{ "Introduction": { "Background": { "text": "The archipelago was once largely under the control of Buddhist and Hindu rulers. By around the 7th century, a Buddhist kingdom arose on Sumatra and expanded into Java and the Malay Peninsula until it was conquered in the late 13th century by the Hindu Majapahit Empire from Java. Majapahit (1290-1527) united most of modern-day Indonesia and Malaysia. Traders introduced Islam around the 11th century, and the religion gradually expanded over the next 500 years. The Portuguese conquered parts of Indonesia in the 16th century, but the Dutch ousted them (except in East Timor) and began colonizing the islands in the early 17th century. It would be the early 20th century before Dutch colonial rule was established across the entirety of what would become the boundaries of the modern Indonesian state.

Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender, but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting, intermittent negotiations, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. A period of sometimes unruly parliamentary democracy ended in 1957 when President SOEKARNO declared martial law and instituted \"Guided Democracy.\" After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers, SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1998, President SUHARTO ruled Indonesia with his \"New Order\" government. After street protests toppled SUHARTO in 1998, free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999 while the country's first direct presidential election occurred in 2004. Indonesia has since become a robust democracy, holding four direct presidential elections, each considered by international observers to have been largely free and fair. 

Indonesia is now the world's third-most-populous  democracy and the world's largest Muslim-majority nation. It has had strong economic growth since overcoming the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. By the 2020s, it had the largest economy in Southeast Asia, and its economy ranked in the world's top 10 in terms of purchasing power parity. It has also made considerable gains in reducing poverty. Although relations amongst its diverse population--there are more than 300 ethnic groups--have been harmonious in the 2000s, there have been areas of sectarian discontent and violence, as well as instances of religious extremism and terrorism. A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005, but a separatist group in Papua continued to conduct a low-intensity conflict as of 2024." } }, "Geography": { "Location": { "text": "Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean" }, "Geographic coordinates": { "text": "5 00 S, 120 00 E" }, "Map references": { "text": "Southeast Asia" }, "Area": { "total ": { "text": "1,904,569 sq km" }, "land": { "text": "1,811,569 sq km" }, "water": { "text": "93,000 sq km" } }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly less than three times the size of Texas" }, "Land boundaries": { "total": { "text": "2,958 km" }, "border countries": { "text": "Malaysia 1,881 km; Papua New Guinea 824 km; Timor-Leste 253 km" } }, "Coastline": { "text": "54,716 km" }, "Maritime claims": { "territorial sea": { "text": "12 nm" }, "exclusive economic zone": { "text": "200 nm" }, "note": "note: measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines" }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands" }, "Terrain": { "text": "mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains" }, "Elevation": { "highest point": { "text": "Puncak Jaya 4,884 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Indian/Pacific Oceans 0 m" }, "mean elevation": { "text": "367 m" } }, "Natural resources": { "text": "petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver", "note": "note: Indonesia is the World's leading producer of nickel with an output of 1.6 million mt in 2022" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "29.1% (2023 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 9.4% (2023 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 13.9% (2023 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 5.8% (2023 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "50.6% (2023 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "20.3% (2023 est.)" } }, "Irrigated land": { "text": "67,220 sq km (2012)" }, "Major lakes (area sq km)": { "fresh water lake(s)": { "text": "Danau Toba - 1,150 sq km
note - located in the caldera of a super volcano that erupted more than 70,000 years ago; it is the largest volcanic lake in the World" } }, "Major rivers (by length in km)": { "text": "Sepik (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,126 km; Fly (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,050 km

note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands, Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated" }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires

volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world, with over 75 historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; in 2018, a large explosion and flank collapse destroyed most of the island of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) and generated a deadly tsunami that left more than 400 dead; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, Sinabung, and Tambora; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"" }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: 13,466 islands are in the archipelago, of which 922 are permanently inhabited; Indonesia is the world's largest country composed solely of islands; the country straddles the equator and occupies a strategic location along major sea lanes from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

note 2: Indonesia is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes, up to 90% of the world's earthquakes, and 80% of tsunamis

note 3: despite having the fourth largest population in the world, Indonesia is the most heavily forested region on earth after the Amazon

" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { "total": { "text": "283,587,097 (2025 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "141,778,977" }, "female": { "text": "141,808,120" } }, "Nationality": { "noun": { "text": "Indonesian(s)" }, "adjective": { "text": "Indonesian" } }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.)" }, "Languages": { "Languages": { "text": "Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese); note - more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia" }, "major-language sample(s)": { "text": "
Fakta Dunia, sumber informasi dasar yang sangat diperlukan. (Indonesian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information." } }, "Religions": { "text": "Muslim 87.4%, Protestant 7.5%, Roman Catholic 3.1%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.8% (includes Buddhist and Confucian) (2022 est.)" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "23.8% (male 34,247,218/female 32,701,367)" }, "15-64 years": { "text": "68.3% (male 96,268,201/female 95,961,293)" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "8% (2024 est.) (male 10,284,628/female 12,099,758)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { "total dependency ratio": { "text": "46.1 (2025 est.)" }, "youth dependency ratio": { "text": "34.1 (2025 est.)" }, "elderly dependency ratio": { "text": "12 (2025 est.)" }, "potential support ratio": { "text": "8.3 (2025 est.)" } }, "Median age": { "total": { "text": "31.8 years (2025 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "30.8 years" }, "female": { "text": "32.3 years" } }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "0.7% (2025 est.)" }, "Birth rate": { "text": "14.55 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)" }, "Death rate": { "text": "6.82 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { "text": "-0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands, Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "58.6% of total population (2023)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "11.249 million JAKARTA (capital), 3.729 million Bekasi, 3.044 million Surabaya, 3.041 million Depok, 2.674 million Bandung, 2.514 million Tangerang (2023)" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { "text": "1.05 male(s)/female" }, "0-14 years": { "text": "1.05 male(s)/female" }, "15-64 years": { "text": "1 male(s)/female" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "0.85 male(s)/female" }, "total population": { "text": "1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)" } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { "text": "22.4 years (2017 est.)", "note": "note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49" }, "Maternal mortality ratio": { "text": "140 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { "text": "18.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "21.3 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "female": { "text": "16.4 deaths/1,000 live births" } }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { "text": "73.6 years (2024 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "71.3 years" }, "female": { "text": "76 years" } }, "Total fertility rate": { "text": "1.93 children born/woman (2025 est.)" }, "Gross reproduction rate": { "text": "0.94 (2025 est.)" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 98.3% of population (2022 est.)" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 88.3% of population (2022 est.)" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 94.1% of population (2022 est.)" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 1.7% of population (2022 est.)" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 11.7% of population (2022 est.)" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 5.9% of population (2022 est.)" } }, "Health expenditure": { "Health expenditure (as % of GDP)": { "text": "3.7% of GDP (2021)" }, "Health expenditure (as % of national budget)": { "text": "8% of national budget (2022 est.)" } }, "Physician density": { "text": "0.52 physicians/1,000 population (2023)" }, "Hospital bed density": { "text": "1.4 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 97.4% of population (2022 est.)" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 91.1% of population (2022 est.)" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 94.7% of population (2022 est.)" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 2.6% of population (2022 est.)" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 8.9% of population (2022 est.)" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 5.3% of population (2022 est.)" } }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "6.9% (2016)" }, "Alcohol consumption per capita": { "total": { "text": "0.08 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "beer": { "text": "0.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "wine": { "text": "0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "spirits": { "text": "0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "other alcohols": { "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" } }, "Tobacco use": { "total": { "text": "39% (2025 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "74.9% (2025 est.)" }, "female": { "text": "3.1% (2025 est.)" } }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { "text": "15.9% (2023 est.)" }, "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": { "text": "70.3% (2022 est.)" }, "Child marriage": { "women married by age 15": { "text": "2% (2017)" }, "women married by age 18": { "text": "16.3% (2017)" } }, "Education expenditure": { "Education expenditure (% GDP)": { "text": "1.3% of GDP (2023 est.)" }, "Education expenditure (% national budget)": { "text": "10.6% national budget (2025 est.)" } }, "Literacy": { "total population": { "text": "96% (2020 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "97.4% (2020 est.)" }, "female": { "text": "94.6% (2020 est.)" } }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { "text": "13 years (2023 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "13 years (2023 est.)" }, "female": { "text": "13 years (2023 est.)" } }, "People - note": { "text": "Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the World after China, India, and the United States; more than half of the Indonesian population - roughly 150 million people or 55% - live on the island of Java (about the size of California) making it the most crowded island on earth" } }, "Environment": { "Environmental issues": { "text": "large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires cause heavy smog; over-exploitation of marine resources; air pollution from vehicle emissions; waste disposal; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage" }, "International environmental agreements": { "party to": { "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" }, "signed, but not ratified": { "text": "Marine Life Conservation" } }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "29.1% (2023 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 9.4% (2023 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 13.9% (2023 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 5.8% (2023 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "50.6% (2023 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "20.3% (2023 est.)" } }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "58.6% of total population (2023)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Carbon dioxide emissions": { "total emissions": { "text": "829.655 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)" }, "from coal and metallurgical coke": { "text": "527.923 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)" }, "from petroleum and other liquids": { "text": "223.352 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)" }, "from consumed natural gas": { "text": "78.38 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)" } }, "Particulate matter emissions": { "text": "18.4 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "Methane emissions": { "energy": { "text": "3,621.7 kt (2022-2024 est.)" }, "agriculture": { "text": "3,379.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)" }, "waste": { "text": "4,200.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "165.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)" } }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "65.2 million tons (2024 est.)" }, "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "15.2% (2022 est.)" } }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { "text": "23.8 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)" }, "industrial": { "text": "9.135 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)" }, "agricultural": { "text": "189.7 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { "text": "2.019 trillion cubic meters (2022 est.)" }, "Geoparks": { "total global geoparks and regional networks": { "text": "12 (2025)" }, "global geoparks and regional networks": { "text": "Batur; Belitong; Ciletuh - Palabuhanratu; Gunung Sewu; Ijen; Kebumen; Maros Pangkep; Merangin Jambi; Meratus; Raja Ampat; Rinjani-Lombok; Toba Caldera (2025)" } } }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { "text": "Republic of Indonesia" }, "conventional short form": { "text": "Indonesia" }, "local long form": { "text": "Republik Indonesia" }, "local short form": { "text": "Indonesia" }, "former": { "text": "Netherlands East Indies (Dutch East Indies), Netherlands New Guinea" }, "etymology": { "text": "the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words, \"Indos\" (India) and \"nesoi\" (islands), meaning \"Indian islands\"" } }, "Government type": { "text": "presidential republic" }, "Capital": { "name": { "text": "Jakarta" }, "geographic coordinates": { "text": "6 10 S, 106 49 E" }, "time difference": { "text": "UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, "time zone note": { "text": "Indonesia has three time zones" }, "etymology": { "text": "derives from the Sanscrit name Jayakarta, meaning \"victory and prosperity;\" Prince FATILLAH conquered and renamed the city, formerly known as Sunda Kelapa, in 1527" }, "note": "note: in 2022, the relocation of the country’s capital was approved, from Jakarta to a site on the island of Borneo between Samarinda City and the port city of Balikpapan; Nusantara (\"archipelago\"), the new capital, was in development as of 2024 and is expected to be completed in 2045" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "35 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 1 autonomous province*, 1 special region** (daerah istimewa), and 1 national capital district*** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta***, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Papua Barat Daya (Southwest Papua), Papua Pegunungan (Papua Highlands), Papua Selatan (South Papua), Papua Tengah (Central Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta**" }, "Legal system": { "text": "civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law" }, "Constitution": { "history": { "text": "drafted July to August 1945, effective 18 August 1945, abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions; 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959" }, "amendment process": { "text": "proposed by the People’s Consultative Assembly, with at least two thirds of its members present; passage requires simple majority vote by the Assembly membership; constitutional articles on the unitary form of the state cannot be amended" } }, "International law organization participation": { "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt" }, "Citizenship": { "citizenship by birth": { "text": "no" }, "citizenship by descent only": { "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia" }, "dual citizenship recognized": { "text": "no" }, "residency requirement for naturalization": { "text": "5 continuous years" } }, "Suffrage": { "text": "17 years of age; universal; married persons regardless of age" }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { "text": "President PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (since 20 October 2024)" }, "head of government": { "text": "President PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (since 20 October 2024)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Cabinet appointed by the president" }, "election/appointment process": { "text": "president and vice president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term)" }, "most recent election date": { "text": "14 February 2024" }, "election results": { "text": "
2024: PRABOWO Subianto elected president (assumes office 20 October 2024); percent of vote - PRABOWO Subianto (GERINDRA) 58.6%, Anies Rasyid BASWEDAN (Independent) 24.9%, GANJAR Pranowo (PDI-P) 16.5%

2019: Joko WIDODO reelected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 55.5%, PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (GERINDRA) 44.5%" }, "expected date of next election": { "text": "2029" }, "note": "note: the president is both chief of state and head of government" }, "Legislative branch": { "legislature name": { "text": "House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat)" }, "legislative structure": { "text": "unicameral" }, "number of seats": { "text": "580 (all directly elected)" }, "electoral system": { "text": "proportional representation" }, "scope of elections": { "text": "full renewal" }, "term in office": { "text": "5 years" }, "most recent election date": { "text": "2/14/2024" }, "parties elected and seats per party": { "text": "Indonesian Democratic Party - Struggle (PDI-P) (110); Party of Functional Groups (Golkar) (102); Great Indonesia Movement (Gerindra) (86); National Democratic Party (NasDem) (69); National Awakening Party (PKB) (68); Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) (53); National Mandate Party (PAN) (48); Democratic Party (PD) (44)" }, "percentage of women in chamber": { "text": "21.9%" }, "expected date of next election": { "text": "April 2029" } }, "Judicial branch": { "highest court(s)": { "text": "Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges)" }, "judge selection and term of office": { "text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70" }, "subordinate courts": { "text": "High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts" } }, "Political parties": { "text": "Democrat Party or PD 
Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR 
Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA 
Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P 
National Awakening Party or PKB 
National Democratic Party or NasDem 
National Mandate Party or PAN 
Prosperous Justice Party or PKS " }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador INDROYONO Soesilo (since 16 December 2025)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036" }, "telephone": { "text": "[1] (202) 775-5200" }, "FAX": { "text": "[1] (202) 775-5236" }, "email address and website": { "text": "
washington.kbri@kemlu.go.id

Embassy of The Republic of Indonesia, in Washington D.C., The United States of America (kemlu.go.id)" }, "consulate(s) general": { "text": "Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco" } }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Peter M. HAYMOND (since 15 June 2025)" }, "embassy": { "text": "Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5, Jakarta 10110" }, "mailing address": { "text": "8200 Jakarta Place, Washington DC  20521-8200" }, "telephone": { "text": "[62] (21) 5083-1000" }, "FAX": { "text": "[62] (21) 385-7189" }, "email address and website": { "text": "
jakartaacs@state.gov

https://id.usembassy.gov/" }, "consulate(s) general": { "text": "Surabaya" }, "consulate(s)": { "text": "Medan" } }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IORA, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, MSG (associate member), NAM, OECD (enhanced engagement), OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" }, "Independence": { "text": "17 August 1945 (declared independence from the Netherlands)" }, "National holiday": { "text": "Independence Day, 17 August (1945)" }, "Flag": { "text": "description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white

meaning: red stands for courage and white for purity

history: the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries", "note": "note: similar to the flags of Monaco, which is shorter, and Poland, which is white (top) and red" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "garuda (mythical bird)" }, "National color(s)": { "text": "red, white" }, "National anthem(s)": { "title": { "text": "\"Indonesia Raya\" (Great Indonesia)" }, "lyrics/music": { "text": "Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN" }, "history": { "text": "adopted 1945" } }, "National heritage": { "total World Heritage Sites": { "text": "10 (6 cultural, 4 natural)" }, "selected World Heritage Site locales": { "text": "Borobudur Temple Compounds (c); Komodo National Park (n); Prambanan Temple Compounds (c); Ujung Kulon National Park (n); Sangiran Early Man Site (c); Lorentz National Park (n); Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (n); Cultural Landscape of Bali Province (c); Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto (c); Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks (c)" } } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "upper middle-income, largest and growing Southeast Asian economy; higher lending rates to moderate inflation; ongoing relocation of capital fueling infrastructure projects; major tourism sector prompting green economy goals" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024": { "text": "$4.102 trillion (2024 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": { "text": "$3.906 trillion (2023 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": { "text": "$3.718 trillion (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: data in 2021 dollars" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2024": { "text": "5% (2024 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2023": { "text": "5% (2023 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2022": { "text": "5.3% (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency" }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2024": { "text": "$14,500 (2024 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2023": { "text": "$13,900 (2023 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2022": { "text": "$13,300 (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: data in 2021 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1.396 trillion (2024 est.)", "note": "note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": { "text": "3.7% (2023 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": { "text": "4.2% (2022 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": { "text": "1.6% (2021 est.)" }, "note": "note: annual % change based on consumer prices" }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { "text": "12.6% (2024 est.)" }, "industry": { "text": "39.3% (2024 est.)" }, "services": { "text": "43.8% (2024 est.)" }, "note": "note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data" }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { "text": "55.4% (2024 est.)" }, "government consumption": { "text": "7.7% (2024 est.)" }, "investment in fixed capital": { "text": "29.1% (2024 est.)" }, "investment in inventories": { "text": "2.3% (2024 est.)" }, "exports of goods and services": { "text": "22.2% (2024 est.)" }, "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-20.4% (2024 est.)" }, "note": "note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection" }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "oil palm fruit, rice, sugarcane, maize, coconuts, cassava, bananas, eggs, chicken, mangoes/guavas (2023)", "note": "note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage" }, "Industries": { "text": "petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { "text": "5.2% (2024 est.)", "note": "note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency" }, "Labor force": { "text": "143.144 million (2024 est.)", "note": "note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work" }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2024": { "text": "3.3% (2024 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2023": { "text": "3.4% (2023 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2022": { "text": "3.5% (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: % of labor force seeking employment" }, "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": { "total": { "text": "13.1% (2024 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "13.2% (2024 est.)" }, "female": { "text": "13% (2024 est.)" }, "note": "note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment" }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "9% (2024 est.)", "note": "note: % of population with income below national poverty line" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2024": { "text": "34.9 (2024 est.)" }, "note": "note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality" }, "Average household expenditures": { "on food": { "text": "33.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)" }, "on alcohol and tobacco": { "text": "7.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)" } }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { "text": "3.5% (2024 est.)" }, "highest 10%": { "text": "28.8% (2024 est.)" }, "note": "note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population" }, "Remittances": { "Remittances 2024": { "text": "1.1% of GDP (2024 est.)" }, "Remittances 2023": { "text": "1.1% of GDP (2023 est.)" }, "Remittances 2022": { "text": "1% of GDP (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities" }, "Budget": { "revenues": { "text": "$182.658 billion (2023 est.)" }, "expenditures": { "text": "$204.739 billion (2023 est.)" }, "note": "note: central government revenues and expenditures (excluding grants and social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated" }, "Public debt": { "Public debt 2022": { "text": "45.34% of GDP (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: central government debt as a % of GDP" }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "11.6% (of GDP) (2022 est.)", "note": "note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP" }, "Current account balance": { "Current account balance 2024": { "text": "-$8.47 billion (2024 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2023": { "text": "-$2.042 billion (2023 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2022": { "text": "$13.215 billion (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars" }, "Exports": { "Exports 2024": { "text": "$300.868 billion (2024 est.)" }, "Exports 2023": { "text": "$291.287 billion (2023 est.)" }, "Exports 2022": { "text": "$315.746 billion (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars" }, "Exports - partners": { "text": "China 24%, USA 9%, India 8%, Japan 8%, Singapore 5% (2023)", "note": "note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports" }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "coal, palm oil, iron alloys, lignite, garments (2023)", "note": "note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2024": { "text": "$279.419 billion (2024 est.)" }, "Imports 2023": { "text": "$262.694 billion (2023 est.)" }, "Imports 2022": { "text": "$273.031 billion (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars" }, "Imports - partners": { "text": "China 29%, Singapore 8%, Japan 7%, USA 5%, Malaysia 5% (2023)", "note": "note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "refined petroleum, crude petroleum, plastics, vehicle parts/accessories, integrated circuits (2023)", "note": "note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024": { "text": "$155.708 billion (2024 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": { "text": "$146.359 billion (2023 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": { "text": "$137.222 billion (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 2023": { "text": "$225.273 billion (2023 est.)" }, "note": "note: present value of external debt in current US dollars" }, "Exchange rates": { "Currency": { "text": "Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar -" }, "Exchange rates 2024": { "text": "15,855.448 (2024 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2023": { "text": "15,236.885 (2023 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2022": { "text": "14,849.854 (2022 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2021": { "text": "14,308.144 (2021 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2020": { "text": "14,582.203 (2020 est.)" } } }, "Energy": { "Electricity access": { "electrification - total population": { "text": "100% (2022 est.)" }, "electrification - urban areas": { "text": "100%" }, "electrification - rural areas": { "text": "98.2%" } }, "Electricity": { "installed generating capacity": { "text": "70.826 million kW (2023 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "356.135 billion kWh (2023 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "828.198 million kWh (2023 est.)" }, "transmission/distribution losses": { "text": "27.477 billion kWh (2023 est.)" } }, "Electricity generation sources": { "fossil fuels": { "text": "82% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" }, "solar": { "text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" }, "wind": { "text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" }, "hydroelectricity": { "text": "6.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" }, "geothermal": { "text": "4.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" }, "biomass and waste": { "text": "6.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" } }, "Coal": { "production": { "text": "783.453 million metric tons (2023 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "281.159 million metric tons (2023 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "519.23 million metric tons (2023 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "16.935 million metric tons (2023 est.)" }, "proven reserves": { "text": "35.055 billion metric tons (2023 est.)" } }, "Petroleum": { "total petroleum production": { "text": "865,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)" }, "refined petroleum consumption": { "text": "1.645 million bbl/day (2023 est.)" }, "crude oil estimated reserves": { "text": "2.48 billion barrels (2021 est.)" } }, "Natural gas": { "production": { "text": "58.691 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "38.378 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "20.989 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "727.056 million cubic meters (2023 est.)" }, "proven reserves": { "text": "1.408 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)" } }, "Energy consumption per capita": { "Total energy consumption per capita 2023": { "text": "37.39 million Btu/person (2023 est.)" } } }, "Communications": { "Telephones - fixed lines": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "9.16 million (2023 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "3 (2023 est.)" } }, "Telephones - mobile cellular": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "347 million (2024 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "123 (2024 est.)" } }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "mix of about a dozen national TV networks, including 1 public broadcaster and the rest private; more than 100 local TV stations; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; more than 700 radio stations, with over 650 privately operated (2019)" }, "Internet country code": { "text": ".id" }, "Internet users": { "percent of population": { "text": "69% (2023 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { "total": { "text": "13.5 million (2023 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "5 (2023 est.)" } } }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { "text": "PK" }, "Airports": { "text": "556 (2025)" }, "Heliports": { "text": "53 (2025)" }, "Railways": { "total": { "text": "8,159 km (2014)" }, "narrow gauge": { "text": "8,159 km (2014) 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified)" }, "note": "note: 4,816 km operational" }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { "text": "11,422 (2023)" }, "by type": { "text": "bulk carrier 160, container ship 219, general cargo 2,347, oil tanker 714, other 7,982" } }, "Ports": { "total ports": { "text": "123 (2024)" }, "large": { "text": "3" }, "medium": { "text": "6" }, "small": { "text": "18" }, "very small": { "text": "96" }, "ports with oil terminals": { "text": "79" }, "key ports": { "text": "Belawan, Cilacap, Dumai, Jakarta, Kasim Terminal, Merak Mas Terminal, Palembang, Surabaya, Ujung Pandang" } } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { "text": "Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat, TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut, TNI-AL; includes Marine Corps (Korps Marinir or KorMar)), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara, TNI-AU)

Indonesian National Police (aka The State Police of the Republic of Indonesia or POLRI)

Ministry of Transportation: Indonesia Sea and Coast Guard (Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai Republik Indonesia, KPLP); Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs: Maritime Security Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (Badan Keamanan Laut Republik Indonesia, Bakamla) (2025)", "note": "note 1: the National Police are an independent organization reporting directly to the president of Indonesia

note 2: the KPLP ensures the safety of shipping inside the Indonesian Maritime Zone; the Bakamla conducts security and safety patrols in the territorial waters of Indonesia" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2024": { "text": "0.8% of GDP (2024 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2023": { "text": "0.8% of GDP (2023 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2022": { "text": "0.8% of GDP (2022 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2021": { "text": "0.8% of GDP (2021 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2020": { "text": "0.8% of GDP (2020 est.)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "approximately 400,000 active Armed Forces, including about 300,000 Army (2025)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the military's inventory is a mix of older and new weapons platforms from China, Russia, Europe, the US, and other countries; in recent years, major suppliers have included China, France, Germany, the Netherlands, South Korea, and the US; the TNI has been engaged in a modernization program for more than a decade; Indonesia has a growing defense industry fueled by technology transfers and cooperation agreements with several countries; it has jointly produced aircraft and naval vessels (2025)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; upper age limits vary by military service, position, specialty; compulsory service authorized but not utilized (2025)" }, "Military deployments": { "text": "250 (plus about 170 police) Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,025 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 1,225 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2025)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "the military is responsible for external defense, combatting separatism, and responding to national emergencies and natural disasters; in certain conditions it may provide operational support to police, such as for counterterrorism operations, maintaining public order, and addressing communal conflicts

key operational priorities include an insurgency on Papua and the security of Indonesia's vast maritime domain; the West Papua Liberation Army, the military wing of the Free Papua Organization, has been fighting a low-level insurgency in Papua since Indonesia annexed the former Dutch colony in the 1960s; maritime issues include piracy, transnational crime, illegal fishing, and incursions by People's Republic of China (PRC) vessels; Indonesia is not a formal claimant in the South China Sea, although some of its waters lie within the PRC's “nine-dash line” maritime claims, resulting in some stand offs in recent years; over the past decade, the Indonesian military has bolstered its presence on and around the strategically located Natuna Islands (2025)" } }, "Space": { "Space agency/agencies": { "text": "Indonesian Space Agency (INASA; formed 2022); National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN; established 2021); Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space (ORPA; formed 2021) (2025)" }, "Space program overview": { "text": "focuses largely on rocket development and satellite acquisition/operation; manufactures remote sensing (RS) satellites; has a sounding (research) rocket program to develop an orbital satellite launch vehicle (SLV); researching and developing a range of other space-related technologies related to satellite payloads, communications, RS, and astronomy; has relations with several foreign space agencies and industries, including those of France, Germany, India, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the US; national space program includes building up the country's private space sector (2025)" }, "Key space-program milestones": { "text": "1964 - launched first sounding rocket (Kartika)

1976 - first communications satellite (Palapa A1) built and launched by US

2005 - re-started sounding rocket program with goal of producing a satellite launch vehicle (SLV)

2007 - first remote sensing (RS) satellite (LAPAN-A1) built by Germany and launched by India

2015 - first domestically produced RS satellite (LAPAN-A2) launched by India

2023-2024 - two communications satellites (SATRIA-1 and Merah Putih 2) to provide high-speed internet access across the Indonesian archipelago built by European company and launched by US" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (aka Jemaah Anshorut Daulah); Jemaah Islamiyah", "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide" } }, "Transnational Issues": { "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees": { "text": "11,964 (2024 est.)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "95,521 (2024 est.)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "2,643 (2024 est.)" } } } }