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<title>A grant of land in the Tāvīra district</title>
<respStmt>
<resp>EpiDoc Encoding</resp>
<persName ref="part:amwb">
<forename>Amandine</forename>
<surname>Wattelier-Bricout</surname>
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</respStmt>
<respStmt>
<resp>intellectual authorship of edition</resp>
<persName ref="part:argr">
<forename>Arlo</forename>
<surname>Griffiths</surname>
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<authority>DHARMA</authority>
<pubPlace>Cambrai</pubPlace>
<idno type="filename">DHARMA_INSBengalCharters00051</idno>
<availability>
<licence target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported
Licence. To view a copy of the licence, visit
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to
Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View,
California, 94041, USA.</p>
<p>Copyright (c) 2019-2025 by Arlo Griffiths.</p>
</licence>
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<date from="2019" to="2025">2019-2025</date>
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<idno type="filename">DHARMA_INSBengalCharters00051</idno>
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<msContents><!-- describe the intellectual content of an inscription -->
<summary><!-- //// NOT MANDATORY ////--></summary> <!-- offers the possibility to give a summary of the inscription's content -->
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<p><!-- The script name(s) will be inserted here at a later stage from the metadata spreasheet. At this stage, you can mention here in a free-text paragraph any characteristics of the writing observed more than once in this inscription that seem unusual/uncommon or otherwise noteworthy given the general characteristics of the script in question. See EGD 11.2. --></p>
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<p>The project DHARMA has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no 809994).</p>
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<change who="part:amwb" when="2021-06-22">Started initial encoding of the inscription</change>
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<div type="edition" xml:lang="san-Latn"><!-- update the @xml:lang value, see EGD §7.2-->
<!--edition encoded as per EGD §§2−7-->
<pb n="1r"/>
<p>
<lb n="1"/><unclear>sva</unclear>s<unclear>t</unclear><supplied reason="lost">i</supplied><supplied reason="omitted">.</supplied></p> <p><gap reason="lost" unit="character" quantity="4"/> <unclear>d ā</unclear>yuktakagu<gap reason="lost" unit="character" quantity="1"/>ca<unclear>nd</unclear>r<unclear>o</unclear> 'dh<supplied reason="lost">i</supplied>kara<supplied reason="lost">ṇaṁ</supplied> mahattara <gap reason="lost" unit="character" quantity="2"/><unclear>pali</unclear><gap reason="lost" unit="character" quantity="5"/><unclear>kr̥</unclear><gap reason="lost" unit="character" quantity="9"/>bha<gap reason="lost" unit="character" quantity="2"/>virudra-brahma
<lb n="2" break="no"/>sena-viṣṇudeva-satyaghoṣa-sat<unclear>va</unclear>rakṣita-vanadāma-jayaviṣ<unclear>ṇu</unclear>-prabhudāma-kuṭumbi-satyaviṣṇu-skandaviṣṇu-praiyaviṣṇu
<lb n="3" break="no"/>-valapāla-guṇadeva-guṇaśarmma-bhavadeva-kuṇḍakr̥ṣ<unclear>ṇ</unclear>a<unclear>Ā</unclear><gap reason="lost" unit="character" quantity="1"/> cirātaviṣṇu-śambhukīrtti-<unclear>bhakt</unclear>idāma-manaḥkr̥ṣṇa-kṣemarudra-bhavadāma
<lb n="4" break="no"/>-lakṣ<unclear>m</unclear>a<supplied reason="lost">ṇa-</supplied><unclear>mittra</unclear>soma-valadāsa-jayadāsa-ś<unclear>u</unclear>ṅgadāma-vyāghraśarmma-sthāvaradāma-yaśodāma-dāmodaradāma-kumāradāma-ga<gap reason="lost" unit="character" quantity="1"/>
<lb n="5"/>dāma-Adbhutaviṣṇu-rājyasiṅha-Upen<unclear>dra</unclear>pāla-premasiṅ<unclear>ha</unclear>-kr̥ṣṇasoma-rājyasoma-bhavadāma-purogāś ca viṣayakuṭumbina<supplied reason="lost">ḥ</supplied><!-- revoir à la relecture de la tablette si c'est lost ou omitted -->
<lb n="6"/>vidalaka-sannāhakuṭumbakayor brāhmaṇottarān sa-kṣudra-pradhānādi-kuṭumbinaḥ <space/> kuśalam āśāsya bodhayanti likhanti
<lb n="7"/>ca<supplied reason="omitted">.</supplied></p> <p><unclear>Ihā</unclear>smān tāvīra-viṣaya-pati-dvīpasomas sva-puttra-varāhasomena vijñāpayati yuṣmākam iha-viṣaye dvi-dīnā
<lb n="8" break="no"/>rikya-kulyavāpena śaśvat-kālopabhogyo 'kṣaya-nīvī-khila-kṣettra-vikkrayo 'nuvr̥ttas tad arhatha mamāpy anenaiva kkrameṇa <unclear>s</unclear>va
<lb n="9" break="no"/>-puṇyāpy-āyanāya ca gac<unclear>ī</unclear>ku<unclear>ṇṭa</unclear>ka-vāstavya-kāśyapa-sa-gottra-vājisaneya-<supplied reason="omitted">rā</supplied><unclear>j</unclear>āmātya-brāhmaṇa-guhadāmnaḥ pañca-mahā
<lb n="10" break="no"/>-yaj<unclear>ñ</unclear>ānupravarttanāya matto catuś-catvārinśad dīnārān upasa<unclear>ṅ</unclear>gr̥hyāpratikara-khila-kṣettra-kulyavāpā dvā-vinśatin dātum iti<supplied reason="omitted">.</supplied></p><p>
<lb n="11"/>yata<supplied reason="lost">ḥ</supplied> pustapāla-<unclear>s</unclear>umati-vīrasiṅhābhyām avadhāraṇayotpannam asty ayam asmad-viṣaye dvi-dīnārikkya-kulyavā<unclear>p</unclear>ena śaśva<supplied reason="omitted">t</supplied>
</p>
<pb n="1v"/>
<p>
<lb n="12" break="no"/>-kālopabhogyo <surplus>viṣayo</surplus> 'kṣaya<unclear>n</unclear>īvī<unclear>kh</unclear>ilakṣettravikkra<unclear>yo</unclear> 'nuvr̥ttas tad a<unclear>s</unclear>ya tāvīra-viṣaya-pati-dvīpa<unclear>so</unclear>masya sva-puttra<unclear>-va</unclear>rā<unclear>ha</unclear>
<lb n="13" break="no"/>somena vijñāpayato na kaścid virodhaḥ kebal<choice><sic>a</sic><corr>aṁ</corr></choice> bhaṭṭāraka-pādānā<unclear>n dha</unclear>rmma-ṣaḍ-bhāg<unclear>o</unclear> viṣayena ca śaśvat-kālam anupālanīy<unclear>o</unclear>
<lb n="14"/>tad dīyatām iti<supplied reason="omitted">.</supplied> yata Etad-avadhāraṇā-<unclear>k</unclear>ramā<surplus>ṇyā</surplus>d etasmād viṣaya-pati-dvīpasoma-puttra-varāhasomāc catuś-catvārinśaT
<lb n="15"/>d<unclear>ī</unclear>nārān upasa<unclear>ṁ</unclear>gr̥<unclear>h</unclear>y<unclear>o</unclear>bhayor <unclear>b</unclear>vi<unclear>da</unclear>laka-sannāhakuṭumbakayor dvā-vinśatir apratikara-khila-kṣettra-kulyavāp<unclear>ā</unclear> dattā<unclear>ḥ</unclear> <abbr>ku</abbr> <num value="22">20 2</num> yatra
<lb n="16"/>vidalake kulyavāpā dvādaśa <abbr>ku</abbr> <num value="12">10 2</num> sannāhakuṭumbake kulyavāpā daśa <abbr>ku</abbr> <num value="10">10</num> Evaṁ <abbr>ku</abbr> <num value="22">20 2</num><supplied reason="omitted">.</supplied></p> <p><space/> yūyaṁ viṣaya-maryyādayā
<lb n="17"/>Aṣṭaka-navaka-nalābhyām apavi<unclear>ñ</unclear>cchya kuṭumvināṁ karṣaṇāvirodhisthāne <unclear>ca</unclear>tus-sīma-cihna-niyamitāni kr̥tvā dāsyatha
<lb n="18"/>Akṣaya-nīvī-dharmmena ca śaśvat-kālam anupālayiṣya<unclear>the</unclear>ty<supplied reason="omitted">.</supplied></p> <p>ap<choice><sic>e</sic><corr>i</corr></choice> ca vyāsa-manubhyām uktā ślo<unclear>kā</unclear> <supplied reason="lost">bha</supplied><unclear>vanti</unclear><supplied reason="omitted">.</supplied>
</p>
<lg n="1" met="anuṣṭubh">
<l n="a">sva-dattām paradattāṁ <unclear>vā</unclear></l>
<l n="b"><lb n="19"/><supplied reason="lost">yo hareta va</supplied>sundharāṁ</l>
<l n="c">sa viṣṭhāyāṁ kr̥mir bhūtvā</l>
<l n="d">pitr̥bhis saha pacyate <space/></l>
</lg>
<lg n="2" met="anuṣṭubh">
<l n="a">ṣaṣṭim varṣasahasrāṇi</l>
<l n="b">svargge vasati bhūmidaḥ</l>
<l n="c"><lb n="20"/>Ākṣeptā cānumantā ca</l>
<l n="d">tāny eva narake vaseT <space/> </l>
</lg>
<lg n="3" met="anuṣṭubh">
<l n="a">pūrvva-dattāṁ dvijātibhyo</l>
<l n="b">yatnād rakṣa yudhiṣṭhira <space/></l>
<l n="c">mahī<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied> mahīmatāṁ śre<lb n="21" break="no"/>ṣṭha</l>
<l n="d">dā<choice><sic>ṇ</sic><corr>n</corr></choice>āc chreyo 'nupāla<unclear>n</unclear>a<foreign>M</foreign></l>
</lg>
<lg n="4" met="upodgātā">
<l n="a"><surplus>de</surplus> puruṣasya bha<unclear>va</unclear>n<unclear>t</unclear>i ye sahāy<choice><sic>ā</sic><corr>āḥ</corr></choice></l>
<l n="b">kaluṣe karmmaṇi dharmma-<unclear>sañcaye</unclear><gap reason="lost" unit="character" quantity="1"></gap></l>
<l n="c"><unclear>A</unclear>vagacchati <unclear>me</unclear> <lb n="22"/> ta<unclear>v</unclear>āntarā<unclear>tmā</unclear></l>
<l n="d">niyataṁ te 'pi janā<unclear>s ta</unclear>d-a<choice><sic>n</sic><corr>ṁ</corr></choice>śa-bhāja Iti <space/></l>
</lg>
<p><abbr>saṁ</abbr> <num value="159">100 <unclear>50</unclear> 9</num> <space/> j<unclear>e</unclear>ṣ<unclear>ṭha</unclear><abbr>di</abbr> <unclear>1</unclear> <space/> li<unclear>khitaṁ</unclear> teṇa <surplus>to</surplus> sumatinā<supplied reason="omitted">.</supplied></p>
</div>
<div type="apparatus">
<listApp>
<app loc="2">
<lem>-praiya°</lem>
<note>Emend -priya-?</note><!-- en raison du point d'interrogation, je n'ai pas encodé <choice><sic><corr></choice> ici -->
</app>
<app loc="9">
<lem>-vājisaneya-<supplied reason="omitted">rā</supplied><unclear>j</unclear>āmātya-</lem>
<note>Emend -<foreign>vājasaneyirājāmātya</foreign>-. Cf. my note on <ref target="DHARMA_INSBengalCharters00057.xml">Raktamālā #2</ref>, line 6.</note>
</app>
<app loc="11">
<lem>śaśva<supplied reason="omitted">t</supplied></lem>
<note>The same misspelling occurs in <ref target="DHARMA_INSBengalCharters00057.xml">Raktamālā #2</ref>, line 11.</note>
</app>
<app loc="13">
<lem>kebal<choice><sic>a</sic><corr>aṁ</corr></choice> bhaṭṭāraka-pādānā<unclear>n dha</unclear>rmma-ṣaḍ-bhāg<unclear>o</unclear></lem>
<note> Cf. <ref target="DHARMA_INSBengalCharters00056.xml">Damodarpur #5</ref>, lines 12–13, published as <foreign>kevalaṁ śrī-parama-bhaṭṭāraka-pādena dharma-pa<supplied reason="lost">ra</supplied>tāvāpti<supplied reason="lost"><foreign>H</foreign></supplied></foreign>, but certainly to be read/restored as follows: <foreign>kevalaṁ śrī-parama-bhaṭṭāraka-pādānāṁ dharmma-ṣaḍ-bhāgāvāptiḥ</foreign>.</note>
</app>
<app loc="13">
<lem>anupālanīy<unclear>o</unclear></lem>
<note>The reading of the final <foreign>akṣara</foreign> is very doubtful. If indeed there is the vowel -<foreign>o</foreign>, as seems to be the case on some of the photos, then it needs to be emended to <foreign>anupālanīyaḥ</foreign> or <foreign>anupālanīya</foreign><foreign>M</foreign>.</note>
</app>
<app loc="14">
<lem>Etad-avadhāraṇā-<unclear>k</unclear>ramā<surplus>ṇyā</surplus>d etasmād</lem>
<note>Emend <foreign>Etad-avadhāraṇā-kramād etasmād</foreign>. Cf. the <ref target="DHARMA_INSBengalCharters00052.xml">Paharpur plate</ref>, line 17 <foreign>anenāvadhāraṇā-kkrameṇāsmād</foreign>; <ref target="DHARMA_INSBengalCharters00056.xml">Damodarpur #5</ref>, line 14 <foreign>anenāvadhāraṇā-krameṇa etasmād</foreign>.
</note>
</app>
<app loc="15">
<lem><unclear>b</unclear>vi<unclear>da</unclear>laka-</lem>
<note>Emend <foreign>vvidalaka</foreign>-.</note>
</app>
<app loc="17">
<lem>-niyamitāni</lem>
<note>In the light of what precedes one initially expects -<foreign>niyamitāḥ</foreign>, but see the <ref target="DHARMA_INSBengalCharters00034.xml">Jagadishpur plate</ref>, line 22 <foreign>catus-sīmā-niyamita-kṣetraṁ</foreign>.
</note>
</app>
<app loc="21">
<lem>dharmma-<unclear>sañcaye</unclear><gap reason="lost" unit="character" quantity="1"/></lem>
<note>Emend <foreign>dharmma-sañcaye vā</foreign>.</note>
</app>
<app loc="22">
<lem>ta<unclear>v</unclear>āntarā<unclear>tmā</unclear></lem>
<note>Emend <foreign>yathāntarātmā</foreign>.</note>
</app>
<app loc="22">
<lem><abbr>saṁ</abbr> <num value="159">100 <unclear>50</unclear> 9</num></lem>
<note>The sign here read as 50 appears to have a somewhat different shape from that seen in the <ref target="DHARMA_INSBengalCharters00039.xml">Raktamālā grant #1</ref> (see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Griffiths2018_02"/><citedRange unit="figure">10</citedRange></bibl> and the <ref target="DHARMA_INSBengalCharters00052.xml">Paharpur plate</ref> <!--(fig. 11) je supprime cette référence-->. But no other sign for any of the multiples of 10 seems to be more plausible.
</note>
</app>
<app loc="22">
<lem>teṇa <surplus>to</surplus> sumatinā</lem>
<note>The <foreign>akṣara</foreign> to likewise seems intrusive (cf. line 11 <foreign>sumati</foreign>) and is ignored in my translation.</note>
</app>
</listApp>
</div>
<div type="translation" resp="part:argr">
<p n="1-7">Hail! From <gap reason="lost" unit="character" quantity="4"/>, the officer <gap reason="lost" unit="character" quantity="1"/> -candra,
the council and the landholders of the district —
led by the notables <supplied reason="lost">names of about six persons undeterminable due to damage</supplied>
-virudra<!--
amwb : I added the syllable vi- in order to find all legible akṣaras in the translation
-->, Brahmasena, Viṣṇudeva, Satyaghoṣa, Sattvarakṣita, Vanadāman, Jayaviṣṇu and Prabhudāman;
<!-- en français le ; ne pourrait pas fonctionner d'un point de vue syntaxique, il faudrait une simple virgule et pour plus de clarté, ajouter après and <supplied reason="subaudible">led</supplied> --> and by the landholders Satyaviṣṇu, Skandaviṣṇu, Praiyaviṣṇu (?)<!-- peut-être ajouter une note qui renvoie à l'apparat ou mentionne l'émendation priya? -->,
Balapāla, Guṇadeva, Guṇaśarman, Bhavadeva, Kuṇḍakr̥ṣṇa, Ā<gap reason="lost" unit="character" quantity="1"></gap>cirātaviṣṇu (?),
<note>Cf. the name of the <foreign>uparika</foreign> Cirātadatta in <ref target="DHARMA_INSBengalCharters00047.xml">Damodarpur #1</ref>.</note>
Śambhukīrtti, Bhaktidāman (?), Manaḥkr̥ṣṇa, Kṣemarudra,
Bhavadāman, Lakṣmaṇa<!-- c'est le seul nom non composé?! -->, Mitrasoma, Baladāsa, Jayadāsa,
Śuṅgadāman, Vyāghraśarman, Sthāvaradāman, Yaśodāman,
Dāmodaradāman, Kumāradāman, Ga<gap reason="lost" quantity="1" unit="character"/>dāman (?),
<note>I initially thought that gu<supplied reason="lost">ha</supplied>- could be read at the end of line 4, in which case we would have had here the same name as that of the Brahmin beneficiary Guhadāman of this grant — and a possible case of beneficiary’s membership of council. But it now seems unlikely to me that the last legible <foreign>akṣara</foreign> on line 4 is <foreign>gu</foreign>.</note>
Adbhutaviṣṇu, Rājyasiṁha, Upendrapāla,
Premasiṁha, Kr̥ṣṇasoma, Rājyasoma and Bhavadāman —
greet the landholders at Vidalaka and Sannāhakuṭumbaka,
both modest and prominent, etc., consisting chiefly of Brahmins,<note>
The expression <foreign>brāhmaṇottarān</foreign> occurs in several other plates: <ref target="DHARMA_INSBengalCharters00039.xml">Raktamālā Grant no. 1, year 159</ref>, line 2; <ref target="DHARMA_INSBengalCharters00049.xml">Baigram Charter of the Time of Kumāragupta I</ref>, line 2 ; <ref target="DHARMA_INSBengalCharters00052.xml">Paharpur Charter of the Time of Budhagupta</ref>, line 3; <ref target="DHARMA_INSBengalCharters00054.xml">Nandapur Plate of 169 GE</ref>, line 1 and <ref target="DHARMA_INSBengalCharters00057.xml">A second grant concerning the Raktamālā</ref> line 2. The translation suggested here corresponds to the specific meaning of the compound <foreign>brāhmaṇottara</foreign>- reported by <bibl><ptr target="bib:Apte1890_01"/><citedRange unit="page">1174</citedRange></bibl>. If we only follow the meaning given by <bibl><ptr target="bib:Apte1890_01"/><citedRange unit="item">8</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">408</citedRange></bibl> and <bibl><ptr target="bib:MonierWilliams1899_01"/><citedRange unit="page">178</citedRange></bibl> for the word -<foreign>uttara</foreign> <foreign>in fine compositi</foreign>, the translation would be <q>followed by Brahmins</q>.
</note><!-- amwb ;: I replaced "Brahmins being foremost among them" by this translation, see my remarks for BC39 and BC57pour cette expression brāhmaṇottarān sakṣudrapradhānādikuṭumbinaḥ même rmq qu'en 39 et 57 "all landholders including modest and prominent followed by the Brahmins" --> inform them and write:
</p>
<p n="7-10">Dvīpasoma, chief of the Tāvīra district,
through his own son Varāhasoma, petitions us here:
<q>In your district here,
the custom is sale of waste land
as permanent endowment to be enjoyed in perpetuity
with a <foreign>kulyavāpa</foreign> for <supplied reason="explanation">the price of</supplied> two <foreign>dīnāra</foreign>s.
Thus <supplied reason="explanation">tad</supplied> for me too,
with this very procedure and for the purpose of <supplied reason="explanation">my</supplied> own merit being increased,
be so kind as to take from me forty-four <foreign>dīnāra</foreign>s
and give twenty-two <foreign>kulyavāpa</foreign>s of waste land that yields no tax
to the Brahmin Guhadāman, a <supplied reason="subaudible">royal</supplied> <!--
amwb : ici je mettrai royal en supplied reason omitted pour montrer que c'est une restauration, mais ne faudrait-il pas mentionner que sans cette restauration le composé se traduirai a minister born from a Vājasaneyin... qui reste malgré tout possible même si l'hypothese rājāmātya est sans doute plus convaincante;
amwb : it is also possible to consider the meaning "relative, belonging to the same house or family" for amātya; in this case the translation could be 'Brahmin Guhadāman, a relative of the king' or 'Brahmin Guhadāman, belonging to the royal family'. In my opinion, we have to mention this possibility in a note
--> adviser and Vājasaneyin belonging to the Kāśyapa <foreign>gotra</foreign>,
residing at Gacīkuṇṭaka (?), for the purpose of the regular performance of the five great sacrifices.</q>
</p>
<p n="11-16">Because it has appeared from the certification of the record-keepers Sumati and Vīrasiṁha:<!-- revoir la construction syntaxique en anglais: Because ...: "indeed....made". Therefore... pose pb. Peut-être qqch comme "from the certification of the record-keepers Sumati and Vīrasiṁha it makes obvious/attests that : "indeed...., let the gift be made". Therefore,... -->
<q>Indeed <supplied reason="explanation">asti</supplied>, the custom in our district is sale of waste land as permanent endowment to be enjoyed in perpetuity with a <foreign>kulyavāpa</foreign> for <supplied reason="explanation">the price of</supplied> two <foreign>dīnāra</foreign>s,<!-- pour "the custom in our district is sale of waste land as permanent endowment to be enjoyed in perpetuity with a <foreign>kulyavāpa</foreign> for <supplied reason="explanation">the price of</supplied> two <foreign>dīnāra</foreign>s"; j'inverserai sujet et attribut du sujet car on perd le ayam dans la traduction qui semble avoir pour fonction "this kind of sale" : indeed this kind of sale of waste land as permanent endowment to be enjoyed in perpetuity with a <foreign>kulyavāpa</foreign> for <supplied reason="explanation">the price of</supplied> two <foreign>dīnāra</foreign>s is a custom in our district -->
so that <supplied reason="explanation">tad</supplied> there is no conflict whatsoever <supplied reason="explanation">with the interests of the king</supplied> when this Dvīpasoma, chief of the Tāvīra district, respectfully requests <supplied reason="explanation">such a sale</supplied> through his own son Varāhasoma, <supplied reason="explanation">but on the contrary</supplied> only the sixth share of the merit for his majesty,<note>
The king usually takes a sixth of each transaction as it is mentionned in <title>Manusmr̥ti</title> 7.131-132. In a case of land donation, the benefit for the king is only meritorious and due to his act of protection. It is mentioned by the verse I.331 from Yājñavalkya's <title>Dharmaśāstra</title>:
<q><foreign>puṇyātṣaḍbhāgamādatte nyāyena paripālayan</foreign> <g type="danda">.</g> <foreign>sarvadānādhikaṁ yasmānnyāyena paripālanam</foreign> <g type="ddanda">.</g></q>
<q>He <supplied reason="explanation">the king</supplied> takes a sixth portion of the merits by providing protection justly, because providing protection justly greater than all gifts.</q> <supplied reason="explanation">Translation <bibl><ptr target="bib:Olivelle2019_01"/><citedRange unit="page">107</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
</note> and it is to be protected in perpetuity by the district. So let the gift be made.</q> Therefore, consequent to this procedure of investigation, twenty-two <foreign>kulyavāpa</foreign>s, <abbr>ku</abbr> 22, of waste land yielding no tax have been given at both Vidalaka and Sannāhakuṭumbaka — among which twelve <foreign>kulyavāpa</foreign>s, <abbr>ku</abbr> 12, in Vidala, ten <foreign>kulyavāpa</foreign>s, <abbr>ku</abbr> 10, in Sannāhakuṭumbaka, so <abbr>ku</abbr> 22 — after having taken forty-four <foreign>dīnāra</foreign>s from this Varāhasoma, son of the district chief Dvīpasoma.
</p>
<p n="16-18">You shall
<note>The use of future verb forms where we might expect imperatives is rather common in these inscriptions. Cf. the forms <foreign>dāsyatha</foreign> and <foreign>anupālayiṣyatha</foreign> in the citation from the <ref target="DHARMA_INSBengalCharters00049.xml">Baigram plate</ref> in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Griffiths2018_02"/><citedRange unit="page">43</citedRange></bibl>, and, from a similar context, <foreign>dāsyatha</foreign> ... <foreign>anupālayiṣyasi</foreign> in the <ref target="DHARMA_INSBengalCharters00039.xml">Raktamālā grant #1</ref>, lines 21–22 (with disagreement of number, see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Griffiths2015_02"/><citedRange unit="page">19</citedRange></bibl>); see also <foreign>viditam bo bhaviṣyati</foreign> (i.e. <foreign>viditam vo bhaviṣyati</foreign>) in the <ref target="DHARMA_INSBengalCharters00033.xml">Kalaikuri-Sultanpur plate</ref>, lines 2–3. On this usage, see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Oberlies2003_01"/></bibl>, §6.2.9.</note>
separate them off using two reeds, eight by ninefold according to the convention of the district, in a place that does not conflict with the cultivation of the landholders; shall make <supplied reason="explanation">the fields</supplied> delimited by markers of the four boundaries; shall make the donation and shall protect it in perpetuity according to the law on permanent endowments. </p>
<p n="18-22">And there are also verses pronounced by Vyāsa and Manu: </p>
<p n="1" rend="stanza">The one who would steal land given by himself or another becomes a worm in excrement and is cooked with his ancestors.<note>
This verse corresponds to the verse numbered 132 among the Stanzas on Bhūmidāna listed by Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
</note></p>
<p n="2" rend="stanza">The giver of land resides sixty thousand years in heaven; the one who challenges <supplied reason="explanation">a donation</supplied> as well as the one who condones <supplied reason="explanation">the challenge</supplied> will reside as many <supplied reason="subaudible">years</supplied> in hell.<note>
This verse corresponds to the verse numbered 123 among the Stanzas on Bhūmidāna listed by Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>, except for the verb used in the <foreign>pāda</foreign> b.
</note></p>
<p n="3" rend="stanza">You, Yudhiṣṭhira, most excellent of kings, must strenuously protect land previously given to brahmins. Safeguarding is even better than giving.<note>
This verse corresponds to the verse numbered 131 among the Stanzas on Bhūmidāna listed by Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
</note></p>
<p n="4" rend="stanza">My inner spirit understands that those companions a man has in action that brings defilement or for collecting merit inevitably also get a share of it .<note>
This verse matches more or less with the verses 5.76-8 of Aśvaghoṣa's <title>Buddhacarita</title> (edition and translation <bibl><ptr target="bib:Johnston1935-1936_01"/></bibl>:
<q><foreign>sulabhāḥ khalu saṁyuge sahāyā viṣayāvāptasukhe dhanārjane vā</foreign> <g type="danda">.</g>
<foreign>puruṣasya tu durlabhāḥ sahāyāḥ patitasyāpadi dharmasaṁśraye vā</foreign> <g type="ddanda">.</g> 76 <g type="ddanda">.</g>
<foreign>iha caiva bhavanti ye sahāyāḥ kaluṣe karmaṇi dharmasaṁśraye vā</foreign> <g type="danda">.</g>
<foreign>avagacchati me yathāntarātmā niyataṁ te ’pi janās tadaṁśabhājaḥ</foreign> <g type="ddanda">.</g> 77 <g type="ddanda">.</g>
<foreign>tad idaṁ parigamya dharmayuktaṁ mama niryāṇam ito jagaddhitāya</foreign> <g type="danda">.</g>
<foreign>turagottama vegavikramābhyāṁ prayatasvātmahite jagaddhite ca</foreign> <g type="ddanda">.</g> 78 <g type="danda">.</g></q>
<q>75. Easy it is to find companions for battle, for the pleasure of acquiring objects of sense and for the accumulation of wealth; but hard it is for a man to find companions, when he has fallen into distress or attaches himself to dharma.
76. Moreover as for those who are companions in this world whether in action that brings defilement or in resort to dharma, undoubtedly they too, as my inner soul realises, take their share of the fruit.
77. Understand therefore, O best of steeds, this my departure from here to be connected with dharma for the benefit of the world, and strive with speed and courage in a matter which concerns your own good and the good of the world alike.</q>
</note></p>
<p n="22">Year 159, <supplied reason="explanation">month of</supplied> Jyeṣṭha, day 1. Written by that Sumati.
</p>
</div>
<div type="commentary">
<p>This plate measures 15.3 cm in height and 32.7 cm in width. In its left margin we see a circular extension with a triangular hole in the middle: this is where a seal would originally have been affixed. The seal was already lost when the first known photos of the plate were taken at an antique shop in Dhaka, showing it then to have been in fully bent state .<note>
I owe these photos to a source who wishes to remain anonymous.
</note> When the same plate was acquired by its present owner in 2016, and photos were sent to me, I at first did not recognize that these showed the same as that previously photographed in folded state, because it had now been returned to its original, flat state, the place of the former fold only being identifiable to one who has seen the plate in folded state. As shown in the ‘before’ photos, the plate was covered with a thick greenish patina; much of this remains at present, although some attempt seems to have been made to remove the encrustation presumably at the same time that the plate was unfolded.
</p>
<p>The name of the place where this inscription was issued is unfortunately lost. An officer <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>āyuktaka</foreign></supplied>, whose name is not entirely preserved, addresses himself, along with the council, to householders at the villages Vidalaka and Sannāhakuṭumbaka, to order execution of a donation paid for by Dvīpasoma, chief of the district named Tāvīra, who is represented by his son Varāhasoma. He spent the sum of twenty-four <foreign>dīnāra</foreign> coins, to purchase waste land to be given to the Brahmin Guhadāman, a royal advisor <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>rājāmātya</foreign></supplied> residing in a village the reading of whose name as Gacīkuṇṭaka is rather tentative. A record-keeper named Sumati figures both as authority confirming the local price of a <foreign>kulyavāpa</foreign> of waste land and, at the end, as scribe. Three of the usual admonitory stanzas are cited at the end, but followed by a stanza not found in any other inscription. The grant closes with a colophon containing a date in year 159 of the Gupta era.</p>
</div>
<div type="bibliography">
<p>First edited by Arlo Griffiths. Re-edited here with small improvements based on direct inspection of the plate. The text has been encoded by Amandine Wattelier-Bricout.</p><!-- vérifier si cela convient -->
<listBibl type="primary">
<bibl n="G"><ptr target="bib:Griffiths2018_02"/><citedRange unit="item">II.2</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">30-5</citedRange></bibl>
</listBibl>
<listBibl type="secondary">
<bibl><ptr target="bib:Griffiths2018_02"/><citedRange unit="item">II.2</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">30-5</citedRange></bibl>
</listBibl>
</div>
</body>
</text>
</TEI>