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<title>Ukkal, Perumāḷ temple, time of Kaṇṇaradeva, year 16</title>
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<resp>author of digital edition</resp>
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<forename>Emmanuel</forename>
<surname>Francis</surname>
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<p>This work is licenced under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported
Licence. To view a copy of the licence, visit
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to
Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View,
California, 94041, USA.</p>
<p>Copyright (c) 2019-2025 by Emmanuel Francis.</p>
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<date from="2019" to="2025">2019-2025</date>
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<p>The project DHARMA has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC)
under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant
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<div type="edition" xml:lang="tam-Latn" rendition="class:tamil maturity:83215">
<!--Revise with VG photos-->
<ab xml:lang="san-Latn" rendition="class:grantha maturity:83215">
<lb n="01"/>svasti śrī
</ab>
<p>
<lb n="1"/>kacciyun ta<supplied reason="undefined">ñ</supplied>caiyuṅ koṇṭa <hi rend="grantha">śrī</hi>-ka<hi rend="grantha">ṇṇara-de</hi>vaṟku yāṇṭu patiṉ ā<supplied reason="undefined">ṟ-ā</supplied>vatu
</p>
<p>
kāliyūr-k-kōṭṭattu-t taṉ kūṟṟu-c civa-cūḷamaṇi-maṅkalam-ākiya vi<hi rend="grantha">krama</hi>
<lb n="2" break="no"/><hi rend="grantha">bhara</hi>ṇa-c-c<choice><sic>u</sic><corr>a</corr></choice>tu<hi rend="grantha"><supplied reason="undefined">rvve</supplied></hi>ti-maṅkalattu
<hi rend="grantha">sabhai</hi>yōm Emm-ūr-p puvaṉi-māṇikka-vi<hi rend="grantha">ṣṇu-gr̥ha</hi>ttu
muka-maṇṭakattē-y kūṭi y-i<unclear>ru</unclear>ntu Emm-iṟ ceyta <hi rend="grantha">vya</hi>va<hi rend="grantha">stai</hi>
<lb n="3"/>y-āvatu
</p>
<p>
Em<supplied reason="undefined">mū</supplied>r-k kuṭikaḷ Emm<choice><orig>u</orig><reg>ū</reg></choice>r-p paṭākai-vaṭṭattu ku<supplied reason="undefined">ṭu</supplied>pp-ōlai m<choice><sic>o</sic><corr>ē</corr></choice>ṟ-paṭṭa nilaṅkaḷu maṟṟum eppērppaṭṭa<add place="unspecified">ṉa</add>vum<!--<ref t="3:12-5"/>: The <ta>ṉa</ta> of <ta>ṉavum</ta> has been added subsequently; behind <ta>ṉavum</ta>, a cross above the line marks an omission, and the words <ta>kuḻi <gap reason="lost" quantity="3" unit="character"/> taṉ</ta> are entered below <ta>m</ta> <gr>sabhai</gr>--> <hi rend="grantha">sabhai-ma<supplied reason="lost">dhya</supplied></hi>mam āvaṉa v-ākavum
</p>
<p>
Ip-pari
<lb n="4" break="no"/>cu
<hi rend="grantha">madhya</hi>mam-āy-k kiṭa<add place="unspecified">n</add>ta nilaṅkaḷ kuḻi-va<supplied reason="undefined">ri</supplied> y-eṟṟi<!--EF: y-ēṟṟi?--> <supplied reason="undefined">I</supplied>ṟai
<supplied reason="undefined">I</supplied>ṟuppōm eṉṟa ku<supplied reason="undefined">ṭi</supplied>kaḷukku viṟṟu-k kuṭuppōm ākavum
</p>
<p>
Iv-viṟṟu-k kuṭutta <hi rend="grantha">bhū</hi>mikaḷ Emmut' eṉṟu Eppērppaṭṭāruṅ kuṭupp-ōlaiyum Āvaṇamuṅ kāṭṭa-<supplied reason="undefined">p</supplied> peṟā<supplied reason="undefined">t</supplied>ār ākavum
</p>
<p>
Ip-paricu kāṭṭiṉa kuṭi-ma<supplied reason="undefined">kkaḷai</supplied> ta <gap reason="lost" quantity="8" unit="character"/> <supplied reason="lost">kaḻañ</supplied>
<lb n="5" break="no"/><supplied reason="undefined">cu</supplied> poṉ <hi rend="grantha">sabhai</hi>yōmē <hi rend="grantha">daṇḍi</hi>ppōm ākavum
</p>
<p>
It-taṭu<supplied reason="undefined">t</supplied>ta kuṭi-makkaḷ<choice><sic>ai</sic><corr>ē</corr></choice>
<hi rend="grantha">dha<supplied reason="undefined">r</supplied>mmāsa</hi>ṉattu nicati mey-vē<supplied reason="undefined">ṟu nū</supplied>ṟṟ' eṭṭu-k kāṇam <hi rend="grantha">daṇḍa</hi>m iṭa-p pe<supplied reason="undefined">ṟu</supplied>vār ākavum
</p>
<p>
I<hi rend="grantha"><supplied reason="omitted">d</supplied>-daṇḍa</hi>m iṭa-p p<supplied reason="undefined">o</supplied>ṅ kuṭi-makkaḷukku Av<choice><sic>ap</sic><corr>v</corr></choice>avv-āṇṭu<!--<ref t="3:12-11"/>--> vāriyañ ceyyum peru-makkaḷē-y pērāl nicataṅ kuṉṟi-p po<supplied reason="undefined">ṉ</supplied>
<gap reason="lost" quantity="10" unit="character"/>
</p>
<p>
<lb n="6"/><supplied reason="undefined">I</supplied>p-paricu <hi rend="grantha">śraddhā</hi>ma<supplied reason="undefined">n</supplied>tar<!--<ref t="3:12-12"/>: Read <gr>mandar</gr>.-->
<hi rend="grantha">daṇḍa</hi>m iṭṭārkku vārppal kuṭuttum tāṅkaḷē-y <hi rend="grantha">daṇḍi</hi>ttum Āṭci-yiṭai-y-ūṟu<!--EF: check split--> <supplied reason="undefined">tī</supplied>rttu-k kuṭār ākil a<supplied reason="omitted">v</supplied><supplied reason="undefined">v-ā</supplied>ṇṭu vāriyañ <supplied reason="undefined">ce</supplied>yyum peru-mak<add place="below">kaḷ<choice><sic>aiyu</sic><corr>ē</corr></choice></add> mey-vē<surplus>ṟ</surplus>ṟu vakai Iru-pattu nālu kāṇam <hi rend="grantha">daṇḍa</hi>m iṭa-p peṟuvār ākavu<supplied reason="undefined">m</supplied>
</p>
<p>
It-ta<hi rend="grantha">ṇḍa</hi>-p paṭṭum
Avv<choice><orig>a-Ā</orig><reg>avv-a</reg></choice>ṇṭu<!--<ref t="3:12-14"/>--> vāri<supplied reason="undefined">ya</supplied>ñ ce<supplied reason="undefined">y</supplied> <gap reason="lost" quantity="10" unit="character"/>
</p>
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<div type="apparatus">
<listApp>
<app loc="01">
<lem><hi rend="grantha">svasti śrī</hi></lem>
<rdg source="bib:Hultzsch1899_01"/>
<note>These blessings are written in bigger characters, to the left of lines 2-3.</note>
</app>
<app loc="1">
<lem>civa-cūḷamaṇi-maṅkalam-ākiya vi<hi rend="grantha">krama</hi>°</lem>
<rdg source="bib:Hultzsch1899_01">ci<supplied reason="undefined">va</supplied>cū <gap reason="lost" quantity="10" unit="character"/></rdg>
<note><ptr target="bib:Hultzsch1899_01"/> notes: <quote>Here the following syllables are built in: <foreign>ḷāmaṇimaṅkalamākiya <hi rend="grantha">śrīvikramā-</hi></foreign>.</quote> If this was really the case (and not a missing estampage), this was not the case any more in 2008.</note>
</app>
<app loc="2">
<lem>kūṭi y-i<unclear>ru</unclear>ntu Emmiṟ ceyta <hi rend="grantha">vya</hi>va<hi rend="grantha">stai</hi></lem>
<rdg source="bib:Hultzsch1899_01">kū<supplied reason="undefined">ṭi</supplied> yirun<supplied reason="undefined">tu</supplied> <gap reason="lost" quantity="10" unit="character"/></rdg>
</app>
<app loc="3">
<lem><hi rend="grantha">ma<supplied reason="lost">dhya</supplied></hi>mam āvaṉa v-ākavum Ip-pari<lb n="4" break="no"/>cu</lem>
<rdg source="bib:Hultzsch1899_01"><hi rend="grantha">madhya</hi><supplied reason="undefined">ma</supplied> <gap reason="lost" quantity="6" unit="character"/> <supplied reason="lost">Ip-pari</supplied><lb n="4" break="no"/>cu</rdg>
</app>
<app loc="6">
<lem>peru-makkaḷ<choice><sic>aiyu</sic><corr>ē</corr></choice> mey-vē<surplus>ṟ</surplus>ṟu</lem>
<rdg source="bib:Hultzsch1899_01">perumakkaḷaiyumēy veṟṟu</rdg>
</app>
</listApp>
</div>
<div type="translation" source="bib:Hultzsch1899_01">
<p n="1">Hail! Prosperity! In the sixteenth year <supplied reason="subaudible">of the reign</supplied> of the glorious Kaṇṇaradeva who conquered Kacci and Tañcai,——we, the assembly of Śivacū-<supplied reason="undefined">ḷāmaṇimaṅgala, <hi rend="italic">alias</hi> Śrī-Vikramā</supplied>bharaṇa-caturvedimaṅgala, <supplied reason="subaudible">a village</supplied> in its own subdivision of Kāliyūr-kōṭṭam, being assembled in the front hall<note><foreign>mukamaṇṭakam</foreign> is a Tamil form of the Sanskrit <foreign>mukha-maṇḍapa</foreign>.</note> of the Puvaṉimāṇikka-Viṣṇugr̥ha in our village, <supplied reason="undefined">ordered</supplied> as follows:——</p>
<p n="3">The inhabitants of our village <gap reason="lost" quantity="10" unit="character"/> the land and everything else that is not the object of deeds of gift,<note>Literally, ‘that is beyond deeds of gift’ (<foreign>kuṭupp-ōlai</foreign>).</note> in the environs<note>Literally, ‘in the circle of hamlets’ (<foreign>paṭākai-vaṭṭam</foreign>).</note> of our village <gap reason="lost" quantity="10" unit="character"/> the common property <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>madhyama</foreign></supplied> of the assembly.</p>
<p n="4">We shall sell the land which has thus become the common property <supplied reason="subaudible">of the assembly</supplied>, to those inhabitants who promise to pay taxes on each <foreign>kuḻi</foreign>. No persons shall be allowed to produce deeds of gift or deeds of sale <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>āvaṇam</foreign></supplied> in order to show that the land thus sold belongs to themselves. We, the assembly, shall levy a fine of <gap reason="lost" quantity="5" unit="character"/> <supplied reason="subaudible"><foreign>kaḻañcu</foreign></supplied> of gold <gap reason="lost" quantity="10" unit="character"/> from those inhabitants who produce such <supplied reason="subaudible">deeds</supplied>.</p>
<p n="5">Those inhabitants who do not submit to this, shall be liable to pay into court <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>dharmāsana</foreign></supplied> a fine of one hundred and eight <foreign>kāṇam</foreign>s <gap reason="lost" quantity="5" unit="character"/><note>The two obscure words <foreign>mey veṟu</foreign> occur again in No. 12, line 11.</note> per day. To each of the inhabitants who have to pay this fine, the great men elected for that year <gap reason="lost" quantity="10" unit="character"/> <supplied reason="subaudible">one</supplied> <foreign>kuṉṟi</foreign> of gold per day.</p>
<p n="6">If, through indifference, though <gap reason="lost" quantity="5" unit="character"/> was thus given to those who pay the fine and though they themselves have fined <supplied reason="subaudible">them</supplied>, they are not able to remove the obstacles to the possession <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>āṭci</foreign></supplied>, the great men elected for that year shall be liable to pay an additional fine of twenty-four <foreign>kāṇam</foreign>s. Though they are fined thus, <supplied reason="undefined">the great men</supplied> elected for that year <gap reason="lost" quantity="10" unit="character"/></p>
</div>
<div type="translation" resp="part:emfr">
<p n="01">Prosperity! Fortune!</p>
<p n="1">Sixteenth year of the glorious king Kaṇṇara who took Kacci and Tañcai.</p>
<p n="1-3">This is the agreement <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign><hi rend="grantha">vya</hi>va<hi rend="grantha">stai</hi></foreign></supplied> that We, the members of the assembly of Vikramābharaṇacaturvedimaṅgala,<hi rend="italic">alias</hi>Śivacūḍāmaṇimaṅgala, in the Kāliyūrkkōṭtam and the namesake subdivision <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kūṟu</foreign></supplied>, made, while seating altogether in the <foreign>mukhamaṇḍapa</foreign> of the Puvaṉimānikkaviṣṇugṛha <supplied reason="subaudible">in</supplied> our village.</p>
<p n="3">The lands and whatsoever is beyond <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>mēṟpaṭṭa</foreign></supplied> <supplied reason="subaudible">the purpose of the present agreement as already object of</supplied> a leaf <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ōlai</foreign><note>That is, document.</note></supplied> of donation <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kuṭuppu</foreign></supplied>, in the surrounding hamlets <supplied reason="subaudible">of</supplied> our village <supplied reason="subaudible">and</supplied> the tenants <supplied reason="subaudible">of</supplied> our village should be things <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>āvaṉa</foreign><note>Litteraly, that which are.</note></supplied> <gap reason="ellipsis"/> <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>sabhai-madhyama</foreign></supplied>.</p>
<p n="3-4">In this manner, We shall give <supplied reason="subaudible">these lands</supplied> after sale to tenants who say <quote>We will pay taxes ...</quote></p>
<p n="4">These lands so given after sale, there should be no one, whoever, obtaining<note>That is, whoever do so is a fraud.</note> to show a leaf or a document of donation saying <quote>This is ours</quote>.</p>
<p n="4-5">In this manner, the tenants who show <supplied reason="subaudible">such documents</supplied> <gap reason="lost"/>, We, the members of the assembly, shall fine <supplied reason="subaudible">them</supplied> <gap reason="lost"/> <foreign>kaḻañcu</foreign>s of gold.</p>
<p n="5">The tenants who do not ...
should obtain to pay <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>iṭa</foreign><note>Literally, to put.</note></supplied> a fine of one hundred and eight <foreign>kāṇam</foreign>s, individually/per head <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>meyvēru</foreign></supplied>, per day, in the seat of <foreign>dharma</foreign>.</p>
<p n="5">To the tenants ...</p>
<p n="6">In this manner ...</p>
<p n="6">Even though so fined, ...</p>
</div>
<!--<div type="commentary">
</div>-->
<div type="bibliography">
<p>Reported in <bibl><ptr target="bib:ARIE1892-1893"/></bibl> (ARIE/1892-1893/B/1893/25).</p>
<p>Edited in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Hultzsch1899_01"/></bibl>, with English translation (SII 3.7).</p>
<p>Edited in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Swaminathan2000_01"/></bibl> (no. 7).</p>
<p>This edition by Emmanuel Francis (2024), based on <bibl><ptr target="bib:Hultzsch1899_01"/></bibl>, published visual documentation and photos (Valérie Gillet, 2008).</p>
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