DY https://www.entsoe.eu/digital/cim/cim-for-grid-models-exchange/ vocabulary urn:iso:std:iec:61970-600-2:ed-1 urn:iso:std:iec:61970-301:ed-7:amd1 urn:iso:std:iec:61970-302:ed-1 file://iec61970cim17v40_iec61968cim13v13a_iec62325cim03v17a.eap urn:iso:std:iec:61970-501:draft:ed-2 1.0.0 ENTSO-E CIM EG This vocabulary is describing the dynamics profile from IEC 61970-600-2. ba96da07-eca3-4259-b96c-cf5b51baa082 2021-01-27T12:27:24Z en-GB 2020-10-12 ENTSO-E Copyright ENTSO-E Dynamics Vocabulary DynamicsProfile This is the IEC 61970-457 profile. Base Content of the base CIM published as IEC 61970-301. Dynamics The CIM dynamic model definitions reflect the most common IEEE or, in the case of wind models, IEC, representations of models as well as models included in some of the transient stability software widely used by utilities. These dynamic models are intended to ensure interoperability between different vendors’ software products currently in use by electric utility energy companies, utilities, Transmission System Operators (TSOs), Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs), and Independent System Operators (ISOs). It is important to note that each vendor is free to select its own internal implementation of these models. Differences in vendor results, as long as they are within accepted engineering practice, caused by different internal representations, are acceptable. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, the following modelling conventions are followed: - limited integrators are of the non-windup type; - it shall be possible to enter a time constant of zero (where it makes sense). Domain The domain package defines primitive datatypes that are used by classes in other packages. Stereotypes are used to describe the datatypes. The following stereotypes are defined: &lt;&lt;enumeration&gt;&gt; A list of permissible constant values. &lt;&lt;Primitive&gt;&gt; The most basic data types used to compose all other data types. &lt;&lt;CIMDatatype&gt;&gt; A datatype that contains a value attribute, an optional unit of measure and a unit multiplier. The unit and multiplier may be specified as a static variable initialized to the allowed value. &lt;&lt;Compound&gt;&gt; A composite of Primitive, enumeration, CIMDatatype or other Compound classes, as long as the Compound classes do not recurse. For all datatypes both positive and negative values are allowed unless stated otherwise for a particular datatype. ActivePower Product of RMS value of the voltage and the RMS value of the in-phase component of the current. CIMDatatype value Float A floating point number. The range is unspecified and not limited. Primitive multiplier M UnitMultiplier The unit multipliers defined for the CIM. When applied to unit symbols, the unit symbol is treated as a derived unit. Regardless of the contents of the unit symbol text, the unit symbol shall be treated as if it were a single-character unit symbol. Unit symbols should not contain multipliers, and it should be left to the multiplier to define the multiple for an entire data type. For example, if a unit symbol is "m2Pers" and the multiplier is "k", then the value is k(m**2/s), and the multiplier applies to the entire final value, not to any individual part of the value. This can be conceptualized by substituting a derived unit symbol for the unit type. If one imagines that the symbol "Þ" represents the derived unit "m2Pers", then applying the multiplier "k" can be conceptualized simply as "kÞ". For example, the SI unit for mass is "kg" and not "g". If the unit symbol is defined as "kg", then the multiplier is applied to "kg" as a whole and does not replace the "k" in front of the "g". In this case, the multiplier of "m" would be used with the unit symbol of "kg" to represent one gram. As a text string, this violates the instructions in IEC 80000-1. However, because the unit symbol in CIM is treated as a derived unit instead of as an SI unit, it makes more sense to conceptualize the "kg" as if it were replaced by one of the proposed replacements for the SI mass symbol. If one imagines that the "kg" were replaced by a symbol "Þ", then it is easier to conceptualize the multiplier "m" as creating the proper unit "mÞ", and not the forbidden unit "mkg". y Yocto 10**-24. enum z Zepto 10**-21. enum a Atto 10**-18. enum f Femto 10**-15. enum p Pico 10**-12. enum n Nano 10**-9. enum micro Micro 10**-6. enum m Milli 10**-3. enum c Centi 10**-2. enum d Deci 10**-1. enum none No multiplier or equivalently multiply by 1. enum da Deca 10**1. enum h Hecto 10**2. enum k Kilo 10**3. enum M Mega 10**6. enum G Giga 10**9. enum T Tera 10**12. enum P Peta 10**15. enum E Exa 10**18. enum Z Zetta 10**21. enum Y Yotta 10**24. enum unit W UnitSymbol The derived units defined for usage in the CIM. In some cases, the derived unit is equal to an SI unit. Whenever possible, the standard derived symbol is used instead of the formula for the derived unit. For example, the unit symbol Farad is defined as "F" instead of "CPerV". In cases where a standard symbol does not exist for a derived unit, the formula for the unit is used as the unit symbol. For example, density does not have a standard symbol and so it is represented as "kgPerm3". With the exception of the "kg", which is an SI unit, the unit symbols do not contain multipliers and therefore represent the base derived unit to which a multiplier can be applied as a whole. Every unit symbol is treated as an unparseable text as if it were a single-letter symbol. The meaning of each unit symbol is defined by the accompanying descriptive text and not by the text contents of the unit symbol. To allow the widest possible range of serializations without requiring special character handling, several substitutions are made which deviate from the format described in IEC 80000-1. The division symbol "/" is replaced by the letters "Per". Exponents are written in plain text after the unit as "m3" instead of being formatted as "m" with a superscript of 3 or introducing a symbol as in "m^3". The degree symbol "°" is replaced with the letters "deg". Any clarification of the meaning for a substitution is included in the description for the unit symbol. Non-SI units are included in list of unit symbols to allow sources of data to be correctly labelled with their non-SI units (for example, a GPS sensor that is reporting numbers that represent feet instead of meters). This allows software to use the unit symbol information correctly convert and scale the raw data of those sources into SI-based units. The integer values are used for harmonization with IEC 61850. none Dimension less quantity, e.g. count, per unit, etc. enum m Length in metres. enum kg Mass in kilograms. Note: multiplier “k” is included in this unit symbol for compatibility with IEC 61850-7-3. enum s Time in seconds. enum A Current in amperes. enum K Temperature in kelvins. enum mol Amount of substance in moles. enum cd Luminous intensity in candelas. enum deg Plane angle in degrees. enum rad Plane angle in radians (m/m). enum sr Solid angle in steradians (m2/m2). enum Gy Absorbed dose in grays (J/kg). enum Bq Radioactivity in becquerels (1/s). enum degC Relative temperature in degrees Celsius. In the SI unit system the symbol is °C. Electric charge is measured in coulomb that has the unit symbol C. To distinguish degree Celsius from coulomb the symbol used in the UML is degC. The reason for not using °C is that the special character ° is difficult to manage in software. enum Sv Dose equivalent in sieverts (J/kg). enum F Electric capacitance in farads (C/V). enum C Electric charge in coulombs (A·s). enum S Conductance in siemens. enum H Electric inductance in henrys (Wb/A). enum V Electric potential in volts (W/A). enum ohm Electric resistance in ohms (V/A). enum J Energy in joules (N·m = C·V = W·s). enum N Force in newtons (kg·m/s²). enum Hz Frequency in hertz (1/s). enum lx Illuminance in lux (lm/m²). enum lm Luminous flux in lumens (cd·sr). enum Wb Magnetic flux in webers (V·s). enum T Magnetic flux density in teslas (Wb/m2). enum W Real power in watts (J/s). Electrical power may have real and reactive components. The real portion of electrical power (I&#178;R or VIcos(phi)), is expressed in Watts. See also apparent power and reactive power. enum Pa Pressure in pascals (N/m²). Note: the absolute or relative measurement of pressure is implied with this entry. See below for more explicit forms. enum m2 Area in square metres (m²). enum m3 Volume in cubic metres (m³). enum mPers Velocity in metres per second (m/s). enum mPers2 Acceleration in metres per second squared (m/s²). enum m3Pers Volumetric flow rate in cubic metres per second (m³/s). enum mPerm3 Fuel efficiency in metres per cubic metres (m/m³). enum kgm Moment of mass in kilogram metres (kg·m) (first moment of mass). Note: multiplier “k” is included in this unit symbol for compatibility with IEC 61850-7-3. enum kgPerm3 Density in kilogram/cubic metres (kg/m³). Note: multiplier “k” is included in this unit symbol for compatibility with IEC 61850-7-3. enum m2Pers Viscosity in square metres / second (m²/s). enum WPermK Thermal conductivity in watt/metres kelvin. enum JPerK Heat capacity in joules/kelvin. enum ppm Concentration in parts per million. enum rotPers Rotations per second (1/s). See also Hz (1/s). enum radPers Angular velocity in radians per second (rad/s). enum WPerm2 Heat flux density, irradiance, watts per square metre. enum JPerm2 Insulation energy density, joules per square metre or watt second per square metre. enum SPerm Conductance per length (F/m). enum KPers Temperature change rate in kelvins per second. enum PaPers Pressure change rate in pascals per second. enum JPerkgK Specific heat capacity, specific entropy, joules per kilogram Kelvin. enum VA Apparent power in volt amperes. See also real power and reactive power. enum VAr Reactive power in volt amperes reactive. The “reactive” or “imaginary” component of electrical power (VIsin(phi)). (See also real power and apparent power). Note: Different meter designs use different methods to arrive at their results. Some meters may compute reactive power as an arithmetic value, while others compute the value vectorially. The data consumer should determine the method in use and the suitability of the measurement for the intended purpose. enum cosPhi Power factor, dimensionless. Note 1: This definition of power factor only holds for balanced systems. See the alternative definition under code 153. Note 2 : Beware of differing sign conventions in use between the IEC and EEI. It is assumed that the data consumer understands the type of meter in use and the sign convention in use by the utility. enum Vs Volt seconds (Ws/A). enum V2 Volt squared (W²/A²). enum As Ampere seconds (A·s). enum A2 Amperes squared (A²). enum A2s Ampere squared time in square amperes (A²s). enum VAh Apparent energy in volt ampere hours. enum Wh Real energy in watt hours. enum VArh Reactive energy in volt ampere reactive hours. enum VPerHz Magnetic flux in volt per hertz. enum HzPers Rate of change of frequency in hertz per second. enum character Number of characters. enum charPers Data rate (baud) in characters per second. enum kgm2 Moment of mass in kilogram square metres (kg·m²) (Second moment of mass, commonly called the moment of inertia). Note: multiplier “k” is included in this unit symbol for compatibility with IEC 61850-7-3. enum dB Sound pressure level in decibels. Note: multiplier “d” is included in this unit symbol for compatibility with IEC 61850-7-3. enum WPers Ramp rate in watts per second. enum lPers Volumetric flow rate in litres per second. enum dBm Power level (logarithmic ratio of signal strength , Bel-mW), normalized to 1mW. Note: multiplier “d” is included in this unit symbol for compatibility with IEC 61850-7-3. enum h Time in hours, hour = 60 min = 3600 s. enum min Time in minutes, minute = 60 s. enum Q Quantity power, Q. enum Qh Quantity energy, Qh. enum ohmm Resistivity, ohm metres, (rho). enum APerm A/m, magnetic field strength, amperes per metre. enum V2h Volt-squared hour, volt-squared-hours. enum A2h Ampere-squared hour, ampere-squared hour. enum Ah Ampere-hours, ampere-hours. enum count Amount of substance, Counter value. enum ft3 Volume, cubic feet. enum m3Perh Volumetric flow rate, cubic metres per hour. enum gal Volume in gallons, US gallon (1 gal = 231 in3 = 128 fl ounce). enum Btu Energy, British Thermal Units. enum l Volume in litres, litre = dm3 = m3/1000. enum lPerh Volumetric flow rate, litres per hour. enum lPerl Concentration, The ratio of the volume of a solute divided by the volume of the solution. Note: Users may need use a prefix such a ‘µ’ to express a quantity such as ‘µL/L’. enum gPerg Concentration, The ratio of the mass of a solute divided by the mass of the solution. Note: Users may need use a prefix such a ‘µ’ to express a quantity such as ‘µg/g’. enum molPerm3 Concentration, The amount of substance concentration, (c), the amount of solvent in moles divided by the volume of solution in m³. enum molPermol Concentration, Molar fraction, the ratio of the molar amount of a solute divided by the molar amount of the solution. enum molPerkg Concentration, Molality, the amount of solute in moles and the amount of solvent in kilograms. enum sPers Time, Ratio of time. Note: Users may need to supply a prefix such as ‘&#181;’ to show rates such as ‘&#181;s/s’. enum HzPerHz Frequency, rate of frequency change. Note: Users may need to supply a prefix such as ‘m’ to show rates such as ‘mHz/Hz’. enum VPerV Voltage, ratio of voltages. Note: Users may need to supply a prefix such as ‘m’ to show rates such as ‘mV/V’. enum APerA Current, ratio of amperages. Note: Users may need to supply a prefix such as ‘m’ to show rates such as ‘mA/A’. enum VPerVA Power factor, PF, the ratio of the active power to the apparent power. Note: The sign convention used for power factor will differ between IEC meters and EEI (ANSI) meters. It is assumed that the data consumers understand the type of meter being used and agree on the sign convention in use at any given utility. enum rev Amount of rotation, revolutions. enum kat Catalytic activity, katal = mol / s. enum JPerkg Specific energy, Joules / kg. enum m3Uncompensated Volume, cubic metres, with the value uncompensated for weather effects. enum m3Compensated Volume, cubic metres, with the value compensated for weather effects. enum WPerW Signal Strength, ratio of power. Note: Users may need to supply a prefix such as ‘m’ to show rates such as ‘mW/W’. enum therm Energy, therms. enum onePerm Wavenumber, reciprocal metres, (1/m). enum m3Perkg Specific volume, cubic metres per kilogram, v. enum Pas Dynamic viscosity, pascal seconds. enum Nm Moment of force, newton metres. enum NPerm Surface tension, newton per metre. enum radPers2 Angular acceleration, radians per second squared. enum JPerm3 Energy density, joules per cubic metre. enum VPerm Electric field strength, volts per metre. enum CPerm3 Electric charge density, coulombs per cubic metre. enum CPerm2 Surface charge density, coulombs per square metre. enum FPerm Permittivity, farads per metre. enum HPerm Permeability, henrys per metre. enum JPermol Molar energy, joules per mole. enum JPermolK Molar entropy, molar heat capacity, joules per mole kelvin. enum CPerkg Exposure (x rays), coulombs per kilogram. enum GyPers Absorbed dose rate, grays per second. enum WPersr Radiant intensity, watts per steradian. enum WPerm2sr Radiance, watts per square metre steradian. enum katPerm3 Catalytic activity concentration, katals per cubic metre. enum d Time in days, day = 24 h = 86400 s. enum anglemin Plane angle, minutes. enum anglesec Plane angle, seconds. enum ha Area, hectares. enum tonne Mass in tons, “tonne” or “metric ton” (1000 kg = 1 Mg). enum bar Pressure in bars, (1 bar = 100 kPa). enum mmHg Pressure, millimetres of mercury (1 mmHg is approximately 133.3 Pa). enum M Length, nautical miles (1 M = 1852 m). enum kn Speed, knots (1 kn = 1852/3600) m/s. enum Mx Magnetic flux, maxwells (1 Mx = 10-8 Wb). enum G Magnetic flux density, gausses (1 G = 10-4 T). enum Oe Magnetic field in oersteds, (1 Oe = (103/4p) A/m). enum Vh Volt-hour, Volt hours. enum WPerA Active power per current flow, watts per Ampere. enum onePerHz Reciprocal of frequency (1/Hz). enum VPerVAr Power factor, PF, the ratio of the active power to the apparent power. Note: The sign convention used for power factor will differ between IEC meters and EEI (ANSI) meters. It is assumed that the data consumers understand the type of meter being used and agree on the sign convention in use at any given utility. enum ohmPerm Electric resistance per length in ohms per metre ((V/A)/m). enum kgPerJ Weight per energy in kilograms per joule (kg/J). Note: multiplier “k” is included in this unit symbol for compatibility with IEC 61850-7-3. enum JPers Energy rate in joules per second (J/s). enum AngleDegrees Measurement of angle in degrees. CIMDatatype value unit deg multiplier none ApparentPower Product of the RMS value of the voltage and the RMS value of the current. CIMDatatype value multiplier M unit VA Area Area. CIMDatatype value unit m2 multiplier none Frequency Cycles per second. CIMDatatype value unit Hz multiplier none Length Unit of length. It shall be a positive value or zero. CIMDatatype value unit m multiplier k PU Per Unit - a positive or negative value referred to a defined base. Values typically range from -10 to +10. CIMDatatype value unit none multiplier none Seconds Time, in seconds. CIMDatatype value Time, in seconds unit s multiplier none Temperature Value of temperature in degrees Celsius. CIMDatatype multiplier none unit degC value VolumeFlowRate Volume per time. CIMDatatype multiplier none unit m3Pers value Boolean A type with the value space "true" and "false". Primitive Date Date as "yyyy-mm-dd", which conforms with ISO 8601. UTC time zone is specified as "yyyy-mm-ddZ". A local timezone relative UTC is specified as "yyyy-mm-dd(+/-)hh:mm". Primitive Integer An integer number. The range is unspecified and not limited. Primitive String A string consisting of a sequence of characters. The character encoding is UTF-8. The string length is unspecified and unlimited. Primitive DroopSignalFeedbackKind Governor droop signal feedback source. electricalPower Electrical power feedback (connection indicated as 1 in the block diagrams of models, e.g. GovCT1, GovCT2). enum none No droop signal feedback, is isochronous governor. enum fuelValveStroke Fuel valve stroke feedback (true stroke) (connection indicated as 2 in the block diagrams of model, e.g. GovCT1, GovCT2). enum governorOutput Governor output feedback (requested stroke) (connection indicated as 3 in the block diagrams of models, e.g. GovCT1, GovCT2). enum ExcIEEEST1AUELselectorKind Types of connections for the UEL input used in ExcIEEEST1A. ignoreUELsignal Ignore UEL signal. enum inputHVgateVoltageOutput UEL input HV gate with voltage regulator output. enum inputHVgateErrorSignal UEL input HV gate with error signal. enum inputAddedToErrorSignal UEL input added to error signal. enum ExcREXSFeedbackSignalKind Types of rate feedback signals. fieldVoltage The voltage regulator output voltage is used. It is the same as exciter field voltage. enum fieldCurrent The exciter field current is used. enum outputVoltage The output voltage of the exciter is used. enum ExcST6BOELselectorKind Types of connections for the OEL input used for static excitation systems type 6B. noOELinput No OEL input is used. Corresponds to <i>OELin</i> not = 1 and not = 2 on the ExcST6B diagram. Original ExcST6B model would have called this <i>OELin</i> = 0. enum beforeUEL The connection is before UEL. Corresponds to <i>OELin</i> = 1 on the ExcST6B diagram. enum afterUEL The connection is after UEL. Corresponds to <i>OELin</i> = 2 on the ExcST6B diagram. enum ExcST7BOELselectorKind Types of connections for the OEL input used for static excitation systems type 7B. noOELinput No OEL input is used. Corresponds to <i>OELin</i> not = 1 and not = 2 and not = 3 on the ExcST7B diagram. Original ExcST7B model would have called this <i>OELin</i> = 0. enum addVref The signal is added to <i>Vref</i>. Corresponds to <i>OELin</i> = 1 on the ExcST7B diagram. enum inputLVgate The signal is connected into the input <i>LVGate</i>. Corresponds to <i>OELin</i> = 2 on the ExcST7B diagram. enum outputLVgate The signal is connected into the output <i>LVGate</i>. Corresponds to <i>OELin</i> = 3 on the ExcST7B diagram. enum ExcST7BUELselectorKind Types of connections for the UEL input used for static excitation systems type 7B. noUELinput No UEL input is used. Corresponds to <i>UELin</i> not = 1 and not = 2 and not = 3 on the ExcST7B diagram. Original ExcST7B model would have called this <i>UELin</i> = 0. enum addVref The signal is added to <i>Vref</i>. Corresponds to <i>UELin</i> = 1 on the ExcST7B diagram. enum inputHVgate The signal is connected into the input <i>HVGate</i>. Corresponds to <i>UELin</i> = 2 on the ExcST7B diagram. enum outputHVgate The signal is connected into the output <i>HVGate</i>. Corresponds to <i>UELin</i> = 3 on the ExcST7B diagram. enum FrancisGovernorControlKind Governor control flag for Francis hydro model. mechanicHydrolicTachoAccelerator Mechanic-hydraulic regulator with tacho-accelerometer (Cflag = 1). enum mechanicHydraulicTransientFeedback Mechanic-hydraulic regulator with transient feedback (Cflag=2). enum electromechanicalElectrohydraulic Electromechanical and electrohydraulic regulator (Cflag=3). enum GenericNonLinearLoadModelKind Type of generic non-linear load model. exponentialRecovery Exponential recovery model. enum loadAdaptive Load adaptive model. enum GovHydro4ModelKind Possible types of GovHydro4 models. simple Simple model. enum francisPelton Francis or Pelton model. enum kaplan Kaplan model. enum IfdBaseKind Excitation base system mode. ifag Air gap line mode. enum ifnl No load system with saturation mode. enum iffl Full load system mode. enum InputSignalKind Types of input signals. In dynamics modelling, commonly represented by the <i>j</i> parameter. rotorSpeed Input signal is rotor or shaft speed (angular frequency). enum rotorAngularFrequencyDeviation Input signal is rotor or shaft angular frequency deviation. enum busFrequency Input signal is bus voltage fr<font color="#0f0f0f">equency. This could be a terminal frequency or remote frequency.</font> enum busFrequencyDeviation Input signal is deviation of bus voltage frequ<font color="#0f0f0f">ency. This could be a terminal frequency deviation or remote frequency deviation.</font> enum generatorElectricalPower Input signal is generator electrical power on rated <i>S</i>. enum generatorAcceleratingPower Input signal is generator accelerating power. enum busVoltage Input signal <font color="#0f0f0f">is bus voltage. This could be a terminal voltage or remote voltage.</font> enum busVoltageDerivative Input signal is derivative of bus voltag<font color="#0f0f0f">e. This could be a terminal voltage derivative or remote voltage derivative.</font> enum branchCurrent Input signal is amplitude of remote branch current. enum fieldCurrent Input signal is generator field current. enum generatorMechanicalPower Input signal is generator mechanical power. enum RemoteSignalKind Type of input signal coming from remote bus. remoteBusVoltageFrequency Input is voltage frequency from remote terminal bus. enum remoteBusVoltageFrequencyDeviation Input is voltage frequency deviation from remote terminal bus. enum remoteBusFrequency Input is frequency from remote terminal bus. enum remoteBusFrequencyDeviation Input is frequency deviation from remote terminal bus. enum remoteBusVoltageAmplitude Input is voltage amplitude from remote terminal bus. enum remoteBusVoltage Input is voltage from remote terminal bus. enum remoteBranchCurrentAmplitude Input is branch current amplitude from remote terminal bus. enum remoteBusVoltageAmplitudeDerivative Input is branch current amplitude derivative from remote terminal bus. enum remotePuBusVoltageDerivative Input is PU voltage derivative from remote terminal bus. enum RotorKind Type of rotor on physical machine. roundRotor Round rotor type of synchronous machine. enum salientPole Salient pole type of synchronous machine. enum StaticLoadModelKind Type of static load model. exponential This model is an exponential representation of the load. Exponential equations for active and reactive power are used and the following attributes are required: kp1, kp2, kp3, kpf, ep1, ep2, ep3 kq1, kq2, kq3, kqf, eq1, eq2, eq3. enum zIP1 This model integrates the frequency-dependent load (primarily motors). ZIP1 equations for active and reactive power are used and the following attributes are required: kp1, kp2, kp3, kpf kq1, kq2, kq3, kqf. enum zIP2 This model separates the frequency-dependent load (primarily motors) from other load. ZIP2 equations for active and reactive power are used and the following attributes are required: kp1, kp2, kp3, kq4, kpf kq1, kq2, kq3, kq4, kqf. enum constantZ The load is represented as a constant impedance. ConstantZ equations are used for active and reactive power and no attributes are required. enum SynchronousMachineModelKind Type of synchronous machine model used in dynamic simulation applications. subtransient Subtransient synchronous machine model. enum subtransientTypeF WECC type F variant of subtransient synchronous machine model. enum subtransientTypeJ WECC type J variant of subtransient synchronous machine model. enum subtransientSimplified Simplified version of subtransient synchronous machine model where magnetic coupling between the direct- and quadrature- axes is ignored. enum subtransientSimplifiedDirectAxis Simplified version of a subtransient synchronous machine model with no damper circuit on the direct-axis. enum WindLookupTableFunctionKind Function of the lookup table. prr Power versus speed change (negative slip) lookup table (p_rr(deltaomega)). It is used for the rotor resistance control model, IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.5.3. enum omegap Power vs. speed lookup table (omega(p)). It is used for the P control model type 3, IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.5.4. enum ipmax Lookup table for voltage dependency of active current limits (i_pmax(u_WT)). It is used for the current limitation model, IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.5.8. enum iqmax Lookup table for voltage dependency of reactive current limits (i_qmax(u_WT)). It is used for the current limitation model, IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.5.8. enum pwp Power vs. frequency lookup table (p_WPbias(f)). It is used for the wind power plant frequency and active power control model, IEC 61400-27-1:2015, Annex D. enum tcwdu Crowbar duration versus voltage variation look-up table (T_CW(du)). It is a case-dependent parameter. It is used for the type 3B generator set model, IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.3.3. enum tduwt Lookup table to determine the duration of the power reduction after a voltage dip, depending on the size of the voltage dip (T_d(u_WT)). It is a type-dependent parameter. It is used for the pitch control power model, IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.5.1. enum qmaxp Lookup table for active power dependency of reactive power maximum limit (q_maxp(p)). It is used for the QP and QU limitation model, IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.5.10. enum qminp Lookup table for active power dependency of reactive power minimum limit (q_minp(p)). It is used for the QP and QU limitation model, IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.5.10. enum qmaxu Lookup table for voltage dependency of reactive power maximum limit (q_maxu(p)). It is used for the QP and QU limitation model, IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.5.10. enum qminu Lookup table for voltage dependency of reactive power minimum limit (q_minu(p)). It is used for the QP and QU limitation model, IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.5.10. enum tuover Disconnection time versus over-voltage lookup table (T_uover(u_WT)). It is used for the grid protection model, IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.6. enum tuunder Disconnection time versus under-voltage lookup table (T_uunder(u_WT)). It is used for the grid protection model, IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.6. enum tfover Disconnection time versus over-frequency lookup table (T_fover(f_WT)). It is used for the grid protection model, IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.6. enum tfunder Disconnection time versus under-frequency lookup table (T_funder(f_WT)). It is used for the grid protection model, IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.6. enum qwp Look up table for the UQ static mode (q_WP(u_err)). It is used for the voltage and reactive power control model, IEC 61400-27-1:2015, Annex D. enum WindPlantQcontrolModeKind Reactive power/voltage controller mode. reactivePower Reactive power reference. enum powerFactor Power factor reference. enum uqStatic UQ static. enum voltageControl Voltage control. enum WindQcontrolModeKind General wind turbine Q control modes <i>M</i><i>_qG</i><i>.</i> voltage Voltage control (<i>M</i><i>_qG</i> equals 0). enum reactivePower Reactive power control (<i>M</i><i>_qG</i> equals 1). enum openLoopReactivePower Open loop reactive power control (only used with closed loop at plant level) (<i>M</i><i>_qG</i>equals 2). enum powerFactor Power factor control (<i>M</i><i>_qG</i>equals 3). enum openLooppowerFactor Open loop power factor control (<i>M</i><i>_qG</i>equals 4). enum WindUVRTQcontrolModeKind UVRT Q control modes <i>M</i><i>_qUVRT</i><i>.</i> mode0 Voltage-dependent reactive current injection (<i>M</i><i>_qUVRT</i> equals 0). enum mode1 Reactive current injection controlled as the pre-fault value plus an additional voltage dependent reactive current injection (<i>M</i><i>_qUVRT</i> equals 1). enum mode2 Reactive current injection controlled as the pre-fault value plus an additional voltage-dependent reactive current injection during fault, and as the pre-fault value plus an additional constant reactive current injection post fault (<i>M</i><i>_qUVRT</i>equals 2). enum Core Contains the core PowerSystemResource and ConductingEquipment entities shared by all applications plus common collections of those entities. Not all applications require all the Core entities. This package does not depend on any other package except the Domain package, but most of the other packages have associations and generalizations that depend on it. ACDCTerminal An electrical connection point (AC or DC) to a piece of conducting equipment. Terminals are connected at physical connection points called connectivity nodes. ConductingEquipment The parts of the AC power system that are designed to carry current or that are conductively connected through terminals. ConductingEquipment The conducting equipment of the terminal. Conducting equipment have terminals that may be connected to other conducting equipment terminals via connectivity nodes or topological nodes. Yes Terminals Conducting equipment have terminals that may be connected to other conducting equipment terminals via connectivity nodes or topological nodes. No Equipment The parts of a power system that are physical devices, electronic or mechanical. IdentifiedObject This is a root class to provide common identification for all classes needing identification and naming attributes. description The description is a free human readable text describing or naming the object. It may be non unique and may not correlate to a naming hierarchy. mRID Master resource identifier issued by a model authority. The mRID is unique within an exchange context. Global uniqueness is easily achieved by using a UUID, as specified in RFC 4122, for the mRID. The use of UUID is strongly recommended. For CIMXML data files in RDF syntax conforming to IEC 61970-552, the mRID is mapped to rdf:ID or rdf:about attributes that identify CIM object elements. name The name is any free human readable and possibly non unique text naming the object. PowerSystemResource A power system resource (PSR) can be an item of equipment such as a switch, an equipment container containing many individual items of equipment such as a substation, or an organisational entity such as sub-control area. Power system resources can have measurements associated. Terminal An AC electrical connection point to a piece of conducting equipment. Terminals are connected at physical connection points called connectivity nodes. Terminal Remote terminal with which this input signal is associated. Yes RemoteInputSignal Input signal coming from this terminal. No Wires An extension to the Core and Topology package that models information on the electrical characteristics of Transmission and Distribution networks. This package is used by network applications such as State Estimation, Load Flow and Optimal Power Flow. AsynchronousMachine A rotating machine whose shaft rotates asynchronously with the electrical field. Also known as an induction machine with no external connection to the rotor windings, e.g. squirrel-cage induction machine. AsynchronousMachine Asynchronous machine to which this asynchronous machine dynamics model applies. Yes AsynchronousMachineDynamics Asynchronous machine dynamics model used to describe dynamic behaviour of this asynchronous machine. No EnergyConnection A connection of energy generation or consumption on the power system model. EnergyConsumer Generic user of energy - a point of consumption on the power system model. EnergyConsumer.pfixed, .qfixed, .pfixedPct and .qfixedPct have meaning only if there is no LoadResponseCharacteristic associated with EnergyConsumer or if LoadResponseCharacteristic.exponentModel is set to False. Description EnergyConsumer Energy consumer to which this dynamics load model applies. No LoadDynamics Load dynamics model used to describe dynamic behaviour of this energy consumer. Yes PowerElectronicsConnection A connection to the AC network for energy production or consumption that uses power electronics rather than rotating machines. PowerElectronicsConnection The power electronics connection associated with this wind turbine type 3 or type 4 dynamics model. Yes WindTurbineType3or4Dynamics The wind turbine type 3 or type 4 dynamics model associated with this power electronics connection. No RegulatingCondEq A type of conducting equipment that can regulate a quantity (i.e. voltage or flow) at a specific point in the network. RotatingMachine A rotating machine which may be used as a generator or motor. StaticVarCompensator A facility for providing variable and controllable shunt reactive power. The SVC typically consists of a stepdown transformer, filter, thyristor-controlled reactor, and thyristor-switched capacitor arms. The SVC may operate in fixed MVar output mode or in voltage control mode. When in voltage control mode, the output of the SVC will be proportional to the deviation of voltage at the controlled bus from the voltage setpoint. The SVC characteristic slope defines the proportion. If the voltage at the controlled bus is equal to the voltage setpoint, the SVC MVar output is zero. StaticVarCompensator Static Var Compensator to which Static Var Compensator dynamics model applies. Yes StaticVarCompensatorDynamics Static Var Compensator dynamics model used to describe dynamic behaviour of this Static Var Compensator. No SynchronousMachine An electromechanical device that operates with shaft rotating synchronously with the network. It is a single machine operating either as a generator or synchronous condenser or pump. SynchronousMachine Synchronous machine to which synchronous machine dynamics model applies. Yes SynchronousMachineDynamics Synchronous machine dynamics model used to describe dynamic behaviour of this synchronous machine. No DC This package contains model for direct current equipment and controls. ACDCConverter A unit with valves for three phases, together with unit control equipment, essential protective and switching devices, DC storage capacitors, phase reactors and auxiliaries, if any, used for conversion. CsConverter DC side of the current source converter (CSC). The firing angle controls the dc voltage at the converter, both for rectifier and inverter. The difference between the dc voltages of the rectifier and inverter determines the dc current. The extinction angle is used to limit the dc voltage at the inverter, if needed, and is not used in active power control. The firing angle, transformer tap position and number of connected filters are the primary means to control a current source dc line. Higher level controls are built on top, e.g. dc voltage, dc current and active power. From a steady state perspective it is sufficient to specify the wanted active power transfer (ACDCConverter.targetPpcc) and the control functions will set the dc voltage, dc current, firing angle, transformer tap position and number of connected filters to meet this. Therefore attributes targetAlpha and targetGamma are not applicable in this case. The reactive power consumed by the converter is a function of the firing angle, transformer tap position and number of connected filter, which can be approximated with half of the active power. The losses is a function of the dc voltage and dc current. The attributes minAlpha and maxAlpha define the range of firing angles for rectifier operation between which no discrete tap changer action takes place. The range is typically 10-18 degrees. The attributes minGamma and maxGamma define the range of extinction angles for inverter operation between which no discrete tap changer action takes place. The range is typically 17-20 degrees. CSConverter Current source converter to which current source converter dynamics model applies. Yes CSCDynamics Current source converter dynamics model used to describe dynamic behaviour of this converter. No VsConverter DC side of the voltage source converter (VSC). VsConverter Voltage source converter to which voltage source converter dynamics model applies. Yes VSCDynamics Voltage source converter dynamics model used to describe dynamic behaviour of this converter. No StandardInterconnections This subclause describes the standard interconnections for various types of equipment. These interconnections are understood by the application programs and can be identified based on the presence of one of the key classes with a relationship to the static power flow model: SynchronousMachineDynamics, AsynchronousMachineDynamics, EnergyConsumerDynamics or WindTurbineType3or4Dynamics. The relationships between classes expressed in the interconnection diagrams are intended to support dynamic behaviour described by either standard models or user-defined models. In the interconnection diagrams, boxes which are black in colour represent function blocks whose functionality can be provided by one of many standard models or by a user-defined model. Blue boxes represent specific standard models. A dashed box means that the function block or specific standard model is optional. RemoteInputSignal Supports connection to a terminal associated with a remote bus from which an input signal of a specific type is coming. remoteSignalType Type of input signal. RemoteInputSignal Remote input signal used by this discontinuous excitation control system model. No DiscontinuousExcitationControlDynamics Discontinuous excitation control model using this remote input signal. Yes RemoteInputSignal Remote input signal used by this wind generator type 1 or type 2 model. Yes WindTurbineType1or2Dynamics Wind generator type 1 or type 2 model using this remote input signal. No RemoteInputSignal Remote input signal used by this power system stabilizer model. No PowerSystemStabilizerDynamics Power system stabilizer model using this remote input signal. Yes RemoteInputSignal Remote input signal used by this underexcitation limiter model. No UnderexcitationLimiterDynamics Underexcitation limiter model using this remote input signal. Yes RemoteInputSignal Remote input signal used by this power factor or VAr controller type 1 model. No PFVArControllerType1Dynamics Power factor or VAr controller type 1 model using this remote input signal. Yes RemoteInputSignal Remote input signal used by this voltage compensator model. No VoltageCompensatorDynamics Voltage compensator model using this remote input signal. Yes WindPlantDynamics The wind plant using the remote signal. No RemoteInputSignal The remote signal with which this power plant is associated. Yes WindTurbineType3or4Dynamics Wind turbine type 3 or type 4 models using this remote input signal. No RemoteInputSignal Remote input signal used by these wind turbine type 3 or type 4 models. Yes StandardModels This subclause contains standard dynamic model specifications grouped into packages by standard function block (type of equipment being modelled). In the CIM, standard dynamic models are expressed by means of a class named with the standard model name and attributes reflecting each of the parameters necessary to describe the behaviour of an instance of the standard model. DynamicsFunctionBlock Abstract parent class for all Dynamics function blocks. enabled Function block used indicator. true = use of function block is enabled false = use of function block is disabled. RotatingMachineDynamics Abstract parent class for all synchronous and asynchronous machine standard models. damping Damping torque coefficient (<i>D</i>) (&gt;= 0). A proportionality constant that, when multiplied by the angular velocity of the rotor poles with respect to the magnetic field (frequency), results in the damping torque. This value is often zero when the sources of damping torques (generator damper windings, load damping effects, etc.) are modelled in detail. Typical value = 0. inertia Inertia constant of generator or motor and mechanical load (<i>H</i>) (&gt; 0). This is the specification for the stored energy in the rotating mass when operating at rated speed. For a generator, this includes the generator plus all other elements (turbine, exciter) on the same shaft and has units of MW x s. For a motor, it includes the motor plus its mechanical load. Conventional units are PU on the generator MVA base, usually expressed as MW x s / MVA or just s. This value is used in the accelerating power reference frame for operator training simulator solutions. Typical value = 3. saturationFactor Saturation factor at rated terminal voltage (<i>S1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Not used by simplified model. Defined by defined by <i>S</i>(<i>E1</i>) in the SynchronousMachineSaturationParameters diagram. Typical value = 0,02. saturationFactor120 Saturation factor at 120% of rated terminal voltage (<i>S12</i>) (&gt;= RotatingMachineDynamics.saturationFactor). Not used by the simplified model, defined by <i>S</i>(<i>E2</i>) in the SynchronousMachineSaturationParameters diagram. Typical value = 0,12. statorLeakageReactance Stator leakage reactance (<i>Xl</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,15. statorResistance Stator (armature) resistance (<i>Rs</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,005. UserDefinedModels This subclause contains user-defined dynamic model classes to support the exchange of both proprietary and explicitly defined user-defined models. <u>Proprietary models</u> represent behaviour which, while not defined by a standard model class, is mutually understood by the sending and receiving applications based on the name passed in the .name attribute of the appropriate xxxUserDefined class. Proprietary model parameters are passed as general attributes using as many instances of the ProprietaryParameterDynamics class as there are parameters. <u>Explicitly defined models</u> describe dynamic behaviour in detail in terms of control blocks and their input and output signals. Note that the classes to support explicitly defined modelling are not currently defined - it is future work intended to also be supported by the family of xxxUserDefined classes. Both types of user-defined models use the family of xxxUserDefined classes, which allow a user-defined model to be used: - as the model for an individual standard function block (such as a turbine-governor or power system stabilizer) in a standard interconnection model whose other function blocks could be either standard or user-defined. For an illustration of this form of usage for a proprietary model, see the ExampleFunctionBlockProprietaryModel diagram in subclause 5.5. - as the complete representation of a dynamic behaviour model (for an entire synchronous machine, for example) where standard function blocks and standard interconnections are not used at all. For an illustration of this form of usage for a proprietary model, see the ExampleCompleteProprietaryModel diagram in subclause 5.5. CSCUserDefined Current source converter (CSC) function block whose dynamic behaviour is described by <font color="#0f0f0f">a user-defined model.</font> proprietary Behaviour is based on a proprietary model as opposed to a detailed model. true = user-defined model is proprietary with behaviour mutually understood by sending and receiving applications and parameters passed as general attributes false = user-defined model is explicitly defined in terms of control blocks and their input and output signals. ProprietaryParameterDynamics Parameter of this proprietary user-defined model. No CSCUserDefined Proprietary user-defined model with which this parameter is associated. Yes SVCUserDefined Static var compensator (SVC) function block whose dynamic behaviour is described by <font color="#0f0f0f">a user-defined model.</font> proprietary Behaviour is based on a proprietary model as opposed to a detailed model. true = user-defined model is proprietary with behaviour mutually understood by sending and receiving applications and parameters passed as general attributes false = user-defined model is explicitly defined in terms of control blocks and their input and output signals. ProprietaryParameterDynamics Parameter of this proprietary user-defined model. No SVCUserDefined Proprietary user-defined model with which this parameter is associated. Yes VSCUserDefined Voltage source converter (VSC) function block whose dynamic behaviour is described by <font color="#0f0f0f">a user-defined model.</font> proprietary Behaviour is based on a proprietary model as opposed to a detailed model. true = user-defined model is proprietary with behaviour mutually understood by sending and receiving applications and parameters passed as general attributes false = user-defined model is explicitly defined in terms of control blocks and their input and output signals. ProprietaryParameterDynamics Parameter of this proprietary user-defined model. No VSCUserDefined Proprietary user-defined model with which this parameter is associated. Yes WindPlantUserDefined Wind plant function block whose dynamic behaviour is described by <font color="#0f0f0f">a user-defined model.</font> proprietary Behaviour is based on a proprietary model as opposed to a detailed model. true = user-defined model is proprietary with behaviour mutually understood by sending and receiving applications and parameters passed as general attributes false = user-defined model is explicitly defined in terms of control blocks and their input and output signals. ProprietaryParameterDynamics Parameter of this proprietary user-defined model. No WindPlantUserDefined Proprietary user-defined model with which this parameter is associated. Yes WindType1or2UserDefined Wind type 1 or type 2 function block whose dynamic behaviour is described by <font color="#0f0f0f">a user-defined model.</font> proprietary Behaviour is based on a proprietary model as opposed to a detailed model. true = user-defined model is proprietary with behaviour mutually understood by sending and receiving applications and parameters passed as general attributes false = user-defined model is explicitly defined in terms of control blocks and their input and output signals. ProprietaryParameterDynamics Parameter of this proprietary user-defined model. No WindType1or2UserDefined Proprietary user-defined model with which this parameter is associated. Yes WindType3or4UserDefined Wind type 3 or type 4 function block whose dynamic behaviour is described by <font color="#0f0f0f">a user-defined model.</font> proprietary Behaviour is based on a proprietary model as opposed to a detailed model. true = user-defined model is proprietary with behaviour mutually understood by sending and receiving applications and parameters passed as general attributes false = user-defined model is explicitly defined in terms of control blocks and their input and output signals. ProprietaryParameterDynamics Parameter of this proprietary user-defined model. No WindType3or4UserDefined Proprietary user-defined model with which this parameter is associated. Yes SynchronousMachineUserDefined Synchronous machine whose dynamic behaviour is described by a user-defined model. proprietary Behaviour is based on a proprietary model as opposed to a detailed model. true = user-defined model is proprietary with behaviour mutually understood by sending and receiving applications and parameters passed as general attributes false = user-defined model is explicitly defined in terms of control blocks and their input and output signals. SynchronousMachineUserDefined Proprietary user-defined model with which this parameter is associated. Yes ProprietaryParameterDynamics Parameter of this proprietary user-defined model. No AsynchronousMachineUserDefined Asynchronous machine whose dynamic behaviour is described by a user-defined model. proprietary Behaviour is based on a proprietary model as opposed to a detailed model. true = user-defined model is proprietary with behaviour mutually understood by sending and receiving applications and parameters passed as general attributes false = user-defined model is explicitly defined in terms of control blocks and their input and output signals. AsynchronousMachineUserDefined Proprietary user-defined model with which this parameter is associated. Yes ProprietaryParameterDynamics Parameter of this proprietary user-defined model. No TurbineGovernorUserDefined Turbine-governor function block whose dynamic behaviour is described by <font color="#0f0f0f">a user-defined model.</font> proprietary Behaviour is based on a proprietary model as opposed to a detailed model. true = user-defined model is proprietary with behaviour mutually understood by sending and receiving applications and parameters passed as general attributes false = user-defined model is explicitly defined in terms of control blocks and their input and output signals. TurbineGovernorUserDefined Proprietary user-defined model with which this parameter is associated. Yes ProprietaryParameterDynamics Parameter of this proprietary user-defined model. No TurbineLoadControllerUserDefined Turbine load controller function block whose dynamic behaviour is described by <font color="#0f0f0f">a user-defined model.</font> proprietary Behaviour is based on a proprietary model as opposed to a detailed model. true = user-defined model is proprietary with behaviour mutually understood by sending and receiving applications and parameters passed as general attributes false = user-defined model is explicitly defined in terms of control blocks and their input and output signals. TurbineLoadControllerUserDefined Proprietary user-defined model with which this parameter is associated. Yes ProprietaryParameterDynamics Parameter of this proprietary user-defined model. No MechanicalLoadUserDefined Mechanical load function block whose dynamic behaviour is described by <font color="#0f0f0f">a user-defined model.</font> proprietary Behaviour is based on a proprietary model as opposed to a detailed model. true = user-defined model is proprietary with behaviour mutually understood by sending and receiving applications and parameters passed as general attributes false = user-defined model is explicitly defined in terms of control blocks and their input and output signals. MechanicalLoadUserDefined Proprietary user-defined model with which this parameter is associated. Yes ProprietaryParameterDynamics Parameter of this proprietary user-defined model. No ExcitationSystemUserDefined Excitation system function block whose dynamic behaviour is described by <font color="#0f0f0f">a user-defined model.</font> proprietary Behaviour is based on a proprietary model as opposed to a detailed model. true = user-defined model is proprietary with behaviour mutually understood by sending and receiving applications and parameters passed as general attributes false = user-defined model is explicitly defined in terms of control blocks and their input and output signals. ExcitationSystemUserDefined Proprietary user-defined model with which this parameter is associated. Yes ProprietaryParameterDynamics Parameter of this proprietary user-defined model. No OverexcitationLimiterUserDefined Overexcitation limiter system function block whose dynamic behaviour is described by <font color="#0f0f0f">a user-defined model.</font> proprietary Behaviour is based on a proprietary model as opposed to a detailed model. true = user-defined model is proprietary with behaviour mutually understood by sending and receiving applications and parameters passed as general attributes false = user-defined model is explicitly defined in terms of control blocks and their input and output signals. OverexcitationLimiterUserDefined Proprietary user-defined model with which this parameter is associated. Yes ProprietaryParameterDynamics Parameter of this proprietary user-defined model. No UnderexcitationLimiterUserDefined Underexcitation limiter function block whose dynamic behaviour is described by <font color="#0f0f0f">a user-defined model.</font> proprietary Behaviour is based on a proprietary model as opposed to a detailed model. true = user-defined model is proprietary with behaviour mutually understood by sending and receiving applications and parameters passed as general attributes false = user-defined model is explicitly defined in terms of control blocks and their input and output signals. UnderexcitationLimiterUserDefined Proprietary user-defined model with which this parameter is associated. Yes ProprietaryParameterDynamics Parameter of this proprietary user-defined model. No PowerSystemStabilizerUserDefined <font color="#0f0f0f">Power system stabilizer</font> function block whose dynamic behaviour is described by <font color="#0f0f0f">a user-defined model.</font> proprietary Behaviour is based on a proprietary model as opposed to a detailed model. true = user-defined model is proprietary with behaviour mutually understood by sending and receiving applications and parameters passed as general attributes false = user-defined model is explicitly defined in terms of control blocks and their input and output signals. PowerSystemStabilizerUserDefined Proprietary user-defined model with which this parameter is associated. Yes ProprietaryParameterDynamics Parameter of this proprietary user-defined model. No DiscontinuousExcitationControlUserDefined Discontinuous excitation control function block whose dynamic behaviour is described by <font color="#0f0f0f">a user-defined model.</font> proprietary Behaviour is based on a proprietary model as opposed to a detailed model. true = user-defined model is proprietary with behaviour mutually understood by sending and receiving applications and parameters passed as general attributes false = user-defined model is explicitly defined in terms of control blocks and their input and output signals. DiscontinuousExcitationControlUserDefined Proprietary user-defined model with which this parameter is associated. Yes ProprietaryParameterDynamics Parameter of this proprietary user-defined model. No PFVArControllerType1UserDefined Power factor or VAr controller type 1 function block whose dynamic behaviour is described by <font color="#0f0f0f">a user-defined model.</font> proprietary Behaviour is based on a proprietary model as opposed to a detailed model. true = user-defined model is proprietary with behaviour mutually understood by sending and receiving applications and parameters passed as general attributes false = user-defined model is explicitly defined in terms of control blocks and their input and output signals. PFVArControllerType1UserDefined Proprietary user-defined model with which this parameter is associated. Yes ProprietaryParameterDynamics Parameter of this proprietary user-defined model. No VoltageAdjusterUserDefined <font color="#0f0f0f">Voltage adjuster</font> function block whose dynamic behaviour is described by <font color="#0f0f0f">a user-defined model.</font> proprietary Behaviour is based on a proprietary model as opposed to a detailed model. true = user-defined model is proprietary with behaviour mutually understood by sending and receiving applications and parameters passed as general attributes false = user-defined model is explicitly defined in terms of control blocks and their input and output signals. VoltageAdjusterUserDefined Proprietary user-defined model with which this parameter is associated. Yes ProprietaryParameterDynamics Parameter of this proprietary user-defined model. No PFVArControllerType2UserDefined Power factor or VAr controller type 2 function block whose dynamic behaviour is described by <font color="#0f0f0f">a user-defined model.</font> proprietary Behaviour is based on a proprietary model as opposed to a detailed model. true = user-defined model is proprietary with behaviour mutually understood by sending and receiving applications and parameters passed as general attributes false = user-defined model is explicitly defined in terms of control blocks and their input and output signals. PFVArControllerType2UserDefined Proprietary user-defined model with which this parameter is associated. Yes ProprietaryParameterDynamics Parameter of this proprietary user-defined model. No VoltageCompensatorUserDefined Voltage compensator function block whose dynamic behaviour is described by <font color="#0f0f0f">a user-defined model.</font> proprietary Behaviour is based on a proprietary model as opposed to a detailed model. true = user-defined model is proprietary with behaviour mutually understood by sending and receiving applications and parameters passed as general attributes false = user-defined model is explicitly defined in terms of control blocks and their input and output signals. VoltageCompensatorUserDefined Proprietary user-defined model with which this parameter is associated. Yes ProprietaryParameterDynamics Parameter of this proprietary user-defined model. No LoadUserDefined Load whose dynamic behaviour is described by a user-defined model. proprietary Behaviour is based on a proprietary model as opposed to a detailed model. true = user-defined model is proprietary with behaviour mutually understood by sending and receiving applications and parameters passed as general attributes false = user-defined model is explicitly defined in terms of control blocks and their input and output signals. LoadUserDefined Proprietary user-defined model with which this parameter is associated. Yes ProprietaryParameterDynamics Parameter of this proprietary user-defined model. No ProprietaryParameterDynamics Supports definition of one or more parameters of several different datatypes for use by proprietary user-defined models. This class does not inherit from IdentifiedObject since it is not intended that a single instance of it be referenced by more than one proprietary user-defined model instance. parameterNumber Sequence number of the parameter among the set of parameters associated with the related proprietary user-defined model. booleanParameterValue Boolean parameter value. If this attribute is populated, integerParameterValue and floatParameterValue will not be. integerParameterValue Integer parameter value. If this attribute is populated, booleanParameterValue and floatParameterValue will not be. floatParameterValue Floating point parameter value. If this attribute is populated, booleanParameterValue and integerParameterValue will not be. SynchronousMachineDynamics For conventional power generating units (e.g., thermal, hydro, combustion turbine), a synchronous machine model represents the electrical characteristics of the generator and the mechanical characteristics of the turbine-generator rotational inertia. Large industrial motors or groups of similar motors can be represented by individual motor models which are represented as generators with negative active power in the static (power flow) data. The interconnection with the electrical network equations can differ among simulation tools. The tool only needs to know the synchronous machine to establish the correct interconnection. The interconnection with the motor’s equipment could also differ due to input and output signals required by standard models. SynchronousMachineSimplified The simplified model represents a synchronous generator as a constant internal voltage behind an impedance<i> </i>(<i>Rs + jXp</i>) as shown in the Simplified diagram. Since internal voltage is held constant, there is no <i>Efd</i> input and any excitation system model will be ignored. There is also no <i>Ifd</i> output. This model should not be used for representing a real generator except, perhaps, small generators whose response is insignificant. The parameters used for the simplified model include: - RotatingMachineDynamics.damping (<i>D</i>); - RotatingMachineDynamics.inertia (<i>H</i>); - RotatingMachineDynamics.statorLeakageReactance (used to exchange <i>jXp </i>for SynchronousMachineSimplified); - RotatingMachineDynamics.statorResistance (<i>Rs</i>). SynchronousMachineDynamics Synchronous machine whose behaviour is described by reference to a standard model expressed in one of the following forms: - simplified (or classical), where a group of generators or motors is not modelled in detail; - detailed, in equivalent circuit form; - detailed, in time constant reactance form; or <font color="#0f0f0f">- by definition of a user-defined model.</font> <font color="#0f0f0f">It is a common practice to represent small generators by a negative load rather than by a dynamic generator model when performing dynamics simulations. In this case, a SynchronousMachine in the static model is not represented by anything in the dynamics model, instead it is treated as an ordinary load.</font> <font color="#0f0f0f">Parameter details:</font> <ol> <li><font color="#0f0f0f">Synchronous machine parameters such as <i>Xl, Xd, Xp</i> etc. are actually used as inductances in the models,</font> but are commonly referred to as reactances since, at nominal frequency, the PU values are the same. However, some references use the symbol <i>L</i> instead of <i>X</i>.</li> </ol> HighPressureSynchronousMachineDynamics High-pressure synchronous machine with which this cross-compound turbine governor is associated. Yes CrossCompoundTurbineGovernorDyanmics The cross-compound turbine governor with which this high-pressure synchronous machine is associated. No LowPressureSynchronousMachineDynamics Low-pressure synchronous machine with which this cross-compound turbine governor is associated. Yes CrossCompoundTurbineGovernorDynamics The cross-compound turbine governor with which this low-pressure synchronous machine is associated. No SynchronousMachineDynamics Synchronous machine model with which this mechanical load model is associated. MechanicalLoadDynamics shall have either an association to SynchronousMachineDynamics or AsynchronousMachineDyanmics. Yes MechanicalLoadDynamics Mechanical load model associated with this synchronous machine model. No SynchronousMachineDynamics Synchronous machine model with which this excitation system model is associated. Yes ExcitationSystemDynamics Excitation system model associated with this synchronous machine model. No SynchronousMachineDynamics Synchronous machine model with which this turbine-governor model is associated. TurbineGovernorDynamics shall have either an association to SynchronousMachineDynamics or to AsynchronousMachineDynamics. Yes TurbineGovernorDynamics Turbine-governor model associated with this synchronous machine model. Multiplicity of greater than one is intended to support hydro units that have multiple turbines on one generator. No SynchronousMachineDynamics Standard synchronous machine out of which current flow is being compensated for. Yes GenICompensationForGenJ Compensation of voltage compensator's generator for current flow out of this generator. No SynchronousMachineDetailed All synchronous machine detailed types use a subset of the same data parameters and input/output variables. The several variations differ in the following ways: - the number of equivalent windings that are included; - the way in which saturation is incorporated into the model; - whether or not “subtransient saliency” (<i>X''q</i> not = <i>X''d</i>) is represented. It is not necessary for each simulation tool to have separate models for each of the model types. The same model can often be used for several types by alternative logic within the model. Also, differences in saturation representation might not result in significant model performance differences so model substitutions are often acceptable. saturationFactorQAxis Quadrature-axis saturation factor at rated terminal voltage (<i>S1q</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,02. saturationFactor120QAxis Quadrature-axis saturation factor at 120% of rated terminal voltage (<i>S12q</i>) (&gt;= SynchonousMachineDetailed.saturationFactorQAxis). Typical value = 0,12. efdBaseRatio Ratio (exciter voltage/generator voltage) of <i>Efd</i> bases of exciter and generator models (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. ifdBaseType Excitation base system mode. It should be equal to the value of <i>WLMDV</i> given by the user. <i>WLMDV</i> is the PU ratio between the field voltage and the excitation current: <i>Efd</i> = <i>WLMDV</i> x <i>Ifd</i>. Typical value = ifag. SynchronousMachineTimeConstantReactance Synchronous machine detailed modelling types are defined by the combination of the attributes SynchronousMachineTimeConstantReactance.modelType and SynchronousMachineTimeConstantReactance.rotorType. Parameter details: <ol> <li>The “p” in the time-related attribute names is a substitution for a “prime” in the usual parameter notation, e.g. tpdo refers to <i>T'do</i>.</li> <li>The parameters used for models expressed in time constant reactance form include:</li> </ol> - RotatingMachine.ratedS (<i>MVAbase</i>); - RotatingMachineDynamics.damping (<i>D</i>); - RotatingMachineDynamics.inertia (<i>H</i>); - RotatingMachineDynamics.saturationFactor (<i>S1</i>); - RotatingMachineDynamics.saturationFactor120 (<i>S12</i>); - RotatingMachineDynamics.statorLeakageReactance (<i>Xl</i>); - RotatingMachineDynamics.statorResistance (<i>Rs</i>); - SynchronousMachineTimeConstantReactance.ks (<i>Ks</i>); - SynchronousMachineDetailed.saturationFactorQAxis (<i>S1q</i>); - SynchronousMachineDetailed.saturationFactor120QAxis (<i>S12q</i>); - SynchronousMachineDetailed.efdBaseRatio; - SynchronousMachineDetailed.ifdBaseType; - .xDirectSync (<i>Xd</i>); - .xDirectTrans (<i>X'd</i>); - .xDirectSubtrans (<i>X''d</i>); - .xQuadSync (<i>Xq</i>); - .xQuadTrans (<i>X'q</i>); - .xQuadSubtrans (<i>X''q</i>); - .tpdo (<i>T'do</i>); - .tppdo (<i>T''do</i>); - .tpqo (<i>T'qo</i>); - .tppqo (<i>T''qo</i>); - .tc. rotorType Type of rotor on physical machine. modelType Type of synchronous machine model used in dynamic simulation applications. ks Saturation loading correction factor (<i>Ks</i>) (&gt;= 0). Used only by type J model. Typical value = 0. xDirectSync Direct-axis synchronous reactance (<i>Xd</i>) (&gt;= SynchronousMachineTimeConstantReactance.xDirectTrans). The quotient of a sustained value of that AC component of armature voltage that is produced by the total direct-axis flux due to direct-axis armature current and the value of the AC component of this current, the machine running at rated speed. Typical value = 1,8. xDirectTrans Direct-axis transient reactance (unsaturated) (<i>X'd</i>) (&gt;= SynchronousMachineTimeConstantReactance.xDirectSubtrans). Typical value = 0,5. xDirectSubtrans Direct-axis subtransient reactance (unsaturated) (<i>X''d</i>) (&gt; RotatingMachineDynamics.statorLeakageReactance). Typical value = 0,2. xQuadSync Quadrature-axis synchronous reactance (<i>Xq</i>) (&gt;= SynchronousMachineTimeConstantReactance.xQuadTrans). The ratio of the component of reactive armature voltage, due to the quadrature-axis component of armature current, to this component of current, under steady state conditions and at rated frequency. Typical value = 1,6. xQuadTrans Quadrature-axis transient reactance (<i>X'q</i>) (&gt;= SynchronousMachineTimeConstantReactance.xQuadSubtrans). Typical value = 0,3. xQuadSubtrans Quadrature-axis subtransient reactance (<i>X''q</i>) (&gt; RotatingMachineDynamics.statorLeakageReactance). Typical value = 0,2. tpdo Direct-axis transient rotor time constant (<i>T'do</i>) (&gt; SynchronousMachineTimeConstantReactance.tppdo). Typical value = 5. tppdo Direct-axis subtransient rotor time constant (<i>T''do</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,03. tpqo Quadrature-axis transient rotor time constant (<i>T'qo</i>) (&gt; SynchronousMachineTimeConstantReactance.tppqo). Typical value = 0,5. tppqo Quadrature-axis subtransient rotor time constant (<i>T''qo</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,03. tc Damping time constant for “Canay” reactance (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. SynchronousMachineEquivalentCircuit The electrical equations for all variations of the synchronous models are based on the SynchronousEquivalentCircuit diagram for the direct- and quadrature- axes. Equations for conversion between equivalent circuit and time constant reactance forms: <i>Xd</i> = <i>Xad </i>+<i> Xl</i> <i>X’d</i> = <i>Xl</i> + <i>Xad</i> x <i>Xfd</i> / (<i>Xad</i> + <i>Xfd</i>) <i>X”d</i> = <i>Xl</i> + <i>Xad</i> x <i>Xfd</i> x <i>X1d</i> / (<i>Xad</i> x <i>Xfd</i> + <i>Xad</i> x <i>X1d</i> + <i>Xfd</i> x <i>X1d</i>) <i>Xq</i> = <i>Xaq</i> + <i>Xl</i> <i>X’q</i> = <i>Xl</i> + <i>Xaq</i> x <i>X1q</i> / (<i>Xaq</i> + <i>X1q</i>) <i>X”q</i> = <i>Xl</i> + <i>Xaq</i> x <i>X1q</i> x <i>X2q</i> / (<i>Xaq</i> x <i>X1q</i> + <i>Xaq</i> x <i>X2q</i> + <i>X1q</i> x <i>X2q</i>) <i>T’do</i> = (<i>Xad</i> + <i>Xfd</i>) / (<i>omega</i><i>₀</i> x <i>Rfd</i>) <i>T”do</i> = (<i>Xad</i> x <i>Xfd</i> + <i>Xad</i> x <i>X1d</i> + <i>Xfd</i> x <i>X1d</i>) / (<i>omega</i><i>₀</i> x <i>R1d</i> x (<i>Xad</i> + <i>Xfd</i>) <i>T’qo</i> = (<i>Xaq</i> + <i>X1q</i>) / (<i>omega</i><i>₀</i> x <i>R1q</i>) <i>T”qo</i> = (<i>Xaq</i> x <i>X1q</i> + <i>Xaq</i> x <i>X2q</i> + <i>X1q</i> x <i>X2q</i>) / (<i>omega</i><i>₀</i> x <i>R2q</i> x (<i>Xaq</i> + <i>X1q</i>) Same equations using CIM attributes from SynchronousMachineTimeConstantReactance class on left of "=" and SynchronousMachineEquivalentCircuit class on right (except as noted): xDirectSync = xad + RotatingMachineDynamics.statorLeakageReactance xDirectTrans = RotatingMachineDynamics.statorLeakageReactance + xad x xfd / (xad + xfd) xDirectSubtrans = RotatingMachineDynamics.statorLeakageReactance + xad x xfd x x1d / (xad x xfd + xad x x1d + xfd x x1d) xQuadSync = xaq + RotatingMachineDynamics.statorLeakageReactance xQuadTrans = RotatingMachineDynamics.statorLeakageReactance + xaq x x1q / (xaq+ x1q) xQuadSubtrans = RotatingMachineDynamics.statorLeakageReactance + xaq x x1q x x2q / (xaq x x1q + xaq x x2q + x1q x x2q) tpdo = (xad + xfd) / (2 x pi x nominal frequency x rfd) tppdo = (xad x xfd + xad x x1d + xfd x x1d) / (2 x pi x nominal frequency x r1d x (xad + xfd) tpqo = (xaq + x1q) / (2 x pi x nominal frequency x r1q) tppqo = (xaq x x1q + xaq x x2q + x1q x x2q) / (2 x pi x nominal frequency x r2q x (xaq + x1q) These are only valid for a simplified model where "Canay" reactance is zero. xad Direct-axis mutual reactance. rfd Field winding resistance. xfd Field winding leakage reactance. r1d Direct-axis damper 1 winding resistance. x1d Direct-axis damper 1 winding leakage reactance. xf1d Differential mutual (“Canay”) reactance. xaq Quadrature-axis mutual reactance. r1q Quadrature-axis damper 1 winding resistance. x1q Quadrature-axis damper 1 winding leakage reactance. r2q Quadrature-axis damper 2 winding resistance. x2q Quadrature-axis damper 2 winding leakage reactance. AsynchronousMachineDynamics An asynchronous machine model represents a (induction) generator or motor with no external connection to the rotor windings, e.g. a squirrel-cage induction machine. The interconnection with the electrical network equations can differ among simulation tools. The program only needs to know the terminal to which this asynchronous machine is connected in order to establish the correct interconnection. The interconnection with the motor’s equipment could also differ due to input and output signals required by standard models. The asynchronous machine model is used to model wind generators type 1 and type 2. For these, normal practice is to include the rotor flux transients and neglect the stator flux transients. AsynchronousMachineDynamics Asynchronous machine whose behaviour is described by reference to a standard model expressed in either time constant reactance form or equivalent circuit form <font color="#0f0f0f">or by definition of a user-defined model.</font> Parameter details: <ol> <li>Asynchronous machine parameters such as <i>Xl, Xs,</i> etc. are actually used as inductances in the model, but are commonly referred to as reactances since, at nominal frequency, the PU values are the same. However, some references use the symbol <i>L</i> instead of <i>X</i>.</li> </ol> AsynchronousMachineDynamics Asynchronous machine model with which this turbine-governor model is associated. TurbineGovernorDynamics shall have either an association to SynchronousMachineDynamics or to AsynchronousMachineDynamics. Yes TurbineGovernorDynamics Turbine-governor model associated with this asynchronous machine model. No AsynchronousMachineDynamics Asynchronous machine model with which this mechanical load model is associated. MechanicalLoadDynamics shall have either an association to SynchronousMachineDynamics or to AsynchronousMachineDynamics. Yes MechanicalLoadDynamics Mechanical load model associated with this asynchronous machine model. No AsynchronousMachineDynamics Asynchronous machine model with which this wind generator type 1 or type 2 model is associated. Yes WindTurbineType1or2Dynamics Wind generator type 1 or type 2 model associated with this asynchronous machine model. No AsynchronousMachineTimeConstantReactance Parameter details: <ol> <li>If <i>X'' </i>=<i> X'</i>, a single cage (one equivalent rotor winding per axis) is modelled.</li> <li>The “<i>p</i>” in the attribute names is a substitution for a “prime” in the usual parameter notation, e.g. <i>tpo</i> refers to <i>T'o</i>.</li> </ol> The parameters used for models expressed in time constant reactance form include: - RotatingMachine.ratedS (<i>MVAbase</i>); - RotatingMachineDynamics.damping (<i>D</i>); - RotatingMachineDynamics.inertia (<i>H</i>); - RotatingMachineDynamics.saturationFactor (<i>S1</i>); - RotatingMachineDynamics.saturationFactor120 (<i>S12</i>); - RotatingMachineDynamics.statorLeakageReactance (<i>Xl</i>); - RotatingMachineDynamics.statorResistance (<i>Rs</i>); - .xs (<i>Xs</i>); - .xp (<i>X'</i>); - .xpp (<i>X''</i>); - .tpo (<i>T'o</i>); - .tppo (<i>T''o</i>). xs Synchronous reactance (<i>Xs</i>) (&gt;= AsynchronousMachineTimeConstantReactance.xp). Typical value = 1,8. xp Transient reactance (unsaturated) (<i>X'</i>) (&gt;= AsynchronousMachineTimeConstantReactance.xpp). Typical value = 0,5. xpp Subtransient reactance (unsaturated) (<i>X''</i>) (&gt; RotatingMachineDynamics.statorLeakageReactance). Typical value = 0,2. tpo Transient rotor time constant (<i>T'o</i>) (&gt; AsynchronousMachineTimeConstantReactance.tppo). Typical value = 5. tppo Subtransient rotor time constant (<i>T''o</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,03. AsynchronousMachineEquivalentCircuit The electrical equations of all variations of the asynchronous model are based on the AsynchronousEquivalentCircuit diagram for the direct- and quadrature- axes, with two equivalent rotor windings in each axis. Equations for conversion between equivalent circuit and time constant reactance forms: <i>Xs</i> = <i>Xm</i> + <i>Xl</i> <i>X'</i> = <i>Xl</i> + <i>Xm</i> x <i>Xlr1 </i>/ (<i>Xm </i>+ <i>Xlr1</i>) <i>X''</i> = <i>Xl</i> + <i>Xm</i> x <i>Xlr1</i> x <i>Xlr2</i> / (<i>Xm</i> x <i>Xlr1</i> + <i>Xm</i> x <i>Xlr2</i> + <i>Xlr1</i> x <i>Xlr2</i>) <i>T'o</i> = (<i>Xm</i> + <i>Xlr1</i>) / (<i>omega</i><i>₀</i> x <i>Rr1</i>) <i>T''o</i> = (<i>Xm</i> x <i>Xlr1</i> + <i>Xm</i> x <i>Xlr2</i> + <i>Xlr1</i> x <i>Xlr2</i>) / (<i>omega</i><i>₀</i> x <i>Rr2</i> x (<i>Xm</i> + <i>Xlr1</i>) Same equations using CIM attributes from AsynchronousMachineTimeConstantReactance class on left of "=" and AsynchronousMachineEquivalentCircuit class on right (except as noted): xs = xm + RotatingMachineDynamics.statorLeakageReactance xp = RotatingMachineDynamics.statorLeakageReactance + xm x xlr1 / (xm + xlr1) xpp = RotatingMachineDynamics.statorLeakageReactance + xm x xlr1 x xlr2 / (xm x xlr1 + xm x xlr2 + xlr1 x xlr2) tpo = (xm + xlr1) / (2 x pi x nominal frequency x rr1) tppo = (xm x xlr1 + xm x xlr2 + xlr1 x xlr2) / (2 x pi x nominal frequency x rr2 x (xm + xlr1). xm Magnetizing reactance. rr1 Damper 1 winding resistance. xlr1 Damper 1 winding leakage reactance. rr2 Damper 2 winding resistance. xlr2 Damper 2 winding leakage reactance. TurbineGovernorDynamics The turbine-governor model is linked to one or two synchronous generators and determines the shaft mechanical power (<i>Pm</i>) or torque (<i>Tm</i>) for the generator model. Unlike IEEE standard models for other function blocks, the three IEEE turbine-governor standard models (GovHydroIEEE0, GovHydroIEEE2, and GovSteamIEEE1) are documented in IEEE Transactions, not in IEEE standards. For that reason, diagrams are supplied for those models. A 2012 IEEE report, <i><u>Dynamic Models for Turbine-Governors in Power System Studies</u></i>, provides updated information on a variety of models including IEEE, vendor and reliability authority models. Fully incorporating the results of that report into the CIM dynamics model is a future effort. CrossCompoundTurbineGovernorDynamics Turbine-governor cross-compound function block whose behaviour is described by reference to a standard model <font color="#0f0f0f">or by definition of a user-defined model.</font> TurbineGovernorDynamics Turbine-governor function block whose behaviour is described by reference to a standard model <font color="#0f0f0f">or by definition of a user-defined model.</font> TurbineGovernorDynamics Turbine-governor controlled by this turbine load controller. Yes TurbineLoadControllerDynamics Turbine load controller providing input to this turbine-governor. No GovHydroIEEE0 IEEE simplified hydro governor-turbine model. Used for mechanical-hydraulic and electro-hydraulic turbine governors, with or without steam feedback. Typical values given are for mechanical-hydraulic turbine-governor. Ref<font color="#0f0f0f">erence: IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, November/December 1973, Volume PAS-92, Number 6, <i><u>Dynamic Models for Steam and Hydro Turbines in Power System Studies</u></i>, page 1904.</font> mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. k Governor gain (<i>K)</i>. t1 Governor lag time constant (<i>T1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,25. t2 Governor lead time constant (<i>T2)</i> (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. t3 Gate actuator time constant (<i>T3</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. t4 Water starting time (<i>T4</i>) (&gt;= 0). pmax Gate maximum (<i>Pmax</i>) (&gt; GovHydroIEEE0.pmin). pmin Gate minimum (<i>Pmin</i>) (&lt; GovHydroIEEE.pmax). GovHydroIEEE2 IEEE hydro turbine governor model represents plants with straightforward penstock configurations and hydraulic-dashpot governors. Ref<font color="#0f0f0f">erence: IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, November/December 1973, Volume PAS-92, Number 6, <i><u>Dynamic Models for Steam and Hydro Turbines in Power System Studies</u></i>, page 1904.</font> mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. tg Gate servo time constant (<i>Tg</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,5. tp Pilot servo valve time constant (<i>Tp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,03. uo Maximum gate opening velocity (<i>Uo</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = 0,1. uc Maximum gate closing velocity (<i>Uc</i>) (&lt;0). Typical value = -0,1. pmax Maximum gate opening (<i>Pmax</i>) (&gt; GovHydroIEEE2.pmin). Typical value = 1. pmin Minimum gate opening (<i>Pmin</i>) (&lt;GovHydroIEEE2.pmax). Typical value = 0. rperm Permanent droop (<i>Rperm</i>). Typical value = 0,05. rtemp Temporary droop (<i>Rtemp</i>). Typical value = 0,5. tr Dashpot time constant (<i>Tr</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 12. tw Water inertia time constant (<i>Tw</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 2. kturb Turbine gain (<i>Kturb</i>). Typical value = 1. aturb Turbine numerator multiplier (<i>Aturb</i>). Typical value = -1. bturb Turbine denominator multiplier (<i>Bturb</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,5. gv1 Nonlinear gain point 1, PU gv (<i>Gv1</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv1 Nonlinear gain point 1, PU power (<i>Pgv1</i>). Typical value = 0. gv2 Nonlinear gain point 2, PU gv (<i>Gv2</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv2 Nonlinear gain point 2, PU power (<i>Pgv2</i>). Typical value = 0. gv3 Nonlinear gain point 3, PU gv (<i>Gv3</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv3 Nonlinear gain point 3, PU power (<i>Pgv3</i>). Typical value = 0. gv4 Nonlinear gain point 4, PU gv (<i>Gv4</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv4 Nonlinear gain point 4, PU power (<i>Pgv4</i>). Typical value = 0. gv5 Nonlinear gain point 5, PU gv (<i>Gv5</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv5 Nonlinear gain point 5, PU power (<i>Pgv5</i>). Typical value = 0. gv6 Nonlinear gain point 6, PU gv (<i>Gv6</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv6 Nonlinear gain point 6, PU power (<i>Pgv6</i>). Typical value = 0. GovSteamIEEE1 IEEE steam turbine governor model. Ref<font color="#0f0f0f">erence: IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, November/December 1973, Volume PAS-92, Number 6, <i><u>Dynamic Models for Steam and Hydro Turbines in Power System Studies</u></i>, page 1904.</font> mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0)<i>. </i>Unit = MW. k Governor gain (reciprocal of droop) (<i>K</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 25. t1 Governor lag time constant (<i>T1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. t2 Governor lead time constant (<i>T2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. t3 Valve positioner time constant (<i>T3</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,1. uo Maximum valve opening velocity (<i>Uo</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = 1. uc Maximum valve closing velocity (<i>Uc</i>) (&lt; 0). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = -10. pmax Maximum valve opening (<i>Pmax</i>) (&gt; GovSteamIEEE1.pmin). Typical value = 1. pmin Minimum valve opening (<i>Pmin</i>) (&gt;= 0 and &lt; GovSteamIEEE1.pmax). Typical value = 0. t4 Inlet piping/steam bowl time constant (<i>T4</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,3. k1 Fraction of HP shaft power after first boiler pass (<i>K1</i>). Typical value = 0,2. k2 Fraction of LP shaft power after first boiler pass (<i>K2</i>). Typical value = 0. t5 Time constant of second boiler pass (<i>T5</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 5. k3 Fraction of HP shaft power after second boiler pass (<i>K3</i>). Typical value = 0,3. k4 Fraction of LP shaft power after second boiler pass (<i>K4</i>). Typical value = 0. t6 Time constant of third boiler pass (<i>T6</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,5. k5 Fraction of HP shaft power after third boiler pass (<i>K5</i>). Typical value = 0,5. k6 Fraction of LP shaft power after third boiler pass (<i>K6</i>). Typical value = 0. t7 Time constant of fourth boiler pass (<i>T7</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. k7 Fraction of HP shaft power after fourth boiler pass (<i>K7</i>). Typical value = 0. k8 Fraction of LP shaft power after fourth boiler pass (<i>K8</i>). Typical value = 0. GovCT1 General model for any prime mover with a PID governor, used primarily for combustion turbine and combined cycle units. This model can be used to represent a variety of prime movers controlled by PID governors. It is suitable, for example, for the representation of: <ul> <li>gas turbine and single shaft combined cycle turbines</li> </ul> <ul> <li>diesel engines with modern electronic or digital governors </li> </ul> <ul> <li>steam turbines where steam is supplied from a large boiler drum or a large header whose pressure is substantially constant over the period under study</li> <li>simple hydro turbines in dam configurations where the water column length is short and water inertia effects are minimal.</li> </ul> Additional information on this model is available in the 2012 IEEE report, <i><u>Dynamic Models for Turbine-Governors in Power System Studies</u></i>, 3.1.2.3 pages 3-4 (GGOV1). mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. r Permanent droop (<i>R</i>). Typical value = 0,04. rselect Feedback signal for droop (<i>Rselect</i>). Typical value = electricalPower. tpelec Electrical power transducer time constant (<i>Tpelec</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. maxerr Maximum value for speed error signal (<i>maxerr</i>) (&gt; GovCT1.minerr). Typical value = 0,05. minerr Minimum value for speed error signal (<i>minerr</i>) (&lt; GovCT1.maxerr). Typical value = -0,05. kpgov Governor proportional gain (<i>Kpgov</i>). Typical value = 10. kigov Governor integral gain (<i>Kigov</i>). Typical value = 2. kdgov Governor derivative gain (<i>Kdgov</i>). Typical value = 0. tdgov Governor derivative controller time constant (<i>Tdgov</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. vmax Maximum valve position limit (<i>Vmax</i>) (&gt; GovCT1.vmin). Typical value = 1. vmin Minimum valve position limit (<i>Vmin</i>) (&lt; GovCT1.vmax). Typical value = 0,15. tact Actuator time constant (<i>Tact</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,5. kturb Turbine gain (<i>Kturb</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1,5. wfnl No load fuel flow (<i>Wfnl</i>). Typical value = 0,2. tb Turbine lag time constant (<i>Tb</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,5. tc Turbine lead time constant (<i>Tc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. wfspd Switch for fuel source characteristic to recognize that fuel flow, for a given fuel valve stroke, can be proportional to engine speed (<i>Wfspd</i>). true = fuel flow proportional to speed (for some gas turbines and diesel engines with positive displacement fuel injectors) false = fuel control system keeps fuel flow independent of engine speed. Typical value = true. teng Transport time delay for diesel engine used in representing diesel engines where there is a small but measurable transport delay between a change in fuel flow setting and the development of torque (<i>Teng</i>) (&gt;= 0). <i>Teng</i> should be zero in all but special cases where this transport delay is of particular concern. Typical value = 0. tfload Load-limiter time constant (<i>Tfload</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 3. kpload Load limiter proportional gain for PI controller (<i>Kpload</i>). Typical value = 2. kiload Load limiter integral gain for PI controller (<i>Kiload</i>). Typical value = 0,67. ldref Load limiter reference value (<i>Ldref</i>). Typical value = 1. dm Speed sensitivity coefficient (<i>Dm</i>). <i>Dm</i> can represent either the variation of the engine power with the shaft speed or the variation of maximum power capability with shaft speed. If it is positive it describes the falling slope of the engine speed verses power characteristic as speed increases. A slightly falling characteristic is typical for reciprocating engines and some aero-derivative turbines. If it is negative the engine power is assumed to be unaffected by the shaft speed, but the maximum permissible fuel flow is taken to fall with falling shaft speed. This is characteristic of single-shaft industrial turbines due to exhaust temperature limits. Typical value = 0. ropen Maximum valve opening rate (<i>Ropen</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = 0.10. rclose Minimum valve closing rate (<i>Rclose</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = -0,1. kimw Power controller (reset) gain (<i>Kimw</i>). The default value of 0,01 corresponds to a reset time of 100 s. A value of 0,001 corresponds to a relatively slow-acting load controller. Typical value = 0,01. aset Acceleration limiter setpoint (<i>Aset</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = 0,01. ka Acceleration limiter gain (<i>Ka</i>). Typical value = 10. ta Acceleration limiter time constant (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,1. db Speed governor deadband in PU speed (<i>db</i>). In the majority of applications, it is recommended that this value be set to zero. Typical value = 0. tsa Temperature detection lead time constant (<i>Tsa</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 4. tsb Temperature detection lag time constant (<i>Tsb</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 5. rup Maximum rate of load limit increase (<i>Rup</i>). Typical value = 99. rdown Maximum rate of load limit decrease (<i>Rdown</i>). Typical value = -99. GovCT2 General governor with frequency-dependent fuel flow limit. This model is a modification of the GovCT1<b> </b>model in order to represent the frequency-dependent fuel flow limit of a specific gas turbine manufacturer. mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. r Permanent droop (<i>R</i>). Typical value = 0,05. rselect Feedback signal for droop (<i>Rselect</i>). Typical value = electricalPower. tpelec Electrical power transducer time constant (<i>Tpelec</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 2,5. maxerr Maximum value for speed error signal (<i>Maxerr</i>) (&gt; GovCT2.minerr). Typical value = 1. minerr Minimum value for speed error signal (<i>Minerr</i>) (&lt; GovCT2.maxerr). Typical value = -1. kpgov Governor proportional gain (<i>Kpgov</i>). Typical value = 4. kigov Governor integral gain (<i>Kigov</i>). Typical value = 0,45. kdgov Governor derivative gain (<i>Kdgov</i>). Typical value = 0. tdgov Governor derivative controller time constant (<i>Tdgov</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. vmax Maximum valve position limit (<i>Vmax</i>) (&gt; GovCT2.vmin). Typical value = 1. vmin Minimum valve position limit (<i>Vmin</i>) (&lt; GovCT2.vmax). Typical value = 0,175. tact Actuator time constant (<i>Tact</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,4. kturb Turbine gain (<i>Kturb</i>). Typical value = 1,9168. wfnl No load fuel flow (<i>Wfnl</i>). Typical value = 0,187. tb Turbine lag time constant (<i>Tb</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. tc Turbine lead time constant (<i>Tc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. wfspd Switch for fuel source characteristic to recognize that fuel flow, for a given fuel valve stroke, can be proportional to engine speed (<i>Wfspd</i>). true = fuel flow proportional to speed (for some gas turbines and diesel engines with positive displacement fuel injectors) false = fuel control system keeps fuel flow independent of engine speed. Typical value = false. teng Transport time delay for diesel engine used in representing diesel engines where there is a small but measurable transport delay between a change in fuel flow setting and the development of torque (<i>Teng</i>) (&gt;= 0). <i>Teng</i> should be zero in all but special cases where this transport delay is of particular concern. Typical value = 0. tfload Load limiter time constant (<i>Tfload</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 3. kpload Load limiter proportional gain for PI controller (<i>Kpload</i>). Typical value = 1. kiload Load limiter integral gain for PI controller (<i>Kiload</i>). Typical value = 1. ldref Load limiter reference value (<i>Ldref</i>). Typical value = 1. dm Speed sensitivity coefficient (<i>Dm</i>). <i>Dm</i> can represent either the variation of the engine power with the shaft speed or the variation of maximum power capability with shaft speed. If it is positive it describes the falling slope of the engine speed verses power characteristic as speed increases. A slightly falling characteristic is typical for reciprocating engines and some aero-derivative turbines. If it is negative the engine power is assumed to be unaffected by the shaft speed, but the maximum permissible fuel flow is taken to fall with falling shaft speed. This is characteristic of single-shaft industrial turbines due to exhaust temperature limits. Typical value = 0. ropen Maximum valve opening rate (<i>Ropen</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = 99. rclose Minimum valve closing rate (<i>Rclose</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = -99. kimw Power controller (reset) gain (<i>Kimw</i>). The default value of 0,01 corresponds to a reset time of 100 seconds. A value of 0,001 corresponds to a relatively slow-acting load controller. Typical value = 0. aset Acceleration limiter setpoint (<i>Aset</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = 10. ka Acceleration limiter gain (<i>Ka</i>). Typical value = 10. ta Acceleration limiter time constant (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. db Speed governor deadband in PU speed (<i>db</i>). In the majority of applications, it is recommended that this value be set to zero. Typical value = 0. tsa Temperature detection lead time constant (<i>Tsa</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tsb Temperature detection lag time constant (<i>Tsb</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 50. rup Maximum rate of load limit increase (<i>Rup</i>). Typical value = 99. rdown Maximum rate of load limit decrease (<i>Rdown</i>). Typical value = -99. prate Ramp rate for frequency-dependent power limit (<i>Prate</i>). Typical value = 0,017. flim1 Frequency threshold 1 (<i>Flim1</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 59. plim1 Power limit 1 (<i>Plim1</i>). Typical value = 0,8325. flim2 Frequency threshold 2 (<i>Flim2</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. plim2 Power limit 2 (Plim2). Typical value = 0. flim3 Frequency threshold 3 (<i>Flim3</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. plim3 Power limit 3 (<i>Plim3</i>). Typical value = 0. flim4 Frequency threshold 4 (<i>Flim4</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. plim4 Power limit 4 (<i>Plim4</i>). Typical value = 0. flim5 Frequency threshold 5 (<i>Flim5</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. plim5 Power limit 5 (<i>Plim5</i>). Typical value = 0. flim6 Frequency threshold 6 (<i>Flim6</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. plim6 Power limit 6 (<i>Plim6</i>). Typical value = 0. flim7 Frequency threshold 7 (<i>Flim7</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. plim7 Power limit 7 (<i>Plim7</i>). Typical value = 0. flim8 Frequency threshold 8 (<i>Flim8</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. plim8 Power limit 8 (<i>Plim8</i>). Typical value = 0. flim9 Frequency threshold 9 (<i>Flim9</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. plim9 Power Limit 9 (<i>Plim9</i>). Typical value = 0. flim10 Frequency threshold 10 (<i>Flim10</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. plim10 Power limit 10 (<i>Plim10</i>). Typical value = 0. GovGAST Single shaft gas turbine. mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. r Permanent droop (<i>R</i>) (&gt;0). Typical value = 0,04. t1 Governor mechanism time constant (<i>T1</i>) (&gt;= 0). <i>T1</i> represents the natural valve positioning time constant of the governor for small disturbances, as seen when rate limiting is not in effect. Typical value = 0,5. t2 Turbine power time constant (<i>T2</i>) (&gt;= 0). <i>T2</i> represents delay due to internal energy storage of the gas turbine engine. <i>T2</i> can be used to give a rough approximation to the delay associated with acceleration of the compressor spool of a multi-shaft engine, or with the compressibility of gas in the plenum of a free power turbine of an aero-derivative unit, for example. Typical value = 0,5. t3 Turbine exhaust temperature time constant (<i>T3</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 3. at Ambient temperature load limit (<i>Load Limit</i>). Typical value = 1. kt Temperature limiter gain (<i>Kt</i>). Typical value = 3. vmax Maximum turbine power, PU of MWbase (<i>Vmax</i>) (&gt; GovGAST.vmin). Typical value = 1. vmin Minimum turbine power, PU of MWbase (<i>Vmin</i>) (&lt; GovGAST.vmax). Typical value = 0. dturb Turbine damping factor (<i>Dturb</i>). Typical value = 0,18. GovGAST1 Modified single shaft gas turbine. mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. r Permanent droop (<i>R</i>) (&gt;0). Typical value = 0,04. t1 Governor mechanism time constant (<i>T1</i>) (&gt;= 0). <i>T1</i> represents the natural valve positioning time constant of the governor for small disturbances, as seen when rate limiting is not in effect. Typical value = 0,5. t2 Turbine power time constant (<i>T2</i>) (&gt;= 0). <i>T2</i> represents delay due to internal energy storage of the gas turbine engine. <i>T2</i> can be used to give a rough approximation to the delay associated with acceleration of the compressor spool of a multi-shaft engine, or with the compressibility of gas in the plenum of the free power turbine of an aero-derivative unit, for example. Typical value = 0,5. t3 Turbine exhaust temperature time constant (<i>T3</i>) (&gt;= 0). <i>T3</i> represents delay in the exhaust temperature and load limiting system. Typical value = 3. lmax Ambient temperature load limit (<i>Lmax</i>). <i>Lmax</i> is the turbine power output corresponding to the limiting exhaust gas temperature. Typical value = 1. kt Temperature limiter gain (<i>Kt</i>). Typical value = 3. vmax Maximum turbine power, PU of MWbase (<i>Vmax</i>) (&gt; GovGAST1.vmin). Typical value = 1. vmin Minimum turbine power, PU of MWbase (<i>Vmin</i>) (&lt; GovGAST1.vmax). Typical value = 0. fidle Fuel flow at zero power output (<i>Fidle</i>). Typical value = 0,18. rmax Maximum fuel valve opening rate (<i>Rmax</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = 1. loadinc Valve position change allowed at fast rate (<i>Loadinc</i>). Typical value = 0,05. tltr Valve position averaging time constant (<i>Tltr</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 10. ltrate Maximum long term fuel valve opening rate (<i>Ltrate</i>). Typical value = 0,02. a Turbine power time constant numerator scale factor (<i>a</i>). Typical value = 0,8. b Turbine power time constant denominator scale factor (<i>b</i>) (&gt;0). Typical value = 1. db1 Intentional dead-band width (<i>db1</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. eps Intentional db hysteresis (<i>eps</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. db2 Unintentional dead-band (<i>db2</i>). Unit = MW. Typical value = 0. gv1 Nonlinear gain point 1, PU gv (<i>Gv1</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv1 Nonlinear gain point 1, PU power (<i>Pgv1</i>). Typical value = 0. gv2 Nonlinear gain point 2,PU gv (<i>Gv2</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv2 Nonlinear gain point 2, PU power (<i>Pgv2</i>). Typical value = 0. gv3 Nonlinear gain point 3, PU gv (<i>Gv3</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv3 Nonlinear gain point 3, PU power (<i>Pgv3</i>). Typical value = 0. gv4 Nonlinear gain point 4, PU gv (<i>Gv4</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv4 Nonlinear gain point 4, PU power (<i>Pgv4</i>). Typical value = 0. gv5 Nonlinear gain point 5, PU gv (<i>Gv5</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv5 Nonlinear gain point 5, PU power (<i>Pgv5</i>). Typical value = 0. gv6 Nonlinear gain point 6, PU gv (<i>Gv6</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv6 Nonlinear gain point 6, PU power (<i>Pgv6</i>). Typical value = 0. ka Governor gain (<i>Ka</i>). Typical value = 0. t4 Governor lead time constant (<i>T4</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. t5 Governor lag time constant (<i>T5</i>) (&gt;= 0). If = 0, entire gain and lead-lag block is bypassed. Typical value = 0. GovGAST2 Gas turbine. mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. w Governor gain (1/droop) on turbine rating (<i>W</i>). x Governor lead time constant (<i>X</i>) (&gt;= 0). y Governor lag time constant (<i>Y</i>) (&gt; 0). z Governor mode (<i>Z</i>). 1 = droop 0 = isochronous. etd Turbine and exhaust delay (<i>Etd</i>) (&gt;= 0). tcd Compressor discharge time constant (<i>Tcd</i>) (&gt;= 0). trate Turbine rating (<i>Trate</i>). Unit = MW. t Fuel control time constant (<i>T</i>) (&gt;= 0). tmax Maximum turbine limit (<i>Tmax</i>) (&gt; GovGAST2.tmin). tmin Minimum turbine limit (<i>Tmin</i>) (&lt; GovGAST2.tmax). ecr Combustion reaction time delay (<i>Ecr</i>) (&gt;= 0). k3 Ratio of fuel adjustment (<i>K3</i>). a Valve positioner (<i>A</i>). b Valve positioner (<i>B</i>). c Valve positioner (<i>C</i>). tf Fuel system time constant (<i>Tf</i>) (&gt;= 0). kf Fuel system feedback (<i>Kf</i>). k5 Gain of radiation shield (<i>K5</i>). k4 Gain of radiation shield (<i>K4</i>). t3 Radiation shield time constant (<i>T3</i>) (&gt;= 0). t4 Thermocouple time constant (<i>T4</i>) (&gt;= 0). tt Temperature controller integration rate (<i>Tt</i>) (&gt;= 0). t5 Temperature control time constant (<i>T5</i>) (&gt;= 0). af1 Exhaust temperature parameter (<i>Af1</i>). Unit = PU temperature. Based on temperature in degrees C. bf1 (<i>Bf1</i>). <i>Bf1</i> = <i>E</i>(1 - <i>W</i>) where <i>E</i> (speed sensitivity coefficient) is 0,55 to 0,65 x <i>Tr</i>. Unit = PU temperature. Based on temperature in degrees C. af2 Coefficient equal to 0,5(1-speed) (<i>Af2</i>). bf2 Turbine torque coefficient K_hhv (depends on heating value of fuel stream in combustion chamber) (<i>Bf2</i>). cf2 Coefficient defining fuel flow where power output is 0% (<i>Cf2</i>). Synchronous but no output. Typically 0,23 x K_hhv (23% fuel flow). tr Rated temperature (<i>Tr</i>). Unit = °C depending on parameters<i> Af1 </i>and <i>Bf1</i>. k6 Minimum fuel flow (<i>K6</i>). tc Temperature control (<i>Tc</i>). Unit = °F or °C depending on parameters <i>Af1</i> and <i>Bf1</i>. GovGAST3 Generic turbogas with acceleration and temperature controller. bp Droop (<i>bp</i>). Typical value = 0,05. tg Time constant of speed governor (<i>Tg</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,05. rcmx Maximum fuel flow (<i>RCMX</i>). Typical value = 1. rcmn Minimum fuel flow (<i>RCMN</i>). Typical value = -0,1. ky Coefficient of transfer function of fuel valve positioner (<i>Ky</i>). Typical value = 1. ty Time constant of fuel valve positioner (<i>Ty</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,2. tac Fuel control time constant (<i>Tac</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. kac Fuel system feedback (<i>K</i><i>_AC</i>). Typical value = 0. tc Compressor discharge volume time constant (<i>Tc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,2. bca Acceleration limit set-point (<i>Bca</i>). Unit = 1/s. Typical value = 0,01. kca Acceleration control integral gain (<i>Kca</i>). Unit = 1/s. Typical value = 100. dtc Exhaust temperature variation due to fuel flow increasing from 0 to 1 PU (<i>deltaTc</i>). Typical value = 390. ka Minimum fuel flow (<i>Ka</i>). Typical value = 0,23. tsi Time constant of radiation shield (<i>Tsi</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 15. ksi Gain of radiation shield (<i>Ksi</i>). Typical value = 0,8. ttc Time constant of thermocouple (<i>Ttc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 2,5. tfen Turbine rated exhaust temperature correspondent to Pm=1 PU (<i>Tfen</i>). Typical value = 540. td Temperature controller derivative gain (<i>Td</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 3,3. tt Temperature controller integration rate (<i>Tt</i>). Typical value = 250. mxef Fuel flow maximum positive error value (<i>MXef</i>). Typical value = 0,05. mnef Fuel flow maximum negative error value (<i>MNef</i>). Typical value = -0,05. GovGAST4 Generic turbogas. bp Droop (<i>b</i><i>_p</i>). Typical value = 0,05. ty Time constant of fuel valve positioner (<i>Ty</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. ta Maximum gate opening velocity (<i>TA</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 3. tc Maximum gate closing velocity (<i>TC</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,5. tcm Fuel control time constant (<i>Tcm</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. ktm Compressor gain (<i>Ktm</i>). Typical value = 0. tm Compressor discharge volume time constant (<i>Tm</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,2. rymx Maximum valve opening (<i>RYMX</i>). Typical value = 1,1. rymn Minimum valve opening (<i>RYMN</i>). Typical value = 0. mxef Fuel flow maximum positive error value (<i>MXef</i>). Typical value = 0,05. mnef Fuel flow maximum negative error value (<i>MNef</i>). Typical value = -0,05. GovGASTWD Woodward™ gas turbine governor. [Footnote: Woodward gas turbines are an example of suitable products available commercially. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of these products.] mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. kdroop (<i>Kdroop</i>) (&gt;= 0). kp PID proportional gain (<i>Kp</i>). ki Isochronous Governor Gain (<i>Ki</i>). kd Drop governor gain (<i>Kd</i>). etd Turbine and exhaust delay (<i>Etd</i>) (&gt;= 0). tcd Compressor discharge time constant (<i>Tcd</i>) (&gt;= 0). trate Turbine rating (<i>Trate</i>). Unit = MW. t Fuel control time constant (<i>T</i>) (&gt;= 0). tmax Maximum Turbine limit (<i>Tmax</i>) (&gt; GovGASTWD.tmin). tmin Minimum turbine limit (<i>Tmin</i>) (&lt; GovGASTWD.tmax). ecr Combustion reaction time delay (<i>Ecr</i>) (&gt;= 0). k3 Ratio of fuel adjustment (<i>K3</i>). a Valve positioner (<i>A</i>). b Valve positioner (<i>B</i>). c Valve positioner (<i>C</i>). tf Fuel system time constant (<i>Tf</i>) (&gt;= 0). kf Fuel system feedback (<i>Kf</i>). k5 Gain of radiation shield (<i>K5</i>). k4 Gain of radiation shield (<i>K4</i>). t3 Radiation shield time constant (<i>T3</i>) (&gt;= 0). t4 Thermocouple time constant (<i>T4</i>) (&gt;= 0). tt Temperature controller integration rate (<i>Tt</i>) (&gt;= 0). t5 Temperature control time constant (<i>T5</i>) (&gt;= 0). af1 Exhaust temperature parameter (<i>Af1</i>). bf1 (<i>Bf1</i>). <i>Bf1</i> = <i>E</i>(1-<i>w</i>) where <i>E</i> (speed sensitivity coefficient) is 0,55 to 0,65 x <i>Tr</i>. af2 Coefficient equal to 0,5(1-speed) (<i>Af2</i>). bf2 Turbine torque coefficient K_hhv (depends on heating value of fuel stream in combustion chamber) (<i>Bf2</i>). cf2 Coefficient defining fuel flow where power output is 0 % (<i>Cf2</i>). Synchronous but no output. Typically 0,23 x K_hhv(23 % fuel flow). tr Rated temperature (<i>Tr</i>). k6 Minimum fuel flow (<i>K6</i>). tc Temperature control (<i>Tc</i>). td Power transducer time constant (<i>Td</i>) (&gt;= 0). GovHydro1 Basic hydro turbine governor. mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. rperm Permanent droop (<i>R</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,04. rtemp Temporary droop (<i>r</i>) (&gt; GovHydro1.rperm). Typical value = 0,3. tr Washout time constant (<i>Tr</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 5. tf Filter time constant (<i>Tf</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,05. tg Gate servo time constant (<i>Tg</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,5. velm Maximum gate velocity (<i>Vlem</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,2. gmax Maximum gate opening (<i>Gmax</i>) (&gt; 0 and &gt; GovHydro.gmin). Typical value = 1. gmin Minimum gate opening (<i>Gmin</i>) (&gt;= 0 and &lt; GovHydro1.gmax). Typical value = 0. tw Water inertia time constant (<i>Tw</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. at Turbine gain (<i>At</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1,2. dturb Turbine damping factor (<i>Dturb</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,5. qnl No-load flow at nominal head (<i>qnl</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,08. hdam Turbine nominal head (<i>hdam</i>). Typical value = 1. GovHydro2 IEEE hydro turbine governor with straightforward penstock configuration and hydraulic-dashpot governor. mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. tg Gate servo time constant (<i>Tg</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,5. tp Pilot servo valve time constant (<i>Tp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,03. uo Maximum gate opening velocity (<i>Uo</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = 0,1. uc Maximum gate closing velocity (<i>Uc</i>) (&lt; 0). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = -0,1. pmax Maximum gate opening (<i>Pmax</i>) (&gt; GovHydro2.pmin). Typical value = 1. pmin Minimum gate opening (<i>Pmin</i>) (&lt; GovHydro2.pmax). Typical value = 0. rperm Permanent droop (<i>Rperm</i>). Typical value = 0,05. rtemp Temporary droop (<i>Rtemp</i>). Typical value = 0,5. tr Dashpot time constant (<i>Tr</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 12. tw Water inertia time constant (<i>Tw</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 2. kturb Turbine gain (<i>Kturb</i>). Typical value = 1. aturb Turbine numerator multiplier (<i>Aturb</i>). Typical value = -1. bturb Turbine denominator multiplier (<i>Bturb</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,5. db1 Intentional deadband width (<i>db1</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. eps Intentional db hysteresis (<i>eps</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. db2 Unintentional deadband (<i>db2</i>). Unit = MW. Typical value = 0. gv1 Nonlinear gain point 1, PU gv (<i>Gv1</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv1 Nonlinear gain point 1, PU power (<i>Pgv1</i>). Typical value = 0. gv2 Nonlinear gain point 2, PU gv (<i>Gv2</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv2 Nonlinear gain point 2, PU power (<i>Pgv2</i>). Typical value = 0. gv3 Nonlinear gain point 3, PU gv (<i>Gv3</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv3 Nonlinear gain point 3, PU power (<i>Pgv3</i>). Typical value = 0. gv4 Nonlinear gain point 4, PU gv (<i>Gv4</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv4 Nonlinear gain point 4, PU power (P<i>gv4</i>). Typical value = 0. gv5 Nonlinear gain point 5, PU gv (<i>Gv5</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv5 Nonlinear gain point 5, PU power (<i>Pgv5</i>). Typical value = 0. gv6 Nonlinear gain point 6, PU gv (<i>Gv6</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv6 Nonlinear gain point 6, PU power (<i>Pgv6</i>). Typical value = 0. GovHydro3 Modified IEEE hydro governor-turbine. This model differs from that defined in the IEEE modelling guideline paper in that the limits on gate position and velocity do not permit "wind up" of the upstream signals. mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. pmax Maximum gate opening, PU of MWbase (<i>Pmax</i>) (&gt; GovHydro3.pmin). Typical value = 1. pmin Minimum gate opening, PU of <i>MWbase</i> (<i>Pmin</i>) (&lt; GovHydro3.pmax). Typical value = 0. governorControl Governor control flag (<i>Cflag</i>). true = PID control is active false = double derivative control is active. Typical value = true. rgate Steady-state droop, PU, for governor output feedback (<i>Rgate</i>). Typical value = 0. relec Steady-state droop, PU, for electrical power feedback (<i>Relec</i>). Typical value = 0,05. td Input filter time constant (<i>Td</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,05. tf Washout time constant (<i>Tf</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. tp Gate servo time constant (<i>Tp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,05. velop Maximum gate opening velocity (<i>Velop</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = 0,2. velcl Maximum gate closing velocity (<i>Velcl</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = -0,2. k1 Derivative gain (<i>K1</i>). Typical value = 0,01. k2 Double derivative gain, if <i>Cflag</i> = -1 (<i>K2</i>). Typical value = 2,5. ki Integral gain (<i>Ki</i>). Typical value = 0,5. kg Gate servo gain (<i>Kg</i>). Typical value = 2. tt Power feedback time constant (<i>Tt</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,2. db1 Intentional dead-band width (<i>db1</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. eps Intentional db hysteresis (<i>eps</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. db2 Unintentional dead-band (<i>db2</i>). Unit = MW. Typical value = 0. tw Water inertia time constant (<i>Tw</i>) (&gt;= 0). If = 0, block is bypassed. Typical value = 1. at Turbine gain (<i>At</i>) (&gt;0). Typical value = 1,2. dturb Turbine damping factor (<i>Dturb</i>). Typical value = 0,2. qnl No-load turbine flow at nominal head (<i>Qnl</i>). Typical value = 0,08. h0 Turbine nominal head (<i>H0</i>). Typical value = 1. gv1 Nonlinear gain point 1, PU gv (<i>Gv1</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv1 Nonlinear gain point 1, PU power (<i>Pgv1</i>). Typical value = 0. gv2 Nonlinear gain point 2, PU gv (<i>Gv2</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv2 Nonlinear gain point 2, PU power (<i>Pgv2</i>). Typical value = 0. gv3 Nonlinear gain point 3, PU gv (<i>Gv3</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv3 Nonlinear gain point 3, PU power (<i>Pgv3</i>). Typical value = 0. gv4 Nonlinear gain point 4, PU gv (<i>Gv4</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv4 Nonlinear gain point 4, PU power (<i>Pgv4</i>). Typical value = 0. gv5 Nonlinear gain point 5, PU gv (<i>Gv5</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv5 Nonlinear gain point 5, PU power (<i>Pgv5</i>). Typical value = 0. gv6 Nonlinear gain point 6, PU gv (<i>Gv6</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv6 Nonlinear gain point 6, PU power (<i>Pgv6</i>). Typical value = 0. GovHydro4 Hydro turbine and governor. Represents plants with straight-forward penstock configurations and hydraulic governors of the traditional 'dashpot' type. This model can be used to represent simple, Francis/Pelton or Kaplan turbines. mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. tg Gate servo time constant (<i>Tg</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,5. tp Pilot servo time constant (<i>Tp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. uo Max gate opening velocity (<i>Uo</i>). Typical value = 0,2. uc Max gate closing velocity (<i>Uc</i>). Typical value = 0,2. gmax Maximum gate opening, PU of <i>MWbase</i> (<i>Gmax</i>) (&gt; GovHydro4.gmin). Typical value = 1. gmin Minimum gate opening, PU of <i>MWbase</i> (<i>Gmin</i>) (&lt; GovHydro4.gmax). Typical value = 0. rperm Permanent droop (<i>Rperm</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,05. rtemp Temporary droop (<i>Rtemp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,3. tr Dashpot time constant (<i>Tr</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 5. tw Water inertia time constant (<i>Tw</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. at Turbine gain (<i>At</i>). Typical value = 1,2. dturb Turbine damping factor (<i>Dturb</i>). Unit = delta P (PU of <i>MWbase</i>) / delta speed (PU). Typical value for simple = 0,5, Francis/Pelton = 1,1, Kaplan = 1,1. hdam Head available at dam (<i>hdam</i>). Typical value = 1. qnl No-load flow at nominal head (<i>Qnl</i>). Typical value for simple = 0,08, Francis/Pelton = 0, Kaplan = 0. db1 Intentional deadband width (<i>db1</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. eps Intentional db hysteresis (<i>eps</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. db2 Unintentional dead-band (<i>db2</i>). Unit = MW. Typical value = 0. gv0 Nonlinear gain point 0, PU gv (<i>Gv0</i>) (= 0 for simple). Typical for Francis/Pelton = 0,1, Kaplan = 0,1. pgv0 Nonlinear gain point 0, PU power (<i>Pgv0</i>) (= 0 for simple). Typical value = 0. gv1 Nonlinear gain point 1, PU gv (<i>Gv1</i>) (= 0 for simple, &gt; GovHydro4.gv0 for Francis/Pelton and Kaplan). Typical value for Francis/Pelton = 0,4, Kaplan = 0,4. pgv1 Nonlinear gain point 1, PU power (<i>Pgv1</i>) (= 0 for simple). Typical value for Francis/Pelton = 0,42, Kaplan = 0,35. gv2 Nonlinear gain point 2, PU gv (<i>Gv2</i>) (= 0 for simple, &gt; GovHydro4.gv1 for Francis/Pelton and Kaplan). Typical value for Francis/Pelton = 0,5, Kaplan = 0,5. pgv2 Nonlinear gain point 2, PU power (<i>Pgv2</i>) (= 0 for simple). Typical value for Francis/Pelton = 0,56, Kaplan = 0,468. gv3 Nonlinear gain point 3, PU gv (<i>Gv3</i>) (= 0 for simple, &gt; GovHydro4.gv2 for Francis/Pelton and Kaplan). Typical value for Francis/Pelton = 0,7, Kaplan = 0,7. pgv3 Nonlinear gain point 3, PU power (<i>Pgv3</i>) (= 0 for simple). Typical value for Francis/Pelton = 0,8, Kaplan = 0,796. gv4 Nonlinear gain point 4, PU gv (<i>Gv4</i>) (= 0 for simple, &gt; GovHydro4.gv3 for Francis/Pelton and Kaplan). Typical value for Francis/Pelton = 0,8, Kaplan = 0,8. pgv4 Nonlinear gain point 4, PU power (<i>Pgv4</i>) (= 0 for simple). Typical value for Francis/Pelton = 0,9, Kaplan = 0,917. gv5 Nonlinear gain point 5, PU gv (<i>Gv5</i>) (= 0 for simple, &lt; 1 and &gt; GovHydro4.gv4 for Francis/Pelton and Kaplan). Typical value for Francis/Pelton = 0,9, Kaplan = 0,9. pgv5 Nonlinear gain point 5, PU power (<i>Pgv5</i>) (= 0 for simple). Typical value for Francis/Pelton = 0,97, Kaplan = 0,99. bgv0 Kaplan blade servo point 0 (<i>Bgv0</i>) (= 0 for simple, = 0 for Francis/Pelton). Typical value for Kaplan = 0. bgv1 Kaplan blade servo point 1 (<i>Bgv1</i>) (= 0 for simple, = 0 for Francis/Pelton). Typical value for Kaplan = 0. bgv2 Kaplan blade servo point 2 (<i>Bgv2</i>) (= 0 for simple, = 0 for Francis/Pelton). Typical value for Kaplan = 0,1. bgv3 Kaplan blade servo point 3 (<i>Bgv3</i>) (= 0 for simple, = 0 for Francis/Pelton). Typical value for Kaplan = 0,667. bgv4 Kaplan blade servo point 4 (<i>Bgv4</i>) (= 0 for simple, = 0 for Francis/Pelton). Typical value for Kaplan = 0,9. bgv5 Kaplan blade servo point 5 (<i>Bgv5</i>) (= 0 for simple, = 0 for Francis/Pelton). Typical value for Kaplan = 1. bmax Maximum blade adjustment factor (<i>Bmax</i>) (= 0 for simple, = 0 for Francis/Pelton). Typical value for Kaplan = 1,1276. tblade Blade servo time constant (<i>Tblade</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 100. model The kind of model being represented (simple, Francis/Pelton or Kaplan). GovHydroDD Double derivative hydro governor and turbine. mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt;0). Unit = MW. pmax Maximum gate opening, PU of <i>MWbase</i> (<i>Pmax</i>) (&gt; GovHydroDD.pmin). Typical value = 1. pmin Minimum gate opening, PU of <i>MWbase</i> (<i>Pmin</i>) (&gt; GovHydroDD.pmax). Typical value = 0. r Steady state droop (<i>R</i>). Typical value = 0,05. td Input filter time constant (<i>Td</i>) (&gt;= 0). If = 0, block is bypassed. Typical value = 0. tf Washout time constant (<i>Tf</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. tp Gate servo time constant (<i>Tp</i>) (&gt;= 0). If = 0, block is bypassed. Typical value = 0,35. velop Maximum gate opening velocity (<i>Velop</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = 0,09. velcl Maximum gate closing velocity (<i>Velcl</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = -0,14. k1 Single derivative gain (<i>K1</i>). Typical value = 3,6. k2 Double derivative gain (<i>K2</i>). Typical value = 0,2. ki Integral gain (<i>Ki</i>). Typical value = 1. kg Gate servo gain (<i>Kg</i>). Typical value = 3. tturb Turbine time constant (<i>Tturb</i>) (&gt;= 0). See parameter detail 3. Typical value = 0,8. aturb Turbine numerator multiplier (<i>Aturb</i>) (see parameter detail 3). Typical value = -1. bturb Turbine denominator multiplier (<i>Bturb</i>) (see parameter detail 3). Typical value = 0,5. tt Power feedback time constant (<i>Tt</i>) (&gt;= 0). If = 0, block is bypassed. Typical value = 0,02. db1 Intentional dead-band width (<i>db1</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. eps Intentional db hysteresis (<i>eps</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. db2 Unintentional dead-band (<i>db2</i>). Unit = MW. Typical value = 0. gv1 Nonlinear gain point 1, PU gv (<i>Gv1</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv1 Nonlinear gain point 1, PU power (<i>Pgv1</i>). Typical value = 0. gv2 Nonlinear gain point 2, PU gv (<i>Gv2</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv2 Nonlinear gain point 2, PU power (<i>Pgv2</i>). Typical value = 0. gv3 Nonlinear gain point 3, PU gv (<i>Gv3</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv3 Nonlinear gain point 3, PU power (<i>Pgv3</i>). Typical value = 0. gv4 Nonlinear gain point 4, PU gv (<i>Gv4</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv4 Nonlinear gain point 4, PU power (<i>Pgv4</i>). Typical value = 0. gv5 Nonlinear gain point 5, PU gv (<i>Gv5</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv5 Nonlinear gain point 5, PU power (<i>Pgv5</i>). Typical value = 0. gv6 Nonlinear gain point 6, PU gv (<i>Gv6</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv6 Nonlinear gain point 6, PU power (<i>Pgv6</i>). Typical value = 0. gmax Maximum gate opening (<i>Gmax</i>) (&gt; GovHydroDD.gmin). Typical value = 0. gmin Minimum gate opening (<i>Gmin</i>) (&lt; GovHydroDD.gmax). Typical value = 0. inputSignal Input signal switch (<i>Flag</i>). true = <i>Pe</i> input is used false = feedback is received from <i>CV</i>. <i>Flag</i> is normally dependent on <i>Tt</i>. If <i>Tt</i> is zero, <i>Flag</i> is set to false. If <i>Tt</i> is not zero, <i>Flag</i> is set to true. Typical value = true. GovHydroFrancis Detailed hydro unit - Francis model. This model can be used to represent three types of governors. A schematic of the hydraulic system of detailed hydro unit models, such as Francis and Pelton, is provided in the DetailedHydroModelHydraulicSystem diagram. am Opening section <i>S</i><i>_EFF</i> at the maximum efficiency (<i>Am</i>). Typical value = 0,7. av0 Area of the surge tank (<i>A</i><i>_V0</i>). Unit = m². Typical value = 30. av1 Area of the compensation tank (<i>A</i><i>_V1</i>). Unit = m². Typical value = 700. bp Droop (<i>Bp</i>). Typical value = 0,05. db1 Intentional dead-band width (<i>DB1</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. etamax Maximum efficiency (<i>EtaMax</i>). Typical value = 1,05. governorControl Governor control flag (<i>Cflag</i>). Typical value = mechanicHydrolicTachoAccelerator. h1 Head of compensation chamber water level with respect to the level of penstock (<i>H</i><i>₁</i>). Unit = km. Typical value = 0,004. h2 Head of surge tank water level with respect to the level of penstock (<i>H</i><i>₂</i>). Unit = km. Typical value = 0,040. hn Rated hydraulic head (<i>H</i><i>_n</i>). Unit = km. Typical value = 0,250. kc Penstock loss coefficient (due to friction) (<i>Kc</i>). Typical value = 0,025. kg Water tunnel and surge chamber loss coefficient (due to friction) (<i>Kg</i>). Typical value = 0,025. kt Washout gain (<i>Kt</i>). Typical value = 0,25. qc0 No-load turbine flow at nominal head (<i>Qc0</i>). Typical value = 0,1. qn Rated flow (<i>Q</i><i>_n</i>). Unit = m³/s. Typical value = 250. ta Derivative gain (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 3. td Washout time constant (<i>Td</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 6. ts Gate servo time constant (<i>Ts</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,5. twnc Water inertia time constant (<i>Twnc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. twng Water tunnel and surge chamber inertia time constant (<i>Twng</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 3. tx Derivative feedback gain (<i>Tx</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. va Maximum gate opening velocity (<i>Va</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = 0,06. valvmax Maximum gate opening (<i>ValvMax</i>) (&gt; GovHydroFrancis.valvmin). Typical value = 1,1. valvmin Minimum gate opening (<i>ValvMin</i>) (&lt; GovHydroFrancis.valvmax). Typical value = 0. vc Maximum gate closing velocity (<i>Vc</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = -0,06. waterTunnelSurgeChamberSimulation Water tunnel and surge chamber simulation (<i>Tflag</i>). true = enable of water tunnel and surge chamber simulation false = inhibit of water tunnel and surge chamber simulation. Typical value = false. zsfc Head of upper water level with respect to the level of penstock (<i>Zsfc</i>). Unit = km. Typical value = 0,025. GovHydroPelton Detailed hydro unit - Pelton model. This model can be used to represent the dynamic related to water tunnel and surge chamber. The DetailedHydroModelHydraulicSystem diagram, located under the GovHydroFrancis class, provides a schematic of the hydraulic system of detailed hydro unit models, such as Francis and Pelton. av0 Area of the surge tank (<i>A</i><i>_V0</i>). Unit = m². Typical value = 30. av1 Area of the compensation tank (<i>A</i><i>_V1</i>). Unit = m². Typical value = 700. bp Droop (<i>bp</i>). Typical value = 0,05. db1 Intentional dead-band width (<i>DB1</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. db2 Intentional dead-band width of valve opening error (<i>DB2</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0,01. h1 Head of compensation chamber water level with respect to the level of penstock (<i>H</i><i>₁</i>). Unit = km. Typical value = 0,004. h2 Head of surge tank water level with respect to the level of penstock (<i>H</i><i>₂</i>). Unit = km. Typical value = 0,040. hn Rated hydraulic head (<i>H</i><i>_n</i>). Unit = km. Typical value = 0,250. kc Penstock loss coefficient (due to friction) (<i>Kc</i>). Typical value = 0,025. kg Water tunnel and surge chamber loss coefficient (due to friction) (<i>Kg</i>). Typical value = 0,025. qc0 No-load turbine flow at nominal head (<i>Qc0</i>). Typical value = 0,05. qn Rated flow (<i>Q</i><i>_n</i>). Unit = m³/s. Typical value = 250. simplifiedPelton Simplified Pelton model simulation (<i>Sflag</i>). true = enable of simplified Pelton model simulation false = enable of complete Pelton model simulation (non-linear gain). Typical value = true. staticCompensating Static compensating characteristic (<i>Cflag</i>). It should be true if simplifiedPelton = false. true = enable of static compensating characteristic false = inhibit of static compensating characteristic. Typical value = false. ta Derivative gain (accelerometer time constant) (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 3. ts Gate servo time constant (<i>Ts</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,15. tv Servomotor integrator time constant (<i>Tv</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,3. twnc Water inertia time constant (<i>Twnc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. twng Water tunnel and surge chamber inertia time constant (<i>Twng</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 3. tx Electronic integrator time constant (<i>Tx</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,5. va Maximum gate opening velocity (<i>Va</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = 0,06. valvmax Maximum gate opening (<i>ValvMax</i>) (&gt; GovHydroPelton.valvmin). Typical value = 1,1. valvmin Minimum gate opening (<i>ValvMin</i>) (&lt; GovHydroPelton.valvmax). Typical value = 0. vav Maximum servomotor valve opening velocity (<i>Vav</i>). Typical value = 0,1. vc Maximum gate closing velocity (<i>Vc</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = -0,06. vcv Maximum servomotor valve closing velocity (<i>Vcv</i>). Typical value = -0,1. waterTunnelSurgeChamberSimulation Water tunnel and surge chamber simulation (<i>Tflag</i>). true = enable of water tunnel and surge chamber simulation false = inhibit of water tunnel and surge chamber simulation. Typical value = false. zsfc Head of upper water level with respect to the level of penstock (<i>Zsfc</i>). Unit = km. Typical value = 0,025. GovHydroPID PID governor and turbine. mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. pmax Maximum gate opening, PU of MWbase (<i>Pmax</i>) (&gt; GovHydroPID.pmin). Typical value = 1. pmin Minimum gate opening, PU of MWbase (<i>Pmin</i>) (&lt; GovHydroPID.pmax). Typical value = 0. r Steady state droop (<i>R</i>). Typical value = 0,05. td Input filter time constant (<i>Td</i>) (&gt;= 0). If = 0, block is bypassed. Typical value = 0. tf Washout time constant (<i>Tf</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. tp Gate servo time constant (<i>Tp</i>) (&gt;= 0). If = 0, block is bypassed. Typical value = 0,35. velop Maximum gate opening velocity (<i>Velop</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = 0,09. velcl Maximum gate closing velocity (<i>Velcl</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = -0,14. kd Derivative gain (<i>Kd</i>). Typical value = 1,11. kp Proportional gain (<i>Kp</i>). Typical value = 0,1. ki Integral gain (<i>Ki</i>). Typical value = 0,36. kg Gate servo gain (<i>Kg</i>). Typical value = 2,5. tturb Turbine time constant (<i>Tturb</i>) (&gt;= 0). See Parameter detail 3. Typical value = 0,8. aturb Turbine numerator multiplier (<i>Aturb</i>) (see parameter detail 3). Typical value -1. bturb Turbine denominator multiplier (<i>Bturb</i>) (see parameter detail 3). Typical value = 0,5. tt Power feedback time constant (<i>Tt</i>) (&gt;= 0). If = 0, block is bypassed. Typical value = 0,02. db1 Intentional dead-band width (<i>db1</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. inputSignal Input signal switch (<i>Flag</i>). true = <i>Pe</i> input is used false = feedback is received from <i>CV</i>. <i>Flag</i> is normally dependent on <i>Tt</i>. If <i>Tt </i>is zero, <i>Flag</i> is set to false. If <i>Tt</i> is not zero, <i>Flag</i> is set to true. Typical value = true. eps Intentional db hysteresis (<i>eps</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. db2 Unintentional dead-band (<i>db2</i>). Unit = MW. Typical value = 0. gv1 Nonlinear gain point 1, PU gv (<i>Gv1</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv1 Nonlinear gain point 1, PU power (<i>Pgv1</i>). Typical value = 0. gv2 Nonlinear gain point 2, PU gv (<i>Gv2</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv2 Nonlinear gain point 2, PU power (<i>Pgv2</i>). Typical value = 0. gv3 Nonlinear gain point 3, PU gv (<i>Gv3</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv3 Nonlinear gain point 3, PU power (<i>Pgv3</i>). Typical value = 0. gv4 Nonlinear gain point 4, PU gv (<i>Gv4</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv4 Nonlinear gain point 4, PU power (<i>Pgv4</i>). Typical value = 0. gv5 Nonlinear gain point 5, PU gv (<i>Gv5</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv5 Nonlinear gain point 5, PU power (<i>Pgv5</i>). Typical value = 0. gv6 Nonlinear gain point 6, PU gv (<i>Gv6</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv6 Nonlinear gain point 6, PU power (<i>Pgv6</i>). Typical value = 0. GovHydroPID2 Hydro turbine and governor. Represents plants with straightforward penstock configurations and "three term" electro-hydraulic governors (i.e. Woodward^TM electronic). [Footnote: Woodward electronic governors are an example of suitable products available commercially. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of these products.] mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt;0). Unit = MW. treg Speed detector time constant (<i>Treg</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. rperm Permanent drop (<i>Rperm</i>). Typical value = 0. kp Proportional gain (<i>Kp</i>). Typical value = 0. ki Reset gain (<i>Ki</i>). Unit = PU/s. Typical value = 0. kd Derivative gain (<i>Kd</i>). Typical value = 0. ta Controller time constant (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tb Gate servo time constant (<i>Tb</i>) (&gt; 0). velmax Maximum gate opening velocity (<i>Velmax</i>) (&lt; GovHydroPID2.velmin). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = 0. velmin Maximum gate closing velocity (<i>Velmin</i>) (&gt; GovHydroPID2.velmax). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = 0. gmax Maximum gate opening (<i>Gmax</i>) (&gt; GovHydroPID2.gmin). Typical value = 0. gmin Minimum gate opening (<i>Gmin</i>) (&gt; GovHydroPID2.gmax). Typical value = 0. tw Water inertia time constant (<i>Tw</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. d Turbine damping factor (<i>D</i>). Unit = delta P / delta speed. Typical value = 0. g0 Gate opening at speed no load (<i>G0</i>). Typical value = 0. g1 Intermediate gate opening (<i>G1</i>). Typical value = 0. p1 Power at gate opening <i>G1</i> (<i>P1</i>). Typical value = 0. g2 Intermediate gate opening (<i>G2</i>). Typical value = 0. p2 Power at gate opening G2 (<i>P2</i>). Typical value = 0. p3 Power at full opened gate (<i>P3</i>). Typical value = 0. atw Factor multiplying <i>Tw</i> (<i>Atw</i>). Typical value = 0. feedbackSignal Feedback signal type flag (<i>Flag</i>). true = use gate position feedback signal false = use Pe. GovHydroR Fourth order lead-lag governor and hydro turbine. mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. pmax Maximum gate opening, PU of <i>MWbase</i> (<i>Pmax</i>) (&gt; GovHydroR.pmin). Typical value = 1. pmin Minimum gate opening, PU of <i>MWbase</i> (<i>Pmin</i>) (&lt; GovHydroR.pmax). Typical value = 0. r Steady-state droop (<i>R</i>). Typical value = 0,05. td Input filter time constant (<i>Td</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,05. t1 Lead time constant 1 (<i>T1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1,5. t2 Lag time constant 1 (<i>T2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. t3 Lead time constant 2 (<i>T3</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1,5. t4 Lag time constant 2 (<i>T4</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. t5 Lead time constant 3 (<i>T5</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. t6 Lag time constant 3 (<i>T6</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,05. t7 Lead time constant 4 (<i>T7</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. t8 Lag time constant 4 (<i>T8</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,05. tp Gate servo time constant (<i>Tp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,05. velop Maximum gate opening velocity (<i>Velop</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = 0,2. velcl Maximum gate closing velocity (<i>Velcl</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = -0,2. ki Integral gain (<i>Ki</i>). Typical value = 0,5. kg Gate servo gain (<i>Kg</i>). Typical value = 2. gmax Maximum governor output (<i>Gmax</i>) (&gt; GovHydroR.gmin). Typical value = 1,05. gmin Minimum governor output (<i>Gmin</i>) (&lt; GovHydroR.gmax). Typical value = -0,05. tt Power feedback time constant (<i>Tt</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. inputSignal Input signal switch (<i>Flag</i>). true = <i>Pe</i> input is used false = feedback is received from <i>CV</i>. <i>Flag</i> is normally dependent on <i>Tt</i>. If <i>Tt </i>is zero, <i>Flag</i> is set to false. If <i>Tt</i> is not zero, <i>Flag</i> is set to true. Typical value = true. db1 Intentional dead-band width (<i>db1</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. eps Intentional db hysteresis (<i>eps</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. db2 Unintentional dead-band (<i>db2</i>). Unit = MW. Typical value = 0. tw Water inertia time constant (<i>Tw</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. at Turbine gain (<i>At</i>). Typical value = 1,2. dturb Turbine damping factor (<i>Dturb</i>). Typical value = 0,2. qnl No-load turbine flow at nominal head (<i>Qnl</i>). Typical value = 0,08. h0 Turbine nominal head (<i>H0</i>). Typical value = 1. gv1 Nonlinear gain point 1, PU gv (<i>Gv1</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv1 Nonlinear gain point 1, PU power (<i>Pgv1</i>). Typical value = 0. gv2 Nonlinear gain point 2, PU gv (<i>Gv2</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv2 Nonlinear gain point 2, PU power (<i>Pgv2</i>). Typical value = 0. gv3 Nonlinear gain point 3, PU gv (<i>Gv3</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv3 Nonlinear gain point 3, PU power (<i>Pgv3</i>). Typical value = 0. gv4 Nonlinear gain point 4, PU gv (<i>Gv4</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv4 Nonlinear gain point 4, PU power (<i>Pgv4</i>). Typical value = 0. gv5 Nonlinear gain point 5, PU gv (<i>Gv5</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv5 Nonlinear gain point 5, PU power (<i>Pgv5</i>). Typical value = 0. gv6 Nonlinear gain point 6, PU gv (<i>Gv6</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv6 Nonlinear gain point 6, PU power (<i>Pgv6</i>). Typical value = 0. GovHydroWEH Woodward^TMelectric hydro governor. [Footnote: Woodward electric hydro governors are an example of suitable products available commercially. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of these products.] mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. rpg Permanent droop for governor output feedback (<i>R-Perm-Gate</i>). rpp Permanent droop for electrical power feedback (<i>R-Perm-Pe</i>). tpe Electrical power droop time constant (<i>Tpe</i>) (&gt;= 0). kp Derivative control gain (<i>Kp</i>). ki Derivative controller Integral gain (<i>Ki</i>). kd Derivative controller derivative gain (<i>Kd</i>). td Derivative controller time constant (<i>Td</i>) (&gt;= 0). Limits the derivative characteristic beyond a breakdown frequency to avoid amplification of high-frequency noise. tp Pilot valve time lag time constant (<i>Tp</i>) (&gt;= 0). tdv Distributive valve time lag time constant (<i>Tdv</i>) (&gt;= 0). tg Value to allow the distribution valve controller to advance beyond the gate movement rate limit (<i>Tg</i>) (&gt;= 0). gtmxop Maximum gate opening rate (<i>Gtmxop</i>). gtmxcl Maximum gate closing rate (<i>Gtmxcl</i>). gmax Maximum gate position (<i>Gmax</i>) (&gt; GovHydroWEH.gmin). gmin Minimum gate position (<i>Gmin</i>) (&lt; GovHydroWEH.gmax). dturb Turbine damping factor (<i>Dturb</i>). Unit = delta P (PU of <i>MWbase</i>) / delta speed (PU). tw Water inertia time constant (<i>Tw</i>) (&gt; 0). db Speed deadband (<i>db</i>). dpv Value to allow the pilot valve controller to advance beyond the gate limits (<i>Dpv</i>). dicn Value to allow the integral controller to advance beyond the gate limits (<i>Dicn</i>). feedbackSignal Feedback signal selection (<i>Sw</i>). true = PID output (if <i>R-Perm-Gate </i>= droop and <i>R-Perm-Pe </i>= 0) false = electrical power (if <i>R-Perm-Gate </i>= 0 and <i>R-Perm-Pe </i>= droop) or false = gate position (if R<i>-Perm-Gate </i>= droop and <i>R-Perm-Pe </i>= 0). Typical value = false. gv1 Gate 1 (<i>Gv1</i>). Gate Position value for point 1 for lookup table representing water flow through the turbine as a function of gate position to produce steady state flow. gv2 Gate 2 (<i>Gv2</i>). Gate Position value for point 2 for lookup table representing water flow through the turbine as a function of gate position to produce steady state flow. gv3 Gate 3 (<i>Gv3</i>). Gate Position value for point 3 for lookup table representing water flow through the turbine as a function of gate position to produce steady state flow. gv4 Gate 4 (<i>Gv4</i>). Gate Position value for point 4 for lookup table representing water flow through the turbine as a function of gate position to produce steady state flow. gv5 Gate 5 (<i>Gv5</i>). Gate Position value for point 5 for lookup table representing water flow through the turbine as a function of gate position to produce steady state flow. fl1 Flowgate 1 (<i>Fl1</i>). Flow value for gate position point 1 for lookup table representing water flow through the turbine as a function of gate position to produce steady state flow. fl2 Flowgate 2 (<i>Fl2</i>). Flow value for gate position point 2 for lookup table representing water flow through the turbine as a function of gate position to produce steady state flow. fl3 Flowgate 3 (<i>Fl3</i>). Flow value for gate position point 3 for lookup table representing water flow through the turbine as a function of gate position to produce steady state flow. fl4 Flowgate 4 (<i>Fl4</i>). Flow value for gate position point 4 for lookup table representing water flow through the turbine as a function of gate position to produce steady state flow. fl5 Flowgate 5 (<i>Fl5</i>). Flow value for gate position point 5 for lookup table representing water flow through the turbine as a function of gate position to produce steady state flow. fp1 Flow P1 (<i>Fp1</i>). Turbine flow value for point 1 for lookup table representing PU mechanical power on machine MVA rating as a function of turbine flow. fp2 Flow P2 (<i>Fp2</i>). Turbine flow value for point 2 for lookup table representing PU mechanical power on machine MVA rating as a function of turbine flow. fp3 Flow P3 (<i>Fp3</i>). Turbine flow value for point 3 for lookup table representing PU mechanical power on machine MVA rating as a function of turbine flow. fp4 Flow P4 (<i>Fp4</i>). Turbine flow value for point 4 for lookup table representing PU mechanical power on machine MVA rating as a function of turbine flow. fp5 Flow P5 (<i>Fp5</i>). Turbine flow value for point 5 for lookup table representing PU mechanical power on machine MVA rating as a function of turbine flow. fp6 Flow P6 (<i>Fp6</i>). Turbine flow value for point 6 for lookup table representing PU mechanical power on machine MVA rating as a function of turbine flow. fp7 Flow P7 (<i>Fp7</i>). Turbine flow value for point 7 for lookup table representing PU mechanical power on machine MVA rating as a function of turbine flow. fp8 Flow P8 (<i>Fp8</i>). Turbine flow value for point 8 for lookup table representing PU mechanical power on machine MVA rating as a function of turbine flow. fp9 Flow P9 (<i>Fp9</i>). Turbine flow value for point 9 for lookup table representing PU mechanical power on machine MVA rating as a function of turbine flow. fp10 Flow P10 (<i>Fp10</i>). Turbine flow value for point 10 for lookup table representing PU mechanical power on machine MVA rating as a function of turbine flow. pmss1 Pmss flow P1 (<i>Pmss1</i>). Mechanical power output for turbine flow point 1 for lookup table representing PU mechanical power on machine MVA rating as a function of turbine flow. pmss2 Pmss flow P2 (<i>Pmss2</i>). Mechanical power output for turbine flow point 2 for lookup table representing PU mechanical power on machine MVA rating as a function of turbine flow. pmss3 Pmss flow P3 (<i>Pmss3</i>). Mechanical power output for turbine flow point 3 for lookup table representing PU mechanical power on machine MVA rating as a function of turbine flow. pmss4 Pmss flow P4 (<i>Pmss4</i>). Mechanical power output for turbine flow point 4 for lookup table representing PU mechanical power on machine MVA rating as a function of turbine flow. pmss5 Pmss flow P5 (<i>Pmss5</i>). Mechanical power output for turbine flow point 5 for lookup table representing PU mechanical power on machine MVA rating as a function of turbine flow. pmss6 Pmss flow P6 (<i>Pmss6</i>). Mechanical power output for turbine flow point 6 for lookup table representing PU mechanical power on machine MVA rating as a function of turbine flow. pmss7 Pmss flow P7 (<i>Pmss7</i>). Mechanical power output for turbine flow point 7 for lookup table representing PU mechanical power on machine MVA rating as a function of turbine flow. pmss8 Pmss flow P8 (<i>Pmss8</i>). Mechanical power output for turbine flow point 8 for lookup table representing PU mechanical power on machine MVA rating as a function of turbine flow. pmss9 Pmss flow P9 (<i>Pmss9</i>). Mechanical power output for turbine flow point 9 for lookup table representing PU mechanical power on machine MVA rating as a function of turbine flow. pmss10 Pmss flow P10 (<i>Pmss10</i>). Mechanical power output for turbine flow point 10 for lookup table representing PU mechanical power on machine MVA rating as a function of turbine flow. GovHydroWPID Woodward^TM PID hydro governor. [Footnote: Woodward PID hydro governors are an example of suitable products available commercially. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of these products.] mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. treg Speed detector time constant (<i>Treg</i>) (&gt;= 0). reg Permanent drop (<i>Reg</i>). kp Proportional gain (<i>Kp</i>). Typical value = 0,1. ki Reset gain (<i>Ki</i>). Typical value = 0,36. kd Derivative gain (<i>Kd</i>). Typical value = 1,11. ta Controller time constant (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tb Gate servo time constant (<i>Tb</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. velmax Maximum gate opening velocity (<i>Velmax</i>) (&gt; GovHydroWPID.velmin). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = 0. velmin Maximum gate closing velocity (<i>Velmin</i>) (&lt; GovHydroWPID.velmax). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = 0. gatmax Gate opening limit maximum (<i>Gatmax</i>) (&gt; GovHydroWPID.gatmin). gatmin Gate opening limit minimum (<i>Gatmin</i>) (&lt; GovHydroWPID.gatmax). tw Water inertia time constant (<i>Tw</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. pmax Maximum power output (<i>Pmax</i>) (&gt; GovHydroWPID.pmin). pmin Minimum power output (<i>Pmin</i>) (&lt; GovHydroWPID.pmax). d Turbine damping factor (<i>D</i>). Unit = delta P / delta speed. gv3 Gate position 3 (<i>Gv3</i>) (= 1,0). gv1 Gate position 1 (<i>Gv1</i>). pgv1 Output at <i>Gv1</i> PU of <i>MWbase</i> (<i>Pgv1</i>). gv2 Gate position 2 (<i>Gv2</i>). pgv2 Output at <i>Gv2</i> PU of <i>MWbase</i> (<i>Pgv2</i>). pgv3 Output at <i>Gv3</i> PU of <i>MWbase</i> (<i>Pgv3</i>). GovSteam0 A simplified steam turbine governor. mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. r Permanent droop (<i>R</i>). Typical value = 0,05. t1 Steam bowl time constant (<i>T1</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,5. vmax Maximum valve position, PU of <i>mwcap</i> (<i>Vmax</i>) (&gt; GovSteam0.vmin). Typical value = 1. vmin Minimum valve position, PU of <i>mwcap</i> (<i>Vmin</i>) (&lt; GovSteam0.vmax). Typical value = 0. t2 Numerator time constant of <i>T2</i>/<i>T3</i> block (<i>T2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 3. t3 Reheater time constant (<i>T3</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 10. dt Turbine damping coefficient (<i>Dt</i>). Unit = delta P / delta speed. Typical value = 0. GovSteam1 Steam turbine governor, based on the GovSteamIEEE1 (with optional deadband and nonlinear valve gain added). mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. k Governor gain (reciprocal of droop) (<i>K</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 25. t1 Governor lag time constant (<i>T1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. t2 Governor lead time constant (<i>T2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. t3 Valve positioner time constant (<i>T3) </i>(&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,1. uo Maximum valve opening velocity (<i>Uo</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = 1. uc Maximum valve closing velocity (<i>Uc</i>) (&lt; 0). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = -10. pmax Maximum valve opening (<i>Pmax</i>) (&gt; GovSteam1.pmin). Typical value = 1. pmin Minimum valve opening (<i>Pmin</i>) (&gt;= 0 and &lt; GovSteam1.pmax). Typical value = 0. t4 Inlet piping/steam bowl time constant (<i>T4</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,3. k1 Fraction of HP shaft power after first boiler pass (<i>K1</i>). Typical value = 0,2. k2 Fraction of LP shaft power after first boiler pass (<i>K2</i>). Typical value = 0. t5 Time constant of second boiler pass (<i>T5</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 5. k3 Fraction of HP shaft power after second boiler pass (<i>K3</i>). Typical value = 0,3. k4 Fraction of LP shaft power after second boiler pass (<i>K4</i>). Typical value = 0. t6 Time constant of third boiler pass (<i>T6</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,5. k5 Fraction of HP shaft power after third boiler pass (<i>K5</i>). Typical value = 0,5. k6 Fraction of LP shaft power after third boiler pass (<i>K6</i>). Typical value = 0. t7 Time constant of fourth boiler pass (<i>T7</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. k7 Fraction of HP shaft power after fourth boiler pass (<i>K7</i>). Typical value = 0. k8 Fraction of LP shaft power after fourth boiler pass (<i>K8</i>). Typical value = 0. db1 Intentional deadband width (<i>db1</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. eps Intentional db hysteresis (<i>eps</i>). Unit = Hz. Typical value = 0. sdb1 Intentional deadband indicator. true = intentional deadband is applied false = intentional deadband is not applied. Typical value = true. sdb2 Unintentional deadband location. true = intentional deadband is applied before point "A" false = intentional deadband is applied after point "A". Typical value = true. db2 Unintentional deadband (<i>db2</i>). Unit = MW. Typical value = 0. valve Nonlinear valve characteristic. true = nonlinear valve characteristic is used false = nonlinear valve characteristic is not used. Typical value = true. gv1 Nonlinear gain valve position point 1 (<i>GV1</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv1 Nonlinear gain power value point 1 (<i>Pgv1</i>). Typical value = 0. gv2 Nonlinear gain valve position point 2 (<i>GV2</i>). Typical value = 0,4. pgv2 Nonlinear gain power value point 2 (<i>Pgv2</i>). Typical value = 0,75. gv3 Nonlinear gain valve position point 3 (<i>GV3</i>). Typical value = 0,5. pgv3 Nonlinear gain power value point 3 (<i>Pgv3</i>). Typical value = 0,91. gv4 Nonlinear gain valve position point 4 (<i>GV4</i>). Typical value = 0,6. pgv4 Nonlinear gain power value point 4 (<i>Pgv4</i>). Typical value = 0,98. gv5 Nonlinear gain valve position point 5 (<i>GV5</i>). Typical value = 1. pgv5 Nonlinear gain power value point 5 (<i>Pgv5</i>). Typical value = 1. gv6 Nonlinear gain valve position point 6 (<i>GV6</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv6 Nonlinear gain power value point 6 (<i>Pgv6</i>). Typical value = 0. GovSteam2 Simplified governor. k Governor gain (reciprocal of droop) (<i>K</i>). Typical value = 20. dbf Frequency deadband (<i>DBF</i>). Typical value = 0. t1 Governor lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>₁</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,45. t2 Governor lead time constant (<i>T</i><i>₂</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. pmax Maximum fuel flow (<i>P</i><i>_MAX</i>) (&gt; GovSteam2.pmin). Typical value = 1. pmin Minimum fuel flow (<i>P</i><i>_MIN</i>) (&lt; GovSteam2.pmax). Typical value = 0. mxef Fuel flow maximum positive error value (<i>MX</i><i>_EF</i>). Typical value = 1. mnef Fuel flow maximum negative error value (<i>MN</i><i>_EF</i>). Typical value = -1. GovSteamBB European governor model. fcut Frequency deadband (<i>f</i><i>_cut</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,002. ks Gain (<i>Ks</i>). Typical value = 21,0. kls Gain (<i>Kls</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,1. kg Gain (<i>Kg</i>). Typical value = 1,0. t1 Time constant (<i>T1</i>). Typical value = 0,05. kp Gain (<i>Kp</i>). Typical value = 1,0. tn Time constant (<i>Tn</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1,0. kd Gain (<i>Kd</i>). Typical value = 1,0. td Time constant (<i>Td</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1,0. pmax High power limit (<i>Pmax</i>) (&gt; GovSteamBB.pmin). Typical value = 1,0. pmin Low power limit (<i>Pmin</i>) (&lt; GovSteamBB.pmax). Typical value = 0. t4 Time constant (<i>T4</i>). Typical value = 0,15. k2 Gain (<i>K2</i>). Typical value = 0,75. t5 Time constant (<i>T5</i>). Typical value = 12,0. k3 Gain (<i>K3</i>). Typical value = 0,5. t6 Time constant (<i>T6</i>). Typical value = 0,75. peflag Electric power input selection (Peflag). true = electric power input false = feedback signal. Typical value = false. GovSteamCC Cross compound turbine governor. Unlike tandem compound units, cross compound units are not on the same shaft. mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. pmaxhp Maximum HP value position (<i>Pmaxhp</i>). Typical value = 1. rhp HP governor droop (<i>Rhp</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,05. t1hp HP governor time constant (<i>T1hp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. t3hp HP turbine time constant (<i>T3hp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. t4hp HP turbine time constant (<i>T4hp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. t5hp HP reheater time constant (<i>T5hp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 10. fhp Fraction of HP power ahead of reheater (<i>Fhp</i>). Typical value = 0,3. dhp HP damping factor (<i>Dhp</i>). Typical value = 0. pmaxlp Maximum LP value position (<i>Pmaxlp</i>). Typical value = 1. rlp LP governor droop (<i>Rlp</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,05. t1lp LP governor time constant (<i>T1lp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. t3lp LP turbine time constant (<i>T3lp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. t4lp LP turbine time constant (<i>T4lp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. t5lp LP reheater time constant (<i>T5lp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 10. flp Fraction of LP power ahead of reheater (<i>Flp</i>). Typical value = 0,7. dlp LP damping factor (<i>Dlp</i>). Typical value = 0. GovSteamEU Simplified boiler and steam turbine with PID governor. mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. tp Power transducer time constant (<i>Tp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,07. ke Gain of the power controller (<i>Ke</i>). Typical value = 0,65. tip Integral time constant of the power controller (<i>Tip</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 2. tdp Derivative time constant of the power controller (<i>Tdp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tfp Time constant of the power controller (<i>Tfp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tf Frequency transducer time constant (<i>Tf</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. kfcor Gain of the frequency corrector (<i>Kfcor</i>). Typical value = 20. db1 Deadband of the frequency corrector (<i>db1</i>). Typical value = 0. wfmax Upper limit for frequency correction (<i>Wfmax</i>) (&gt; GovSteamEU.wfmin). Typical value = 0,05. wfmin Lower limit for frequency correction (<i>Wfmin</i>) (&lt; GovSteamEU.wfmax). Typical value = -0,05. pmax Maximal active power of the turbine (<i>Pmax</i>). Typical value = 1. ten Electro hydraulic transducer (<i>Ten</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. tw Speed transducer time constant (<i>Tw</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,02. komegacor Gain of the speed governor (<i>Kwcor</i>). Typical value = 20. db2 Deadband of the speed governor (<i>db2</i>). Typical value = 0,0004. wwmax Upper limit for the speed governor (<i>Wwmax</i>) (&gt; GovSteamEU.wwmin). Typical value = 0,1. wwmin Lower limit for the speed governor frequency correction (<i>Wwmin</i>) (&lt; GovSteamEU.wwmax). Typical value = -1. wmax1 Emergency speed control lower limit (<i>wmax1</i>). Typical value = 1,025. wmax2 Emergency speed control upper limit (<i>wmax2</i>). Typical value = 1,05. tvhp Control valves servo time constant (<i>Tvhp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. cho Control valves rate opening limit (<i>Cho</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = 0,17. chc Control valves rate closing limit (<i>Chc</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = -3,3. hhpmax Maximum control valve position (<i>Hhpmax</i>). Typical value = 1. tvip Intercept valves servo time constant (<i>Tvip</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,15. cio Intercept valves rate opening limit (<i>Cio</i>). Typical value = 0,123. cic Intercept valves rate closing limit (<i>Cic</i>). Typical value = -2,2. simx Intercept valves transfer limit (<i>Simx</i>). Typical value = 0,425. thp High pressure (HP) time constant of the turbine (<i>Thp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,31. trh Reheater time constant of the turbine (<i>Trh</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 8. tlp Low pressure (LP) time constant of the turbine (<i>Tlp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,45. prhmax Maximum low pressure limit (<i>Prhmax</i>). Typical value = 1,4. khp Fraction of total turbine output generated by HP part (<i>Khp</i>). Typical value = 0,277. klp Fraction of total turbine output generated by HP part (<i>Klp</i>). Typical value = 0,723. tb Boiler time constant (<i>Tb</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 100. GovSteamFV2 Steam turbine governor with reheat time constants and modelling of the effects of fast valve closing to reduce mechanical power. mwbase Alternate base used instead of machine base in equipment model if necessary (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. t1 Governor time constant (<i>T1</i>) (&gt;= 0). vmax (<i>Vmax</i>) (&gt; GovSteamFV2.vmin). vmin (<i>Vmin</i>) (&lt; GovSteamFV2.vmax). k Fraction of the turbine power developed by turbine sections not involved in fast valving (<i>K</i>). t3 Reheater time constant (<i>T3</i>) (&gt;= 0). dt (<i>Dt</i>). tt Time constant with which power falls off after intercept valve closure (<i>Tt</i>) (&gt;= 0). r (<i>R</i>). ta Time after initial time for valve to close (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt;= 0). tb Time after initial time for valve to begin opening (<i>Tb</i>) (&gt;= 0). tc Time after initial time for valve to become fully open (<i>Tc</i>) (&gt;= 0). GovSteamFV3 Simplified GovSteamIEEE1 steam turbine governor with Prmax limit and fast valving. mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. k Governor gain, (reciprocal of droop) (<i>K</i>). Typical value = 20. t1 Governor lead time constant (<i>T1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. t2 Governor lag time constant (<i>T2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. t3 Valve positioner time constant (<i>T3</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0. uo Maximum valve opening velocity (<i>Uo</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = 0,1. uc Maximum valve closing velocity (<i>Uc</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = -1. pmax Maximum valve opening, PU of <i>MWbase</i> (<i>Pmax</i>) (&gt; GovSteamFV3.pmin). Typical value = 1. pmin Minimum valve opening, PU of <i>MWbase</i> (<i>Pmin</i>) (&lt; GovSteamFV3.pmax). Typical value = 0. t4 Inlet piping/steam bowl time constant (<i>T4</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,2. k1 Fraction of turbine power developed after first boiler pass (<i>K1</i>). Typical value = 0,2. t5 Time constant of second boiler pass (i.e. reheater) (<i>T5</i>) (&gt; 0 if fast valving is used, otherwise &gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,5. k2 Fraction of turbine power developed after second boiler pass (<i>K2</i>). Typical value = 0,2. t6 Time constant of crossover or third boiler pass (<i>T6</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 10. k3 Fraction of hp turbine power developed after crossover or third boiler pass (<i>K3</i>). Typical value = 0,6. ta Time to close intercept valve (IV) (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,97. tb Time until IV starts to reopen (<i>Tb</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,98. tc Time until IV is fully open (<i>Tc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,99. prmax Max. pressure in reheater (<i>Prmax</i>). Typical value = 1. gv1 Nonlinear gain valve position point 1 (<i>GV1</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv1 Nonlinear gain power value point 1 (<i>Pgv1</i>). Typical value = 0. gv2 Nonlinear gain valve position point 2 (<i>GV2</i>). Typical value = 0,4. pgv2 Nonlinear gain power value point 2 (<i>Pgv2</i>). Typical value = 0,75. gv3 Nonlinear gain valve position point 3 (<i>GV3</i>). Typical value = 0,5. pgv3 Nonlinear gain power value point 3 (<i>Pgv3</i>). Typical value = 0,91. gv4 Nonlinear gain valve position point 4 (<i>GV4</i>). Typical value = 0,6. pgv4 Nonlinear gain power value point 4 (<i>Pgv4</i>). Typical value = 0,98. gv5 Nonlinear gain valve position point 5 (<i>GV5</i>). Typical value = 1. pgv5 Nonlinear gain power value point 5 (<i>Pgv5</i>). Typical value = 1. gv6 Nonlinear gain valve position point 6 (<i>GV6</i>). Typical value = 0. pgv6 Nonlinear gain power value point 6 (<i>Pgv6</i>). Typical value = 0. GovSteamFV4 Detailed electro-hydraulic governor for steam unit. kf1 Frequency bias (reciprocal of droop) (<i>Kf1</i>). Typical value = 20. kf3 Frequency control (reciprocal of droop) (<i>Kf3</i>). Typical value = 20. lps Maximum positive power error (<i>Lps</i>). Typical value = 0,03. lpi Maximum negative power error (<i>Lpi</i>). Typical value = -0,15. mxef Upper limit for frequency correction (<i>MX</i><i>_EF</i>). Typical value = 0,05. mnef Lower limit for frequency correction (<i>MN</i><i>_EF</i>). Typical value = -0,05. crmx Maximum value of regulator set-point (<i>Crmx</i>). Typical value = 1,2. crmn Minimum value of regulator set-point (<i>Crmn</i>). Typical value = 0. kpt Proportional gain of electro-hydraulic regulator (<i>Kpt</i>). Typical value = 0,3. kit Integral gain of electro-hydraulic regulator (<i>Kit</i>). Typical value = 0,04. rvgmx Maximum value of integral regulator (<i>Rvgmx</i>). Typical value = 1,2. rvgmn Minimum value of integral regulator (<i>Rvgmn</i>). Typical value = 0. svmx Maximum regulator gate opening velocity (<i>Svmx</i>). Typical value = 0,0333. svmn Maximum regulator gate closing velocity (<i>Svmn</i>). Typical value = -0,0333. srmx Maximum valve opening (<i>Srmx</i>). Typical value = 1,1. srmn Minimum valve opening (<i>Srmn</i>). Typical value = 0. kpp Proportional gain of pressure feedback regulator (<i>Kpp</i>). Typical value = 1. kip Integral gain of pressure feedback regulator (<i>Kip</i>). Typical value = 0,5. rsmimx Maximum value of integral regulator (<i>Rsmimx</i>). Typical value = 1,1. rsmimn Minimum value of integral regulator (<i>Rsmimn</i>). Typical value = 0. kmp1 First gain coefficient of intercept valves characteristic (<i>Kmp1</i>). Typical value = 0,5. kmp2 Second gain coefficient of intercept valves characteristic (<i>Kmp2</i>). Typical value = 3,5. srsmp Intercept valves characteristic discontinuity point (<i>Srsmp</i>). Typical value = 0,43. ta Control valves rate opening time (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,8. tc Control valves rate closing time (<i>Tc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,5. ty Control valves servo time constant (<i>Ty</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. yhpmx Maximum control valve position (<i>Yhpmx</i>). Typical value = 1,1. yhpmn Minimum control valve position (<i>Yhpmn</i>). Typical value = 0. tam Intercept valves rate opening time (<i>Tam</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,8. tcm Intercept valves rate closing time (<i>Tcm</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,5. ympmx Maximum intercept valve position (<i>Ympmx</i>). Typical value = 1,1. ympmn Minimum intercept valve position (<i>Ympmn</i>). Typical value = 0. y Coefficient of linearized equations of turbine (Stodola formulation) (<i>Y</i>). Typical value = 0,13. thp High pressure (HP) time constant of the turbine (<i>Thp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,15. trh Reheater time constant of the turbine (<i>Trh</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 10. tmp Low pressure (LP) time constant of the turbine (<i>Tmp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,4. khp Fraction of total turbine output generated by HP part (<i>Khp</i>). Typical value = 0,35. pr1 First value of pressure set point static characteristic (<i>Pr1</i>). Typical value = 0,2. pr2 Second value of pressure set point static characteristic, corresponding to <i>Ps0</i> = 1,0 PU (<i>Pr2</i>). Typical value = 0,75. psmn Minimum value of pressure set point static characteristic (<i>Psmn</i>). Typical value = 1. kpc Proportional gain of pressure regulator (<i>Kpc</i>). Typical value = 0,5. kic Integral gain of pressure regulator (<i>Kic</i>). Typical value = 0,0033. kdc Derivative gain of pressure regulator (<i>Kdc</i>). Typical value = 1. tdc Derivative time constant of pressure regulator (<i>Tdc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 90. cpsmx Maximum value of pressure regulator output (<i>Cpsmx</i>). Typical value = 1. cpsmn Minimum value of pressure regulator output (<i>Cpsmn</i>). Typical value = -1. krc Maximum variation of fuel flow (<i>Krc</i>). Typical value = 0,05. tf1 Time constant of fuel regulation (<i>Tf1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 10. tf2 Time constant of steam chest (<i>Tf2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 10. tv Boiler time constant (<i>Tv</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 60. ksh Pressure loss due to flow friction in the boiler tubes (<i>Ksh</i>). Typical value = 0,08. GovSteamSGO Simplified steam turbine governor. mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. t1 Controller lag (<i>T1</i>) (&gt;= 0). t2 Controller lead compensation (<i>T2</i>) (&gt;= 0). t3 Governor lag (<i>T3</i>) (&gt; 0). t4 Delay due to steam inlet volumes associated with steam chest and inlet piping (<i>T4</i>) (&gt;= 0). t5 Reheater delay including hot and cold leads (<i>T5</i>) (&gt;= 0). t6 Delay due to IP-LP turbine, crossover pipes and LP end hoods (<i>T6</i>) (&gt;= 0). k1 One / PU regulation (<i>K1</i>). k2 Fraction (<i>K2</i>). k3 Fraction (<i>K3</i>). pmax Upper power limit (<i>Pmax</i>) (&gt; GovSteamSGO.pmin). pmin Lower power limit (<i>Pmin</i>) (&gt;= 0 and &lt; GovSteamSGO.pmax). TurbineLoadControllerDynamics A turbine load controller acts to maintain turbine power at a set value by continuous adjustment of the turbine governor speed-load reference. TurbineLoadControllerDynamics Turbine load controller function block whose behaviour is described by reference to a standard model <font color="#0f0f0f">or by definition of a user-defined model.</font> TurbLCFB1 Turbine load controller model developed by WECC. This model represents a supervisory turbine load controller that acts to maintain turbine power at a set value by continuous adjustment of the turbine governor speed-load reference. This model is intended to represent slow reset 'outer loop' controllers managing the action of the turbine governor. mwbase Base for power values (<i>MWbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MW. speedReferenceGovernor Type of turbine governor reference (<i>Type</i>). true = speed reference governor false = load reference governor. Typical value = true. db Controller deadband (<i>db</i>). Typical value = 0. emax Maximum control error (<i>Emax</i>) (see parameter detail 4). Typical value = 0,02. fb Frequency bias gain (<i>Fb</i>). Typical value = 0. kp Proportional gain (<i>Kp</i>). Typical value = 0. ki Integral gain (<i>Ki</i>). Typical value = 0. fbf Frequency bias flag (<i>Fbf</i>). true = enable frequency bias false = disable frequency bias. Typical value = false. pbf Power controller flag (<i>Pbf</i>). true = enable load controller false = disable load controller. Typical value = false. tpelec Power transducer time constant (<i>Tpelec</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. irmax Maximum turbine speed/load reference bias (<i>Irmax</i>) (see parameter detail 3). Typical value = 0. pmwset Power controller setpoint (<i>Pmwset</i>) (see parameter detail 1). Unit = MW. Typical value = 0. MechanicalLoadDynamics A mechanical load represents the variation in a motor's shaft torque or power as a function of shaft speed. MechanicalLoadDynamics Mechanical load function block whose behaviour is described by reference to a standard model <font color="#0f0f0f">or by definition of a user-defined model.</font> MechLoad1 Mechanical load model type 1. a Speed squared coefficient (<i>a</i>). b Speed coefficient (<i>b</i>). d Speed to the exponent coefficient (<i>d</i>). e Exponent (<i>e</i>). ExcitationSystemDynamics The excitation system model provides the field voltage (<i>Efd</i>) for a synchronous machine model. It is linked to a specific generator (synchronous machine). The representation of all limits used by the models (not including IEEE standard models) shall comply with the representation defined in the Annex E of the IEEE 421.5-2005, unless specified differently in the documentation of the model. The parameters are different for each excitation system model; the same parameter name can have different meaning in different models. ExcitationSystemDynamics Excitation system function block whose behaviour is described by reference to a standard model <font color="#0f0f0f">or by definition of a user-defined model.</font> ExcitationSystemDynamics Excitation system model with which this voltage compensator is associated. Yes VoltageCompensatorDynamics Voltage compensator model associated with this excitation system model. No ExcitationSystemDynamics Excitation system model with which this overexcitation limiter model is associated. Yes OverexcitationLimiterDynamics Overexcitation limiter model associated with this excitation system model. No ExcitationSystemDynamics Excitation system model with which this power factor or VAr controller type 2 is associated. Yes PFVArControllerType2Dynamics Power factor or VAr controller type 2 model associated with this excitation system model. No ExcitationSystemDynamics Excitation system model with which this discontinuous excitation control model is associated. Yes DiscontinuousExcitationControlDynamics Discontinuous excitation control model associated with this excitation system model. No ExcitationSystemDynamics Excitation system model with which this power system stabilizer model is associated. Yes PowerSystemStabilizerDynamics Power system stabilizer model associated with this excitation system model. No ExcitationSystemDynamics Excitation system model with which this underexcitation limiter model is associated. Yes UnderexcitationLimiterDynamics Undrexcitation limiter model associated with this excitation system model. No ExcitationSystemDynamics Excitation system model with which this power actor or VAr controller type 1 model is associated. Yes PFVArControllerType1Dynamics Power factor or VAr controller type 1 model associated with this excitation system model. No ExcIEEEAC1A IEEE 421.5-2005 type AC1A model. The model represents the field-controlled alternator-rectifier excitation systems designated type AC1A. These excitation systems consist of an alternator main exciter with non-controlled rectifiers. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 6.1. tb Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_B</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tc Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_C</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>K</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 400. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,02. vamax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_AMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 14,5. vamin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_AMIN</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -14,5. te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>T</i><i>_E</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,8. kf Excitation control system stabilizer gains (<i>K</i><i>_F</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,03. tf Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>T</i><i>_F</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. kc Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating reactance (<i>K</i><i>_C</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,2. kd Demagnetizing factor, a function of exciter alternator reactances (<i>K</i><i>_D</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,38. ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>K</i><i>_E</i>). Typical value = 1. ve1 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>V</i><i>_E1</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 4,18. seve1 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>V</i><i>_E1</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[V</i><i>_E1</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. ve2 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>V</i><i>_E2</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 3,14. seve2 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>V</i><i>_E2</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[V</i><i>_E2</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,03. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator outputs (<i>V</i><i>_RMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 6,03. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator outputs (<i>V</i><i>_RMIN</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -5,43. ExcIEEEAC2A IEEE 421.5-2005 type AC2A model. The model represents a high initial response field-controlled alternator-rectifier excitation system. The alternator main exciter is used with non-controlled rectifiers. The type AC2A model is similar to that of type AC1A except for the inclusion of exciter time constant compensation and exciter field current limiting elements. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 6.2. tb Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_B</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tc Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_C</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>K</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 400. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,02. vamax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_AMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 8. vamin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_AMIN</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -8. kb Second stage regulator gain (<i>K</i><i>_B</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 25. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator outputs (<i>V</i><i>_RMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 105. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator outputs (<i>V</i><i>_RMIN</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -95. te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>T</i><i>_E</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,6. vfemax Exciter field current limit reference (<i>V</i><i>_FEMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 4,4. kh Exciter field current feedback gain (<i>K</i><i>_H</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. kf Excitation control system stabilizer gains (<i>K</i><i>_F</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,03. tf Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>T</i><i>_F</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. kc Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating reactance (<i>K</i><i>_C</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,28. kd Demagnetizing factor, a function of exciter alternator reactances (<i>K</i><i>_D</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,35. ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>K</i><i>_E</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. ve1 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>V</i><i>_E1</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 4,4. seve1 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>V</i><i>_E1</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[V</i><i>_E1</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,037. ve2 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>V</i><i>_E2</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 3,3. seve2 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>V</i><i>_E2</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[V</i><i>_E2</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,012. ExcIEEEAC3A IEEE 421.5-2005 type AC3A model. The model represents the field-controlled alternator-rectifier excitation systems designated type AC3A. These excitation systems include an alternator main exciter with non-controlled rectifiers. The exciter employs self-excitation, and the voltage regulator power is derived from the exciter output voltage. Therefore, this system has an additional nonlinearity, simulated by the use of a multiplier whose inputs are the voltage regulator command signal, <i>Va</i>, and the exciter output voltage, <i>Efd</i>, times <i>K</i><i>_R</i>. This model is applicable to excitation systems employing static voltage regulators. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 6.3. tb Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_B</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tc Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_C</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>K</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 45,62. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,013. vamax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_AMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. vamin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_AMIN</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -0,95. te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>T</i><i>_E</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1,17. vemin Minimum exciter voltage output (<i>V</i><i>_EMIN</i>) (&lt;= 0). Typical value = 0. kr Constant associated with regulator and alternator field power supply (<i>K</i><i>_R</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 3,77. kf Excitation control system stabilizer gains (<i>K</i><i>_F</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,143. tf Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>T</i><i>_F</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. kn Excitation control system stabilizer gain (<i>K</i><i>_N</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,05. efdn Value of <i>Efd </i>at which feedback gain changes (<i>E</i><i>_FDN</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 2,36. kc Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating reactance (<i>K</i><i>_C</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,104. kd Demagnetizing factor, a function of exciter alternator reactances (<i>K</i><i>_D</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,499. ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>K</i><i>_E</i>). Typical value = 1. vfemax Exciter field current limit reference (<i>V</i><i>_FEMAX</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 16. ve1 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>V</i><i>_E1</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 6,24. seve1 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>V</i><i>_E1</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[V</i><i>_E1</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1,143. ve2 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>V</i><i>_E2</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 4,68. seve2 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>V</i><i>_E2</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[V</i><i>_E2</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. ExcIEEEAC4A IEEE 421.5-2005 type AC4A model. The model represents type AC4A alternator-supplied controlled-rectifier excitation system which is quite different from the other types of AC systems. This high initial response excitation system utilizes a full thyristor bridge in the exciter output circuit. The voltage regulator controls the firing of the thyristor bridges. The exciter alternator uses an independent voltage regulator to control its output voltage to a constant value. These effects are not modelled; however, transient loading effects on the exciter alternator are included. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 6.4. vimax Maximum voltage regulator input limit (<i>V</i><i>_IMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 10. vimin Minimum voltage regulator input limit (<i>V</i><i>_IMIN</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -10. tc Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_C</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. tb Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_B</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 10. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>K</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 200. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,015. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 5,64. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMIN</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -4,53. kc Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating reactance (<i>K</i><i>_C</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ExcIEEEAC5A IEEE 421.5-2005 type AC5A model. The model represents a simplified model for brushless excitation systems. The regulator is supplied from a source, such as a permanent magnet generator, which is not affected by system disturbances. Unlike other AC models, this model uses loaded rather than open circuit exciter saturation data in the same way as it is used for the DC models. Because the model has been widely implemented by the industry, it is sometimes used to represent other types of systems when either detailed data for them are not available or simplified models are required. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 6.5. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>K</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 400. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,02. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 7,3. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMIN</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -7,3. ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>K</i><i>_E</i>). Typical value = 1. te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>T</i><i>_E</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,8. kf Excitation control system stabilizer gains (<i>K</i><i>_F</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,03. tf1 Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>T</i><i>_F1</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. tf2 Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>T</i><i>_F2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. tf3 Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>T</i><i>_F3</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. efd1 Exciter voltage at which exciter saturation is defined (<i>E</i><i>_FD1</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 5,6. seefd1 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>E</i><i>_FD1</i> (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[E</i><i>_FD1</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,86. efd2 Exciter voltage at which exciter saturation is defined (<i>E</i><i>_FD2</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 4,2. seefd2 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>E</i><i>_FD2</i> (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[E</i><i>_FD2</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,5. ExcIEEEAC6A IEEE 421.5-2005 type AC6A model. The model represents field-controlled alternator-rectifier excitation systems with system-supplied electronic voltage regulators. The maximum output of the regulator, <i>V</i><i>_R</i>, is a function of terminal voltage, <i>V</i><i>_T</i>. The field current limiter included in the original model AC6A remains in the 2005 update. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 6.6. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>K</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 536. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,086. tk Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_K</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,18. tb Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_B</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 9. tc Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_C</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 3. vamax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_AMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 75. vamin Minimum voltage regulator output (V_AMIN) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -75. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 44. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMIN</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -36. te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>T</i><i>_E</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. kh Exciter field current limiter gain (<i>K</i><i>_H</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 92. tj Exciter field current limiter time constant (<i>T</i><i>_J</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,02. th Exciter field current limiter time constant (<i>T</i><i>_H</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,08. vfelim Exciter field current limit reference (<i>V</i><i>_FELIM</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 19. vhmax Maximum field current limiter signal reference (<i>V</i><i>_HMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 75. kc Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating reactance (<i>K</i><i>_C</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,173. kd Demagnetizing factor, a function of exciter alternator reactances (<i>K</i><i>_D</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1,91. ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>K</i><i>_E</i>). Typical value = 1,6. ve1 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>V</i><i>_E1</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 7,4. seve1 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>V</i><i>_E1</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[V</i><i>_E1</i><i>])</i> (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,214. ve2 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>V</i><i>_E2</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 5,55. seve2 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>V</i><i>_E2</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[V</i><i>_E2</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,044. ExcIEEEAC7B IEEE 421.5-2005 type AC7B model. The model represents excitation systems which consist of an AC alternator with either stationary or rotating rectifiers to produce the DC field requirements. It is an upgrade to earlier AC excitation systems, which replace only the controls but retain the AC alternator and diode rectifier bridge. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 6.7. Note, however, that in IEEE 421.5-2005, the [1 / <i>sT</i><i>_E</i>] block is shown as [1 / (1 + <i>sT</i><i>_E</i>)], which is incorrect. kpr Voltage regulator proportional gain (<i>K</i><i>_PR</i>) (&gt; 0 if ExcIEEEAC7B.kir = 0). Typical value = 4,24. kir Voltage regulator integral gain (<i>K</i><i>_IR</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 4,24. kdr Voltage regulator derivative gain (<i>K</i><i>_DR</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tdr Lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>_DR</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 5,79. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMIN</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -5,79. kpa Voltage regulator proportional gain (<i>K</i><i>_PA</i>) (&gt; 0 if ExcIEEEAC7B.kia = 0). Typical value = 65,36. kia Voltage regulator integral gain (<i>K</i><i>_IA</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 59,69. vamax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_AMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. vamin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_AMIN</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -0,95. kp Potential circuit gain coefficient (<i>K</i><i>_P</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 4,96. kl Exciter field voltage lower limit parameter (<i>K</i><i>_L</i>). Typical value = 10. te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>T</i><i>_E</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1,1. vfemax Exciter field current limit reference (<i>V</i><i>_FEMAX</i>). Typical value = 6,9. vemin Minimum exciter voltage output (<i>V</i><i>_EMIN</i>) (&lt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>K</i><i>_E</i>). Typical value = 1. kc Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating reactance (<i>K</i><i>_C</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,18. kd Demagnetizing factor, a function of exciter alternator reactances (<i>K</i><i>_D</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,02. kf1 Excitation control system stabilizer gain (<i>K</i><i>_F1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,212. kf2 Excitation control system stabilizer gain (<i>K</i><i>_F2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. kf3 Excitation control system stabilizer gain (<i>K</i><i>_F3</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tf Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>T</i><i>_F</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. ve1 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>V</i><i>_E1</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 6,3. seve1 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>V</i><i>_E1</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[V</i><i>_E1</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,44. ve2 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>V</i><i>_E2</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 3,02. seve2 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>V</i><i>_E2</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[V</i><i>_E2</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,075. ExcIEEEAC8B IEEE 421.5-2005 type AC8B model. This model represents a PID voltage regulator with either a brushless exciter or DC exciter. The AVR in this model consists of PID control, with separate constants for the proportional (<i>K</i><i>_PR</i>), integral (<i>K</i><i>_IR</i>), and derivative (<i>K</i><i>_DR</i>) gains. The representation of the brushless exciter (<i>T</i><i>_E</i>, <i>K</i><i>_E</i>, <i>S</i><i>_E</i>, <i>K</i><i>_C</i>, <i>K</i><i>_D</i>) is similar to the model type AC2A. The type AC8B model can be used to represent static voltage regulators applied to brushless excitation systems. Digitally based voltage regulators feeding DC rotating main exciters can be represented with the AC type AC8B model with the parameters <i>K</i><i>_C</i> and <i>K</i><i>_D</i> set to 0. For thyristor power stages fed from the generator terminals, the limits <i>V</i><i>_RMAX</i> and <i>V</i><i>_RMIN</i><i> </i>should be a function of terminal voltage: V<i>_T</i> x <i>V</i><i>_RMAX</i>and <i>V</i><i>_T</i> x <i>V</i><i>_RMIN</i>. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 6.8. kpr Voltage regulator proportional gain (<i>K</i><i>_PR</i>) (&gt; 0 if ExcIEEEAC8B.kir = 0). Typical value = 80. kir Voltage regulator integral gain (<i>K</i><i>_IR</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 5. kdr Voltage regulator derivative gain (<i>K</i><i>_DR</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 10. tdr Lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>_DR</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,1. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 35. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMIN</i>) (&lt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>K</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>T</i><i>_E</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1,2. vfemax Exciter field current limit reference (<i>V</i><i>_FEMAX</i>). Typical value = 6. vemin Minimum exciter voltage output (<i>V</i><i>_EMIN</i>) (&lt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>K</i><i>_E</i>). Typical value = 1. kc Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating reactance (<i>K</i><i>_C</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,55. kd Demagnetizing factor, a function of exciter alternator reactances (<i>K</i><i>_D</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1,1. ve1 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>V</i><i>_E1</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 6,5. seve1 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>V</i><i>_E1</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[V</i><i>_E1</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,3. ve2 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>V</i><i>_E2</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 9. seve2 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>V</i><i>_E2</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[V</i><i>_E2</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 3. ExcIEEEDC1A IEEE 421.5-2005 type DC1A model. This model represents field-controlled DC commutator exciters with continuously acting voltage regulators (especially the direct-acting rheostatic, rotating amplifier, and magnetic amplifier types). Because this model has been widely implemented by the industry, it is sometimes used to represent other types of systems when detailed data for them are not available or when a simplified model is required. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 5.1. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>K</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 46. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,06. tb Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_B</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tc Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_C</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMAX</i>) (&gt; ExcIEEEDC1A.vrmin). Typical value = 1. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMIN</i>) (&lt; 0 and &lt; ExcIEEEDC1A.vrmax). Typical value = -0,9. ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>K</i><i>_E</i>). Typical value = 0. te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>T</i><i>_E</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,46. kf Excitation control system stabilizer gain (<i>K</i><i>_F</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0.1. tf Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>T</i><i>_F</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. efd1 Exciter voltage at which exciter saturation is defined (<i>E</i><i>_FD1</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 3,1. seefd1 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>E</i><i>_FD1</i> (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[E</i><i>_FD1</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0.33. efd2 Exciter voltage at which exciter saturation is defined (<i>E</i><i>_FD2</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 2,3. seefd2 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>E</i><i>_FD2</i> (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[E</i><i>_FD2</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. uelin UEL input (<i>uelin</i>). true = input is connected to the HV gate false = input connects to the error signal. Typical value = true. exclim (<i>exclim</i>). IEEE standard is ambiguous about lower limit on exciter output. true = a lower limit of zero is applied to integrator output false = a lower limit of zero is not applied to integrator output. Typical value = true. ExcIEEEDC2A IEEE 421.5-2005 type DC2A model. This model represents field-controlled DC commutator exciters with continuously acting voltage regulators having supplies obtained from the generator or auxiliary bus. It differs from the type DC1A model only in the voltage regulator output limits, which are now proportional to terminal voltage <i>V</i><i>_T</i>. It is representative of solid-state replacements for various forms of older mechanical and rotating amplifier regulating equipment connected to DC commutator exciters. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 5.2. efd1 Exciter voltage at which exciter saturation is defined (<i>E</i><i>_FD1</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 3,05. efd2 Exciter voltage at which exciter saturation is defined (<i>E</i><i>_FD2</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 2,29. exclim (<i>exclim</i>). IEEE standard is ambiguous about lower limit on exciter output. Typical value = - 999 which means that there is no limit applied. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>K</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 300. ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>K</i><i>_E</i>). Typical value = 1. kf Excitation control system stabilizer gain (<i>K</i><i>_F</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. seefd1 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>E</i><i>_FD1</i> (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[E</i><i>_FD1</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,279. seefd2 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>E</i><i>_FD2</i> (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[E</i><i>_FD2</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,117. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,01. tb Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_B</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tc Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_C</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>T</i><i>_E</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1,33. tf Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>T</i><i>_F</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,675. uelin UEL input (<i>uelin</i>). true = input is connected to the HV gate false = input connects to the error signal. Typical value = true. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMAX</i>)(&gt; ExcIEEEDC2A.vrmin). Typical value = 4,95. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMIN</i>) (&lt; 0 and &lt; ExcIEEEDC2A.vrmax). Typical value = -4,9. ExcIEEEDC3A IEEE 421.5-2005 type DC3A model. This model represents older systems, in particular those DC commutator exciters with non-continuously acting regulators that were commonly used before the development of the continuously acting varieties. These systems respond at basically two different rates, depending upon the magnitude of voltage error. For small errors, adjustment is made periodically with a signal to a motor-operated rheostat. Larger errors cause resistors to be quickly shorted or inserted and a strong forcing signal applied to the exciter. Continuous motion of the motor-operated rheostat occurs for these larger error signals, even though it is bypassed by contactor action. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 5.3. trh Rheostat travel time (<i>T</i><i>_RH</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 20. kv Fast raise/lower contact setting (<i>K</i><i>_V</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,05. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMIN</i>) (&lt;= 0). Typical value = 0. te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>T</i><i>_E</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,5. ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>K</i><i>_E</i>). Typical value = 0,05. efd1 Exciter voltage at which exciter saturation is defined (<i>E</i><i>_FD1</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 3,375. seefd1 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>E</i><i>_FD1</i> (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[E</i><i>_FD1</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,267. efd2 Exciter voltage at which exciter saturation is defined (<i>E</i><i>_FD2</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 3,15. seefd2 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>E</i><i>_FD2</i> (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[E</i><i>_FD2</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,068. exclim (<i>exclim</i>). IEEE standard is ambiguous about lower limit on exciter output. true = a lower limit of zero is applied to integrator output false = a lower limit of zero is not applied to integrator output. Typical value = true. ExcIEEEDC4B IEEE 421.5-2005 type DC4B model. These excitation systems utilize a field-controlled DC commutator exciter with a continuously acting voltage regulator having supplies obtained from the generator or auxiliary bus. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 5.4. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>K</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,2. kp Regulator proportional gain (<i>K</i><i>_P</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 20. ki Regulator integral gain (<i>K</i><i>_I</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 20. kd Regulator derivative gain (<i>K</i><i>_D</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 20. td Regulator derivative filter time constant (<i>T</i><i>_D</i>) (&gt; 0 if ExcIEEEDC4B.kd &gt; 0). Typical value = 0,01. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMAX</i>) (&gt; ExcIEEEDC4B.vrmin). Typical value = 2,7. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMIN</i>) (&lt;= 0 and &lt; ExcIEEEDC4B.vrmax). Typical value = -0,9. ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>K</i><i>_E</i>). Typical value = 1. te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>T</i><i>_E</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,8. kf Excitation control system stabilizer gain (<i>K</i><i>_F</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tf Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>T</i><i>_F</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. efd1 Exciter voltage at which exciter saturation is defined (<i>E</i><i>_FD1</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1,75. seefd1 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>E</i><i>_FD1</i> (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[E</i><i>_FD1</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,08. efd2 Exciter voltage at which exciter saturation is defined (<i>E</i><i>_FD2</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 2,33. seefd2 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>E</i><i>_FD2</i> (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[E</i><i>_FD2</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,27. vemin Minimum exciter voltage output (<i>V</i><i>_EMIN</i>) (&lt;= 0). Typical value = 0. oelin OEL input (<i>OELin</i>). true = LV gate false = subtract from error signal. Typical value = true. uelin UEL input (<i>UELin</i>). true = HV gate false = add to error signal. Typical value = true. ExcIEEEST1A IEEE 421.5-2005 type ST1A model. This model represents systems in which excitation power is supplied through a transformer from the generator terminals (or the unit’s auxiliary bus) and is regulated by a controlled rectifier. The maximum exciter voltage available from such systems is directly related to the generator terminal voltage. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 7.1. ilr Exciter output current limit reference (<i>I</i><i>_LR</i><i>)</i>. Typical value = 0. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>K</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 190. kc Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating reactance (<i>K</i><i>_C</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,08. kf Excitation control system stabilizer gains (<i>K</i><i>_F</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. klr Exciter output current limiter gain (<i>K</i><i>_LR</i>). Typical value = 0. pssin Selector of the Power System Stabilizer (PSS) input (<i>PSSin</i>). true = PSS input (<i>Vs</i>) added to error signal false = PSS input (<i>Vs</i>) added to voltage regulator output. Typical value = true. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tb Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_B</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 10. tb1 Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_B1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tc Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_C</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. tc1 Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_C1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tf Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>T</i><i>_F</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. uelin Selector of the connection of the UEL input (<i>UELin</i>). Typical value = ignoreUELsignal. vamax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_AMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 14,5. vamin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_AMIN</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -14,5. vimax Maximum voltage regulator input limit (<i>V</i><i>_IMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 999. vimin Minimum voltage regulator input limit (<i>V</i><i>_IMIN</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -999. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator outputs (<i>V</i><i>_RMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 7,8. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator outputs (<i>V</i><i>_RMIN</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -6,7. ExcIEEEST2A IEEE 421.5-2005 type ST2A model. Some static systems use both current and voltage sources (generator terminal quantities) to comprise the power source. The regulator controls the exciter output through controlled saturation of the power transformer components. These compound-source rectifier excitation systems are designated type ST2A and are represented by ExcIEEEST2A. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 7.2. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>K</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 120. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,15. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator outputs (<i>V</i><i>_RMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator outputs (<i>V</i><i>_RMIN</i>) (&lt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>K</i><i>_E</i>). Typical value = 1. te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>T</i><i>_E</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,5. kf Excitation control system stabilizer gains (<i>K</i><i>_F</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,05. tf Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>T</i><i>_F</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. kp Potential circuit gain coefficient (<i>K</i><i>_P</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 4,88. ki Potential circuit gain coefficient (<i>K</i><i>_I</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 8. kc Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating reactance (<i>K</i><i>_C</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1,82. efdmax Maximum field voltage (<i>E</i><i>_FDMax</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 99. uelin UEL input (<i>UELin</i>). true = HV gate false = add to error signal. Typical value = true. ExcIEEEST3A IEEE 421.5-2005 type ST3A model. Some static systems utilize a field voltage control loop to linearize the exciter control characteristic. This also makes the output independent of supply source variations until supply limitations are reached. These systems utilize a variety of controlled-rectifier designs: full thyristor complements or hybrid bridges in either series or shunt configurations. The power source can consist of only a potential source, either fed from the machine terminals or from internal windings. Some designs can have compound power sources utilizing both machine potential and current. These power sources are represented as phasor combinations of machine terminal current and voltage and are accommodated by suitable parameters in model type ST3A which is represented by ExcIEEEST3A. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 7.3. vimax Maximum voltage regulator input limit (<i>V</i><i>_IMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,2. vimin Minimum voltage regulator input limit (<i>V</i><i>_IMIN</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -0,2. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>K</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt; 0). This is parameter <i>K</i> in the IEEE standard. Typical value = 200. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tb Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_B</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 10. tc Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_C</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 10. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMIN</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -10. km Forward gain constant of the inner loop field regulator (<i>K</i><i>_M</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 7,93. tm Forward time constant of inner loop field regulator (<i>T</i><i>_M</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,4. vmmax Maximum inner loop output (<i>V</i><i>_MMax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. vmmin Minimum inner loop output (<i>V</i><i>_MMin</i>) (&lt;= 0). Typical value = 0. kg Feedback gain constant of the inner loop field regulator (<i>K</i><i>_G</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. kp Potential circuit gain coefficient (<i>K</i><i>_P</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 6,15. thetap Potential circuit phase angle (<i>thetap</i>). Typical value = 0. ki Potential circuit gain coefficient (<i>K</i><i>_I</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. kc Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating reactance (<i>K</i><i>_C</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,2. xl Reactance associated with potential source (<i>X</i><i>_L</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,081. vbmax Maximum excitation voltage (<i>V</i><i>_BMax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 6,9. vgmax Maximum inner loop feedback voltage (<i>V</i><i>_GMax</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 5,8. ExcIEEEST4B IEEE 421.5-2005 type ST4B model. This model is a variation of the type ST3A model, with a proportional plus integral (PI) regulator block replacing the lag-lead regulator characteristic that is in the ST3A model. Both potential and compound source rectifier excitation systems are modelled. The PI regulator blocks have non-windup limits that are represented. The voltage regulator of this model is typically implemented digitally. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 7.4. kpr Voltage regulator proportional gain (<i>K</i><i>_PR</i>). Typical value = 10,75. kir Voltage regulator integral gain (<i>K</i><i>_IR</i>). Typical value = 10,75. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,02. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMIN</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -0,87. kpm Voltage regulator proportional gain output (<i>K</i><i>_PM</i>). Typical value = 1. kim Voltage regulator integral gain output (<i>K</i><i>_IM</i>). Typical value = 0. vmmax Maximum inner loop output (<i>V</i><i>_MMax</i>) (&gt; ExcIEEEST4B.vmmin). Typical value = 99. vmmin Minimum inner loop output (<i>V</i><i>_MMin</i>) (&lt; ExcIEEEST4B.vmmax). Typical value = -99. kg Feedback gain constant of the inner loop field regulator (<i>K</i><i>_G</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. kp Potential circuit gain coefficient (<i>K</i><i>_P</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 9,3. thetap Potential circuit phase angle (<i>thetap</i>). Typical value = 0. ki Potential circuit gain coefficient (<i>K</i><i>_I</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. kc Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating reactance (<i>K</i><i>_C</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,113. xl Reactance associated with potential source (<i>X</i><i>_L</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,124. vbmax Maximum excitation voltage (<i>V</i><i>_BMax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 11,63. ExcIEEEST5B IEEE 421.5-2005 type ST5B model. The type ST5B excitation system is a variation of the type ST1A model, with alternative overexcitation and underexcitation inputs and additional limits. The block diagram in the IEEE 421.5 standard has input signal <i>Vc </i>and does not indicate the summation point with <i>Vref</i>. The implementation of the ExcIEEEST5B shall consider summation point with <i>Vref</i>. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 7.5. kr Regulator gain (<i>K</i><i>_R</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 200. t1 Firing circuit time constant (<i>T1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,004. kc Rectifier regulation factor (<i>K</i><i>_C</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,004. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 5. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMIN</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -4. tc1 Regulator lead time constant (<i>T</i><i>_C1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,8. tb1 Regulator lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>_B1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 6. tc2 Regulator lead time constant (<i>T</i><i>_C2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,08. tb2 Regulator lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>_B2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,01. toc1 OEL lead time constant (<i>T</i><i>_OC1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. tob1 OEL lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>_OB1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 2. toc2 OEL lead time constant (<i>T</i><i>_OC2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,08. tob2 OEL lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>_OB2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,08. tuc1 UEL lead time constant (<i>T</i><i>_UC1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 2. tub1 UEL lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>_UB1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 10. tuc2 UEL lead time constant (<i>T</i><i>_UC2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. tub2 UEL lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>_UB2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,05. ExcIEEEST6B IEEE 421.5-2005 type ST6B model. This model consists of a PI voltage regulator with an inner loop field voltage regulator and pre-control. The field voltage regulator implements a proportional control. The pre-control and the delay in the feedback circuit increase the dynamic response. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 7.6. ilr Exciter output current limit reference (<i>I</i><i>_LR</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 4,164. kci Exciter output current limit adjustment (<i>K</i><i>_CI</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1,0577. kff Pre-control gain constant of the inner loop field regulator (<i>K</i><i>_FF</i>). Typical value = 1. kg Feedback gain constant of the inner loop field regulator (<i>K</i><i>_G</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. kia Voltage regulator integral gain (<i>K</i><i>_IA</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 45,094. klr Exciter output current limiter gain (<i>K</i><i>_LR</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 17,33. km Forward gain constant of the inner loop field regulator (<i>K</i><i>_M</i>). Typical value = 1. kpa Voltage regulator proportional gain (<u>K</u><u>_PA</u>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 18,038. oelin OEL input selector (<i>OELin</i>). Typical value = noOELinput. tg Feedback time constant of inner loop field voltage regulator (<i>T</i><i>_G</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,02. vamax Maximum voltage regulator output (V<i>_AMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 4,81. vamin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_AMIN</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -3,85. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 4,81. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMIN</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -3,85. ExcIEEEST7B IEEE 421.5-2005 type ST7B model. This model is representative of static potential-source excitation systems. In this system, the AVR consists of a PI voltage regulator. A phase lead-lag filter in series allows the introduction of a derivative function, typically used with brushless excitation systems. In that case, the regulator is of the PID type. In addition, the terminal voltage channel includes a phase lead-lag filter. The AVR includes the appropriate inputs on its reference for overexcitation limiter (OEL1), underexcitation limiter (UEL), stator current limiter (SCL), and current compensator (DROOP). All these limitations, when they work at voltage reference level, keep the PSS (VS signal from PSS) in operation. However, the UEL limitation can also be transferred to the high value (HV) gate acting on the output signal. In addition, the output signal passes through a low value (LV) gate for a ceiling overexcitation limiter (OEL2). Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 7.7. kh High-value gate feedback gain (<i>K</i><i>_H</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. kia Voltage regulator integral gain (<i>K</i><i>_IA</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. kl Low-value gate feedback gain (<i>K</i><i>_L</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. kpa Voltage regulator proportional gain (<i>K</i><i>_PA</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 40. oelin OEL input selector (<i>OELin</i>). Typical value = noOELinput. tb Regulator lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>_B</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. tc Regulator lead time constant (<i>T</i><i>_C</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. tf Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>T</i><i>_F</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. tg Feedback time constant of inner loop field voltage regulator (<i>T</i><i>_G</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. tia Feedback time constant (<i>T</i><i>_IA</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 3. uelin UEL input selector (<i>UELin</i>). Typical value = noUELinput. vmax Maximum voltage reference signal (<i>V</i><i>_MAX</i>) (&gt; 0 and &gt; ExcIEEEST7B.vmin). Typical value = 1,1. vmin Minimum voltage reference signal (<i>V</i><i>_MIN</i>) (&gt; 0 and &lt; ExcIEEEST7B.vmax). Typical value = 0,9. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMAX</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 5. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_RMIN</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -4,5. ExcAC1A Modified IEEE AC1A alternator-supplied rectifier excitation system with different rate feedback source. tb Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tb</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tc Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_c</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>Ka</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 400. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,02. vamax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_amax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 14,5. vamin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>V</i><i>_amin</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -14,5. te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>Te</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,8. kf Excitation control system stabilizer gains (<i>Kf</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,03. kf1 Coefficient to allow different usage of the model (<i>Kf1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. kf2 Coefficient to allow different usage of the model (<i>Kf2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. ks Coefficient to allow different usage of the model-speed coefficient (<i>Ks</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tf Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>Tf</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. kc Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating reactance (<i>Kc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,2. kd Demagnetizing factor, a function of exciter alternator reactances (<i>Kd</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,38. ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>Ke</i>). Typical value = 1. ve1 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>Ve1</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 4,18. seve1 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>Ve</i><i>₁</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>Se[Ve</i><i>₁</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. ve2 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>Ve2</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 3,14. seve2 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>Ve</i><i>₂</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>Se[Ve</i><i>₂</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,03. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator outputs (<i>Vrmax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 6,03. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator outputs (<i>Vrmin</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -5,43. hvlvgates Indicates if both HV gate and LV gate are active (<i>HVLVgates</i>). true = gates are used false = gates are not used. Typical value = true. ExcAC2A Modified IEEE AC2A alternator-supplied rectifier excitation system with different field current limit. tb Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tb</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tc Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>Ka</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 400. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,02. vamax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>Vamax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 8. vamin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>Vamin</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -8. kb Second stage regulator gain (<i>Kb</i>) (&gt; 0). Exciter field current controller gain. Typical value = 25. kb1 Second stage regulator gain (<i>Kb1</i>). It is exciter field current controller gain used as alternative to <i>Kb</i> to represent a variant of the ExcAC2A model. Typical value = 25. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator outputs (<i>Vrmax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 105. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator outputs (<i>Vrmin</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -95. te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>Te</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,6. vfemax Exciter field current limit reference (<i>Vfemax</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 4,4. kh Exciter field current feedback gain (<i>Kh</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. kf Excitation control system stabilizer gains (<i>Kf</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,03. kl Exciter field current limiter gain (<i>Kl</i>). Typical value = 10. vlr Maximum exciter field current (<i>Vlr</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 4,4. kl1 Coefficient to allow different usage of the model (<i>Kl1</i>). Typical value = 1. ks Coefficient to allow different usage of the model-speed coefficient (<i>Ks</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tf Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>Tf</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. kc Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating reactance (<i>Kc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,28. kd Demagnetizing factor, a function of exciter alternator reactances (<i>Kd</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,35. ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>Ke</i>). Typical value = 1. ve1 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>Ve</i><i>₁</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 4,4. seve1 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>Ve</i><i>₁</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>Se[Ve</i><i>₁</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,037. ve2 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>Ve</i><i>₂</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 3,3. seve2 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>Ve</i><i>₂</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>Se[Ve</i><i>₂</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,012. hvgate Indicates if HV gate is active (<i>HVgate</i>). true = gate is used false = gate is not used. Typical value = true. lvgate Indicates if LV gate is active (<i>LVgate</i>). true = gate is used false = gate is not used. Typical value = true. ExcAC3A Modified IEEE AC3A alternator-supplied rectifier excitation system with different field current limit. tb Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tb</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tc Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>Ka</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 45,62. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,013. vamax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>Vamax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. vamin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>Vamin</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -0,95. te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>Te</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1,17. vemin Minimum exciter voltage output (<i>Vemin</i>) (&lt;= 0). Typical value = 0. kr Constant associated with regulator and alternator field power supply (<i>Kr</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value =3,77. kf Excitation control system stabilizer gains (<i>Kf</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,143. tf Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>Tf</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. kn Excitation control system stabilizer gain (<i>Kn</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value =0,05. efdn Value of <i>Efd </i>at which feedback gain changes (<i>Efdn</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 2,36. kc Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating reactance (<i>Kc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,104. kd Demagnetizing factor, a function of exciter alternator reactances (<i>Kd</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,499. ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>Ke</i>). Typical value = 1. klv Gain used in the minimum field voltage limiter loop (<i>Klv</i>). Typical value = 0,194. kf1 Coefficient to allow different usage of the model (<i>Kf1</i>). Typical value = 1. kf2 Coefficient to allow different usage of the model (<i>Kf2</i>). Typical value = 0. ks Coefficient to allow different usage of the model-speed coefficient (<i>Ks</i>). Typical value = 0. vfemax Exciter field current limit reference (<i>Vfemax</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 16. ve1 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>Ve</i><i>₁</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 6.24. seve1 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>Ve</i><i>₁</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>Se[Ve</i><i>₁</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1,143. ve2 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>Ve</i><i>₂</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 4,68. seve2 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>Ve</i><i>₂</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>Se[Ve</i><i>₂</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. vlv Field voltage used in the minimum field voltage limiter loop (<i>Vlv</i>). Typical value = 0,79. ExcAC4A Modified IEEE AC4A alternator-supplied rectifier excitation system with different minimum controller output. vimax Maximum voltage regulator input limit (<i>Vimax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 10. vimin Minimum voltage regulator input limit (<i>Vimin</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -10. tc Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. tb Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tb</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 10. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>Ka</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 200. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,015. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 5,64. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmin</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -4,53. kc Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating reactance (<i>Kc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ExcAC5A Modified IEEE AC5A alternator-supplied rectifier excitation system with different minimum controller output. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>Ka</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 400. ks Coefficient to allow different usage of the model-speed coefficient (<i>Ks</i>). Typical value = 0. tb Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tb</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tc Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,02. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 7,3. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmin</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value =-7,3. ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>Ke</i>). Typical value = 1. te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>Te</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,8. kf Excitation control system stabilizer gains (<i>Kf</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,03. tf1 Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>Tf1</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. tf2 Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>Tf2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,8. tf3 Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>Tf3</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. efd1 Exciter voltage at which exciter saturation is defined (<i>Efd1</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 5,6. seefd1 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>Efd</i><i>₁</i> (<i>Se[Efd</i><i>₁</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,86. efd2 Exciter voltage at which exciter saturation is defined (<i>Efd2</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 4,2. seefd2 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>Efd</i><i>₂</i> (<i>Se[Efd</i><i>₂</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,5. a Coefficient to allow different usage of the model (<i>a</i>). Typical value = 1. ExcAC6A Modified IEEE AC6A alternator-supplied rectifier excitation system with speed input. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>Ka</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 536. ks Coefficient to allow different usage of the model-speed coefficient (<i>Ks</i>). Typical value = 0. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,086. tk Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tk</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,18. tb Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tb</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 9. tc Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 3. vamax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>Vamax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 75. vamin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>Vamin</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -75. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 44. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmin</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -36. te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>Te</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. kh Exciter field current limiter gain (<i>Kh</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 92. tj Exciter field current limiter time constant (<i>Tj</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,02. th Exciter field current limiter time constant (<i>Th</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,08. vfelim Exciter field current limit reference (<i>Vfelim</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 19. vhmax Maximum field current limiter signal reference (<i>Vhmax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 75. kc Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating reactance (<i>Kc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,173. kd Demagnetizing factor, a function of exciter alternator reactances (<i>Kd</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1,91. ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>Ke</i>). Typical value = 1,6. ve1 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>Ve</i><i>₁</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 7,4. seve1 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>Ve</i><i>₁</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>Se[Ve</i><i>₁</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,214. ve2 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>Ve</i><i>₂</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 5,55. seve2 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>Ve</i><i>₂</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>Se[Ve</i><i>₂</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,044. ExcAC8B Modified IEEE AC8B alternator-supplied rectifier excitation system with speed input and input limiter. inlim Input limiter indicator. true = input limiter <i>Vimax</i> and <i>Vimin</i> is considered false = input limiter <i>Vimax </i>and <i>Vimin</i> is not considered. Typical value = true. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>Ka</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. kc Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating reactance (<i>Kc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,55. kd Demagnetizing factor, a function of exciter alternator reactances (<i>Kd</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1,1. kdr Voltage regulator derivative gain (<i>Kdr</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 10. ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>Ke</i>). Typical value = 1. kir Voltage regulator integral gain (<i>Kir</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 5. kpr Voltage regulator proportional gain (<i>Kpr</i>) (&gt; 0 if ExcAC8B.kir = 0). Typical value = 80. ks Coefficient to allow different usage of the model-speed coefficient (<i>Ks</i>). Typical value = 0. pidlim PID limiter indicator. true = input limiter <i>Vpidmax</i> and <i>Vpidmin</i> is considered false = input limiter <i>Vpidmax</i> and <i>Vpidmin</i> is not considered. Typical value = true. seve1 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>Ve</i><i>₁</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>Se[Ve</i><i>₁</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,3. seve2 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>Ve</i><i>₂</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>Se[Ve</i><i>₂</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 3. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tdr Lag time constant (<i>Tdr</i>) (&gt; 0 if ExcAC8B.kdr &gt; 0). Typical value = 0,1. te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>Te</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1,2. telim Selector for the limiter on the block (<i>1/sTe</i>). See diagram for meaning of true and false. Typical value = false. ve1 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>Ve</i><i>₁</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 6,5. ve2 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>Ve</i><i>₂</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 9. vemin Minimum exciter voltage output (<i>Vemin</i>) (&lt;= 0). Typical value = 0. vfemax Exciter field current limit reference (<i>Vfemax</i>). Typical value = 6. vimax Input signal maximum (<i>Vimax</i>) (&gt; ExcAC8B.vimin). Typical value = 35. vimin Input signal minimum (<i>Vimin</i>) (&lt; ExcAC8B.vimax). Typical value = -10. vpidmax PID maximum controller output (<i>Vpidmax</i>) (&gt; ExcAC8B.vpidmin). Typical value = 35. vpidmin PID minimum controller output (<i>Vpidmin</i>) (&lt; ExcAC8B.vpidmax). Typical value = -10. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 35. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmin</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = 0. vtmult Multiply by generator's terminal voltage indicator. true =the limits <i>Vrmax</i> and <i>Vrmin</i> are multiplied by the generator’s terminal voltage to represent a thyristor power stage fed from the generator terminals false = limits are not multiplied by generator's terminal voltage. Typical value = false. ExcANS Italian excitation system. It represents static field voltage or excitation current feedback excitation system. k3 AVR gain (<i>K</i><i>₃</i>). Typical value = 1000. k2 Exciter gain (<i>K</i><i>₂</i>). Typical value = 20. kce Ceiling factor (<i>K</i><i>_CE</i>). Typical value = 1. t3 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>₃</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1,6. t2 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>₂</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,05. t1 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>₁</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 20. blint Governor control flag (<i>BLINT</i>). 0 = lead-lag regulator 1 = proportional integral regulator. Typical value = 0. kvfif Rate feedback signal flag (<i>K</i><i>_VFIF</i>). 0 = output voltage of the exciter 1 = exciter field current. Typical value = 0. ifmn Minimum exciter current (<i>I</i><i>_FMN</i>). Typical value = -5,2. ifmx Maximum exciter current (<i>I</i><i>_FMX</i>). Typical value = 6,5. vrmn Minimum AVR output (<i>V</i><i>_RMN</i>). Typical value = -5,2. vrmx Maximum AVR output (<i>V</i><i>_RMX</i>). Typical value = 6,5. krvecc Feedback enabling (<i>K</i><i>_RVECC</i>). 0 = open loop control 1 = closed loop control. Typical value = 1. tb Exciter time constant (<i>T</i><i>_B</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,04. ExcAVR1 Italian excitation system corresponding to IEEE (1968) type 1 model. It represents an exciter dynamo and electromechanical regulator. ka AVR gain (<i>K</i><i>_A</i>). Typical value = 500. vrmn Minimum AVR output (<i>V</i><i>_RMN</i>). Typical value = -6. vrmx Maximum AVR output (<i>V</i><i>_RMX</i>). Typical value = 7. ta AVR time constant (<i>T</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,2. tb AVR time constant (<i>T</i><i>_B</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. te Exciter time constant (<i>T</i><i>_E</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. e1 Field voltage value 1 (<i>E</i><i>₁</i>). Typical value = 4.18. se1 Saturation factor at <i>E</i><i>₁</i> (<i>S[E</i><i>₁</i><i>]</i>). Typical value = 0,1. e2 Field voltage value 2 (<i>E</i><i>₂</i>). Typical value = 3,14. se2 Saturation factor at <i>E</i><i>₂</i> (<i>S[E</i><i>₂</i><i>]</i>). Typical value = 0,03. kf Rate feedback gain (<i>K</i><i>_F</i>). Typical value = 0,12. tf Rate feedback time constant (<i>T</i><i>_F</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. ExcAVR2 Italian excitation system corresponding to IEEE (1968) type 2 model. It represents an alternator and rotating diodes and electromechanic voltage regulators. ka AVR gain (<i>K</i><i>_A</i>). Typical value = 500. vrmn Minimum AVR output (<i>V</i><i>_RMN</i>). Typical value = -6. vrmx Maximum AVR output (<i>V</i><i>_RMX</i>). Typical value = 7. ta AVR time constant (<i>T</i><i>_A</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,02. tb AVR time constant (<i>T</i><i>_B</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. te Exciter time constant (<i>T</i><i>_E</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. e1 Field voltage value 1 (<i>E</i><i>₁</i>). Typical value = 4,18. se1 Saturation factor at <i>E</i><i>₁</i> (<i>S[E</i><i>₁</i><i>]</i>). Typical value = 0.1. e2 Field voltage value 2 (<i>E</i><i>₂</i>). Typical value = 3,14. se2 Saturation factor at <i>E</i><i>₂</i> (<i>S[E</i><i>₂</i><i>]</i>). Typical value = 0,03. kf Rate feedback gain (<i>K</i><i>_F</i>). Typical value = 0,12. tf1 Rate feedback time constant (<i>T</i><i>_F1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. tf2 Rate feedback time constant (<i>T</i><i>_F2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. ExcAVR3 Italian excitation system. It represents an exciter dynamo and electric regulator. ka AVR gain (<i>K</i><i>_A</i>). Typical value = 100. vrmn Minimum AVR output (<i>V</i><i>_RMN</i>). Typical value = -7,5. vrmx Maximum AVR output (<i>V</i><i>_RMX</i>). Typical value = 7,5. t1 AVR time constant (<i>T</i><i>₁</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 20. t2 AVR time constant (<i>T</i><i>₂</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1,6. t3 AVR time constant (<i>T</i><i>₃</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,66. t4 AVR time constant (<i>T</i><i>₄</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,07. te Exciter time constant (<i>T</i><i>_E</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. e1 Field voltage value 1 (<i>E</i><i>₁</i>). Typical value = 4,18. se1 Saturation factor at <i>E</i><i>₁</i><i> </i>(<i>S[E</i><i>₁</i><i>]</i>). Typical value = 0,1. e2 Field voltage value 2 (<i>E</i><i>₂</i>). Typical value = 3,14. se2 Saturation factor at <i>E</i><i>₂</i><i> </i>(<i>S[E</i><i>₂</i><i>]</i>). Typical value = 0,03. ExcAVR4 Italian excitation system. It represents a static exciter and electric voltage regulator. ka AVR gain (<i>K</i><i>_A</i>). Typical value = 300. vrmn Minimum AVR output (<i>V</i><i>_RMN</i>). Typical value = 0. vrmx Maximum AVR output (<i>V</i><i>_RMX</i>). Typical value = 5. t1 AVR time constant (<i>T</i><i>₁</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 4,8. t2 AVR time constant (<i>T</i><i>₂</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1,5. t3 AVR time constant (<i>T</i><i>₃</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. t4 AVR time constant (<i>T</i><i>₄</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ke Exciter gain (<i>K</i><i>_E</i><i>)</i>. Typical value = 1. vfmx Maximum exciter output (<i>V</i><i>_FMX</i>). Typical value = 5. vfmn Minimum exciter output (<i>V</i><i>_FMN</i>). Typical value = 0. kif Exciter internal reactance (<i>K</i><i>_IF</i>). Typical value = 0. tif Exciter current feedback time constant (<i>T</i><i>_IF</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. t1if Exciter current feedback time constant (<i>T</i><i>_1IF</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 60. imul AVR output voltage dependency selector (<i>I</i><i>_MUL</i>). true = selector is connected false = selector is not connected. Typical value = true. ExcAVR5 Manual excitation control with field circuit resistance. This model can be used as a very simple representation of manual voltage control. ka Gain (<i>Ka</i>). ta Time constant (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt;= 0). rex Effective output resistance (<i>Rex</i>). <i>Rex</i> represents the effective output resistance seen by the excitation system. ExcAVR7 IVO excitation system. k1 Gain (<i>K</i><i>₁</i>). Typical value = 1. a1 Lead coefficient (<i>A</i><i>₁</i>). Typical value = 0,5. a2 Lag coefficient (<i>A</i><i>₂</i>). Typical value = 0,5. t1 Lead time constant (<i>T</i><i>₁</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,05. t2 Lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>₂</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. vmax1 Lead-lag maximum limit (<i>Vmax1</i>) (&gt; ExcAVR7.vmin1). Typical value = 5. vmin1 Lead-lag minimum limit (<i>Vmin1</i>) (&lt; ExcAVR7.vmax1). Typical value = -5. k3 Gain (<i>K</i><i>₃</i>). Typical value = 3. a3 Lead coefficient (<i>A</i><i>₃</i>). Typical value = 0,5. a4 Lag coefficient (<i>A</i><i>₄</i>). Typical value = 0,5. t3 Lead time constant (<i>T</i><i>₃</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. t4 Lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>₄</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. vmax3 Lead-lag maximum limit (<i>Vmax3</i>) (&gt; ExcAVR7.vmin3). Typical value = 5. vmin3 Lead-lag minimum limit (<i>Vmin3</i>) (&lt; ExcAVR7.vmax3). Typical value = -5. k5 Gain (<i>K</i><i>₅</i>). Typical value = 1. a5 Lead coefficient (<i>A</i><i>₅</i>). Typical value = 0,5. a6 Lag coefficient (<i>A</i><i>₆</i>). Typical value = 0,5. t5 Lead time constant (<i>T</i><i>₅</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. t6 Lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>₆</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. vmax5 Lead-lag maximum limit (<i>Vmax5</i>) (&gt; ExcAVR7.vmin5). Typical value = 5. vmin5 Lead-lag minimum limit (<i>Vmin5</i>) (&lt; ExcAVR7.vmax5). Typical value = -2. ExcBBC Transformer fed static excitation system (static with ABB regulator). This model represents a static excitation system in which a gated thyristor bridge fed by a transformer at the main generator terminals feeds the main generator directly. t1 Controller time constant (<i>T1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 6. t2 Controller time constant (<i>T2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. t3 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T3</i>) (&gt;= 0). If = 0, block is bypassed. Typical value = 0,05. t4 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T4</i>) (&gt;= 0). If = 0, block is bypassed. Typical value = 0,01. k Steady state gain (<i>K</i>) (not = 0). Typical value = 300. vrmin Minimum control element output (<i>Vrmin</i>) (&lt; ExcBBC.vrmax). Typical value = -5. vrmax Maximum control element output (<i>Vrmax</i>) (&gt; ExcBBC.vrmin). Typical value = 5. efdmin Minimum open circuit exciter voltage (<i>Efdmin</i>) (&lt; ExcBBC.efdmax). Typical value = -5. efdmax Maximum open circuit exciter voltage (<i>Efdmax</i>) (&gt; ExcBBC.efdmin). Typical value = 5. xe Effective excitation transformer reactance (<i>Xe</i>) (&gt;= 0). <i>Xe</i> models the regulation of the transformer/rectifier unit. Typical value = 0,05. switch Supplementary signal routing selector (<i>switch</i>). true = <i>Vs</i> connected to 3rd summing point false = <i>Vs</i> connected to 1st summing point (see diagram). Typical value = false. ExcCZ Czech proportion/integral exciter. kp Regulator proportional gain (<i>Kp</i>). tc Regulator integral time constant (<i>Tc</i>) (&gt;= 0). vrmax Voltage regulator maximum limit (<i>Vrmax</i>) (&gt; ExcCZ.vrmin). vrmin Voltage regulator minimum limit (<i>Vrmin</i>) (&lt; ExcCZ.vrmax). ka Regulator gain (<i>Ka</i>). ta Regulator time constant (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt;= 0). ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>Ke</i>). te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>Te</i>) (&gt;= 0). efdmax Exciter output maximum limit (<i>Efdmax</i>) (&gt; ExcCZ.efdmin). efdmin Exciter output minimum limit (<i>Efdmin</i>) (&lt; ExcCZ.efdmax). ExcDC1A Modified IEEE DC1A direct current commutator exciter with speed input and without underexcitation limiters (UEL) inputs. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>Ka</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 46. ks Coefficient to allow different usage of the model-speed coefficient (<i>Ks</i>). Typical value = 0. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,06. tb Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tb</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tc Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmax</i>) (&gt; ExcDC1A.vrmin). Typical value = 1. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmin</i>) (&lt; 0 and &lt; ExcDC1A.vrmax). Typical value = -0,9. ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>Ke</i>). Typical value = 0. te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>Te</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,46. kf Excitation control system stabilizer gain (<i>Kf</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. tf Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>Tf</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. efd1 Exciter voltage at which exciter saturation is defined (<i>Efd</i><i>₁</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 3,1. seefd1 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>Efd</i><i>₁</i> (<i>Se[Eefd</i><i>₁</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,33. efd2 Exciter voltage at which exciter saturation is defined (<i>Efd</i><i>₂</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 2,3. seefd2 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>Efd</i><i>₂</i> (<i>Se[Eefd</i><i>₂</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. exclim (<i>exclim</i>). IEEE standard is ambiguous about lower limit on exciter output. true = a lower limit of zero is applied to integrator output false = a lower limit of zero is not applied to integrator output. Typical value = true. efdmin Minimum voltage exciter output limiter (<i>Efdmin</i>) (&lt; ExcDC1A.edfmax). Typical value = -99. efdmax Maximum voltage exciter output limiter (<i>Efdmax</i>) (&gt; ExcDC1A.efdmin). Typical value = 99. ExcDC2A Modified IEEE DC2A direct current commutator exciter with speed input, one more leg block in feedback loop and without underexcitation limiters (UEL) inputs. DC type 2 excitation system model with added speed multiplier, added lead-lag, and voltage-dependent limits. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>Ka</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 300. ks Coefficient to allow different usage of the model-speed coefficient (<i>Ks</i>). Typical value = 0. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,01. tb Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tb</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tc Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmax</i>) (&gt; ExcDC2A.vrmin). Typical value = 4,95. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmin</i>) (&lt; 0 and &lt; ExcDC2A.vrmax). Typical value = -4,9. ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>Ke</i>). If <i>Ke</i> is entered as zero, the model calculates an effective value of <i>Ke</i> such that the initial condition value of <i>Vr</i> is zero. The zero value of <i>Ke</i> is not changed. If <i>Ke</i> is entered as non-zero, its value is used directly, without change. Typical value = 1. te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>Te</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1,33. kf Excitation control system stabilizer gain (<i>Kf</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. tf Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>Tf</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,675. tf1 Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>Tf1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. efd1 Exciter voltage at which exciter saturation is defined (<i>Efd</i><i>₁</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 3,05. seefd1 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>Efd</i><i>₁</i> (<i>Se[Efd</i><i>₁</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,279. efd2 Exciter voltage at which exciter saturation is defined (<i>Efd</i><i>₂</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 2,29. seefd2 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>Efd</i><i>₂</i> (<i>Se[Efd</i><i>₂</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,117. exclim (<i>exclim</i>). IEEE standard is ambiguous about lower limit on exciter output. true = a lower limit of zero is applied to integrator output false = a lower limit of zero is not applied to integrator output. Typical value = true. vtlim (<i>Vtlim</i>). true = limiter at the block (<i>Ka / [1 + sTa]</i>) is dependent on <i>Vt </i> false = limiter at the block is not dependent on <i>Vt</i>. Typical value = true. ExcDC3A Modified IEEE DC3A direct current commutator exciter with speed input, and deadband. DC old type 4. trh Rheostat travel time (<i>Trh</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 20. ks Coefficient to allow different usage of the model-speed coefficient (<i>Ks</i>). Typical value = 0. kr Deadband (<i>Kr</i>). Typical value = 0. kv Fast raise/lower contact setting (<i>Kv</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,05. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 5. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmin</i>) (&lt;= 0). Typical value = 0. te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>Te</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1,83. ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>Ke</i>). Typical value = 1. efd1 Exciter voltage at which exciter saturation is defined (<i>Efd</i><i>₁</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 2,6. seefd1 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>Efd</i><i>₁</i> (<i>Se[Efd</i><i>₁</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. efd2 Exciter voltage at which exciter saturation is defined (<i>Efd</i><i>₂</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 3,45. seefd2 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>Efd</i><i>₂</i> (<i>Se[Efd</i><i>₂</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,35. exclim (<i>exclim</i>). IEEE standard is ambiguous about lower limit on exciter output. true = a lower limit of zero is applied to integrator output false = a lower limit of zero not applied to integrator output. Typical value = true. efdmax Maximum voltage exciter output limiter (<i>Efdmax</i>) (&gt; ExcDC3A.efdmin). Typical value = 99. efdmin Minimum voltage exciter output limiter (<i>Efdmin</i>) (&lt; ExcDC3A.efdmax). Typical value = -99. efdlim (<i>Efdlim</i>). true = exciter output limiter is active false = exciter output limiter not active. Typical value = true. ExcDC3A1 Modified old IEEE type 3 excitation system. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>Ka</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 300. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,01. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmax</i>) (&gt; ExcDC3A1.vrmin). Typical value = 5. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmin</i>) (&lt; 0 and &lt; ExcDC3A1.vrmax). Typical value = 0. te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>Te</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1,83. kf Excitation control system stabilizer gain (<i>Kf</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. tf Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>Tf</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,675. kp Potential circuit gain coefficient (<i>Kp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 4,37. ki Potential circuit gain coefficient (<i>Ki</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 4,83. vbmax Available exciter voltage limiter (<i>Vbmax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 11,63. exclim (<i>exclim</i>). true = lower limit of zero is applied to integrator output false = lower limit of zero not applied to integrator output. Typical value = true. ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>Ke</i>). Typical value = 1. vb1max Available exciter voltage limiter (<i>Vb1max</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 11,63. vblim Vb limiter indicator. true = exciter <i>Vbmax</i> limiter is active false = <i>Vb1max</i> is active. Typical value = true. ExcELIN1 Static PI transformer fed excitation system ELIN (VATECH) - simplified model. This model represents an all-static excitation system. A PI voltage controller establishes a desired field current set point for a proportional current controller. The integrator of the PI controller has a follow-up input to match its signal to the present field current. A power system stabilizer with power input is included in the model. tfi Current transducer time constant (<i>Tfi</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tnu Controller reset time constant (<i>Tnu</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 2. vpu Voltage controller proportional gain (<i>Vpu</i>). Typical value = 34,5. vpi Current controller gain (<i>Vpi</i>). Typical value = 12,45. vpnf Controller follow up gain (<i>Vpnf</i>). Typical value = 2. dpnf Controller follow up deadband (<i>Dpnf</i>). Typical value = 0. tsw Stabilizer parameters (<i>Tsw</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 3. efmin Minimum open circuit excitation voltage (<i>Efmin</i>) (&lt; ExcELIN1.efmax). Typical value = -5. efmax Maximum open circuit excitation voltage (<i>Efmax</i>) (&gt; ExcELIN1.efmin). Typical value = 5. xe Excitation transformer effective reactance (<i>Xe</i>) (&gt;= 0). <i>Xe</i> represents the regulation of the transformer/rectifier unit. Typical value = 0,06. ks1 Stabilizer gain 1 (<i>Ks1</i>). Typical value = 0. ks2 Stabilizer gain 2 (<i>Ks2</i>). Typical value = 0. ts1 Stabilizer phase lag time constant (<i>Ts1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. ts2 Stabilizer filter time constant (<i>Ts2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. smax Stabilizer limit output (<i>smax</i>). Typical value = 0,1. ExcELIN2 Detailed excitation system ELIN (VATECH). This model represents an all-static excitation system. A PI voltage controller establishes a desired field current set point for a proportional current controller. The integrator of the PI controller has a follow-up input to match its signal to the present field current. Power system stabilizer models used in conjunction with this excitation system model: PssELIN2, PssIEEE2B, Pss2B. k1 Voltage regulator input gain (<i>K1</i>). Typical value = 0. k1ec Voltage regulator input limit (<i>K1ec</i>). Typical value = 2. kd1 Voltage controller derivative gain (<i>Kd1</i>). Typical value = 34,5. tb1 Voltage controller derivative washout time constant (<i>Tb1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 12,45. pid1max Controller follow up gain (<i>PID1max</i>). Typical value = 2. ti1 Controller follow up deadband (<i>Ti1</i>). Typical value = 0. iefmax2 Minimum open circuit excitation voltage (<i>I</i><i>_efmax2</i>). Typical value = -5. k2 Gain (<i>K2</i>). Typical value = 5. ketb Gain (<i>Ketb</i>). Typical value = 0,06. upmax Limiter (<i>Upmax</i>) (&gt; ExcELIN2.upmin). Typical value = 3. upmin Limiter (<i>Upmin</i>) (&lt; ExcELIN2.upmax). Typical value = 0. te Time constant (<i>Te</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. xp Excitation transformer effective reactance (<i>Xp</i>). Typical value = 1. te2 Time Constant (<i>T</i><i>_e2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. ke2 Gain (<i>Ke2</i>). Typical value = 0,1. ve1 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>Ve</i><i>₁</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 3. seve1 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>Ve</i><i>₁</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>Se[Ve</i><i>₁</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ve2 Exciter alternator output voltages back of commutating reactance at which saturation is defined (<i>Ve</i><i>₂</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0. seve2 Exciter saturation function value at the corresponding exciter voltage, <i>Ve</i><i>₂</i>, back of commutating reactance (<i>Se[Ve</i><i>₂</i><i>]</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. tr4 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>_r4</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. k3 Gain (<i>K3</i>). Typical value = 0,1. ti3 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>_i3</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 3. k4 Gain (<i>K4</i>). Typical value = 0. ti4 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>_i4</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. iefmax Limiter (<i>I</i><i>_efmax</i>) (&gt; ExcELIN2.iefmin). Typical value = 1. iefmin Limiter (<i>I</i><i>_efmin</i>) (&lt; ExcELIN2.iefmax). Typical value = 1. efdbas Gain (<i>Efdbas</i>). Typical value = 0,1. ExcHU Hungarian excitation system, with built-in voltage transducer. tr Filter time constant (<i>Tr</i>) (&gt;= 0). If a voltage compensator is used in conjunction with this excitation system model, <i>Tr </i>should be set to 0. Typical value = 0,01. te Major loop PI tag integration time constant (<i>Te</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,154. imin Major loop PI tag output signal lower limit (<i>Imin</i>) (&lt; ExcHU.imax). Typical value = 0,1. imax Major loop PI tag output signal upper limit (<i>Imax</i>) (&gt; ExcHU.imin). Typical value = 2,19. ae Major loop PI tag gain factor (<i>Ae</i>). Typical value = 3. emin Field voltage control signal lower limit on AVR base (<i>Emin</i>) (&lt; ExcHU.emax). Typical value = -0,866. emax Field voltage control signal upper limit on AVR base (<i>Emax</i>) (&gt; ExcHU.emin). Typical value = 0,996. ki Current base conversion constant (<i>Ki</i>). Typical value = 0,21428. ai Minor loop PI tag gain factor (<i>Ai</i>). Typical value = 22. ti Minor loop PI control tag integration time constant (<i>Ti</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,01333. atr AVR constant (<i>Atr</i>). Typical value = 2,19. ke Voltage base conversion constant (<i>Ke</i>). Typical value = 4,666. ExcNI Bus or solid fed SCR (silicon-controlled rectifier) bridge excitation system model type NI (NVE). busFedSelector Fed by selector (<i>BusFedSelector</i>). true = bus fed (switch is closed) false = solid fed (switch is open). Typical value = true. tr Time constant (<i>Tr</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,02. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>Ka</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 210. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,02. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator ouput (<i>Vrmax</i>) (&gt; ExcNI.vrmin). Typical value = 5,0. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator ouput (<i>Vrmin</i>) (&lt; ExcNI.vrmax). Typical value = -2,0. kf Excitation control system stabilizer gain (<i>Kf</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value 0,01. tf2 Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>Tf2</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,1. tf1 Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>Tf1</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1,0. r <i>rc</i> / <i>rfd</i> (<i>R</i>) (&gt;= 0). 0 means exciter has negative current capability &gt; 0 means exciter does not have negative current capability. Typical value = 5. ExcOEX3T Modified IEEE type ST1 excitation system with semi-continuous and acting terminal voltage limiter. t1 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>₁</i>) (&gt;= 0). t2 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>₂</i>) (&gt;= 0). t3 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>₃</i>) (&gt;= 0). t4 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>₄</i>) (&gt;= 0). ka Gain (<i>K</i><i>_A</i>). t5 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>₅</i>) (&gt;= 0). t6 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>₆</i>) (&gt;= 0). vrmax Limiter (<i>V</i><i>_RMAX</i>) (&gt; ExcOEX3T.vrmin). vrmin Limiter (<i>V</i><i>_RMIN</i>) (&lt; ExcOEX3T.vrmax). te Time constant (<i>T</i><i>_E</i>) (&gt;= 0). kf Gain (<i>K</i><i>_F</i>). tf Time constant (<i>T</i><i>_F</i>) (&gt;= 0). kc Gain (<i>K</i><i>_C</i>). kd Gain (<i>K</i><i>_D</i>). ke Gain (<i>K</i><i>_E</i>). e1 Saturation parameter (<i>E</i><i>₁</i>). see1 Saturation parameter (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[E</i><i>₁</i><i>]</i>). e2 Saturation parameter (<i>E</i><i>₂</i>). see2 Saturation parameter (<i>S</i><i>_E</i><i>[E</i><i>₂</i><i>]</i>). ExcPIC Proportional/integral regulator excitation system. This model can be used to represent excitation systems with a proportional-integral (PI) voltage regulator controller. ka PI controller gain (<i>K</i><i>_a</i>). Typical value = 3,15. ta1 PI controller time constant (<i>T</i><i>_a1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. vr1 PI maximum limit (<i>V</i><i>_r1</i>). Typical value = 1. vr2 PI minimum limit (<i>V</i><i>_r2</i>). Typical value = -0,87. ta2 Voltage regulator time constant (<i>T</i><i>_a2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,01. ta3 Lead time constant (<i>T</i><i>_a3</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ta4 Lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>_a4</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. vrmax Voltage regulator maximum limit (<i>V</i><i>_rmax</i>) (&gt; ExcPIC.vrmin). Typical value = 1. vrmin Voltage regulator minimum limit (<i>V</i><i>_rmin</i>) (&lt; ExcPIC.vrmax). Typical value = -0,87. kf Rate feedback gain (<i>K</i><i>_f</i>). Typical value = 0. tf1 Rate feedback time constant (<i>T</i><i>_f1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tf2 Rate feedback lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>_f2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. efdmax Exciter maximum limit (<i>E</i><i>_fdmax</i>) (&gt; ExcPIC.efdmin). Typical value = 8. efdmin Exciter minimum limit (<i>E</i><i>_fdmin</i>) (&lt; ExcPIC.efdmax). Typical value = -0,87. ke Exciter constant (<i>K</i><i>_e</i>). Typical value = 0. te Exciter time constant (<i>T</i><i>_e</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. e1 Field voltage value 1 (<i>E</i><i>₁</i>). Typical value = 0. se1 Saturation factor at <i>E</i><i>₁</i> (<i>Se</i><i>₁</i>). Typical value = 0. e2 Field voltage value 2 (<i>E</i><i>₂</i>). Typical value = 0. se2 Saturation factor at <i>E</i><i>₂</i> (<i>Se</i><i>₂</i>). Typical value = 0. kp Potential source gain (<i>K</i><i>_p</i>). Typical value = 6,5. ki Current source gain (<i>K</i><i>_i</i>). Typical value = 0. kc Exciter regulation factor (<i>K</i><i>_c</i>). Typical value = 0,08. ExcREXS General purpose rotating excitation system. This model can be used to represent a wide range of excitation systems whose DC power source is an AC or DC generator. It encompasses IEEE type AC1, AC2, DC1, and DC2 excitation system models. e1 Field voltage value 1 (<i>E</i><i>₁</i>). Typical value = 3. e2 Field voltage value 2 (<i>E</i><i>₂</i>). Typical value = 4. fbf Rate feedback signal flag (<i>fbf</i>). Typical value = fieldCurrent. flimf Limit type flag (<i>Flimf</i>). Typical value = 0. kc Rectifier regulation factor (<i>Kc</i>). Typical value = 0,05. kd Exciter regulation factor (<i>Kd</i>). Typical value = 2. ke Exciter field proportional constant (<i>Ke</i>). Typical value = 1. kefd Field voltage feedback gain (<i>Kefd</i>). Typical value = 0. kf Rate feedback gain (<i>Kf</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,05. kh Field voltage controller feedback gain (<i>Kh</i>). Typical value = 0. kii Field current regulator integral gain (<i>Kii</i>). Typical value = 0. kip Field current regulator proportional gain (<i>Kip</i>). Typical value = 1. ks Coefficient to allow different usage of the model-speed coefficient (<i>Ks</i>). Typical value = 0. kvi Voltage regulator integral gain (<i>Kvi</i>). Typical value = 0. kvp Voltage regulator proportional gain (<i>Kvp</i>). Typical value = 2800. kvphz V/Hz limiter gain (<i>Kvphz</i>). Typical value = 0. nvphz Pickup speed of V/Hz limiter (<i>Nvphz</i>). Typical value = 0. se1 Saturation factor at <i>E</i><i>₁</i><i> </i>(<i>Se</i><i>₁</i>). Typical value = 0,0001. se2 Saturation factor at <i>E</i><i>₂</i> (<i>Se</i><i>₂</i>). Typical value = 0,001. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt;= 0). If = 0, block is bypassed. Typical value = 0,01. tb1 Lag time constant (<i>Tb1</i>) (&gt;= 0). If = 0, block is bypassed. Typical value = 0. tb2 Lag time constant (<i>Tb2</i>) (&gt;= 0). If = 0, block is bypassed. Typical value = 0. tc1 Lead time constant (<i>Tc1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tc2 Lead time constant (<i>Tc2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. te Exciter field time constant (<i>Te</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1,2. tf Rate feedback time constant (<i>Tf</i>) (&gt;= 0). If = 0, the feedback path is not used. Typical value = 1. tf1 Feedback lead time constant (<i>Tf1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tf2 Feedback lag time constant (<i>Tf2</i>) (&gt;= 0). If = 0, block is bypassed. Typical value = 0. tp Field current bridge time constant (<i>Tp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. vcmax Maximum compounding voltage (<i>Vcmax</i>). Typical value = 0. vfmax Maximum exciter field current (<i>Vfmax</i>) (&gt; ExcREXS.vfmin). Typical value = 47. vfmin Minimum exciter field current (<i>Vfmin</i>) (&lt; ExcREXS.vfmax). Typical value = -20. vimax Voltage regulator input limit (<i>Vimax</i>). Typical value = 0,1. vrmax Maximum controller output (V<i>rmax</i>) (&gt; ExcREXS.vrmin). Typical value = 47. vrmin Minimum controller output (<i>Vrmin</i>) (&lt; ExcREXS.vrmax). Typical value = -20. xc Exciter compounding reactance (<i>Xc</i>). Typical value = 0. ExcRQB Excitation system type RQB (four-loop regulator, r?gulateur quatre boucles, developed in France) primarily used in nuclear or thermal generating units. This excitation system shall be always used together with power system stabilizer type PssRQB. ki0 Voltage reference input gain (<i>Ki0</i>). Typical value = 12,7. ki1 Voltage input gain (<i>Ki1</i>). Typical value = -16,8. te Lead lag time constant (<i>TE</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,22. tc Lead lag time constant (<i>TC</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,02. klir OEL input gain (<i>KLIR</i>). Typical value = 12,13. ucmin Minimum voltage reference limit (<i>UCMIN</i>) (&lt; ExcRQB.ucmax). Typical value = 0,9. ucmax Maximum voltage reference limit (<i>UCMAX</i>) (&gt; ExcRQB.ucmin). Typical value = 1,1. lus Setpoint (<i>LUS</i>). Typical value = 0,12. klus Limiter gain (<i>KLUS</i>). Typical value = 50. mesu Voltage input time constant (<i>MESU</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,02. t4m Input time constant (<i>T4M</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 5. lsat Integrator limiter (<i>LSAT</i>). Typical value = 5,73. tf Exciter time constant (<i>TF</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,01. ExcSCRX Simple excitation system with generic characteristics typical of many excitation systems; intended for use where negative field current could be a problem. tatb Gain reduction ratio of lag-lead element ([<i>Ta</i> / <i>Tb</i>]). The parameter <i>Ta</i> is not defined explicitly. Typical value = 0.1. tb Denominator time constant of lag-lead block (<i>Tb</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 10. k Gain (<i>K</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 200. te Time constant of gain block (<i>Te</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,02. emin Minimum field voltage output (<i>Emin</i>) (&lt; ExcSCRX.emax). Typical value = 0. emax Maximum field voltage output (<i>Emax</i>) (&gt; ExcSCRX.emin). Typical value = 5. cswitch Power source switch (<i>Cswitch</i>). true = fixed voltage of 1.0 PU false = generator terminal voltage. rcrfd Ratio of field discharge resistance to field winding resistance ([<i>rc / rfd]</i>). Typical value = 0. ExcSEXS Simplified excitation system. tatb Gain reduction ratio of lag-lead element (<i>[Ta / Tb]</i>). Typical value = 0,1. tb Denominator time constant of lag-lead block (<i>Tb</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 10. k Gain (<i>K</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 100. te Time constant of gain block (<i>Te</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,05. emin Minimum field voltage output (<i>Emin</i>) (&lt; ExcSEXS.emax). Typical value = -5. emax Maximum field voltage output (<i>Emax</i>) (&gt; ExcSEXS.emin). Typical value = 5. kc PI controller gain (<i>Kc</i>) (&gt; 0 if ExcSEXS.tc &gt; 0). Typical value = 0,08. tc PI controller phase lead time constant (<i>Tc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. efdmin Field voltage clipping minimum limit (<i>Efdmin</i>) (&lt; ExcSEXS.efdmax). Typical value = -5. efdmax Field voltage clipping maximum limit (<i>Efdmax</i>) (&gt; ExcSEXS.efdmin). Typical value = 5. ExcSK Slovakian excitation system. UEL and secondary voltage control are included in this model. When this model is used, there cannot be a separate underexcitation limiter or VAr controller model. efdmax Field voltage clipping upper level limit (<i>Efdmax</i>) (&gt; ExcSK.efdmin). efdmin Field voltage clipping lower level limit (<i>Efdmin</i>) (&lt; ExcSK.efdmax). emax Maximum field voltage output (<i>Emax</i>) (&gt; ExcSK.emin). Typical value = 20. emin Minimum field voltage output (<i>Emin</i>) (&lt; ExcSK.emax). Typical value = -20. k Gain (<i>K</i>). Typical value = 1. k1 Parameter of underexcitation limit (<i>K1</i>). Typical value = 0,1364. k2 Parameter of underexcitation limit (<i>K2</i>). Typical value = -0,3861. kc PI controller gain (<i>Kc</i>). Typical value = 70. kce Rectifier regulation factor (<i>Kce</i>). Typical value = 0. kd Exciter internal reactance (<i>Kd</i>). Typical value = 0. kgob P controller gain (<i>Kgob</i>). Typical value = 10. kp PI controller gain (<i>Kp</i>). Typical value = 1. kqi PI controller gain of integral component (<i>Kqi</i>). Typical value = 0. kqob Rate of rise of the reactive power (<i>Kqob</i>). kqp PI controller gain (<i>Kqp</i>). Typical value = 0. nq Deadband of reactive power (<i>nq</i>). Determines the range of sensitivity. Typical value = 0,001. qconoff Secondary voltage control state (<i>Qc_on_off</i>). true = secondary voltage control is on false = secondary voltage control is off. Typical value = false. qz Desired value (setpoint) of reactive power, manual setting (<i>Qz</i>). remote Selector to apply automatic calculation in secondary controller model (<i>remote</i>). true = automatic calculation is activated false = manual set is active; the use of desired value of reactive power (<i>Qz</i>) is required. Typical value = true. sbase Apparent power of the unit (<i>Sbase</i>) (&gt; 0). Unit = MVA. Typical value = 259. tc PI controller phase lead time constant (<i>Tc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 8. te Time constant of gain block (<i>Te</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. ti PI controller phase lead time constant (<i>Ti</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 2. tp Time constant (<i>Tp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. tr Voltage transducer time constant (<i>Tr</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,01. uimax Maximum error (<i>UImax</i>) (&gt; ExcSK.uimin). Typical value = 10. uimin Minimum error (<i>UImin</i>) (&lt; ExcSK.uimax). Typical value = -10. urmax Maximum controller output (<i>URmax</i>) (&gt; ExcSK.urmin). Typical value = 10. urmin Minimum controller output (<i>URmin</i>) (&lt; ExcSK.urmax). Typical value = -10. vtmax Maximum terminal voltage input (<i>Vtmax</i>) (&gt; ExcSK.vtmin). Determines the range of voltage deadband. Typical value = 1,05. vtmin Minimum terminal voltage input (<i>Vtmin</i>) (&lt; ExcSK.vtmax). Determines the range of voltage deadband. Typical value = 0,95. yp Maximum output (<i>Yp</i>). Typical value = 1. ExcST1A Modification of an old IEEE ST1A static excitation system without overexcitation limiter (OEL) and underexcitation limiter (UEL). vimax Maximum voltage regulator input limit (<i>Vimax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 999. vimin Minimum voltage regulator input limit (<i>Vimin</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -999. tc Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. tb Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tb</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 10. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>Ka</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 190. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,02. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator outputs (<i>Vrmax</i>) (&gt; 0) . Typical value = 7,8. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator outputs (<i>Vrmin</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -6,7. kc Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating reactance (<i>Kc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,05. kf Excitation control system stabilizer gains (<i>Kf</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tf Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>Tf</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. tc1 Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tc1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tb1 Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tb1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. vamax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>Vamax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 999. vamin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>Vamin</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -999. ilr Exciter output current limit reference (<i>Ilr</i>). Typical value = 0. klr Exciter output current limiter gain (<i>Klr</i>). Typical value = 0. xe Excitation xfmr effective reactance (<i>Xe</i>). Typical value = 0,04. ExcST2A Modified IEEE ST2A static excitation system with another lead-lag block added to match the model defined by WECC. ka Voltage regulator gain (<i>Ka</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 120. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,15. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator outputs (<i>Vrmax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator outputs (<i>Vrmin</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -1. ke Exciter constant related to self-excited field (<i>Ke</i>). Typical value = 1. te Exciter time constant, integration rate associated with exciter control (<i>Te</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,5. kf Excitation control system stabilizer gains (<i>kf</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,05. tf Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>Tf</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,7. kp Potential circuit gain coefficient (<i>K</i><i>_p</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 4,88. ki Potential circuit gain coefficient (<i>K</i><i>_i</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 8. kc Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating reactance (<i>Kc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1,82. efdmax Maximum field voltage (<i>Efdmax</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 99. uelin UEL input (<i>UELin</i>). true = HV gate false = add to error signal. Typical value = false. tb Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tb</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tc Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ExcST3A Modified IEEE ST3A static excitation system with added speed multiplier. vimax Maximum voltage regulator input limit (<i>Vimax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,2. vimin Minimum voltage regulator input limit (<i>Vimin</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -0,2. kj AVR gain (<i>Kj</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 200. tb Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tb</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 6,67. tc Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Tc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. efdmax Maximum AVR output (<i>Efdmax</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 6,9. km Forward gain constant of the inner loop field regulator (<i>Km</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 7,04. tm Forward time constant of inner loop field regulator (<i>Tm</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmin</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -1. kg Feedback gain constant of the inner loop field regulator (<i>Kg</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. kp Potential source gain (<i>K</i><i>_p</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 4,37. thetap Potential circuit phase angle (<i>theta</i><i>_p</i>). Typical value = 20. ki Potential circuit gain coefficient (<i>K</i><i>_i</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 4,83. kc Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating reactance (<i>Kc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1,1. xl Reactance associated with potential source (<i>Xl</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,09. vbmax Maximum excitation voltage (<i>Vbmax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 8,63. vgmax Maximum inner loop feedback voltage (<i>Vgmax</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 6,53. ks Coefficient to allow different usage of the model-speed coefficient (<i>Ks</i>). Typical value = 0. ks1 Coefficient to allow different usage of the model-speed coefficient (<i>Ks1</i>). Typical value = 0. ExcST4B Modified IEEE ST4B static excitation system with maximum inner loop feedback gain <i>Vgmax</i>. kpr Voltage regulator proportional gain (<i>Kpr</i>). Typical value = 10,75. kir Voltage regulator integral gain (<i>Kir</i>). Typical value = 10,75. ta Voltage regulator time constant (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,02. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmin</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -0,87. kpm Voltage regulator proportional gain output (<i>Kpm</i>). Typical value = 1. kim Voltage regulator integral gain output (<i>Kim</i>). Typical value = 0. vmmax Maximum inner loop output (<i>Vmmax</i>) (&gt; ExcST4B.vmmin). Typical value = 99. vmmin Minimum inner loop output (<i>Vmmin</i>) (&lt; ExcST4B.vmmax). Typical value = -99. kg Feedback gain constant of the inner loop field regulator (<i>Kg</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. kp Potential circuit gain coefficient (<i>Kp</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 9,3. thetap Potential circuit phase angle (<i>theta</i><i>_p</i>). Typical value = 0. ki Potential circuit gain coefficient (<i>Ki</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. kc Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating reactance (<i>Kc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,113. xl Reactance associated with potential source (<i>Xl</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,124. vbmax Maximum excitation voltage (<i>Vbmax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 11,63. vgmax Maximum inner loop feedback voltage (<i>Vgmax</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 5,8. uel Selector (<i>UEL</i>). true = <i>UEL</i> is part of block diagram false = <i>UEL</i> is not part of block diagram. Typical value = false. lvgate Selector (<i>LVGate</i>). true = <i>LVGate</i> is part of the block diagram false = <i>LVGate</i> is not part of the block diagram. Typical value = false. ExcST6B Modified IEEE ST6B static excitation system with PID controller and optional inner feedback loop. ilr Exciter output current limit reference (<i>Ilr</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 4,164. k1 Selector (<i>K1</i>). true = feedback is from <i>Ifd</i> false = feedback is not from <i>Ifd</i>. Typical value = true. kcl Exciter output current limit adjustment (<i>Kcl</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1,0577. kff Pre-control gain constant of the inner loop field regulator (<i>Kff</i>). Typical value = 1. kg Feedback gain constant of the inner loop field regulator (<i>Kg</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. kia Voltage regulator integral gain (<i>Kia</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 45,094. klr Exciter output current limit adjustment (<i>Kcl</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 17,33. km Forward gain constant of the inner loop field regulator (<i>Km</i>). Typical value = 1. kpa Voltage regulator proportional gain (<i>Kpa</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 18,038. kvd Voltage regulator derivative gain (<i>Kvd</i>). Typical value = 0. oelin OEL input selector (<i>OELin</i>). Typical value = noOELinput (corresponds to <i>OELin</i> = 0 on diagram). tg Feedback time constant of inner loop field voltage regulator (<i>Tg</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,02. ts Rectifier firing time constant (<i>Ts</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tvd Voltage regulator derivative gain (<i>Tvd</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. vamax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>Vamax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 4,81. vamin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>Vamin</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -3,85. vilim Selector (<i>Vilim</i>). true = <i>Vimin</i>-<i>Vimax</i> limiter is active false = <i>Vimin</i>-<i>Vimax</i> limiter is not active. Typical value = true. vimax Maximum voltage regulator input limit (<i>Vimax</i>) (&gt; ExcST6B.vimin). Typical value = 10. vimin Minimum voltage regulator input limit (<i>Vimin</i>) (&lt; ExcST6B.vimax). Typical value = -10. vmult Selector (<i>vmult</i>). true = multiply regulator output by terminal voltage false = do not multiply regulator output by terminal voltage. Typical value = true. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 4,81. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmin</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -3,85. xc Excitation source reactance (<i>Xc</i>). Typical value = 0,05. ExcST7B Modified IEEE ST7B static excitation system without stator current limiter (SCL) and current compensator (DROOP) inputs. kh High-value gate feedback gain (<i>Kh</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. kia Voltage regulator integral gain (<i>Kia</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. kl Low-value gate feedback gain (<i>Kl</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. kpa Voltage regulator proportional gain (<i>Kpa</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 40. oelin OEL input selector (<i>OELin</i>). Typical value = noOELinput. tb Regulator lag time constant (<i>Tb</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. tc Regulator lead time constant (<i>Tc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. tf Excitation control system stabilizer time constant (<i>Tf</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. tg Feedback time constant of inner loop field voltage regulator (<i>Tg</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. tia Feedback time constant (<i>Tia</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 3. ts Rectifier firing time constant (<i>Ts</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. uelin UEL input selector (<i>UELin</i>). Typical value = noUELinput. vmax Maximum voltage reference signal (<i>Vmax</i>) (&gt; 0 and &gt; ExcST7B.vmin)). Typical value = 1,1. vmin Minimum voltage reference signal (<i>Vmin</i>) (&gt; 0 and &lt; ExcST7B.vmax). Typical value = 0,9. vrmax Maximum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmax</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 5. vrmin Minimum voltage regulator output (<i>Vrmin</i>) (&lt; 0). Typical value = -4,5. OverexcitationLimiterDynamics Overexcitation limiters (OELs) are also referred to as <i>maximum excitation limiters </i>and <i>field current limiters. </i>The possibility of voltage collapse in stressed power systems increases the importance of modelling these limiters in studies of system conditions that cause machines to operate at high levels of excitation for a sustained period, such as voltage collapse or system-islanding. Such events typically occur over a long time frame compared with transient or small-signal stability simulations. OverexcitationLimiterDynamics Overexcitation limiter function block whose behaviour is described by reference to a standard model <font color="#0f0f0f">or by definition of a user-defined model.</font> OverexcLimIEEE The over excitation limiter model is intended to represent the significant features of OELs necessary for some large-scale system studies. It is the result of a pragmatic approach to obtain a model that can be widely applied with attainable data from generator owners. An attempt to include all variations in the functionality of OELs and duplicate how they interact with the rest of the excitation systems would likely result in a level of application insufficient for the studies for which they are intended. Reference: IEEE OEL 421.5-2005, 9. itfpu OEL timed field current limiter pickup level (<i>I</i><i>_TFPU</i>). Typical value = 1,05. ifdmax OEL instantaneous field current limit (<i>I</i><i>_FDMAX</i>). Typical value = 1,5. ifdlim OEL timed field current limit (<i>I</i><i>_FDLIM</i>). Typical value = 1,05. hyst OEL pickup/drop-out hysteresis (<i>HYST</i>). Typical value = 0,03. kcd OEL cooldown gain (<i>K</i><i>_CD</i>). Typical value = 1. kramp OEL ramped limit rate (<i>K</i><i>_RAMP</i>). Unit = PU / s. Typical value = 10. OverexcLim2 Different from LimIEEEOEL, LimOEL2 has a fixed pickup threshold and reduces the excitation set-point by means of a non-windup integral regulator. <i>Irated</i> is the rated machine excitation current (calculated from nameplate conditions: <i>V</i><i>_nom</i>, <i>P</i><i>_nom</i>, <i>CosPhi</i><i>_nom</i>). koi Gain Over excitation limiter (<i>K</i><i>_OI</i>). Typical value = 0,1. voimax Maximum error signal (<i>V</i><i>_OIMAX</i>) (&gt; OverexcLim2.voimin). Typical value = 0. voimin Minimum error signal (<i>V</i><i>_OIMIN</i>) (&lt; OverexcLim2.voimax). Typical value = -9999. ifdlim Limit value of rated field current (<i>I</i><i>_FDLIM</i>). Typical value = 1,05. OverexcLimX1 Field voltage over excitation limiter. efdrated Rated field voltage (<i>EFD</i><i>_RATED</i>). Typical value = 1,05. efd1 Low voltage point on the inverse time characteristic (<i>EFD</i><i>₁</i>). Typical value = 1,1. t1 Time to trip the exciter at the low voltage point on the inverse time characteristic (<i>TIME</i><i>₁</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 120. efd2 Mid voltage point on the inverse time characteristic (<i>EFD</i><i>₂</i>). Typical value = 1,2. t2 Time to trip the exciter at the mid voltage point on the inverse time characteristic (<i>TIME</i><i>₂</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 40. efd3 High voltage point on the inverse time characteristic (<i>EFD</i><i>₃</i>). Typical value = 1,5. t3 Time to trip the exciter at the high voltage point on the inverse time characteristic (<i>TIME</i><i>₃</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 15. efddes Desired field voltage (<i>EFD</i><i>_DES</i>). Typical value = 0,9. kmx Gain (<i>K</i><i>_MX</i>). Typical value = 0,01. vlow Low voltage limit (<i>V</i><i>_LOW</i>) (&gt; 0). OverexcLimX2 Field voltage or current overexcitation limiter designed to protect the generator field of an AC machine with automatic excitation control from overheating due to prolonged overexcitation. m (<i>m</i>). true = IFD limiting false = EFD limiting. efdrated Rated field voltage if m = false or rated field current if m = true (<i>EFD</i><i>_RATED</i>). Typical value = 1,05. efd1 Low voltage or current point on the inverse time characteristic (<i>EFD</i><i>₁</i>). Typical value = 1,1. t1 Time to trip the exciter at the low voltage or current point on the inverse time characteristic (<i>TIME</i><i>₁</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 120. efd2 Mid voltage or current point on the inverse time characteristic (<i>EFD</i><i>₂</i>). Typical value = 1,2. t2 Time to trip the exciter at the mid voltage or current point on the inverse time characteristic (<i>TIME</i><i>₂</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 40. efd3 High voltage or current point on the inverse time characteristic (<i>EFD</i><i>₃</i>). Typical value = 1,5. t3 Time to trip the exciter at the high voltage or current point on the inverse time characteristic (<i>TIME</i><i>₃</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 15. efddes Desired field voltage if <i>m</i> = false or desired field current if <i>m </i>= true (<i>EFD</i><i>_DES</i>). Typical value = 1. kmx Gain (<i>K</i><i>_MX</i>). Typical value = 0,002. vlow Low voltage limit (<i>V</i><i>_LOW</i>) (&gt; 0). UnderexcitationLimiterDynamics Underexcitation limiters (UELs) act to boost excitation. The UEL typically senses either a combination of voltage and current of the synchronous machine or a combination of real and reactive power. Some UELs utilize a temperature or pressure recalibration feature, in which the UEL characteristic is shifted depending upon the generator cooling gas temperature or pressure. UnderexcitationLimiterDynamics Underexcitation limiter function block whose behaviour is described by reference to a standard model <font color="#0f0f0f">or by definition of a user-defined model.</font> UnderexcLimIEEE1 Type UEL1 model which has a circular limit boundary when plotted in terms of machine reactive power vs. real power output. Reference: IEEE UEL1 421.5-2005, 10.1. kur UEL radius setting (<i>K</i><i>_UR</i>). Typical value = 1,95. kuc UEL centre setting (<i>K</i><i>_UC</i>). Typical value = 1,38. kuf UEL excitation system stabilizer gain (<i>K</i><i>_UF</i>). Typical value = 3,3. vurmax UEL maximum limit for radius phasor magnitude (<i>V</i><i>_URMAX</i>). Typical value = 5,8. vucmax UEL maximum limit for operating point phasor magnitude (<i>V</i><i>_UCMAX</i>). Typical value = 5,8. kui UEL integral gain (<i>K</i><i>_UI</i>). Typical value = 0. kul UEL proportional gain (<i>K</i><i>_UL</i>). Typical value = 100. vuimax UEL integrator output maximum limit (<i>V</i><i>_UIMAX</i>) (&gt; UnderexcLimIEEE1.vuimin). vuimin UEL integrator output minimum limit (<i>V</i><i>_UIMIN</i>) (&lt; UnderexcLimIEEE1.vuimax). tu1 UEL lead time constant (<i>T</i><i>_U1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tu2 UEL lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>_U2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,05. tu3 UEL lead time constant (<i>T</i><i>_U3</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tu4 UEL lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>_U4</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. vulmax UEL output maximum limit (<i>V</i><i>_ULMAX</i>) (&gt; UnderexcLimIEEE1.vulmin). Typical value = 18. vulmin UEL output minimum limit (<i>V</i><i>_ULMIN</i>) (&lt; UnderexcLimIEEE1.vulmax). Typical value = -18. UnderexcLimIEEE2 Type UEL2 underexcitation limiter which has either a straight-line or multi-segment characteristic when plotted in terms of machine reactive power output vs. real power output. Reference: IEEE UEL2 421.5-2005, 10.2 (limit characteristic lookup table shown in Figure 10.4 (p 32)). tuv Voltage filter time constant (<i>T</i><i>_UV</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 5. tup Real power filter time constant (<i>T</i><i>_UP</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 5. tuq Reactive power filter time constant (<i>T</i><i>_UQ</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. kui UEL integral gain (<i>K</i><i>_UI</i>). Typical value = 0,5. kul UEL proportional gain (<i>K</i><i>_UL</i>). Typical value = 0,8. vuimax UEL integrator output maximum limit (<i>V</i><i>_UIMAX</i>) (&gt; UnderexcLimIEEE2.vuimin). Typical value = 0,25. vuimin UEL integrator output minimum limit (<i>V</i><i>_UIMIN</i>) (&lt; UnderexcLimIEEE2.vuimax). Typical value = 0. kuf UEL excitation system stabilizer gain (<i>K</i><i>_UF</i>). Typical value = 0. kfb Gain associated with optional integrator feedback input signal to UEL (<i>K</i><i>_FB</i>). Typical value = 0. tul Time constant associated with optional integrator feedback input signal to UEL (<i>T</i><i>_UL</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tu1 UEL lead time constant (<i>T</i><i>_U1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tu2 UEL lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>_U2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tu3 UEL lead time constant (<i>T</i><i>_U3</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tu4 UEL lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>_U4</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. vulmax UEL output maximum limit (<i>V</i><i>_ULMAX</i>) (&gt; UnderexcLimIEEE2.vulmin). Typical value = 0,25. vulmin UEL output minimum limit (<i>V</i><i>_ULMIN</i>) (&lt; UnderexcLimIEEE2.vulmax). Typical value = 0. p0 Real power values for endpoints (<i>P</i><i>₀</i>). Typical value = 0. q0 Reactive power values for endpoints (<i>Q</i><i>₀</i>). Typical value = -0,31. p1 Real power values for endpoints (<i>P</i><i>₁</i>). Typical value = 0,3. q1 Reactive power values for endpoints (<i>Q</i><i>₁</i>). Typical value = -0,31. p2 Real power values for endpoints (<i>P</i><i>₂</i>). Typical value = 0,6. q2 Reactive power values for endpoints (<i>Q</i><i>₂</i>). Typical value = -0,28. p3 Real power values for endpoints (<i>P</i><i>₃</i>). Typical value = 0,9. q3 Reactive power values for endpoints (<i>Q</i><i>₃</i>). Typical value = -0,21. p4 Real power values for endpoints (<i>P</i><i>₄</i>). Typical value = 1,02. q4 Reactive power values for endpoints (<i>Q</i><i>₄</i>). Typical value = 0. p5 Real power values for endpoints (<i>P</i><i>₅</i>). q5 Reactive power values for endpoints (<i>Q</i><i>₅</i>). p6 Real power values for endpoints (<i>P</i><i>₆</i>). q6 Reactive power values for endpoints (<i>Q</i><i>₆</i>). p7 Real power values for endpoints (<i>P</i><i>₇</i>). q7 Reactive power values for endpoints (<i>Q</i><i>₇</i>). p8 Real power values for endpoints (<i>P</i><i>₈</i>). q8 Reactive power values for endpoints (<i>Q</i><i>₈</i>). p9 Real power values for endpoints (<i>P</i><i>₉</i>). q9 Reactive power values for endpoints (<i>Q</i><i>₉</i>). p10 Real power values for endpoints (<i>P</i><i>₁₀</i>). q10 Reactive power values for endpoints (<i>Q</i><i>₁₀</i>). k1 UEL terminal voltage exponent applied to real power input to UEL limit look-up table (<i>k1</i>). Typical value = 2. k2 UEL terminal voltage exponent applied to reactive power output from UEL limit look-up table (<i>k2</i>). Typical value = 2. UnderexcLim2Simplified Simplified type UEL2 underexcitation limiter. This model can be derived from UnderexcLimIEEE2. The limit characteristic (look –up table) is a single straight-line, the same as UnderexcLimIEEE2 (see Figure 10.4 (p 32), IEEE 421.5-2005 Section 10.2). q0 Segment Q initial point (<i>Q</i><i>₀</i>). Typical value = -0,31. q1 Segment Q end point (<i>Q</i><i>₁</i>). Typical value = -0,1. p0 Segment P initial point (<i>P</i><i>₀</i>). Typical value = 0. p1 Segment P end point (<i>P</i><i>₁</i>). Typical value = 1. kui Gain Under excitation limiter (<i>K</i><i>_UI</i>). Typical value = 0,1. vuimin Minimum error signal (<i>V</i><i>_UIMIN</i>) (&lt; UnderexcLim2Simplified.vuimax). Typical value = 0. vuimax Maximum error signal (<i>V</i><i>_UIMAX</i>) (&gt; UnderexcLim2Simplified.vuimin). Typical value = 1. UnderexcLimX1 <font color="#0f0f0f">Allis-Chalmers minimum excitation limiter.</font> kf2 Differential gain (<i>K</i><i>_F2</i>). tf2 Differential time constant (<i>T</i><i>_F2</i>) (&gt;= 0). km Minimum excitation limit gain (<i>K</i><i>_M</i>). tm Minimum excitation limit time constant (<i>T</i><i>_M</i>) (&gt;= 0). melmax Minimum excitation limit value (<i>MELMAX</i>). k Minimum excitation limit slope (<i>K</i>) (&gt; 0). UnderexcLimX2 <font color="#0f0f0f">Westinghouse minimum excitation limiter.</font> kf2 Differential gain (<i>K</i><i>_F2</i>). tf2 Differential time constant (<i>T</i><i>_F2</i>) (&gt;= 0). km Minimum excitation limit gain (<i>K</i><i>_M</i>). tm Minimum excitation limit time constant (<i>T</i><i>_M</i>) (&gt;= 0). melmax Minimum excitation limit value (<i>MELMAX</i>). qo Excitation centre setting (<i>Q</i><i>_O</i>). r Excitation radius (<i>R</i>). PowerSystemStabilizerDynamics The power system stabilizer (PSS) model provides an input (<i>Vs</i>) to the excitation system model to improve damping of system oscillations. A variety of input signals can be used depending on the particular design. PowerSystemStabilizerDynamics Power system stabilizer function block whose behaviour is described by reference to a standard model <font color="#0f0f0f">or by definition of a user-defined model.</font> PssIEEE1A IEEE 421.5-2005 type PSS1A power system stabilizer model. PSS1A is the generalized form of a PSS with a single input signal. Reference: IEEE 1A 421.5-2005, 8.1. inputSignalType Type of input signal (rotorAngularFrequencyDeviation, generatorElectricalPower, or busFrequencyDeviation). Typical value = rotorAngularFrequencyDeviation. a1 PSS signal conditioning frequency filter constant (<i>A1</i>). Typical value = 0,061. a2 PSS signal conditioning frequency filter constant (<i>A2</i>). Typical value = 0,0017. t1 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,3. t2 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,03. t3 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T3</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,3. t4 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T4</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,03. t5 Washout time constant (<i>T5</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 10. t6 Transducer time constant (<i>T6</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,01. ks Stabilizer gain (<i>Ks</i>). Typical value = 5. vrmax Maximum stabilizer output (<i>Vrmax</i>) (&gt; PssIEEE1A.vrmin). Typical value = 0,05. vrmin Minimum stabilizer output (<i>Vrmin</i>) (&lt; PssIEEE1A.vrmax). Typical value = -0,05. PssIEEE2B IEEE 421.5-2005 type PSS2B power system stabilizer model. This stabilizer model is designed to represent a variety of dual-input stabilizers, which normally use combinations of power and speed or frequency to derive the stabilizing signal. Reference: IEEE 2B 421.5-2005, 8.2. inputSignal1Type Type of input signal #1 (rotorAngularFrequencyDeviation, busFrequencyDeviation). Typical value = rotorAngularFrequencyDeviation. inputSignal2Type Type of input signal #2 (generatorElectricalPower). Typical value = generatorElectricalPower. vsi1max Input signal #1 maximum limit (<i>Vsi1max</i>) (&gt; PssIEEE2B.vsi1min). Typical value = 2. vsi1min Input signal #1 minimum limit (<i>Vsi1min</i>) (&lt; PssIEEE2B.vsi1max). Typical value = -2. tw1 First washout on signal #1 (<i>Tw1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 2. tw2 Second washout on signal #1 (<i>Tw2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 2. vsi2max Input signal #2 maximum limit (<i>Vsi2max</i>) (&gt; PssIEEE2B.vsi2min). Typical value = 2. vsi2min Input signal #2 minimum limit (<i>Vsi2min</i>) (&lt; PssIEEE2B.vsi2max). Typical value = -2. tw3 First washout on signal #2 (<i>Tw3</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 2. tw4 Second washout on signal #2 (<i>Tw4</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. t1 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,12. t2 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,02. t3 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T3</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,3. t4 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T4</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,02. t6 Time constant on signal #1 (<i>T6</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. t7 Time constant on signal #2 (<i>T7</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 2. t8 Lead of ramp tracking filter (<i>T8</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,2. t9 Lag of ramp tracking filter (<i>T9</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. t10 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T10</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. t11 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T11</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ks1 Stabilizer gain (<i>Ks1</i>). Typical value = 12. ks2 Gain on signal #2 (<i>Ks2</i>). Typical value = 0,2. ks3 Gain on signal #2 input before ramp-tracking filter (<i>Ks3</i>). Typical value = 1. n Order of ramp tracking filter (<i>N</i>). Typical value = 1. m Denominator order of ramp tracking filter (<i>M</i>). Typical value = 5. vstmax Stabilizer output maximum limit (<i>Vstmax</i>) (&gt; PssIEEE2B.vstmin). Typical value = 0,1. vstmin Stabilizer output minimum limit (<i>Vstmin</i>) (&lt; PssIEEE2B.vstmax). Typical value = -0,1. PssIEEE3B IEEE 421.5-2005 type PSS3B power system stabilizer model. The PSS model PSS3B has dual inputs of electrical power and rotor angular frequency deviation. The signals are used to derive an equivalent mechanical power signal. This model has 2 input signals. They have the following fixed types (expressed in terms of InputSignalKind values): the first one is of rotorAngleFrequencyDeviation type and the second one is of generatorElectricalPower type. Reference: IEEE 3B 421.5-2005, 8.3. t1 Transducer time constant (<i>T1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,012. t2 Transducer time constant (<i>T2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,012. tw1 Washout time constant (<i>Tw1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,3. tw2 Washout time constant (<i>Tw2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,3. tw3 Washout time constant (<i>Tw3</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,6. ks1 Gain on signal # 1 (<i>Ks1</i>). Typical value = -0,602. ks2 Gain on signal # 2 (<i>Ks2</i>). Typical value = 30,12. a1 Notch filter parameter (<i>A1</i>). Typical value = 0,359. a2 Notch filter parameter (<i>A2</i>). Typical value = 0,586. a3 Notch filter parameter (<i>A3</i>). Typical value = 0,429. a4 Notch filter parameter (<i>A4</i>). Typical value = 0,564. a5 Notch filter parameter (<i>A5</i>). Typical value = 0,001. a6 Notch filter parameter (<i>A6</i>). Typical value = 0. a7 Notch filter parameter (<i>A7</i>). Typical value = 0,031. a8 Notch filter parameter (<i>A8</i>). Typical value = 0. vstmax Stabilizer output maximum limit (<i>Vstmax</i>) (&gt; PssIEEE3B.vstmin). Typical value = 0,1. vstmin Stabilizer output minimum limit (<i>Vstmin</i>) (&lt; PssIEEE3B.vstmax). Typical value = -0,1. PssIEEE4B IEEE 421.5-2005 type PSS4B power system stabilizer. The PSS4B model represents a structure based on multiple working frequency bands. Three separate bands, respectively dedicated to the low-, intermediate- and high-frequency modes of oscillations, are used in this delta omega (speed input) PSS. There is an error in the in IEEE 421.5-2005 PSS4B model: the <i>Pe</i> input should read –<i>Pe</i>. This implies that the input <i>Pe</i> needs to be multiplied by -1. Reference: IEEE 4B 421.5-2005, 8.4. Parameter details: This model has 2 input signals. They have the following fixed types (expressed in terms of InputSignalKind values): the first one is of rotorAngleFrequencyDeviation type and the second one is of generatorElectricalPower type. bwh1 Notch filter 1 (high-frequency band): three dB bandwidth (<i>B</i><i>_wi</i>). bwh2 Notch filter 2 (high-frequency band): three dB bandwidth (<i>B</i><i>_wi</i>). bwl1 Notch filter 1 (low-frequency band): three dB bandwidth (<i>B</i><i>_wi</i>). bwl2 Notch filter 2 (low-frequency band): three dB bandwidth (<i>B</i><i>_wi</i>). kh High band gain (<i>K</i><i>_H</i>). Typical value = 120. kh1 High band differential filter gain (<i>K</i><i>_H1</i>). Typical value = 66. kh11 High band first lead-lag blocks coefficient (<i>K</i><i>_H11</i>). Typical value = 1. kh17 High band first lead-lag blocks coefficient (<i>K</i><i>_H17</i>). Typical value = 1. kh2 High band differential filter gain (<i>K</i><i>_H2</i>). Typical value = 66. ki Intermediate band gain (<i>K</i><i>_I</i>). Typical value = 30. ki1 Intermediate band differential filter gain (<i>K</i><i>_I1</i>). Typical value = 66. ki11 Intermediate band first lead-lag blocks coefficient (<i>K</i><i>_I11</i>). Typical value = 1. ki17 Intermediate band first lead-lag blocks coefficient (<i>K</i><i>_I17</i>). Typical value = 1. ki2 Intermediate band differential filter gain (<i>K</i><i>_I2</i>). Typical value = 66. kl Low band gain (<i>K</i><i>_L</i>). Typical value = 7.5. kl1 Low band differential filter gain (<i>K</i><i>_L1</i>). Typical value = 66. kl11 Low band first lead-lag blocks coefficient (<i>K</i><i>_L11</i>). Typical value = 1. kl17 Low band first lead-lag blocks coefficient (<i>K</i><i>_L17</i>). Typical value = 1. kl2 Low band differential filter gain (<i>K</i><i>_L2</i>). Typical value = 66. omeganh1 Notch filter 1 (high-frequency band): filter frequency (<i>omega</i><i>_ni</i>). omeganh2 Notch filter 2 (high-frequency band): filter frequency (<i>omega</i><i>_ni</i>). omeganl1 Notch filter 1 (low-frequency band): filter frequency (<i>omega</i><i>_ni</i>). omeganl2 Notch filter 2 (low-frequency band): filter frequency (<i>omega</i><i>_ni</i>). th1 High band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_H1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,01513. th10 High band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_H10</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. th11 High band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_H11</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. th12 High band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_H12</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. th2 High band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_H2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,01816. th3 High band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_H3</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. th4 High band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_H4</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. th5 High band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_H5</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. th6 High band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_H6</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. th7 High band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_H7</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,01816. th8 High band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_H8</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,02179. th9 High band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_H9</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ti1 Intermediate band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_I1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,173. ti10 Intermediate band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_I10</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ti11 Intermediate band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_I11</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ti12 Intermediate band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_I12</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ti2 Intermediate band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_I2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,2075. ti3 Intermediate band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_I3</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ti4 Intermediate band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_I4</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ti5 Intermediate band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_I5</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ti6 Intermediate band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_I6</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ti7 Intermediate band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_I7</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,2075. ti8 Intermediate band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_I8</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,2491. ti9 Intermediate band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_I9</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tl1 Low band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_L1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1,73. tl10 Low band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_L10</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tl11 Low band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_L11</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tl12 Low band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_L12</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tl2 Low band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_L2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 2,075. tl3 Low band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_L3</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tl4 Low band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_L4</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tl5 Low band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_L5</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tl6 Low band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_L6</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tl7 Low band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_L7</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 2,075. tl8 Low band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_L8</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 2,491. tl9 Low band time constant (<i>T</i><i>_L9</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. vhmax High band output maximum limit (<i>V</i><i>_Hmax</i>) (&gt; PssIEEE4B.vhmin). Typical value = 0,6. vhmin High band output minimum limit (<i>V</i><i>_Hmin</i>) (&lt; PssIEEE4V.vhmax). Typical value = -0,6. vimax Intermediate band output maximum limit (<i>V</i><i>_Imax</i>) (&gt; PssIEEE4B.vimin). Typical value = 0,6. vimin Intermediate band output minimum limit (<i>V</i><i>_Imin</i>) (&lt; PssIEEE4B.vimax). Typical value = -0,6. vlmax Low band output maximum limit (<i>V</i><i>_Lmax</i>) (&gt; PssIEEE4B.vlmin). Typical value = 0,075. vlmin Low band output minimum limit (<i>V</i><i>_Lmin</i>) (&lt; PssIEEE4B.vlmax). Typical value = -0,075. vstmax PSS output maximum limit (<i>V</i><i>_STmax</i>) (&gt; PssIEEE4B.vstmin). Typical value = 0,15. vstmin PSS output minimum limit (<i>V</i><i>_STmin</i>) (&lt; PssIEEE4B.vstmax). Typical value = -0,15. Pss1 Italian PSS with three inputs (speed, frequency, power). komega Shaft speed power input gain (<i>K</i><i>_omega</i>). Typical value = 0. kf Frequency power input gain (<i>K</i><i>_F</i>). Typical value = 5. kpe Electric power input gain (<i>K</i><i>_PE</i>). Typical value = 0,3. pmin Minimum power PSS enabling (<i>Pmin</i>). Typical value = 0,25. ks PSS gain (<i>Ks</i>). Typical value = 1. vsmn Stabilizer output maximum limit (<i>V</i><i>_SMN</i>). Typical value = -0,06. vsmx Stabilizer output minimum limit (<i>V</i><i>_SMX</i>). Typical value = 0,06. tpe Electric power filter time constant (<i>T</i><i>_PE</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,05. t5 Washout (<i>T</i><i>₅</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 3,5. t6 Filter time constant (<i>T</i><i>₆</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. t7 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>₇</i>) (&gt;= 0). If = 0, both blocks are bypassed. Typical value = 0. t8 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>₈</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. t9 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>₉</i>) (&gt;= 0). If = 0, both blocks are bypassed. Typical value = 0. t10 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>₁₀</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. vadat <font color="#0f0f0f">Signal selector (<i>V</i><i>_ADAT</i>).</font> <font color="#0f0f0f">true = closed (generator power is greater than <i>Pmin</i>)</font> <font color="#0f0f0f">false = open (<i>Pe</i> is smaller than <i>Pmin</i>).</font> <font color="#0f0f0f">Typical value = true.</font> Pss1A Single input power system stabilizer. It is a modified version in order to allow representation of various vendors' implementations on PSS type 1A. inputSignalType Type of input signal (rotorAngularFrequencyDeviation, busFrequencyDeviation, generatorElectricalPower, generatorAcceleratingPower, busVoltage, or busVoltageDerivative). a1 Notch filter parameter (<i>A</i><i>₁</i>). a2 Notch filter parameter (<i>A</i><i>₂</i>). t1 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>₁</i>) (&gt;= 0). t2 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>₂</i>) (&gt;= 0). t3 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>₃</i>) (&gt;= 0). t4 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>₄</i>) (&gt;= 0). t5 Washout time constant (<i>T</i><i>₅</i>) (&gt;= 0). t6 Transducer time constant (<i>T</i><i>₆</i>) (&gt;= 0). ks Stabilizer gain (<i>K</i><i>_s</i>). vrmax Maximum stabilizer output (<i>Vrmax</i>) (&gt; Pss1A.vrmin). vrmin Minimum stabilizer output (<i>Vrmin</i>) (&lt; Pss1A.vrmax). vcu Stabilizer input cutoff threshold (<i>Vcu</i>). vcl Stabilizer input cutoff threshold (<i>Vcl</i>). a3 Notch filter parameter (<i>A</i><i>₃</i>). a4 Notch filter parameter (<i>A</i><i>₄</i>). a5 Notch filter parameter (<i>A</i><i>₅</i>). a6 Notch filter parameter (<i>A</i><i>₆</i>). a7 Notch filter parameter (<i>A</i><i>₇</i>). a8 Notch filter parameter (<i>A</i><i>₈</i>). kd Selector (<i>Kd</i>). true = e^-sTdelay used false = e^-sTdelay not used. tdelay Time constant (<i>Tdelay</i>) (&gt;= 0). Pss2B Modified IEEE PSS2B. Extra lead/lag (or rate) block added at end (up to 4 lead/lags total). vsi1max Input signal #1 maximum limit (<i>Vsi1max</i>) (&gt; Pss2B.vsi1min). Typical value = 2. vsi1min Input signal #1 minimum limit (<i>Vsi1min</i>) (&lt; Pss2B.vsi1max). Typical value = -2. tw1 First washout on signal #1 (<i>T</i><i>_w1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 2. tw2 Second washout on signal #1 (<i>T</i><i>_w2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 2. vsi2max Input signal #2 maximum limit (<i>Vsi2max</i>) (&gt; Pss2B.vsi2min). Typical value = 2. vsi2min Input signal #2 minimum limit (<i>Vsi2min</i>) (&lt; Pss2B.vsi2max). Typical value = -2. tw3 First washout on signal #2 (<i>T</i><i>_w3</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 2. tw4 Second washout on signal #2 (<i>T</i><i>_w4</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. t1 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>₁</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,12. t2 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>₂</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,02. t3 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>₃</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,3. t4 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>₄</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,02. t6 Time constant on signal #1 (<i>T</i><i>₆</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. t7 Time constant on signal #2 (<i>T</i><i>₇</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 2. t8 Lead of ramp tracking filter (<i>T</i><i>₈</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,2. t9 Lag of ramp tracking filter (<i>T</i><i>₉</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. t10 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>₁₀</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. t11 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>₁₁</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ks1 Stabilizer gain (<i>Ks1</i>). Typical value = 12. ks2 Gain on signal #2 (<i>Ks2</i>). Typical value = 0,2. ks3 Gain on signal #2 input before ramp-tracking filter (<i>Ks3</i>). Typical value = 1. ks4 Gain on signal #2 input after ramp-tracking filter (<i>Ks4</i>). Typical value = 1. n Order of ramp tracking filter (<i>n</i>). Typical value = 1. m Denominator order of ramp tracking filter (<i>m</i>). Typical value = 5. vstmax Stabilizer output maximum limit (<i>Vstmax</i>) (&gt; Pss2B.vstmin). Typical value = 0,1. vstmin Stabilizer output minimum limit (<i>Vstmin</i>) (&lt; Pss2B.vstmax). Typical value = -0,1. a Numerator constant (<i>a</i>). Typical value = 1. ta Lead constant (<i>T</i><i>_a</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tb Lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>_b</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. Pss2ST PTI microprocessor-based stabilizer type 1. inputSignal1Type Type of input signal #1 (rotorAngularFrequencyDeviation, busFrequencyDeviation, generatorElectricalPower, generatorAcceleratingPower, busVoltage, or busVoltageDerivative - shall be different than Pss2ST.inputSignal2Type). Typical value = rotorAngularFrequencyDeviation. inputSignal2Type Type of input signal #2 (rotorAngularFrequencyDeviation, busFrequencyDeviation, generatorElectricalPower, generatorAcceleratingPower, busVoltage, or busVoltageDerivative - shall be different than Pss2ST.inputSignal1Type). Typical value = busVoltageDerivative. k1 Gain (<i>K</i><i>₁</i>). k2 Gain (<i>K</i><i>₂</i>). t1 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>₁</i>) (&gt;= 0). t2 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>₂</i>) (&gt;= 0). t3 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>₃</i>) (&gt;= 0). t4 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>₄</i>) (&gt;= 0). t5 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>₅</i>) (&gt;= 0). t6 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>₆</i>) (&gt;= 0). t7 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>₇</i>) (&gt;= 0). t8 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>₈</i>) (&gt;= 0). t9 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>₉</i>) (&gt;= 0). t10 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>₁₀</i>) (&gt;= 0). lsmax Limiter (<i>L</i><i>_SMAX</i>) (&gt; Pss2ST.lsmin). lsmin Limiter (<i>L</i><i>_SMIN</i>) (&lt; Pss2ST.lsmax). vcu Cutoff limiter (<i>V</i><i>_CU</i>). vcl Cutoff limiter (<i>V</i><i>_CL</i>). Pss5 Detailed Italian PSS. kpe Electric power input gain (<i>K</i><i>_PE</i>). Typical value = 0,3. kf Frequency/shaft speed input gain (<i>K</i><i>_F</i>). Typical value = 5. isfreq Selector for frequency/shaft speed input (<i>isFreq</i>). true = speed (same meaning as InputSignaKind.rotorSpeed) false = frequency (same meaning as InputSignalKind.busFrequency). Typical value = true (same meaning as InputSignalKind.rotorSpeed). kpss PSS gain (<i>K</i><i>_PSS</i>). Typical value = 1. ctw2 Selector for second washout enabling (<i>C</i><i>_TW2</i>). true = second washout filter is bypassed false = second washout filter in use. Typical value = true. tw1 First washout (<i>T</i><i>_W1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 3,5. tw2 Second washout (<i>T</i><i>_W2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tl1 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>_L1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tl2 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>_L2</i>) (&gt;= 0). If = 0, both blocks are bypassed. Typical value = 0. tl3 Lead/lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>_L3</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. tl4 Lead/lag time constant (T_L4) (&gt;= 0). If = 0, both blocks are bypassed. Typical value = 0. vsmn Stabilizer output maximum limit (<i>V</i><i>_SMN</i>). Typical value = -0,1. vsmx Stabilizer output minimum limit (<i>V</i><i>_SMX</i>). Typical value = 0,1. tpe Electric power filter time constant (<i>T</i><i>_PE</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,05. pmin Minimum power PSS enabling (<i>Pmin</i>). Typical value = 0,25. deadband Stabilizer output deadband (<i>DEADBAND</i>). Typical value = 0. vadat <font color="#0f0f0f">Signal selector (<i>V</i><i>_adAtt</i>).</font> <font color="#0f0f0f">true = closed (generator power is greater than <i>Pmin</i>)</font> <font color="#0f0f0f">false = open (<i>Pe</i> is smaller than <i>Pmin</i>).</font> <font color="#0f0f0f">Typical value = true.</font> PssELIN2 Power system stabilizer typically associated with ExcELIN2 (though PssIEEE2B or Pss2B can also be used). ts1 Time constant (<i>Ts1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ts2 Time constant (<i>Ts2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. ts3 Time constant (<i>Ts3</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. ts4 Time constant (<i>Ts4</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. ts5 Time constant (<i>Ts5</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. ts6 Time constant (<i>Ts6</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. ks1 Gain (<i>Ks1</i>). Typical value = 1. ks2 Gain (<i>Ks2</i>). Typical value = 0,1. ppss Coefficient (<i>p_PSS</i>) (&gt;= 0 and &lt;= 4). Typical value = 0,1. apss Coefficient (<i>a_PSS</i>). Typical value = 0,1. psslim PSS limiter (<i>psslim</i>). Typical value = 0,1. PssPTIST1 PTI microprocessor-based stabilizer type 1. m (<i>M</i>). <i>M </i>= 2 x <i>H</i>. Typical value = 5. tf Time constant (<i>Tf</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,2. tp Time constant (<i>Tp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,2. t1 Time constant (<i>T1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,3. t2 Time constant (<i>T2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. t3 Time constant (<i>T3</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,2. t4 Time constant (<i>T4</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,05. k Gain (<i>K</i>). Typical value = 9. dtf Time step frequency calculation (<i>deltatf</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,025. dtc Time step related to activation of controls (<i>deltatc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,025. dtp Time step active power calculation (<i>deltatp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,0125. PssPTIST3 PTI microprocessor-based stabilizer type 3. m (<i>M</i>). <i>M</i> = 2 x <i>H</i>. Typical value = 5. tf Time constant (<i>Tf</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,2. tp Time constant (<i>Tp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,2. t1 Time constant (<i>T1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,3. t2 Time constant (<i>T2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. t3 Time constant (<i>T3</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,2. t4 Time constant (<i>T4</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,05. k Gain (<i>K</i>). Typical value = 9. dtf Time step frequency calculation (<i>deltatf</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,025 (0,03 for 50 Hz). dtc Time step related to activation of controls (<i>deltatc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,025 (0,03 for 50 Hz). dtp Time step active power calculation (<i>deltatp</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,0125 (0,015 for 50 Hz). t5 Time constant (<i>T5</i>) (&gt;= 0). t6 Time constant (<i>T6</i>) (&gt;= 0). a0 Filter coefficient (<i>A0</i>). a1 Limiter (<i>Al</i>). a2 Filter coefficient (<i>A2</i>). b0 Filter coefficient (<i>B0</i>). b1 Filter coefficient (<i>B1</i>). b2 Filter coefficient (<i>B2</i>). a3 Filter coefficient (<i>A3</i>). a4 Filter coefficient (<i>A4</i>). a5 Filter coefficient (<i>A5</i>). b3 Filter coefficient (<i>B3</i>). b4 Filter coefficient (<i>B4</i>). b5 Filter coefficient (<i>B5</i>). athres Threshold value above which output averaging will be bypassed (<i>Athres</i>). Typical value = 0,005. dl Limiter (<i>Dl</i>). al Limiter (<i>Al</i>). lthres Threshold value (<i>Lthres</i>). pmin (<i>Pmin</i>). isw Digital/analogue output switch (<i>Isw</i>). true = produce analogue output false = convert to digital output, using tap selection table. nav Number of control outputs to average (<i>NAV</i>) (1 &lt;= <i>NAV</i> &lt;= 16). Typical value = 4. ncl Number of counts at limit to active limit function (<i>NCL</i>) (&gt; 0). ncr Number of counts until reset after limit function is triggered (<i>NCR</i>). PssRQB Power system stabilizer type RQB. This power system stabilizer is intended to be used together with excitation system type ExcRQB, which is primarily used in nuclear or thermal generating units. ki2 Speed input gain (<i>Ki2</i>). Typical value = 3,43. ki3 Electrical power input gain (<i>Ki3</i>). Typical value = -11,45. ki4 Mechanical power input gain (<i>Ki4</i>). Typical value = 11,86. t4m Input time constant (<i>T4M</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 5. tomd Speed delay (<i>TOMD</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,02. tomsl Speed time constant (<i>TOMSL</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,04. t4mom Speed time constant (<i>T4MOM</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1,27. sibv Speed deadband (<i>SIBV</i>). Typical value = 0,006. kdpm Lead lag gain (<i>KDPM</i>). Typical value = 0,185. t4f Lead lag time constant (<i>T4F</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,045. PssSB4 Power sensitive stabilizer model. tt Time constant (<i>Tt</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,18. kx Gain (<i>Kx</i>). Typical value = 2,7. tx2 Time constant (<i>Tx2</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 5,0. ta Time constant (<i>Ta</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,37. tx1 Reset time constant (<i>Tx1</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,035. tb Time constant (<i>Tb</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,37. tc Time constant (<i>Tc</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,035. td Time constant (<i>Td</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,0. te Time constant (<i>Te</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,0169. vsmax Limiter (<i>Vsmax</i>) (&gt; PssSB4.vsmin). Typical value = 0,062. vsmin Limiter (<i>Vsmin</i>) (&lt; PssSB4.vsmax). Typical value = -0,062. PssSH Siemens^TM “H infinity” power system stabilizer with generator electrical power input. [Footnote: Siemens "H infinity" power system stabilizers are an example of suitable products available commercially. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of these products.] k Main gain (<i>K</i>). Typical value = 1. k0 Gain 0 (<i>K0</i>). Typical value = 0,012. k1 Gain 1 (<i>K1</i>). Typical value = 0,488. k2 Gain 2 (<i>K2</i>). Typical value = 0,064. k3 Gain 3 (<i>K3</i>). Typical value = 0,224. k4 Gain 4 (<i>K4</i>). Typical value = 0,1. td Input time constant (<i>T</i><i>_d</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 10. t1 Time constant 1 (<i>T1</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,076. t2 Time constant 2 (<i>T2</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 0,086. t3 Time constant 3 (<i>T3</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1,068. t4 Time constant 4 (<i>T4</i>) (&gt; 0). Typical value = 1,913. vsmax Output maximum limit (<i>Vsmax</i>) (&gt; PssSH.vsmin). Typical value = 0,1. vsmin Output minimum limit (<i>Vsmin</i>) (&lt; PssSH.vsmax). Typical value = -0,1. PssSK Slovakian PSS with three inputs. k1 Gain <i>P</i> (<i>K</i><i>₁</i>). Typical value = -0,3. k2 Gain <i>f</i><i>_E</i><i> </i>(<i>K</i><i>₂</i>). Typical value = -0,15. k3 Gain <i>I</i><i>_f</i><i> </i>(<i>K</i><i>₃</i>). Typical value = 10. t1 Denominator time constant (<i>T</i><i>₁</i>) (&gt; 0,005). Typical value = 0,3. t2 Filter time constant (<i>T</i><i>₂</i>) (&gt; 0,005). Typical value = 0,35. t3 Denominator time constant (<i>T</i><i>₃</i>) (&gt; 0,005). Typical value = 0,22. t4 Filter time constant (<i>T</i><i>₄</i>) (&gt; 0,005). Typical value = 0,02. t5 Denominator time constant (<i>T</i><i>₅</i>) (&gt; 0,005). Typical value = 0,02. t6 Filter time constant (<i>T</i><i>₆</i>) (&gt; 0,005). Typical value = 0,02. vsmax Stabilizer output maximum limit (<i>V</i><i>_SMAX</i>) (&gt; PssSK.vsmin). Typical value = 0,4. vsmin Stabilizer output minimum limit (<i>V</i><i>_SMIN</i>) (&lt; PssSK.vsmax). Typical value = -0.4. PssSTAB2A Power system stabilizer part of an ABB excitation system. [Footnote: ABB excitation systems are an example of suitable products available commercially. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of these products.] k2 Gain (<i>K2</i>). Typical value = 1,0. k3 Gain (<i>K3</i>). Typical value = 0,25. k4 Gain (<i>K4</i>). Typical value = 0,075. k5 Gain (<i>K5</i>). Typical value = 2,5. t2 Time constant (<i>T2</i>). Typical value = 4,0. t3 Time constant (<i>T3</i>). Typical value = 2,0. t5 Time constant (<i>T5</i>). Typical value = 4,5. hlim Stabilizer output limiter (<i>H</i><i>_LIM</i>). Typical value = 0,5. PssWECC Dual input power system stabilizer, based on IEEE type 2, with modified output limiter defined by WECC (Western Electricity Coordinating Council, USA). inputSignal1Type Type of input signal #1 (rotorAngularFrequencyDeviation, busFrequencyDeviation, generatorElectricalPower, generatorAcceleratingPower, busVoltage, or busVoltageDerivative - shall be different than PssWECC.inputSignal2Type). Typical value = rotorAngularFrequencyDeviation. inputSignal2Type Type of input signal #2 (rotorAngularFrequencyDeviation, busFrequencyDeviation, generatorElectricalPower, generatorAcceleratingPower, busVoltage, busVoltageDerivative - shall be different than PssWECC.inputSignal1Type). Typical value = busVoltageDerivative. k1 Input signal 1 gain (<i>K</i><i>₁</i>). Typical value = 1,13. t1 Input signal 1 transducer time constant (<i>T</i><i>₁</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,037. k2 Input signal 2 gain (<i>K</i><i>₂</i>). Typical value = 0,0. t2 Input signal 2 transducer time constant (<i>T</i><i>₂</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,0. t3 Stabilizer washout time constant (<i>T</i><i>₃</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 9,5. t4 Stabilizer washout time lag constant (<i>T</i><i>₄</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 9,5. t5 Lead time constant (<i>T</i><i>₅</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1,7. t6 Lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>₆</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1,5. t7 Lead time constant (<i>T</i><i>₇</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1,7. t8 Lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>₈</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1,5. t10 Lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>₁₀</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. t9 Lead time constant (<i>T</i><i>₉</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0. vsmax Maximum output signal (<i>Vsmax</i>) (&gt; PssWECC.vsmin). Typical value = 0,05. vsmin Minimum output signal (<i>Vsmin</i>) (&lt; PssWECC.vsmax). Typical value = -0,05. vcu Maximum value for voltage compensator output (<i>V</i><i>_CU</i>). Typical value = 0. vcl Minimum value for voltage compensator output (<i>V</i><i>_CL</i>). Typical value = 0. DiscontinuousExcitationControlDynamics In certain system configurations, continuous excitation control with terminal voltage and power system stabilizing regulator input signals does not ensure that the potential of the excitation system for improving system stability is fully exploited. For these situations, discontinuous excitation control signals can be employed to enhance stability following large transient disturbances. <font color="#0f0f0f">For additional information please refer to IEEE 421.5-2005, 12.</font> DiscontinuousExcitationControlDynamics Discontinuous excitation control function block whose behaviour is described by reference to a standard model <font color="#0f0f0f">or by definition of a user-defined model</font>. DiscExcContIEEEDEC1A IEEE type DEC1A discontinuous excitation control model that boosts generator excitation to a level higher than that demanded by the voltage regulator and stabilizer immediately following a system fault. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 12.2. vtlmt Voltage reference (<i>V</i><i>_TLMT</i>). Typical value = 1,1. vomax Limiter (<i>V</i><i>_OMAX</i>) (&gt; DiscExcContIEEEDEC1A.vomin). Typical value = 0,3. vomin Limiter (<i>V</i><i>_OMIN</i>) (&lt; DiscExcContIEEEDEC1A.vomax). Typical value = 0,1. ketl Terminal voltage limiter gain (<i>K</i><i>_ETL</i>). Typical value = 47. vtc Terminal voltage level reference (<i>V</i><i>_TC</i>). Typical value = 0,95. val Regulator voltage reference (<i>V</i><i>_AL</i>). Typical value = 5,5. esc Speed change reference (<i>E</i><i>_SC</i>). Typical value = 0,0015. kan Discontinuous controller gain (<i>K</i><i>_AN</i>). Typical value = 400. tan Discontinuous controller time constant (<i>T</i><i>_AN</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,08. tw5 DEC washout time constant (<i>T</i><i>_W</i>₅) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 5. vsmax Limiter (<i>V</i><i>_SMAX</i>)(&gt; DiscExcContIEEEDEC1A.vsmin). Typical value = 0,2. vsmin Limiter (<i>V</i><i>_SMIN</i>) (&lt; DiscExcContIEEEDEC1A.vsmax). Typical value = -0,066. td Time constant (<i>T</i><i>_D</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,03. tl1 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>_L</i>₁) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,025. tl2 Time constant (<i>T</i><i>_L</i>₂) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1,25. vtm Voltage limits (<i>V</i><i>_TM</i>). Typical value = 1,13. vtn Voltage limits (<i>V</i><i>_TN</i>). Typical value = 1,12. vanmax Limiter for Van (<i>V</i><i>_ANMAX</i>). DiscExcContIEEEDEC2A IEEE type DEC2A model for discontinuous excitation control. This system provides transient excitation boosting via an open-loop control as initiated by a trigger signal generated remotely. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005 12.3. vk Discontinuous controller input reference (<i>V</i><i>_K</i>). td1 Discontinuous controller time constant (<i>T</i><i>_D1</i>) (&gt;= 0). td2 Discontinuous controller washout time constant (<i>T</i><i>_D2</i>) (&gt;= 0). vdmin Limiter (<i>V</i><i>_DMIN</i>) (&lt; DiscExcContIEEEDEC2A.vdmax). vdmax Limiter (<i>V</i><i>_DMAX</i>) (&gt; DiscExcContIEEEDEC2A.vdmin). DiscExcContIEEEDEC3A IEEE type DEC3A model. In some systems, the stabilizer output is disconnected from the regulator immediately following a severe fault to prevent the stabilizer from competing with action of voltage regulator during the first swing. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005 12.4. vtmin Terminal undervoltage comparison level (<i>V</i><i>_TMIN</i>). tdr Reset time delay (<i>T</i><i>_DR</i>) (&gt;= 0). PFVArControllerType1Dynamics <font color="#0f0f0f">Excitation systems for synchronous machines are sometimes supplied with an optional means of automatically adjusting generator output reactive power (VAr) or power factor (PF) to a user-specified value. This can be accomplished with either a reactive power or power factor controller or regulator. A reactive power or power factor controller is defined as a PF/VAr controller in IEEE 421.1 as “a control function that acts through the reference adjuster to modify the voltage regulator set point to maintain the synchronous machine steady-state power factor or reactive power at a predetermined value.” </font> <font color="#0f0f0f">For additional information please refer to IEEE 421.5-2005, 11.</font> PFVArControllerType1Dynamics Power factor or VAr controller type 1 function block whose behaviour is described by reference to a standard model <font color="#0f0f0f">or by definition of a user-defined model.</font> PFVArControllerType1Dynamics Power factor or VAr controller type 1 model with which this voltage adjuster is associated. Yes VoltageAdjusterDynamics Voltage adjuster model associated with this power factor or VAr controller type 1 model. No PFVArType1IEEEPFController IEEE PF controller type 1 which operates by moving the voltage reference directly. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 11.2. ovex Overexcitation Flag (<i>OVEX</i>) true = overexcited false = underexcited. tpfc PF controller time delay (<i>T</i><i>_PFC</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 5. vitmin Minimum machine terminal current needed to enable pf/var controller (<i>V</i><i>_ITMIN</i>). vpf Synchronous machine power factor (<i>V</i><i>_PF</i>). vpfcbw PF controller deadband (<i>V</i><i>_{PFC_BW}</i>). Typical value = 0,05. vpfref PF controller reference (<i>V</i><i>_PFREF</i>). vvtmax Maximum machine terminal voltage needed for pf/var controller to be enabled (<i>V</i><i>_VTMAX</i>) (&gt; PFVArType1IEEEPFController.vvtmin). vvtmin Minimum machine terminal voltage needed to enable pf/var controller (<i>V</i><i>_VTMIN</i>) (&lt; PFVArType1IEEEPFController.vvtmax). PFVArType1IEEEVArController IEEE VAR controller type 1 which operates by moving the voltage reference directly. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 11.3. tvarc Var controller time delay (<i>T</i><i>_VARC</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 5. vvar Synchronous machine power factor (<i>V</i><i>_VAR</i>). vvarcbw Var controller deadband (<i>V</i><i>_{VARC_BW}</i>). Typical value = 0,02. vvarref Var controller reference (<i>V</i><i>_VARREF</i>). vvtmax Maximum machine terminal voltage needed for pf/VAr controller to be enabled (<i>V</i><i>_VTMAX</i>) (&gt; PVFArType1IEEEVArController.vvtmin). vvtmin Minimum machine terminal voltage needed to enable pf/var controller (<i>V</i><i>_VTMIN</i>) (&lt; PVFArType1IEEEVArController.vvtmax). VoltageAdjusterDynamics <font color="#0f0f0f">A voltage adjuster is a reference adjuster that uses inputs from a reactive power or power factor controller to modify the voltage regulator set point to maintain the synchronous machine steady-state power factor or reactive power at a predetermined value. </font> <font color="#0f0f0f">For additional information please refer to IEEE 421.5-2005, 11.</font> VoltageAdjusterDynamics Voltage adjuster function block whose behaviour is described by reference to a standard model <font color="#0f0f0f">or by definition of a user-defined model.</font> VAdjIEEE IEEE voltage adjuster which is used to represent the voltage adjuster in either a power factor or VAr control system. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 11.1. vadjf Set high to provide a continuous raise or lower (<i>V</i><i>_ADJF</i>). adjslew Rate at which output of adjuster changes (<i>ADJ_SLEW</i>). Unit = s / PU. Typical value = 300. vadjmax Maximum output of the adjuster (<i>V</i><i>_ADJMAX</i>) (&gt; VAdjIEEE.vadjmin). Typical value = 1,1. vadjmin Minimum output of the adjuster (<i>V</i><i>_ADJMIN</i>) (&lt; VAdjIEEE.vadjmax). Typical value = 0,9. taon Time that adjuster pulses are on (<i>T</i><i>_AON</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. taoff Time that adjuster pulses are off (<i>T</i><i>_AOFF</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,5. PFVArControllerType2Dynamics <font color="#0f0f0f">A var/pf regulator is defined as “a synchronous machine regulator that functions to maintain the power factor or reactive component of power at a predetermined value.” </font> <font color="#0f0f0f">For additional information please refer to IEEE 421.5-2005, 11.</font> <font color="#0f0f0f"> </font> PFVArControllerType2Dynamics Power factor or VAr controller type 2 function block whose behaviour is described by reference to a standard model <font color="#0f0f0f">or by definition of a user-defined model.</font> PFVArType2IEEEPFController IEEE PF controller type 2 which is a summing point type controller making up the outside loop of a two-loop system. This controller is implemented as a slow PI type controller. The voltage regulator forms the inner loop and is implemented as a fast controller. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 11.4. pfref Power factor reference (<i>P</i><i>_FREF</i>). vref Voltage regulator reference (<i>V</i><i>_REF</i>). vclmt Maximum output of the pf controller (<i>V</i><i>_CLMT</i>). Typical value = 0,1. kp Proportional gain of the pf controller (<i>K</i><i>_P</i>). Typical value = 1. ki Integral gain of the pf controller (<i>K</i><i>_I</i>). Typical value = 1. vs Generator sensing voltage (<i>V</i><i>_S</i>). exlon Overexcitation or under excitation flag (<i>EXLON</i>) true = 1 (not in the overexcitation or underexcitation state, integral action is active) false = 0 (in the overexcitation or underexcitation state, so integral action is disabled to allow the limiter to play its role). PFVArType2IEEEVArController IEEE VAR controller type 2 which is a summing point type controller. It makes up the outside loop of a two-loop system. This controller is implemented as a slow PI type controller, and the voltage regulator forms the inner loop and is implemented as a fast controller. Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 11.5. qref Reactive power reference (<i>Q</i><i>_REF</i>). vref Voltage regulator reference (<i>V</i><i>_REF</i>). vclmt Maximum output of the pf controller (<i>V</i><i>_CLMT</i>). kp Proportional gain of the pf controller (<i>K</i><i>_P</i>). ki Integral gain of the pf controller (<i>K</i><i>_I</i>). vs Generator sensing voltage (<i>V</i><i>_S</i>). exlon Overexcitation or under excitation flag (<i>EXLON</i>) true = 1 (not in the overexcitation or underexcitation state, integral action is active) false = 0 (in the overexcitation or underexcitation state, so integral action is disabled to allow the limiter to play its role). PFVArType2Common1 Power factor / reactive power regulator. This model represents the power factor or reactive power controller such as the Basler SCP-250. The controller measures power factor or reactive power (PU on generator rated power) and compares it with the operator's set point. [Footnote: Basler SCP-250 is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of this product.] j Selector (<i>J</i>). true = control mode for reactive power false = control mode for power factor. kp Proportional gain (<i>Kp</i>). ki Reset gain (<i>Ki</i>). max Output limit (<i>max</i>). ref Reference value of reactive power or power factor (<i>Ref</i>). The reference value is initialised by this model. This initialisation can override the value exchanged by this attribute to represent a plant operator's change of the reference setting. VoltageCompensatorDynamics <font color="#0f0f0f">Synchronous machine terminal voltage transducer and current compensator models</font> adjust the terminal voltage feedback to the excitation system by adding a quantity that is proportional to the terminal current of the generator. It is linked to a specific generator (synchronous machine). <font color="#0f0f0f">Several types of compensation are available on most excitation systems. Synchronous machine active and reactive current compensation are the most common. Either reactive droop compensation and/or line-drop compensation can be used, simulating an impedance drop and effectively regulating at some point other than the terminals of the machine. The impedance or range of adjustment and type of compensation should be specified for different types. </font> <font color="#0f0f0f">Care shall be taken to ensure that a consistent PU system is utilized for the compensator parameters and the synchronous machine current base.</font> <font color="#0f0f0f">For further information see IEEE 421.5-2005, 4.</font> <font color="#0f0f0f"> </font> VoltageCompensatorDynamics Voltage compensator function block whose behaviour is described by reference to a standard model <font color="#0f0f0f">or by definition of a user-defined model.</font> VCompIEEEType1 <font color="#0f0f0f">Terminal voltage transducer and load compensator as defined in IEEE 421.5-2005, 4. This model is common to all excitation system models described in the IEEE Standard. </font> <font color="#0f0f0f">Parameter details:</font> <ol> <li><font color="#0f0f0f">If <i>Rc</i> and <i>Xc</i> are set to zero, the l</font>oad compensation is not employed and the behaviour is as a simple sensing circuit.</li> </ol> <ol> <li>If all parameters (<i>Rc</i>, <i>Xc</i> and <i>Tr</i>) are set to zero, the standard model VCompIEEEType1 is bypassed.</li> </ol> Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005 4. rc <font color="#0f0f0f">Resistive component of compensation of a generator (<i>Rc</i>) (&gt;= 0).</font> xc <font color="#0f0f0f">Reactive component of compensation of a generator (<i>Xc</i>) (&gt;= 0).</font> tr <font color="#0f0f0f">Time constant which is used for the combined voltage sensing and compensation signal (<i>Tr</i>) (&gt;= 0).</font> VCompIEEEType2 <font color="#0f0f0f">Terminal voltage transducer and load compensator as defined in IEEE 421.5-2005, 4. This model is designed to cover the following types of compensation: </font> <ul> <li><font color="#0f0f0f">reactive droop;</font></li> <li><font color="#0f0f0f">transformer-drop or line-drop compensation;</font></li> <li><font color="#0f0f0f">reactive differential compensation known also as cross-current compensation.</font></li> </ul> <font color="#0f0f0f">Reference: IEEE 421.5-2005, 4.</font> tr <font color="#0f0f0f">Time constant which is used for the combined voltage sensing and compensation signal (<i>Tr</i>) (&gt;= 0).</font> VcompIEEEType2 The standard IEEE type 2 voltage compensator of this compensation. Yes GenICompensationForGenJ Compensation of this voltage compensator's generator for current flow out of another generator. No GenICompensationForGenJ Resistive and reactive components of compensation for generator associated with IEEE type 2 voltage compensator for current flow out of another generator in the interconnection. rcij <font color="#0f0f0f">Resistive component of compensation of generator associated with this IEEE type 2 voltage compensator for current flow out of another generator (<i>Rcij</i>).</font> xcij <font color="#0f0f0f">Reactive component of compensation of generator associated with this IEEE type 2 voltage compensator for current flow out of another generator (<i>Xcij</i>).</font> WindDynamics Wind turbines are generally divided into four types, which are currently significant in power systems. The four types have the following characteristics: - type 1: wind turbine with directly grid connected asynchronous generator with fixed rotor resistance (typically squirrel cage); - type 2: wind turbine with directly grid connected asynchronous generator with variable rotor resistance; - type 3: wind turbines with doubly-fed asynchronous generators (directly connected stator and rotor connected through power converter); - type 4: wind turbines connected to the grid through a full size power converter. Models included in this package are according to IEC 61400-27-1:2015. WindAeroConstIEC Constant aerodynamic torque model which assumes that the aerodynamic torque is constant. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.1.1. WindAeroConstIEC Wind aerodynamic model associated with this wind turbine type 1A model. Yes WindGenTurbineType1aIEC Wind turbine type 1A model with which this wind aerodynamic model is associated. No WindAeroOneDimIEC One-dimensional aerodynamic model. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.1.2. ka Aerodynamic gain (<i>k</i><i>_a</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. thetaomega Initial pitch angle (<i>theta</i><i>_omega0</i>). It is a case-dependent parameter. WindAeroOneDimIEC Wind aerodynamic model associated with this wind generator type 3 model. Yes WindTurbineType3IEC Wind turbine type 3 model with which this wind aerodynamic model is associated. No WindAeroTwoDimIEC Two-dimensional aerodynamic model. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.1.3. dpomega Partial derivative of aerodynamic power with respect to changes in WTR speed (<i>dp</i><i>_omega</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. dptheta Partial derivative of aerodynamic power with respect to changes in pitch angle (<i>dp</i><i>_theta</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. dpv1 Partial derivative (<i>dp</i><i>_v1</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. omegazero Rotor speed if the wind turbine is not derated (<i>omega</i><i>₀</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. pavail Available aerodynamic power (<i>p</i><i>_avail</i><i>)</i>. It is a case-dependent parameter. thetazero Pitch angle if the wind turbine is not derated (<i>theta</i><i>₀</i>). It is a case-dependent parameter. thetav2 Blade angle at twice rated wind speed (<i>theta</i><i>_v2</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. WindAeroTwoDimIEC Wind aerodynamic model associated with this wind turbine type 3 model. Yes WindTurbineType3IEC Wind turbine type 3 model with which this wind aerodynamic model is associated. No WindContCurrLimIEC Current limitation model. The current limitation model combines the physical limits and the control limits. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.5.8. imax Maximum continuous current at the wind turbine terminals (<i>i</i><i>_max</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. imaxdip Maximum current during voltage dip at the wind turbine terminals (<i>i</i><i>_maxdip</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. kpqu Partial derivative of reactive current limit (<i>K</i><i>_pqu</i>) versus voltage. It is a type-dependent parameter. mdfslim Limitation of type 3 stator current (<i>M</i><i>_DFSLim</i>). <i>M</i><i>_DFSLim</i>= 1 for wind turbines type 4. It is a type-dependent parameter. false= total current limitation (0 in the IEC model) true=stator current limitation (1 in the IEC model). mqpri Prioritisation of Q control during UVRT (<i>M</i><i>_qpri</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. true = reactive power priority (1 in the IEC model) false = active power priority (0 in the IEC model). tufiltcl Voltage measurement filter time constant (<i>T</i><i>_ufiltcl</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. upqumax Wind turbine voltage in the operation point where zero reactive current can be delivered (<i>u</i><i>_pqumax</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. WindTurbineType3or4IEC Wind turbine type 3 or type 4 model with which this wind control current limitation model is associated. No WindContCurrLimIEC Wind control current limitation model associated with this wind turbine type 3 or type 4 model. Yes WindDynamicsLookupTable The wind dynamics lookup table associated with this current control limitation model. No WindContCurrLimIEC The current control limitation model with which this wind dynamics lookup table is associated. Yes WindContPitchAngleIEC Pitch angle control model. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.5.2. dthetamax Maximum pitch positive ramp rate (<i>dtheta</i><i>_max</i>) (&gt; WindContPitchAngleIEC.dthetamin). It is a type-dependent parameter. Unit = degrees / s. dthetamin Maximum pitch negative ramp rate (<i>dtheta</i><i>_min</i><i>)</i> (&lt; WindContPitchAngleIEC.dthetamax). It is a type-dependent parameter. Unit = degrees / s. kic Power PI controller integration gain (<i>K</i><i>_Ic</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. kiomega Speed PI controller integration gain (<i>K</i><i>_Iomega</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. kpc Power PI controller proportional gain (<i>K</i><i>_Pc</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. kpomega Speed PI controller proportional gain (<i>K</i><i>_Pomega</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. kpx Pitch cross coupling gain (<i>K</i><i>_PX</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. thetamax Maximum pitch angle (<i>theta</i><i>_max</i>) (&gt; WindContPitchAngleIEC.thetamin). It is a type-dependent parameter. thetamin Minimum pitch angle (<i>theta</i><i>_min</i>) (&lt; WindContPitchAngleIEC.thetamax). It is a type-dependent parameter. ttheta Pitch time constant (<i>ttheta</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. WindContPitchAngleIEC Wind control pitch angle model associated with this wind turbine type 3. Yes WindTurbineType3IEC Wind turbine type 3 model with which this pitch control model is associated. No WindContPType3IEC P control model type 3. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.5.4. dpmax Maximum wind turbine power ramp rate (<i>dp</i><i>_max</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. dprefmax Maximum ramp rate of wind turbine reference power (<i>dp</i><i>_refmax</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. dprefmin Minimum ramp rate of wind turbine reference power (<i>dp</i><i>_refmin</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. dthetamax Ramp limitation of torque, required in some grid codes (<i>dt</i><i>_max</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. dthetamaxuvrt Limitation of torque rise rate during UVRT (<i>dtheta</i><i>_maxUVRT</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. kdtd Gain for active drive train damping (<i>K</i><i>_DTD</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. kip PI controller integration parameter (<i>K</i>_Ip). It is a type-dependent parameter. kpp PI controller proportional gain (<i>K</i>_Pp). It is a type-dependent parameter. mpuvrt Enable UVRT power control mode (<i>M</i><i>_pUVRT</i>₎. It is a project-dependent parameter. true = voltage control (1 in the IEC model) false = reactive power control (0 in the IEC model). omegaoffset Offset to reference value that limits controller action during rotor speed changes (<i>omega</i><i>_offset</i>). It is a case-dependent parameter. pdtdmax Maximum active drive train damping power (<i>p</i>_DTDmax). It is a type-dependent parameter. tdvs Timedelay after deep voltage sags (<i>T</i><i>_DVS</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a project-dependent parameter. thetaemin Minimum electrical generator torque (<i>t</i>_emin). It is a type-dependent parameter. thetauscale Voltage scaling factor of reset-torque (<i>t</i>_uscale). It is a project-dependent parameter. tomegafiltp3 Filter time constant for generator speed measurement (<i>T</i>_omegafiltp3) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. tpfiltp3 Filter time constant for power measurement (<i>T</i>_pfiltp3) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. tpord Time constant in power order lag (<i>T</i>_pord). It is a type-dependent parameter. tufiltp3 Filter time constant for voltage measurement (<i>T</i>_ufiltp3) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. tomegaref Time constant in speed reference filter (<i>T</i>_omega,ref) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. udvs Voltage limit for hold UVRT status after deep voltage sags (<i>u</i><i>_DVS</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. updip Voltage dip threshold for P-control (<i>u</i>_Pdip). Part of turbine control, often different (e.g 0.8) from converter thresholds. It is a project-dependent parameter. omegadtd Active drive train damping frequency (<i>omega</i><i>_DTD</i>). It can be calculated from two mass model parameters. It is a type-dependent parameter. zeta Coefficient for active drive train damping (<i>zeta</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. WindContPType3IEC Wind control P type 3 model associated with this wind turbine type 3 model. Yes WindTurbineType3IEC Wind turbine type 3 model with which this wind control P type 3 model is associated. No WindDynamicsLookupTable The wind dynamics lookup table associated with this P control type 3 model. No WindContPType3IEC The P control type 3 model with which this wind dynamics lookup table is associated. Yes WindContPType4aIEC P control model type 4A. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.5.5. dpmaxp4a Maximum wind turbine power ramp rate (<i>dp</i><i>_maxp4A</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. tpordp4a Time constant in power order lag (<i>T</i><i>_pordp4A</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. tufiltp4a Voltage measurement filter time constant (<i>T</i><i>_ufiltp4A</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. WindTurbineType4aIEC Wind turbine type 4A model with which this wind control P type 4A model is associated. No WindContPType4aIEC Wind control P type 4A model associated with this wind turbine type 4A model. Yes WindContPType4bIEC P control model type 4B. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.5.6. dpmaxp4b Maximum wind turbine power ramp rate (<i>dp</i><i>_maxp4B</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. tpaero Time constant in aerodynamic power response (<i>T</i><i>_paero</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. tpordp4b Time constant in power order lag (<i>T</i><i>_pordp4B</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. tufiltp4b Voltage measurement filter time constant (<i>T</i><i>_ufiltp4B</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. WindTurbineType4bIEC Wind turbine type 4B model with which this wind control P type 4B model is associated. No WindContPType4bIEC Wind control P type 4B model associated with this wind turbine type 4B model. Yes WindContQIEC Q control model. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.5.7. iqh1 Maximum reactive current injection during dip (<i>i</i><i>_qh1</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. iqmax Maximum reactive current injection (<i>i</i><i>_qmax</i>) (&gt; WindContQIEC.iqmin). It is a type-dependent parameter. iqmin Minimum reactive current injection (<i>i</i><i>_qmin</i>) (&lt; WindContQIEC.iqmax). It is a type-dependent parameter. iqpost Post fault reactive current injection (<i>i</i><i>_qpost</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. kiq Reactive power PI controller integration gain (<i>K</i><i>_I,q</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. kiu Voltage PI controller integration gain (<i>K</i><i>_I,u</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. kpq Reactive power PI controller proportional gain (<i>K</i><i>_P,q</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. kpu Voltage PI controller proportional gain (<i>K</i><i>_P,u</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. kqv Voltage scaling factor for UVRT current (<i>K</i><i>_qv</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. tpfiltq Power measurement filter time constant (<i>T</i><i>_pfiltq</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. rdroop Resistive component of voltage drop impedance (<i>r</i><i>_droop</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a project-dependent parameter. tufiltq Voltage measurement filter time constant (<i>T</i><i>_ufiltq</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. tpost Length of time period where post fault reactive power is injected (<i>T</i><i>_post</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a project-dependent parameter. tqord Time constant in reactive power order lag (<i>T</i><i>_qord</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. udb1 Voltage deadband lower limit (<i>u</i><i>_db1</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. udb2 Voltage deadband upper limit (<i>u</i><i>_db2</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. umax Maximum voltage in voltage PI controller integral term (<i>u</i><i>_max</i>) (&gt; WindContQIEC.umin). It is a type-dependent parameter. umin Minimum voltage in voltage PI controller integral term (<i>u</i><i>_min</i>) (&lt; WindContQIEC.umax). It is a type-dependent parameter. uqdip Voltage threshold for UVRT detection in Q control (<i>u</i><i>_qdip</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. uref0 User-defined bias in voltage reference (<i>u</i><i>_ref0</i>). It is a case-dependent parameter. windQcontrolModesType Types of general wind turbine Q control modes (<i>M</i><i>_qG</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. windUVRTQcontrolModesType Types of UVRT Q control modes (<i>M</i><i>_qUVRT</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. xdroop Inductive component of voltage drop impedance (<i>x</i><i>_droop</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a project-dependent parameter. WindTurbineType3or4IEC Wind turbine type 3 or type 4 model with which this reactive control model is associated. No WIndContQIEC Wind control Q model associated with this wind turbine type 3 or type 4 model. Yes WindContQLimIEC Constant Q limitation model. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.5.9. qmax Maximum reactive power (<i>q</i><i>_max</i>) (&gt; WindContQLimIEC.qmin). It is a type-dependent parameter. qmin Minimum reactive power (<i>q</i><i>_min</i>) (&lt; WindContQLimIEC.qmax). It is a type-dependent parameter. WindTurbineType3or4IEC Wind generator type 3 or type 4 model with which this constant Q limitation model is associated. No WindContQLimIEC Constant Q limitation model associated with this wind generator type 3 or type 4 model. Yes WindContQPQULimIEC QP and QU limitation model. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.5.10. tpfiltql Power measurement filter time constant for Q capacity (<i>T</i><i>_pfiltql</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. tufiltql Voltage measurement filter time constant for Q capacity (<i>T</i><i>_ufiltql</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. WindTurbineType3or4IEC Wind generator type 3 or type 4 model with which this QP and QU limitation model is associated. No WindContQPQULimIEC QP and QU limitation model associated with this wind generator type 3 or type 4 model. Yes WindDynamicsLookupTable The wind dynamics lookup table associated with this QP and QU limitation model. No WindContQPQULimIEC The QP and QU limitation model with which this wind dynamics lookup table is associated. Yes WindContRotorRIEC Rotor resistance control model. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.5.3. kirr Integral gain in rotor resistance PI controller (<i>K</i><i>_Irr</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. komegafilt Filter gain for generator speed measurement (<i>K</i><i>_omegafilt</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. kpfilt Filter gain for power measurement (<i>K</i><i>_pfilt</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. kprr Proportional gain in rotor resistance PI controller (<i>K</i><i>_Prr</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. rmax Maximum rotor resistance (<i>r</i><i>_max</i>) (&gt; WindContRotorRIEC.rmin). It is a type-dependent parameter. rmin Minimum rotor resistance (<i>r</i><i>_min</i>) (&lt; WindContRotorRIEC.rmax). It is a type-dependent parameter. tomegafiltrr Filter time constant for generator speed measurement (<i>T</i><i>_omegafiltrr</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. tpfiltrr Filter time constant for power measurement (<i>T</i><i>_pfiltrr</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. WindContRotorRIEC The rotor resistance control model with which this wind dynamics lookup table is associated. Yes WindDynamicsLookupTable The wind dynamics lookup table associated with this rotor resistance control model. No WindGenTurbineType2IEC Wind turbine type 2 model with whitch this wind control rotor resistance model is associated. No WindContRotorRIEC Wind control rotor resistance model associated with wind turbine type 2 model. Yes WindDynamicsLookupTable Look up table for the purpose of wind standard models. input Input value (<i>x</i>) for the lookup table function. lookupTableFunctionType Type of the lookup table function. output Output value (<i>y</i>) for the lookup table function. sequence Sequence numbers of the pairs of the input (<i>x</i>) and the output (<i>y</i>) of the lookup table function. WindDynamicsLookupTable The wind dynamics lookup table associated with this frequency and active power wind plant model. No WindPlantFreqPcontrolIEC The frequency and active power wind plant control model with which this wind dynamics lookup table is associated. Yes WindDynamicsLookupTable The wind dynamics lookup table associated with this grid protection model. No WindProtectionIEC The grid protection model with which this wind dynamics lookup table is associated. Yes WindDynamicsLookupTable The wind dynamics lookup table associated with this voltage and reactive power wind plant model. No WindPlantReactiveControlIEC The voltage and reactive power wind plant control model with which this wind dynamics lookup table is associated. Yes WindDynamicsLookupTable The wind dynamics lookup table associated with this generator type 3B model. No WindGenType3bIEC The generator type 3B model with which this wind dynamics lookup table is associated. Yes WindPitchContPowerIEC The pitch control power model with which this wind dynamics lookup table is associated. Yes WindDynamicsLookupTable The wind dynamics lookup table associated with this pitch control power model. No WindGenTurbineType1aIEC Wind turbine IEC type 1A. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.5.2.2. WindGenTurbineType1bIEC Wind turbine IEC type 1B. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.5.2.3. WindGenTurbineType1bIEC Wind turbine type 1B model with which this pitch control power model is associated. No WindPitchContPowerIEC Pitch control power model associated with this wind turbine type 1B model. Yes WindGenTurbineType2IEC Wind turbine IEC type 2. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.5.3. WindGenTurbineType2IEC Wind turbine type 2 model with which this pitch control power model is associated. No WindPitchContPowerIEC Pitch control power model associated with this wind turbine type 2 model. Yes WindGenType3aIEC IEC type 3A generator set model. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.3.2. kpc Current PI controller proportional gain (<i>K</i><i>_Pc</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. tic Current PI controller integration time constant (<i>T</i><i>_Ic</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. WindTurbineType4IEC Wind turbine type 4 model with which this wind generator type 3A model is associated. No WindGenType3aIEC Wind generator type 3A model associated with this wind turbine type 4 model. Yes WindGenType3bIEC IEC type 3B generator set model. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.3.3. mwtcwp Crowbar control mode (<i>M</i><i>_WTcwp</i>). It is a case-dependent parameter. true = 1 in the IEC model false = 0 in the IEC model. tg Current generation time constant (<i>T</i><i>_g</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. two Time constant for crowbar washout filter (<i>T</i><i>_wo</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a case-dependent parameter. WindGenType3IEC Parent class supporting relationships to IEC wind turbines type 3 generator models of IEC type 3A and 3B. dipmax Maximum active current ramp rate (<i>di</i><i>_pmax</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. diqmax Maximum reactive current ramp rate (<i>di</i><i>_qmax</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. xs Electromagnetic transient reactance (<i>x</i><i>_S</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. WindTurbineType3IEC Wind turbine type 3 model with which this wind generator type 3 is associated. No WindGenType3IEC Wind generator type 3 model associated with this wind turbine type 3 model. Yes WindGenType4IEC IEC type 4 generator set model. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.3.4. dipmax Maximum active current ramp rate (<i>di</i><i>_pmax</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. diqmin Minimum reactive current ramp rate (<i>di</i><i>_qmin</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. diqmax Maximum reactive current ramp rate (<i>di</i><i>_qmax</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. tg Time constant (<i>T</i><i>_g</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. WindTurbineType4aIEC Wind turbine type 4A model with which this wind generator type 4 model is associated. No WindGenType4IEC Wind generator type 4 model associated with this wind turbine type 4A model. Yes WindTurbineType4bIEC Wind turbine type 4B model with which this wind generator type 4 model is associated. No WindGenType4IEC Wind generator type 4 model associated with this wind turbine type 4B model. Yes WindMechIEC Two mass model. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.2.1. cdrt Drive train damping (<i>c</i><i>_drt</i><i>)</i>. It is a type-dependent parameter. hgen Inertia constant of generator (<i>H</i><i>_gen</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. hwtr Inertia constant of wind turbine rotor (<i>H</i><i>_WTR</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. kdrt Drive train stiffness (<i>k</i><i>_drt</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. WindMechIEC Wind mechanical model associated with this wind turbine type 3 model. Yes WindTurbineType3IEC Wind turbine type 3 model with which this wind mechanical model is associated. No WindTurbineType1or2IEC Wind generator type 1 or type 2 model with which this wind mechanical model is associated. No WindMechIEC Wind mechanical model associated with this wind generator type 1 or type 2 model. Yes WindTurbineType4bIEC Wind turbine type 4B model with which this wind mechanical model is associated. No WindMechIEC Wind mechanical model associated with this wind turbine type 4B model. Yes WindPitchContPowerIEC Pitch control power model. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.5.1. dpmax Rate limit for increasing power (<i>dp</i><i>_max</i>) (&gt; WindPitchContPowerIEC.dpmin). It is a type-dependent parameter. dpmin Rate limit for decreasing power (<i>dp</i><i>_min</i>) (&lt; WindPitchContPowerIEC.dpmax). It is a type-dependent parameter. pmin Minimum power setting (<i>p</i><i>_min</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. pset If <i>p</i><i>_init</i>&lt; <i>p</i><i>_set</i>then power will be ramped down to <i>p</i><i>_min</i>. It is (<i>p</i><i>_set</i>) in the IEC 61400-27-1:2015. It is a type-dependent parameter. t1 Lag time constant (<i>T</i><i>₁</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. tr Voltage measurement time constant (<i>T</i><i>_r</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. uuvrt Dip detection threshold (<i>u</i><i>_UVRT</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. WindPlantDynamics Parent class supporting relationships to wind turbines type 3 and type 4 and wind plant IEC and user-defined wind plants including their control models. WindTurbineType3or4Dynamics The wind turbine type 3 or type 4 associated with this wind plant. No WindPlantDynamics The wind plant with which the wind turbines type 3 or type 4 are associated. Yes WindPlantFreqPcontrolIEC Frequency and active power controller model. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, Annex D. dprefmax Maximum ramp rate of <i>p</i><i>_WTref</i> request from the plant controller to the wind turbines (<i>dp</i><i>_refmax</i>) (&gt; WindPlantFreqPcontrolIEC.dprefmin). It is a case-dependent parameter. dprefmin Minimum (negative) ramp rate of <i>p</i><i>_WTref</i> request from the plant controller to the wind turbines (<i>dp</i><i>_refmin</i>) (&lt; WindPlantFreqPcontrolIEC.dprefmax). It is a project-dependent parameter. dpwprefmax Maximum positive ramp rate for wind plant power reference (<i>dp</i><i>_WPrefmax</i>) (&gt; WindPlantFreqPcontrolIEC.dpwprefmin). It is a project-dependent parameter. dpwprefmin Maximum negative ramp rate for wind plant power reference (<i>dp</i><i>_WPrefmin</i>) (&lt; WindPlantFreqPcontrolIEC.dpwprefmax). It is a project-dependent parameter. prefmax Maximum <i>p</i><i>_WTref</i> request from the plant controller to the wind turbines (<i>p</i><i>_refmax</i>) (&gt; WindPlantFreqPcontrolIEC.prefmin). It is a project-dependent parameter. prefmin Minimum <i>p</i><i>_WTref</i> request from the plant controller to the wind turbines (<i>p</i><i>_refmin</i>) (&lt; WindPlantFreqPcontrolIEC.prefmax). It is a project-dependent parameter. kiwpp Plant P controller integral gain (<i>K</i><i>_IWPp</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. kiwppmax Maximum PI integrator term (<i>K</i><i>_IWPpmax</i>) (&gt; WindPlantFreqPcontrolIEC.kiwppmin). It is a project-dependent parameter. kiwppmin Minimum PI integrator term (<i>K</i><i>_IWPpmin</i>) (&lt; WindPlantFreqPcontrolIEC.kiwppmax). It is a project-dependent parameter. kpwpp Plant P controller proportional gain (<i>K</i><i>_PWPp</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. kwppref Power reference gain (<i>K</i><i>_WPpref</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. tpft Lead time constant in reference value transfer function (<i>T</i><i>_pft</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a project-dependent parameter. tpfv Lag time constant in reference value transfer function (<i>T</i><i>_pfv</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a project-dependent parameter. twpffiltp Filter time constant for frequency measurement (<i>T</i><i>_WPffiltp</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a project-dependent parameter. twppfiltp Filter time constant for active power measurement (<i>T</i><i>_WPpfiltp</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a project-dependent parameter. WindPlantIEC Wind plant model with which this wind plant frequency and active power control is associated. No WindPlantFreqPcontrolIEC Wind plant frequency and active power control model associated with this wind plant. Yes WindPlantIEC Simplified IEC type plant level model. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, Annex D. WindPlantIEC Wind plant reactive control model associated with this wind plant. No WindPlantReactiveControlIEC Wind plant model with which this wind reactive control is associated. Yes WindPlantReactiveControlIEC Simplified plant voltage and reactive power control model for use with type 3 and type 4 wind turbine models. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, Annex D. dxrefmax Maximum positive ramp rate for wind turbine reactive power/voltage reference (<i>dx</i><i>_refmax</i>) (&gt; WindPlantReactiveControlIEC.dxrefmin). It is a project-dependent parameter. dxrefmin Maximum negative ramp rate for wind turbine reactive power/voltage reference (<i>dx</i><i>_refmin</i>) (&lt; WindPlantReactiveControlIEC.dxrefmax). It is a project-dependent parameter. kiwpx Plant Q controller integral gain (<i>K</i><i>_IWPx</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. kiwpxmax Maximum reactive power/voltage reference from integration (<i>K</i><i>_IWPxmax</i>) (&gt; WindPlantReactiveControlIEC.kiwpxmin). It is a project-dependent parameter. kiwpxmin Minimum reactive power/voltage reference from integration (<i>K</i><i>_IWPxmin</i>) (&lt; WindPlantReactiveControlIEC.kiwpxmax). It is a project-dependent parameter. kpwpx Plant Q controller proportional gain (<i>K</i><i>_PWPx</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. kwpqref Reactive power reference gain (<i>K</i><i>_WPqref</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. kwpqu Plant voltage control droop (<i>K</i><i>_WPqu</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. tuqfilt Filter time constant for voltage-dependent reactive power (<i>T</i><i>_uqfilt</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a project-dependent parameter. twppfiltq Filter time constant for active power measurement (<i>T</i><i>_WPpfiltq</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a project-dependent parameter. twpqfiltq Filter time constant for reactive power measurement (<i>T</i><i>_WPqfiltq</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a project-dependent parameter. twpufiltq Filter time constant for voltage measurement (<i>T</i><i>_WPufiltq</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a project-dependent parameter. txft Lead time constant in reference value transfer function (<i>T</i><i>_xft</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a project-dependent parameter. txfv Lag time constant in reference value transfer function (<i>T</i><i>_xfv</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a project-dependent parameter. uwpqdip Voltage threshold for UVRT detection in Q control (<i>u</i><i>_WPqdip</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. windPlantQcontrolModesType Reactive power/voltage controller mode (<i>M</i><i>_WPqmode</i>). It is a case-dependent parameter. xrefmax Maximum <i>x</i>_WTref (<i>q</i><i>_WTref</i> or delta<i> u</i><i>_WTref</i>) request from the plant controller (<i>x</i><i>_refmax</i>) (&gt; WindPlantReactiveControlIEC.xrefmin). It is a case-dependent parameter. xrefmin Minimum <i>x</i><i>_WTref</i> (<i>q</i><i>_WTref</i> or delta <i>u</i><i>_WTref</i>) request from the plant controller (<i>x</i><i>_refmin</i>) (&lt; WindPlantReactiveControlIEC.xrefmax). It is a project-dependent parameter. WindProtectionIEC The grid protection model includes protection against over- and under-voltage, and against over- and under-frequency. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.6. dfimax Maximum rate of change of frequency (<i>dF</i><i>_max</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. fover Wind turbine over frequency protection activation threshold (<i>f</i><i>_over</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. funder Wind turbine under frequency protection activation threshold (<i>f</i><i>_under</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. mzc Zero crossing measurement mode (<i>Mzc</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. true = WT protection system uses zero crossings to detect frequency (1 in the IEC model) false = WT protection system does not use zero crossings to detect frequency (0 in the IEC model). tfma Time interval of moving average window (<i>TfMA</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. uover Wind turbine over voltage protection activation threshold (<i>u</i><i>_over</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. uunder Wind turbine under voltage protection activation threshold (<i>u</i><i>_under</i>). It is a project-dependent parameter. WindTurbineType3or4IEC Wind generator type 3 or type 4 model with which this wind turbine protection model is associated. No WindProtectionIEC Wind turbune protection model associated with this wind generator type 3 or type 4 model. Yes WindTurbineType1or2IEC Wind generator type 1 or type 2 model with which this wind turbine protection model is associated. No WindProtectionIEC Wind turbune protection model associated with this wind generator type 1 or type 2 model. Yes WindRefFrameRotIEC Reference frame rotation model. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.6.3.5. tpll Time constant for PLL first order filter model (<i>T</i><i>_PLL</i>) (&gt;= 0). It is a type-dependent parameter. upll1 Voltage below which the angle of the voltage is filtered and possibly also frozen (<i>u</i><i>_PLL1</i>). It is a type-dependent parameter. upll2 Voltage (<i>u</i><i>_PLL2</i>) below which the angle of the voltage is frozen if <i>u</i><i>_PLL2</i>is smaller or equal to <i>u</i><i>_PLL1</i> . It is a type-dependent parameter. WindTurbineType3or4IEC Wind turbine type 3 or type 4 model with which this reference frame rotation model is associated. No WindRefFrameRotIEC Reference frame rotation model associated with this wind turbine type 3 or type 4 model. Yes WindTurbineType1or2Dynamics Parent class supporting relationships to wind turbines type 1 and type 2 and their control models. Generator model for wind turbine of type 1 or type 2 is a standard asynchronous generator model. WindTurbineType1or2IEC Parent class supporting relationships to IEC wind turbines type 1 and type 2 including their control models. Generator model for wind turbine of IEC type 1 or type 2 is a standard asynchronous generator model. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.5.2 and 5.5.3. WindTurbineType3IEC Parent class supporting relationships to IEC wind turbines type 3 including their control models. WindTurbineType3or4Dynamics Parent class supporting relationships to wind turbines type 3 and type 4 and wind plant including their control models. WindTurbineType3or4IEC Parent class supporting relationships to IEC wind turbines type 3 and type 4 including their control models. WindTurbineType4aIEC Wind turbine IEC type 4A. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.5.5.2. WindTurbineType4bIEC Wind turbine IEC type 4B. Reference: IEC 61400-27-1:2015, 5.5.5.3. WindTurbineType4IEC Parent class supporting relationships to IEC wind turbines type 4 including their control models. LoadDynamics Dynamic load models are used to represent the dynamic real and reactive load behaviour of a load from the static power flow model. Dynamic load models can be defined as applying either to a single load (energy consumer) or to a group of energy consumers. Large industrial motors or groups of similar motors can be represented by a synchronous machine model (SynchronousMachineDynamics) or an asynchronous machine model (AsynchronousMachineDynamics), which are usually represented as generators with negative active power output in the static (power flow) data. LoadComposite Combined static load and induction motor load effects. The dynamics of the motor are simplified by linearizing the induction machine equations. epvs Active load-voltage dependence index (static) (<i>Epvs</i>). Typical value = 0,7. epfs Active load-frequency dependence index (static) (<i>Epfs</i>). Typical value = 1,5. eqvs Reactive load-voltage dependence index (static) (<i>Eqvs</i>). Typical value = 2. eqfs Reactive load-frequency dependence index (static) (<i>Eqfs</i>). Typical value = 0. epvd Active load-voltage dependence index (dynamic) (<i>Epvd</i>). Typical value = 0,7. epfd Active load-frequency dependence index (dynamic) (<i>Epfd</i>). Typical value = 1,5. eqvd Reactive load-voltage dependence index (dynamic) (<i>Eqvd</i>). Typical value = 2. eqfd Reactive load-frequency dependence index (dynamic) (<i>Eqfd</i>). Typical value = 0. lfac Loading factor (<i>L</i><i>_fac</i>). The ratio of initial <i>P</i> to motor MVA base. Typical value = 0,8. h Inertia constant (<i>H</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 2,5. pfrac Fraction of constant-power load to be represented by this motor model (<i>P</i><i>_FRAC</i>) (&gt;= 0,0 and &lt;= 1,0). Typical value = 0,5. LoadGenericNonLinear Generic non-linear dynamic (GNLD) load. This model can be used in mid-term and long-term voltage stability simulations (i.e., to study voltage collapse), as it can replace a more detailed representation of aggregate load, including induction motors, thermostatically controlled and static loads. genericNonLinearLoadModelType Type of generic non-linear load model. tp Time constant of lag function of active power (<i>T</i><i>_P</i>) (&gt; 0). tq Time constant of lag function of reactive power (<i>T</i><i>_Q</i>) (&gt; 0). ls Steady state voltage index for active power (<i>LS</i>). lt Transient voltage index for active power (<i>LT</i>). bs Steady state voltage index for reactive power (<i>BS</i>). bt Transient voltage index for reactive power (<i>BT</i>). LoadDynamics Load whose behaviour is described by reference to a standard model <font color="#0f0f0f">or by definition of a user-defined model.</font> A standard feature of dynamic load behaviour modelling is the ability to associate the same behaviour to multiple energy consumers by means of a single load definition. The load model is always applied to individual bus loads (energy consumers). LoadAggregate Aggregate loads are used to represent all or part of the real and reactive load from one or more loads in the static (power flow) data. This load is usually the aggregation of many individual load devices and the load model is an approximate representation of the aggregate response of the load devices to system disturbances. Standard aggregate load model comprised of static and/or dynamic components. A static load model represents the sensitivity of the real and reactive power consumed by the load to the amplitude and frequency of the bus voltage. A dynamic load model can be used to represent the aggregate response of the motor components of the load. LoadAggregate Aggregate load to which this aggregate motor (dynamic) load belongs. Yes LoadMotor Aggregate motor (dynamic) load associated with this aggregate load. No LoadAggregate Aggregate load to which this aggregate static load belongs. Yes LoadStatic Aggregate static load associated with this aggregate load. No LoadStatic General static load. This model represents the sensitivity of the real and reactive power consumed by the load to the amplitude and frequency of the bus voltage. staticLoadModelType Type of static load model. Typical value = constantZ. kp1 First term voltage coefficient for active power (<i>K</i><i>_p1</i>). Not used when .staticLoadModelType = constantZ. kp2 Second term voltage coefficient for active power (<i>K</i><i>_p2</i>). Not used when .staticLoadModelType = constantZ. kp3 Third term voltage coefficient for active power (<i>K</i><i>_p3</i>). Not used when .staticLoadModelType = constantZ. kp4 Frequency coefficient for active power (<i>K</i><i>_p4</i>) (not = 0 if .staticLoadModelType = zIP2). Used only when .staticLoadModelType = zIP2. ep1 First term voltage exponent for active power (<i>Ep1</i>). Used only when .staticLoadModelType = exponential. ep2 Second term voltage exponent for active power (<i>Ep2</i>). Used only when .staticLoadModelType = exponential. ep3 Third term voltage exponent for active power (<i>Ep3</i>). Used only when .staticLoadModelType = exponential. kpf Frequency deviation coefficient for active power (<i>K</i><i>_pf</i>). Not used when .staticLoadModelType = constantZ. kq1 First term voltage coefficient for reactive power (<i>K</i><i>_q1</i>). Not used when .staticLoadModelType = constantZ. kq2 Second term voltage coefficient for reactive power (<i>K</i><i>_q2</i>). Not used when .staticLoadModelType = constantZ. kq3 Third term voltage coefficient for reactive power (<i>K</i><i>_q3</i>). Not used when .staticLoadModelType = constantZ. kq4 Frequency coefficient for reactive power (<i>K</i><i>_q4</i>) (not = 0 when .staticLoadModelType = zIP2). Used only when .staticLoadModelType - zIP2. eq1 First term voltage exponent for reactive power (<i>Eq1</i>). Used only when .staticLoadModelType = exponential. eq2 Second term voltage exponent for reactive power (<i>Eq2</i>). Used only when .staticLoadModelType = exponential. eq3 Third term voltage exponent for reactive power (<i>Eq3</i>). Used only when .staticLoadModelType = exponential. kqf Frequency deviation coefficient for reactive power (<i>K</i><i>_qf</i>). Not used when .staticLoadModelType = constantZ. LoadMotor Aggregate induction motor load. This model is used to represent a fraction of an ordinary load as "induction motor load". It allows a load that is treated as an ordinary constant power in power flow analysis to be represented by an induction motor in dynamic simulation. This model is intended for representation of aggregations of many motors dispersed through a load represented at a high voltage bus but where there is no information on the characteristics of individual motors. Either a "one-cage" or "two-cage" model of the induction machine can be modelled. Magnetic saturation is not modelled. This model treats a fraction of the constant power part of a load as a motor. During initialisation, the initial power drawn by the motor is set equal to <i>Pfrac</i> times the constant <i>P</i> part of the static load. The remainder of the load is left as a static load. The reactive power demand of the motor is calculated during initialisation as a function of voltage at the load bus. This reactive power demand can be less than or greater than the constant <i>Q</i> component of the load. If the motor's reactive demand is greater than the constant <i>Q</i> component of the load, the model inserts a shunt capacitor at the terminal of the motor to bring its reactive demand down to equal the constant <i>Q</i> reactive load. If an induction motor load model and a static load model are both present for a load, the motor <i>Pfrac</i> is assumed to be subtracted from the power flow constant <i>P</i> load before the static load model is applied. The remainder of the load, if any, is then represented by the static load model. pfrac Fraction of constant-power load to be represented by this motor model (<i>Pfrac</i>) (&gt;= 0,0 and &lt;= 1,0). Typical value = 0,3. lfac Loading factor (<i>Lfac</i>). The ratio of initial <i>P</i> to motor MVA base. Typical value = 0,8. ls Synchronous reactance (<i>Ls</i>). Typical value = 3,2. lp Transient reactance (<i>Lp</i>). Typical value = 0,15. lpp Subtransient reactance (<i>Lpp</i>). Typical value = 0,15. ra Stator resistance (<i>Ra</i>). Typical value = 0. tpo Transient rotor time constant (<i>Tpo</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 1. tppo Subtransient rotor time constant (<i>Tppo</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,02. h Inertia constant (<i>H</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,4. d Damping factor (<i>D</i>). Unit = delta <i>P</i>/delta speed. Typical value = 2. vt Voltage threshold for tripping (<i>Vt</i>). Typical value = 0,7. tv Voltage trip pickup time (<i>Tv</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,1. tbkr Circuit breaker operating time (<i>Tbkr</i>) (&gt;= 0). Typical value = 0,08. HVDCDynamics High voltage direct current (HVDC) models. CSCDynamics CSC function block whose behaviour is described by reference to a standard model <font color="#0f0f0f">or by definition of a user-defined model.</font> HVDCDynamics HVDC whose behaviour is described by reference to a standard model <font color="#0f0f0f">or by definition of a user-defined model.</font> VSCDynamics VSC function block whose behaviour is described by reference to a standard model <font color="#0f0f0f">or by definition of a user-defined model.</font> StaticVarCompensatorDynamics Static var compensator (SVC) models. StaticVarCompensatorDynamics Static var compensator whose behaviour is described by reference to a standard model <font color="#0f0f0f">or by definition of a user-defined model.</font>