp. herring as food source http://langual.org GRIN:300050 LANGUAL:B1415 MANSFELD:25827 NETTOX: Asparagus officinalis L. asparagus officinalis asparagus plant as food source The pistachio, Pistacia vera in the Anacardiaceae family, is a small tree originally from Persia (Iran), which now can also be found in to regions of Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Greece, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, India, Pakistan, Egypt, Sicily and possibly Afghanistan (especially in the provinces of Samangan and Badghis). The fruit is a drupe, containing an elongated seed, which is the edible portion. The seed, commonly thought of as a nut, is a culinary nut, not a botanical nut. WIKIPEDIA:Pistachio http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12006 GRIN:28655 ITIS:506470 LANGUAL:B1416 MANSFELD:28393 PLANTS:PIVE3 http://eol.org/pages/483483 Pistacia vera L. pistacia vera LanguaL curation note: When indexing the pistachio fruit (drupe, seed) index both *PISTACHIO [B1416]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). pistachio plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SXY ITIS:165555 LANGUAL:B1417 http://eol.org/pages/211686 Strongylura exilis Strongylura exilis (Girard 1854) Strongylura exilis (Girard, 1854) needlefish, california strongylura exilis california needlefish as food source Hard wheat (red or white) are varieties of common wheat with high protein (gluten) content used for bread. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1418 bread wheat triticum aestivum hard wheat plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1419 http://eol.org/pages/25735 lepomis spp. sunfish as food source Soft wheat (red or white) are lower protein (gluten), higher starch varieties used for cakes, pie crusts, biscuits and muffins. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1421 triticum aestivum soft wheat plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:755 FAO ASFIS:SPH FDA RFE 2010:3 ITIS:169189 LANGUAL:B1422 http://eol.org/pages/213714 Archosargus probatocephalus Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum 1792) Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum, 1792) archosargus probatocephalus sheepshead as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1423 http://eol.org/pages/13122 gadus spp. cod as food source http://langual.org GRIN:12676 LANGUAL:B1425 MANSFELD:3244 NETTOX: Curcuma longa L. curcuma domestica curcuma longa tumeric turmeric plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1426 http://eol.org/pages/5210 scombridae mackerel family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SWO FDA RFE 2010:93 ITIS:172482 LANGUAL:B1427 http://eol.org/pages/206878 Xiphias gladius Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758 xiphias gladius swordfish as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13450 GRIN:80051 ITIS:36213 ITIS:524742 ITIS:524743 LANGUAL:B1428 MANSFELD:32135 PLANTS:TAOF PLANTS:TAOFC PLANTS:TAOFO http://eol.org/pages/1278264 Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. ssp. ceratophorum (Ledeb.) Schinz ex Thell. Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. ssp. officinale Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F.H.Wigg., s.l. Taraxacum officinale aggregate Taraxacum officinale ssp. officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers Taraxacum officinale ssp. vulgare (Lam.) Schinz & R. Keller taraxacum dandelion plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8702 GRIN:10778 ITIS:28888 LANGUAL:B1429 MANSFELD:7687 PLANTS:CIRE3 http://eol.org/pages/582204 Citrus reticulata Blanco citrus deliciosa citrus nobilus citrus reticulata citrus unshia fremont loose-skinned orange tangerine mandarin orange plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1430 http://eol.org/pages/23896 argentina spp. silver smelts argentine as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1431 http://eol.org/pages/26338 hexagrammos spp. greenling as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:577 FAO ASFIS:WRF ITIS:167914 LANGUAL:B1432 http://eol.org/pages/205261 Polyprion americanus Polyprion americanus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Polyprion americanus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) polyprion americanus wreckfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1433 shellfish as food source http://langual.org GRIN:24082 LANGUAL:B1434 MANSFELD:16164 NETTOX: Mentha spicata L. emend L. mentha spicata mentha viridis spearmint plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1435 http://eol.org/pages/29970 amelanchier spp. serviceberry shadbush sugarplum juneberry plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12290 LANGUAL:B1436 MANSFELD:9406 PLANTS:PRPEN http://eol.org/pages/8097 Persica vulgaris var. nectarina (Aiton) Holub Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nucipersica (Suckow) C.K. Schneid. Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nucipersica (Suckow) C.K.Schneid. prunus persica var. nucipersica nectarine plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1082 FAO ASFIS:SAB ITIS:167123 LANGUAL:B1437 http://eol.org/pages/206154 Anoplopoma fimbria Anoplopoma fimbria (Pallas, 1811) Anoplopoma fimbria (Pallas, 1814) anoplopoma fimbria sablefish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:563 FAO ASFIS:BSB ITIS:167687 LANGUAL:B1438 http://eol.org/pages/205158 Centropristis striata Centropristis striata (Linnaeus, 1758) blackfish centropristis striata sea bass, black black sea bass as food source Plantain is the common name for herbaceous plants of the genus Musa. The fruit they produce is generally used for cooking, in contrast to the soft, sweet banana (which is sometimes referred to as the dessert banana). There is a formal botanical distinction between bananas and plantains based on its structure and genus/species. WIKIPEDIA:Plantain http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11278 GRIN:70453 ITIS:42391 LANGUAL:B1439 PLANTS:MUPA3 http://eol.org/pages/1116069 Musa X paradisiaca L. (pro sp.) Musa x paradisiaca L. Musa ×paradisiaca L. (pro sp.) cooking banana french plantain musa paradisiaca musa sapientum plantain (musa) plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:461 FAO ASFIS:POK FDA RFE 2010:53 ITIS:164727 LANGUAL:B1440 http://eol.org/pages/994633 Pollachius virens Pollachius virens (Linnaeus, 1758) black cod black pollack coalfish gadus pollachius gadus virens lythe pollachius virens pollack pollock saithe sea salmon sillock saithe as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:447 FAO ASFIS:HAD FDA RFE 2010:37 ITIS:164744 LANGUAL:B1441 http://eol.org/pages/212899 Melanogrammus aeglefinus Melanogrammus aeglefinus (Linnaeus, 1758) gadus aeglifinus melanogrammus aeglefinus haddock as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:469 FAO ASFIS:HKR ITIS:164730 LANGUAL:B1442 http://eol.org/pages/210307 Urophycis chuss Urophycis chuss (Walbaum, 1792) urophycis chuss red hake as food source Broccoli is a plant in the cabbage family, whose large flower head is used as a vegetable. The word broccoli, from the Italian plural of broccolo, refers to "the flowering top of a cabbage". Broccoli is usually boiled or steamed, but may be eaten raw and has become popular as a raw vegetable in hors d'oeuvre trays. Broccoli is classified in the *Italica* cultivar group of the species *Brassica oleracea*. Broccoli has large flower heads, usually green in color, arranged in a tree-like fashion on branches sprouting from a thick, edible stalk. The mass of flower heads is surrounded by leaves. Broccoli most closely resembles cauliflower, which is a different cultivar group of the same species. WIKIPEDIA:Broccoli http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8104 GRIN:105447 ITIS:530957 LANGUAL:B1443 MANSFELD:37506 PLANTS:BROLB http://eol.org/pages/4219 Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L. Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L. brassica oleracea l. convar. botrytis var. italica brassica oleracea var. botrytis brassica oleracea var. italica broccoli plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:3595 LANGUAL:B1444 MANSFELD:1048 NETTOX: Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm. anthriscus cerefolium chervil plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1446 cichorium endivia escarole plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1447 http://eol.org/pages/40060 diospyros spp. persimmon plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13225 GRIN:35092 ITIS:42108 LANGUAL:B1448 MANSFELD:35798 PLANTS:SOBI2 http://eol.org/pages/1115166 Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench gooseneck sorgho kaffir kafir milo sorghum bicolor sorghum plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:24078 LANGUAL:B1449 MANSFELD:16122 NETTOX: Mentha x piperita L. mentha piperita mentha x piperita peppermint plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1450 http://eol.org/pages/7622 didelphidae opossum as food source Macadamia is a genus of nine species of flowering plants in the family *Proteaceae*, with a disjunct distribution native to eastern Australia (seven species), New Caledonia (one species *M. neurophylla*) and Sulawesi in Indonesia (one species, *M. hildebrandii*). The fruit is a very hard woody globose follicle with a pointed apex, containing one or two seeds. WIKIPEDIA:Macadamia http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1451 http://eol.org/pages/61654 macadamia nut macadamia spp. LanguaL curation note: When indexing the macadamia fruit (seed) index both *COCONUT PALM [B1130]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). macadamia plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10065 GRIN:17711 ITIS:26716 LANGUAL:B1452 MANSFELD:27017 PLANTS:GLMA4 http://eol.org/pages/641527 Glycine max (L.) Merr. glycine max soybean plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:20732 ITIS:19250 LANGUAL:B1453 PLANTS:JUCI http://eol.org/pages/596229 Juglans cinerea L. juglans cinerea noix juglans cinerea LanguaL curation note: When indexing the butternut fruit (drupe, seed) index both *BUTTERNUT [B1453]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). butternut plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:42269 LANGUAL:B1454 http://eol.org/pages/1115259 Zea mays L. popping corn zea mays var. praecox popcorn plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1455 http://eol.org/pages/57691 garden snails helix spp. snails, garden snails, land land snail as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9052 GRIN:12606 ITIS:22373 LANGUAL:B1456 PLANTS:CUPE http://eol.org/pages/584410 Cucurbita pepo L. cucurbita pepo field pumpkin pumpkin plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:176086 LANGUAL:B1457 http://eol.org/pages/1049263 Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758) gallus domesticus gallus gallus domesticus chicken as food source http://langual.org GRIN:101312 LANGUAL:B1458 MANSFELD:5937 NETTOX: Solanum melongena L. aubergine solanum melongena eggplant plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:12265 LANGUAL:B1459 MANSFELD:14971 NETTOX: Crocus sativus L. crocus sativus saffron plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1460 http://eol.org/pages/7591 Phasianus Linnaeus, 1758 phasianus spp. pheasant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1461 http://eol.org/pages/18666 procyon spp. raccoon as food source The zucchini or courgette is a summer squash which can reach nearly a meter in length, but which is usually harvested at half that size or less. Along with certain other squashes, it belongs to the species Cucurbita pepo. Zucchini can be dark or light green. A related hybrid, the golden zucchini, is a deep yellow or orange color. WIKIPEDIA:Zucchini http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9052 GRIN:12606 ITIS:22373 LANGUAL:B1462 PLANTS:CUPE http://eol.org/pages/584410 Cucurbita pepo L. courgette cucurbita pepo cucurbita pepo var. melopepo cv. zucchini zucchini plant as food source The Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) is a South American tree in the family Lecythidaceae, and also the name of the tree's commercially harvested edible seed. While cooks classify the Brazil nut as a nut, botanists consider it to be a seed and not a nut, because in nuts the shell splits in half with the meat separate from the shell. WIKIPEDIA:Bertholletia_excelsa http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8003 GRIN:7022 ITIS:21989 LANGUAL:B1463 MANSFELD:14900 PLANTS:BEEX2 http://eol.org/pages/321258 Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl. bertholletia excelsa brazilnut cream nut para nut LanguaL curation note: When indexing the fruit of the brazil nut (seed) index both *BRAZIL NUT [B1463]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). brazil nut plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:19801 LANGUAL:B1464 MANSFELD:15224 NETTOX: Illicium verum J.D. Hook illicium verum star anise plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1465 acipenser spp. scaphirhynchus spp. sturgeon as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9112 GRIN:12839 LANGUAL:B1466 MANSFELD:31795 PLANTS:CYCA PLANTS:CYSC2 http://eol.org/pages/4206 Cynara cardunculus L. Cynara scolymus L. cynara cardunculus cynara scolymus artichoke plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:70440 ITIS:28691 LANGUAL:B1468 PLANTS:MEBI http://eol.org/pages/582291 Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. genip (melicoccus) honeyberry mamoncillo melicoccus bijugatus spanish lime plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:4282 LANGUAL:B1469 MANSFELD:32343 NETTOX: Artemisia dracunculus L. tarragon plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11773 GRIN:27393 ITIS:18154 LANGUAL:B1470 MANSFELD:15043 PLANTS:PEAM3 http://eol.org/pages/596888 Persea americana Mill. Persea americana P. Mill. abogado aguacate palta persea americana persea gratissima avocado plant as food source The European cantaloupe is lightly ribbed, with a gray-green skin that looks quite different from that of the North American cantaloupe. WIKIPEDIA:Cantaloupe http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9041 GRIN:12566 ITIS:22362 LANGUAL:B1471 MANSFELD:3670 PLANTS:CUME http://eol.org/pages/584424 Cucumis melo L. Cucumis melo L. ssp. melo Cantaloupe Group Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. cantalupensis Naudin Cucumis melo L. var. cantalupensis Naudin cucumis melo european cantaloupe plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8668 GRIN:70183 ITIS:501529 LANGUAL:B1472 MANSFELD:15093 PLANTS:CIVE2 http://eol.org/pages/490672 Cinnamomum verum J. Presl Cinnamomum verum J.Presl cassia cinnamomum verum cinnamomum zeylanicum cinnamon plant as food source The tangelo, Citrus × tangelo, is also widely known as the honeybell. Tangelo is a citrus fruit that is a hybrid of a tangerine and either a pomelo or a grapefruit. WIKIPEDIA:Tangelo http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8707 GRIN:102894 ITIS:506398 LANGUAL:B1473 PLANTS:CITA http://eol.org/pages/483520 Citrus X tangelo J. Ingram & H. Moore Citrus x tangelo J. W. Ingram & H. E. Moore Citrus x tangelo J.W.Ingram & H.E.Moore Citrus ×tangelo J.W. Ingram & H.E. Moore citrus tangelo citrus x tangelo tangelo plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1474 comello plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1475 http://eol.org/pages/26259 trachinotus spp. pompano as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1476 http://eol.org/pages/39511 bubalus buffalo as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7540 GRIN:3503 ITIS:18100 LANGUAL:B1477 MANSFELD:28762 PLANTS:ANSQ http://eol.org/pages/1054831 Annona squamosa L. annona squamosa seet sop sugar apple sweetsop plant as food source Scallions - also known as green onions, spring onions, salad onions, green shallots, onion sticks, long onions, baby onions, precious onions, yard onions, gibbons, or syboes - are the edible plants of various *Allium* species, all of which are "onion-like", having hollow green leaves and lacking a fully developed root bulb. The Welsh onion (*Allium fistulosum*) does not form bulbs even when mature, and is grown in the West almost exclusively as a scallion or salad onion, although in Asia this species is of primary importance and used both fresh and in cooking. "Scallion" is also used for young plants of the common onion (*Allium cepa* var. *cepa*) and shallot (*Allium cepa* var. *aggregatum*, formerly *Allium ascalonicum*), harvested before bulbs form, or sometimes when slight bulbing has occurred. Most of the cultivars grown in the West primarily as salad onions or scallions belong to *Allium cepa* var. *cepa*. Other species sometimes used as scallions include *Allium ×proliferum* and *Allium ×wakegi*. WIKIPEDIA:Scallion http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1478 http://eol.org/pages/17858 green onion spring onion scallion plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:252 FAO ASFIS:TRS ITIS:161997 LANGUAL:B1479 http://eol.org/pages/206777 Salmo trutta Salmo trutta Berg 1908 Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758 salmo trutta salmo trutta trutta sea trout trout, brown trutta marina brown trout as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7538 GRIN:3492 ITIS:18098 LANGUAL:B1480 MANSFELD:28746 PLANTS:ANMU2 http://eol.org/pages/1054863 Annona muricata L. annona annona muricata guamabana prickly custard apple soursop plant as food source Antelope is a term referring to many even-toed ungulate species found all over the world in places such as Africa, Asia, and North America. The term refers to a "miscellaneous" group within the family encompassing the old-world species which are not cattle, sheep, buffalo, bison, or goats. WIKIPEDIA:Antelope http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1481 hippotragus spp. neotragus spp. tetracerus spp. antelope as food source http://langual.org GRIN:9163 ITIS:501290 LANGUAL:B1482 PLANTS:CAMA37 http://eol.org/pages/488417 Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A. DC. Carissa macrocarpa (Ecklon) A. DC. carissa macrocarpa natal plum plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:406685 LANGUAL:B1483 MANSFELD:1805 NETTOX: Pastinaca sativa L. parsnip plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7482 GRIN:3074 ITIS:42335 LANGUAL:B1484 MANSFELD:25228 PLANTS:ANCO30 http://eol.org/pages/1126520 Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. ananas comosus piña pineapple plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1485 sugar palm plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:311566 LANGUAL:B1486 pisum sativum var. arvense field pea plant as food source Sweet pea (*Lathyrus odoratus*) is a flowering plant in the genus *Lathyrus* in the family *Fabaceae* (legumes), native to the eastern Mediterranean. Unlike the edible pea, there is evidence that seeds of members of the genus *Lathyrus* are toxic if ingested in quantity. A related species, *Lathyrus sativus*, is grown for human consumption but when it forms a major part of the diet it causes symptoms of toxicity called lathyrism. WIKIPEDIA:Lathyrus_odoratus http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10712 GRIN:21596 ITIS:25864 LANGUAL:B1487 PLANTS:LAOD http://eol.org/pages/703179 Lathyrus odoratus L. lathyrus odoratus pea, sweet sweet pea plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:23225 ITIS:25257 LANGUAL:B1488 PLANTS:MACO5 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. Malus coronaria (L.) P. Mill. malus coronaria sweet crabapple plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1489 http://eol.org/pages/2249 pecten aequiscleatus pectinidae scallop as food source http://langual.org GRIN:104958 ITIS:24921 LANGUAL:B1490 PLANTS:RUFL http://eol.org/pages/246464 Rubus flagellaris Willd. rubus flagellaris american dewberry plant Blueberries are flowering plants of the genus *Vaccinium* (a genus which also includes cranberries and bilberries) with dark-blue berries and are perennial. Species in the section Cyanococcus are the most common fruits sold as "blueberries" and are native to North America (they were not introduced into Europe until the 1930s). WIKIPEDIA:Blueberry http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1491 http://eol.org/pages/4267 Vaccinium L. vaccinium spp. cyanococcus group blueberry plant http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11319 GRIN:25072 ITIS:22993 LANGUAL:B1492 MANSFELD:23589 PLANTS:NAOF http://eol.org/pages/4219 Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Nasturtium officinale W. T. Aiton Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek nasturtium officinale rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum watercress plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1493 sassafras albidum sassafras plant as food source The raspberry is the edible fruit of a number of species of the genus *Rubus*. The name originally refers in particular to the European species Rubus idaeus, and is still used for that species as its standard English name in its native area. Other species, mostly closely related in the same subgenus Idaeobatus, also called raspberries subsequently include: * Rubus strigosus (American Raspberry) (syn. R. idaeus var. strigosus) * Rubus arcticus (Arctic Raspberry) * Rubus crataegifolius (Korean Raspberry) * Rubus occidentalis (Black Raspberry) * Rubus odoratus (Flowering Raspberry) * Rubus phoenicolasius (Wine Raspberry) * Rubus leucodermis (Whitebark or Western Raspberry, native: Blue Raspberry) WIKIPEDIA:Raspberry http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1494 PLANTS:RUBUS http://eol.org/pages/8097 Rubus L. raspberry plant http://langual.org GRIN:32207 LANGUAL:B1495 MANSFELD:15692 NETTOX: Rosmarinus officinalis L. rosmarinus officinalis rosemary plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1496 http://eol.org/pages/24209 epinephelus spp. grouper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1298 FAO ASFIS:CRQ ITIS:621745 ITIS:98428 LANGUAL:B1497 http://eol.org/pages/1025204 Chionoecetes opilio Chionoecetes opilio (Fabricius, 1788) Chionoecetes opilio (J. C. Fabricius, 1788) Chionoecetes opilio opilio (O. Fabricius, 1788) chionoecetes opilio queen crab snow crab as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:KCA LANGUAL:B1498 Lithodes ferox Filhol 1885 lithodes ferox king crab as food source *Xanthosoma sagittifolium*, the arrowleaf elephant ear or arrowleaf elephant's ear, is a species of tropical flowering plant in the genus *Xanthosoma*, which produces an edible, starchy tuber. WIKIPEDIA:Xanthosoma_sagittifolium http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13955 GRIN:42090 ITIS:42586 LANGUAL:B1499 PLANTS:XASA2 http://eol.org/pages/1127738 Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott arum sagittifolium malanga ocumo tanier tannia tanyah xanthosoma xanthosoma sagittifolia xanthosoma sagittifolium yautia arrowleaf elephant ear plant http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1500 http://eol.org/pages/7685 cervidae deer family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1501 http://eol.org/pages/72690 morus spp. mulberry plant UGLI is the trademark of Cabel Hall Citrus Limited and under which they sell their Jamaican tangelo, a citrus fruit created by hybridizing a grapefruit (or pomelo), an orange and a tangerine. Its species is Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi. WIKIPEDIA:Ugli http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1502 http://eol.org/pages/4414 citrus reticulata × citrus paradisi ugli fruit as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:260 FAO ASFIS:LAT ITIS:162002 LANGUAL:B1503 http://eol.org/pages/205277 Salvelinus namaycush Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum in Artedi, 1792) Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum, 1792) cristivomer namaycush salvelinus namaycush lake trout as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7742 GRIN:4319 ITIS:184181 LANGUAL:B1504 PLANTS:ARAL7 http://eol.org/pages/594952 Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg artocarpus altilis artocarpus incisa breadfruit plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1505 homarus spp. panulirus spp. lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:996 FAO ASFIS:ALB FDA RFE 2010:89 ITIS:172419 LANGUAL:B1506 http://eol.org/pages/205933 Thunnus alalunga Thunnus alalunga (Bonnaterre, 1788) thunnus alalunga thunnus germo albacore as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8706 GRIN:10772 ITIS:28887 LANGUAL:B1507 MANSFELD:7654 PLANTS:CIPA3 http://eol.org/pages/582202 Citrus X paradisi Macfad. (pro sp.) Citrus paradisi Macfad. Citrus x paradisi Macfad. Citrus ×paradisi Macfad. (pro sp.) citrus paradisi citrus x paradisi grapefruit plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13738 GRIN:41030 ITIS:23599 LANGUAL:B1508 MANSFELD:18280 PLANTS:VAMA http://eol.org/pages/583674 Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton large cranberry oxycoccus macrocarpos vaccinium macrocarpon american cranberry plant http://langual.org ITIS:180701 LANGUAL:B1509 MSW3:14200328 http://eol.org/pages/328653 Rangifer tarandus (Linnaeus, 1758) Rangifer tarandus Linnaeus, 1758 caribou rangifer tarandus reindeer as food source http://langual.org ITIS:168888 LANGUAL:B1510 http://eol.org/pages/596447 Lutjanus Bloch, 1790 Lutjanus lutjanus Bloch, 1790 common snapper lutjanus spp. snapper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:MIP FDA RFE 2010:38 ITIS:172887 LANGUAL:B1511 http://eol.org/pages/223477 Microstomus pacificus Microstomus pacificus (Lockington 1879) Microstomus pacificus (Lockington, 1879) microstomus pacificus sole, dover dover sole as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:BLU ITIS:168559 LANGUAL:B1512 http://eol.org/pages/205264 Pomatomus saltatrix Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) pomatomus saltatrix bluefish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1513 daikon raphanus sativus longipinnatus chinese radish plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1514 http://eol.org/pages/2322 octopodidae polypus octopus as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1515 http://eol.org/pages/37668 papaver poppies poppy plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:976 FAO ASFIS:KGM ITIS:172435 LANGUAL:B1516 http://eol.org/pages/205100 Scomberomorus cavalla Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuvier, 1829) scomberomorus cavalla king mackerel as food source http://langual.org GRIN:19415 LANGUAL:B1517 MANSFELD:22995 NETTOX: Humulus lupulus L. humulus hops plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1518 http://eol.org/pages/5310 istiophoridae billfish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1519 http://eol.org/pages/28124 anarhichas spp. wolffish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1520 http://eol.org/pages/25099 caulolatilus spp. tilefish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1006 FAO ASFIS:SFA ITIS:172488 LANGUAL:B1521 http://eol.org/pages/228441 Istiophorus platypterus Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw & Nodder, 1792) Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw and Nodder, 1792) Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw in Shaw and Nodder, 1792) istiophorus platypterus sailfish as food source http://langual.org GRIN:104692 GRIN:30569 ITIS:25296 LANGUAL:B1523 MANSFELD:8735 PLANTS:PYPY2 http://eol.org/pages/631563 Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. f.) Nakai Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. fil.) Nakai Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.) Nakai Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta (Makino) Nakai asian pear chinese pear japanese pear nashi nashi pear oriental pear pyrus pyrifolia sand pear plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1524 http://eol.org/pages/5206 serranidae sea bass family as food source http://langual.org ITIS:180318 LANGUAL:B1527 MSW3:13000330 http://eol.org/pages/313678 Ondatra zibethicus (Linnaeus, 1766) Ondatra zibethicus Linnaeus, 1766 ondatra zibethicus muskrat as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1528 edible currant plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12261 GRIN:29841 ITIS:24769 LANGUAL:B1529 MANSFELD:9372 PLANTS:PRAR3 http://eol.org/pages/301091 Prunus armeniaca L. prunus armeniaca LanguaL curation note: When indexing the apricot fruit (drupe), index both *APRICOT [B1529]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). apricot plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:500284 LANGUAL:B1530 PLANTS:FORTU http://eol.org/pages/4414 Fortunella Swingle fortunella spp. kumquat plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1531 capsicum annum spanish paprika pepper pimiento pepper plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1532 http://eol.org/pages/23978 hippoglossus spp. reinhardtius spp. halibut as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8881 GRIN:11643 ITIS:501642 LANGUAL:B1533 MANSFELD:21811 PLANTS:COAV80 http://eol.org/pages/1147599 Corylus avellana L. corylus avellana corylus maxima filbert filbert nut hazel hazelnut LanguaL curation note: When indexing the hazel fruit (nut) index both *EUROPEAN FILBERT [B1533]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). european filbert plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:651 FAO ASFIS:YTC FDA RFE 2010:81 ITIS:168695 LANGUAL:B1534 http://eol.org/pages/206800 Seriola lalandei Seriola lalandi Seriola lalandi Valenciennes 1833 Seriola lalandi Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1833 Seriola lalandi Valenciennes, 1833 great amberjack seriola lalandei yellowtail amberjack yellowtail jack yellowtail as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1535 agave plant as food source The coconut palm, Cocos nucifera, is a member of the family Arecaceae (palm family). It is the only accepted species in the genus Cocos. The term coconut can refer to the entire coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, which is not a botanical nut, but a drupe. The spelling cocoanut is an old-fashioned form of the word. WIKIPEDIA:Cocos_nucifera http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8763 GRIN:11043 ITIS:42451 LANGUAL:B1536 MANSFELD:10983 PLANTS:CONU http://eol.org/pages/1091712 Cocos nucifera L. coconut cocos nucifera LanguaL curation note: When indexing the coconut palm fruit (drupe, seed) index both *COCONUT PALM [B1130]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). coconut palm plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:180699 LANGUAL:B1537 MSW3:14200278 http://eol.org/pages/328652 Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780) Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann, 1780 odocoileus virginianus white-tailed deer as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7310 GRIN:101652 ITIS:42720 LANGUAL:B1538 MANSFELD:110 http://eol.org/pages/1084354 Allium cepa L. Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum G. Don Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum G.Don allium cepa var. aggregatum shallot plant as food source In botany, a drupe is a fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp, or skin; and mesocarp, or flesh) surrounds a shell (the pit, stone or pyrene) of hardened endocarp with a seed inside. WIKIPEDIA:Drupe http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1539 drupe pit fruit stone fruit as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1540 http://eol.org/pages/24821 sphyraena spp. barracuda as food source http://langual.org GRIN:25913 LANGUAL:B1542 MANSFELD:16258 NETTOX: Origanum vulgare L. european oregano marjoram, wild oregano, common oregano, european origanum origanum vulgare wild marjoram oregano plant as food source Beech (Fagus) is a genus of ten species of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Europe, Asia and North America. The fruit of the beech tree is known as beechnuts or mast and is found in small burrs that drop from the tree in autumn. It is small, roughly triangular and edible, with a bitter, astringent taste. WIKIPEDIA:Beech http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1543 beech nut fagus spp. LanguaL curation note: When indexing beech nut index both *BEECH [B1543]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). beech plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1544 http://eol.org/pages/107742 castanea spp. LanguaL curation note: When indexing the chestnut fruit (nut) index both *CHESTNUT [B1544]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). chestnut plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7743 GRIN:70095 ITIS:184183 LANGUAL:B1545 MANSFELD:12606 PLANTS:ARHE2 http://eol.org/pages/596411 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. artocarpus heterophyllus artocarpus integrifolius jack jakfruit langka jackfruit plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:955 FAO ASFIS:KAW FDA RFE 2010:16 ITIS:172403 LANGUAL:B1546 http://eol.org/pages/223063 Euthynnus affinis Euthynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849) euthynnus affinis euthynnus yaito kawakawa as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10207 GRIN:27923 ITIS:36616 LANGUAL:B1547 MANSFELD:32888 PLANTS:HEAN3 http://eol.org/pages/468106 Helianthus annuus L. giant greystripe helianthus annuus sunflower plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8398 GRIN:9243 ITIS:501305 LANGUAL:B1548 PLANTS:CATI http://eol.org/pages/488433 Carthamus tinctorius L. carthamus tinctorius false saffron safflower plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:9245 LANGUAL:B1549 MANSFELD:1333 NETTOX: Carum carvi L. carum carvi cumin des pres kummel caraway plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1550 Petroselinum J. Hill petroselinum spp. parsley plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:36817 LANGUAL:B1551 MANSFELD:32164 NETTOX: Tragopogon porrifolius L. oyster plant tragopogon porrifolius salsify plant as food source Common chicory, Cichorium intybus, is a somewhat woody, perennial herbaceous plant usually with bright blue flowers, rarely white or pink. Various varieties are cultivated for salad leaves, chicons (blanched buds), or for roots (var. sativum), which are baked, ground, and used as a coffee substitute and additive. It is also grown as a forage crop for livestock. It lives as a wild plant on roadsides in its native Europe, and in North America and Australia, where it has become naturalized. "Chicory" is also the common name in the United States for curly endive (Cichorium endivia); these two closely related species are often confused. WIKIPEDIA:Chicory http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8653 GRIN:10543 ITIS:36763 LANGUAL:B1552 MANSFELD:31967 PLANTS:CIIN http://eol.org/pages/467862 Cichorium intybus L. belgian endive cichorium intybus monk's beard witloof chicory chicory plant as food source Trees in the genus Carya are commonly known as hickory, derived from the Powhatan language of Virginia.Hickory nuts (Carya) and walnuts (Juglans) in the Juglandaceae family grow within an outer husk; these fruits are technically drupes or drupaceous nuts, and thus not true botanical nuts. "Tryma" is a specialized term for such nut-like drupes. WIKIPEDIA:Hickory http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1553 http://eol.org/pages/38128 carya spp. LanguaL curation note: When indexing the hickory fruit (tryma/drupaceous nut) index both *HICKORY [B1553]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). hickory plant as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:212 FAO ASFIS:ANA ITIS:551338 LANGUAL:B1554 http://eol.org/pages/207205 Engraulis anchoita Hubbs & Marini, 1935 Engraulis anchoita Hubbs and Marini in Marini, 1935 Engraulis anchoita Hubbs and Marini, 1935 anchoa engraulis engraulis anchoita argentine anchovy as food source http://langual.org GRIN:312013 LANGUAL:B1555 MANSFELD:27559 NETTOX: Phaseolus vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris phaseolus vulgaris plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1556 cinnamomum burmannii cassia, batavia (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1557 http://eol.org/pages/24007 freshwater perch perca spp. perch, freshwater yellow perch as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1558 pilchard sardina sardinops sardine as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11277 GRIN:24706 ITIS:42390 LANGUAL:B1559 MANSFELD:12410 PLANTS:MUAC http://eol.org/pages/1116073 Musa acuminata Colla chinese banana ladyfinger banana musa acuminata, var. dwarf cavendish musa cavendishii musa chinensis musa nana dwarf banana plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1560 pea bean phaseolus vulgaris navy or pea bean plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9520 GRIN:15184 ITIS:506498 LANGUAL:B1561 PLANTS:ENVE2 http://eol.org/pages/1119982 Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheeseman Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman abyssinian banana ensete ensete ventricosum false banana red-skinned banana red banana plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1562 large lima bean lima bean, large fordhook lima bean plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1563 Aves aves fowl game birds poultry or game bird as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1565 http://eol.org/pages/2777741 cisco or whitefish coregoninae whitefish or cisco as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1566 leafy vegetable as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1567 beans, species/variety unknown marrow bean bean (vegetable) as food source Latundan bananas (also called Tundan, Silk bananas, Pisang raja sereh, Manzana bananas or Apple bananas), are triploid hybrid banana cultivars from the Philippines. It is one of the most common banana cultivars in the Philippines, along with the Lacatan and Saba bananas. WIKIPEDIA:Apple_Banana http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1568 apple banana plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:972 FAO ASFIS:MAS FDA RFE 2010:61 ITIS:172412 LANGUAL:B1570 http://eol.org/pages/206784 Scomber japonicus Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782 pacific mackerel scomber japonicus chub mackerel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:982 FAO ASFIS:SSM ITIS:172436 LANGUAL:B1571 http://eol.org/pages/2804347 Scomberomorus maculatus Scomberomorus maculatus (Mitchill, 1815) scomberomorus maculatus seer atlantic spanish mackerel as food source http://langual.org GRIN:70182 LANGUAL:B1572 MANSFELD:15074 NETTOX: Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees cassia, chinese cinnamomum cassia cinnamon, chinese (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1573 http://eol.org/pages/8268 atheriniformes fish, atheriniform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1574 http://eol.org/pages/8280 anguilliformes fish, anguilliform as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:167 FAO ASFIS:HEP ITIS:551209 LANGUAL:B1575 http://eol.org/pages/1156440 Clupea pallasi Valenciennes, 1847 Clupea pallasii Clupea pallasii Valenciennes 1847 Clupea pallasii Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1847 clupea harengus pallasi clupea pallasi clupea pallasii pacific herring as food source http://langual.org ITIS:180137 LANGUAL:B1576 http://eol.org/pages/327979 Marmota monax (Linnaeus, 1758) groundhog marmota monax woodchuck as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1577 field corn, white (plant) as food source The Santa Claus melon, sometimes known as Christmas melon or Piel de Sapo, is a variety of melon that grows to approximately 1 foot in length and is oblong in shape. It has a thick outer green-striped rind with a pale green inner pulp that provides a mild melon flavor, that can be as sweet as honeydew melons, if not more so. WIKIPEDIA:Santa_claus_melon http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1578 melon, santa claus santa claus melon plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1579 vegetable-producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1580 field corn, yellow (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1581 http://eol.org/pages/5184 perciformes fish, perciform as food source http://langual.org GRIN:12571 LANGUAL:B1582 Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. inodorus H. Jacq. honeydew melon plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1583 http://eol.org/pages/34545 cervus spp. deer as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8417 GRIN:9445 LANGUAL:B1584 MANSFELD:17782 PLANTS:CASA27 http://eol.org/pages/4197 Castanea sativa Mill. castanea sativa LanguaL curation note: When indexing the chestnut fruit (nut) index both *EUROPEAN CHESTNUT [B1584]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). european chestnut plant as food source Cultivated peaches are divided into clingstones and freestones, depending on whether the flesh sticks to the stone or not; both can have either white or yellow flesh. WIKIPEDIA:Peach http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12289 GRIN:30065 ITIS:24765 LANGUAL:B1585 MANSFELD:9402 PLANTS:PRPE3 PLANTS:PRPEP2 http://eol.org/pages/631649 Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. persica peach, freestone (plant) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:166 FAO ASFIS:HER ITIS:161722 ITIS:161724 LANGUAL:B1586 http://eol.org/pages/847095 Clupea harengus Clupea harengus Linnaeus, 1758 Clupea harengus harengus Linnaeus, 1758 atlantic sardine clupea harengus clupea harengus harengus herring, atlantic atlantic herring as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:251 FAO ASFIS:SAL FDA RFE 2010:58 ITIS:161996 LANGUAL:B1587 http://eol.org/pages/206776 Salmo salar Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758 salmo salar atlantic salmon as food source http://langual.org GRIN:41621 LANGUAL:B1588 MANSFELD:27363 NETTOX: Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper black lentil mungo bean phaseolus mungo urad urd urdbean black gram bean plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1135 FAO ASFIS:GHL ITIS:172930 LANGUAL:B1589 http://eol.org/pages/223542 Reinhardtius hippoglossoides Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum, 1792) black halibut greenland turbot halibut, greenland reinhardtius hippoglossoides turbot, greenland greenland halibut as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1590 cassia, saigon cinnamomum lourieri cinnamon, saigon (plant) as food source A small fowl of a breed developed by crossing white Plymouth Rock and Cornish strains, used especially as a roasting chicken. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1591 rock cornish fowl as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1592 fish, salmoniform as food source Cultivated peaches are divided into clingstones and freestones, depending on whether the flesh sticks to the stone or not; both can have either white or yellow flesh. WIKIPEDIA:Peach http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12289 GRIN:30065 ITIS:24765 LANGUAL:B1593 MANSFELD:9402 PLANTS:PRPE3 PLANTS:PRPEP2 http://eol.org/pages/631649 Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. persica clingstone peach peach, clingstone (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1594 http://eol.org/pages/3194 cypriniformes minnow sucker fish, cypriniform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1595 sweet corn, yellow vegetable corn, yellow (plant) as food source Pinus pinea has been cultivated extensively for at least 6,000 years for the edible pine nuts. These have been trade items since early historic times. This cultivation throughout the Mediterranean region for so long that it has naturalized and is often considered native beyond its natural range. WIKIPEDIA:Stone_pine http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11981 GRIN:28527 ITIS:506604 LANGUAL:B1596 MANSFELD:10031 PLANTS:PIPI7 http://eol.org/pages/999491 Pinus pinea L. italian stone pine pignolia pine nut pino nut pinon pinon nut pinus edulis pinus pinea umbrella pine LanguaL curation note: When indexing the stone pine fruit (seed) index both *STONE PINE [B1596]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precidese narrower terms). stone pine plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1597 sweet corn, white vegetable corn, white (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1598 http://eol.org/pages/5083 catfishes silures fish, siluriform as food source In botany, a pome (after the Latin word for fruit: pomum) is a type of fruit produced by flowering plants in the subfamily Maloideae of the family Rosaceae. WIKIPEDIA:Pome http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1599 maloideae pome fruit pome fruit plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1601 http://eol.org/pages/3190 clupeiformes fish, clupeiform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1603 white asparagus plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1604 green asparagus plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1606 corn, lima beans and tomatoes lima bean, corn and tomatoes lima bean, sweet corn and tomatoes tomato, corn and lima beans tomato, sweet corn and lima beans vegetable corn, lima bean and tomato triple succotash plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1607 nut or edible seed producing plant as food source A cherry tomato is a small variety of tomato that has been cultivated since at least the early 1800s and thought to have originated in Peru and Northern Chile. Cherry tomatoes range in size from a thumbtip up to the size of a golf ball, and can range from being spherical to slightly oblong in shape. The more oblong ones often share characteristics with plum tomatoes, and are known as grape tomatoes. The cherry tomato is regarded as a botanical variety of the cultivated berry, *Solanum lycopersicum* var. *cerasiforme*. WIKIPEDIA:Cherry_tomato http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10985 GRIN:406486 ITIS:566309 LANGUAL:B1608 PLANTS:SOLYC http://eol.org/pages/4437 Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Solanum lycopersicum L. var. cerasiforme (Dunal) Spooner, G.J. Anderson & R.K. Jansen Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme (Alef.) Fosberg Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme (Dunal) Spooner, J. Anderson & R.K. Jansen cherry tomato lycopersicon lycopersicum var. cerasiforme midget tomato miniature tomato plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:25912 LANGUAL:B1609 MANSFELD:16210 NETTOX: Origanum majorana L. marjoram, sweet origanum majorana sweet marjoram plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8107 GRIN:7675 ITIS:530959 LANGUAL:B1611 MANSFELD:23884 PLANTS:BROLG http://eol.org/pages/4219 Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera DC. Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera Zenker Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera (DC.) Zenker Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera DC. brassica oleracea var. gemmifera brussels sprout plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:240 FAO ASFIS:HUC ITIS:162024 LANGUAL:B1612 http://eol.org/pages/204854 Hucho hucho Hucho hucho (Linnaeus, 1758) hucho hucho danube salmon as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1614 http://eol.org/pages/38372 vaccinium spp. berry, vaccinium (plant) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:716 FAO ASFIS:SWF ITIS:169239 LANGUAL:B1615 http://eol.org/pages/357152 Cynoscion nebulosus Cynoscion nebulosus (Cuvier 1830) Cynoscion nebulosus (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830) Cynoscion nebulosus (Cuvier, 1838) cynoscion nebulosus spotted seatrout as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1616 ash gourd benincasa ceriflora benincasa hispida chinese watermelon dung gwa kundur tunka wax gourd white gourd white pumpkin zit kwa chinese preserving melon plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1617 popcorn, yellow (plant) as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12672 GRIN:32401 ITIS:24854 LANGUAL:B1618 PLANTS:RUOC http://eol.org/pages/244604 Rubus occidentalis L. rubus occidentalis black raspberry plant http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1620 http://eol.org/pages/39388 moschus spp. musk deer as food source http://langual.org ITIS:180696 LANGUAL:B1621 MSW3:14200371 http://eol.org/pages/328650 Cervus nippon Temminck, 1838 cervus nippon sika deer as food source http://langual.org ITIS:180698 LANGUAL:B1622 MSW3:14200267 http://eol.org/pages/328651 Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque, 1817) Odocoileus hemionus Rafinesque, 1817 odocoileus hemionus mule deer as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8281 GRIN:8732 ITIS:506801 LANGUAL:B1623 MANSFELD:4999 PLANTS:CASI16 http://eol.org/pages/482447 Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze camellia sinensis camellia thea thea sinensis tea plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1624 amphibia amphibian as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1625 reptilia reptile as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1626 http://eol.org/pages/7630 dasypodidae armadillo as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:446 FAO ASFIS:FBU ITIS:164725 LANGUAL:B1627 http://eol.org/pages/204768 Lota lota Lota lota (Linnaeus, 1758) lota lota lota maculosa burbot as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9307 GRIN:14131 ITIS:506072 LANGUAL:B1628 PLANTS:DILO7 http://eol.org/pages/590822 Dimocarpus longan Lour. dimocarpus longan dragon eyes euphorbia longan lungan nephelium longanum longan plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11357 GRIN:25188 ITIS:506073 LANGUAL:B1629 MANSFELD:6931 PLANTS:NELA7 http://eol.org/pages/595297 Nephelium lappaceum L. alectryon subcinereus euphorbia nephelium hairy lychee nephelium lappaceum rhambustan rambutan plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:950 FAO ASFIS:WAH ITIS:172451 LANGUAL:B1630 http://eol.org/pages/211408 Acanthocybium solandri Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1832) Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier, 1832) acanthocybium solandri wahoo as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1633 buccinum spp. busycon spp. neptunea spp. whelk as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11657 DPNL 2003:11658 DPNL 2003:11659 GRIN:26962 ITIS:22223 LANGUAL:B1634 PLANTS:PAED http://eol.org/pages/584518 Passiflora edulis Sims Passiflora edulis Sims forma edulis Passiflora edulis Sims forma flavicarpa O.Deg. granadilla passiflora edulis purple granadilla passion fruit as food source http://langual.org GRIN:11177 LANGUAL:B1636 MANSFELD:29329 NETTOX: Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. colocasia esculenta dasheen eddo old cocoyam taro plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1640 http://eol.org/pages/5503 Merlangius Geoffroy, 1767 frostfish marling merlangius spp. whiting as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12694 GRIN:32518 ITIS:504901 LANGUAL:B1641 MANSFELD:9486 PLANTS:RUAC2 http://eol.org/pages/485385 Rumex acetosa L. dock (plant) rumex sour grass sorrel plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:29453 LANGUAL:B1642 MANSFELD:8008 NETTOX: Portulaca oleracea L. ssp. sativa (Haw.) Celak. portulaca spp. purslane plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1643 capsicum annuum, longum group capsicum chile pepper cayenne pepper chile pepper chili pepper long pepper red pepper (chile pepper) hot pepper plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1644 http://eol.org/pages/2330 sepiidae cuttlefish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1646 burdock root lappa plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1647 tussilago farfara coltsfoot plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1281 FAO ASFIS:CRB FDA RFE 2010:6 ITIS:98696 LANGUAL:B1648 http://eol.org/pages/312939 Callinectes sapidus Callinectes sapidus M. J. Rathbun, 1896 Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 callinectes sapidus blue crab as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12334 GRIN:30200 GRIN:312939 GRIN:312940 GRIN:312942 ITIS:27239 ITIS:530947 LANGUAL:B1649 PLANTS:PSCA http://eol.org/pages/2508592 Psidium cattleianum Sabine Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. littorale (Raddi) Fosberg Psidium cattleianum f. lucidum O. Deg. Psidium cattleianum var. cattleianum Psidium cattleianum var. cattleianum Sabine Psidium cattleianum var. littorale (Raddi) Fosberg guava, strawberry psidium cattleianum strawberry guava plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13407 GRIN:36128 ITIS:505419 LANGUAL:B1651 PLANTS:SYCU http://eol.org/pages/2508660 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels black plum (syzyguim) eugenia jambolana jambol jambolan plum jambul java plum syzygium cumini jambolan plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9653 GRIN:16210 ITIS:27224 LANGUAL:B1657 MANSFELD:12194 PLANTS:EUUN2 http://eol.org/pages/2508562 Eugenia uniflora L. brazil cherry cayenne cherry eugenia michelii eugenia uniflora pitanga surinam cherry plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1658 green kidney bean plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1659 phaseolus vulgaris red kidney bean plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1661 crenshaw melon plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:29889 LANGUAL:B1662 MANSFELD:9338 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Prunus domestica subsp. insititia (L.) C. K. Schneid. bullace prunus insititia damson plum plant as food source Horse bean and field bean refer to *Vigna faba* L. cultivars with smaller, harder seeds (more like the wild species) used for animal feed, though their stronger flavour is preferred in some human food recipes, such as falafel. WIKIPEDIA:Vicia_faba http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13823 GRIN:41483 ITIS:26339 LANGUAL:B1663 PLANTS:VIFA http://eol.org/pages/703202 Vicia faba L. Vicia faba L. (varieties for fodder) Vicia faba var. equina Pers. field bean vicia faba vicia faba equina horse bean plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7132 GRIN:1405 GRIN:420036 ITIS:506775 LANGUAL:B1664 MANSFELD:26714 PLANTS:ACCH5 http://eol.org/pages/392751 Actinidia chinensis Planch. Actinidia chinensis Planchon Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis actinidia chinensis actinidia sinensis chinese gooseberry strawberry peach kiwifruit plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:300197 LANGUAL:B1665 MANSFELD:3384 PLANTS:ELCA19 http://eol.org/pages/8183 Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton elettaria cardamomum cardamom plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1666 jalapeno pepper plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1667 butyrospermum parkii sheabutter vitellaria paradoxa sheanut plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1669 lamb as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:611 FAO ASFIS:SZC ITIS:650171 LANGUAL:B1670 http://eol.org/pages/211301 Sander canadensis Sander canadensis (Griffith & Smith 1834) Sander canadensis (Griffith and Smith, 1834) Stizostedion canadense (Smith, 1836) canadian pike stizostedion canadense sauger as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1672 http://eol.org/pages/37701 barbary fig cholla cholla cactus opuntia spp. opuntia vulgaris tuna (opuntia) prickly pear plant as food source Ginseng is any one of 11 species of slow-growing perennial plants with fleshy roots, belonging to the genus *Panax* of the family *Araliaceae*. WIKIPEDIA:Ginseng http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1673 http://eol.org/pages/5432 panax ginseng plant as food source Stinging nettle or common nettle, *Urtica dioica*, is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant, native to Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and North America, and is the best-known member of the nettle genus *Urtica*. The plant has many hollow stinging hairs called trichomes on its leaves and stems, which act like hypodermic needles, injecting histamine and other chemicals that produce a stinging sensation when contacted by humans and other animals. The plant has a long history of use as a medicine and as a food source. WIKIPEDIA:Urtica_dioica http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13725 GRIN:40944 ITIS:19152 LANGUAL:B1674 MANSFELD:7662 PLANTS:URDI http://eol.org/pages/595063 Urtica dioica L. stinging nettle urtica spp. nettle plant as food source The Greengage (Prunus domestica subsp. italica or the Reine Claude) is an edible drupaceous fruit, a cultivar of the plum. WIKIPEDIA:Greengage http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12273 GRIN:448303 LANGUAL:B1675 MANSFELD:9343 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Prunus domestica L. subsp. italica (Borkh.) Gams Prunus domestica subsp. italica (Borkh.) Gams ex Hegi prunus insititia var. italica greengage plum plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12267 GRIN:29860 LANGUAL:B1676 MANSFELD:9307 PLANTS:PRCE2 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. prunus cerasifera cherry plum plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8593 GRIN:10178 ITIS:20592 LANGUAL:B1681 PLANTS:CHAL7 http://eol.org/pages/587522 Chenopodium album L. chenopodium album goosefoot, white pigweed white goosefoot lamb's quarter plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SBC ITIS:166733 LANGUAL:B1682 http://eol.org/pages/209611 Sebastes paucispinis Sebastes paucispinis Ayres, 1854 sebastes paucispinis bocaccio as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:259 FAO ASFIS:VAR ITIS:162000 LANGUAL:B1683 http://eol.org/pages/225241 Salvelinus malma Salvelinus malma (Walbaum in Artedi, 1792) Salvelinus malma (Walbaum, 1792) Salvelinus malma Taranetz 1933 salvelinus malma dolly varden as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11898 GRIN:102390 ITIS:30606 LANGUAL:B1684 MANSFELD:5607 PLANTS:PHPE4 http://eol.org/pages/581074 Physalis peruviana L. groundcherry, peruvian physalis peruviana poha cape gooseberry plant http://langual.org GRIN:23319 ITIS:21492 LANGUAL:B1685 PLANTS:MAAM2 http://eol.org/pages/584884 Mammea americana L. mamey mammea americana south american apricot mammy apple plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7883 GRIN:6158 ITIS:506371 LANGUAL:B1686 MANSFELD:11132 PLANTS:AVCA http://eol.org/pages/483574 Averrhoa carambola L. averrhoa carambola star fruit carambola plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7535 GRIN:3479 ITIS:506198 LANGUAL:B1687 MANSFELD:28726 PLANTS:ANCH9 http://eol.org/pages/1054913 Annona cherimola Mill. Annona cherimola Miller annona cherimola cherimoya plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:41053 ITIS:23622 LANGUAL:B1688 PLANTS:VARE http://eol.org/pages/583621 Vaccinium reticulatum Sm. vaccinium reticulatum oheloberry plant http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7539 GRIN:3498 ITIS:18099 LANGUAL:B1689 MANSFELD:28755 PLANTS:ANRE http://eol.org/pages/1054845 Annona reticulata L. annona reticulata bullock's heart corazon jamaica apple custard apple plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8051 GRIN:7271 ITIS:506071 LANGUAL:B1690 PLANTS:BLSA2 http://eol.org/pages/483850 Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig Blighia sapida K.D.Koenig Blighia sapida Koenig ackee blighia sapida akee plant as food source The roselle (*Hibiscus sabdariffa*) is a species of Hibiscus native to the Old World tropics, used for the production of bast fibre and as an infusion. It is an annual or perennial herb or woody-based subshrub, growing to 2-2.5 m (7-8 ft) tall. The leaves are deeply three- to five-lobed, 8-15 cm (3-6 in) long, arranged alternately on the stems. The flowers are 8-10 cm (3-4 in) in diameter, white to pale yellow with a dark red spot at the base of each petal, and have a stout fleshy calyx at the base, 1-2 cm (0.39-0.79 in) wide, enlarging to 3-3.5 cm (1.2-1.4 in), fleshy and bright red as the fruit matures. It takes about six months to mature. WIKIPEDIA:Roselle_(plant) http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10293 GRIN:19078 ITIS:503001 LANGUAL:B1691 MANSFELD:13432 PLANTS:HISA2 http://eol.org/pages/487306 Hibiscus sabdariffa L. hibiscus sabdariffa jamaica sorrel red sorrel (hibiscus) roselle plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11086 GRIN:102614 ITIS:23823 LANGUAL:B1693 MANSFELD:6578 PLANTS:MAZA http://eol.org/pages/1154544 Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen achras sapota chicle tree chicozapote manilkara zapota nispero tree sapodilla plant as food source Sapote (from Nahuatl tzapotl) is a term for a soft, edible fruit. The word is incorporated into the common names of several unrelated fruit-bearing plants native to Mexico, Central America and northern parts of South America. WIKIPEDIA:Sapote http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1694 calocarpum sapota caolcarpum mammosum lucuma mammosa mamey colorado mamey sapote mammee sapote marmalade fruit marmalade plum pouteria sapota sapota sapote plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13434 GRIN:36219 ITIS:26980 LANGUAL:B1695 MANSFELD:17761 PLANTS:TAIN2 http://eol.org/pages/639027 Tamarindus indica L. indian tamarind tamarindus indica tamarind plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:40421 LANGUAL:B1696 MANSFELD:30938 NETTOX: Trigonella foenum-graecum L. trigonella foenum-graecum fenugreek plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10443 GRIN:19666 ITIS:503154 LANGUAL:B1697 PLANTS:ILAQ80 http://eol.org/pages/486842 Ilex aquifolium L. ilex aquifolium ilex spp. english holly plant as food source Source--A Checklist of Names for 3,000 Vascular Plants of Economic Importance, 1986, p.148 (for scientific name). http://langual.org GRIN:24865 LANGUAL:B1699 Virola surinamensis (Rol. ex Rottb.) Warb. barak virola sebifera virola surinamensis ucuhuba plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10880 GRIN:22361 ITIS:29226 LANGUAL:B1700 PLANTS:LIUS http://eol.org/pages/581568 Linum usitatissimum L. common flax cultivated flax flax, common flax, cultivated lin linum usitatissimum flax plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:22802 LANGUAL:B1701 MANSFELD:31557 NETTOX: Lupinus albus L. lupnius spp. lupine bean plant as food source Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi and Ohashi, previously Phaseolus calcaratus, is a warm-season annual vine legume with yellow flowers and small edible beans. It is commonly called ricebean or rice bean. WIKIPEDIA:Rice_bean http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13839 GRIN:41643 ITIS:506275 LANGUAL:B1702 PLANTS:VIUM2 http://eol.org/pages/655171 Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & H. Ohashi Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & H.Ohashi phaseolus calcaratus red bean vigna umbellata rice bean plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1703 ricinus communis castor bean plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13117 GRIN:105075 ITIS:28030 LANGUAL:B1704 PLANTS:SICH http://eol.org/pages/582468 Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C. K. Schneid. Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C.K. Schneid. Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C.K.Schneid. Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneid. deer nut goat nut simmondsia chinensis jojoba plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1707 babacu orbignya barbosiana orbignya speciosa babassu palm plant as food source *Crataegus*, commonly called hawthorn or thornapple, is a large genus of shrubs and trees in the rose family, *Rosaceae*, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia and North America. The name hawthorn was originally applied to the species native to northern Europe, especially the Common Hawthorn, *C. monogyna*, and the unmodified name is often so used in Britain and Ireland. However the name is now also applied to the entire genus, and also to the related Asian genus *Rhaphiolepis*. WIKIPEDIA:Crataegus http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8958 GRIN:300154 LANGUAL:B1708 PLANTS:CRATA http://eol.org/pages/8097 Crataegus Crataegus L. Crataegus sp. crataegus spp. haw hawthorn plant as food source A young chicken (usually 3-5 months of age), of either sex, that is tender-meated with soft, pliable, smooth- textured skin and breastbone cartilage that may be somewhat less flexible than that of a broiler or fryer. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1710 roaster chicken as food source A surgically unsexed male chicken (usually under 8 months of age) that is tender-meated with soft, pliable, smooth-textured skin. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1711 capon as food source A male chicken (usually under 10 months of age) with coarse skin, somewhat toughened and darkened flesh, and considerable hardening of the breastbone cartilage. Their condition is intermediate between that of a roaster chicken and a rooster. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1712 stag chicken as food source A mature female chicken (usually more than 10 months of age) with meat less tender than that of a roaster, and with a nonflexible breastbone tip. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1713 stewing chicken hen as food source A mature male chicken with coarse skin, toughened and darkened meat, and hardened breastbone tip. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1714 cock cockerel rooster as food source The acorn, or oak nut, is the nut of the oaks and their close relatives (genera Quercus and Lithocarpus, in the family Fagaceae). WIKIPEDIA:Acorn http://langual.org GRIN:300504 LANGUAL:B1715 PLANTS:QUERC http://eol.org/pages/4197 Quercus L. Quercus sp. acorn oak nut quercus spp. oak plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1716 duck potato sagittaria tatifolia