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<title>Tulangan (832 Śaka, 910-08-13)</title>
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<forename>Wayan Jarrah</forename>
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<resp>intellectual authorship of edition</resp>
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<forename>Wayan Jarrah</forename>
<surname>Sastrawan</surname>
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<forename>Arlo</forename>
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<p>Copyright (c) 2019-2025 by Jarrah Sastrawan & Arlo Griffiths.</p>
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<date from="2019" to="2025">2019-2025</date>
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<p>The project DHARMA has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no 809994).</p>
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<p><lb n="1"/>// svasti śaka-varṣātīta 932, bhadravāda-māśa tipi pañcamī śu<lb n="2" break="no"/>kla-pakṣa, vu U, ca vāra ma<unclear>d</unclear>aṅkuṅan· Indra-devatā harmmaṇa-yo<lb n="3" break="no"/>ga, Irika divaśa dyaḥ vunut·, manambaḥ I śrī mahārāja <supplied reason="omitted">ra</supplied>ke galuḥ dya<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied><lb n="4"/>garudamuka śrī dharmmodāya mahāsambhu muAṁ rakryan· mahāmantri Iṁ<lb n="5"/>hino, dyaḥ dakṣottama bāhubajrā pra<supplied reason="omitted">ti</supplied>pakṣakṣaya, prayojananira ma<lb n="6" break="no"/>ta<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied>nyan· panambaḥ Uminta Ikanaṁ lmaḥ tu<unclear>la</unclear>ṅan apirn? rikaṁ sa<unclear>ṁ</unclear>ghagula<lb n="7" break="no"/>ḥ run· kulon· ṅaranya Iṁ nū<unclear>ṣ</unclear>a Ala hlat· katakutan· <choice><sic>sampan</sic><corr>sampun</corr></choice> ta ya kr̥-</p><p>Estimated date</p>
</div>
<div type="apparatus">
<app loc="1"><lem source="bib:Naerssen1938_01 bib:Damais1955_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">932</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">832</rdg> <rdg>Corr. 832</rdg><note>Sarkar emends to 832 in his text.</note></app>
<app loc="1"><lem source="bib:Brandes1913_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">varṣātīta</lem><rdg source="bib:Naerssen1938_01">varṣatīta</rdg><rdg source="bib:Damais1955_01">varṣatita</rdg></app>
<app loc="1"><lem source="bib:Damais1955_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">bhadravāda</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01 bib:Naerssen1938_01">bhadrapāda</rdg></app>
<app loc="1"><lem>māśa</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01 bib:Naerssen1938_01 bib:Damais1955_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">māsa</rdg></app>
<app loc="1"><lem source="bib:Damais1955_01">tīpi</lem><rdg source="bib:Naerssen1938_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">tīthi</rdg><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">tithi</rdg><rdg>Corr. tithi</rdg></app>
<app loc="1-2"><lem source="bib:Brandes1913_01 bib:Naerssen1938_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">śuklapakṣa</lem><rdg source="bib:Damais1955_01">tuklapakṣa</rdg></app>
<app loc="2"><lem source="bib:Damais1955_01">vu U, ca vāra</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">tu U _ vāra</rdg><rdg source="bib:Naerssen1938_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">tu U śa vāra</rdg></app>
<app loc="2"><lem>ma<unclear>d</unclear>aṅkuṅan</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01 bib:Naerssen1938_01 bib:Damais1955_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">maḍaṅkuṅan</rdg></app>
<app loc="2"><lem source="bib:Naerssen1938_01 bib:Damais1955_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">Indra-devatā</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">rudra-devatā</rdg></app>
<app loc="2"><lem source="bib:Damais1955_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">harmmaṇa-yoga</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">Om.</rdg><rdg source="bib:Naerssen1938_01">hārmmaṇa-yoga</rdg> <rdg>Corr. harṣṣaṇa-yoga</rdg></app>
<app loc="3"><lem source="bib:Damais1955_01">divaśa dyaḥ vunut·</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">divaśanya _</rdg><rdg source="bib:Naerssen1938_01">divaśa nyaḥ vurut</rdg></app>
<app loc="3"><lem source="bib:Damais1955_01"><supplied reason="omitted">ra</supplied>ke galuḥ dya<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied></lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">śegaluḥ ma</rdg><rdg source="bib:Naerssen1938_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">raka galuḥ</rdg></app>
<app loc="4"><lem>garudamuka</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">Om.</rdg><rdg source="bib:Damais1955_01">varudamuka</rdg><rdg source="bib:Naerssen1938_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">garuḍamuka</rdg></app>
<app loc="4"><lem source="bib:Damais1955_01">mahāsambhu</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">mahāsama</rdg><rdg source="bib:Naerssen1938_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">mahāsambu</rdg></app>
<app loc="4"><lem source="bib:Naerssen1938_01 bib:Damais1955_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">Iṁ</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">I</rdg></app>
<app loc="5"><lem source="bib:Naerssen1938_01 bib:Damais1955_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">dyaḥ</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">pu</rdg></app>
<app loc="5"><lem source="bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">bāhubajrā</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">bāhubajra</rdg><rdg source="bib:Naerssen1938_01">bāhubhajra</rdg><rdg source="bib:Damais1955_01">vāhubajra</rdg></app>
<app loc="5"><lem source="bib:Naerssen1938_01 bib:Damais1955_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">pra<supplied reason="omitted">ti</supplied>pakṣakṣaya</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">pratipakṣakṣaya</rdg></app>
<app loc="5-6"><lem source="bib:Naerssen1938_01 bib:Damais1955_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">mata<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied>nyan·</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">mataṅuyan·</rdg></app>
<app loc="6"><lem source="bib:Damais1955_01">panamvaḥ</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01 bib:Naerssen1938_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">panambaḥ</rdg></app>
<app loc="6"><lem source="bib:Damais1955_01">tu<unclear>la</unclear>ṅan</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">Om.</rdg><rdg source="bib:Naerssen1938_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">tuhaṅana</rdg></app>
<app loc="6"><lem source="bib:Damais1955_01">api<unclear>ṅ</unclear>gir·</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">Om.</rdg><rdg source="bib:Naerssen1938_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">pin _</rdg></app>
<app loc="6"><lem>rikaṁ</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">Om.</rdg><rdg source="bib:Naerssen1938_01 bib:Damais1955_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">-nikaṁ</rdg></app>
<app loc="6"><lem>sa<unclear>ṁ</unclear>ghagula-ḥ run</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">-nan</rdg><rdg source="bib:Naerssen1938_01 bib:Damais1955_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">Alas· lamvan·</rdg></app>
<app loc="7"><lem>Iṁ nū<unclear>ṣ</unclear>a Ala hlat</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">I nu</rdg><rdg source="bib:Naerssen1938_01 bib:Damais1955_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">Iṁ nūpa sūla hlat·</rdg></app>
<app loc="7"><lem source="bib:Damais1955_01">katakutan·</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">Om.</rdg><rdg source="bib:Naerssen1938_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">katakutanā</rdg></app>
<app loc="7"><lem source="bib:Damais1955_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">sampan</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">yapvan</rdg><rdg source="bib:Naerssen1938_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">samban</rdg></app>
<app loc="7"><lem source="bib:Naerssen1938_01 bib:Damais1955_01">kr̥-</lem><rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">lva-</rdg></app>
</div>
<div type="commentary">
<head xml:lang="eng">Dating and Palaeography</head>
<p>F. H. van Naerssen (1938: 508–509) discusses the various erroneous readings of the year by scholars from Friederich to van Naerssen’s own day. Van Naerssen further observed that traces of the erased date indicate that must post-date the eleventh century CE: “In den rechter bovenhoek is nog een oud i-teeken zichtbaar; en dit teeken – een onberispelijk ovaal met een punt in het midden dat terecht niet is overgenomen door de afteekenaars – verraadt dat het oorspronkelijke schrift dateert van het tiende Çaka-eeuw of jonger”. He goes on to suggest that the palaeography of the present text represents a late attempt to replicate the ninth-Śaka-century script of the original: “terwijl het schrift dat thans op de plaat prijkt archaïstisch is gehouden en het best te vergelijken met een zeer slordig en groot geschreven schrift uit den negenden Çaka-eeuw dateert”. This led him to infer that the ninth-century original was already severely damaged when it was copied: “De kopiïst copieerde dus letterlijk het voorbeeld dat hij voor zich had, terwijl hij met dezelfde moeilijkheden te kampen had als de moderne epigraaf die een niet heelemaal leesbare inscriptie, waarvan het materiaal door den tand des tijds verteerd, en de letters vervaagd zijn, te bewerken krijgt, zoodat het niet te verwonderen is dat heele woorden en misschien zelfs zinnen van oorspronkelijke oorkonde weggevallen zijn.”</p>
<p>Van Naerssen (1938: 510) suggested that the date 932 Śaka, as well as the similarity of script with a Frankfurt copperplate dated 937 Śaka, and also the appearance of the title Garuḍamukha, may indicate that this reissue may have been connected with Airlaṅga. However, our current understanding of Airlaṅgga’s chronology makes this highly unlikely. </p>
<p>Damais gave an extensive discussion of the date in BEFEO (1951): 36-37. He demonstrated that 932 Śaka is not an authentic date but an error for 832 Śaka, which fits with the other cyclical elements.</p>
</div>
<div type="bibliography">
<p>Read by Wayan Jarrah Sastrawan and Arlo Griffiths in July 2021 from photographs of the plates furnished by RMV.</p>
<listBibl type="primary">
<bibl n="Br">
<ptr target="bib:Brandes1913_01"/>
<citedRange>36</citedRange>
<citedRange>no. 28</citedRange>
</bibl>
<bibl n="vN">
<ptr target="bib:Naerssen1938_01"/>
<citedRange>510–514</citedRange></bibl>
<bibl n="D">
<ptr target="bib:Damais1955_01"/>
<citedRange>169–170</citedRange></bibl>
<bibl n="Sa">
<ptr target="bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01"/>
<citedRange>120</citedRange><citedRange>no. 79</citedRange>
<note>Sarkar distinguished two sets of readings: those in the main text, which follow Brandes, and those in footnotes labelled LMP (Leiden Museum Plate), which follow van Naerssen’s readings in every case. This leads us to suspect that Sarkar reproduced van Naerssen’s readings verbatim, and that his edition does not contain any novel readings. We therefore do not record the readings published by Sarkar in our apparatus.</note></bibl>
</listBibl>
<listBibl type="secondary">
<bibl>
<ptr target="bib:Friederich1854-1857_01"/>
<citedRange>75, 86–89</citedRange>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ptr target="bib:NBG04_1866"/>
<citedRange>145</citedRange>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ptr target="bib:Brandes1904_01"/>
<citedRange>453 (j), 456 (6)</citedRange>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ptr target="bib:Stutterheim1927_01"/>
<citedRange>185</citedRange>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ptr target="bib:Goris1929_01"/>
<citedRange>202–6</citedRange>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ptr target="bib:Damais1951_01"/>
<citedRange>36–37</citedRange>
<note>A fuller discussion of the date than supplied in the later publication <foreign>EEI </foreign>IV.</note>
</bibl>
</listBibl>
</div>
<!--
<div>
<head>Artefact</head>
<p>Leiden Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, RMV 1403-3340.</p>
<p>Single copperplate inscribed on one side. It is a palimpsest, with the present text inscribed upon a plate which previously bore another text that is barely visible any longer. Van Naerssen (1938: 509) observed deformation of the plate which arose “because someone tried to smooth out the characters that were originally engraved” (doordat men de oorspronkelijk ingegrafeerde teekens heeft trachten glad te kloppen).</p>
<p>Dimensions: 260 mm x 115 mm, according to van Naerssen (1938: 510), but 262 mm x 117 mm according to Juynboll cited in Sarkar (1972, II: 120).</p>
</div>
<div>
<head>Provenance</head>
<p>A transcription was prepared by the Panembahan of Sumenep (for Raffles?), with Modern Javanese transliteration, which was reproduced by Brandes (TBG vol. 47). According to Brandes “afkomstig van Djedoeng” (Verbeek ?), but this was questioned by Stutterheim (TBG vol. 67: 185): “Ik weet niet, waar Brandes de mededeeling, dat zij van Djĕdoeng afkomstig is, vandaan heeft; is dat van bovengenoemd Panĕmbahan, wiens betrouwbaarheid in oudkundige zaken voldoende aan de kaak is gesteld, dan is een gereserveerde houding zeker gewettigd.” However, Stutterheim appears not to have taken into account Brandes’ attribution of the Jedung provenance to C. J. van der Vlis (see Surrogates below).</p>
<p>Stutterheim subsequently discussed the provenance of Balitung inscription held at Leiden: “De in Leiden teruggevonden oorkonde is afkomstig uit de collectie van G. L. Baud en zal misschien oorspronkelijk afkomstig zijn van den Gouverneur-Generaal ad interim J. C. Baud, van wiens reeds in 1835 eenige voorwerpen in het museum te Leiden terecht zijn gekomen.” This seems like a rather tentative hypothesis and is not supported by direct evidence.</p>
<p>Goris apparently claimed that this inscription is inauthentic (1929: 204). Van Naerssen (1938: 509) labelled it “certainly a copy, not to mention inauthentic” (zeer zeker een kopie, om niet te spreken van inauthentik<note
place="comment">@jarrah.sastrawan@gmail.comIt is not clear to me why vN would have used German spelling. please check._Assigned to Jarrah Sastrawan_</note>). Damais argued that this inscription is a fake [faux véritable] based on what he considered its incompetent execution: “il est bien évident que certaines lettres ne peuvent s’expliquer que par une ignorance à que près totale des aksara paléo-javanais” (1955: 169, note 2). </p>
</div>
<div>
<head>Surrogates</head>
<p>Transcript prepared by the Panembahan of Sumenep, kept at Leiden University Library as Cod. Or. 2245(j). According to Witkam (2007–2017: II, 71), this manuscript is among a “[c]ollection of manuscripts transferred to the Legatum Warneranium from the Library of the ‘Rijk-Instelling tot Opleiding van Oost-Indische Ambtenaren’, after the closure of that institution in October 1878.” Previous provenance is from the collection of C. J. van der Vlis, according to Brandes (1904: 453). According to Brandes too, this transcript has the following information recorded in van der Vlis’ own hand: “Inscriptie op een koperen Plaat, gevonden te Jedoeng, benevens de daaronder gestelde ontcijfering door Z. H. den Sultan van Sumanap” and “A. A. Sluijter del.”.</p>
<p>Photographs of the plates in Rotterdam by Arlo Griffiths, 2019 (?)</p>
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