{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#default_exp basics" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "from fastcore.imports import *\n", "import builtins,types" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "from __future__ import annotations\n", "from fastcore.test import *\n", "from nbdev.showdoc import *\n", "from fastcore.nb_imports import *" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# Basic functionality\n", "\n", "> Basic functionality used in the fastai library" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Basics" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# export\n", "defaults = SimpleNamespace()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# export\n", "def ifnone(a, b):\n", " \"`b` if `a` is None else `a`\"\n", " return b if a is None else a" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Since `b if a is None else a` is such a common pattern, we wrap it in a function. However, be careful, because python will evaluate *both* `a` and `b` when calling `ifnone` (which it doesn't do if using the `if` version directly)." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(ifnone(None,1), 1)\n", "test_eq(ifnone(2 ,1), 2)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def maybe_attr(o, attr):\n", " \"`getattr(o,attr,o)`\"\n", " return getattr(o,attr,o)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Return the attribute `attr` for object `o`. If the attribute doesn't exist, then return the object `o` instead. " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class myobj: myattr='foo'\n", "\n", "test_eq(maybe_attr(myobj, 'myattr'), 'foo')\n", "test_eq(maybe_attr(myobj, 'another_attr'), myobj)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def basic_repr(flds=None):\n", " if isinstance(flds, str): flds = re.split(', *', flds)\n", " flds = list(flds or [])\n", " def _f(self):\n", " sig = ', '.join(f'{o}={getattr(self,o)!r}' for o in flds)\n", " return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({sig})'\n", " return _f" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Lookup a user-supplied list of attributes (`flds`) of an object and generate a string with the name of each attribute and its corresponding value. The format of this string is `key=value`, where `key` is the name of the attribute, and `value` is the value of the attribute. For each value, attempt to use the `__name__` attribute, otherwise fall back to using the value's `__repr__` when constructing the string. " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class SomeClass:\n", " a=1\n", " b='foo'\n", " __repr__=basic_repr('a,b')\n", " __name__='some-class'\n", " \n", "class AnotherClass:\n", " c=SomeClass()\n", " d='bar'\n", " __repr__=basic_repr(['c', 'd'])\n", " \n", "sc = SomeClass() \n", "ac = AnotherClass()\n", "\n", "test_eq(repr(sc), \"SomeClass(a=1, b='foo')\")\n", "test_eq(repr(ac), \"AnotherClass(c=SomeClass(a=1, b='foo'), d='bar')\")" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def is_array(x):\n", " \"`True` if `x` supports `__array__` or `iloc`\"\n", " return hasattr(x,'__array__') or hasattr(x,'iloc')" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "(True, False)" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "is_array(np.array(1)),is_array([1])" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def listify(o=None, *rest, use_list=False, match=None):\n", " \"Convert `o` to a `list`\"\n", " if rest: o = (o,)+rest\n", " if use_list: res = list(o)\n", " elif o is None: res = []\n", " elif isinstance(o, list): res = o\n", " elif isinstance(o, str) or is_array(o): res = [o]\n", " elif is_iter(o): res = list(o)\n", " else: res = [o]\n", " if match is not None:\n", " if is_coll(match): match = len(match)\n", " if len(res)==1: res = res*match\n", " else: assert len(res)==match, 'Match length mismatch'\n", " return res" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Conversion is designed to \"do what you mean\", e.g:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(listify('hi'), ['hi'])\n", "test_eq(listify(array(1)), [array(1)])\n", "test_eq(listify(1), [1])\n", "test_eq(listify([1,2]), [1,2])\n", "test_eq(listify(range(3)), [0,1,2])\n", "test_eq(listify(None), [])\n", "test_eq(listify(1,2), [1,2])" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "[array([[0, 1, 2],\n", " [3, 4, 5],\n", " [6, 7, 8]])]" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "arr = np.arange(9).reshape(3,3)\n", "listify(arr)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "[array([1, 2])]" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "listify(array([1,2]))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Generators are turned into lists too:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "gen = (o for o in range(3))\n", "test_eq(listify(gen), [0,1,2])" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Use `match` to provide a length to match:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(listify(1,match=3), [1,1,1])" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "If `match` is a sequence, it's length is used:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(listify(1,match=range(3)), [1,1,1])" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "If the listified item is not of length `1`, it must be the same length as `match`:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(listify([1,1,1],match=3), [1,1,1])\n", "test_fail(lambda: listify([1,1],match=3))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def tuplify(o, use_list=False, match=None):\n", " \"Make `o` a tuple\"\n", " return tuple(listify(o, use_list=use_list, match=match))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(tuplify(None),())\n", "test_eq(tuplify([1,2,3]),(1,2,3))\n", "test_eq(tuplify(1,match=[1,2,3]),(1,1,1))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def true(x):\n", " \"Test whether `x` is truthy; collections with >0 elements are considered `True`\"\n", " try: return bool(len(x))\n", " except: return bool(x)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "[(array(0), False),\n", " (array(1), True),\n", " (array([0]), True),\n", " (array([0, 1]), True),\n", " (1, True),\n", " (0, False),\n", " ('', False),\n", " (None, False)]" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "[(o,true(o)) for o in\n", " (array(0),array(1),array([0]),array([0,1]),1,0,'',None)]" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "class NullType:\n", " \"An object that is `False` and can be called, chained, and indexed\"\n", " def __getattr__(self,*args):return null\n", " def __call__(self,*args, **kwargs):return null\n", " def __getitem__(self, *args):return null\n", " def __bool__(self): return False\n", "\n", "null = NullType()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "False" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "bool(null.hi().there[3])" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def tonull(x):\n", " \"Convert `None` to `null`\"\n", " return null if x is None else x" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "False" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "bool(tonull(None).hi().there[3])" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def get_class(nm, *fld_names, sup=None, doc=None, funcs=None, **flds):\n", " \"Dynamically create a class, optionally inheriting from `sup`, containing `fld_names`\"\n", " attrs = {}\n", " for f in fld_names: attrs[f] = None\n", " for f in listify(funcs): attrs[f.__name__] = f\n", " for k,v in flds.items(): attrs[k] = v\n", " sup = ifnone(sup, ())\n", " if not isinstance(sup, tuple): sup=(sup,)\n", "\n", " def _init(self, *args, **kwargs):\n", " for i,v in enumerate(args): setattr(self, list(attrs.keys())[i], v)\n", " for k,v in kwargs.items(): setattr(self,k,v)\n", "\n", " all_flds = [*fld_names,*flds.keys()]\n", " def _eq(self,b):\n", " return all([getattr(self,k)==getattr(b,k) for k in all_flds])\n", "\n", " if not sup: attrs['__repr__'] = basic_repr(all_flds)\n", " attrs['__init__'] = _init\n", " attrs['__eq__'] = _eq\n", " res = type(nm, sup, attrs)\n", " if doc is not None: res.__doc__ = doc\n", " return res" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/markdown": [ "

get_class[source]

\n", "\n", "> get_class(**`nm`**, **\\*`fld_names`**, **`sup`**=*`None`*, **`doc`**=*`None`*, **`funcs`**=*`None`*, **\\*\\*`flds`**)\n", "\n", "Dynamically create a class, optionally inheriting from `sup`, containing `fld_names`" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "show_doc(get_class, title_level=4)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "_t = get_class('_t', 'a', b=2)\n", "t = _t()\n", "test_eq(t.a, None)\n", "test_eq(t.b, 2)\n", "t = _t(1, b=3)\n", "test_eq(t.a, 1)\n", "test_eq(t.b, 3)\n", "t = _t(1, 3)\n", "test_eq(t.a, 1)\n", "test_eq(t.b, 3)\n", "test_eq(repr(t), '_t(a=1, b=3)')\n", "test_eq(t, pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(t)))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Most often you'll want to call `mk_class`, since it adds the class to your module. See `mk_class` for more details and examples of use (which also apply to `get_class`)." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def mk_class(nm, *fld_names, sup=None, doc=None, funcs=None, mod=None, **flds):\n", " \"Create a class using `get_class` and add to the caller's module\"\n", " if mod is None: mod = sys._getframe(1).f_locals\n", " res = get_class(nm, *fld_names, sup=sup, doc=doc, funcs=funcs, **flds)\n", " mod[nm] = res" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Any `kwargs` will be added as class attributes, and `sup` is an optional (tuple of) base classes." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "mk_class('_t', a=1, sup=dict)\n", "t = _t()\n", "test_eq(t.a, 1)\n", "assert(isinstance(t,dict))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "A `__init__` is provided that sets attrs for any `kwargs`, and for any `args` (matching by position to fields), along with a `__repr__` which prints all attrs. The docstring is set to `doc`. You can pass `funcs` which will be added as attrs with the function names." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "{}" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "def foo(self): return 1\n", "mk_class('_t', 'a', sup=dict, doc='test doc', funcs=foo)\n", "\n", "t = _t(3, b=2)\n", "test_eq(t.a, 3)\n", "test_eq(t.b, 2)\n", "test_eq(t.foo(), 1)\n", "test_eq(t.__doc__, 'test doc')\n", "t" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def wrap_class(nm, *fld_names, sup=None, doc=None, funcs=None, **flds):\n", " \"Decorator: makes function a method of a new class `nm` passing parameters to `mk_class`\"\n", " def _inner(f):\n", " mk_class(nm, *fld_names, sup=sup, doc=doc, funcs=listify(funcs)+[f], mod=f.__globals__, **flds)\n", " return f\n", " return _inner" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "@wrap_class('_t', a=2)\n", "def bar(self,x): return x+1\n", "\n", "t = _t()\n", "test_eq(t.a, 2)\n", "test_eq(t.bar(3), 4)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "class ignore_exceptions:\n", " \"Context manager to ignore exceptions\"\n", " def __enter__(self): pass\n", " def __exit__(self, *args): return True" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/markdown": [ "

class ignore_exceptions[source]

\n", "\n", "> ignore_exceptions()\n", "\n", "Context manager to ignore exceptions" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "show_doc(ignore_exceptions, title_level=4)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "with ignore_exceptions(): \n", " # Exception will be ignored\n", " raise Exception" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def exec_local(code, var_name):\n", " \"Call `exec` on `code` and return the var `var_name\"\n", " loc = {}\n", " exec(code, globals(), loc)\n", " return loc[var_name]" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(exec_local(\"a=1\", \"a\"), 1)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def risinstance(types, obj=None):\n", " \"Curried `isinstance` but with args reversed\"\n", " types = tuplify(types)\n", " if obj is None: return partial(risinstance,types)\n", " if any(isinstance(t,str) for t in types):\n", " return any(t.__name__ in types for t in type(obj).__mro__)\n", " return isinstance(obj, types)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "assert risinstance(int, 1)\n", "assert not risinstance(str, 0)\n", "assert risinstance(int)(1)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "`types` can also be strings:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "assert risinstance(('str','int'), 'a')\n", "assert risinstance('str', 'a')\n", "assert not risinstance('int', 'a')" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## NoOp\n", "\n", "These are used when you need a pass-through function." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/markdown": [ "

noop[source]

\n", "\n", "> noop(**`x`**=*`None`*, **\\*`args`**, **\\*\\*`kwargs`**)\n", "\n", "Do nothing" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "show_doc(noop, title_level=4)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "noop()\n", "test_eq(noop(1),1)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/markdown": [ "

noops[source]

\n", "\n", "> noops(**`x`**=*`None`*, **\\*`args`**, **\\*\\*`kwargs`**)\n", "\n", "Do nothing (method)" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "show_doc(noops, title_level=4)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class _t: foo=noops\n", "test_eq(_t().foo(1),1)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Infinite Lists\n", "\n", "These lists are useful for things like padding an array or adding index column(s) to arrays." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "#hide\n", "class _InfMeta(type):\n", " @property\n", " def count(self): return itertools.count()\n", " @property\n", " def zeros(self): return itertools.cycle([0])\n", " @property\n", " def ones(self): return itertools.cycle([1])\n", " @property\n", " def nones(self): return itertools.cycle([None])" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "class Inf(metaclass=_InfMeta):\n", " \"Infinite lists\"\n", " pass" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/markdown": [ "

class Inf[source]

\n", "\n", "> Inf()\n", "\n", "Infinite lists" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "show_doc(Inf, title_level=4);" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "`Inf` defines the following properties:\n", " \n", "- `count: itertools.count()`\n", "- `zeros: itertools.cycle([0])`\n", "- `ones : itertools.cycle([1])`\n", "- `nones: itertools.cycle([None])`" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq([o for i,o in zip(range(5), Inf.count)],\n", " [0, 1, 2, 3, 4])\n", "\n", "test_eq([o for i,o in zip(range(5), Inf.zeros)],\n", " [0]*5)\n", "\n", "test_eq([o for i,o in zip(range(5), Inf.ones)],\n", " [1]*5)\n", "\n", "test_eq([o for i,o in zip(range(5), Inf.nones)],\n", " [None]*5)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Operator Functions" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "_dumobj = object()\n", "def _oper(op,a,b=_dumobj): return (lambda o:op(o,a)) if b is _dumobj else op(a,b)\n", "\n", "def _mk_op(nm, mod):\n", " \"Create an operator using `oper` and add to the caller's module\"\n", " op = getattr(operator,nm)\n", " def _inner(a, b=_dumobj): return _oper(op, a,b)\n", " _inner.__name__ = _inner.__qualname__ = nm\n", " _inner.__doc__ = f'Same as `operator.{nm}`, or returns partial if 1 arg'\n", " mod[nm] = _inner" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def in_(x, a):\n", " \"`True` if `x in a`\"\n", " return x in a\n", "\n", "operator.in_ = in_" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "_all_ = ['lt','gt','le','ge','eq','ne','add','sub','mul','truediv','is_','is_not','in_']" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "for op in ['lt','gt','le','ge','eq','ne','add','sub','mul','truediv','is_','is_not','in_']: _mk_op(op, globals())" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# test if element is in another\n", "assert in_('c', ('b', 'c', 'a'))\n", "assert in_(4, [2,3,4,5])\n", "assert in_('t', 'fastai')\n", "test_fail(in_('h', 'fastai'))\n", "\n", "# use in_ as a partial\n", "assert in_('fastai')('t')\n", "assert in_([2,3,4,5])(4)\n", "test_fail(in_('fastai')('h'))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "In addition to `in_`, the following functions are provided matching the behavior of the equivalent versions in `operator`: *lt gt le ge eq ne add sub mul truediv is_ is_not*." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "(True, False, True, False)" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "lt(3,5),gt(3,5),is_(None,None),in_(0,[1,2])" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Similarly to `_in`, they also have additional functionality: if you only pass one param, they return a partial function that passes that param as the second positional parameter." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "(True, False, True, False)" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "lt(5)(3),gt(5)(3),is_(None)(None),in_([1,2])(0)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def true(*args, **kwargs):\n", " \"Predicate: always `True`\"\n", " return True" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "assert true(1,2,3)\n", "assert true(False)\n", "assert true(None)\n", "assert true([])" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def stop(e=StopIteration):\n", " \"Raises exception `e` (by default `StopException`)\"\n", " raise e" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def gen(func, seq, cond=true):\n", " \"Like `(func(o) for o in seq if cond(func(o)))` but handles `StopIteration`\"\n", " return itertools.takewhile(cond, map(func,seq))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(gen(noop, Inf.count, lt(5)),\n", " range(5))\n", "test_eq(gen(operator.neg, Inf.count, gt(-5)),\n", " [0,-1,-2,-3,-4])\n", "test_eq(gen(lambda o:o if o<5 else stop(), Inf.count),\n", " range(5))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def chunked(it, chunk_sz=None, drop_last=False, n_chunks=None):\n", " \"Return batches from iterator `it` of size `chunk_sz` (or return `n_chunks` total)\"\n", " assert bool(chunk_sz) ^ bool(n_chunks)\n", " if n_chunks: chunk_sz = max(math.ceil(len(it)/n_chunks), 1)\n", " if not isinstance(it, Iterator): it = iter(it)\n", " while True:\n", " res = list(itertools.islice(it, chunk_sz))\n", " if res and (len(res)==chunk_sz or not drop_last): yield res\n", " if len(res)class AttrDict[source]\n", "\n", "> AttrDict() :: `dict`\n", "\n", "`dict` subclass that also provides access to keys as attrs" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "show_doc(AttrDict, title_level=4)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "d = AttrDict(a=1,b=\"two\")\n", "test_eq(d.a, 1)\n", "test_eq(d['b'], 'two')\n", "test_eq(d.get('c','nope'), 'nope')\n", "d.b = 2\n", "test_eq(d.b, 2)\n", "test_eq(d['b'], 2)\n", "d['b'] = 3\n", "test_eq(d['b'], 3)\n", "test_eq(d.b, 3)\n", "assert 'a' in dir(d)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def get_annotations_ex(obj, *, globals=None, locals=None):\n", " \"Backport of py3.10 `get_annotations` that returns globals/locals\"\n", " if isinstance(obj, type):\n", " obj_dict = getattr(obj, '__dict__', None)\n", " if obj_dict and hasattr(obj_dict, 'get'):\n", " ann = obj_dict.get('__annotations__', None)\n", " if isinstance(ann, types.GetSetDescriptorType): ann = None\n", " else: ann = None\n", "\n", " obj_globals = None\n", " module_name = getattr(obj, '__module__', None)\n", " if module_name:\n", " module = sys.modules.get(module_name, None)\n", " if module: obj_globals = getattr(module, '__dict__', None)\n", " obj_locals = dict(vars(obj))\n", " unwrap = obj\n", " elif isinstance(obj, types.ModuleType):\n", " ann = getattr(obj, '__annotations__', None)\n", " obj_globals = getattr(obj, '__dict__')\n", " obj_locals,unwrap = None,None\n", " elif callable(obj):\n", " ann = getattr(obj, '__annotations__', None)\n", " obj_globals = getattr(obj, '__globals__', None)\n", " obj_locals,unwrap = None,obj\n", " else: raise TypeError(f\"{obj!r} is not a module, class, or callable.\")\n", "\n", " if ann is None: ann = {}\n", " if not isinstance(ann, dict): raise ValueError(f\"{obj!r}.__annotations__ is neither a dict nor None\")\n", " if not ann: ann = {}\n", "\n", " if unwrap is not None:\n", " while True:\n", " if hasattr(unwrap, '__wrapped__'):\n", " unwrap = unwrap.__wrapped__\n", " continue\n", " if isinstance(unwrap, functools.partial):\n", " unwrap = unwrap.func\n", " continue\n", " break\n", " if hasattr(unwrap, \"__globals__\"): obj_globals = unwrap.__globals__\n", "\n", " if globals is None: globals = obj_globals\n", " if locals is None: locals = obj_locals\n", "\n", " return dict(ann), globals, locals" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "In Python 3.10 `inspect.get_annotations` was added. However previous versions of Python are unable to evaluate type annotations correctly if `from future import __annotations__` is used. Furthermore, *all* annotations are evaluated, even if only some subset are needed. `get_annotations_ex` provides the same functionality as `inspect.get_annotations`, but works on earlier versions of Python, and returns the `globals` and `locals` needed to evaluate types." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def eval_type(t, glb, loc):\n", " \"`eval` a type or collection of types, if needed, for annotations in py3.10+\"\n", " if isinstance(t,str):\n", " if '|' in t: return eval_type(tuple(t.split('|')), glb, loc)\n", " return eval(t, glb, loc)\n", " if isinstance(t,(tuple,list)): return type(t)([eval_type(c, glb, loc) for c in t])\n", " return t" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "In py3.10, or if `from future import __annotations__` is used, `a` is a `str`:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "__main__._T2a" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "class _T2a: pass\n", "def func(a: _T2a): pass\n", "ann,glb,loc = get_annotations_ex(func)\n", "\n", "eval_type(ann['a'], glb, loc)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "`|` is supported in types when using `eval_type` even for python versions prior to 3.9, by returning a tuple of types:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "(__main__._T2a, __main__._T2b)" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "class _T2b: pass\n", "def func(a: _T2a|_T2b): pass\n", "ann,glb,loc = get_annotations_ex(func)\n", "\n", "eval_type(ann['a'], glb, loc)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#exports\n", "def _eval_type(t, glb, loc):\n", " res = eval_type(t, glb, loc)\n", " return NoneType if res is None else res\n", "\n", "def type_hints(f):\n", " \"Like `typing.get_type_hints` but returns `{}` if not allowed type\"\n", " if not isinstance(f, typing._allowed_types): return {}\n", " ann,glb,loc = get_annotations_ex(f)\n", " return {k:_eval_type(v,glb,loc) for k,v in ann.items()}" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Below is a list of allowed types for type hints in python:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "[function,\n", " builtin_function_or_method,\n", " method,\n", " module,\n", " wrapper_descriptor,\n", " method-wrapper,\n", " method_descriptor]" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "list(typing._allowed_types)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "For example, type `func` is allowed so `type_hints` returns the same value as `typing.get_hints`:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def f(a:int)->bool: ... # a function with type hints (allowed)\n", "exp = {'a':int,'return':bool}\n", "test_eq(type_hints(f), typing.get_type_hints(f))\n", "test_eq(type_hints(f), exp)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "However, `class` is not an allowed type, so `type_hints` returns `{}`:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class _T:\n", " def __init__(self, a:int=0)->bool: ...\n", "assert not type_hints(_T)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def annotations(o):\n", " \"Annotations for `o`, or `type(o)`\"\n", " res = {}\n", " if not o: return res\n", " res = type_hints(o)\n", " if not res: res = type_hints(getattr(o,'__init__',None))\n", " if not res: res = type_hints(type(o))\n", " return res" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "This supports a wider range of situations than `type_hints`, by checking `type()` and `__init__` for annotations too:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "for o in _T,_T(),_T.__init__,f: test_eq(annotations(o), exp)\n", "assert not annotations(int)\n", "assert not annotations(print)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def anno_ret(func):\n", " \"Get the return annotation of `func`\"\n", " return annotations(func).get('return', None) if func else None" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def f(x) -> float: return x\n", "test_eq(anno_ret(f), float)\n", "\n", "def f(x) -> typing.Tuple[float,float]: return x\n", "test_eq(anno_ret(f), typing.Tuple[float,float])" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "If your return annotation is `None`, `anno_ret` will return `NoneType` (and not `None`):" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def f(x) -> None: return x\n", "\n", "test_eq(anno_ret(f), NoneType)\n", "assert anno_ret(f) is not None # returns NoneType instead of None" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "If your function does not have a return type, or if you pass in `None` instead of a function, then `anno_ret` returns `None`:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def f(x): return x\n", "\n", "test_eq(anno_ret(f), None)\n", "test_eq(anno_ret(None), None) # instead of passing in a func, pass in None" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def argnames(f, frame=False):\n", " \"Names of arguments to function or frame `f`\"\n", " code = getattr(f, 'f_code' if frame else '__code__')\n", " return code.co_varnames[:code.co_argcount+code.co_kwonlyargcount]" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(argnames(f), ['x'])" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def with_cast(f):\n", " \"Decorator which uses any parameter annotations as preprocessing functions\"\n", " anno, out_anno, params = annotations(f), anno_ret(f), argnames(f)\n", " c_out = ifnone(out_anno, noop)\n", " defaults = dict(zip(reversed(params), reversed(f.__defaults__ or {})))\n", " @functools.wraps(f)\n", " def _inner(*args, **kwargs):\n", " args = list(args)\n", " for i,v in enumerate(params):\n", " if v in anno:\n", " c = anno[v]\n", " if v in kwargs: kwargs[v] = c(kwargs[v])\n", " elif istr: return a\n", "\n", "test_eq(_g(4.0), '4')\n", "test_eq(_g(4.4), '4')\n", "test_eq(_g(2), '2')" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def _store_attr(self, anno, **attrs):\n", " stored = getattr(self, '__stored_args__', None)\n", " for n,v in attrs.items():\n", " if n in anno: v = anno[n](v)\n", " setattr(self, n, v)\n", " if stored is not None: stored[n] = v" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def store_attr(names=None, self=None, but='', cast=False, store_args=None, **attrs):\n", " \"Store params named in comma-separated `names` from calling context into attrs in `self`\"\n", " fr = sys._getframe(1)\n", " args = argnames(fr, True)\n", " if self: args = ('self', *args)\n", " else: self = fr.f_locals[args[0]]\n", " if store_args is None: store_args = not hasattr(self,'__slots__')\n", " if store_args and not hasattr(self, '__stored_args__'): self.__stored_args__ = {}\n", " anno = annotations(self) if cast else {}\n", " if names and isinstance(names,str): names = re.split(', *', names)\n", " ns = names if names is not None else getattr(self, '__slots__', args[1:])\n", " added = {n:fr.f_locals[n] for n in ns}\n", " attrs = {**attrs, **added}\n", " if isinstance(but,str): but = re.split(', *', but)\n", " attrs = {k:v for k,v in attrs.items() if k not in but}\n", " return _store_attr(self, anno, **attrs)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "In it's most basic form, you can use `store_attr` to shorten code like this:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class T:\n", " def __init__(self, a,b,c): self.a,self.b,self.c = a,b,c" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "...to this:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class T:\n", " def __init__(self, a,b,c): store_attr('a,b,c', self)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "This class behaves as if we'd used the first form:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "t = T(1,c=2,b=3)\n", "assert t.a==1 and t.b==3 and t.c==2" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "In addition, it stores the attrs as a `dict` in `__stored_args__`, which you can use for display, logging, and so forth." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(t.__stored_args__, {'a':1, 'b':3, 'c':2})" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Since you normally want to use the first argument (often called `self`) for storing attributes, it's optional:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class T:\n", " def __init__(self, a,b,c:str): store_attr('a,b,c')\n", "\n", "t = T(1,c=2,b=3)\n", "assert t.a==1 and t.b==3 and t.c==2" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#hide\n", "class _T:\n", " def __init__(self, a,b):\n", " c = 2\n", " store_attr('a,b,c')\n", "\n", "t = _T(1,b=3)\n", "assert t.a==1 and t.b==3 and t.c==2" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "With `cast=True` any parameter annotations will be used as preprocessing functions for the corresponding arguments:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class T:\n", " def __init__(self, a:listify, b, c:str): store_attr('a,b,c', cast=True)\n", "\n", "t = T(1,c=2,b=3)\n", "assert t.a==[1] and t.b==3 and t.c=='2'" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "You can inherit from a class using `store_attr`, and just call it again to add in any new attributes added in the derived class:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class T2(T):\n", " def __init__(self, d, **kwargs):\n", " super().__init__(**kwargs)\n", " store_attr('d')\n", "\n", "t = T2(d=1,a=2,b=3,c=4)\n", "assert t.a==2 and t.b==3 and t.c==4 and t.d==1" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "You can skip passing a list of attrs to store. In this case, all arguments passed to the method are stored:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class T:\n", " def __init__(self, a,b,c): store_attr()\n", "\n", "t = T(1,c=2,b=3)\n", "assert t.a==1 and t.b==3 and t.c==2" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class T4(T):\n", " def __init__(self, d, **kwargs):\n", " super().__init__(**kwargs)\n", " store_attr()\n", "\n", "t = T4(4, a=1,c=2,b=3)\n", "assert t.a==1 and t.b==3 and t.c==2 and t.d==4" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class T4:\n", " def __init__(self, *, a: int, b: float = 1):\n", " store_attr()\n", " \n", "t = T4(a=3)\n", "assert t.a==3 and t.b==1\n", "t = T4(a=3, b=2)\n", "assert t.a==3 and t.b==2" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#hide\n", "# ensure that subclasses work with or without `store_attr`\n", "class T4(T):\n", " def __init__(self, **kwargs):\n", " super().__init__(**kwargs)\n", " store_attr()\n", "\n", "t = T4(a=1,c=2,b=3)\n", "assert t.a==1 and t.b==3 and t.c==2\n", "\n", "class T4(T): pass\n", "\n", "t = T4(a=1,c=2,b=3)\n", "assert t.a==1 and t.b==3 and t.c==2" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#hide\n", "#ensure that kwargs work with names==None\n", "class T:\n", " def __init__(self, a,b,c,**kwargs): store_attr(**kwargs)\n", "\n", "t = T(1,c=2,b=3,d=4,e=-1)\n", "assert t.a==1 and t.b==3 and t.c==2 and t.d==4 and t.e==-1" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#hide\n", "#ensure that kwargs work with names==''\n", "class T:\n", " def __init__(self, a, **kwargs):\n", " self.a = a+1\n", " store_attr('', **kwargs)\n", "\n", "t = T(a=1, d=4)\n", "test_eq(t.a, 2)\n", "test_eq(t.d, 4)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "You can skip some attrs by passing `but`:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class T:\n", " def __init__(self, a,b,c): store_attr(but='a')\n", "\n", "t = T(1,c=2,b=3)\n", "assert t.b==3 and t.c==2\n", "assert not hasattr(t,'a')" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "You can also pass keywords to `store_attr`, which is identical to setting the attrs directly, but also stores them in `__stored_args__`." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class T:\n", " def __init__(self): store_attr(a=1)\n", "\n", "t = T()\n", "assert t.a==1" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "You can also use store_attr inside functions." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def create_T(a, b):\n", " t = SimpleNamespace()\n", " store_attr(self=t)\n", " return t\n", "\n", "t = create_T(a=1, b=2)\n", "assert t.a==1 and t.b==2" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def attrdict(o, *ks, default=None):\n", " \"Dict from each `k` in `ks` to `getattr(o,k)`\"\n", " return {k:getattr(o, k, default) for k in ks}" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class T:\n", " def __init__(self, a,b,c): store_attr()\n", "\n", "t = T(1,c=2,b=3)\n", "test_eq(attrdict(t,'b','c'), {'b':3, 'c':2})" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def properties(cls, *ps):\n", " \"Change attrs in `cls` with names in `ps` to properties\"\n", " for p in ps: setattr(cls,p,property(getattr(cls,p)))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class T:\n", " def a(self): return 1\n", " def b(self): return 2\n", "properties(T,'a')\n", "\n", "test_eq(T().a,1)\n", "test_eq(T().b(),2)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "_c2w_re = re.compile(r'((?<=[a-z])[A-Z]|(?class GetAttr[source]\n", "\n", "> GetAttr()\n", "\n", "Inherit from this to have all attr accesses in `self._xtra` passed down to `self.default`" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "show_doc(GetAttr, title_level=4)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Inherit from `GetAttr` to have attr access passed down to an instance attribute. \n", "This makes it easy to create composites that don't require callers to know about their components. For a more detailed discussion of how this works as well as relevant context, we suggest reading the [delegated composition section of this blog article](https://www.fast.ai/2019/08/06/delegation/).\n", "\n", "You can customise the behaviour of `GetAttr` in subclasses via;\n", "- `_default`\n", " - By default, this is set to `'default'`, so attr access is passed down to `self.default`\n", " - `_default` can be set to the name of any instance attribute that does not start with dunder `__`\n", "- `_xtra`\n", " - By default, this is `None`, so all attr access is passed down\n", " - You can limit which attrs get passed down by setting `_xtra` to a list of attribute names" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "To illuminate the utility of `GetAttr`, suppose we have the following two classes, `_WebPage` which is a superclass of `_ProductPage`, which we wish to compose like so:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class _WebPage:\n", " def __init__(self, title, author=\"Jeremy\"):\n", " self.title,self.author = title,author\n", "\n", "class _ProductPage:\n", " def __init__(self, page, price): self.page,self.price = page,price\n", " \n", "page = _WebPage('Soap', author=\"Sylvain\")\n", "p = _ProductPage(page, 15.0)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "How do we make it so we can just write `p.author`, instead of `p.page.author` to access the `author` attribute? We can use `GetAttr`, of course! First, we subclass `GetAttr` when defining `_ProductPage`. Next, we set `self.default` to the object whose attributes we want to be able to access directly, which in this case is the `page` argument passed on initialization:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class _ProductPage(GetAttr):\n", " def __init__(self, page, price): self.default,self.price = page,price #self.default allows you to access page directly.\n", "\n", "p = _ProductPage(page, 15.0)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Now, we can access the `author` attribute directly from the instance:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(p.author, 'Sylvain')" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "If you wish to store the object you are composing in an attribute other than `self.default`, you can set the class attribute `_data` as shown below. This is useful in the case where you might have a name collision with `self.default`:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class _C(GetAttr):\n", " _default = '_data' # use different component name; `self._data` rather than `self.default`\n", " def __init__(self,a): self._data = a\n", " def foo(self): noop\n", "\n", "t = _C('Hi')\n", "test_eq(t._data, 'Hi') \n", "test_fail(lambda: t.default) # we no longer have self.default\n", "test_eq(t.lower(), 'hi')\n", "test_eq(t.upper(), 'HI')\n", "assert 'lower' in dir(t)\n", "assert 'upper' in dir(t)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "By default, all attributes and methods of the object you are composing are retained. In the below example, we compose a `str` object with the class `_C`. This allows us to directly call string methods on instances of class `_C`, such as `str.lower()` or `str.upper()`:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class _C(GetAttr):\n", " # allow all attributes and methods to get passed to `self.default` (by leaving _xtra=None)\n", " def __init__(self,a): self.default = a\n", " def foo(self): noop\n", "\n", "t = _C('Hi')\n", "test_eq(t.lower(), 'hi')\n", "test_eq(t.upper(), 'HI')\n", "assert 'lower' in dir(t)\n", "assert 'upper' in dir(t)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "However, you can choose which attributes or methods to retain by defining a class attribute `_xtra`, which is a list of allowed attribute and method names to delegate. In the below example, we only delegate the `lower` method from the composed `str` object when defining class `_C`:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class _C(GetAttr):\n", " _xtra = ['lower'] # specify which attributes get passed to `self.default`\n", " def __init__(self,a): self.default = a\n", " def foo(self): noop\n", "\n", "t = _C('Hi')\n", "test_eq(t.default, 'Hi')\n", "test_eq(t.lower(), 'hi')\n", "test_fail(lambda: t.upper()) # upper wasn't in _xtra, so it isn't available to be called\n", "assert 'lower' in dir(t)\n", "assert 'upper' not in dir(t)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "You must be careful to properly set an instance attribute in `__init__` that corresponds to the class attribute `_default`. The below example sets the class attribute `_default` to `data`, but erroneously fails to define `self.data` (and instead defines `self.default`).\n", "\n", "Failing to properly set instance attributes leads to errors when you try to access methods directly:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class _C(GetAttr):\n", " _default = 'data' # use a bad component name; i.e. self.data does not exist\n", " def __init__(self,a): self.default = a\n", " def foo(self): noop\n", " \n", "# TODO: should we raise an error when we create a new instance ...\n", "t = _C('Hi')\n", "test_eq(t.default, 'Hi')\n", "# ... or is it enough for all GetAttr features to raise errors\n", "test_fail(lambda: t.data)\n", "test_fail(lambda: t.lower())\n", "test_fail(lambda: t.upper())\n", "test_fail(lambda: dir(t))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#hide\n", "# I don't think this test is essential to the docs but it probably makes sense to\n", "# check that everything works when we set both _xtra and _default to non-default values\n", "class _C(GetAttr):\n", " _xtra = ['lower', 'upper']\n", " _default = 'data'\n", " def __init__(self,a): self.data = a\n", " def foo(self): noop\n", "\n", "t = _C('Hi')\n", "test_eq(t.data, 'Hi')\n", "test_eq(t.lower(), 'hi')\n", "test_eq(t.upper(), 'HI')\n", "assert 'lower' in dir(t)\n", "assert 'upper' in dir(t)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#hide\n", "# when consolidating the filter logic, I choose the previous logic from \n", "# __getattr__ k.startswith('__') rather than\n", "# _dir k.startswith('_'). \n", "class _C(GetAttr):\n", " def __init__(self): self.default = type('_D', (), {'_under': 1, '__dunder': 2})() \n", " \n", "t = _C()\n", "test_eq(t.default._under, 1)\n", "test_eq(t._under, 1) # _ prefix attr access is allowed on component\n", "assert '_under' in dir(t)\n", "\n", "test_eq(t.default.__dunder, 2)\n", "test_fail(lambda: t.__dunder) # __ prefix attr access is not allowed on component\n", "assert '__dunder' not in dir(t)\n", "\n", "assert t.__dir__ is not None # __ prefix attr access is allowed on composite\n", "assert '__dir__' in dir(t)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#hide\n", "#Failing test. TODO: make GetAttr pickle-safe\n", "\n", "# class B:\n", "# def __init__(self): self.a = A()\n", "\n", "# @funcs_kwargs\n", "# class A(GetAttr):\n", "# wif=after_iter= noops\n", "# _methods = 'wif after_iter'.split()\n", "# _default = 'dataset'\n", "# def __init__(self, **kwargs): pass\n", " \n", "# a = A()\n", "# b = A(wif=a.wif)\n", " \n", "# a = A()\n", "# b = A(wif=a.wif)\n", "# tst = pickle.dumps(b)\n", "# c = pickle.loads(tst)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def delegate_attr(self, k, to):\n", " \"Use in `__getattr__` to delegate to attr `to` without inheriting from `GetAttr`\"\n", " if k.startswith('_') or k==to: raise AttributeError(k)\n", " try: return getattr(getattr(self,to), k)\n", " except AttributeError: raise AttributeError(k) from None" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "`delegate_attr` is a functional way to delegate attributes, and is an alternative to `GetAttr`. We recommend reading the documentation of `GetAttr` for more details around delegation.\n", "\n", "You can use achieve delegation when you define `__getattr__` by using `delegate_attr`:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#hide\n", "import pandas as pd" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class _C:\n", " def __init__(self, o): self.o = o # self.o corresponds to the `to` argument in delegate_attr.\n", " def __getattr__(self, k): return delegate_attr(self, k, to='o')\n", " \n", "\n", "t = _C('HELLO') # delegates to a string\n", "test_eq(t.lower(), 'hello')\n", "\n", "t = _C(np.array([5,4,3])) # delegates to a numpy array\n", "test_eq(t.sum(), 12)\n", "\n", "t = _C(pd.DataFrame({'a': [1,2], 'b': [3,4]})) # delegates to a pandas.DataFrame\n", "test_eq(t.b.max(), 4)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Extensible Types" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "`ShowPrint` is a base class that defines a `show` method, which is used primarily for callbacks in fastai that expect this method to be defined." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "#hide\n", "class ShowPrint:\n", " \"Base class that prints for `show`\"\n", " def show(self, *args, **kwargs): print(str(self))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "`Int`, `Float`, and `Str` extend `int`, `float` and `str` respectively by adding an additional `show` method by inheriting from `ShowPrint`.\n", "\n", "The code for `Int` is shown below:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "#hide\n", "class Int(int,ShowPrint):\n", " \"An extensible `int`\"\n", " pass" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export \n", "#hide\n", "class Str(str,ShowPrint):\n", " \"An extensible `str`\"\n", " pass\n", "class Float(float,ShowPrint):\n", " \"An extensible `float`\"\n", " pass" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Examples:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "0\n", "2.0\n", "Hello\n" ] } ], "source": [ "Int(0).show()\n", "Float(2.0).show()\n", "Str('Hello').show()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Collection functions\n", "\n", "Functions that manipulate popular python collections." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def flatten(o):\n", " \"Concatenate all collections and items as a generator\"\n", " for item in o:\n", " try: yield from flatten(item)\n", " except TypeError: yield item" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def concat(colls)->list:\n", " \"Concatenate all collections and items as a list\"\n", " return list(flatten(colls))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "concat([(o for o in range(2)),[2,3,4], 5])" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def strcat(its, sep:str='')->str:\n", " \"Concatenate stringified items `its`\"\n", " return sep.join(map(str,its))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(strcat(['a',2]), 'a2')\n", "test_eq(strcat(['a',2], ';'), 'a;2')" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def detuplify(x):\n", " \"If `x` is a tuple with one thing, extract it\"\n", " return None if len(x)==0 else x[0] if len(x)==1 and getattr(x, 'ndim', 1)==1 else x" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(detuplify(()),None)\n", "test_eq(detuplify([1]),1)\n", "test_eq(detuplify([1,2]), [1,2])\n", "test_eq(detuplify(np.array([[1,2]])), np.array([[1,2]]))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def replicate(item,match):\n", " \"Create tuple of `item` copied `len(match)` times\"\n", " return (item,)*len(match)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "t = [1,1]\n", "test_eq(replicate([1,2], t),([1,2],[1,2]))\n", "test_eq(replicate(1, t),(1,1))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# export\n", "def setify(o):\n", " \"Turn any list like-object into a set.\"\n", " return o if isinstance(o,set) else set(listify(o))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# test\n", "test_eq(setify(None),set())\n", "test_eq(setify('abc'),{'abc'})\n", "test_eq(setify([1,2,2]),{1,2})\n", "test_eq(setify(range(0,3)),{0,1,2})\n", "test_eq(setify({1,2}),{1,2})" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def merge(*ds):\n", " \"Merge all dictionaries in `ds`\"\n", " return {k:v for d in ds if d is not None for k,v in d.items()}" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(merge(), {})\n", "test_eq(merge(dict(a=1,b=2)), dict(a=1,b=2))\n", "test_eq(merge(dict(a=1,b=2), dict(b=3,c=4), None), dict(a=1, b=3, c=4))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def range_of(x):\n", " \"All indices of collection `x` (i.e. `list(range(len(x)))`)\"\n", " return list(range(len(x)))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(range_of([1,1,1,1]), [0,1,2,3])" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def groupby(x, key, val=noop):\n", " \"Like `itertools.groupby` but doesn't need to be sorted, and isn't lazy, plus some extensions\"\n", " if isinstance(key,int): key = itemgetter(key)\n", " elif isinstance(key,str): key = attrgetter(key)\n", " if isinstance(val,int): val = itemgetter(val)\n", " elif isinstance(val,str): val = attrgetter(val)\n", " res = {}\n", " for o in x: res.setdefault(key(o), []).append(val(o))\n", " return res" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(groupby('aa ab bb'.split(), itemgetter(0)), {'a':['aa','ab'], 'b':['bb']})" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Here's an example of how to *invert* a grouping, using an `int` as `key` (which uses `itemgetter`; passing a `str` will use `attrgetter`), and using a `val` function:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "{1: [0], 3: [0, 2], 7: [0], 5: [3, 7], 8: [4], 4: [5]}" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "d = {0: [1, 3, 7], 2: [3], 3: [5], 4: [8], 5: [4], 7: [5]}\n", "groupby(((o,k) for k,v in d.items() for o in v), 0, 1)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def last_index(x, o):\n", " \"Finds the last index of occurence of `x` in `o` (returns -1 if no occurence)\"\n", " try: return next(i for i in reversed(range(len(o))) if o[i] == x)\n", " except StopIteration: return -1" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(last_index(9, [1, 2, 9, 3, 4, 9, 10]), 5)\n", "test_eq(last_index(6, [1, 2, 9, 3, 4, 9, 10]), -1)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def filter_dict(d, func):\n", " \"Filter a `dict` using `func`, applied to keys and values\"\n", " return {k:v for k,v in d.items() if func(k,v)}" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "{65: 'A', 66: 'B', 67: 'C', 68: 'D', 69: 'E', 70: 'F', 71: 'G', 72: 'H'}" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "letters = {o:chr(o) for o in range(65,73)}\n", "letters" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "{65: 'A', 66: 'B', 70: 'F', 71: 'G'}" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "filter_dict(letters, lambda k,v: k<67 or v in 'FG')" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def filter_keys(d, func):\n", " \"Filter a `dict` using `func`, applied to keys\"\n", " return {k:v for k,v in d.items() if func(k)}" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "{65: 'A', 66: 'B'}" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "filter_keys(letters, lt(67))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def filter_values(d, func):\n", " \"Filter a `dict` using `func`, applied to values\"\n", " return {k:v for k,v in d.items() if func(v)}" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "{70: 'F', 71: 'G'}" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "filter_values(letters, in_('FG'))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def cycle(o):\n", " \"Like `itertools.cycle` except creates list of `None`s if `o` is empty\"\n", " o = listify(o)\n", " return itertools.cycle(o) if o is not None and len(o) > 0 else itertools.cycle([None])" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(itertools.islice(cycle([1,2,3]),5), [1,2,3,1,2])\n", "test_eq(itertools.islice(cycle([]),3), [None]*3)\n", "test_eq(itertools.islice(cycle(None),3), [None]*3)\n", "test_eq(itertools.islice(cycle(1),3), [1,1,1])" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def zip_cycle(x, *args):\n", " \"Like `itertools.zip_longest` but `cycle`s through elements of all but first argument\"\n", " return zip(x, *map(cycle,args))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(zip_cycle([1,2,3,4],list('abc')), [(1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c'), (4, 'a')])" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def sorted_ex(iterable, key=None, reverse=False):\n", " \"Like `sorted`, but if key is str use `attrgetter`; if int use `itemgetter`\"\n", " if isinstance(key,str): k=lambda o:getattr(o,key,0)\n", " elif isinstance(key,int): k=itemgetter(key)\n", " else: k=key\n", " return sorted(iterable, key=k, reverse=reverse)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def not_(f):\n", " \"Create new function that negates result of `f`\"\n", " def _f(*args, **kwargs): return not f(*args, **kwargs)\n", " return _f" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def f(a): return a>0\n", "test_eq(f(1),True)\n", "test_eq(not_(f)(1),False)\n", "test_eq(not_(f)(a=-1),True)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def argwhere(iterable, f, negate=False, **kwargs):\n", " \"Like `filter_ex`, but return indices for matching items\"\n", " if kwargs: f = partial(f,**kwargs)\n", " if negate: f = not_(f)\n", " return [i for i,o in enumerate(iterable) if f(o)]" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def filter_ex(iterable, f=noop, negate=False, gen=False, **kwargs):\n", " \"Like `filter`, but passing `kwargs` to `f`, defaulting `f` to `noop`, and adding `negate` and `gen`\"\n", " if f is None: f = lambda _: True\n", " if kwargs: f = partial(f,**kwargs)\n", " if negate: f = not_(f)\n", " res = filter(f, iterable)\n", " if gen: return res\n", " return list(res)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def range_of(a, b=None, step=None):\n", " \"All indices of collection `a`, if `a` is a collection, otherwise `range`\"\n", " if is_coll(a): a = len(a)\n", " return list(range(a,b,step) if step is not None else range(a,b) if b is not None else range(a))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(range_of([1,1,1,1]), [0,1,2,3])\n", "test_eq(range_of(4), [0,1,2,3])" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def renumerate(iterable, start=0):\n", " \"Same as `enumerate`, but returns index as 2nd element instead of 1st\"\n", " return ((o,i) for i,o in enumerate(iterable, start=start))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(renumerate('abc'), (('a',0),('b',1),('c',2)))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def first(x, f=None, negate=False, **kwargs):\n", " \"First element of `x`, optionally filtered by `f`, or None if missing\"\n", " x = iter(x)\n", " if f: x = filter_ex(x, f=f, negate=negate, gen=True, **kwargs)\n", " return next(x, None)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(first(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']), 'a')\n", "test_eq(first([False]), False)\n", "test_eq(first([False], noop), None)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def nested_attr(o, attr, default=None):\n", " \"Same as `getattr`, but if `attr` includes a `.`, then looks inside nested objects\"\n", " try:\n", " for a in attr.split(\".\"): o = getattr(o, a)\n", " except AttributeError: return default\n", " return o" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "a = SimpleNamespace(b=(SimpleNamespace(c=1)))\n", "test_eq(nested_attr(a, 'b.c'), getattr(getattr(a, 'b'), 'c'))\n", "test_eq(nested_attr(a, 'b.d'), None)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def nested_idx(coll, *idxs):\n", " \"Index into nested collections, dicts, etc, with `idxs`\"\n", " if not coll or not idxs: return coll\n", " if isinstance(coll,str) or not isinstance(coll, typing.Collection): return None\n", " res = coll.get(idxs[0], None) if hasattr(coll, 'get') else coll[idxs[0]] if idxs[0]class fastuple[source]\n", "\n", "> fastuple(**`x`**=*`None`*, **\\*`rest`**) :: `tuple`\n", "\n", "A `tuple` with elementwise ops and more friendly __init__ behavior" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "show_doc(fastuple, title_level=4)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "#### Friendly init behavior" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Common failure modes when trying to initialize a tuple in python:\n", "\n", "```py\n", "tuple(3)\n", "> TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable\n", "```\n", "\n", "or \n", "\n", "```py\n", "tuple(3, 4)\n", "> TypeError: tuple expected at most 1 arguments, got 2\n", "```\n", "\n", "However, `fastuple` allows you to define tuples like this and in the usual way:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(fastuple(3), (3,))\n", "test_eq(fastuple(3,4), (3, 4))\n", "test_eq(fastuple((3,4)), (3, 4))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "#### Elementwise operations" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/markdown": [ "
fastuple.add[source]
\n", "\n", "> fastuple.add(**\\*`args`**)\n", "\n", "`+` is already defined in `tuple` for concat, so use `add` instead" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "show_doc(fastuple.add, title_level=5)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(fastuple.add((1,1),(2,2)), (3,3))\n", "test_eq_type(fastuple(1,1).add(2), fastuple(3,3))\n", "test_eq(fastuple('1','2').add('2'), fastuple('12','22'))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/markdown": [ "
fastuple.mul[source]
\n", "\n", "> fastuple.mul(**\\*`args`**)\n", "\n", "`*` is already defined in `tuple` for replicating, so use `mul` instead" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "show_doc(fastuple.mul, title_level=5)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq_type(fastuple(1,1).mul(2), fastuple(2,2))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "#### Other Elementwise Operations" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Additionally, the following elementwise operations are available:\n", "- `le`: less than or equal\n", "- `eq`: equal\n", "- `gt`: greater than\n", "- `min`: minimum of" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(fastuple(3,1).le(1), (False, True))\n", "test_eq(fastuple(3,1).eq(1), (False, True))\n", "test_eq(fastuple(3,1).gt(1), (True, False))\n", "test_eq(fastuple(3,1).min(2), (2,1))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "You can also do other elementwise operations like negate a `fastuple`, or subtract two `fastuple`s:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(-fastuple(1,2), (-1,-2))\n", "test_eq(~fastuple(1,0,1), (False,True,False))\n", "\n", "test_eq(fastuple(1,1)-fastuple(2,2), (-1,-1))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(type(fastuple(1)), fastuple)\n", "test_eq_type(fastuple(1,2), fastuple(1,2))\n", "test_ne(fastuple(1,2), fastuple(1,3))\n", "test_eq(fastuple(), ())" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Functions on Functions" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Utilities for functional programming or for defining, modifying, or debugging functions. " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# export\n", "class _Arg:\n", " def __init__(self,i): self.i = i\n", "arg0 = _Arg(0)\n", "arg1 = _Arg(1)\n", "arg2 = _Arg(2)\n", "arg3 = _Arg(3)\n", "arg4 = _Arg(4)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "class bind:\n", " \"Same as `partial`, except you can use `arg0` `arg1` etc param placeholders\"\n", " def __init__(self, func, *pargs, **pkwargs):\n", " self.func,self.pargs,self.pkwargs = func,pargs,pkwargs\n", " self.maxi = max((x.i for x in pargs if isinstance(x, _Arg)), default=-1)\n", "\n", " def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n", " args = list(args)\n", " kwargs = {**self.pkwargs,**kwargs}\n", " for k,v in kwargs.items():\n", " if isinstance(v,_Arg): kwargs[k] = args.pop(v.i)\n", " fargs = [args[x.i] if isinstance(x, _Arg) else x for x in self.pargs] + args[self.maxi+1:]\n", " return self.func(*fargs, **kwargs)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/markdown": [ "

class bind[source]

\n", "\n", "> bind(**`func`**, **\\*`pargs`**, **\\*\\*`pkwargs`**)\n", "\n", "Same as `partial`, except you can use [`arg0`](/basics.html#arg0) [`arg1`](/basics.html#arg1) etc param placeholders" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "show_doc(bind, title_level=3)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "`bind` is the same as `partial`, but also allows you to reorder positional arguments using variable name(s) `arg{i}` where i refers to the zero-indexed positional argument. `bind` as implemented currently only supports reordering of up to the first 5 positional arguments.\n", "\n", "Consider the function `myfunc` below, which has 3 positional arguments. These arguments can be referenced as `arg0`, `arg1`, and `arg1`, respectively. " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def myfn(a,b,c,d=1,e=2): return(a,b,c,d,e)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "In the below example we bind the positional arguments of `myfn` as follows:\n", "\n", "- The second input `14`, referenced by `arg1`, is substituted for the first positional argument.\n", "- We supply a default value of `17` for the second positional argument.\n", "- The first input `19`, referenced by `arg0`, is subsituted for the third positional argument. " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(bind(myfn, arg1, 17, arg0, e=3)(19,14), (14,17,19,1,3))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "In this next example:\n", "\n", "- We set the default value to `17` for the first positional argument.\n", "- The first input `19` refrenced by `arg0`, becomes the second positional argument.\n", "- The second input `14` becomes the third positional argument.\n", "- We override the default the value for named argument `e` to `3`." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(bind(myfn, 17, arg0, e=3)(19,14), (17,19,14,1,3))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "This is an example of using `bind` like `partial` and do not reorder any arguments:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(bind(myfn)(17,19,14), (17,19,14,1,2))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "`bind` can also be used to change default values. In the below example, we use the first input `3` to override the default value of the named argument `e`, and supply default values for the first three positional arguments:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(bind(myfn, 17,19,14,e=arg0)(3), (17,19,14,1,3))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def mapt(func, *iterables):\n", " \"Tuplified `map`\"\n", " return tuple(map(func, *iterables))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "t = [0,1,2,3]\n", "test_eq(mapt(operator.neg, t), (0,-1,-2,-3))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def map_ex(iterable, f, *args, gen=False, **kwargs):\n", " \"Like `map`, but use `bind`, and supports `str` and indexing\"\n", " g = (bind(f,*args,**kwargs) if callable(f)\n", " else f.format if isinstance(f,str)\n", " else f.__getitem__)\n", " res = map(g, iterable)\n", " if gen: return res\n", " return list(res)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(map_ex(t,operator.neg), [0,-1,-2,-3])" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "If `f` is a string then it is treated as a format string to create the mapping:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(map_ex(t, '#{}#'), ['#0#','#1#','#2#','#3#'])" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "If `f` is a dictionary (or anything supporting `__getitem__`) then it is indexed to create the mapping:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(map_ex(t, list('abcd')), list('abcd'))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "You can also pass the same `arg` params that `bind` accepts:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def f(a=None,b=None): return b\n", "test_eq(map_ex(t, f, b=arg0), range(4))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# export\n", "def compose(*funcs, order=None):\n", " \"Create a function that composes all functions in `funcs`, passing along remaining `*args` and `**kwargs` to all\"\n", " funcs = listify(funcs)\n", " if len(funcs)==0: return noop\n", " if len(funcs)==1: return funcs[0]\n", " if order is not None: funcs = sorted_ex(funcs, key=order)\n", " def _inner(x, *args, **kwargs):\n", " for f in funcs: x = f(x, *args, **kwargs)\n", " return x\n", " return _inner" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "f1 = lambda o,p=0: (o*2)+p\n", "f2 = lambda o,p=1: (o+1)/p\n", "test_eq(f2(f1(3)), compose(f1,f2)(3))\n", "test_eq(f2(f1(3,p=3),p=3), compose(f1,f2)(3,p=3))\n", "test_eq(f2(f1(3, 3), 3), compose(f1,f2)(3, 3))\n", "\n", "f1.order = 1\n", "test_eq(f1(f2(3)), compose(f1,f2, order=\"order\")(3))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def maps(*args, retain=noop):\n", " \"Like `map`, except funcs are composed first\"\n", " f = compose(*args[:-1])\n", " def _f(b): return retain(f(b), b)\n", " return map(_f, args[-1])" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(maps([1]), [1])\n", "test_eq(maps(operator.neg, [1,2]), [-1,-2])\n", "test_eq(maps(operator.neg, operator.neg, [1,2]), [1,2])" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def partialler(f, *args, order=None, **kwargs):\n", " \"Like `functools.partial` but also copies over docstring\"\n", " fnew = partial(f,*args,**kwargs)\n", " fnew.__doc__ = f.__doc__\n", " if order is not None: fnew.order=order\n", " elif hasattr(f,'order'): fnew.order=f.order\n", " return fnew" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def _f(x,a=1):\n", " \"test func\"\n", " return x-a\n", "_f.order=1\n", "\n", "f = partialler(_f, 2)\n", "test_eq(f.order, 1)\n", "test_eq(f(3), -1)\n", "f = partialler(_f, a=2, order=3)\n", "test_eq(f.__doc__, \"test func\")\n", "test_eq(f.order, 3)\n", "test_eq(f(3), _f(3,2))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class partial0:\n", " \"Like `partialler`, but args passed to callable are inserted at started, instead of at end\"\n", " def __init__(self, f, *args, order=None, **kwargs):\n", " self.f,self.args,self.kwargs = f,args,kwargs\n", " self.order = ifnone(order, getattr(f,'order',None))\n", " self.__doc__ = f.__doc__\n", "\n", " def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): return self.f(*args, *self.args, **kwargs, **self.kwargs)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "f = partial0(_f, 2)\n", "test_eq(f.order, 1)\n", "test_eq(f(3), 1) # NB: different to `partialler` example" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def instantiate(t):\n", " \"Instantiate `t` if it's a type, otherwise do nothing\"\n", " return t() if isinstance(t, type) else t" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq_type(instantiate(int), 0)\n", "test_eq_type(instantiate(1), 1)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def _using_attr(f, attr, x): return f(getattr(x,attr))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def using_attr(f, attr):\n", " \"Construct a function which applies `f` to the argument's attribute `attr`\"\n", " return partial(_using_attr, f, attr)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "t = Path('/a/b.txt')\n", "f = using_attr(str.upper, 'name')\n", "test_eq(f(t), 'B.TXT')" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Self (with an _uppercase_ S)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "A Concise Way To Create Lambdas" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "class _Self:\n", " \"An alternative to `lambda` for calling methods on passed object.\"\n", " def __init__(self): self.nms,self.args,self.kwargs,self.ready = [],[],[],True\n", " def __repr__(self): return f'self: {self.nms}({self.args}, {self.kwargs})'\n", "\n", " def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n", " if self.ready:\n", " x = args[0]\n", " for n,a,k in zip(self.nms,self.args,self.kwargs):\n", " x = getattr(x,n)\n", " if callable(x) and a is not None: x = x(*a, **k)\n", " return x\n", " else:\n", " self.args.append(args)\n", " self.kwargs.append(kwargs)\n", " self.ready = True\n", " return self\n", "\n", " def __getattr__(self,k):\n", " if not self.ready:\n", " self.args.append(None)\n", " self.kwargs.append(None)\n", " self.nms.append(k)\n", " self.ready = False\n", " return self\n", "\n", " def _call(self, *args, **kwargs):\n", " self.args,self.kwargs,self.nms = [args],[kwargs],['__call__']\n", " self.ready = True\n", " return self" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "class _SelfCls:\n", " def __getattr__(self,k): return getattr(_Self(),k)\n", " def __getitem__(self,i): return self.__getattr__('__getitem__')(i)\n", " def __call__(self,*args,**kwargs): return self.__getattr__('_call')(*args,**kwargs)\n", "\n", "Self = _SelfCls()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "_all_ = ['Self']" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "This is a concise way to create lambdas that are calling methods on an object (note the capitalization!)\n", "\n", "`Self.sum()`, for instance, is a shortcut for `lambda o: o.sum()`." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "f = Self.sum()\n", "x = np.array([3.,1])\n", "test_eq(f(x), 4.)\n", "\n", "# This is equivalent to above\n", "f = lambda o: o.sum()\n", "x = np.array([3.,1])\n", "test_eq(f(x), 4.)\n", "\n", "f = Self.argmin()\n", "arr = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])\n", "test_eq(f(arr), arr.argmin())\n", "\n", "f = Self.sum().is_integer()\n", "x = np.array([3.,1])\n", "test_eq(f(x), True)\n", "\n", "f = Self.sum().real.is_integer()\n", "x = np.array([3.,1])\n", "test_eq(f(x), True)\n", "\n", "f = Self.imag()\n", "test_eq(f(3), 0)\n", "\n", "f = Self[1]\n", "test_eq(f(x), 1)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "`Self` is also callable, which creates a function which calls any function passed to it, using the arguments passed to `Self`:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "[5, 2]" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "def f(a, b=3): return a+b+2\n", "def g(a, b=3): return a*b\n", "fg = Self(1,b=2)\n", "list(map(fg, [f,g]))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Patching" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def copy_func(f):\n", " \"Copy a non-builtin function (NB `copy.copy` does not work for this)\"\n", " if not isinstance(f,FunctionType): return copy(f)\n", " fn = FunctionType(f.__code__, f.__globals__, f.__name__, f.__defaults__, f.__closure__)\n", " fn.__kwdefaults__ = f.__kwdefaults__\n", " fn.__dict__.update(f.__dict__)\n", " return fn" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Sometimes it may be desirable to make a copy of a function that doesn't point to the original object. When you use Python's built in `copy.copy` or `copy.deepcopy` to copy a function, you get a reference to the original object:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "import copy as cp\n", "def foo(): pass\n", "a = cp.copy(foo)\n", "b = cp.deepcopy(foo)\n", "\n", "a.someattr = 'hello' # since a and b point at the same object, updating a will update b\n", "test_eq(b.someattr, 'hello')\n", "\n", "assert a is foo and b is foo" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "However, with `copy_func`, you can retrieve a copy of a function without a reference to the original object:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "c = copy_func(foo) # c is an indpendent object\n", "assert c is not foo" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def g(x, *, y=3): return x+y\n", "test_eq(copy_func(g)(4), 7)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def patch_to(cls, as_prop=False, cls_method=False):\n", " \"Decorator: add `f` to `cls`\"\n", " if not isinstance(cls, (tuple,list)): cls=(cls,)\n", " def _inner(f):\n", " for c_ in cls:\n", " nf = copy_func(f)\n", " nm = f.__name__\n", " # `functools.update_wrapper` when passing patched function to `Pipeline`, so we do it manually\n", " for o in functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS: setattr(nf, o, getattr(f,o))\n", " nf.__qualname__ = f\"{c_.__name__}.{nm}\"\n", " if cls_method:\n", " setattr(c_, nm, MethodType(nf, c_))\n", " else:\n", " setattr(c_, nm, property(nf) if as_prop else nf)\n", " # Avoid clobbering existing functions\n", " return globals().get(nm, builtins.__dict__.get(nm, None))\n", " return _inner" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "The `@patch_to` decorator allows you to [monkey patch](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5626193/what-is-monkey-patching) a function into a class as a method:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class _T3(int): pass \n", "\n", "@patch_to(_T3)\n", "def func1(self, a): return self+a\n", "\n", "t = _T3(1) # we initilized `t` to a type int = 1\n", "test_eq(t.func1(2), 3) # we add 2 to `t`, so 2 + 1 = 3" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "You can access instance properties in the usual way via `self`:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class _T4():\n", " def __init__(self, g): self.g = g\n", " \n", "@patch_to(_T4)\n", "def greet(self, x): return self.g + x\n", " \n", "t = _T4('hello ') # this sets self.g = 'helllo '\n", "test_eq(t.greet('world'), 'hello world') #t.greet('world') will append 'world' to 'hello '" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "You can instead specify that the method should be a class method by setting `cls_method=True`:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class _T5(int): attr = 3 # attr is a class attribute we will access in a later method\n", " \n", "@patch_to(_T5, cls_method=True)\n", "def func(cls, x): return cls.attr + x # you can access class attributes in the normal way\n", "\n", "test_eq(_T5.func(4), 7)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Additionally you can specify that the function you want to patch should be a class attribute with `as_prop` = False" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "@patch_to(_T5, as_prop=True)\n", "def add_ten(self): return self + 10\n", "\n", "t = _T5(4)\n", "test_eq(t.add_ten, 14)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Instead of passing one class to the `@patch_to` decorator, you can pass multiple classes in a tuple to simulteanously patch more than one class with the same method:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class _T6(int): pass\n", "class _T7(int): pass\n", "\n", "@patch_to((_T6,_T7))\n", "def func_mult(self, a): return self*a\n", "\n", "t = _T6(2)\n", "test_eq(t.func_mult(4), 8)\n", "t = _T7(2)\n", "test_eq(t.func_mult(4), 8)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def patch(f=None, *, as_prop=False, cls_method=False):\n", " \"Decorator: add `f` to the first parameter's class (based on f's type annotations)\"\n", " if f is None: return partial(patch, as_prop=as_prop, cls_method=cls_method)\n", " ann,glb,loc = get_annotations_ex(f)\n", " cls = eval_type(ann.pop('cls') if cls_method else next(iter(ann.values())), glb, loc)\n", " return patch_to(cls, as_prop=as_prop, cls_method=cls_method)(f)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "`@patch` is an alternative to `@patch_to` that allows you similarly monkey patch class(es) by using [type annotations](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html):" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class _T8(int): pass \n", "\n", "@patch\n", "def func(self:_T8, a): return self+a\n", "\n", "t = _T8(1) # we initilized `t` to a type int = 1\n", "test_eq(t.func(3), 4) # we add 3 to `t`, so 3 + 1 = 4\n", "test_eq(t.func.__qualname__, '_T8.func')" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Similarly to `patch_to`, you can supply a union of classes instead of a single class in your type annotations to patch multiple classes:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class _T9(int): pass \n", "\n", "@patch\n", "def func2(x:_T8|_T9, a): return x*a # will patch both _T8 and _T9\n", "\n", "t = _T8(2)\n", "test_eq(t.func2(4), 8)\n", "test_eq(t.func2.__qualname__, '_T8.func2')\n", "\n", "t = _T9(2)\n", "test_eq(t.func2(4), 8)\n", "test_eq(t.func2.__qualname__, '_T9.func2')" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Just like `patch_to` decorator you can use `as_prop` and `cls_method` parameters with `patch` decorator:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "@patch(as_prop=True)\n", "def add_ten(self:_T5): return self + 10\n", "\n", "t = _T5(4)\n", "test_eq(t.add_ten, 14)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class _T5(int): attr = 3 # attr is a class attribute we will access in a later method\n", " \n", "@patch(cls_method=True)\n", "def func(cls:_T5, x): return cls.attr + x # you can access class attributes in the normal way\n", "\n", "test_eq(_T5.func(4), 7)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def patch_property(f):\n", " \"Deprecated; use `patch(as_prop=True)` instead\"\n", " warnings.warn(\"`patch_property` is deprecated and will be removed; use `patch(as_prop=True)` instead\")\n", " cls = next(iter(f.__annotations__.values()))\n", " return patch_to(cls, as_prop=True)(f)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Other Helpers" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def compile_re(pat):\n", " \"Compile `pat` if it's not None\"\n", " return None if pat is None else re.compile(pat)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "assert compile_re(None) is None\n", "assert compile_re('a').match('ab')" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "class ImportEnum(enum.Enum):\n", " \"An `Enum` that can have its values imported\"\n", " @classmethod\n", " def imports(cls):\n", " g = sys._getframe(1).f_locals\n", " for o in cls: g[o.name]=o" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/markdown": [ "

ImportEnum[source]

\n", "\n", "> Enum = []\n", "\n", "An `Enum` that can have its values imported" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "show_doc(ImportEnum, title_level=4)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "_T = ImportEnum('_T', {'foobar':1, 'goobar':2})\n", "_T.imports()\n", "test_eq(foobar, _T.foobar)\n", "test_eq(goobar, _T.goobar)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "class StrEnum(str,ImportEnum):\n", " \"An `ImportEnum` that behaves like a `str`\"\n", " def __str__(self): return self.name" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/markdown": [ "

StrEnum[source]

\n", "\n", "> Enum = []\n", "\n", "An [`ImportEnum`](/basics.html#ImportEnum) that behaves like a `str`" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "show_doc(StrEnum, title_level=4)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def str_enum(name, *vals):\n", " \"Simplified creation of `StrEnum` types\"\n", " return StrEnum(name, {o:o for o in vals})" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "a A\n" ] } ], "source": [ "_T = str_enum('_T', 'a', 'b')\n", "test_eq(f'{_T.a}', 'a')\n", "test_eq(_T.a, 'a')\n", "test_eq(list(_T.__members__), ['a','b'])\n", "print(_T.a, _T.a.upper())" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "class Stateful:\n", " \"A base class/mixin for objects that should not serialize all their state\"\n", " _stateattrs=()\n", " def __init__(self,*args,**kwargs):\n", " self._init_state()\n", " super().__init__(*args,**kwargs) # required for mixin usage\n", "\n", " def __getstate__(self):\n", " return {k:v for k,v in self.__dict__.items()\n", " if k not in self._stateattrs+('_state',)}\n", "\n", " def __setstate__(self, state):\n", " self.__dict__.update(state)\n", " self._init_state()\n", "\n", " def _init_state(self):\n", " \"Override for custom init and deserialization logic\"\n", " self._state = {}" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/markdown": [ "

class Stateful[source]

\n", "\n", "> Stateful(**\\*`args`**, **\\*\\*`kwargs`**)\n", "\n", "A base class/mixin for objects that should not serialize all their state" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "show_doc(Stateful, title_level=4)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class _T(Stateful):\n", " def __init__(self):\n", " super().__init__()\n", " self.a=1\n", " self._state['test']=2\n", "\n", "t = _T()\n", "t2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(t))\n", "test_eq(t.a,1)\n", "test_eq(t._state['test'],2)\n", "test_eq(t2.a,1)\n", "test_eq(t2._state,{})" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Override `_init_state` to do any necessary setup steps that are required during `__init__` or during deserialization (e.g. `pickle.load`). Here's an example of how `Stateful` simplifies the official Python example for [Handling Stateful Objects](https://docs.python.org/3/library/pickle.html#handling-stateful-objects)." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class TextReader(Stateful):\n", " \"\"\"Print and number lines in a text file.\"\"\"\n", " _stateattrs=('file',)\n", " def __init__(self, filename):\n", " self.filename,self.lineno = filename,0\n", " super().__init__()\n", "\n", " def readline(self):\n", " self.lineno += 1\n", " line = self.file.readline()\n", " if line: return f\"{self.lineno}: {line.strip()}\"\n", "\n", " def _init_state(self):\n", " self.file = open(self.filename)\n", " for _ in range(self.lineno): self.file.readline()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "1: {\n", "2: \"cells\": [\n", "3: {\n" ] } ], "source": [ "reader = TextReader(\"00_test.ipynb\")\n", "print(reader.readline())\n", "print(reader.readline())\n", "\n", "new_reader = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(reader))\n", "print(reader.readline())" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "class PrettyString(str):\n", " \"Little hack to get strings to show properly in Jupyter.\"\n", " def __repr__(self): return self" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/markdown": [ "

class PrettyString[source]

\n", "\n", "> PrettyString() :: `str`\n", "\n", "Little hack to get strings to show properly in Jupyter." ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "show_doc(PrettyString, title_level=4)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Allow strings with special characters to render properly in Jupyter. Without calling `print()` strings with special characters are displayed like so:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "'a string\\nwith\\nnew\\nlines and\\ttabs'" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "with_special_chars='a string\\nwith\\nnew\\nlines and\\ttabs'\n", "with_special_chars" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "We can correct this with `PrettyString`:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "a string\n", "with\n", "new\n", "lines and\ttabs" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "PrettyString(with_special_chars)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def even_mults(start, stop, n):\n", " \"Build log-stepped array from `start` to `stop` in `n` steps.\"\n", " if n==1: return stop\n", " mult = stop/start\n", " step = mult**(1/(n-1))\n", " return [start*(step**i) for i in range(n)]" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test_eq(even_mults(2,8,3), [2,4,8])\n", "test_eq(even_mults(2,32,5), [2,4,8,16,32])\n", "test_eq(even_mults(2,8,1), 8)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def num_cpus():\n", " \"Get number of cpus\"\n", " try: return len(os.sched_getaffinity(0))\n", " except AttributeError: return os.cpu_count()\n", "\n", "defaults.cpus = num_cpus()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "64" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "num_cpus()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def add_props(f, g=None, n=2):\n", " \"Create properties passing each of `range(n)` to f\"\n", " if g is None: return (property(partial(f,i)) for i in range(n))\n", " return (property(partial(f,i), partial(g,i)) for i in range(n))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class _T(): a,b = add_props(lambda i,x:i*2)\n", "\n", "t = _T()\n", "test_eq(t.a,0)\n", "test_eq(t.b,2)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class _T(): \n", " def __init__(self, v): self.v=v\n", " def _set(i, self, v): self.v[i] = v\n", " a,b = add_props(lambda i,x: x.v[i], _set)\n", "\n", "t = _T([0,2])\n", "test_eq(t.a,0)\n", "test_eq(t.b,2)\n", "t.a = t.a+1\n", "t.b = 3\n", "test_eq(t.a,1)\n", "test_eq(t.b,3)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def _typeerr(arg, val, typ): return TypeError(f\"{arg}=={val} not {typ}\")" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def typed(f):\n", " \"Decorator to check param and return types at runtime\"\n", " names = f.__code__.co_varnames\n", " anno = annotations(f)\n", " ret = anno.pop('return',None)\n", " def _f(*args,**kwargs):\n", " kw = {**kwargs}\n", " if len(anno) > 0:\n", " for i,arg in enumerate(args): kw[names[i]] = arg\n", " for k,v in kw.items():\n", " if k in anno and not isinstance(v,anno[k]): raise _typeerr(k, v, anno[k])\n", " res = f(*args,**kwargs)\n", " if ret is not None and not isinstance(res,ret): raise _typeerr(\"return\", res, ret)\n", " return res\n", " return functools.update_wrapper(_f, f)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "`typed` validates argument types at **runtime**. This is in contrast to [MyPy](http://mypy-lang.org/) which only offers static type checking.\n", "\n", "For example, a `TypeError` will be raised if we try to pass an integer into the first argument of the below function: " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "@typed\n", "def discount(price:int, pct:float): \n", " return (1-pct) * price\n", "\n", "with ExceptionExpected(TypeError): discount(100.0, .1)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "We can also optionally allow multiple types by enumarating the types in a tuple as illustrated below:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def discount(price:(int,float), pct:float): \n", " return (1-pct) * price\n", "\n", "assert 90.0 == discount(100.0, .1)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "@typed\n", "def foo(a:int, b:str='a'): return a\n", "test_eq(foo(1, '2'), 1)\n", "\n", "with ExceptionExpected(TypeError): foo(1,2)\n", "\n", "@typed\n", "def foo()->str: return 1\n", "with ExceptionExpected(TypeError): foo()\n", "\n", "@typed\n", "def foo()->str: return '1'\n", "assert foo()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "`typed` works with classes, too:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class Foo:\n", " @typed\n", " def __init__(self, a:int, b: int, c:str): pass\n", " @typed\n", " def test(cls, d:str): return d\n", "\n", "with ExceptionExpected(TypeError): Foo(1, 2, 3) \n", "with ExceptionExpected(TypeError): Foo(1,2, 'a string').test(10)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#export\n", "def exec_new(code):\n", " \"Execute `code` in a new environment and return it\"\n", " g = {}\n", " exec(code, g)\n", " return g" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "1" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "g = exec_new('a=1')\n", "g['a']" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Notebook functions" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/markdown": [ "

ipython_shell[source]

\n", "\n", "> ipython_shell()\n", "\n", "Same as `get_ipython` but returns `False` if not in IPython" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "show_doc(ipython_shell)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/markdown": [ "

in_ipython[source]

\n", "\n", "> in_ipython()\n", "\n", "Check if code is running in some kind of IPython environment" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "show_doc(in_ipython)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/markdown": [ "

in_colab[source]

\n", "\n", "> in_colab()\n", "\n", "Check if the code is running in Google Colaboratory" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "show_doc(in_colab)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/markdown": [ "

in_jupyter[source]

\n", "\n", "> in_jupyter()\n", "\n", "Check if the code is running in a jupyter notebook" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "show_doc(in_jupyter)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/markdown": [ "

in_notebook[source]

\n", "\n", "> in_notebook()\n", "\n", "Check if the code is running in a jupyter notebook" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "show_doc(in_notebook)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "These variables are available as booleans in `fastcore.basics` as `IN_IPYTHON`, `IN_JUPYTER`, `IN_COLAB` and `IN_NOTEBOOK`." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "(True, True, False, True)" ] }, "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "IN_IPYTHON, IN_JUPYTER, IN_COLAB, IN_NOTEBOOK" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# Export -" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Converted 00_test.ipynb.\n", "Converted 01_basics.ipynb.\n", "Converted 02_foundation.ipynb.\n", "Converted 03_xtras.ipynb.\n", "Converted 03a_parallel.ipynb.\n", "Converted 03b_net.ipynb.\n", "Converted 04_dispatch.ipynb.\n", "Converted 05_transform.ipynb.\n", "Converted 06_docments.ipynb.\n", "Converted 07_meta.ipynb.\n", "Converted 08_script.ipynb.\n", "Converted index.ipynb.\n", "Converted parallel_win.ipynb.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#hide\n", "from nbdev.export import notebook2script\n", "notebook2script()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [] } ], "metadata": { "jupytext": { "split_at_heading": true }, "kernelspec": { "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)", "language": "python", "name": "python3" } }, "nbformat": 4, "nbformat_minor": 4 }