---
title: FAssets
description: FAssets is a trustless over-collateralized bridge to non smart contract networks to Flare.
keywords: [fassets, flare-fassets, xrp, bitcoin, dogecoin, flare-network]
---

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import MintingResources from "./_minting_resources.mdx";

FAssets is a trustless, over-collateralized bridge connecting non smart contract networks to Flare.
It enables the creation of wrapped tokens (`FAssets`) for assets like BTC, DOGE and XRP.
These tokens can participate in Flare's DeFi ecosystem or be redeemed for their original assets.

FAssets are powered by Flare's enshrined data protocols:

- **[Flare Time Series Oracle (FTSO)](/ftso/overview):** Provides decentralized price feeds.
- **[Flare Data Connector (FDC)](/fdc/overview):** Verifies offchain actions, such as transactions on other blockchains.

Each FAsset is backed by a mix of collateral, including:

1. Stablecoin or ETH collateral.
2. FLR (Flare's native token) or SGB (Songbird's native token) collateral.

Agents and a community-provided collateral pool ensure trustlessness through over-collateralization.

<MintingResources />

## FAsset Workflow

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Anyone on the Flare blockchain can mint FAssets, which are wrapped versions of original tokens from other blockchains, known as underlying networks. The original tokens from these chains, such as Ripple (XRPL), Dogecoin (DOGE), Bitcoin (BTC), and Litecoin (LTC), are referred to as underlying assets. For example, the FAsset version of Bitcoin is known as FBTC.

### Minting

    - A user (minter) selects an agent and pays a fee to reserve collateral.
    - The user sends the underlying asset (e.g., BTC) to the agent.
    - The FDC verifies the transaction.
    - The equivalent FAssets (e.g., FBTC) are minted as ERC-20 tokens on Flare.

### Usage

Minted FAssets can be used in DeFi applications on Flare or bridged to other chains.

### Redeeming

Users can redeem FAssets for the original underlying assets at any time.

## Key Participants

### Agents

Agents manage the infrastructure and operations of the FAssets system, including:

- Holding the underlying assets.
- Providing collateral for minting and redemption.
- Redeeming underlying assets for users.

Each agent is verified through governance and uses the following addresses on the native chain:

- **Work Address:** A hot wallet for executing operations.
- **Management Address:** A cold wallet for secure administrative actions.

Agents must comply with the **backing factor**, which ensures sufficient collateral is locked to back FAssets.

### Users

Users interact with the system by:

- **Minting:** Depositing underlying assets to mint FAssets.
- **Redeeming:** Exchanging FAssets for the original underlying assets.

Eligibility:

- No restrictions—anyone can mint or redeem FAssets.

### Collateral Providers

Collateral providers supply native FLR tokens to an agent's collateral pool and earn a share of minting fees as long as their tokens remain locked.

### Liquidators

Liquidators maintain system health by:

- Burning FAssets in exchange for collateral when an agent's collateral drops below the required minimum.
- Earning rewards, including premiums on the collateral received.

Eligibility:

- Open to all—anyone can become a liquidator.

### Challengers

Challengers monitor agents for illegal transactions that reduce collateral below the backing factor. They:

- Submit proof of illegal actions to the system.
- Earn rewards from the agent's vault upon successful challenges.

If an agent is found in violation, they enter **full liquidation**, permanently restricting them from new minting operations.

## Core Vault

The **Core Vault (CV)** is a specialized FAsset system component that enhances capital efficiency by allowing agents to store underlying assets without requiring additional collateral.
Each asset type has its own dedicated Core Vault, which is managed by a multisig account on the underlying network under formal governance oversight.

### Key Features

- **Collateral Efficiency:** Agents transferring assets to the CV free up collateral, allowing them to mint additional FAssets or withdraw funds.
- **Redemption Support:** The CV ensures that underlying assets are available for redemptions, reducing reliance on individual agents.
- **Security & Governance:** A multisig setup controls the vault, and governance can pause in case of security concerns.

### Core Vault Implementation

On networks without smart contracts (e.g., XRP Ledger), the Core Vault is a **multisig account** managed by signers authorized by Flare governance.
Movements of funds require multiple signatures and follow formal agreements, not individual agent control.

### Agent vs. Core Vault Ownership

- **Agents:** Hold and control their own underlying assets in wallets as part of collateral.
- **Core Vault:** Holds pooled assets that no single agent owns; agents can request assets but cannot directly control the vault.
  This improves capital efficiency and liquidity for the system.

:::tip[What's next]

Learn more about the different components and processes involved in FAssets - [collateral](/fassets/collateral), [minting](/fassets/minting), [redemptions](/fassets/redemption), [liquidations](/fassets/liquidation) and [Core Vault](/fassets/core-vault).

For developer resources, explore our [FXRP address](/fxrp/token-interactions/fxrp-address), [minting](/fassets/developer-guides/fassets-mint), and [redemption](/fassets/developer-guides/fassets-redeem) guides to get started with FAssets integration.

:::
