---
slug: whitepapers
title: Whitepapers
description: Explore Flare's whitepapers, research, and analytics to gain deeper insights into its technology.
keywords:
  [
    whitepapers,
    research,
    flare-network,
    analytics,
    ftso,
    fdc,
    consensus-learning,
  ]
hide_table_of_contents: true
---

import CustomCard from "@site/src/components/CustomCard";

Explore Flare's whitepapers, research, and analytics to gain deeper insights into its technology.

## Featured

<div
  style={{
    display: "grid",
    gap: "1rem",
    gridTemplateColumns: "repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr))",
  }}
>
  <CustomCard
    title="The Flare Data Connector"
    href="/pdf/whitepapers/20240224-FlareDataConnector.pdf"
    description="The Flare Data Connector (FDC) enables users to register external events on Flare by submitting attestation requests, which are then validated by Flare's data providers and published on-chain every 90 seconds for use by dApps."
    date="Jan 14, 2025"
  />
  <CustomCard
    title="FTSOv2: more data feeds and faster updates to the FTSO"
    href="/pdf/whitepapers/20240223-FlareTimeSeriesOracleV2.pdf"
    description="An upgraded Flare Time Series Oracle (FTSO) delivering faster updates via block-latency feeds alongside 90-second anchor feeds, while efficiently handling over 1,000 feeds."
    date="Sep 9, 2024"
  />
  <CustomCard
    title="Consensus learning: A novel decentralised ensemble learning paradigm"
    href="/pdf/whitepapers/20240225-ConsensusLearning.pdf"
    description="A distributed Machine Learning paradigm integrating ensemble methods with P2P consensus for data privacy and Byzantine fault tolerance."
    date="Feb 25, 2024"
  />
</div>

## All Research

<div
  style={{
    display: "grid",
    gap: "1rem",
    gridTemplateColumns: "repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr))",
  }}
>
  <CustomCard
    title="The Flare network and FLR token"
    href="/pdf/whitepapers/20221231-TheFlareNetworkAndFLRToken.pdf"
    description="An EVM L1 blockchain with native data and time-series protocols for decentralized data acquisition, covering the FLR token, consensus, and governance."
    date="Dec 30, 2022"
  />
  <CustomCard
    title="A hybrid post-quantum digital signature scheme for the EVM"
    href="/pdf/whitepapers/20220722-HybridPostQuantumDigitalSignatureSchemeForTheEthereumVirtualMachine.pdf"
    description="A new EVM transaction type that integrates ECDSA and CRYSTALS-Dilithium signatures to achieve quantum resistance against Shor's algorithm."
    date="Jul 5, 2022"
  />
  <CustomCard
    title="Flare Consensus Protocol"
    href="/pdf/whitepapers/20191105-FlareConsensusProtocol.pdf"
    description="A leaderless, totally-ordered Federated Byzantine Agreement construction offering efficient, scalable, and secure consensus."
    date="Nov 5, 2019"
  />
</div>

<br></br>

<div
  style={{
    display: "grid",
    gap: "1rem",
    gridTemplateColumns: "repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr))",
  }}
>
  <CustomCard
    title="Kraken exchange - FTSO price comparison"
    href="/pdf/whitepapers/20230406-KrakenExchange-FTSOPriceComparison.pdf"
    description="Compares FTSO price feeds against Kraken trade data using deviation bands and RRMSE, demonstrating close alignment with Kraken prices."
    date="Apr 6, 2023"
  />
  <CustomCard
    title="STP.02 - Impact of secondary FTSO reward band"
    href="/pdf/whitepapers/20230529-SongbirdBandUpdate-ImpactOfSTP02.pdf"
    description="Assesses STP.02's effect, showing it boosted the share of rewarded data providers - enhancing decentralization - without compromising FTSO price feed accuracy."
    date="May 29, 2023"
  />
</div>