Elūru grant of Maṅgi Yuvarāja Encoding Dániel Balogh intellectual authorship of edition Dániel Balogh DHARMA Berlin DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00072

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Copyright (c) 2019-2025 by Dániel Balogh.

2019-2025
DHARMAbase

Halantas.

Original punctuation.

Other palaeographic observations. Anusvāra is a dot or small circle above headline, usually to the right of, but occasionally above the character to which it belongs and occasionally above the next character, especially when that next character is gha. In l7-8 saṁghaṭṭo° it may be pushed across a line and page break.

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Public URIs with the prefix bib to point to a Zotero Group Library named ERC-DHARMA whose data are open to the public.

Internal URIs using the part prefix to point to person elements in the DHARMA_IdListMembers_v01.xml file.

Collation with photos Initial encoding of the file
Seal śrī-vijayasiddhi
Plates

svasti. śrīmatāṁ sakala-bhuvanābhiṣṭūyamāna-mānavya-sagotrāṇā kauśikī-vara-prasāda-labdha-rājyānāṁ svāmi-mahāsena-pādānudhyātānām mātr̥-gaṇa-parilitānām bhagavan-nārāyaṇa-prasāda-samāsādita-vara-varāha-lāñchanānāṁ Aśvamedhāvabhr̥tha-snāna-pavīitrīkr̥ta-vapuṣā calukyānāṁ kula-jaladhi-samuditendo naya-vinaya-vīikrāamopārjjita-cāru-bhūri-kiīrte śrī-jayasiṁha-vallabha-mahājasya priya-bhrātuānujasya Indra-samāna-vikramasya śrī-Indra-bhaṭṭaārakasya sūneor aneka-samara-saghaṭṭopalabdha-yuddha-vijaya-yaśaḥ-prasuūty-āmoda-gandhādhivāsita-sakala-dig-maṇḍalasya śrī-viṣṇuvarddhana-mahārājasya priya-tanayaḥ samatiśeayita-pitru-guṇa śakti-sapanna Ānviīkṣiky-ādi-vidyā-prayogeu śrī-vijayasiddhiḥ svāsi-dhārā-namita-ripu-nr̥ipati-vara-makuṭa-taṭa-ghaṭitāneka-maṇi-kiraṇa-rāga-rañjita-chcaraṇa-yugaḷala śrī-sarvvalokāśraya-majaḥ Evam āñjāpayati

Ayyavoḷu-vastavyāya bhaāradvāja-sagotraāya tetriyataittirīya-sabrahmacāriṇe viṣṇuśarmmaṇa pavuautrāya venneśarmmaṇa putrāya śaṣṣaṭ-karmma-niratāya śrīdharaśarmmaṇe veghgi-viṣaye Elūru nāma grāme. pūrvva-diśāyāṁ. vālmīka pūrvvata. vālmīkia dakṣiṇata. vālmīka paścimata. jala-śrighga Uttarata. Etatc-catur-avadhi dvādaśa-kkhaṇḍikā-kodrava-bīja-paripramāṇa kṣetra. Uttara-diśāyāṁ. mūlāṁbu-tadhāka pūrvvata. jala-śrighga dakṣiṇata. colivinthi-śsīmā paścimata. jala-śrighgha Uttarataḥ. Etac-catur-avadhi dvādaśa-kkhaṇḍikā-kodrava-bīja-paripramāṇa kṣetraṁ viṣṇuvarddhana-Annaprāsśa-nimitte OUdaka-pūrvva datta. griha-stthānaṁ puṣpa-vāṭikaā-sahitaṁ sarvva-kara-parihāreṇa pravarddhamāna-vijaya-rājya-saṁvatsare daśa varṣe

bhūmi-dānāt paraṁ dānaṁ na bhūtaṁ na bhaviṣyaviti tasya haisyaiva haraṇāt pāpa na bhūta na bhaviṣyati sva-dattāṁ para-dattāṁ vā yo haretia va
Seal
Plates -bhuvanābhiṣṭūyamāna- -bhuvana-saṁstūyamāna- This combination is to my knowledge unique. Most Eastern Cālukya plates use bhuvana-saṁstūyamāna. The form jagad-abhiṣṭūyamāna occurs in some grants of Maṅgi Yuvarāja and Viṣṇuvardhana II. There are also corrupt hybrids: the Cendaṟa grant of Jayasiṁha II has jagada-saṁstuyamāna (sic), and the Pamiḍimukkala plates (set 1) of Viṣṇuvardhana II have sakala-bhūvana-jāgad-abhiṣṭūyamāna-. -sagotrāṇā The word hāritī-putrāṇāṁ is expected after this point, and was almost certainly omitted accidentally by the scribe, not deliberately by the composer. -samuditendo -samuditendaoḥ -samuditendu priya-bhrātuānujasya priyānujasya KR clearly read ṇu because of the ā marker of the earlier character that was partly hammered out and overstruck. -Indra- -Indra- There is no room at the bottom of the place for a subscript r. The tail of the subscript d seems to be extended somewhat to the right, which may have been meant to indicate that r. -saghaṭṭo I accept KR's opinion that the anusvāra is above gha on the next page. The small circular mark there may, however, be just an artefact created in raising the rim. priya- The subscript r seems to have been deleted and re-engraved at a shallower depth to make room below for the i of -ādi. Ānviīkṣiky- Anvīkṣiky- Aṇviīkṣiky- -prayogeu -prayoga-śeṣaḥ -dhārā-namita-ripu- -dhārā-ripu- °ta-chcaraṇa- °tāruṇa-pāda- °ta-caraṇa- -sabrahmacāriṇe -brahmacāriṇe -sabrahmacāriṇe venneśarmmaṇa vennaśarmmaṇa The ARIE report also reads the name as Venneśarman. The e is certainly present on the second character. I am not at all sure that a subscript consonant is present. The plate is badly corroded there, so there may have been something, but I see nothing that could be identified with confidence as a vestige. vālmīka Throughout the two lists of boundaries, I refrain from supplying endings for the names of features. KR does supply (or, in some cases, read) masuline nominative endings here, but my impression is that none are present in the original, and some of the words ought to be neuter rather than masculine. I attribute the lack of endings to non-standard usage of nouns in the stem form, not a scribal error, nor precisely a grammatical error of the composer. It is also possible that the nouns were intended to be in compound, for which see the commentary. jala-śrighga jaḷa-śrighga jaṭa-śrighga KR explicitly mentions this improved reading in his introduction to his revised edition. While ḷa is perfectly clear, the preceding character is entirely lost to corrosion, which KR's second edition does not admit. Given the perfectly clear instance in line 19 and a differently damaged instance in line 19-20, the restoration is nonetheless sound. KR further notes that Sanskrit jala-śr̥ṁga is a mirror translation of Telugu nīṭi-kommu, which he explains as a blind arm of a water course, elaborating that it is an extension of a tank or a natural body of water, which fills up only in the rainy season, and is a feature often seen at village boundaries in this part of the Andhra country. Although the interpretation assumes two non-standard spellings, writing ḷa for la is quite common in the corpus, and gha for ga occurs occasionally, including veṁghi in line 16 of the present inscription. I therefore think KR's reading and interpretation are both correct. Etatc-catur-avadhi Etetaiś catur-avadhi Etetaiś catur-udadhi- -kkhaṇḍikā-kodrava- -kkhaṇḍi-kodrava- The character is partly eaten by the binding hole but is still recognisable to the left of it. -diśāyāṁ mūlāṁbu- -diśām kulyābu- -diśāyāmbu- KR's second edition probably has a typo here; his intent may have been to emend to -diśāyāṁ Ambu-. I think the character is reasonably clear. I am not at all certain that an ā was present on la. The anusvāra is above and to the right of bu. -tadhāka -tarākaḥ The first character in line 19 is much too broad to be r, but it is a fairly plausible dh, which may in turn be the engraver's misrecognition of a pre-drawn . colivinthi- vāliviṇṭi coliviṇṭi KR notes that his reading coliviṇṭi is the Telugu genitive singular of the name Coliviṇṇu, and locates a modern village by this name near Eluru. Nonetheless, the correct reading of the last character is beyond doubt nthi. I do not know if this is a plausible genitive, perhaps of Colivinnu. A possible parallel formation is muttinthi-boya in the Reyūru grant of Viṣṇuvardhana II. jala- jaṭa- jala-śrighgha jaṭa-śrighga As in line 17 above, the reading ja is problematic. The locus is not as badly damaged, but the extant strokes are difficult to interpret. Correction may have been involved both on this character and on the following ḷa. Given the clear instance earlier in this line, I agree with KR that jaḷa must have been intended. Etac-catur- Eteaiś catur- -kkhaṇḍikā- -kkhaṇḍi- -nimitte OUdaka- -nimittaṁ diUdaka- -nimittaṁ Udaka- parihāreṇa pravarddhamāna- -parihopa va -parihare pa va My restoration is not entirely certain given that it also requires the restitution of an omitted syllable and an omitted subscript r. There is, however, no other solution I can come up with that is even remotely plausible in the context. Given the end of the next line, it is quite certain that three characters are lost at the edge of the plate here. daśa varṣe daśame pi| From the photos of the original, the reading varṣe is certain beyond reasonable doubt in spite of considerable corrosion, except that the superscript r and/or the e marker may have been omitted in the original. Similare dating formulae with a redundant varṣe do occur in the corpus: pravarddhamāna-vijaya-rājya-savasare triṁśati varṣa (continuing with month, forthnight and day) in the Koṇeki grant of Viṣṇuvardhana II; pravaddhamāna-vijaya-rājya-saṁvachare viṁśati-trir varṣeṁ in the Jaḷayūru grant of Viṣṇuvardhana III; and pravarddhamāna-vijaya-rājya-saṁvatsare pañca varṣe in the Koṇḍakaṟipḻola grant of Viṣṇuvardhana III. bhūtaṁ na bhaviṣyaviti na bhūtaṣyati sva-dattāṁ para-dattāṁ sva-ttāṁ haretia The inscribed word looks like hireti, but the first i marker is very thin and probably belongs to the earlier inscription on this plate (see the commentary). va The text ends abruptly here.
Seal
Plates

Greetings. From the ocean that is the lineage of the majestic Calukyas—who are of the Mānavya gotra which is praised by the entire world,The standard phrase “who are sons of Hāritī” was probably omitted by the scribe here., who attained kingship by the grace of Kauśikī’s boon, who were deliberately appointed to kingship by Lord Mahāsena, who are protected by the band of Mothers, who acquired the superior Boar emblem by the grace of the divine Nārāyaṇa, and whose bodies have been hallowed through washing in the purificatory ablutions avabhr̥tha of the Aśvamedha sacrifice—had arisen a moon who was His Majesty King mahārāja Jayasiṁha Vallabha I, who earned his great good reputation by his political acumen naya, discipline vinaya and valour. His dear younger brother was Indra Bhaṭṭāraka whose valour equalled Indra’s. His son was His Majesty King mahārāja Viṣṇuvardhana II, who perfumed the complete circle of the quarters with pleasant fragrance from the efflorescence of his glory achieved by martial victory attained in the clash of many a battle. His dear son, His Majesty King mahārāja Sarvalokāśraya Maṅgi Yuvarāja, who surpasses the virtues of his father, who is endowed with the three powers, who is His Majesty Vijayasiddhi prevailing in victory in applications of sciences such as critical investigation ānvīkṣikī and whose pair of feet are tinted by the hues of the rays from the many gems fitted to the surfaces of the crowns of prominent enemy kings bowed down by the blade of his sword, commands thus.

I have granted land in the Veṁgi district viṣaya, at the village named Elūru, to Śrīdharaśarman of the Bhāradvāja gotra and the Taittirīya school, a resident of Ayyavoḷu, grandson of Viṣṇuśarman and son of Vennaśarman, engaged in the the six duties of a Brahmin. Item, in the eastern direction of the village. A termite mound to the east. A termite mound to the south. A termite mound to the west. An oxbow lakeSee the apparatus to line 17 about this word. to the north. A field demarcated with these four boundaries, comprising an area sufficient for sowing twelve khaṇḍikās of kodrava seed. Item, in the northern direction of the village. The MūlāṁbuOr perhaps “the pond in Mūla” if this word ends in a Telugu locative rather than the Sanskrit word ambu. pond to the east. An oxbow lake to the south. The border of the village ColivinthiThe stem form of this name may be Colivinnu. to the west. An oxbow lake to the north. A field demarcated with these four boundaries, comprising an area sufficient for sowing twelve khaṇḍikās of kodrava seed. These have been given, the donation being sanctified by a libation of water, on the occasion of the annaprāśa ceremony of prince Viṣṇuvardhana III. Also, a homestead plot together with a flower garden. All these were donated with an exemption from all taxes, in the year that is the tenth year of the progressive triumphant reign.

There has never been and will never be a gift surpassing the gift of land, nor has there ever been or will ever be a sin surpassing the seizing of the same.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by anotherThe text ends abruptly here.

The boundary lists in lines 16-17 and 18-20 are somewhat problematic because of the inconsistent (and mostly missing) case endings. I am quite certain that the demarcation of two separate fields is presented here, both commencing with the location of the field with respect to the village Elūru. In each demarcation, this is followed by four pairs of “landmark” + “direction”, in the conventional order of East–South–West–North. It is therefore most likely that the landmarks are to be construed in the nominative, understood to mean that each landmark is to the specified direction of the field. With this interpretation, however, the syntax of the text is extremely fragmented, with several complete sentences inserted parenthetically as it were into the framing sentence that announces the grant.

Conversely, if the landmark–direction pairs are to be construed as compounds meaning that the field is to the specified direction of each landmark, the resulting sentence is syntactically more or less correct, although highly convoluted and complex. There are some cases in the Eastern Cālukya copperplate corpus where boundary demarcations are (or may be) presented in this manner. In the Jaḷayūru grant of Viṣṇuvardhana III, the demarcation likewise follows a statement of the field’s location with respect to the village. That grant, incidentally, is the only other Eastern Cālukya charter that I know of to use termite mounds as boundary markers. There, however, the directions come in the order West–North–South–East, whereby the conventional subjective order East–South–West–North obtains if the pairs are interpreted to mean that the field is to the said direction of the landmark. The Peddāpurappāḍu plates (set 1) of Viṣṇuvardhana II (but not the other two related sets from Peddāpurappāḍu) also situates the field relative to the landmarks, but there this is made explicit by putting the landmarks in the ablative case, although the actual order is still E–S–W–N, so the subjective order (of the boundaries relative to the field) is reversed. The Nutulapaṟu grant of Maṅgi Yuvarāja demarcates three fields in two differently unconventional sequences of directions, one or both of which may also have to be understood as positioning the field relative to each landmark. In the Peñceṟekuru grant of Maṅgi Yuvarāja, the landmarks are likewise in the ablative, and their sequence is likewise erratic. Finally, the Kopparam plates of Pulakeśin II also put the landmarks in the ablative case, but the sequence there is again unconventional (E–W–S–N).

It is thus possible that the demarcations are to be understood as situating the field relative to each landmark, but because the present charter employs the standard sequence of directions and does not use the ablative case for the landmarks, I think this is unlikely, and the demarcations are to be interpreted in the same way as those in the overwhelming majority of related grants, in spite of the syntactical difficulty involved.

Another possible complication in the boundary list ist that the word vālmīka is graphically quite similar to Elūru, and it is therefore not impossible that one or more of the many vālmīkas in the text are scribal mistakes for Elūru. This may, in particular, be the case for the vālmīka to the west of the first field (in line 17, inscribed only as vālmī), since this field lies to the east of Elūru.

Not noted by Krishna Rao, the recto of plate 3 is a palimpsest. No traces of earlier writing can be made out on any other page. On 3r, there were probably 4 lines of writing in larger characters than the present inscription, so that all of the fourth earlier line is below the last presently inscribed line, but there is still blank space below where there was probably no earlier writing. In this fourth line, the text varāha-lāñchanānāṁ Aśvamedhāvabhr̥tha-snāna can be made out without much difficulty, so this page had once been inscribed with the opening passage of Eastern Cālukya grants. Further legible bits of the earlier writing include māna-mānavya-sa in line 1 (slightly above the level of the present first line on this page), and paripālitānāṁ bhagava in line 3 (slightly above the level of the present inscription’s last line).

Reported in 7A/1937-386 with description at 80-8141. Edited from the original by B. V. Krishna Rao (), with a summary of the contents, followed immediately by a slight revision () accompanied by facsimiles.The inscription has also been published in Bhārati, Vol. XVI, pp. 613 ff., not traced. The present edition by Dániel Balogh is based on photographs of the original taken by myself in February 2023 at the Rallabandi Subba Rao Archaeological Museum, Rajahmundry, collated with Krishna Rao's editions and his facsimiles. Minor typographic mistakes and oversights in either of the previous editions are not shown in the apparatus here.

7A/1937-386 80-8141