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<title>Kawali I (a)</title>
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<resp>EpiDoc encoding</resp>
<persName ref="part:adgu">
<name>Aditia Gunawan</name>
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<resp>intellectual authorship of edition</resp>
<persName ref="part:adgu">
<name>Aditia Gunawan</name>
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<persName ref="part:argr">
<forename>Arlo</forename>
<surname>Griffiths</surname>
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<authority>DHARMA</authority>
<pubPlace>Paris</pubPlace>
<idno type="filename">DHARMA_INSIDENKKawali_1a</idno>
<availability>
<licence target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<p>This work is licenced under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported Licence. To view a copy of the licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.</p>
<p>Copyright (c) 2019-2025 by Aditia Gunawan & Arlo Griffiths.</p>
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<date from="2019" to="2025">2019-2025</date>
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<repository>DHARMAbase</repository>
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<msContents><!-- describe the intellectual content of an inscription -->
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<p><!-- The script name(s) will be inserted here at a later stage from the metadata spreasheet. At this stage, you can mention here in a free-text paragraph any characteristics of the writing observed more than once in this inscription that seem unusual/uncommon or otherwise noteworthy given the general characteristics of the script in question. See EG 11.2. --></p>
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<p>The project DHARMA has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC)
under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant
agreement no 809994).</p>
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<div type="edition" xml:lang="osn-Latn"><!-- argr2adgu: this should be osn-Latn, in all files -->
<p>
<lb n="1"/><g type="symbol" subtype="spider"/> nihan· tapak· va<lb n="2" break="no"/>lar nu syi muliA tapa I<lb n="3" break="no"/>ña paR̥bu raja vas·tu
<lb n="4"/>ma<unclear reason="eccentric_ductus">ṅ</unclear>aḍəg· ḍi kuta kava<lb n="5" break="no"/>li nu mahayu na kaḍatuAn·
<lb n="6"/>suravisesa nu marigi sa<lb n="7" break="no"/>kulili<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied> ḍayəḥ nu najur sakala<lb n="8" break="no"/>ḍesa Aya ma nu pa<supplied reason="omitted">n</supplied>ḍəri<!-- argr2adgu: should we not opt for encoding pa<supplied reason="omitted">n</supplied>ḍəri? if so, please make the necessary changes in all files. --> pake na
<lb n="9"/>gave raḥhayu pakən· həbəl· ja<lb n="10" break="no"/>ya ḍi na buAna
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<div type="apparatus">
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<app loc="1">
<lem source="bib:Noorduyn1976_01 bib:HasanDjafar1991_01 bib:TitiSurtiNastiti1996_01">tapak· va<lb n="2" break="no"/>lar</lem>
<rdg source="bib:Friederich1855_01">tapa kata</rdg>
<rdg source="bib:Holle1867_01 bib:Pleyte1911_01">tapa kava<lb n="2" break="no"/>li</rdg>
<rdg source="bib:RichadianaKartakusuma2005_01">tapa<supplied reason="omitted">k</supplied> kavali</rdg>
</app>
<app loc="2">
<lem source="bib:Holle1867_01">nu syi muliA tapa</lem>
<rdg source="bib:Friederich1855_01">nusya muṅi atapa</rdg>
<rdg source="bib:Pleyte1911_01">nu saṁ hyaṁ muliA tapa</rdg>
<rdg source="bib:Noorduyn1976_01 bib:RichadianaKartakusuma2005_01">nu siya muliA tapa</rdg>
<rdg source="bib:HasanDjafar1991_01 bib:TitiSurtiNastiti1996_01">nu siya muliA tapa<supplied reason="omitted">k</supplied></rdg>
</app>
<app loc="2">
<lem source="bib:Noorduyn1976_01 bib:HasanDjafar1991_01 bib:TitiSurtiNastiti1996_01 bib:RichadianaKartakusuma2005_01">I<lb n="3" break="no"/>ña</lem>
<rdg source="bib:Friederich1855_01 bib:Holle1867_01 bib:Pleyte1911_01">bha<lb n="3" break="no"/>gya</rdg>
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<app loc="4">
<lem>ma<unclear reason="eccentric_ductus">ṅ</unclear>aḍəg·</lem>
<note>The shape of <foreign>ṅa</foreign> is unusual. Cf. the more careful execution of this <foreign>aksara</foreign> in <ref target="DHARMA_INSIDENKKawali_2.xml">Kawali II</ref>, line 2 <foreign>ṅə</foreign>.</note>
</app>
<app loc="6">
<lem source="bib:Holle1867_01 bib:Noorduyn1976_01">sa<lb n="7" break="no"/>kulili<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied></lem>
<rdg source="bib:Friederich1855_01">sakulili</rdg>
<rdg source="bib:HasanDjafar1991_01 bib:TitiSurtiNastiti1996_01 bib:RichadianaKartakusuma2005_01">sakuliliṁ</rdg>
<note>It may be doubted that any <foreign>panyecek</foreign> was written here.</note>
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<app loc="8">
<lem>pa<supplied reason="omitted">n</supplied>ḍəri</lem>
<rdg source="bib:Friederich1855_01">padəri</rdg>
<rdg source="bib:Holle1867_01 bib:Noorduyn1976_01 bib:HasanDjafar1991_01 bib:TitiSurtiNastiti1996_01 bib:RichadianaKartakusuma2005_01">pandə:ri</rdg>
</app>
<app loc="9">
<lem>həbəl</lem>
<rdg source="bib:Friederich1855_01">həbəṅ</rdg>
<rdg source="bib:Holle1867_01 bib:Noorduyn1976_01 bib:HasanDjafar1991_01 bib:TitiSurtiNastiti1996_01 bib:RichadianaKartakusuma2005_01">hə:bə:l</rdg>
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<div type="translation" resp="part:adgu part:argr">
<p>These are the footprints <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>tapak valar</foreign></supplied> of the one of praiseworthy asceticism. He, his majesty king Wastu, ruling in the city Kawali, is the one who beautifies the palace Surawisésa; who dug a moat around the city, who planted crops in villages. If there is one in the future, he must be observant of <supplied reason="explanation">pake</supplied> good works, so that success in the world will be long-lasting.</p>
</div>
<div type="translation" xml:lang="ind" source="bib:TitiSurtiNastiti1996_01">
<p>Inilah tanda bekas beliau yang mulia Prabu Raja Wastu <supplied reason="subaudible">yang</supplied> berkuasa di kota Kawali yang memperindah keraton Surawisesa yang membuat parit <supplied reason="subaudible">di</supplied> sekeliling ibukota, yang memakmurkan seluruh desa.</p>
<p>Semoga ada penerus raja yang melaksanakan berbuat kebajikan agar lama jaya di dunia.</p>
</div>
<div type="commentary">
<p n="1"><foreign>tapak· valar</foreign> ◇ The word walar-walar is attested in Rigg (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Rigg1862_01"/><citedRange unit="page">526</citedRange></bibl>) <q>foot-mark, track (of man, animal, etc.) on the ground</q>. We suppose that tapak valar is a kind of redundant compound, of the type <foreign>tapak lacak</foreign> (MdS & MdJ), <foreign>asal mula</foreign>, <foreign>cantik jelita</foreign> (Malay), etc. Here it probably helps to express plurality.</p>
<p n="2"><foreign>nu syi muliA tapa</foreign> ◇ We do not understand precisely why Noorduyn & Teeuw 2006 (Glossary, s.v.) indicate that the expression <foreign>nu siya</foreign> has the meaning <q>venerable, reverend</q>. Surely, its juxtaposition with a third word can yield honorific sense, as in the present context and in <title>Carita Purnavijaya</title> 247 <foreign>nu siya mahapandita</foreign> <q>the reverend great teacher</q>, but in all contexts it can be analyzed equivalent to Malay <foreign>ia yang</foreign>. Further examples are <title>Sri Ajñana</title> 927 <foreign>nu sia laksana bela</foreign> <q>the one who carried out the sacrifice</q>, <title>Sri Ajñana</title> 502 <foreign>nu sia ṅukus ñamida</foreign> <q>those who burn incense and firewood</q>. It can also be used to form epithets, as we see in <title>Bujaṅga Manik</title> 1181 <foreign>Nu Siya Laraṅ</foreign> (litt.: the one who is forbidden) and in the designation used in <title>Carita Parahyaṅan</title> for the last king of Pakuan Pajajaran, viz. Nu Siya Mulya (litt.: the one who is praiseworthy, cf. Malay yang mulia). The latter is very similar to <foreign>nu siya mulia</foreign> in our inscription. But here it is followed by the word <foreign>tapa</foreign>, so we interpret it as <q>the one of praiseworthy asceticism</q>, an epithet for King Wastu.</p>
<p n="7-8"><foreign>sakalaḍesa</foreign> ◇ The word <foreign>sakala</foreign>, of Sanskrit origin, means <q>all</q> here as it does in Sanskrit and in OJ when it is the first member of a compound (<bibl><ptr target="bib:Zoetmulder1982_01"/><citedRange unit="entry"><foreign>sakala</foreign> 2</citedRange></bibl>). It is surprising that in the Old Sundanese corpus, this word is only attested with this meaning in this inscription. In manuscripts, we always find <foreign>sagala</foreign> in the meaning <q>all</q>, while sakala usually refers to the <q>manifest world</q>, as the opposite of <foreign>niskala</foreign>, as it does in Old Javanese (<bibl><ptr target="bib:Zoetmulder1982_01"/><citedRange unit="entry"><foreign>sakala</foreign> 1</citedRange></bibl>)</p>
</div>
<div type="bibliography">
<p>The inscription was initially read by Friederich (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Friederich1855_01"/><citedRange unit="page">149-174</citedRange></bibl>), then by Holle (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Holle1867_01"/><citedRange unit="page">464-470</citedRange></bibl>, Pleyte (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Pleyte1911_01"/><citedRange unit="page">167-169</citedRange></bibl>), Noorduyn (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Noorduyn1976_01"/></bibl>), Hasan Djafar (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:HasanDjafar1991_01"/><citedRange unit="page">6</citedRange></bibl>) and most recently by Titi Surti Nastiti (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:TitiSurtiNastiti1996_01"/><citedRange unit="page">1-13</citedRange></bibl>). Noorduyn's report made a significant contribution with critical new readings, but it is unfortunately not widely available. Titi Surti Nastiti's study includes an Indonesian translation. The text is re-edited and translated into English here by Aditia Gunawan & Arlo Griffiths from various photos. In our apparatus, variant readings are cited from Friederich, Holle, Pleyte, Noorduyn, Titi Surti Nastiti, and Richadiana Kartakusuma's editions.</p>
<listBibl type="primary">
<bibl n="F">
<ptr target="bib:Friederich1855_01"/><citedRange unit="page">149-174</citedRange>
</bibl>
<bibl n="H">
<ptr target="bib:Holle1867_01"/><citedRange unit="page">464-470</citedRange>
</bibl>
<bibl n="P">
<ptr target="bib:Pleyte1911_01"/><citedRange unit="page">167-169</citedRange>
</bibl>
<bibl n="N">
<ptr target="bib:Noorduyn1976_01"/>
</bibl>
<bibl n="HD">
<ptr target="bib:HasanDjafar1991_01"/><citedRange unit="page">5-8</citedRange>
</bibl>
<bibl n="TSN">
<ptr target="bib:TitiSurtiNastiti1996_01"/><citedRange>21-22</citedRange>
</bibl>
<bibl n="RK">
<ptr target="bib:RichadianaKartakusuma2005_01"/><citedRange>49</citedRange>
</bibl>
</listBibl>
<listBibl type="secondary">
<bibl><ptr target="bib:Raffles1817_01"/><citedRange unit="page">58</citedRange></bibl>
<bibl><ptr target="bib:Olivier1836-1838_01"/><citedRange unit="page">190–191</citedRange></bibl>
<bibl><ptr target="bib:NBG02_1864"/><date>1864</date><citedRange unit="volume">2</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">186, 255</citedRange></bibl>
<bibl><ptr target="bib:NBG04_1866"/><date>1866</date><citedRange unit="volume">4</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">118</citedRange></bibl>
<bibl><ptr target="bib:Pleyte1913_01"/><citedRange unit="page">295</citedRange></bibl>
<bibl><ptr target="bib:Casparis1975_01"/><citedRange unit="page">54-56</citedRange></bibl>
<bibl><ptr target="bib:DirmanSurachmat1986_01"/></bibl>
<bibl><ptr target="bib:NandangRusnandar1999_01"/></bibl>
<bibl><ptr target="bib:MachiSuhadi1999_01"/></bibl>
<bibl><ptr target="bib:DjadjaSukardjaS2002_01"/></bibl>
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