The Evidence & Conclusion Ontology (ECO) describes types of scientific evidence within the biological research domain that arise from laboratory experiments, computational methods, literature curation, or other means. Evidence & Conclusion Ontology (ECO) 29:06:2020 07:48 eco rctauber ECO (https://github.com/evidenceontology/evidenceontology) is released into the public domain under CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0). Anyone is free to copy, modify, or distribute the work, even for commercial purposes, without asking permission. Please see the Public Domain Dedication (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) for an easy-to-read description of CC0 1.0 or the full legal code (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode) for more detailed information. To get a sense of why ECO is CC0 as opposed to licensed under CC-BY, please read this thoughtful discussion (https://github.com/OBOFoundry/OBOFoundry.github.io/issues/285) on the OBO Foundry GitHub site. has GO evidence code A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold. example of usage The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. definition Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people term editor formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007 definition source The 'term requester' can credit the person, organization or project who request the ontology term.,The name of the person, project, or organization that motivated inclusion of an ontology term by requesting its addition. IAO ontology term requester Grouping classes used by GO go_groupings GO biological process terms should be used in the GO with/from field valid_with_biological_process GO cellular component terms should be used in the GO with/from field valid_with_cellular_component Chemical entity IDs should be used in the GO with/from field valid_with_chemical_entity Gene IDs should be used in the GO with/from field valid_with_gene GO molecular function terms should be used in the GO with/from field valid_with_molecular_function Protein IDs should be used in the GO with/from field valid_with_protein Protein complex IDs should be used in the GO with/from field valid_with_protein_complex Transcript IDs should be used in the GO with/from field valid_with_transcript description title license subset_property auto-generated-by created_by creation_date date default-namespace has_alternative_id has_broad_synonym database_cross_reference has_exact_synonym has_narrow_synonym has_obo_format_version has_obo_namespace has_related_synonym id in_subset is_inferred saved-by shorthand a core relation that holds between a part and its whole part_of part of part of a core relation that holds between a whole and its part has_part has part has part realized in realizes preceded by precedes A relation connecting a piece of evidence to an assertion method, where that assertion method is supported by the evidence. mchibucos 2010-12-09T05:00:20Z ECO:9000000 eco used_in used_in In the future we may use a more generic relation with weaker domain and range constraints taken from IAO, RO or OBI. used_in A relation connecting a piece of evidence to an assertion method, where that assertion method is supported by the evidence. GOC:cjm ECO:9000001 eco uses uses uses has measurement unit label is_about is a (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity. is about m is a quality measurement of q at t when q is a quality there is a measurement process p that has specified output m, a measurement datum, that is about q is quality measurement of relates a process to a time-measurement-datum that represents the duration of the process is duration of inverse of the relation of is quality measurement of is quality measured as A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of. has_specified_input A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of. is_specified_input_of A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of. has_specified_output c is_manufactured_by o means that there was a process p in which c was built in which a person, or set of people or machines did the work(bore the "Manufacturer Role", and those people/and or machines were members or of directed by the organization to do this. is_manufactured_by A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of. is_specified_output_of This relation obtains between a planned process and a objective specification when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process. achieves_planned_objective the relation of the cells in the finger of the skin to the finger, in which an indeterminate number of grains are parts of the whole by virtue of being grains in a collective that is part of the whole, and in which removing one granular part does not nec- essarily damage or diminish the whole. Ontological Whether there is a fixed, or nearly fixed number of parts - e.g. fingers of the hand, chambers of the heart, or wheels of a car - such that there can be a notion of a single one being missing, or whether, by contrast, the number of parts is indeterminate - e.g., cells in the skin of the hand, red cells in blood, or rubber molecules in the tread of the tire of the wheel of the car. has grain A relation between an organisation or person and a material entity who owned or has license to the material entity and there was a legal transfer of ownership or licensing of the material entity to the current owner. supplies A relation between a material entity and an organisation or person who owned or has license to the material entity and there was a legal transfer of ownership or licensing of the material entity to the current owner. has_supplier This relation obtains between an objective specification and a planned process when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process. objective_achieved_by A relation between an information content entity and a value specification that specifies its value. has value specification A relationship between two material entities that form a complex based on a selective, non-covalent interaction. bound_to a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence inheres in a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence bearer of a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process participates in a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process has participant A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants. is concretized as A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant. concretizes a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence function of a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence quality of a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence role of a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has function a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has quality a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has role A relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has disposition a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity derives from a relation between two distinct material entities, the old entity and the new entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity derives into a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location location of a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location located in immediately preceded by immediately precedes regulates regulates negatively_regulates negatively regulates positively_regulates positively regulates temporal relation is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection. member of has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item. has member has measurement value A relation between a value specification and a number that quantifies it. has specified numeric value A relation between a value specification and a literal. has specified value entity An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts. continuant An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. occurrent A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything. independent continuant An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. process disposition A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances. realizable entity quality A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same. specifically dependent continuant A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts. role site A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time. generically dependent continuant function An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. material entity immaterial entity An adenosine 5'-phosphate in which the 5'-phosphate is a triphosphate group. It is involved in the transportation of chemical energy during metabolic pathways. ATP Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc. peptide High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; DNA contain the genetic information of organisms. deoxyribonucleic acid Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. molecular entity cytochalasin A member of the class of acrylamides that results from the formal condensation of acrylic acid with ammonia. acrylamide A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element. atom A macromolecule made up of nucleotide units and hydrolysable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose and phosphoric acid. nucleic acid High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing ribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; RNA is central to the synthesis of proteins. ribonucleic acid A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. macromolecule double-stranded DNA A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-bromouracil as the nucleobase. 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine A synthetic radioactive isotope of chromium having a half-life of 27.7 days and decaying by electron capture with emission of gamma rays (0.32 MeV); it is used to label red blood cells for measurement of mass or volume, survival time, and sequestration studies, for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding, and to label platelets to study their survival. chromium-51 Thymidine linked to the radioisotope tritium. Used to label DNA in the study of cellular and viral DNA synthesis. tritiated thymidine Any type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths. These specimens are called fluorophores. fluorescence microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with visible light and a system of lenses is used to produce an image. light microscopy A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane. cell cell A cell in vitro that is or has been maintained or propagated as part of a cell culture. cultured cell A lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive, CD20-positive, and capable of B cell mediated immunity. B cell A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin. lymphocyte A cell in vitro that has undergone physical changes as a consequence of a deliberate and specific experimental procedure. experimentally modified cell in vitro A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form. mononuclear cell A type of information that is used to support an assertion. eco evidence code evidence_code ECO:0000000 evidence A type of information that is used to support an assertion. ECO:MCC A type of curator inference where conclusions are drawn based on the background scientific knowledge of the curator. eco ECO:0000001 inference from background scientific knowledge A type of curator inference where conclusions are drawn based on the background scientific knowledge of the curator. ECO:SN A type of experimental evidence resulting from the direct measurement of some aspect of a biological feature. ECO:0005006 eco ECO:0000002 direct assay evidence A type of experimental evidence resulting from the direct measurement of some aspect of a biological feature. ECO:SN A type of direct assay evidence based on reconstructing a biological sample from its disassociated state to its original state. eco ECO:0000003 reconstitution assay evidence A type of direct assay evidence based on reconstructing a biological sample from its disassociated state to its original state. ECO:KAV PMID:26029343 A type of fractionation evidence where sub-cellular components are separated based on their physical properties such as density in a sucrose density gradient. eco cell fractionation ECO:0000004 If using this term for Gene Ontology annotation, it would be used most typically for annotations to the cellular component ontology. cell fractionation evidence A type of fractionation evidence where sub-cellular components are separated based on their physical properties such as density in a sucrose density gradient. ECO:KIM TAIR:TED A type of protein assay evidence where the catalytic activity of an enzyme is determined. ECO:0005001 MI:0415 enzyme assay evidence eco enzyme assays ECO:0000005 enzymatic activity assay evidence A type of protein assay evidence where the catalytic activity of an enzyme is determined. url:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213020914000068 MI:0415 enzymatic study A type of evidence resulting from manipulation of variables in order to discover cause and effect. ECO:0005023 eco ECO:0000006 experimental evidence A type of evidence resulting from manipulation of variables in order to discover cause and effect. url:http://holah.co.uk/page/experimental/ true A type of protein detection assay evidence where a fluorescently labeled antibody is used to detect the presence or localization of a biomolecule within a cell. eco immunofluorescence ECO:0000007 immunofluorescence evidence A type of protein detection assay evidence where a fluorescently labeled antibody is used to detect the presence or localization of a biomolecule within a cell. ECO:MCC TAIR:TED The 10 previously identified GlnR-regulated genes were all confirmed to be under GlnR control during nitrogen stress (i.e. differential expression in the wild type compared to the DeltaglnR mutant), but in addition a total of 392 genes were significantly up-regulated and 291 significantly down regulated (Additional file 1: Table S1). This indicates that GlnR mediates (directly or indirectly) the expression of over 680 genes. A type of experimental evidence that is based on characterization of gene expression. eco ECO:0000008 Use this evidence type when the annotation is inferred from the timing or location of expression of a gene. It may be difficult to determine whether the expression pattern truly indicates that a gene plays a role in a given process. expression pattern evidence The 10 previously identified GlnR-regulated genes were all confirmed to be under GlnR control during nitrogen stress (i.e. differential expression in the wild type compared to the DeltaglnR mutant), but in addition a total of 392 genes were significantly up-regulated and 291 significantly down regulated (Additional file 1: Table S1). This indicates that GlnR mediates (directly or indirectly) the expression of over 680 genes. PMID:23642041 A type of experimental evidence that is based on characterization of gene expression. ECO:MCC GO:IEP A type of expression pattern evidence where abundance of a transcript is analyzed. ECO:0000048 transcript expression level evidence eco ECO:0000009 transcript expression evidence A type of expression pattern evidence where abundance of a transcript is analyzed. ECO:RCT A type of expression pattern evidence resulting from protein abundance quantification techniques. eco ECO:0000010 protein expression evidence A type of expression pattern evidence resulting from protein abundance quantification techniques. PMC:4029002 url:https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/protein-biology/protein-biology-learning-center/protein-biology-resource-library/pierce-protein-methods/overview-protein-expression-systems.html A type of experimental phenotypic evidence resulting from the effect that a given gene has on another gene or genes, and the products. TAIR:TED eco ECO:0000011 genetic interaction evidence A type of experimental phenotypic evidence resulting from the effect that a given gene has on another gene or genes, and the products. ECO:RCT PMID:11822023 In addition, complementation of the ompR mutation in strain AR6 with plasmid pBR3 resulted in an increase in beta-galactosidase activity (1303 +- 80 Miller units), indicating that the His-tagged OmpR protein, expressed from the gene introduced in trans, was able to positively regulate flhDC expression. Trans-complementation of fimR on pDL276 (pHR6) in strain DeltafimR harboring pfim(445 b)-cat restored wild-type pfim expression (Figure S1). Taken together, pfim is negatively regulated by FimR. A type of genetic interaction evidence where a wild-type copy of the gene in question is inserted into a mutant cell to see if it restores the wild-type phenotype in the mutant background. eco functional complementation ECO:0000012 functional complementation evidence In addition, complementation of the ompR mutation in strain AR6 with plasmid pBR3 resulted in an increase in beta-galactosidase activity (1303 +- 80 Miller units), indicating that the His-tagged OmpR protein, expressed from the gene introduced in trans, was able to positively regulate flhDC expression. PMID:20830609 Trans-complementation of fimR on pDL276 (pHR6) in strain DeltafimR harboring pfim(445 b)-cat restored wild-type pfim expression (Figure S1). Taken together, pfim is negatively regulated by FimR. PMID:23823757 A type of genetic interaction evidence where a wild-type copy of the gene in question is inserted into a mutant cell to see if it restores the wild-type phenotype in the mutant background. PMID:27403640 A type of functional complementation evidence resulting from the introduction of a transgene to prevent, or "rescue" an organism from a condition. eco ECO:0000013 transgenic rescue experiment evidence A type of functional complementation evidence resulting from the introduction of a transgene to prevent, or "rescue" an organism from a condition. url:http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/19/9/13932/pdf url:http://www.nature.com/gt/journal/v11/n15/full/3302282a.html Indeed, the GroEL protein appears to be more abundant in the LM3 wild type strain compared to the LM3-2 mutant strain, suggesting the involvement of the CcpA protein in the positive regulation of its expression. A type of experimental phenotypic evidence in which an observable phenotypic difference results from a change or mutation in DNA, reflecting a different form of an allele. eco ECO:0000015 Note that mutations need not be negative. Changes to DNA sequence (mutations) may be detrimental, have no impact, or be beneficial. The allele that encodes the phenotype most common in a particular natural population is referred to as the wild type allele, while any other form of that allele is known as the mutant form. mutant phenotype evidence Indeed, the GroEL protein appears to be more abundant in the LM3 wild type strain compared to the LM3-2 mutant strain, suggesting the involvement of the CcpA protein in the positive regulation of its expression. PMID:17129387 A type of experimental phenotypic evidence in which an observable phenotypic difference results from a change or mutation in DNA, reflecting a different form of an allele. GO:IMP A type of mutant phenotype evidence where a phenotype is associated with altered gene product which lacks the molecular function of the wild-type gene. eco ECO:0000016 loss-of-function mutant phenotype evidence A type of mutant phenotype evidence where a phenotype is associated with altered gene product which lacks the molecular function of the wild-type gene. SO:0002054 A type of experimental phenotypic evidence where a transgenic strain carrying the construct of a promoter cDNA fusion in which a gene of interest is driven by a defined promoter or enhancer is ectopically expressed in the defined pattern to characterize potential cellular properties and functions of a protein of interest. eco analysis of overexpression/ectopic expression phenotype ECO:0000017 ectopic expression evidence A type of experimental phenotypic evidence where a transgenic strain carrying the construct of a promoter cDNA fusion in which a gene of interest is driven by a defined promoter or enhancer is ectopically expressed in the defined pattern to characterize potential cellular properties and functions of a protein of interest. PMID:10948520 PMID:19301619 A type of mutant phenotype evidence where a phenotype is observed while expressing an anti-sense version of a gene product in a wild-type (for that gene product) background. eco anti-sense experiments ECO:0000018 anti-sense experiment evidence A type of mutant phenotype evidence where a phenotype is observed while expressing an anti-sense version of a gene product in a wild-type (for that gene product) background. ECO:SN A type of mutant phenotype evidence where an RNA construct is introduced into a cell and the expression of the gene bearing its complementary sequence is suppressed. eco RNAi experiment ECO:0000019 RNAi evidence A type of mutant phenotype evidence where an RNA construct is introduced into a cell and the expression of the gene bearing its complementary sequence is suppressed. ECO:MCC A type of direct assay evidence based on the inhibition of the molecular function of a protein. specific protein inhibition evidence eco ECO:0000020 protein inhibition evidence A type of direct assay evidence based on the inhibition of the molecular function of a protein. ECO:MCC A type of experimental evidence that is based on characterization of an interaction between a gene product and another molecule. ECO:0005025 MI:0045 eco ECO:0000021 Molecules interacted with might include protein, nucleic acid, ion, or complex. physical interaction evidence A type of experimental evidence that is based on characterization of an interaction between a gene product and another molecule. ECO:SN MI:0045 experimental interaction detection A type of physical interaction evidence where a cellular component subunit is isolated as part of purification of its larger complex. MI:0025 eco co-purification ECO:0000022 co-purification evidence A type of physical interaction evidence where a cellular component subunit is isolated as part of purification of its larger complex. TAIR:TED MI:0025 copurification A type of physical interaction evidence that depends on the strength of the interaction between two entities. MI:0400 ligand binding evidence eco ECO:0000023 affinity evidence A type of physical interaction evidence that depends on the strength of the interaction between two entities. ECO:MCC PSI-MI:MI:0400 MI:0400 affinity technology A type of affinity evidence resulting from the binding of a molecule to a protein or protein complex. eco ECO:0000024 protein binding evidence A type of affinity evidence resulting from the binding of a molecule to a protein or protein complex. GO:0005515 url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation A type of affinity evidence where proteins of interest (bait and prey) are covalently linked to incomplete fragments of a third protein (reporter) and expressed in vivo, at which time interaction between bait and prey proteins brings reporter fragments in close enough proximity to allow them to reform and become a functional reporter protein. MI:0090 eco ECO:0000025 Typically enzymes which confer resistance to antibiotics, such as Dihydrofolate reductase or Beta-lactamase, or proteins that give colorimetric or fluorescent signals are used. The Bait protein is generally the protein under study and the methods are readily adaptable to highthroughput mode. hybrid interaction evidence A type of affinity evidence where proteins of interest (bait and prey) are covalently linked to incomplete fragments of a third protein (reporter) and expressed in vivo, at which time interaction between bait and prey proteins brings reporter fragments in close enough proximity to allow them to reform and become a functional reporter protein. ECO:MCC PSI-MI:MI:0090 MI:0090 protein complementation assay A type of experimental genomic evidence resulting from a process in which single stranded nucleic acids are allowed to interact so that complexes, or hybrids, are formed by molecules with sufficiently similar, complementary sequences. eco ECO:0000026 This term has been made obsolete with the clean up of experimental genomic evidence branch. nucleic acid hybridization evidence true A type of experimental genomic evidence resulting from a process in which single stranded nucleic acids are allowed to interact so that complexes, or hybrids, are formed by molecules with sufficiently similar, complementary sequences. OBI:0302903 The secondary structure of VapC10 (Figure S2), predicted with the 3DJIGSAW prediction tool [36] and the DALI server [37], exhibited homology with several well studied VapC toxins, such as the first PIN domain structure for the protein PAE2754 from the archae bacterium Pyrobaculum aerophilum (30). A type of similarity evidence based on structural similarity of an annotated gene or gene product to another gene or group of genes. eco ECO:0000027 For GO annotation, in the case of a single gene, an accession for the related gene's sequence is entered in the evidence_with field. structural similarity evidence The secondary structure of VapC10 (Figure S2), predicted with the 3DJIGSAW prediction tool [36] and the DALI server [37], exhibited homology with several well studied VapC toxins, such as the first PIN domain structure for the protein PAE2754 from the archae bacterium Pyrobaculum aerophilum (30). PMID:24260461 A type of similarity evidence based on structural similarity of an annotated gene or gene product to another gene or group of genes. ECO:MCC TAIR:TED A CRP box-like sequence was found in the promoter-proximate region of sycO-ypkA-yopJ [4], indicating the direct association of CRP with the sycO-ypkA-yopJ promoter region. To identify further CopR target genes, the binding motif TGAAGATTTnnTGAAGATTT was used to search for similar sequences in the whole C. glutamicum genome using the ERGO (TM) bioinformatics suite (Integrated Genomics, Illinois, USA) allowing four mutations, no deletions and no insertions. 46 hits were found, but only in six cases the putative CopR binding site was located in intergenic regions up to 200 bp upstream of the start codon of the neighbouring gene (cg1336, cg2976, cg3187, cg3337, cg3357 and cg0414). A type of match to sequence model evidence that is based on the presence of a recognized domain or motif in a gene product's (usually protein) primary sequence. eco recognized domains ECO:0000028 motif similarity evidence A CRP box-like sequence was found in the promoter-proximate region of sycO-ypkA-yopJ [4], indicating the direct association of CRP with the sycO-ypkA-yopJ promoter region. PMID:19703315 To identify further CopR target genes, the binding motif TGAAGATTTnnTGAAGATTT was used to search for similar sequences in the whole C. glutamicum genome using the ERGO (TM) bioinformatics suite (Integrated Genomics, Illinois, USA) allowing four mutations, no deletions and no insertions. 46 hits were found, but only in six cases the putative CopR binding site was located in intergenic regions up to 200 bp upstream of the start codon of the neighbouring gene (cg1336, cg2976, cg3187, cg3337, cg3357 and cg0414). PMID:21799779 A type of match to sequence model evidence that is based on the presence of a recognized domain or motif in a gene product's (usually protein) primary sequence. ECO:SN A type of match to sequence model evidence resulting from a positive match of a protein, or set of proteins to a predictive model (signature) in the InterPro database. eco ECO:0000029 match to InterPro member signature evidence A type of match to sequence model evidence resulting from a positive match of a protein, or set of proteins to a predictive model (signature) in the InterPro database. PMC:2686546 url:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Nucleic+Acid+Hybridization A type of BLAST evidence that is used in a manual assertion. eco curated BLAST analysis ECO:0000030 BLAST evidence used in manual assertion true A type of BLAST evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of protein BLAST evidence that is used in a manual assertion. GO_REF:0000012 GO_REF:0000027 eco curated protein BLAST analysis ECO:0000031 protein BLAST evidence used in manual assertion true A type of protein BLAST evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:SN GO_REF:0000012 Pairwise alignment (TIGR) GO_REF:0000027 BLAST search criteria for ISS assignment in PAMGO_GAT A type of nucleotide BLAST evidence that is used in a manual assertion. eco curated nucleic acid BLAST analysis ECO:0000032 nucleotide BLAST evidence used in manual assertion true A type of nucleotide BLAST evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:SN A type of author statement in which the author makes a statement that is not supported by information in that particular publication, but rather can be traced to a reference cited by that publication. eco traceable author statement ECO:0000033 author statement supported by traceable reference A type of author statement in which the author makes a statement that is not supported by information in that particular publication, but rather can be traced to a reference cited by that publication. ECO:RCT GO:TAS A type of author statement that is not associated with results presented or a cited reference. eco non-traceable author statement ECO:0000034 author statement without traceable support A type of author statement that is not associated with results presented or a cited reference. ECO:SN A curator inference that results from research where no information about a biological feature was found in the scientific literature, at biological databases, or within other resources. eco ECO:0000035 An assertion of "no biological data found" carries the assumption that a more-or-less exhaustive search has been conducted. no biological data found A curator inference that results from research where no information about a biological feature was found in the scientific literature, at biological databases, or within other resources. ECO:SN eco ECO:0000037 The evidence not_recorded appears in some legacy annotations; it should not be used for new annotations. not_recorded true A type of functional complementation evidence resulting from the introduction of nucleic acids, which are not permanently incorporated into the genome, to temporarily prevent, or "rescue" an organism from a condition. eco ECO:0000038 transient rescue experiment evidence A type of direct assay evidence resulting from determining the presence, abundance, structure, function, or activity of proteins. ECO:0005022 eco ECO:0000039 protein assay evidence true A type of direct assay evidence resulting from determining the presence, abundance, structure, function, or activity of proteins. PMID:18429326 A type of affinity evidence resulting from quantitation of the analyte which depends on the reaction of an antigen (analyte) and an antibody. ECO:0005018 eco ECO:0000040 immunological assay evidence A type of affinity evidence resulting from quantitation of the analyte which depends on the reaction of an antigen (analyte) and an antibody. ERO:0001362 url:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21589/,http://cores.ucsf.edu/protein-assay.html A type of evidence resulting from comparing likeness of distinct biological entities. IS eco inferred from similarity ECO:0000041 similarity evidence A type of evidence resulting from comparing likeness of distinct biological entities. ECO:SN A type of mutant phenotype evidence resulting from an altered gene product which possesses a new molecular function or a new pattern of gene expression. gain-of-function mutant phenotype evidence eco ECO:0000042 gain-of-function mutant phenotypic evidence A type of mutant phenotype evidence resulting from an altered gene product which possesses a new molecular function or a new pattern of gene expression. SO:0002053 url:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3614608/ A type of similarity based on biomolecular sequence. eco ECO:0000044 A sequence similarity analysis may involve a gene or a gene product, and it could be based on similarity to a single other gene or to a group of other genes. sequence similarity evidence A type of similarity based on biomolecular sequence. ECO:MCC TAIR:TED A type of protein expression evidence that accounts for the position of RNA translation to a protein product ranging in scale from differing tissues to regions of an anatomical structure. eco ECO:0000045 spatial pattern of protein expression evidence In the BL21(DE3)(pJS429) cells, the levels of ClpP2s and VapC10 remained unchanged over a 2-hour period of translation arrest, but the VapB10 level showed to be decreased with a half-life (Figure 7C) similar to that observed in the strain BL21(DE3)(pJS883) (Figure 7B). These indicate that ClpXP2s could degrade VapB10 regardless of the presence or absence of VapC10. A type of protein expression evidence resulting from the quantification of protein production in a sample. eco ECO:0000046 protein expression level evidence In the BL21(DE3)(pJS429) cells, the levels of ClpP2s and VapC10 remained unchanged over a 2-hour period of translation arrest, but the VapB10 level showed to be decreased with a half-life (Figure 7C) similar to that observed in the strain BL21(DE3)(pJS883) (Figure 7B). These indicate that ClpXP2s could degrade VapB10 regardless of the presence or absence of VapC10. PMID:24260461 A type of protein expression evidence resulting from the quantification of protein production in a sample. NBK:22011 url:http://www.informatics.jax.org/glossary/gain-of-function A type of transcript expression evidence that accounts for the position of transcription ranging in scale from the position of genes on the chromosome to differing tissues to regions of an anatomical structure. eco ECO:0000047 spatial pattern of transcript expression evidence A type of expression pattern evidence that is based on the expression pattern of a reporter gene. eco expression of a reporter gene ECO:0000049 reporter gene assay evidence A type of expression pattern evidence that is based on the expression pattern of a reporter gene. TAIR:TED A type of experimental phenotypic evidence based on an authors phenotypic description of a species (or higher-level group), which explicitly references an observation made of a voucher specimen (a specimen with a permanent museum catalog). IVS voucher specimen analysis evidence eco ECO:0000050 voucher specimen phenotypic analysis evidence A type of experimental phenotypic evidence based on an authors phenotypic description of a species (or higher-level group), which explicitly references an observation made of a voucher specimen (a specimen with a permanent museum catalog). TAIR:TED A type of similarity based on genotype without respect to expression. IGTS eco inferred from genetic similarity ECO:0000051 A genetic similarity analysis might consider genetic markers, polymorphisms, alleles, or other characteristics sometimes considered as part of the field of traditional genetics. Although an attempt has been made to treat as distinct the concepts of "genetic", "genotypic", "genomic", and "sequence", there is considerable overlap in usage throughout the field of biology. genetic similarity evidence A type of similarity based on genotype without respect to expression. ECO:MCC PhenoScape:IGTS A type of genetic interaction evidence resulting from a second mutation that either suppresses or enhances the phenotype expressed from an original mutation. TAIR:TED suppressor/enhancer interaction evidence eco 'traditional' genetic interactions (e.g. suppressors, synthetic lethals) ECO:0000052 suppressor/enhancer interaction phenotypic evidence A type of genetic interaction evidence resulting from a second mutation that either suppresses or enhances the phenotype expressed from an original mutation. url:http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2015/10/03/021592 url:http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www:geneticsuppression/geneticsuppression.html A type of automatically integrated combinatorial evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:0000246 TAIR:TED eco ECO:0000053 Combinatorial analyses could include experimental or computational results. Examples include: (i) large-scale experiment such as a genome-wide two-hybrid or genome-wide synthetic interactions; (ii) integration of large-scale data sets of various types; and (iii) text-based-computation, e.g. text-mining. For simple sequence comparisons, one should use the sequence similarity analysis evidence type. For microarray results alone, expression pattern analysis is appropriate; whereas, large-scale computational analysis should be used when microarray results are combined with the results of other types of large-scale experiments. automatically integrated combinatorial evidence used in automatic assertion true true A type of automatically integrated combinatorial evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:MCC ECO:RCT In the hns slyA double mutant, hlyE expression was twofold greater than in the parent, and slightly higher than the hns single mutant, suggesting that slyA has a small negative effect on hlyE expressionin the absence of H-NS. A type of mutant phenotype evidence resulting from an experiment typically constructed to determine if two different genes have an observable genetic interaction (functional connection) as the result of a mutation occurring in the alleles of the two genes of interest. double mutant phenotype evidence eco double mutant analysis ECO:0000054 double mutant phenotypic evidence In the hns slyA double mutant, hlyE expression was twofold greater than in the parent, and slightly higher than the hns single mutant, suggesting that slyA has a small negative effect on hlyE expressionin the absence of H-NS. PMID:17892462 A type of mutant phenotype evidence resulting from an experiment typically constructed to determine if two different genes have an observable genetic interaction (functional connection) as the result of a mutation occurring in the alleles of the two genes of interest. ECO:RCT PMID:18305163 eco ECO:0000055 This general 'array experiment' term should not be used - replace with the specific type of array (e.g. ECO:0000097, ECO:0000062, ECO:0000104, etc.) array experiment evidence true A type of genetic interaction evidence resulting from the suppression of one allelic effect by an allele at another genetic locus. epistatic interaction evidence eco epistatic interactions ECO:0000056 Epistasis' can be used in different contexts in different areas of genetics. It is sometimes used to mean 'genetic interaction', whereas other times it may be specific to mutations that block the effects of other mutations. epistatic interaction phenotypic evidence A type of genetic interaction evidence resulting from the suppression of one allelic effect by an allele at another genetic locus. PMID:18852697 A type of similarity based on the expression of a genotype in an environment. IPTS phenotype similarity evidence eco inferred from phenotypic similarity ECO:0000057 Phenotype is defined as the outcome of the expression of a genotype in a given environment. A comparison might involve whole organisms or sub-parts of organisms. phenotypic similarity evidence A type of similarity based on the expression of a genotype in an environment. ECO:MCC PhenoScape:IPTS S. lividans AdpA directly regulates at least the six AdpA-dependent genes listed above and identified by microarrays and qRT-PCR analysis. To identify the regulon of the response regulator CopR, the transcriptome of the DeltacopRS deletion mutant was compared to that of the wild type using DNA microarrays. For cells grown in standard CGXII medium (1.25 microM CuSO4), no significant gene expression differences were observed, indicating that the CopRS two-component system is not active under this condition (data not shown). A type of transcript expression evidence resulting from simultaneous profiling of the expression levels of thousands of genes in a single experiment allowing analysis of genes and their networks. ECO:0000356 differential gene expression evidence from microarray experiment eco ECO:0000058 expression microarray evidence S. lividans AdpA directly regulates at least the six AdpA-dependent genes listed above and identified by microarrays and qRT-PCR analysis. PMID:24694298 To identify the regulon of the response regulator CopR, the transcriptome of the DeltacopRS deletion mutant was compared to that of the wild type using DNA microarrays. For cells grown in standard CGXII medium (1.25 microM CuSO4), no significant gene expression differences were observed, indicating that the CopRS two-component system is not active under this condition (data not shown). PMID:21799779 A type of transcript expression evidence resulting from simultaneous profiling of the expression levels of thousands of genes in a single experiment allowing analysis of genes and their networks. url:http://www.illumina.com/techniques/microarrays/gene-expression-arrays.html url:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2435252/ A type of experimental evidence that is based on an observable characteristic trait, which is the result of the expression of an organisms genotype in an environment. ECO:0000014 ECO:0005017 eco inferred from phenotype ECO:0000059 Observable characteristic traits can be morphology, development, behavior, biochemical or physiological properties, etc. experimental phenotypic evidence A type of experimental evidence that is based on an observable characteristic trait, which is the result of the expression of an organisms genotype in an environment. ECO:SN A type of phenotypic similarity evidence based on the similarity of stucture locations or arrangements. IPS eco ECO:0000060 positional similarity evidence A type of phenotypic similarity evidence based on the similarity of stucture locations or arrangements. TAIR:TED A type of phenotypic evidence that is based on a gene product that is associated with a quantitative trait locus, but has not been cloned. QTL analysis evidence eco quantitative trait analysis ECO:0000061 quantitative trait analysis evidence A type of phenotypic evidence that is based on a gene product that is associated with a quantitative trait locus, but has not been cloned. TAIR:TED A type of expression microarray evidence where expression level is quantified by sample biotin-labeled cRNA (transcribed from an unknown RNA sample) hybridized to DNA oligonuclotides immoblized on a solid surface. genomic microarray evidence eco ECO:0000062 cRNA to DNA expression microarray evidence A type of expression microarray evidence where expression level is quantified by sample biotin-labeled cRNA (transcribed from an unknown RNA sample) hybridized to DNA oligonuclotides immoblized on a solid surface. url:https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-9716-0_30 A type of phenotypic similarity evidence based on the similarity of the histological makeup of structures. ICS eco ECO:0000063 compositional similarity evidence A type of phenotypic similarity evidence based on the similarity of the histological makeup of structures. TAIR:TED A type of functional complementation evidence that is based on the insertion of a wild-type copy of a gene into a heterologous organism, with the mutation occurring in a homologous gene. eco functional complementation in heterologous system ECO:0000064 functional complementation in heterologous system evidence A type of functional complementation evidence that is based on the insertion of a wild-type copy of a gene into a heterologous organism, with the mutation occurring in a homologous gene. TAIR:TED A type of hybrid interaction evidence that is based on a protein-DNA complementation assay where a single promoter acts as bait and is screened against a library of prey transcription factors. MI:0432 eco yeast one-hybrid assay ECO:0000066 The assay involves screening a library of candidate proteins for the ability bind to a target, cis-regulatory element or any other short, DNA binding sequence placed 5' to a yeast reporter gene (TAIR:TED). yeast one-hybrid evidence A type of hybrid interaction evidence that is based on a protein-DNA complementation assay where a single promoter acts as bait and is screened against a library of prey transcription factors. ECO:MCC PSI-MI:MI:0432 TAIR:TED MI:0432 one hybrid A type of phenotypic similarity evidence based on the similarity of embryological or post-embryonic orgin of structures. IDS eco ECO:0000067 developmental similarity evidence A type of phenotypic similarity evidence based on the similarity of embryological or post-embryonic orgin of structures. TAIR:TED A type of hybrid interaction evidence that is based on detection of protein-protein interaction by activation of a yeast reporter gene after a bait protein fused to a DNA-binding domain (which has been transfected into a yeast cell) is used to screen a cDNA library of clones fused to an activation domain. eco yeast two-hybrid assay ECO:0000068 yeast 2-hybrid evidence A type of hybrid interaction evidence that is based on detection of protein-protein interaction by activation of a yeast reporter gene after a bait protein fused to a DNA-binding domain (which has been transfected into a yeast cell) is used to screen a cDNA library of clones fused to an activation domain. PMID:12734586 A type of in vitro methylation assay evidence where methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes are utilized to compare differential methylation between two samples by first shearing DNA, followed by end-blunting, ligation of linkers, methylation sensitive restriction, PCR using linker primers, dye labeling and relative quantification of methylated DNA fragments by two-colored array hybridization to a CpG island microarray for visual assessment. ECO:0000065 CpG island microarray evidence eco ECO:0000069 Color is indicative of methylation status - be it hypo- (pseudo-green), hyper- (pseudo-red), or equal methylation (pseudo-yellow). differential methylation hybridization evidence A type of in vitro methylation assay evidence where methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes are utilized to compare differential methylation between two samples by first shearing DNA, followed by end-blunting, ligation of linkers, methylation sensitive restriction, PCR using linker primers, dye labeling and relative quantification of methylated DNA fragments by two-colored array hybridization to a CpG island microarray for visual assessment. PMID:18987809 A type of immunoprecipitation evidence that involves precipitating two or more proteins via binding to an antibody specific to a single protein, followed by protein identification. MI:0019 eco co-immunoprecipitation ECO:0000070 If performing GO annotation, the interacting protein is referenced in the evidence_with column. co-immunoprecipitation evidence A type of immunoprecipitation evidence that involves precipitating two or more proteins via binding to an antibody specific to a single protein, followed by protein identification. ECO:MCC MI:0019 coimmunoprecipitation A type of phenotypic similarity evidence based on the similarity of shape, structure, or configuration in structures. IMS eco ECO:0000071 morphological similarity evidence A type of phenotypic similarity evidence based on the similarity of shape, structure, or configuration in structures. TAIR:TED eco ECO:0000072 Sos-recruitment assay evidence true A type of experimental evidence that is based on the characterization of an attribute of the genome underlying a gene product. inferred from genomic analysis eco ECO:0000073 This term has been made obsolete with the clean up of experimental genomic evidence branch. experimental genomic evidence true A type of experimental evidence that is based on the characterization of an attribute of the genome underlying a gene product. ECO:MCC A type of physical interaction evidence that is based on detection of protein-protein interaction between a bait and prey protein by in vivo reconstitution of split-ubiquitin (when bait and prey interact) and release of a reporter protein. MI:0112 eco split-ubiquitin assay ECO:0000074 The bait protein is fused to the C-terminal ubiquitin (Cub) domain followed by a reporter protein, and the prey protein is fused to a mutated N terminal ubiquitin (NubG) domain. If bait and prey interact, their interaction brings the NubG and Cub domains close enough to reconstitute.TAIR:TED split-ubiquitin assay evidence A type of physical interaction evidence that is based on detection of protein-protein interaction between a bait and prey protein by in vivo reconstitution of split-ubiquitin (when bait and prey interact) and release of a reporter protein. PMID:15064465 MI:0112 ubiquitin reconstruction A type of phenotypic similarity evidence that is based on the categorization of genes by the similarity of expression profiles. IGES eco ECO:0000075 gene expression similarity evidence A type of phenotypic similarity evidence that is based on the categorization of genes by the similarity of expression profiles. PMID:19958477 A type of physical interaction evidence that is based on detection of protein-protein interactions by separation of target proteins by SDS-PAGE which are blotted to a membrane, followed by denaturation and renaturation, probing with purified bait proteins, and detection of the target-bait complexes. MI:0047 eco far-Western analysis ECO:0000076 The interacting protein is referenced in the evidence_with column. far-Western blotting evidence A type of physical interaction evidence that is based on detection of protein-protein interactions by separation of target proteins by SDS-PAGE which are blotted to a membrane, followed by denaturation and renaturation, probing with purified bait proteins, and detection of the target-bait complexes. PMID:18079728 A type of in vitro methylation assay evidence resulting from initial modification of DNA by sodium bisulfite, converting all unmethylated cytosines to uracil, and subsequent amplification with primers specific for methylated versus unmethylated DNA. MS-PCR MSP methylation-specific PCR evidence eco ECO:0000077 The product is the amplification of existing sequences - i.e. more DNA that can be further processed e.g. sequenced, DNA fingerprinting. methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction evidence A type of in vitro methylation assay evidence resulting from initial modification of DNA by sodium bisulfite, converting all unmethylated cytosines to uracil, and subsequent amplification with primers specific for methylated versus unmethylated DNA. PMC:38513 PMID:8790415 A type of DNA detection assay evidence that is based on detection of a specific DNA sequence by hybridization of labeled probes to any immobilized DNA fragment with sequence similarity. Southern blot eco Southern blotting ECO:0000078 The DNA fragments are prepared through gel electrophoresis then transferred to a filter membrane. southern hybridization evidence A type of DNA detection assay evidence that is based on detection of a specific DNA sequence by hybridization of labeled probes to any immobilized DNA fragment with sequence similarity. PMID:18432697 A type of affinity evidence that results from separation of biochemical mixtures by selective binding of a compound to an immobilized compound on a polymeric matrix, subsequent removal of unattached components, and then displacement of the bound compound. MI:0004 eco affinity chromatography ECO:0000079 "Used when an annotation is made based on affinity chromatography, which is a selective separation technique by which a compound (e.g., an antibody) is immobilized on a polymeric matrix and used to bind selectively other compounds. Following removal of the unattached components, the bound compound is displaced by changing the concentration of protons, salts, or cofactors in the eluent" (from original definition by TAIR:TED). Types of highly specific interaction might include those of antigen and antibody, enzyme and substrate, or receptor and ligand. affinity chromatography evidence A type of affinity evidence that results from separation of biochemical mixtures by selective binding of a compound to an immobilized compound on a polymeric matrix, subsequent removal of unattached components, and then displacement of the bound compound. ECO:MCC TAIR:TED MI:0004 affinity chromatography technology Comparative phylogenomics along with MLST (multilocus sequence typing) and whole genome sequecing has shown that ribotype 078 lineage is different than other C. difficile lineages [22]. A type of similarity that indicates common ancestry. IP eco ECO:0000080 phylogenetic evidence Comparative phylogenomics along with MLST (multilocus sequence typing) and whole genome sequecing has shown that ribotype 078 lineage is different than other C. difficile lineages [22]. PMID:24713082 A type of similarity that indicates common ancestry. ECO:MCC PhenoScape:IP IP PhenoScape:IP A type of motif similarity evidence that is based on detection of a targeting sequence in the primary sequence of a protein through computational prediction and/or a manual examination of the sequence. eco targeting sequence prediction ECO:0000081 targeting sequence prediction evidence A type of motif similarity evidence that is based on detection of a targeting sequence in the primary sequence of a protein through computational prediction and/or a manual examination of the sequence. ECO:RCT TAIR:TED A type of experimental genomic evidence where DNA polymerase is used to synthesize new strand of DNA complementary to the offered template strand. PCR evidence eco ECO:0000082 This term has been made obsolete because PCR is not evidence. The children have been appropriately placed under other parents. polymerase chain reaction evidence true A type of experimental genomic evidence where DNA polymerase is used to synthesize new strand of DNA complementary to the offered template strand. OBI:0000415 A type of motif similarity evidence that is based on detection of one, or more, transmembrane domains in the primary sequence of a protein through computational prediction and/or a manual examination of the sequence. eco transmembrane domain prediction ECO:0000083 transmembrane domain prediction evidence A type of motif similarity evidence that is based on detection of one, or more, transmembrane domains in the primary sequence of a protein through computational prediction and/or a manual examination of the sequence. ECO:RCT TAIR:TED A type of genomic context evidence in which a gene product's identity is supported on the basis of the identity of neighboring genes. mgiglio 2009-03-20T11:55:18Z GO_REF:0000025 inferred from genome cluster eco ICL ECO:0000084 Genomic cluster analyses include synteny and operon structure. gene neighbors evidence A type of genomic context evidence in which a gene product's identity is supported on the basis of the identity of neighboring genes. ECO:MCC GOC:MG GO_REF:0000025 Operon structure as IGC evidence A type of protein binding evidence that involves precipitation of a multivalent antigen by a bivalent antibody for protein isolation. CollecTF eco immunoprecipitation ECO:0000085 Transcription factors isolated in this way can be incubated with a radiolabeled probe to demonstrate binding. immunoprecipitation evidence A type of protein binding evidence that involves precipitation of a multivalent antigen by a bivalent antibody for protein isolation. ECO:MCC ECO:SW TAIR:TED A type of in vitro methylation assay evidence resulting from a genome-wide estimate of DNA methylation by differential enzymatic digestion of genomic DNA with methylation-sensitive and methylation-insensitive isoschizomers, followed by restrained PCR amplification of sequences methylated at both ends and resolving the PCR products in a denaturing polyacrylamide-sequencing gel to generate fingerprints that consist of multiple anonymous bands that represent the DNA methylome of the cell. AIMS eco ECO:0000086 The bands can be individually isolated and characterized which leads to the identification of hypo- and hypermethylation events. amplification of intermethylated sites evidence A type of in vitro methylation assay evidence resulting from a genome-wide estimate of DNA methylation by differential enzymatic digestion of genomic DNA with methylation-sensitive and methylation-insensitive isoschizomers, followed by restrained PCR amplification of sequences methylated at both ends and resolving the PCR products in a denaturing polyacrylamide-sequencing gel to generate fingerprints that consist of multiple anonymous bands that represent the DNA methylome of the cell. PMID:18987810 url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/probe/docs/techpcr/ A type of microscopy evidence where antibodies are used to detect the location of molecules or other structures within cells or tissues. eco immunolocalization ECO:0000087 immunolocalization evidence A type of microscopy evidence where antibodies are used to detect the location of molecules or other structures within cells or tissues. ECO:MCC ECO:SN A type of evidence that is based on a combination of experimental evidences or existing models of that system in a related species used for the reconstruction of a biological system. mgiglio 2009-03-20T12:00:17Z eco ISR inferred from system reconstruction ECO:0000088 The biological system in question might be a multi-step process or pathway or a physical complex comprising several components. The components in the experimental evidence can come from the same species or a mix of species. The experimental evidences may be only partial or weak. biological system reconstruction evidence A type of evidence that is based on a combination of experimental evidences or existing models of that system in a related species used for the reconstruction of a biological system. ECO:MCC GOC:mg A type of DNA detection assay evidence resulting from the use of restriction enzymes for direct end-labeling of DNA (creating landmarks), followed by high-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis to visualize the landmarks. SIB:PG ECO:0001125 RLGS evidence restriction landmark genome scanning evidence eco ECO:0000089 restriction landmark genomic scanning evidence A type of DNA detection assay evidence resulting from the use of restriction enzymes for direct end-labeling of DNA (creating landmarks), followed by high-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis to visualize the landmarks. PMID:8388788 A type of immunolocalization evidence where the antibodies are labeled with colloidal gold particles whose location is then detected via microscopy. eco immunogold labelling ECO:0000090 immunogold labelling evidence A type of immunolocalization evidence where the antibodies are labeled with colloidal gold particles whose location is then detected via microscopy. ECO:MCC A type of immunolocalization evidence in which recombinant proteins fused with epitopes are recognized by antibodies. eco immunolocalization of epitope-tagged protein ECO:0000092 epitope-tagged protein immunolocalization evidence A type of immunolocalization evidence in which recombinant proteins fused with epitopes are recognized by antibodies. TAIR:TED A type of DNA detection assay evidence evidence where gene sequence or variation is determined or detected by fluorescently-labeled DNA fragments hybridized to sequence-specific oligonucleotides immobilized on an array. DNA microarray oligonucleotide microarray evidence SNP array evidence single nucleotide polymorphism array evidence eco ECO:0000093 array-based sequence capture evidence A type of DNA detection assay evidence evidence where gene sequence or variation is determined or detected by fluorescently-labeled DNA fragments hybridized to sequence-specific oligonucleotides immobilized on an array. PMID:21049075 eco ECO:0000094 The children of 'biological assay evidence' have been moved under 'direct assay evidence', and this term has been deprecated with no children left. biological assay evidence true A type of cell growth assay evidence that measures one or more aspects of cell growth over a specified time period to indicate an induced or repressed regulatory effect. mchibucos 2014-10-15T00:58:50Z eco growth curve analysis ECO:0000095 Cell growth aspects can include growth rate and extent of growth. A cell growth curve acts as a natural reporter. cell growth regulation assay evidence A type of cell growth assay evidence that measures one or more aspects of cell growth over a specified time period to indicate an induced or repressed regulatory effect. ECO:SW PomBase:MAH Each of the promoter-proximal regions of qrr2 - 4 was subjected to EMSA with the purified His-OpaR protein (Fig. 6b). The results showed that His-OpaR was able to bind to each of the three DNA fragments tested in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. A type of affinity evidence based on an electrophoretic mobility shift of macromolecules, where proteins, nucleic acids, or both, are combined and the resulting mixtures are electrophoresed under native conditions through polyacrylamide or agarose gel to detect interactions/complexes between proteins and/or nucleic acid. CollecTF MI:0413 EMSA: electrophoretic mobility shift assay eco Gel retardation assay electrophoretic mobility shift assay ECO:0000096 EMSA is often used for assessing TF-binding with fluorophore labelling. Protein-nucleic acid complexes generally migrate at a slower rate than the corresponding non-bonded nucleic acid. electrophoretic mobility shift assay evidence Each of the promoter-proximal regions of qrr2 - 4 was subjected to EMSA with the purified His-OpaR protein (Fig. 6b). The results showed that His-OpaR was able to bind to each of the three DNA fragments tested in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. PMID:22506036 A type of affinity evidence based on an electrophoretic mobility shift of macromolecules, where proteins, nucleic acids, or both, are combined and the resulting mixtures are electrophoresed under native conditions through polyacrylamide or agarose gel to detect interactions/complexes between proteins and/or nucleic acid. ECO:KIM ECO:SW PMID:17703195 TAIR:TED MI:0413 electrophoretic mobility shift assay Gel retardation assay PMID:17703195 A type of expression microarray evidence where expression level is quantified by fluroescently-labeled cDNA (reverse transcribed from an unknown RNA sample) hybridized to DNA immobilized on a solid surface. CollecTF ECO:0001041 ECO:0005524 eco DNA microarray RNA microarray ECO:0000097 cDNA to DNA expression microarray evidence A type of expression microarray evidence where expression level is quantified by fluroescently-labeled cDNA (reverse transcribed from an unknown RNA sample) hybridized to DNA immobilized on a solid surface. ECO:RCT A type of nucleic acid hybridization evidence based on localization of a specific segment of DNA or RNA by the application of a complementary strand of nucleic acid to which a reporter molecule is attached. eco in situ hybridization ECO:0000098 This term has been made obsolete with the clean up of experimental genomic evidence branch. obsolete in situ hybridization evidence true A type of nucleic acid hybridization evidence based on localization of a specific segment of DNA or RNA by the application of a complementary strand of nucleic acid to which a reporter molecule is attached. url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/probe/docs/techish/ A type of direct assay evidence resulting from the separation of various cell components while preserving their individual functions. eco ECO:0000100 fractionation evidence A type of direct assay evidence resulting from the separation of various cell components while preserving their individual functions. NBK:26936 url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26936/ A type of cRNA to DNA expression microarray evidence resulting from the use of a proprietary Affymetrix GeneChip System for analyzing complex genetic information. Affymetrix array experiment evidence eco ECO:0000101 Affymetrix GeneChip evidence A type of cRNA to DNA expression microarray evidence resulting from the use of a proprietary Affymetrix GeneChip System for analyzing complex genetic information. ERO:0001265 A type of fractionation evidence resulting from a protein fractionated with other compounds, factors, or macromolecules. eco co-fractionation ECO:0000102 co-fractionation evidence A type of fractionation evidence resulting from a protein fractionated with other compounds, factors, or macromolecules. TAIR:TED A type of expression microarray evidence where expression levels are quantified by hybridization of fluorescently-labeled DNA to cDNA (reverse transcribed from an unknown RNA sample) immobilized on a solid surface. REM evidence RNA expression microarray evidence microarray RNA expression level evidence eco transcript levels (e.g. microarray data) ECO:0000104 REM is a 'reverse-format' microarray, where the unknown sample is immoblized to a surface and known DNA is hybridized to that. DNA to cDNA expression microarray evidence A type of expression microarray evidence where expression levels are quantified by hybridization of fluorescently-labeled DNA to cDNA (reverse transcribed from an unknown RNA sample) immobilized on a solid surface. ECO:RCT PMID:15329382 REM is a 'reverse-format' microarray, where the unknown sample is immoblized to a surface and known DNA is hybridized to that. PMID:15329382 A type of cDNA to DNA expression microarray evidence resulting from the use of a proprietary NimbleGen array to measure expression levels. eco ECO:0000105 Nimblegen array evidence A type of cDNA to DNA expression microarray evidence resulting from the use of a proprietary NimbleGen array to measure expression levels. PMID:15607417 url:https://roche-biochem.jp/pdf/products/microarray/user_guide/SeqCap/SeqCap_UserGuide_Delivery_ver3.0.pdf Northern blot analysis indicated that there was one major band of 1.5-kb (which was used for the stability determination) and two other minor bands of approximately 3.0- and 6.0-kb, which constituted less than 5% of the total signal (Fig. 1C), suggesting that other genes may be cotranscribed along with SMU.1882. A type of transcript expression evidence based on electrophoresis and probing to determine levels of RNA expression using a complementary hybridization probe on the separated RNA samples. CollecTF RNA blot evidence northern assay evidence eco transcript levels (e.g. Northerns) ECO:0000106 northern blot evidence Northern blot analysis indicated that there was one major band of 1.5-kb (which was used for the stability determination) and two other minor bands of approximately 3.0- and 6.0-kb, which constituted less than 5% of the total signal (Fig. 1C), suggesting that other genes may be cotranscribed along with SMU.1882. PMID:21124877 A type of transcript expression evidence based on electrophoresis and probing to determine levels of RNA expression using a complementary hybridization probe on the separated RNA samples. ECO:SW TAIR:TED Taken together, the results of the RT-PCR analyses and the reporter fusion assays indicate that expression of SMU.1882 is up regulated in the presence of CovR. The RT-PCR assay indicated that the sycO, ypkA and yopJ genes (designated as pCD12, pCD13 and pCD14 in Y. pestis 91001 [19], respectively) were transcribed as a single primary RNA (Fig. 1), and thereby these three genes constituted a single operon in Y. pestis Microtus strain 201. Using reverse transcription-PCR, we found that primers designed to span the intergenic regions between zur and the znuC homolog, as well as znuC and znuB homolog each generated a PCR product (Figure 2A). This indicated that these genes were transcribed on the same mRNA. A type of RNA detection assay evidence where an RNA transcript is reverse transcribed into cDNA and amplified to qualitatively detect gene expression. CollecTF ECO:0000108 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction transcription evidence RT-PCR eco transcript levels (e.g. RT-PCR) ECO:0000109 The starting product for PCR, and therefore amplification volume, is directly correlated to the transcription rate. reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction evidence Taken together, the results of the RT-PCR analyses and the reporter fusion assays indicate that expression of SMU.1882 is up regulated in the presence of CovR. PMID:21124877 The RT-PCR assay indicated that the sycO, ypkA and yopJ genes (designated as pCD12, pCD13 and pCD14 in Y. pestis 91001 [19], respectively) were transcribed as a single primary RNA (Fig. 1), and thereby these three genes constituted a single operon in Y. pestis Microtus strain 201. PMID:19703315 Using reverse transcription-PCR, we found that primers designed to span the intergenic regions between zur and the znuC homolog, as well as znuC and znuB homolog each generated a PCR product (Figure 2A). This indicated that these genes were transcribed on the same mRNA. PMID:24086521 A type of RNA detection assay evidence where an RNA transcript is reverse transcribed into cDNA and amplified to qualitatively detect gene expression. ECO:SW PMID:11013345 PMID:12901609 fur RPAs were performed on RNA isolated from each strain, and an increase in fur expression was seen for G27, 26695, and the Fur swap strain under iron-depletion shock conditions while little to no increase was seen under iron-limited growth conditions (Fig. 4D and data not shown). This data shows that Fur autoregulation is consistent in each strain and further supports the notion that the AA difference in Fur is not responsible for the difference in sodB regulation between G27 and 26695. A type of nuclease protection assay evidence where mRNA is hybridized with radiolabeled RNA probes after which RNAse is added to digest the unbound, nonresistant single-stranded overhang regions, later the remaining probe target hybrids are purified and resolved on denaturing polyacrylamide gel, and quantified by autoradiography. CollecTF ribonuclease protection assay RPA eco RNA protection assay RNAse protection assay ECO:0000110 RNA protection assay evidence fur RPAs were performed on RNA isolated from each strain, and an increase in fur expression was seen for G27, 26695, and the Fur swap strain under iron-depletion shock conditions while little to no increase was seen under iron-limited growth conditions (Fig. 4D and data not shown). This data shows that Fur autoregulation is consistent in each strain and further supports the notion that the AA difference in Fur is not responsible for the difference in sodB regulation between G27 and 26695. PMID:19399190 A type of nuclease protection assay evidence where mRNA is hybridized with radiolabeled RNA probes after which RNAse is added to digest the unbound, nonresistant single-stranded overhang regions, later the remaining probe target hybrids are purified and resolved on denaturing polyacrylamide gel, and quantified by autoradiography. ECO:SW PMID:23457339 TAIR:TED When we determined the proteolysis role of Lons in VapBC10 proteins by Western blot analysis using the strains BL21(DE3)(pJS882) and BL21(DE3)(pJS427), the levels of VapB10 and VapC10 remained stable over the course of translation inhibition (Figure 7D and E). Thus, Lon could not degrade VapBC10 proteins, consistent with our drop growth evidence (Figure 6B). A type of gel electrophoresis evidence where proteins are separated using gel electrophoresis and then they are blotted on a nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane, later an antibody with a dye or an enzyme is added to the solution which is able to bind to its specific protein and this product is detected either by chemiluminescent detection technique or fluorescence imaging technique. CollecTF eco Western blot expression analysis protein immunoblot protein levels (e.g. Western blots) ECO:0000112 Western blot is used for protein detection and analysis. A mixed protein sample is separated through polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis then transferred to a membrane, such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and labeled with protein-specific antibodies. western blot evidence When we determined the proteolysis role of Lons in VapBC10 proteins by Western blot analysis using the strains BL21(DE3)(pJS882) and BL21(DE3)(pJS427), the levels of VapB10 and VapC10 remained stable over the course of translation inhibition (Figure 7D and E). Thus, Lon could not degrade VapBC10 proteins, consistent with our drop growth evidence (Figure 6B). PMID:24260461 A type of gel electrophoresis evidence where proteins are separated using gel electrophoresis and then they are blotted on a nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane, later an antibody with a dye or an enzyme is added to the solution which is able to bind to its specific protein and this product is detected either by chemiluminescent detection technique or fluorescence imaging technique. ECO:SW PMID:23050259 TAIR:TED A type of protein expression evidence where a protein of interest is isolated on the basis of its hybridization to an antibody raised to a homologous protein. eco expression library screening ECO:0000114 expression library screen evidence A type of protein expression evidence where a protein of interest is isolated on the basis of its hybridization to an antibody raised to a homologous protein. ECO:MCC TAIR:TED A type of nucleic acid hybridization evidence in which preferential or exclusive expression of genes in one cell type or tissue is compared to another cell type or tissue when mRNA from each sample is reverse transcribed, labeled, and hybridized to a cDNA library to compare hybridization patterns. eco differential hybridization ECO:0000116 Differential hybridization identifies differentially expressed cloned genes. Two different mRNA-derived probes are used to demonstrate RNA expression under a specific condition. differential hybridization evidence A type of nucleic acid hybridization evidence in which preferential or exclusive expression of genes in one cell type or tissue is compared to another cell type or tissue when mRNA from each sample is reverse transcribed, labeled, and hybridized to a cDNA library to compare hybridization patterns. PMID:14668817 A type of nucleic acid hybridization evidence in which preferential or exclusive expression of genes in one cell type or tissue are compared to another cell type or tissue when denatured ds-cDNA from the two samples are hybridized, and the common sequences are 'subtracted'. eco subtractive hybridization ECO:0000118 Subtractive hybridization is used for isolation and identification of transcripts involving the removal of any sequences present in the control from the test probe to detect only transcripts present in the sample. The method is PCR-based for the comparison of two cDNA libraries. subtractive hybridization evidence A type of nucleic acid hybridization evidence in which preferential or exclusive expression of genes in one cell type or tissue are compared to another cell type or tissue when denatured ds-cDNA from the two samples are hybridized, and the common sequences are 'subtracted'. PMID:11298187 In contrast, when RpoQ was overexpressed in either the wild type or the DeltalitR mutant, both were essentially nonmotile (Fig. 7), suggesting that quorum signaling regulates motility, at least in part, through an RpoQ mechanism downstream of LitR. A type of experimental phenotypic evidence in which a gene and/or gene product is investigated in a transgenic organism that has been engineered to overexpress that gene product. eco analysis of overexpression/ectopic expression phenotype ECO:0000120 over expression analysis evidence In contrast, when RpoQ was overexpressed in either the wild type or the DeltalitR mutant, both were essentially nonmotile (Fig. 7), suggesting that quorum signaling regulates motility, at least in part, through an RpoQ mechanism downstream of LitR. PMID:22233679 A type of experimental phenotypic evidence in which a gene and/or gene product is investigated in a transgenic organism that has been engineered to overexpress that gene product. PMID:22419077 A type of localization evidence where sub-cellular localization of a protein is determined. eco ECO:0000122 protein localization evidence A type of localization evidence where sub-cellular localization of a protein is determined. GO:0008104 url:http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0019937 A type of protein localization evidence resulting from the fusion of a protein of interest to a labeling protein which has enzymatic activity or fluorescence properties. eco ECO:0000124 fusion protein localization evidence A type of protein localization evidence resulting from the fusion of a protein of interest to a labeling protein which has enzymatic activity or fluorescence properties. MI:0240 A type of fusion protein localization evidence resulting from the labeling of a protein of interest with green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria. GFP fusion protein localization evidence eco localization of GFP/YFP fusion protein ECO:0000126 green fluorescent protein fusion protein localization evidence A type of fusion protein localization evidence resulting from the labeling of a protein of interest with green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria. PMID:9759496 A type of fusion protein localization evidence resulting from the labeling of a protein of interest with yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), which was created by mutating green fluorescent protein (GFP) of the Aequorea victoria. YFP fusion protein localization evidence eco localization of GFP/YFP fusion protein ECO:0000128 yellow fluorescent protein fusion protein localization evidence A type of fusion protein localization evidence resulting from the labeling of a protein of interest with yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), which was created by mutating green fluorescent protein (GFP) of the Aequorea victoria. MI:0368 url:http://www.jbc.org/content/276/31/29188.long A type of fusion protein localization evidence resulting from the targeted insertion of the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) coding gene as a reporter gene for the localization of a particular gene product. GUS fusion protein localization evidence GUS staining evidence eco localization of GUS fusion protein ECO:0000130 beta-glucuronidase fusion protein localization evidence A type of fusion protein localization evidence resulting from the targeted insertion of the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) coding gene as a reporter gene for the localization of a particular gene product. ECO:RCT A type of fusion protein localization evidence resulting from the targeted insertion of the beta-galactosidase coding gene (lacZ) into a specific gene to create a beta-galactosidase-tagged fusion protein. LacZ fusion protein localization evidence eco ECO:0000132 beta-galactosidase fusion protein localization evidence A type of fusion protein localization evidence resulting from the targeted insertion of the beta-galactosidase coding gene (lacZ) into a specific gene to create a beta-galactosidase-tagged fusion protein. PMID:23681629 A type of direct assay evidence resulting from the activity assessment of transport proteins. eco transport assay ECO:0000134 transport assay evidence A type of direct assay evidence resulting from the activity assessment of transport proteins. PMID:18401524 A type of affinity evidence resulting from the binding of a molecule to a nucleic acid. eco ECO:0000136 nucleic acid binding evidence A type of affinity evidence resulting from the binding of a molecule to a nucleic acid. GO:0003676 A type of nucleic acid binding evidence resulting from an enzyme displaying binding activity to specific ribohomopolymer. eco ribohomopolymer binding assay ECO:0000138 ribohomopolymer binding assay evidence A type of nucleic acid binding evidence resulting from an enzyme displaying binding activity to specific ribohomopolymer. PMC:102612 A type of chromatography evidence that uses a thin layer of adsorbent (such as silica gel, alumina, or cellulose) on a flat, inert substrate. TLC evidence eco thin layer chromatography ECO:0000140 thin layer chromatography evidence A type of chromatography evidence that uses a thin layer of adsorbent (such as silica gel, alumina, or cellulose) on a flat, inert substrate. ECO:MCC A type of protein binding evidence resulting from a metal ion binding to a protein at a specific binding site. eco ECO:0000142 protein:ion binding evidence A type of protein binding evidence resulting from a metal ion binding to a protein at a specific binding site. PMID:2377604 A type of nucleic acid binding evidence in which DNA-protein binding is detected using labeled DNA as probes, hybridized to electrophoretically separated proteins. eco Southwestern analysis ECO:0000144 Southwestern blot evidence A type of nucleic acid binding evidence in which DNA-protein binding is detected using labeled DNA as probes, hybridized to electrophoretically separated proteins. ECO:RCT TAIR:TED A type of nucleic acid binding evidence in which RNA-protein binding is detected using labeled RNA as probes, hybridized to electrophoretically separated proteins. eco Northwestern analysis ECO:0000146 Northwestern blot evidence A type of nucleic acid binding evidence in which RNA-protein binding is detected using labeled RNA as probes, hybridized to electrophoretically separated proteins. ECO:RCT TAIR:TED eco ECO:0000148 in vitro binding evidence true As shown in Fig. 5, addition of reconstituted RNA polymerase holoenzyme, but not the core enzyme, generated expected size bands of 193-nt and 158-nt when P1882 and Pami, respectively, were used as template (lanes 2 and 7). However, the addition of CovR did not lead to any observable increase in transcription from P1882. A type of reconstitution assay evidence resulting from the use of reconstituted polymerase transcription systems to investigate RNA synthesis. eco in vitro reconstitution assay with recombinant protein ECO:0000150 in vitro transcription reconstitution assay evidence As shown in Fig. 5, addition of reconstituted RNA polymerase holoenzyme, but not the core enzyme, generated expected size bands of 193-nt and 158-nt when P1882 and Pami, respectively, were used as template (lanes 2 and 7). However, the addition of CovR did not lead to any observable increase in transcription from P1882. PMID:21124877 A type of reconstitution assay evidence resulting from the use of reconstituted polymerase transcription systems to investigate RNA synthesis. PMID:9237163 A type of in vitro transcription reconstitution assay evidence resulting from the use of recombinant proteins in preparation of a fully-defined transcription system. eco in vitro reconstitution assay with recombinant protein ECO:0000152 in vitro recombinant protein transcription reconstitution assay evidence A type of in vitro transcription reconstitution assay evidence resulting from the use of recombinant proteins in preparation of a fully-defined transcription system. PMID:9237165 A type of protein expression evidence where a gene from one cell is inserted into a cell that does not typically contain that gene and heterologous protein expression is assessed. eco protein expression in heterologous system ECO:0000154 heterologous protein expression evidence A type of protein expression evidence where a gene from one cell is inserted into a cell that does not typically contain that gene and heterologous protein expression is assessed. ECO:KAV A type of fractionation evidence resulting from the isolation of a single type of protein from a complex mixture. eco ECO:0000156 protein separation evidence A type of fractionation evidence resulting from the isolation of a single type of protein from a complex mixture. ERO:0000526 A type of protein separation evidence that is followed by direct protein sequencing whereby a protein's amino acid sequence is determined experimentally by Edman degradation or by mass spectrometry. eco protein separation and direct sequencing ECO:0000158 protein separation followed by direct sequencing evidence A type of protein separation evidence which then utilizes the screening and identification of small-molecules that bind to proteins. eco protein separation and fragment identification ECO:0000160 protein separation followed by fragment identification evidence A type of protein separation evidence which then utilizes the screening and identification of small-molecules that bind to proteins. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi3005126 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5632530/ A type of transport assay evidence in which the uptake mechanism of a transporter is investigated in a cell that does not normally express that protein. eco uptake assay in heterologous system ECO:0000162 The transporter is a recombinant protein. heterologous system uptake evidence A type of transport assay evidence in which the uptake mechanism of a transporter is investigated in a cell that does not normally express that protein. ECO:RCT doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.46.060195.002223 A type of direct assay evidence where electrical properties of cells or tissues are studied. eco ECO:0000164 The scale of electrophysiology assays can range from small, e.g. a single ion channel, to large, e.g. an entire organ such as a heart. electrophysiology assay evidence A type of direct assay evidence where electrical properties of cells or tissues are studied. ECO:KAV A type of voltage clamp recording evidence which involves using two electrodes inserted into a large cell (often a xenopus oocyte) where one electrode is used to measure the internal potential (voltage) of the cell and the other electrode is used to clamp the current. eco two-electrode voltage clamp technique ECO:0000166 two-electrode voltage clamp recording evidence A type of voltage clamp recording evidence which involves using two electrodes inserted into a large cell (often a xenopus oocyte) where one electrode is used to measure the internal potential (voltage) of the cell and the other electrode is used to clamp the current. ECO:SN PMID:23529422 A type of direct assay evidence resulting from the detection and quantification of transcribed RNA. eco ECO:0000168 transcription assay evidence A type of direct assay evidence resulting from the detection and quantification of transcribed RNA. MeSH:D014158 url:https://bmcmolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2199-15-7 A type of transcription assay evidence in which sequence-specific binding proteins that increase transcription of a specific target gene or genes are identified, quantified, and/or analyzed. eco transcriptional activation assay ECO:0000170 transcriptional activation assay evidence A type of transcription assay evidence in which sequence-specific binding proteins that increase transcription of a specific target gene or genes are identified, quantified, and/or analyzed. url:http://smcg.ccg.unam.mx/enp-unam/05-TranscripYRegulacion/transcription.pdf A type of experimental phenotypic evidence in which the biochemical aspect of a mutation is analyzed. eco analysis of biochemical trait ECO:0000172 For example, the accumulation of a biosynthetic intermediate. biochemical trait analysis evidence A type of experimental phenotypic evidence in which the biochemical aspect of a mutation is analyzed. ECO:RCT A type of mutant phenotype evidence in which the physiological response of a mutant when presented with an external stimulus is determined. eco analysis of physiological response ECO:0000174 Examples include: abnormal growth of the root in response to gravity, delay in flowering in response to varying light conditions. mutant physiological response evidence A type of mutant phenotype evidence in which the physiological response of a mutant when presented with an external stimulus is determined. ECO:RCT A type of mutant phenotype evidence in which traits arising from a mutation are visually examined. eco analysis of visible trait ECO:0000176 mutant visible phenotype evidence A type of mutant phenotype evidence in which traits arising from a mutation are visually examined. ECO:RCT A type of similarity evidence in which the location of the gene within the genome provides insight into the gene's function or evolutionary insight. eco ECO:0000177 This type of evidence might include identity of neighboring genes, operon structure, synteny, phylogenetic analysis, or other whole-genome analysis. genomic context evidence A type of similarity evidence in which the location of the gene within the genome provides insight into the gene's function or evolutionary insight. PMID:10958625 PMID:21609955 A type of direct assay evidence resulting from a sample of microorganisms or living tissue grown in a medium. eco ECO:0000178 in vivo assay evidence A type of direct assay evidence resulting from a sample of microorganisms or living tissue grown in a medium. ECO:RCT url:https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?cdrid=46352 A type of experimental evidence arising from the investigation of an animal model system. eco ECO:0000179 animal model system study evidence A type of experimental evidence arising from the investigation of an animal model system. ECO:MCC A type of experimental evidence arising from a controlled investigation that uses human subjects. eco ECO:0000180 clinical study evidence A type of experimental evidence arising from a controlled investigation that uses human subjects. ECO:MCC A type of direct assay evidence resulting from a process performed outside the living organism, where the components of an organism have been isolated from their usual biological context, to permit a more detailed or more convenient analysis in an artificial setting. ECO:0005013 eco ECO:0000181 in vitro assay evidence A type of direct assay evidence resulting from a process performed outside the living organism, where the components of an organism have been isolated from their usual biological context, to permit a more detailed or more convenient analysis in an artificial setting. ECO:RCT url:https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?cdrid=45733 eco ECO:0000182 Use ECO:0001563 (cell growth assay evidence) in place of this term. in vitro culture assay evidence true A type of direct assay evidence resulting from studies in which cytoplasmic and/or nuclear cellular components from resting, nonstimulated cells, are isolated by ultracentrifugation to provide molecular machinery that can be used in reactions in the absence of many of the other cellular components for the purpose of in vitro protein synthesis, transcription, DNA replication, etc. in vitro assay eco ECO:0000183 cell-free assay evidence A type of direct assay evidence resulting from studies in which cytoplasmic and/or nuclear cellular components from resting, nonstimulated cells, are isolated by ultracentrifugation to provide molecular machinery that can be used in reactions in the absence of many of the other cellular components for the purpose of in vitro protein synthesis, transcription, DNA replication, etc. PMID:18453125 A type of protein inhibition evidence and enzymatic acitivty evidence where the protein under study is an enzyme. eco ECO:0000184 enzyme inhibition evidence A type of protein inhibition evidence and enzymatic acitivty evidence where the protein under study is an enzyme. ECO:MCC A type of sequence similarity evidence in which an annotation is made based on a manually-reviewed or published sequence alignment mchibucos 2010-03-18T12:21:31Z ECO:00000057 eco ECO:0000200 Such alignments may be pairwise alignments or multiple alignments. sequence alignment evidence A type of sequence similarity evidence in which an annotation is made based on a manually-reviewed or published sequence alignment url:http://www.geneontology.org/GO.evidence.shtml A type of sequence similarity evidence in which orthology is established by multiple criteria, including amino acid and/or nucleotide sequence comparisons and one or more of the following: phylogenetic analysis, coincident expression, conserved map location, functional complementation, immunological cross-reaction, similarity in subcellular localization, subunit structure, substrate specificity, and response to specific inhibitors. mchibucos 2010-03-18T12:30:06Z ECO:00000060 eco ortholog evidence ECO:0000201 Orthology is a relationship between genes in different species indicating that the genes derive from a common ancestor. sequence orthology evidence A type of sequence similarity evidence in which orthology is established by multiple criteria, including amino acid and/or nucleotide sequence comparisons and one or more of the following: phylogenetic analysis, coincident expression, conserved map location, functional complementation, immunological cross-reaction, similarity in subcellular localization, subunit structure, substrate specificity, and response to specific inhibitors. url:http://www.geneontology.org/GO.evidence.shtml A putative rho-independent terminator sequence (GCCTGACTACATAGATGTCAGGC) was identified at position 402-bp downstream of SMU.1882 by TransTerm (transterm.dev.java.net) program. A type of sequence similarity evidence in which the function of a gene product is predicted based on a sequence-based statistical model. mchibucos 2010-03-18T12:32:30Z ECO:00000063 eco ECO:0000202 Used when evidence from any kind of statistical model of a sequence or group of sequences is used to make a prediction about the function of a protein or RNA. Examples of relevant evidence are: Hidden Markov Models, PROSITE motifs, and tools such as tRNASCAN. match to sequence model evidence A putative rho-independent terminator sequence (GCCTGACTACATAGATGTCAGGC) was identified at position 402-bp downstream of SMU.1882 by TransTerm (transterm.dev.java.net) program. PMID:21124877 A type of sequence similarity evidence in which the function of a gene product is predicted based on a sequence-based statistical model. ECO:MCC url:http://www.geneontology.org/GO.evidence.shtml An assertion method that does not involve human review. mchibucos 2010-03-18T12:36:04Z ECO:00000067 eco ECO:0000203 An automatic assertion is based on computationally generated information that is not reviewed by a person prior to making the assertion. For example, one common type of automatic assertion involves creating an association of evidence with an entity based on commonness of attributes of that entity and another entity for which an assertion already exists. The commonness is determined algorithmically. automatic assertion An assertion method that does not involve human review. ECO:MCC A documented statement evidence that is based on an assertion by the author of a paper, which is read by a curator. mchibucos 2010-06-21T11:17:21Z ECO:0007010 author inference eco ECO:0000204 author statement A documented statement evidence that is based on an assertion by the author of a paper, which is read by a curator. ECO:MCC A type of inferential evidence that is based on a conclusion drawn by a curator. mchibucos 2010-08-18T05:55:12Z eco ECO:0000205 curator inference A type of inferential evidence that is based on a conclusion drawn by a curator. ECO:MCC A type of pairwise sequence alignment evidence obtained with basic local alignment search tool (BLAST). mchibucos 2010-08-06T04:48:24Z eco ECO:0000206 BLAST evidence A type of pairwise sequence alignment evidence obtained with basic local alignment search tool (BLAST). ECO:MCC A type of BLAST evidence in which nucleotide sequences are aligned. mchibucos 2010-08-06T04:49:58Z eco ECO:0000207 nucleotide BLAST evidence A type of BLAST evidence in which nucleotide sequences are aligned. ECO:MCC Blast search of S. meliloti genome for homologues of X. campestris Ohr protein revealed two paralogues, SMa2389 and SMc00040, showing 52 and 57% identity respectively with Ohr of X. campestris. A type of BLAST evidence in which amino acid or translated nucleotide sequences are aligned. mchibucos 2010-08-06T04:50:45Z eco ECO:0000208 protein BLAST evidence Blast search of S. meliloti genome for homologues of X. campestris Ohr protein revealed two paralogues, SMa2389 and SMc00040, showing 52 and 57% identity respectively with Ohr of X. campestris. PMID:21569462 A type of BLAST evidence in which amino acid or translated nucleotide sequences are aligned. ECO:MCC A type of BLAST evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. mchibucos 2010-08-06T04:55:21Z eco ECO:0000209 BLAST evidence used in automatic assertion true A type of BLAST evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:MCC A type of nucleotide BLAST evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. mchibucos 2010-08-06T05:09:51Z eco ECO:0000210 nucleotide BLAST evidence used in automatic assertion true A type of nucleotide BLAST evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:RCT A type of protein BLAST evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. mchibucos 2010-08-06T05:11:04Z eco ECO:0000211 protein BLAST evidence used in automatic assertion true A type of protein BLAST evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:RCT A type of evidence in which at least two distinct types of evidence have been integrated. mchibucos 2010-08-06T05:24:57Z ECO:0000036 ECO:0000043 eco inferred from in-silico analysis ECO:0000212 A key aspect of this type of evidence is that two or more pieces of information are combined to generate an emergent type of evidence not possible with the constituent pieces of evidence alone. A combinatorial analysis typically involves incorporation of different types of evidence. combinatorial evidence A type of evidence in which at least two distinct types of evidence have been integrated. ECO:MCC ECO:RCT A type of combinatorial analysis that is used in an automatic assertion. mchibucos 2010-08-06T05:28:33Z eco inferred from in-silico analysis ECO:0000213 Combinatorial analyses could include experimental or computational results. Examples include: (i) large-scale experiment such as a genome-wide two-hybrid or genome-wide synthetic interactions; (ii) integration of large-scale data sets of various types; and (iii) text-based-computation, e.g. text-mining. For simple sequence comparisons, one should use the sequence similarity analysis evidence type. For microarray results alone, expression pattern analysis is appropriate; whereas, large-scale computational analysis should be used when microarray results are combined with the results of other types of large-scale experiments. combinatorial evidence used in automatic assertion true A type of combinatorial analysis that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:MCC A type of phylogenetic evidence whereby an aspect of an ancestral gene is inferred through the characterization of an aspect of a descendant gene. mchibucos 2010-10-05T11:16:50Z eco ECO:0000214 This type of evidence can be used in support of both positive and "not" GO annotations. It should be used to annotate ancestral genes but not extant ones. biological aspect of descendant evidence A type of phylogenetic evidence whereby an aspect of an ancestral gene is inferred through the characterization of an aspect of a descendant gene. ECO:MCC A type of phylogenetic evidence characterized by long phylogenetic tree branch lengths following a duplication event. mchibucos 2010-10-05T03:41:34Z eco ECO:0000215 Long branch lengths indicate that descendant sequences may have acquired different or additional functions than the ancestral sequence. rapid divergence from ancestral sequence evidence A type of phylogenetic evidence characterized by long phylogenetic tree branch lengths following a duplication event. ECO:MCC A type of phylogenetic evidence characterized by the absence of key sequence residues. mchibucos 2010-10-05T03:43:17Z eco ECO:0000216 The loss of certain residues important for function can indicate that a sequence lacks a particular function. phylogenetic determination of loss of key residues evidence A type of phylogenetic evidence characterized by the absence of key sequence residues. ECO:MCC A means by which a statement is made about an entity. mchibucos 2010-11-12T04:17:37Z eco ECO:0000217 assertion method A means by which a statement is made about an entity. ECO:MCC An assertion method that involves human review. mchibucos 2010-11-12T04:20:02Z eco ECO:0000218 A manual assertion could be based on evidence that is generated by and interpreted by a human or it could involve human review of computationally generated information. manual assertion An assertion method that involves human review. ECO:MCC A type of sequencing assay that determines the sequence of a biopolymer comprised of nucleotides. mchibucos 2010-11-15T12:22:40Z eco DNA sequencing ECO:0000219 nucleotide sequencing assay evidence A type of sequencing assay that determines the sequence of a biopolymer comprised of nucleotides. ECO:MCC DNA sequencing OBI:0000626 A type of experimental evidence where the order of molecules that constitute a biopolymer is determined. mchibucos 2010-11-15T01:44:45Z eco ECO:0000220 sequencing assay evidence A type of experimental evidence where the order of molecules that constitute a biopolymer is determined. ECO:MCC OBI:0600047 A type of nucleotide sequencing assay evidence in which a sequence is derived from a parallelized sequencing technique. mchibucos 2010-11-15T02:19:34Z eco next generation sequencing evidence ECO:0000221 Typically thousands to millions of reads are produced in parallel. high throughput nucleotide sequencing assay evidence A type of nucleotide sequencing assay evidence in which a sequence is derived from a parallelized sequencing technique. ECO:MCC A type of high throughput nucleotide sequencing evidence in which sequence is determined through hybridization of adaptor-ligated DNA to a glass slide on which each fragment is simultaneously clonally amplified, followed by progressive rounds of base incorporation with fluorescently-tagged nucleotides, washing, imaging, and cleavage. mchibucos 2010-11-15T02:38:03Z eco Solexa sequencing result ECO:0000222 In Illumina sequencing technology, adapters are ligated onto the ends of randomly fragmented DNA. After single-stranded fragments are bound to the inside surface of a flow cell channel, they undergo in-place bridge PCR amplification. To begin the sequencing cycle, labeled reversible terminators, primers and DNA polymerase are added, followed by laser excitation of the fluorescent label and high resolution scanning. After non-incorporated nucleotides are washed away and the dye is chemically removed, the next cycle repeats with four labeled reversible terminators, primers and DNA polymerase, again followed by imaging. Illumina sequencing evidence A type of high throughput nucleotide sequencing evidence in which sequence is determined through hybridization of adaptor-ligated DNA to a glass slide on which each fragment is simultaneously clonally amplified, followed by progressive rounds of base incorporation with fluorescently-tagged nucleotides, washing, imaging, and cleavage. OBI:0000724 PMID:26000844 Solexa sequencing result OBI:0000724 A type of high throughput nucleotide sequencing evidence in which the sequence for a ssDNA is determined by addition of primers and then nucleotides, one base pair at a time (which generate a specific fluorescence), to the target strand. mchibucos 2010-11-15T03:50:14Z pyrosequencing eco ECO:0000223 454 pyrosequencing technology amplifies individual DNA fragments inside water droplets within an oil solution (emulsion PCR). Within each droplet, a single DNA template is attached to a single primer-coated bead. Each bead is subsequently captured in a picolitre well within the sequencing machine. A luciferase-based readout system is used to identify individual nucleotides added to the nascent DNA. The target strand is usually prepared by fragmentation, adaptor ligation, and amplification by emulsion PCR. 454 pyrosequencing evidence A type of high throughput nucleotide sequencing evidence in which the sequence for a ssDNA is determined by addition of primers and then nucleotides, one base pair at a time (which generate a specific fluorescence), to the target strand. EFO:0005016 pyrosequencing OBI:0000730 A type of high throughput nucleotide sequencing evidence in which sequence is determined through rounds of ligation-based sequencing with fluorescently-labeled Di-base probes and cleavage, after which the template is reset, with a primer offset by one base, for subsequent rounds of ligation. mchibucos 2010-11-15T04:17:41Z eco ECO:0000224 SOLiD sequencing technology is based on sequencing by ligation. After library preparation, emulsion PCR and bead enrichment are performed, including 3' modification of templates on selected beads to allow covalent bonding to a slide. 3' modified beads are attached to a glass slide and primers are added. Four fluorescently labeled di-base probes are added and multiple cycles of ligation, detection and cleavage are performed. The number of cycles determines read length. After a number of ligation cycles, the extension product is removed and another round of ligation cycles is performed with a new primer complimentary to the n-1 position of the template. Five rounds of primer reset are performed for each sequence tag. Samples are prepared by fragmentation of a sample library, adaptor ligation, emulsion PCR, and attachment of resultant beads to glass slides. SOLiD sequencing evidence A type of high throughput nucleotide sequencing evidence in which sequence is determined through rounds of ligation-based sequencing with fluorescently-labeled Di-base probes and cleavage, after which the template is reset, with a primer offset by one base, for subsequent rounds of ligation. OBI:0000706 A type of nucleotide sequencing assay in which DNA sequence is determined by addition of a primed DNA template to a reaction mixture, followed by addition of DNA polymerase, deoxynucleosidetriphosphates (dNTPs - one of which may be radiolabeled), and one of four di-deoxynucleotidetriphosphates (ddNTPs), after which DNA elongation is terminated and the DNA is separated by size and imaged. mchibucos 2010-11-15T04:46:31Z Sanger sequencing dye terminator sequencing eco ECO:0000225 Chain termination sequencing, also called Sanger sequencing after its developer, uses dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs) as DNA chain terminators. Single-stranded DNA template, DNA primer, DNA polymerase, fluorescently or radioactively labeled nucleotides, and one of four ddNTPs are added together in each of four separate sequencing reactions. The synthesized and labeled DNA fragments from each of the four reactions are denatured, separated by size by gel electrophoresis, and visualized by autoradiography or UV light. The ddNTPs lack an OH group so the next dNTP cannot be attached, causing chain termination. chain termination sequencing evidence A type of nucleotide sequencing assay in which DNA sequence is determined by addition of a primed DNA template to a reaction mixture, followed by addition of DNA polymerase, deoxynucleosidetriphosphates (dNTPs - one of which may be radiolabeled), and one of four di-deoxynucleotidetriphosphates (ddNTPs), after which DNA elongation is terminated and the DNA is separated by size and imaged. OBI:0000695 A type of immunoprecipitation evidence that is used to identify a protein binding site on a genomic DNA sequence. mchibucos 2010-11-16T01:29:08Z MI:0402 ChIP evidence eco ECO:0000226 Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is used to investigate protein-DNA interactions in vivo. DNA and proteins are chemically cross-linked in vivo to form chromatin complexes, followed by cell lysis and DNA shearing. Fragmented DNA-protein complexes are selectively enriched for a protein of interest using a specific antibody (immunoprecipitation). Protein digestion and DNA purification are performed prior to DNA detection via molecular cloning and sequencing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), microarray analysis (ChIP-on-chip), or direct high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq). chromatin immunoprecipitation evidence A type of immunoprecipitation evidence that is used to identify a protein binding site on a genomic DNA sequence. ECO:MCC MI:0402 chromatin immunoprecipitation assay A type of chromatin immunoprecipitation evidence that uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) where specific primers are used on the pulled-down DNA for DNA detection. CollecTF mchibucos 2010-11-16T05:02:00Z ChIP-PCR evidence eco ECO:0000227 ChIP-PCR is often used to validate ChIP-chip results and less frequently,ChIP-Seq results. chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCR evidence A type of chromatin immunoprecipitation evidence that uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) where specific primers are used on the pulled-down DNA for DNA detection. ECO:MCC ECO:SW PMID:18388953 To confirm the in vivo binding of FimR to pfim, and to determine the impact of Mn2+ and Fe2+ on the binding activity of FimR, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay-quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) with anti-FimR antibody was employed as detailed in the materials and methods. The strongest binding of FimR to pfim was detected in cells grown in the presence of 50 microM MnCl2 and 50 microM FeSO4 (Figure 5, lane IV), whereas minimal amounts of MnCl2 (0.01 microM) and FeSO4 (0.1 microM) led to the weakest binding (Figure 5, lane I). A type of chromatin immunoprecipitation evidence in which protein-DNA interactions are investigated at known genomic binding sites through a process of ChIP, DNA purification, and finally quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for DNA detection. mchibucos 2010-11-16T05:26:47Z ChIP-qPCR evidence eco ECO:0000228 chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR evidence To confirm the in vivo binding of FimR to pfim, and to determine the impact of Mn2+ and Fe2+ on the binding activity of FimR, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay-quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) with anti-FimR antibody was employed as detailed in the materials and methods. The strongest binding of FimR to pfim was detected in cells grown in the presence of 50 microM MnCl2 and 50 microM FeSO4 (Figure 5, lane IV), whereas minimal amounts of MnCl2 (0.01 microM) and FeSO4 (0.1 microM) led to the weakest binding (Figure 5, lane I). PMID:23823757 A type of chromatin immunoprecipitation evidence in which protein-DNA interactions are investigated at known genomic binding sites through a process of ChIP, DNA purification, and finally quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for DNA detection. url:https://www.diagenode.com/applications/chip-qpcr A type of chromatin immunoprecipitation evidence that uses high-throughput sequencing where immunoprecipitated DNA fragments are funnelled into a massively parallel sequencer to produce multiple short reads for locating binding sites of DNA-associated proteins. CollecTF mchibucos 2010-11-16T05:30:41Z ChIP-SEQ evidence ChIP-seq evidence eco ECO:0000229 ChIP-Seq experiments often use the input as a control to eliminate biases. To obtain similar results, ChIP-chip with high-density tiling arrays can be used. chromatin immunoprecipitation-seq evidence A type of chromatin immunoprecipitation evidence that uses high-throughput sequencing where immunoprecipitated DNA fragments are funnelled into a massively parallel sequencer to produce multiple short reads for locating binding sites of DNA-associated proteins. ECO:MCC ECO:SW OBI:0000716 PMID:22955991 ChIP-SEQ evidence OBI:0000716 ChIP-seq evidence PMID:22955991 A type of chromatin immunoprecipitation evidence that uses a tiling microarray for the detection of protein-bound DNA regions where chromatin is immunoprecipitated for protein tagging and DNA is sheared from the cross-linked protein-DNA complex to be arrayed revealing the protein-bound genomic regions. CollecTF mchibucos 2010-11-16T05:43:55Z MI:0225 ChIP-chip evidence ChIP-on-chip evidence eco ECO:0000230 A fixating agent such as formaldehyde is used to cross link proteins and DNA. Sonication is applied for DNA shearing. For transcription factor tagging, an antibody or epitope is employed. After cross-linking is reversed, the DNA is amplified and labeled with a flourophore for microarray which produces a resolution of aproximately 500 bp. chromatin immunoprecipitation-chip evidence A type of chromatin immunoprecipitation evidence that uses a tiling microarray for the detection of protein-bound DNA regions where chromatin is immunoprecipitated for protein tagging and DNA is sheared from the cross-linked protein-DNA complex to be arrayed revealing the protein-bound genomic regions. ECO:MCC ECO:SW PMID:18388953 PMID:19381927 MI:0225 chromatin immunoprecipitation array A type of DNA detection assay evidence where the reaction product is quantified in real-time across cycles by means of fluorescent dyes or fluorescent probes for detection and quantification of specific sequences in a DNA sample. CollecTF mchibucos 2010-11-16T05:57:20Z Q-PCR evidence qPCR evidence quantitative PCR evidence quantitative real-time PCR evidence real time polymerase chain reaction evidence real-time PCR evidence real-time quantitative PCR eco qRT-PCR evidence ECO:0000231 Quantitative PCR enables both detection and quantification (as absolute number of copies or relative amount when normalized to DNA input or additional normalizing genes) of one or more specific sequences in a DNA sample. The dye is activated upon binding double-stranded DNA. Although qRT-PCR is commonly found in literature synonymous to qPCR, it is preferable not to use this synonym as it is the accepted abbreviation for reverse transcription PCR. qPCR should be used instead (ISBN 978-0-470-68386-6 page 173). qPCR can be used to quantitatively determine levels of gene expression. quantitative polymerase chain reaction evidence A type of DNA detection assay evidence where the reaction product is quantified in real-time across cycles by means of fluorescent dyes or fluorescent probes for detection and quantification of specific sequences in a DNA sample. ECO:MCC ECO:SW A type of experimental evidence that is based on a five-step technique of cross-linking DNA in vivo, restriction digestion, intramolecular ligation, reversing DNA cross-links, DNA processing, and quantitation that serves to analyze the spatial organization of chromatin in a cell and quantify the number of interactions between genomic loci that are nearby in 3-D space. mchibucos 2010-11-17T12:27:14Z chromosome conformation capture-based evidence 3C chromosome conformation capture eco ECO:0000232 Chromosome conformation capture technologies are used to study the structural properties and spatial organization of chromosomes inside cells. All types of chromosome conformation capture technology involve five primary steps: cross-linking of DNA in vivo, restriction digestion, intramolecular ligation, reversing cross-linkages, and DNA enrichment and quantitation. The last step is different for each type of chromosome conformation capture technology, and may include PCR (3C), inverse PCR (4C), or ligation-mediated amplification (5C). Methods for product quantitation can include agarose gel detection or real-time quantitative PCR in the case of 3C, or high-throughput sequencing or microarray analysis for 4C and 5C. chromosome conformation-based evidence A type of experimental evidence that is based on a five-step technique of cross-linking DNA in vivo, restriction digestion, intramolecular ligation, reversing DNA cross-links, DNA processing, and quantitation that serves to analyze the spatial organization of chromatin in a cell and quantify the number of interactions between genomic loci that are nearby in 3-D space. ECO:MCC A type of chromosome conformation-based evidence that is derived by 1) quantifying interactions between a single pair of genomic loci and not multiple interactions and 2) performing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the final product quantitation step. mchibucos 2010-11-17T12:46:15Z 3C chromosome conformation capture evidence chromosome conformation capture-PCR evidence eco ECO:0000233 3C is used to study the structural properties and spatial organization of chromosomes inside cells. Like other types of chromosome conformation capture technology, 3C differs only in the fifth step, which involves performing either standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or quantitative PCR (qPCR) for product quantitation. 3C evidence A type of chromosome conformation-based evidence that is derived by 1) quantifying interactions between a single pair of genomic loci and not multiple interactions and 2) performing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the final product quantitation step. ECO:MCC A type of chromosome conformation-based evidence that is derived by inverse polymerase chain reaction (inverse PCR) on a prior circularized 3C library followed by product quantitation with a microarray. mchibucos 2010-11-19T01:20:28Z chromosome conformation capture on chip circularized 3C circularized chromosome conformation capture evidence eco ECO:0000234 4C is used to study the structural properties and spatial organization of chromosomes inside cells. Like other types of chromosome conformation capture technology, 4C differs only in the fifth step, which involves inverse polymerase chain reaction (inverse PCR) on a circularized 3C library prior to product quantitation. 4C evidence A type of chromosome conformation-based evidence that is derived by inverse polymerase chain reaction (inverse PCR) on a prior circularized 3C library followed by product quantitation with a microarray. ECO:MCC PMID:17033624 A type of chromosome conformation-based evidence that is derived by performing ligation-mediated amplification (LMA) prior to product quantitation. mchibucos 2010-11-19T01:22:20Z 5C carbon-copy 3C carbon-copy chromosome conformation capture evidence eco ECO:0000235 5C is used to study the structural properties and spatial organization of chromosomes inside cells. Like other types of chromosome conformation capture technology, 5C differs only in the fifth step, which involves ligation-mediated amplification (LMA) followed by product quantitation. 5C evidence A type of chromosome conformation-based evidence that is derived by performing ligation-mediated amplification (LMA) prior to product quantitation. ECO:MCC A type of chromosome conformation capture evidence that is derived by performing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the quantitation step. mchibucos 2010-11-19T03:00:47Z 3C 3C-PCR eco ECO:0000236 See 3C evidence. 3C evidence was initially developed using PCR. chromosome conformation capture-PCR evidence true A type of chromosome conformation capture evidence that is derived by performing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the quantitation step. ECO:MCC A type of 3C evidence evidence that 1) quantifies interactions between a single pair of genomic loci (not multiple interactions) and 2) performs quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in the quantitation step. mchibucos 2010-11-19T03:06:47Z 3C-quantitative PCR 3C-real-time PCR chromosome conformation capture-qPCR evidence eco ECO:0000237 3C-qPCR evidence A type of 3C evidence evidence that 1) quantifies interactions between a single pair of genomic loci (not multiple interactions) and 2) performs quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in the quantitation step. ECO:MCC PMID:17641637 PMID:26025624 A type of chromosome conformation-based evidence that is derived by performing immunoprecipitation enrichment of the biotin labelled ligated fragments events prior to sequencing of the library and mapping it to the genome. mchibucos 2010-11-19T04:24:03Z eco ECO:0000238 Hi-C is used to study the structural properties and spatial organization of chromosomes inside cells. Hi-C is similar to other types of chromosome conformation capture technology, but involves the addition of biotinylated nucleotides during the second or fourth step and enrichment for ligated fragments using immunoprecipitation after the fourth step. Hi-C evidence A type of chromosome conformation-based evidence that is derived by performing immunoprecipitation enrichment of the biotin labelled ligated fragments events prior to sequencing of the library and mapping it to the genome. ECO:MCC A type of chromosome conformation-based evidence that is derived by inverse polymerase chain reaction (inverse PCR) on a circularized 3C library prior to product quantitation with multiplexed high-throughput (HT) sequencing. mchibucos 2010-11-30T03:22:25Z 3C sequencing circularized 3C sequencing circularized 3C-seq eco chromosome conformation capture sequencing evidence ECO:0000239 3C-seq is used to study the structural properties and spatial organization of chromosomes inside cells. Like other types of chromosome conformation capture technology, 3C-seq differs only in the fifth step, which involves inverse polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on a circularized 3C library prior to product quantitation. 3C-seq evidence A type of chromosome conformation-based evidence that is derived by inverse polymerase chain reaction (inverse PCR) on a circularized 3C library prior to product quantitation with multiplexed high-throughput (HT) sequencing. ECO:MCC PMID:23411633 A type of experimental phenotypic evidence resulting from the disruption of a structural feature. mchibucos 2010-12-06T12:24:16Z anatomical perturbation evidence eco ECO:0000240 anatomical perturbation phenotypic evidence A type of experimental phenotypic evidence resulting from the disruption of a structural feature. ECO:MCC A type of experimental phenotypic evidence resulting from modification to the surroundings or conditions in which an organism lives or operates. mchibucos 2010-12-06T12:33:58Z environmental perturbation evidence eco mechanical constraint evidence ECO:0000241 Many environmental factors are subject to modification, such as temperature, pressure, humidity, radiation, and so forth. environmental perturbation phenotypic evidence A type of experimental phenotypic evidence resulting from modification to the surroundings or conditions in which an organism lives or operates. ECO:MCC A type of anatomical perturbation phenotypic evidence resulting from the surgical removal of tissue or subcellular components. mchibucos 2010-12-06T12:33:58Z ablated tissue evidence tissue ablation evidence eco ECO:0000242 tissue ablation phenotypic evidence A type of anatomical perturbation phenotypic evidence resulting from the surgical removal of tissue or subcellular components. ECO:MCC A type of anatomical perturbation phenotypic evidence resulting from the addition of tissue to an organism through a graft procedure. mchibucos 2010-12-06T12:33:58Z tissue grafting evidence eco ECO:0000243 tissue grafting phenotypic evidence A type of anatomical perturbation phenotypic evidence resulting from the addition of tissue to an organism through a graft procedure. ECO:MCC A type of combinatorial analysis that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-09T02:02:12Z eco inferred from in-silico analysis ECO:0000244 Combinatorial analyses could include experimental or computational results. Examples include: (i) large-scale experiment such as a genome-wide two-hybrid or genome-wide synthetic interactions; (ii) integration of large-scale data sets of various types; and (iii) text-based-computation, e.g. text-mining. For simple sequence comparisons, one should use the sequence similarity analysis evidence type. For microarray results alone, expression pattern analysis is appropriate; whereas, large-scale computational analysis should be used when microarray results are combined with the results of other types of large-scale experiments. combinatorial evidence used in manual assertion true A type of combinatorial analysis that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of automatically integrated combinatorial evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-09T02:37:54Z GOECO:RCA RCA inferred from reviewed computational analysis eco computational combinatorial evidence used in manual assertion ECO:0000245 automatically integrated combinatorial evidence used in manual assertion http://geneontology.org/page/rca-inferred-reviewed-computational-analysis true true A type of automatically integrated combinatorial evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:RCT GOECO:RCA inferred from reviewed computational analysis RCA GOECO:RCA inferred from reviewed computational analysis GOECO:RCA A type of computational combinatorial analysis that is used in an automatic assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-09T02:37:54Z eco ECO:0000246 Merged with ECO:0000053. computational combinatorial evidence used in automatic assertion true A type of computational combinatorial analysis that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:MCC A type of sequence alignment evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-09T05:12:27Z GOECO:ISA ISA inferred from sequence alignment eco ECO:0000247 sequence alignment evidence used in manual assertion http://geneontology.org/page/isa-inferred-sequence-alignment true A type of sequence alignment evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:RCT GOECO:ISA inferred from sequence alignment ISA GOECO:ISA inferred from sequence alignment GOECO:ISA A type of sequence alignment evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-09T05:12:27Z eco ECO:0000248 sequence alignment evidence used in automatic assertion true A type of sequence alignment evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:RCT A type of sequence similarity evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-09T05:22:30Z eco ECO:0000249 sequence similarity evidence used in automatic assertion true A type of sequence similarity evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:RCT A type of sequence similarity evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-09T05:22:30Z GOECO:ISS ISS inferred from sequence or structural similarity eco ECO:0000250 sequence similarity evidence used in manual assertion http://geneontology.org/page/iss-inferred-sequence-or-structural-similarity true A type of sequence similarity evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC GOECO:ISS inferred from sequence or structural similarity ISS GOECO:ISS inferred from sequence or structural similarity GOECO:ISS A type of similarity evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-09T05:28:12Z IS eco inferred from similarity ECO:0000251 similarity evidence used in automatic assertion true A type of similarity evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:RCT A type of similarity evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-09T05:28:12Z IS eco inferred from similarity ECO:0000252 similarity evidence used in manual assertion true A type of similarity evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:RCT A type of genetic similarity evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-10T01:42:44Z IGTS eco inferred from genetic similarity ECO:0000253 genetic similarity evidence used in manual assertion true A type of genetic similarity evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:RCT A type of genetic similarity evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-10T01:42:44Z IGTS eco inferred from genetic similarity ECO:0000254 genetic similarity evidence used in automatic assertion true A type of genetic similarity evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:RCT A type of match to sequence model evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-10T02:26:35Z GOECO:ISM GO_REF:0000011 ISM inferred from sequence model eco ECO:0000255 match to sequence model evidence used in manual assertion http://geneontology.org/page/ism-inferred-sequence-model true A type of match to sequence model evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:RCT GOECO:ISM inferred from sequence model GO_REF:0000011 Hidden Markov Models (TIGR) ISM GOECO:ISM inferred from sequence model GOECO:ISM A type of match to sequence model evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-10T02:26:35Z GO_REF:0000002 GO_REF:0000107 eco ECO:0000256 match to sequence model evidence used in automatic assertion true A type of match to sequence model evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:RCT GO_REF:0000002 Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms. GO_REF:0000107 Automatic transfer of experimentally verified manual GO annotation data to orthologs using Ensembl A type of motif similarity evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-10T02:44:34Z eco recognized domains ECO:0000257 motif similarity evidence used in manual assertion true A type of motif similarity evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:RCT A type of motif similarity evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-10T02:44:34Z eco recognized domains ECO:0000258 motif similarity evidence used in automatic assertion true A type of motif similarity evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:RCT A type of match to InterPro member signature evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-10T02:54:51Z eco ECO:0000259 match to InterPro member signature evidence used in automatic assertion true A type of match to InterPro member signature evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:RCT A type of match to InterPro member signature evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-10T02:54:51Z eco ECO:0000260 match to InterPro member signature evidence used in manual assertion true A type of match to InterPro member signature evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:RCT A type of targeting sequence prediction that is used in an automatic assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-10T03:02:49Z eco targeting sequence prediction ECO:0000261 targeting sequence prediction evidence used in automatic assertion true A type of targeting sequence prediction that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:RCT A type of targeting sequence prediction that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-10T03:02:49Z eco targeting sequence prediction ECO:0000262 targeting sequence prediction evidence used in manual assertion true A type of targeting sequence prediction that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:RCT A type of transmembrane domain prediction that is used in an automatic assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-10T03:28:35Z eco transmembrane domain prediction ECO:0000263 transmembrane domain prediction evidence used in automatic assertion true A type of transmembrane domain prediction that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:RCT A type of transmembrane domain prediction that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-10T03:28:35Z eco transmembrane domain prediction ECO:0000264 transmembrane domain prediction evidence used in manual assertion true A type of transmembrane domain prediction that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:RCT A type of sequence orthology evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-10T03:39:41Z GO_REF:0000019 GO_REF:0000020 GO_REF:0000035 GO_REF:0000049 eco Ortholog evidence ortholog evidence ECO:0000265 sequence orthology evidence used in automatic assertion true A type of sequence orthology evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:RCT GO_REF:0000019 Automatic transfer of experimentally verified manual GO annotation data to orthologs using Ensembl Compara GO_REF:0000020 Electronic Gene Ontology annotations created by transferring manual GO annotations between orthologous microbial proteins. GO_REF:0000035 Automatic transfer of experimentally verified manual GO annotation data to plant orthologs using Ensembl Compara GO_REF:0000049 Automatic transfer of experimentally verified manual GO annotation data to fungal orthologs using Ensembl Compara A type of sequence orthology evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-10T03:39:41Z GOECO:ISO ISO inferred from sequence orthology eco Ortholog evidence ortholog evidence ECO:0000266 sequence orthology evidence used in manual assertion http://geneontology.org/page/iso-inferred-sequence-orthology true A type of sequence orthology evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC GOECO:ISO inferred from sequence orthology ISO GOECO:ISO inferred from sequence orthology GOECO:ISO A type of protein detection assay evidence where an antigen is bound to a substrate, and an antibody directly or indirectly linked to an enzyme is utilized to determine the amount of bound antigen which is visualized with a color change in the substrate. CollecTF mchibucos 2010-12-14T01:57:13Z MI:0411 ELISA evidence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay eco ECO:0000267 ELISA is sometimes used in the study of transcriptional regulation to identify a produced protein, especially secreted protein. enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay evidence A type of protein detection assay evidence where an antigen is bound to a substrate, and an antibody directly or indirectly linked to an enzyme is utilized to determine the amount of bound antigen which is visualized with a color change in the substrate. ECO:MCC ECO:SW PMID:23949770 MI:0411 enzyme linked immunosorbent assay A type of direct assay evidence in which cells or particles are characterized by passing them through a light source and monitoring the resultant light scatter or fluorochrome excitation. mchibucos 2010-12-14T02:07:08Z FCM eco ECO:0000268 flow cytometry evidence A type of direct assay evidence in which cells or particles are characterized by passing them through a light source and monitoring the resultant light scatter or fluorochrome excitation. ECO:MCC A type of experimental evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-20T05:36:49Z GOECO:EXP EXP inferred from experiment eco ECO:0000269 experimental evidence used in manual assertion http://geneontology.org/page/exp-inferred-experiment true A type of experimental evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC GOECO:EXP inferred from experiment EXP GOECO:EXP inferred from experiment GOECO:EXP A type of expression pattern evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-20T05:46:39Z GOECO:IEP IEP inferred from expression pattern eco ECO:0000270 expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion http://geneontology.org/page/iep-inferred-expression-pattern true A type of expression pattern evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC GOECO:IEP inferred from expression pattern IEP GOECO:IEP inferred from expression pattern GOECO:IEP mchibucos 2010-12-20T05:51:58Z eco ECO:0000271 This general 'array experiment' term should not be used - replace with the specific type of array (e.g. ECO:0000273, ECO:0000276, ECO:0000285, etc.) array experiment evidence used in manual assertion true A type of Affymetrix GeneChip evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-20T05:53:36Z Affymetrix array experiment evidence eco ECO:0000272 Affymetrix GeneChip evidence used in manual assertion true A type of Affymetrix GeneChip evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of cDNA to DNA expression microarray evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-20T05:55:49Z ECO:0001178 ECO:0005525 eco DNA microarray|RNA microarray ECO:0000273 cDNA to DNA expression microarray evidence used in manual assertion true A type of cDNA to DNA expression microarray evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of differential methylation hybridization evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-20T05:58:44Z CpG island microarray evidence CpG island microarray evidence used in manual assertion eco ECO:0000274 differential methylation hybridization evidence used in manual assertion true A type of differential methylation hybridization evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:RCT A type of expression microarray evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-20T06:01:26Z eco differential gene expression evidence from microarray experiment ECO:0000275 expression microarray evidence used in manual assertion true A type of expression microarray evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of cRNA to DNA expression microarray evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-20T06:03:28Z genomic microarray evidence genomic microarray evidence used in manual assertion eco ECO:0000276 cRNA to DNA expression microarray evidence used in manual assertion true A type of cRNA to DNA expression microarray evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:RCT A type of evidence arising from a Nimblegen array experiment that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-20T06:05:20Z eco ECO:0000277 Nimblegen array evidence used in manual assertion true A type of evidence arising from a Nimblegen array experiment that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of array-based sequence capture evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-20T06:09:45Z DNA microarray oligonucleotide microarray evidence oligonucleotide microarray evidence used in manual assertion eco SNP array evidence single nucleotide polymorphism array evidence ECO:0000278 array-based sequence capture evidence used in manual assertion true A type of array-based sequence capture evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of Western blot assay that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-20T06:20:01Z eco Western blot expression analysis protein immunoblot protein levels (e.g. Western blots) ECO:0000279 western blot evidence used in manual assertion true A type of Western blot assay that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of protein expression level analysis that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-20T06:21:54Z eco ECO:0000280 protein expression level evidence used in manual assertion true A type of protein expression level analysis that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of expression library screen evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-20T06:24:05Z eco expression library screening ECO:0000281 expression library screen evidence used in manual assertion true A type of expression library screen evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of heterologous protein expression analysis that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-20T06:27:04Z eco protein expression in heterologous system ECO:0000282 heterologous protein expression evidence used in manual assertion true A type of heterologous protein expression analysis that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of protein expression spatial pattern analysis that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-20T06:31:44Z eco ECO:0000283 spatial pattern of protein expression evidence used in manual assertion true A type of protein expression spatial pattern analysis that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of protein expression analysis that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-20T06:33:46Z eco ECO:0000284 protein expression evidence used in manual assertion true A type of protein expression analysis that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of DNA to cDNA expression microarray evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-20T06:41:33Z REM evidence RNA expression microarray evidence microarray RNA expression level evidence eco transcript levels (e.g. microarray data) ECO:0000285 DNA to cDNA expression microarray evidence used in manual assertion true A type of DNA to cDNA expression microarray evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of differential hybridization experiment that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-20T06:55:14Z eco differential hybridization ECO:0000287 differential hybridization evidence used in manual assertion true A type of differential hybridization experiment that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of RNA protection assay that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-20T06:57:33Z ribonuclease protection assay eco RNA protection assay|RPA RNAse protection assay ECO:0000288 RNA protection assay evidence used in manual assertion true A type of RNA protection assay that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of spatial pattern of transcript expression analysis that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-20T06:59:18Z eco ECO:0000289 spatial pattern of transcript expression evidence used in manual assertion true A type of spatial pattern of transcript expression analysis that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of subtractive hybridization experiment that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-20T07:00:48Z eco subtractive hybridization ECO:0000290 subtractive hybridization evidence used in manual assertion true A type of subtractive hybridization experiment that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of transcript expression evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2010-12-20T07:02:08Z ECO:0000286 transcript expression level evidence eco ECO:0000291 transcript expression evidence used in manual assertion true A type of transcript expression evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of mutant phenotype evidence that uses anti-sense by introducing morpholino oligonucleotides into the cytosol of a cell. mchibucos 2011-01-10T03:36:25Z anti-sense eco ECO:0000292 Morpholino oligonucleotides modify gene expression by blocking access of other molecules to specific, approximately 25-base-long regions of the base-pairing surfaces of ribonucleic acid (RNA). To achieve this anti-sense knockdown technique, delivery of the morpholino can be achieved via microinjection, electroporation, or another method. morpholino experiment evidence A type of mutant phenotype evidence that uses anti-sense by introducing morpholino oligonucleotides into the cytosol of a cell. ECO:MCC A total of 160 SELEX fragments were cloned and sequenced, which were classified into 29 CRP-binding sequences, including 13 previously identified loci and 16 newly identified sites (Table S2). When the CRP-binding sequences are located upstream or near promoters of the flanking genes, these genes are predicted to be under the control of CRP. A type of evidence arising from a physical interaction analysis where a combinatorial chemistry technique is used to identify oligonucleotides that bind to a target ligand. mchibucos 2011-01-10T04:23:50Z MI:0657 SELEX evidence in vitro selection evidence eco in vitro evolution evidence ECO:0000293 SELEX begins with the synthesis of a large oligonucleotide library, either single-stranded DNA or RNA, which consists of random fixed-length sequences flanked by constant 5' and 3' ends that serve as primers. The library is exposed to a target ligand, typically a protein or small organic compound. Unbound sequences are removed, typically with affinity chromatography. Bound sequences are eluted and the nucleic acid is extracted, followed by PCR amplification (RNA is first reverse transcribed). PCR product is converted to single stranded (DNA) or transcribed (RNA). Oligonucleotides are bound to the ligand again and the process is repeated with increasing elution stringency. After several rounds of the process, recovered oligonucleotides are sequenced and analyzed to reveal the binding specificity of the protein. systematic evolution of ligands by exponential amplification evidence A total of 160 SELEX fragments were cloned and sequenced, which were classified into 29 CRP-binding sequences, including 13 previously identified loci and 16 newly identified sites (Table S2). When the CRP-binding sequences are located upstream or near promoters of the flanking genes, these genes are predicted to be under the control of CRP. PMID:21673794 A type of evidence arising from a physical interaction analysis where a combinatorial chemistry technique is used to identify oligonucleotides that bind to a target ligand. ECO:MCC url:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_Evolution_of_Ligands_by_Exponential_Enrichment MI:0657 systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment Bacterial one-hybrid assays confirmed the interaction between MtrA and the regulatory sequence of the dnaA initiator gene. A type of hybrid interaction evidence that uses bacterial transformation with two plasmids to assess in vivo binding of a DNA-binding domain (bait) and DNA target site (prey). mchibucos 2011-01-10T06:16:20Z B1H evidence eco ECO:0000294 Bacterial one-hybrid assay is a method for screening a library of candidate proteins (prey plasmid) for the ability to bind to a target, cis-regulatory element or any other short, DNA binding sequence placed 5' to reporter genes (bait plasmid). Transformation of a bacterial host with two different plasmids is required: One is designed to express the "bait". The other plasmid contains a "prey" which, if bound to by the chimeric fusion product, drives expression of downstream reporter genes. bacterial one-hybrid evidence Bacterial one-hybrid assays confirmed the interaction between MtrA and the regulatory sequence of the dnaA initiator gene. PMID:20843371 A type of hybrid interaction evidence that uses bacterial transformation with two plasmids to assess in vivo binding of a DNA-binding domain (bait) and DNA target site (prey). ECO:MCC A type of transcript evidence based on high-throughput (HT) sequencing of fragmented cDNA molecules. mchibucos 2011-01-11T12:54:50Z ECO:0000357 RNA-seq evidence WTSS whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing differential gene expression evidence from RNA-seq experiment eco RNA sequencing ECO:0000295 Total RNA is isolated from cells and mRNA is purified by targeting the 3' polyadenylated (poly(A)) tail with poly(T) oligos covalently attached to a substrate. Next, cDNA fragments are generated either by hydrolysis of RNA into 200-300 base oligonucleotides, preceded by reverse transcription, or by reverse transcription initiated by random primers. The cDNA second strand is synthesized, fragments are adapter ligated and high-throughput sequencing is performed by Roche 454, Illumina, ABI-SOLiD, or another HT sequencing technology. Resulting sort reads are aligned against a reference genome, and downstream analysis is performed. RNA-sequencing evidence A type of transcript evidence based on high-throughput (HT) sequencing of fragmented cDNA molecules. ECO:MCC whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing PMID:18611170 A type of experimental phenotypic evidence where embryonic development proceeds although cytokinesis is blocked. mchibucos 2011-01-11T03:28:49Z eco ECO:0000298 In the embryos of some organisms, inhibition of cytokinesis blocks neither the cell cycle nor the unfolding of the developmental program. As such, embryonic morphology can be frozen, allowing analysis of the developmental fate of each cell present at the time of cleavage arrest. cleavage arrested development evidence A type of experimental phenotypic evidence where embryonic development proceeds although cytokinesis is blocked. ECO:MCC A type of cleavage arrested development that arises after treatment with cytochalasin. mchibucos 2011-01-11T03:30:29Z eco ECO:0000299 Cytochalasin inhibits cytokinesis by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments. cytochalasin experiment evidence A type of cleavage arrested development that arises after treatment with cytochalasin. ECO:MCC A type of immunolocalization evidence data that was generated using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker. mchibucos 2011-01-11T03:48:50Z GFP immunolocalization evidence eco ECO:0000300 This term describes immunolocalization of the protein; to describe transcriptional activation, use the term "localization of green fluorescent protein transcript". green fluorescent protein immunolocalization evidence A type of immunolocalization evidence data that was generated using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker. ECO:MCC A type of immunolocalization evidence that was generated using LacZ protein as a marker. mchibucos 2011-01-11T04:06:40Z LacZ protein immunolocalization evidence eco ECO:0000301 This term describes immunolocalization of the protein; to describe transcriptional activation, use the term "localization of LacZ transcript". beta-galactosidase protein immunolocalization evidence A type of immunolocalization evidence that was generated using LacZ protein as a marker. ECO:MCC A type of author statement that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2011-01-20T02:26:47Z ECO:0007764 author inference used in manual assertion eco ECO:0000302 author statement used in manual assertion true A type of author statement that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of author statement without traceable support that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2011-01-20T02:29:50Z GOECO:NAS NAS eco non-traceable author statement ECO:0000303 author statement without traceable support used in manual assertion http://geneontology.org/page/nas-non-traceable-author-statement true A type of author statement without traceable support that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC GOECO:NAS non-traceable author statement NAS GOECO:NAS non-traceable author statement GOECO:NAS A type of author statement supported by traceable reference that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2011-01-20T02:31:03Z GOECO:TAS TAS eco traceable author statement ECO:0000304 author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion http://geneontology.org/page/tas-traceable-author-statement true A type of author statement supported by traceable reference that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC GOECO:TAS traceable author statement TAS GOECO:TAS traceable author statement GOECO:TAS A type of curator inference that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2011-01-20T02:33:32Z GOECO:IC IC inferred by curator eco ECO:0000305 curator inference used in manual assertion http://geneontology.org/page/ic-inferred-curator true A type of curator inference that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC GOECO:IC inferred by curator IC GOECO:IC inferred by curator GOECO:IC A type of inference from background scientific knowledge that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2011-01-20T02:35:11Z eco ECO:0000306 inference from background scientific knowledge used in manual assertion true A type of inference from background scientific knowledge that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of no biological data found that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2011-01-20T02:43:18Z GOECO:ND ND no biological data available eco ECO:0000307 no biological data found used in manual assertion http://geneontology.org/page/nd-no-biological-data-available true A type of no biological data found that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC GOECO:ND no biological data available ND GOECO:ND no biological data available GOECO:ND A type of phylogenetic evidence whereby an aspect of a descendant gene is inferred through the characterization of an aspect of an ancestral gene. mchibucos 2011-02-04T05:41:26Z eco ECO:0000308 First, a characteristic of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) is inferred from experimental evidence in descendants; this is followed by inferring a characteristic of a descendant of the MRCA. This type of evidence can be used in support of both positive and "not" GO annotations. biological aspect of ancestor evidence A type of phylogenetic evidence whereby an aspect of a descendant gene is inferred through the characterization of an aspect of an ancestral gene. ECO:MCC A type of transcript expression evidence based on high-throughput (HT) sequencing of the 5' ends of cDNA molecules that are selected by a cap-trapper system. mchibucos 2011-02-17T01:33:09Z CAGE eco ECO:0000309 Complementary DNA (cDNA) is synthesized from microgram quantities of mRNA using first-strand cDNA primer (oligo dT12-18) and reverse transcriptase in the presence of trehalose and sorbitol, followed by selection of full-length cDNA with biotinylated cap-trapper. Linkers are attached to the 5' ends of full-length enriched cDNAs to introduce a recognition site for the restriction endonuclease MmeI, which creates a two base overhang. After amplification, sequencing tags are concatenated for high-throughput sequencing. Resulting sort reads are aligned against a reference genome, and downstream analysis is performed. cap analysis of gene expression evidence A type of transcript expression evidence based on high-throughput (HT) sequencing of the 5' ends of cDNA molecules that are selected by a cap-trapper system. ECO:MCC CAGE PMID:16489339 A type of transcript expression evidence based on high-throughput (HT) sequencing of the 5' ends of cDNA molecules that are selected by reverse transcriptase template switching. mchibucos 2011-02-17T01:33:34Z eco nanoCAGE ECO:0000310 NanoCAGE captures the 5' ends of molecules by template switching. When polymerizing the cDNA of a capped mRNA, the reverse transcriptase adds extra cytosines that are complementary to the cap. Each 5' full length cDNAs is extended upon hybridization of the riboguanosine-tailed template switching oligonucleotides to these extra cytosines. In semisuppressive PCR, the short templates fold intramolecularly and prevent the binding of primers, which precludes amplification; longer molecules are less likely to fold and are thus amplified. Templates derived from reaction artifacts form stable homoduplexes, also precluding amplification. After template switching, semisuppressive PCR, and EcoP151 cleavage, 25-bp tags are ligated to bar code-containing oligonucleotide adaptors. After PCR amplification, the nanoCAGE tags are sequenced by synthesis. NanoCAGE requires as little as 10 nanograms of total RNA. nano-cap analysis of gene expression evidence A type of transcript expression evidence based on high-throughput (HT) sequencing of the 5' ends of cDNA molecules that are selected by reverse transcriptase template switching. ECO:MCC nanoCAGE PMID:20543846 A type of evidence that is based on work performed by a person or group prior to a use by a different person or group. mchibucos 2011-03-02T05:24:13Z eco ECO:0000311 imported information A type of evidence that is based on work performed by a person or group prior to a use by a different person or group. ECO:MCC A type of imported information that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2011-03-02T05:29:44Z eco ECO:0000312 imported information used in manual assertion true A type of imported information that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of imported information that is used in an automatic assertion. mchibucos 2011-03-02T05:33:43Z eco ECO:0000313 imported information used in automatic assertion true A type of imported information that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:MCC A type of direct assay evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2011-10-28T04:59:31Z GOECO:IDA IDA inferred from direct assay eco ECO:0000314 direct assay evidence used in manual assertion http://geneontology.org/page/ida-inferred-direct-assay true A type of direct assay evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC GOECO:IDA inferred from direct assay IDA GOECO:IDA inferred from direct assay GOECO:IDA A type of mutant phenotype evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2011-10-28T05:12:49Z GOECO:IMP IMP inferred from mutant phenotype eco ECO:0000315 mutant phenotype evidence used in manual assertion http://geneontology.org/page/imp-inferred-mutant-phenotype true A type of mutant phenotype evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC GOECO:IMP inferred from mutant phenotype IMP GOECO:IMP inferred from mutant phenotype GOECO:IMP A type of genetic interaction experiment evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2011-10-28T05:14:42Z GOECO:IGI IGI inferred from genetic interaction eco ECO:0000316 genetic interaction evidence used in manual assertion http://geneontology.org/page/igi-inferred-genetic-interaction true A type of genetic interaction experiment evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC GOECO:IGI inferred from genetic interaction IGI GOECO:IGI inferred from genetic interaction GOECO:IGI A type of genomic context evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2011-10-28T05:22:53Z GOECO:IGC IGC inferred from genomic context eco ECO:0000317 genomic context evidence used in manual assertion http://geneontology.org/page/igc-inferred-genomic-context true A type of genomic context evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC GOECO:IGC inferred from genomic context IGC GOECO:IGC inferred from genomic context GOECO:IGC A type of biological aspect of ancestor evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2011-10-28T05:23:51Z GOECO:IBA IBA inferred from biological aspect of ancestor eco ECO:0000318 biological aspect of ancestor evidence used in manual assertion http://geneontology.org/page/iba-inferred-biological-aspect-ancestor true A type of biological aspect of ancestor evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC GOECO:IBA inferred from biological aspect of ancestor IBA GOECO:IBA inferred from biological aspect of ancestor GOECO:IBA A type of biological aspect of descendant evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2011-10-28T05:25:09Z GOECO:IBD IBD inferred from biological aspect of descendant eco ECO:0000319 biological aspect of descendant evidence used in manual assertion http://geneontology.org/page/ibd-inferred-biological-aspect-descendent true A type of biological aspect of descendant evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC GOECO:IBD inferred from biological aspect of descendant IBD GOECO:IBD inferred from biological aspect of descendant GOECO:IBD A type of phylogenetic determination of loss of key residues evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2011-10-28T05:25:48Z GOECO:IKR GOECO:IMR IKR IMR inferred from key residues inferred from missing residues eco ECO:0000320 phylogenetic determination of loss of key residues evidence used in manual assertion http://geneontology.org/page/ikr-inferred-key-residues true A type of phylogenetic determination of loss of key residues evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC GOECO:IKR inferred from key residues GOECO:IMR inferred from missing residues IKR GOECO:IKR IMR GOECO:IKR inferred from key residues GOECO:IKR inferred from missing residues GOECO:IKR A type of rapid divergence from ancestral sequence evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2011-10-28T05:26:42Z GOECO:IRD IRD inferred from rapid divergence eco ECO:0000321 rapid divergence from ancestral sequence evidence used in manual assertion http://geneontology.org/page/ird-inferred-rapid-divergence true A type of rapid divergence from ancestral sequence evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC GOECO:IRD inferred from rapid divergence IRD GOECO:IRD inferred from rapid divergence GOECO:IRD Evidence that was initially used in manual assertion by one person or group, which is imported by a second person or group and used in automatic assertion. mchibucos 2011-12-13T12:04:48Z GO_REF:0000037 GO_REF:0000039 GO_REF:0000041 eco ECO:0000322 imported manually asserted information used in automatic assertion Evidence that was initially used in manual assertion by one person or group, which is imported by a second person or group and used in automatic assertion. ECO:MCC GO_REF:0000037 Gene Ontology annotation based on manual assignment of UniProtKB keywords in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries. GO_REF:0000039 Gene Ontology annotation based on the manual assignment of UniProtKB Subcellular Location terms in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries. GO_REF:0000041 IEA (UniProt UniPathway) A type of imported information used in automatic assertion that was initially used in automatic assertion by one person or group, which is imported by a second person or group and used in automatic assertion. mchibucos 2011-12-13T02:06:25Z GO_REF:0000038 GO_REF:0000040 eco ECO:0000323 imported automatically asserted information used in automatic assertion A type of imported information used in automatic assertion that was initially used in automatic assertion by one person or group, which is imported by a second person or group and used in automatic assertion. ECO:MCC GO_REF:0000038 Gene Ontology annotation based on automatic assignment of UniProtKB keywords in UniProtKB/TrEMBL entries. GO_REF:0000040 Gene Ontology annotation based on the automatic assignment of UniProtKB Subcellular Location terms in UniProtKB/TrEMBL entries. In the images shown in Figure 9, the MelR focus is 15 x 33 nm across the shortest and longest axes of the oval in the complex with the shortened arm (right hand panel), compared to 9 x 12 nm in the other complex (centre panel). The simplest explanation for these observations, that is consistent with the location of sites in the DNA fragment (Figure 9), is that one type of complex contains 3 MelR molecules bound at sites 2, 1 and 1' (centre panel), whilst the other contains 4 MelR molecules bound at sites 2, 1, 1' and R (right panel). A type of direct assay evidence in which an image is created and analyzed. mchibucos 2012-02-23T12:01:43Z ECO:0001122 ECO:0005024 ECO:MCC radiologic test evidence eco ECO:0000324 imaging assay evidence In the images shown in Figure 9, the MelR focus is 15 x 33 nm across the shortest and longest axes of the oval in the complex with the shortened arm (right hand panel), compared to 9 x 12 nm in the other complex (centre panel). The simplest explanation for these observations, that is consistent with the location of sites in the DNA fragment (Figure 9), is that one type of complex contains 3 MelR molecules bound at sites 2, 1 and 1' (centre panel), whilst the other contains 4 MelR molecules bound at sites 2, 1, 1' and R (right panel). PMID:18346968 A type of experimental evidence that is based on separation of constituent parts of a mixture (the mobile phase) as they pass differentially through a stationary phase due to differences in partition coefficient and retention on the stationary phase. mchibucos 2012-05-16T11:46:27Z chromatographic evidence eco ECO:0000325 chromatography evidence A type of experimental evidence that is based on separation of constituent parts of a mixture (the mobile phase) as they pass differentially through a stationary phase due to differences in partition coefficient and retention on the stationary phase. ECO:MCC A type of sequence alignment evidence that is based on comparing the position of exon junctions, relative to a reference genome, for a transcript annotation and a supporting transcript. mchibucos 2012-06-08T11:03:59Z eco ECO:0000326 transcript splice pattern evidence A type of sequence alignment evidence that is based on comparing the position of exon junctions, relative to a reference genome, for a transcript annotation and a supporting transcript. ECO:MCC A type of transcript splice pattern evidence that is based on the exon combination of a whole transcript, rather than its constituent features. mchibucos 2012-06-08T11:11:24Z eco ECO:0000327 This term is used by the NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq) in support of sequences that have the same splice pattern as a RefSeq transcript. If such full transcript information is not available, RefSeq reports sequences that match the splice pattern of a coding sequence (CDS) annotated on a RefSeq, supported by the evidence term ECO:0000328 or a child. whole transcript splice pattern evidence A type of transcript splice pattern evidence that is based on the exon combination of a whole transcript, rather than its constituent features. ECO:MCC A type of transcript splice pattern evidence that is based on the exon combination of a coding sequence (CDS), a sub-feature of a whole transcript. mchibucos 2012-06-08T11:21:57Z eco ECO:0000328 This term is used by the NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq) in support of sequences that match the splice pattern of a coding sequence (CDS) annotated on a RefSeq, but for which full transcript information is unavailable. For sequences that have the same splice pattern as a whole RefSeq transcript, use the evidence term ECO:0000327 or a child. coding sequence splice pattern evidence A type of transcript splice pattern evidence that is based on the exon combination of a coding sequence (CDS), a sub-feature of a whole transcript. ECO:MCC A type of transcript splice pattern evidence that is based on the exon combination of a whole transcript, rather than its constituent features, and is used in manual assertion. mchibucos 2012-06-08T11:40:03Z eco ECO:0000329 This term is used by the NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq) in support of sequences that have the same splice pattern as a RefSeq transcript. If such full transcript information is not available, RefSeq reports sequences that match the splice pattern of a coding sequence (CDS) annotated on a RefSeq, supported by the evidence term ECO:0000328 or a child. whole transcript splice pattern evidence used in manual assertion true A type of transcript splice pattern evidence that is based on the exon combination of a whole transcript, rather than its constituent features, and is used in manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of transcript splice pattern evidence that is based on the exon combination of a coding sequence (CDS), a sub-feature of a whole transcript, and is used in manual assertion. mchibucos 2012-06-08T11:43:47Z eco ECO:0000330 This term is used by the NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq) in support of sequences that match the splice pattern of a coding sequence (CDS) annotated on a RefSeq, but for which full transcript information is unavailable. For sequences that have the same splice pattern as a whole RefSeq transcript, use the evidence term ECO:0000327 or a child. coding sequence splice pattern evidence used in manual assertion true A type of transcript splice pattern evidence that is based on the exon combination of a coding sequence (CDS), a sub-feature of a whole transcript, and is used in manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of transcript splice pattern evidence that is based on the exon combination of a coding sequence (CDS), a sub-feature of a whole transcript, and is used in automatic assertion. mchibucos 2012-06-08T11:48:09Z eco ECO:0000331 This term is used by the NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq) in support of sequences that match the splice pattern of a coding sequence (CDS) annotated on a RefSeq, but for which full transcript information is unavailable. For sequences that have the same splice pattern as a whole RefSeq transcript, use the evidence term ECO:0000327 or a child. coding sequence splice pattern evidence used in automatic assertion true A type of transcript splice pattern evidence that is based on the exon combination of a coding sequence (CDS), a sub-feature of a whole transcript, and is used in automatic assertion. ECO:MCC A type of transcript splice pattern evidence that is based on the exon combination of a whole transcript, rather than its constituent features, and is used in automatic assertion. mchibucos 2012-06-08T11:49:17Z eco ECO:0000332 This term is used by the NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq) in support of sequences that have the same splice pattern as a RefSeq transcript. If such full transcript information is not available, RefSeq reports sequences that match the splice pattern of a coding sequence (CDS) annotated on a RefSeq, supported by the evidence term ECO:0000328 or a child. whole transcript splice pattern evidence used in automatic assertion true A type of transcript splice pattern evidence that is based on the exon combination of a whole transcript, rather than its constituent features, and is used in automatic assertion. ECO:MCC A type of gel electrophoresis evidence where proteins are separated according to their electrophoretic mobility. mchibucos 2012-07-31T02:56:43Z SDS-PAGE evidence eco ECO:0000333 Electrophoretic mobility is a function of both the length and charge of a protein. The protein sample is linearized with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an anionic detergent. Typically, polypeptides bound with SDS possess an even distribution of charge per unit mass, and subsequent fractionation is by size. sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis evidence A type of gel electrophoresis evidence where proteins are separated according to their electrophoretic mobility. ECO:MCC PubMed:4861258 url:http://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v2/n1/full/nmeth0105-83.html url:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Class/NAWBIS/Modules/Protein/protein18.html A type of direct assay evidence resulting from an assay where both the size of and number of particles in a sample are determined. mchibucos 2012-07-31T03:19:32Z eco ECO:0000334 An example of an instrument used to analyze particle sizes and counts is the Beckman Coulter® Z Series system. particle size and count assay evidence A type of direct assay evidence resulting from an assay where both the size of and number of particles in a sample are determined. ECO:MCC A type of direct assay evidence where the quantity of a substance used as part of an assay is measured. mchibucos 2012-07-31T03:52:46Z eco ECO:0000335 Two examples of substance quantification assay are (i) measuring how much of a radiolabelled compound is taken up by a cell and (ii) measuring how much of a substrate is turned over by a given enzyme. substance quantification evidence A type of direct assay evidence where the quantity of a substance used as part of an assay is measured. ECO:MCC A type of cell proliferation assay evidence in which a mutated strain of a microorganism, such as a yeast or bacterium, is grown competitively with wild-type cells and the relative fitness of the strains is assessed usually by means of a fluorescent marker and flow cytometric analysis. mchibucos 2012-08-24T12:03:58Z fitness profiling eco ECO:0000336 competitive growth assay evidence A type of cell proliferation assay evidence in which a mutated strain of a microorganism, such as a yeast or bacterium, is grown competitively with wild-type cells and the relative fitness of the strains is assessed usually by means of a fluorescent marker and flow cytometric analysis. GOC:MAH PMID:14718172 PMID:20537132 fitness profiling GOC:MAH PMID:20537132 We analyzed the electrophoretic pattern of cytosolic proteins extracted from LM3 and LM3-2 cells, grown under standard conditions up to mid-exponential phase (Fig. 1). The presence of differentially expressed proteins in the two strains, together with results of previous studies [28,29] demonstrated the role of CcpA as global regulator in L. plantarum. A type of direct assay evidence where molecules have been sorted according to their size and charge by moving through a gel in the presence of an electric field. mchibucos 2012-08-24T12:11:51Z ECO:0005026 eco ECO:0000337 Molecules typically separated include DNA, RNA, or protein. The gel is typically made of agarose, polyacrylamide, or starch. gel electrophoresis evidence We analyzed the electrophoretic pattern of cytosolic proteins extracted from LM3 and LM3-2 cells, grown under standard conditions up to mid-exponential phase (Fig. 1). The presence of differentially expressed proteins in the two strains, together with results of previous studies [28,29] demonstrated the role of CcpA as global regulator in L. plantarum. PMID:17129387 A type of direct assay evidence where molecules have been sorted according to their size and charge by moving through a gel in the presence of an electric field. ECO:MCC wikipedia:Gel_electrophoresis A type of gel electrophoresis evidence in which large DNA molecules are separated on agarose gel by alternately pulsed, perpendicularly oriented electrical fields, at least one of which is inhomogeneous. mchibucos 2012-08-24T12:34:01Z PFGE eco ECO:0000338 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis evidence A type of gel electrophoresis evidence in which large DNA molecules are separated on agarose gel by alternately pulsed, perpendicularly oriented electrical fields, at least one of which is inhomogeneous. PMID:6373014 A type of gel electrophoresis evidence where DNA molecules are electrophoresed on a low percentage agarose gel followed by high voltage electrophoresis on a higher percentage agarose gel in the presence of ethidium bromide. mchibucos 2012-08-24T12:42:37Z 2-D agarose gel electrophoresis eco ECO:0000339 The first dimension gel is intentionally run at low voltage in low percentage agarose to separate DNA molecules in proportion to their mass. The second dimension is run at high voltage in a gel of higher agarose concentration in the presence of ethidium bromide so that the mobility of a non-linear molecule is drastically influenced by its shape. two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis evidence A type of gel electrophoresis evidence where DNA molecules are electrophoresed on a low percentage agarose gel followed by high voltage electrophoresis on a higher percentage agarose gel in the presence of ethidium bromide. PMID:16118435 PMID:8594382 A type of experimental evidence in which a plasmid that is capable of being replicated is introduced into cells, cells are grown without selection for several generations, and retention of the plasmid is determined. mchibucos 2012-08-24T01:27:58Z minichromosome maintenance assay evidence eco ECO:0000340 Loss per generation is determined by comparing colony numbers on selective and non-selective media. plasmid maintenance assay evidence A type of experimental evidence in which a plasmid that is capable of being replicated is introduced into cells, cells are grown without selection for several generations, and retention of the plasmid is determined. ECO:MCC PMID:6323245 minichromosome maintenance assay evidence PMID:6323245 A type of specific protein inhibition evidence where the molecular function of a protein is inhibited by an antibody. mchibucos 2012-08-24T01:48:24Z eco ECO:0000341 specific protein inhibition by antibody evidence A type of specific protein inhibition evidence where the molecular function of a protein is inhibited by an antibody. ECO:MCC A type of RNA-seq evidence where intron locations in predicted transcripts are compared to intron locations supported by RNA-seq evidence. mchibucos 2013-04-03T04:22:05Z Support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence eco ECO:0000342 RNA-seq alignment intron location evidence is used by NCBI RefSeq (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/refseq). Exon-exon boundaries (or intron locations) of a RefSeq transcript, as determined by aligning the transcript to a reference chromosome, are compared to intron locations supported by RNAseq data. Support of intron position by RNA-sequencing alignment evidence A type of RNA-seq evidence where intron locations in predicted transcripts are compared to intron locations supported by RNA-seq evidence. ECO:MCC A type of support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence where RNA-seq alignment from a single sample supports all of the intron positions (exon pairs) predicted for a transcript. mchibucos 2013-04-03T04:41:48Z Full support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence eco ECO:0000343 Full support entails that all exon pairs represented in the transcript are supported. For example, for a transcript containing five exons, if liver RNA-seq reads support all four introns but brain RNA-seq supports only three introns, then the liver data fully support the transcript exons whereas the brain data do not. Full support of intron position by RNA-sequencing alignment evidence A type of support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence where RNA-seq alignment from a single sample supports all of the intron positions (exon pairs) predicted for a transcript. ECO:MCC A type of support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence where RNA-seq alignment to a genome supports only some of the intron positions (exon pairs) predicted for a transcript. mchibucos 2013-04-03T04:50:46Z Partial support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence eco ECO:0000344 Partial support can occur in two ways. First, one or more exon-exon pair (intron) is not supported by any RNA-seq sample included in the analysis. Second, no single RNA-seq sample provides support for all exon-exon pairs (introns) represented in a transcript, but all represented exons are supported by at least one sample. Partial support of intron position by RNA-sequencing alignment evidence A type of support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence where RNA-seq alignment to a genome supports only some of the intron positions (exon pairs) predicted for a transcript. ECO:MCC A type of sequence alignment evidence resulting from the comparison of a single exon transcript to a collection / database of known single exon genes. mchibucos 2013-04-03T05:10:34Z eco ECO:0000345 single exon transcript confirmation via alignment evidence A type of sequence alignment evidence resulting from the comparison of a single exon transcript to a collection / database of known single exon genes. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4897596/ A type of support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2013-04-04T04:37:35Z Support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence used in manual assertion eco ECO:0000346 Support of intron position by RNA-sequencing alignment evidence used in manual assertion true A type of support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. mchibucos 2013-04-04T04:38:45Z Support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence used in automatic assertion eco ECO:0000347 Support of intron position by RNA-sequencing alignment evidence used in automatic assertion true A type of support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:MCC A type of full support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. mchibucos 2013-04-04T04:40:19Z Full support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence used in automatic assertion eco ECO:0000348 Full support of intron position by RNA-sequencing alignment evidence used in automatic assertion true A type of full support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:MCC A type of full support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2013-04-04T04:41:34Z Full support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence used in manual assertion eco ECO:0000349 Full support of intron position by RNA-sequencing alignment evidence used in manual assertion true A type of full support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of partial support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. mchibucos 2013-04-04T04:42:53Z Partial support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence used in automatic assertion eco ECO:0000350 Partial support of intron position by RNA-sequencing alignment evidence used in automatic assertion true A type of partial support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:MCC A type of partial support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2013-04-04T04:43:56Z Partial support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence used in manual assertion eco ECO:0000351 Partial support of intron position by RNA-sequencing alignment evidence used in manual assertion true A type of partial support of intron position by RNA-seq alignment evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of evidence that is used in an manual assertion. mchibucos eco ECO:0000352 evidence used in manual assertion true true A type of evidence that is used in an manual assertion. ECO:MCC A type of physical interaction evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2013-10-31T21:01:27Z GOECO:IPI IPI inferred from physical interaction eco ECO:0000353 physical interaction evidence used in manual assertion http://geneontology.org/page/ipi-inferred-physical-interaction true A type of physical interaction evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC GOECO:IPI inferred from physical interaction IPI GOECO:IPI inferred from physical interaction GOECO:IPI A type of gene neighbors evidence that is used in a manual assertion. mchibucos 2013-11-19T13:37:24Z inferred from genome cluster GO_REF:0000025 eco ICL ECO:0000354 gene neighbors evidence used in manual assertion true A type of gene neighbors evidence that is used in a manual assertion. ECO:MCC GO_REF:0000025 operon structure as IGC evidence A type of phylogenetic evidence characterized by the mapping of the character states of living organisms onto phylogenies using the method of maximum parsimony. mchibucos 2014-04-22T17:02:31Z eco ECO:0000355 Example of use: "The presence of paired evaginated hemispheres and olfactory bulbs in both agnathan and gnathostome radiations suggests that such hemispheres were also present in the common ancestor." PMID: 7013637. Northcutt RG. (1981) Evolution of the telencephalon in nonmammals. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. phylogenetic distribution evidence A type of phylogenetic evidence characterized by the mapping of the character states of living organisms onto phylogenies using the method of maximum parsimony. ECO:MCC PMID:21238344 A type of transcript expression evidence resulting from a microarray analysis with the use of the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) method or the Fisher's-Exact (FE) method to assess the differential expression. mchibucos 2014-09-26T16:25:47Z eco ECO:0000358 differential geneset expression evidence from microarray experiment (GSEA, Fisher-exact) A type of transcript expression evidence resulting from a microarray analysis with the use of the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) method or the Fisher's-Exact (FE) method to assess the differential expression. PMID:19725948 A type of transcript expression evidence resulting from the use of the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) method or Fisher's-Exact (FE) method to assess an RNA-seq dataset for differential gene expression. mchibucos 2014-09-26T16:26:48Z eco ECO:0000359 differential geneset expression evidence from RNA-seq experiment (GSEA, Fisher-exact) A type of transcript expression evidence resulting from the use of the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) method or Fisher's-Exact (FE) method to assess an RNA-seq dataset for differential gene expression. PMC:2881125 A type of experimental evidence resulting from the prediction of drug-target interactions by computational means. mchibucos 2014-09-26T16:39:11Z eco ECO:0000360 biological target-disease association via drug evidence A type of experimental evidence resulting from the prediction of drug-target interactions by computational means. https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12859-018-2199-x A type of evidence where an assertion is derived from another assertion via logical inference or some non-logical but rational means. mchibucos 2015-07-14T11:19:37Z eco ECO:0000361 Inference is the process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true, or alternatively, arriving at conclusions via some non-logical means of observation of patterns of facts, which can result in identifying new meanings and contexts for understanding. Given the evidence provided by a set of premises, deductive reasoning involves drawing conclusions that necessarily follow, i.e. are certain, whereas inductive reasoning generates conclusions that are likely to be, but are not necessarily, true. inferential evidence A type of evidence where an assertion is derived from another assertion via logical inference or some non-logical but rational means. ECO:MCC A type of inferential evidence based on a computationally derived unary inference or an inference chain in which at least one step is computationally derived. mchibucos 2015-07-14T11:24:27Z evidence based on computational logical inference eco ECO:0000362 computational inference A type of inferential evidence based on a computationally derived unary inference or an inference chain in which at least one step is computationally derived. ECO:MCC GOC:MC A type of evidence based on computational logical inference that is used in automatic assertion. mchibucos 2015-07-14T11:35:08Z GO_REF:0000108 evidence based on computational logical inference used in automatic assertion eco ECO:0000363 computational inference used in automatic assertion true true A type of evidence based on computational logical inference that is used in automatic assertion. ECO:MCC GO_REF:0000108 Automatic assignment of GO terms using logical inference, based on on inter-ontology links A type of evidence based on logical inference from a manually curated annotation that is used in an automatic assertion. mchibucos 2015-07-14T11:44:19Z eco ECO:0000364 evidence based on logical inference from manual annotation used in automatic assertion A type of evidence based on logical inference from a manually curated annotation that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:MCC A type of evidence based on logical inference from an automatically curated annotation that is used in an automatic assertion. mchibucos 2015-07-14T11:45:25Z eco ECO:0000366 evidence based on logical inference from automatic annotation used in automatic assertion A type of evidence based on logical inference from an automatically curated annotation that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:MCC A type of evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. cjm GOECO:IEA GO_REF:0000003 GO_REF:0000004 GO_REF:0000023 IEA inferred from electronic annotation eco ECO:0000501 evidence used in automatic assertion http://geneontology.org/page/automatically-assigned-evidence-codes true true A type of evidence that is used in an automatic assertion. ECO:cjm GOECO:IEA inferred from electronic annotation GO_REF:0000003 Gene Ontology annotation based on Enzyme Commission mapping. GO_REF:0000004 Gene Ontology annotation based on Swiss-Prot keyword mapping. GO_REF:0000023 Gene Ontology annotation based on Swiss-Prot Subcellular Location vocabulary mapping. IEA GOECO:IEA inferred from electronic annotation GOECO:IEA A type of cell proliferation assay evidence resulting from the growth of cells in a micro-environment that mimics real tissue and establishes physiological cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions that regulate proliferation and differentiation. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001001 3D cell culture evidence A type of cell proliferation assay evidence resulting from the growth of cells in a micro-environment that mimics real tissue and establishes physiological cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions that regulate proliferation and differentiation. PMID:21042962 url:http://volttecnologia.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Drug-discovery.pdf A type of cell-based assay evidence resulting from labeling cells with [3H]arachidonic acid and subsequently determining the release of the arachidonic acid by the cells. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001002 [3H]arachidonic acid release assay evidence A type of cell-based assay evidence resulting from labeling cells with [3H]arachidonic acid and subsequently determining the release of the arachidonic acid by the cells. ISBN:0323152295 PMID:20693009 A type of DNA synthesis cell proliferation assay evidence resulting from the measurement of cell proliferation rate by determining the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into cellular nucleic acids. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001003 [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay evidence A type of DNA synthesis cell proliferation assay evidence resulting from the measurement of cell proliferation rate by determining the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into cellular nucleic acids. OBI:0000669 url:http://www.scientistsolutions.com/forum/cell-culture-and-tissue-culture-proliferationapoptosis/3h-thymidine-incorporation-assay-rat-1a A type of cytotoxicity assay evidence resulting from the measurement of the amount of radioactive 51Cr released in the supernatant of a sample of 51Cr pre-labeled cells via cytolysis by effector cells (cytotoxic T-cells). SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001004 51Cr release assay evidence A type of cytotoxicity assay evidence resulting from the measurement of the amount of radioactive 51Cr released in the supernatant of a sample of 51Cr pre-labeled cells via cytolysis by effector cells (cytotoxic T-cells). PMC:3929704 url:http://www4.mpbio.com/ecom/docs/proddata.nsf/5f64ffd4f38c2fda8525645d00769d68/53d2a75653615bab852568cb00572ff3?OpenDocument A type of apoptotic assay evidence resulting from the use of 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) to distinguish viable, apoptotic, and dead cells, using the fact that permeability of the cell membrane, and fluorescence intensity, is low in early apoptotic cells and high in late apoptotic and dead cells. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z 7-AAD staining evidence 7-amino-actinomycin D staining evidence eco ECO:0001005 7-aminoactinomycin staining evidence A type of apoptotic assay evidence resulting from the use of 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) to distinguish viable, apoptotic, and dead cells, using the fact that permeability of the cell membrane, and fluorescence intensity, is low in early apoptotic cells and high in late apoptotic and dead cells. ECO:RCT A type of cell-based assay evidence resulting from the analysis of cell binding either to extracellular matrix proteins or other cells. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001006 adhesion assay evidence A type of cell-based assay evidence resulting from the analysis of cell binding either to extracellular matrix proteins or other cells. PMID:15576904 PMID:21909903 A type of ex vivo assay evidence derived by ex vivo selection of tumor-reactive lymphocytes, and their activation and numerical expansion before re-infusion to the autologous tumor-bearing host. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z Adoptive immunotherapy passive immunization eco ECO:0001007 adoptive cell transfer evidence A type of ex vivo assay evidence derived by ex vivo selection of tumor-reactive lymphocytes, and their activation and numerical expansion before re-infusion to the autologous tumor-bearing host. ECO:SN url:http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/23/10/2346.full.pdf+html url:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2305722/pdf/nihms42807.pdf A type of cell viability assay evidence resulting from the continuous measurement of fluorescence intensity from the viable cells, where a cell permeable compound, resazurin (the active ingredient of alamarBlue), is reduced to fluorescent resorufin. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001008 alamarBlue assay evidence A type of cell viability assay evidence resulting from the continuous measurement of fluorescence intensity from the viable cells, where a cell permeable compound, resazurin (the active ingredient of alamarBlue), is reduced to fluorescent resorufin. PMC:3478843 url:https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/references/protocols/cell-and-tissue-analysis/cell-profilteration-assay-protocols/cell-viability-with-alamarblue.html A type of anatomical perturbation phenotypic evidence resulting from the transplantation of an organ or tissue from one individual of the same species with a different genotype. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z Allotransplantation allograft transplantation experiment evidence allografting tissue grafting eco ECO:0001009 allograft transplantation phenotypic evidence A type of anatomical perturbation phenotypic evidence resulting from the transplantation of an organ or tissue from one individual of the same species with a different genotype. ECO:SN url:http://www.nature.com/subjects/allograft url:http://www.organdonor.gov/about/terms_and_topics/ A type of chromatography evidence where a positively charged ion exchange resin with an affinity for molecules having net negative surface charges is used to separate the molecules. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001010 anion-exchange chromatography evidence A type of chromatography evidence where a positively charged ion exchange resin with an affinity for molecules having net negative surface charges is used to separate the molecules. ECO:SN PMID:20978968 url:http://www.bio-rad.com/en-us/applications-technologies/anion-exchange-chromatography url:http://www.uta.edu/faculty/sawasthi/Enzymology-4351-5324/Class%20Syllabus%20Enzymology/Ion%20Exchange%20Chromatography-1.pdf A type of apoptotic assay evidence resulting from the addition and subsequent binding of Annexin V to phosphatidylserine in cells to detect if they are viable, apoptotic, or necrotic. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001011 annexin-V staining evidence A type of apoptotic assay evidence resulting from the addition and subsequent binding of Annexin V to phosphatidylserine in cells to detect if they are viable, apoptotic, or necrotic. PMC:3169266 A type of experimental phenotypic evidence resulting from behavioral phenotyping and analysis to assess cognitive functioning. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z behavioral assay evidence eco ECO:0001012 cognitive assay phenotypic evidence A type of experimental phenotypic evidence resulting from behavioral phenotyping and analysis to assess cognitive functioning. PMID:24462904 A type of immunological assay evidence resulting from inhibitory effect of monoclonal antibody combining with an antigen over other antibodies. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001013 blocking monoclonal antibody evidence A type of immunological assay evidence resulting from inhibitory effect of monoclonal antibody combining with an antigen over other antibodies. PMID:11292349 url:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673600034966 A type of immunological assay evidence resulting from the use of peptides to block antibodies from binding to their targets. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001014 blocking peptide evidence A type of immunological assay evidence resulting from the use of peptides to block antibodies from binding to their targets. ECO:RCT A type of immunological assay evidence resulting from the inhibitory effect of polyclonal antibodies (antibodies secreted by different B cell lineages), which while not reacting with a specific antigen, serve to prevent other antibodies from doing so. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001015 blocking polyclonal antibody evidence A type of direct assay evidence where a blood sample is extracted from an organism to analyze different blood components. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001016 blood test evidence A type of direct assay evidence where a blood sample is extracted from an organism to analyze different blood components. ECO:SN url:https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/bdt A type of chemotaxis assay evidence where the presence or absence of positive or negative chemotaxis is determined by measuring the number of cells that migrate from the upper compartment of a chamber (separated by a micro-porous membrane) to the lower compartment, in which chemotactic agents are present. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001017 Boyden chamber assay evidence A type of chemotaxis assay evidence where the presence or absence of positive or negative chemotaxis is determined by measuring the number of cells that migrate from the upper compartment of a chamber (separated by a micro-porous membrane) to the lower compartment, in which chemotactic agents are present. PMID:13872176 PMID:15576901 A type of nucleotide analog incorporation evidence resulting from the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) as a thymidine analog into nuclear DNA, resulting in a label that can be tracked using antibody probes. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z ECO:0005010 cell proliferation marker detection assay evidence 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation assay evidence BUdR incorporation assay evidence BrdU incorporation assay evidence BrdUrd incorporation assay evidence eco ECO:0001018 bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assay evidence A type of nucleotide analog incorporation evidence resulting from the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) as a thymidine analog into nuclear DNA, resulting in a label that can be tracked using antibody probes. PMID:23690005 A type of apoptotic assay evidence resulting from the detection of caspase activation, which results in the cleaving of intracellular substrates during apoptosis. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001019 caspase assay evidence A type of apoptotic assay evidence resulting from the detection of caspase activation, which results in the cleaving of intracellular substrates during apoptosis. PMID:18314058 PMID:25086023 A type of cell-based assay evidence resulting from the quantification of a sample of cells. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001020 cell counting evidence A type of cell-based assay evidence resulting from the quantification of a sample of cells. ECO:RCT A type of cell-based assay evidence resulting from the quantification of cell permeability. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001021 cell permeability assay evidence A type of cell-based assay evidence resulting from the quantification of cell permeability. PMID:16962665 A type of staining evidence resulting from monitoring division by the use of carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) to label intracellular molecules with carboxyfluorescein; when a labeled cell divides, the number of carboxyfluorescein-tagged molecules is split. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z CFDA-SE staining evidence CFSE-staining evidence eco ECO:0001022 carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester staining evidence A type of staining evidence resulting from monitoring division by the use of carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) to label intracellular molecules with carboxyfluorescein; when a labeled cell divides, the number of carboxyfluorescein-tagged molecules is split. PMC:3185625 A type of protein detection assay evidence resulting from a complex (a chemiluminescent compound, protein and a steroidal hapten) utilized as a labeled antigen, which emits light when treated with hydrogen peroxide and copper acetate at a high pH. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z CLIA evidence eco ECO:0001023 chemiluminescence-linked immunoassay evidence A type of protein detection assay evidence resulting from a complex (a chemiluminescent compound, protein and a steroidal hapten) utilized as a labeled antigen, which emits light when treated with hydrogen peroxide and copper acetate at a high pH. PMID:659901 A type of mutant phenotype evidence resulting from the fusion of two or more different genes to create one protein product. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z chimeric protein evidence eco ECO:0001024 chimeric protein phenotypic evidence A type of mutant phenotype evidence resulting from the fusion of two or more different genes to create one protein product. PMID:22588898 PMID:25832756 A type of gel electrophoresis evidence resulting from the electrophoresis of two substances together, allowing for the characterization of ligand/nucleic acid binding interactions. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001025 co-electrophoresis evidence A type of gel electrophoresis evidence resulting from the electrophoresis of two substances together, allowing for the characterization of ligand/nucleic acid binding interactions. PMID:7668395 A type of imaging assay evidence resulting from the limited observation of the co-occurrence of molecules in a subcellular location. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001026 co-localization evidence A type of imaging assay evidence resulting from the limited observation of the co-occurrence of molecules in a subcellular location. PMC:3074624 A type of direct assay evidence resulting from the counting of microbial colonies that arise from viable cells grown on a plate or dish. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001027 colony counting evidence A type of direct assay evidence resulting from the counting of microbial colonies that arise from viable cells grown on a plate or dish. PMID:16558698 PMID:23457446 A type of physical interaction evidence resulting from the separation of a mixture of molecules under the influence of a force such as artificial gravity, where molecules sedimenting together are assumed to interact. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001028 co-sedimentation assay evidence A type of physical interaction evidence resulting from the separation of a mixture of molecules under the influence of a force such as artificial gravity, where molecules sedimenting together are assumed to interact. MI:0027 A type of gel electrophoresis evidence resulting in the assessment of DNA breakage in a cell, based on size and shape of DNA migration. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001029 comet assay evidence A type of gel electrophoresis evidence resulting in the assessment of DNA breakage in a cell, based on size and shape of DNA migration. OBI:0302736 PMID:10737956 A type of knockout evidence resulting from a temporally-restricted and/or tissue-specific targeted gene removal. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001030 conditional knockout evidence A type of knockout evidence resulting from a temporally-restricted and/or tissue-specific targeted gene removal. PMC:3572410 A type of knockin evidence resulting from the targeted introduction of a temporally-restricted and/or tissue-specific mutation. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001031 conditional knockin evidence A type of knockin evidence resulting from the targeted introduction of a temporally-restricted and/or tissue-specific mutation. PMID:16832820 A type of experimental phenotypic evidence resulting from a constitutively active mutant (CAM), resulting in mutant proteins that remain active in the absence of upstream signals. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001032 constitutively active mutant evidence A type of experimental phenotypic evidence resulting from a constitutively active mutant (CAM), resulting in mutant proteins that remain active in the absence of upstream signals. PMID:12217490 To confirm this intriguing observation, we cross-linked AdpA and DNA in the presence of increasing amounts of ATP (figure 2b(iii)). In this assay, ATP prevented the formation of AdpA - DNA complexes in a concentration-dependent manner, an outcome consistent with the results obtained by SPR analysis. A type of protein binding evidence resulting from the identification of two interacting proteins (that exist in close proximity) by linking through covalent bonds followed by identification SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001033 cross-linking evidence To confirm this intriguing observation, we cross-linked AdpA and DNA in the presence of increasing amounts of ATP (figure 2b(iii)). In this assay, ATP prevented the formation of AdpA - DNA complexes in a concentration-dependent manner, an outcome consistent with the results obtained by SPR analysis. PMID:22870392 A type of protein binding evidence resulting from the identification of two interacting proteins (that exist in close proximity) by linking through covalent bonds followed by identification PMID:15530987 PMID:19241040 The crystal structures of E. coli MarR and Enterococcus faecalis SlyA-like proteins show their cross-sections are ~70 angstroms, suggesting they would protect ~20 bp of DNA (Alekshun et al., 2001; Wu et al., 2003). This suggests the presence of two SlyA dimers at the SlyA I site and at least three dimers at the SlyA II site. A type of structure determination evidence resulting from the use of a narrow beam of x-rays to identify molecular structures by creating a diffraction pattern. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001034 crystallography evidence The crystal structures of E. coli MarR and Enterococcus faecalis SlyA-like proteins show their cross-sections are ~70 angstroms, suggesting they would protect ~20 bp of DNA (Alekshun et al., 2001; Wu et al., 2003). This suggests the presence of two SlyA dimers at the SlyA I site and at least three dimers at the SlyA II site. PMID:17892462 A type of structure determination evidence resulting from the use of a narrow beam of x-rays to identify molecular structures by creating a diffraction pattern. MI:0114 A type of histochemistry evidence resulting from localizing chemical components of cells and organelles on histological sections. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001035 cytochemistry evidence A type of histochemistry evidence resulting from localizing chemical components of cells and organelles on histological sections. PMID:11597006 A type of apoptotic assay evidence resulting from the identification of an accumulation of cytochrome C in the cytoplasm after its release from the mitochondria, an early event in apoptosis. SIB:PG mchibucos 2014-03-16T11:30:54Z eco ECO:0001036 cytochrome C release assay evidence A type of apoptotic assay evidence resulting from the identification of an accumulation of cytochrome C in the cytoplasm after its release from the mitochondria, an early event in apoptosis. PMID:10914021 PMID:12815469 A type of staining evidence resulting from 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) binding to AT regions of DNA and emitting a blue fluorescence. SIB:PG