definition
If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then it also holds that R -> P o Q. Note that this cannot be expressed directly in OWL
If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then (1) R -> P o Q holds and (2) Q is either reflexive or locally reflexive. A corollary of this is that P SubPropertyOf R.
is a defining property chain axiom where second argument is reflexive
is part of
my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
part_of
part of
has part
my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
has_part
preceded by
x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other.
is preceded by
preceded_by
precedes
x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
occurs in
b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
occurs_in
unfolds in
unfolds_in
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
site of
[copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
contains process
participates in
this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation
this input material (or this output material) participates in this process
this investigator participates in this investigation
a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
participates_in
has participant
this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot
this investigation has participant this investigator
this process has participant this input material (or this output material)
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
has_participant
A 'has regulatory component activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is regulated by B.
A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that negatively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is negatively regulated by B.
By convention GO molecular functions are classified by their effector function. Internal regulatory functions are treated as components. For example, NMDA glutmate receptor activity is a cation channel activity with positive regulatory component 'glutamate binding' and negative regulatory components including 'zinc binding' and 'magnesium binding'.
has negative regulatory component activity
A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that positively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is positively regulated by B.
By convention GO molecular functions are classified by their effector function and internal regulatory functions are treated as components. So, for example calmodulin has a protein binding activity that has positive regulatory component activity calcium binding activity. Receptor tyrosine kinase activity is a tyrosine kinase activity that has positive regulatory component 'ligand binding'.
has positive regulatory component activity
A 'has component activity' B if A is A and B are molecular functions (GO_0003674) and A has_component B.
w 'has process component' p if p and w are processes, w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type.
A relationship that holds between between a receptor and an chemical entity, typically a small molecule or peptide, that carries information between cells or compartments of a cell and which binds the receptor and regulates its effector function.
Process(P2) is directly regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2.
Process(P2) is directly negatively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 directly negatively regulated by P1.
Process(P2) is directly postively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 is directly postively regulated by P1.
A 'has effector activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A 'has component activity' B and B is the effector (output function) of B. Each compound function has only one effector activity.
This relation is designed for constructing compound molecular functions, typically in combination with one or more regulatory component activity relations.
X ends_after Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X)
ends after
X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
immediately preceded by
X immediately_precedes_Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
immediately precedes
x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ?Y)
overlaps
w 'has component' p if w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type.
The definition of 'has component' is still under discussion. The challenge is in providing a definition that does not imply transitivity.
For use in recording has_part with a cardinality constraint, because OWL does not permit cardinality constraints to be used in combination with transitive object properties. In situations where you would want to say something like 'has part exactly 5 digit, you would instead use has_component exactly 5 digit.
has component
process(P1) regulates process(P2) iff: P1 results in the initiation or termination of P2 OR affects the frequency of its initiation or termination OR affects the magnitude or rate of output of P2.
We use 'regulates' here to specifically imply control. However, many colloquial usages of the term correctly correspond to the weaker relation of 'causally upstream of or within' (aka influences). Consider relabeling to make things more explicit
Regulation precludes parthood; the regulatory process may not be within the regulated process.
regulates
Process(P1) negatively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 terminates P2, or P1 descreases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2.
Chris Mungall
negatively regulates (process to process)
negatively regulates
Process(P1) postively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 initiates P2, or P1 increases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2.
positively regulates (process to process)
positively regulates
mechanosensory neuron capable of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050974)
osteoclast SubClassOf 'capable of' some 'bone resorption'
A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process, in which the material entity has the ability to carry out the process.
For compatibility with BFO, this relation has a shortcut definition in which the expression "capable of some P" expands to "bearer_of (some realized_by only P)".
capable of
c stands in this relationship to p if and only if there exists some p' such that c is capable_of p', and p' is part_of p.
capable of part of
x actively participates in y if and only if x participates in y and x realizes some active role
actively participates in
'heart development' has active participant some Shh protein
x has participant y if and only if x realizes some active role that inheres in y
This may be obsoleted and replaced by the original 'has agent' relation
has active participant
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends.
A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations.
temporally related to
p has input c iff: p is a process, c is a material entity, c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p.
has input
p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present at the beginning of p.
has output
A faulty traffic light (material entity) whose malfunctioning (a process) is causally upstream of a traffic collision (a process): the traffic light acts upstream of the collision.
c acts upstream of p if and only if c enables some f that is involved in p' and p' occurs chronologically before p, is not part of p, and affects the execution of p. c is a material entity and f, p, p' are processes.
A gene product that has some activity, where that activity may be a part of a pathway or upstream of the pathway.
c acts upstream of or within p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of or within p. c is a material entity and p is an process.
holds between x and y if and only if x is causally upstream of y and the progression of x increases the frequency, rate or extent of y
holds between x and y if and only if x is causally upstream of y and the progression of x decreases the frequency, rate or extent of y
A mereological relationship or a topological relationship
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving parthood or connectivity relationships
mereotopologically related to
a particular instances of akt-2 enables some instance of protein kinase activity
This relation differs from the parent relation 'capable of' in that the parent is weaker and only expresses a capability that may not be actually realized, whereas this relation is always realized.
This relation is currently used experimentally by the Gene Ontology Consortium. It may not be stable and may be obsoleted at some future time.
enables
A grouping relationship for any relationship directly involving a function, or that holds because of a function of one of the related entities.
This is a grouping relation that collects relations used for the purpose of connecting structure and function
functionally related to
this relation holds between c and p when c is part of some c', and c' is capable of p.
part of structure that is capable of
c involved_in p if and only if c enables some process p', and p' is part of p
involved in
enabled by
regulated by
negatively regulated by
positively regulated by
input of
output of
causally downstream of
immediately causally downstream of
This relation groups causal relations between material entities and causal relations between processes
This branch of the ontology deals with causal relations between entities. It is divided into two branches: causal relations between occurrents/processes, and causal relations between material entities. We take an 'activity flow-centric approach', with the former as primary, and define causal relations between material entities in terms of causal relations between occurrents. To define causal relations in an activity-flow type network, we make use of 3 primitives: * Temporal: how do the intervals of the two occurrents relate? * Is the causal relation regulatory? * Is the influence positive or negative The first of these can be formalized in terms of the Allen Interval Algebra. Informally, the 3 bins we care about are 'direct', 'indirect' or overlapping. Note that all causal relations should be classified under a RO temporal relation (see the branch under 'temporally related to'). Note that all causal relations are temporal, but not all temporal relations are causal. Two occurrents can be related in time without being causally connected. We take causal influence to be primitive, elucidated as being such that has the upstream changed, some qualities of the donwstream would necessarily be modified. For the second, we consider a relationship to be regulatory if the system in which the activities occur is capable of altering the relationship to achieve some objective. This could include changing the rate of production of a molecule. For the third, we consider the effect of the upstream process on the output(s) of the downstream process. If the level of output is increased, or the rate of production of the output is increased, then the direction is increased. Direction can be positive, negative or neutral or capable of either direction. Two positives in succession yield a positive, two negatives in succession yield a positive, otherwise the default assumption is that the net effect is canceled and the influence is neutral. Each of these 3 primitives can be composed to yield a cross-product of different relation types.
Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect.
causally related to
p is causally upstream of q if and only if p precedes q and p and q are linked in a causal chain
causally upstream of
p is immediately causally upstream of q iff both (a) p immediately precedes q and (b) p is causally upstream of q. In addition, the output of p must be an input of q.
immediately causally upstream of
p 'causally upstream or within' q iff (1) the end of p is before the end of q and (2) the execution of p exerts some causal influence over the outputs of q; i.e. if p was abolished or the outputs of p were to be modified, this would necessarily affect q.
We would like to make this disjoint with 'preceded by', but this is prohibited in OWL2
inverse of causally upstream of or within
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' regulates some p
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' positively regulates some p
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' negatively regulates some p
c involved in or regulates p if and only if either (i) c is involved in p or (ii) c is involved in regulation of p
OWL does not allow defining object properties via a Union
involved in or involved in regulation of
A protein that enables activity in a cytosol.
c executes activity in d if and only if c enables p and p occurs_in d. Assuming no action at a distance by gene products, if a gene product enables (is capable of) a process that occurs in some structure, it must have at least some part in that structure.
A relationship that holds between two entities in which the processes executed by the two entities are causally connected.
This relation and all sub-relations can be applied to either (1) pairs of entities that are interacting at any moment of time (2) populations or species of entity whose members have the disposition to interact (3) classes whose members have the disposition to interact.
Note that this relationship type, and sub-relationship types may be redundant with process terms from other ontologies. For example, the symbiotic relationship hierarchy parallels GO. The relations are provided as a convenient shortcut. Consider using the more expressive processual form to capture your data. In the future, these relations will be linked to their cognate processes through rules.
An interaction relationship in which the two partners are molecular entities that directly physically interact with each other for example via a stable binding interaction or a brief interaction during which one modifies the other.
An interaction relation between x and y in which x catalyzes a reaction in which a phosphate group is added to y.
Holds between molecular entities A and B where A can physically interact with B and in doing so regulates a process that B is capable of. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A regulates the kinase activity of B.
Holds between molecular entities A and B where A can physically interact with B and in doing so negatively regulates a process that B is capable of. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A negatively regulates the kinase activity of B.
activity directly negatively regulates activity of
Holds between molecular entities A and B where A can physically interact with B and in doing so positively regulates a process that B is capable of. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A positively regulates the kinase activity of B.
activity directly positively regulates activity of
This property or its subproperties is not to be used directly. These properties exist as helper properties that are used to support OWL reasoning.
helper property (not for use in curation)
p has part that occurs in c if and only if there exists some p1, such that p has_part p1, and p1 occurs in c.
A relationship between a material entity and a process where the material entity has some causal role that influences the process
p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one of direct activation or direct inhibition. p may be upstream, downstream, part of or a container of q.
The intent is that the process branch of the causal property hierarchy is primary (causal relations hold between occurrents/processes), and that the material branch is defined in terms of the process branch
causal relation between material entities
causally influenced by (material entity to material entity)
molecular interaction relation helper property
Holds between materal entities a and b if the activity of a is causally upstream of the activity of b, or causally upstream of a an activity that modifies b
causally influences (material entity to material entity)
Process(P1) directly regulates process(P2) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2.
gland SubClassOf 'has part structure that is capable of' some 'secretion by cell'
s 'has part structure that is capable of' p if and only if there exists some part x such that s 'has part' x and x 'capable of' p
A relationship that holds between a material entity and a process in which causality is involved, with either the material entity or some part of the material entity exerting some influence over the process, or the process influencing some aspect of the material entity.
causal relation between material entity and a process
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a regulates p.
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a negatively regulates p.
renin -> arteriolar smooth muscle contraction
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a positively regulates p.
Process(P1) directly postively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly positively regulates P2.
directly positively regulates (process to process)
Process(P1) directly negatively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly negatively regulates P2.
directly negatively regulates (process to process)
a produces b if some process that occurs_in a has_output b, where a and b are material entities. Examples: hybridoma cell line produces monoclonal antibody reagent; chondroblast produces avascular GAG-rich matrix.
Note that this definition doesn't quite distinguish the output of a transformation process from a production process, which is related to the identity/granularity issue.
produces
a produced_by b iff some process that occurs_in b has_output a.
produced by
Holds between an entity and an process P where the entity enables some larger compound process, and that larger process has-part P.
acts upstream of or within, positive effect
acts upstream of or within, negative effect
c 'acts upstream of, positive effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is positive
c 'acts upstream of, negative effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is negative
causally upstream of or within, negative effect
causally upstream of or within, positive effect
An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
continuant
An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time.
occurrent
A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
independent continuant
An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t.
process
An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
material entity
transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups
A chemical reaction involved in a UniPathway pathway.
H(2)O + urea-1-carboxylate = 2 CO(2) + 2 NH(3)
H(2)O + alpha,alpha-trehalose = 2 D-glucose
2 glyoxylate = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + CO(2)
pyruvate + thiamine diphosphate = 2-hydroxyethyl-ThPP + CO(2)
2 L-glutamate + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = 2-oxoglutarate + 2 H(+) + L-glutamine + 2 reduced ferredoxin
2 5-aminolevulinate = 2 H(2)O + porphobilinogen
2 6,7-dimethyl-8-(1-D-ribityl)lumazine = 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil + riboflavin
H(2)O + 4 porphobilinogen = 4 NH(3) + hydroxymethylbilane
2 L-glutamate + NAD(+) = 2-oxoglutarate + H(+) + L-glutamine + NADH
2 L-glutamate + NADP(+) = 2-oxoglutarate + H(+) + L-glutamine + NADPH
ATP + nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide = NAD(+) + diphosphate
ATP + CO(2) + NH(3) = ADP + carbamoyl phosphate
H(2)O + pyridoxal 5'-phosphate = phosphate + pyridoxal
ATP + pyridoxal = ADP + pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + diphosphate + phosphate = ATP + H(2)O + L-methionine
H(+) + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = CO(2) + S-adenosylmethioninamine
S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylate + S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine
ATP + NH(3) + deamido-NAD(+) = AMP + NAD(+) + diphosphate
AMP + diphosphate = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + adenine
H(2)O + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine = L-homocysteine + adenosine
ATP + pyruvate = ADP + phosphoenolpyruvate
CoA + NAD(+) + acetaldehyde = H(+) + NADH + acetyl-CoA
acetyl-CoA + phosphate = CoA + acetyl phosphate
ATP + L-glutamate = ADP + L-glutamyl 5-phosphate
H(2)O + L-glutamate + NAD(+) = 2-oxoglutarate + H(+) + NADH + NH(3)
ATP + L-glutamate + NH(3) = ADP + L-glutamine + phosphate
H(2)O + L-glutamine = L-glutamate + NH(3)
ATP + H(2)O + L-glutamine + deamido-NAD(+) = AMP + L-glutamate + NAD(+) + diphosphate
2-oxoglutarate + L-alanine = L-glutamate + pyruvate
L-glutamate + acetyl-CoA = CoA + N-acetyl-L-glutamate
(2S,3S)-3-methyl-L-aspartate = L-glutamate
2,5-dioxopentanoate + H(2)O + NADP(+) = 2-oxoglutarate + H(+) + NADPH
NADP(+) + isocitrate = 2-oxoglutarate + CO(2) + H(+) + NADPH
2-oxoglutarate + H(2)O + acetyl-CoA = (R)-homocitrate + CoA
2-oxoglutarate = CO(2) + succinate semialdehyde
H(2)O + O(2) + pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate = H(2)O(2) + NH(3) + pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
O(2) + pyridoxine 5'-phosphate = H(2)O(2) + pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
H(2)O + 2 NAD(+) + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = 2 H(+) + 2 NADH + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate
2 H(+) + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 nitric oxide = H(2)O + 2 ferricytochrome c + nitrous oxide
ATP + D-glucose = ADP + D-glucose 6-phosphate
Fe2+ + protoporphyrin-IX = 2 H(+) + protoheme
(S)-malate + NAD(+) = H(+) + NADH + oxaloacetate
CoA + citrate = H(2)O + acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate
2-oxoglutarate + L-aspartate = L-glutamate + oxaloacetate
(S)-malate + Quinone = Hydroquinone + oxaloacetate
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
L-alanine + glyoxylate = glycine + pyruvate
acetyl-CoA + glycine = CoA + L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoic acid
2-oxoglutarate + glycine = L-glutamate + glyoxylate
H(2)O + L-alanine + NAD(+) = H(+) + NADH + NH(3) + pyruvate
ATP + CoA + succinate = ADP + phosphate + succinyl-CoA
acetoacetate + succinyl-CoA = acetoacetyl-CoA + succinate
H(2)O + N(2)-succinyl-L-glutamic acid = L-glutamate + succinate
acceptor + succinate = fumarate + reduced acceptor
N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate + UTP = UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine + diphosphate
GTP + 3 H(2)O = 2,5-diamino-4-hydroxy-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)pyrimidine + diphosphate + formate
GTP + H(2)O = formamidopyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate
ATP + GTP = AMP + guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate
DL-2,6-diaminopimelate = CO(2) + L-lysine
(S)-ureidoglycolate + H(2)O = CO(2) + 2 NH(3) + glyoxylate
(S)-malate + CoA = H(2)O + acetyl-CoA + glyoxylate
O(2) + glycolate = H(2)O(2) + glyoxylate
acceptor + glycolate = glyoxylate + reduced acceptor
ATP + L-aspartate = 4-phospho-L-aspartate + ADP
L-aspartate + O(2) = H(2)O(2) + iminoaspartate
ATP + L-aspartate + NH(3) = AMP + L-asparagine + diphosphate
ATP + L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine = ADP + glutathione + phosphate
5'-adenylyl sulfate + ATP = 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate + ADP
H(2)O + N-formyl-L-glutamate = L-glutamate + formate
H(2)O + S-formylglutathione = formate + glutathione
ATP + sulfate = 5'-adenylyl sulfate + diphosphate
H(2)O + L-arginine = L-citrulline + NH(3)
L-arginine + glycine = L-ornithine + guanidinoacetate
ATP + NH(3) + UTP = ADP + CTP + phosphate
2 ATP + H(2)O + L-glutamine + bicarbonate = 2 ADP + L-glutamate + carbamoyl phosphate + phosphate
ATP + H(2)O + L-aspartate + L-glutamine = AMP + L-asparagine + L-glutamate + diphosphate
H(2)O + O-phospho-L-serine = L-serine + phosphate
L-serine + pyruvate = 3-hydroxypyruvate + L-alanine
L-serine + acetyl-CoA = CoA + O-acetyl-L-serine
NAD(+) + methanol = H(+) + NADH + formaldehyde
H(2)O + amicyanin + methylamine = 2 H(+) + NH(3) + formaldehyde + reduced amicyanin
H(2)O + electron-transferring flavoprotein + sarcosine = formaldehyde + glycine + reduced electron-transferring flavoprotein
ATP + thiamine phosphate = ADP + thiamine diphosphate
ATP + thiamine = AMP + thiamine diphosphate
L-Galactono-1,4-lactone + 2 ferricytochrome c = 2 H(+) + L-ascorbate + 2 ferrocytochrome c
2-phospho-D-glycerate = H(2)O + phosphoenolpyruvate
2-oxoglutarate + L-ornithine = L-glutamate + L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde
H(2)O + N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithine = L-ornithine + acetate
H(2)O + L-tryptophan = NH(3) + indole + pyruvate
L-serine + indole = H(2)O + L-tryptophan
L-tryptophan + O(2) = N-formyl-N-kynurenine
H(2)O + L-phenylalanine + NAD(+) = H(+) + NADH + NH(3) + phenylpyruvate
L-arogenate = CO(2) + H(2)O + L-phenylalanine
2-oxoglutarate + L-phenylalanine = L-glutamate + phenylpyruvate
L-phenylalanine = NH(3) + trans-cinnamate
L-phenylalanine = 2-phenylethylamine + CO(2)
(S)-lactate + NAD(+) = H(+) + NADH + pyruvate
3-oxopropanoate + CoA + NAD(+) = CO(2) + H(+) + NADH + acetyl-CoA
3-oxopropanoate + CoA + NADP(+) = CO(2) + H(+) + NADPH + acetyl-CoA
(S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid + 2 H(2)O + NAD(+) = H(+) + L-glutamate + NADH
NAD(+) + isocitrate = 2-oxoglutarate + CO(2) + H(+) + NADH
H(2)O + NAD(+) + acetaldehyde = H(+) + NADH + acetate
H(2)O + NAD(+) + succinate semialdehyde = H(+) + NADH + succinate
H(2)O + NADP(+) + succinate semialdehyde = H(+) + NADPH + succinate
H(2)O + NAD(+) + saccharopine = 2-oxoglutarate + H(+) + L-lysine + NADH
H(2)O + NADP(+) + saccharopine = 2-oxoglutarate + H(+) + L-lysine + NADPH
L-arogenate + NAD(+) = CO(2) + H(+) + L-tyrosine + NADH
L-arogenate + NADP(+) = CO(2) + H(+) + L-tyrosine + NADPH
2-oxoglutarate + L-tyrosine = (4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + L-glutamate
ATP + acetyl-CoA + bicarbonate = ADP + malonyl-CoA + phosphate
acetaldehyde + pyruvate = 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate
NAD(+) + ethanol = H(+) + NADH + acetaldehyde
ATP + D-fructose 6-phosphate = ADP + D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
H(2)O + alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate = D-fructose 6-phosphate + NH(3)
D-fructose 6-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = UDP + sucrose 6-phosphate
D-fructose 6-phosphate + L-glutamine = L-glutamate + alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate
D-glucose 6-phosphate = D-fructose 6-phosphate
D-mannose 6-phosphate = D-fructose 6-phosphate
ATP + bicarbonate + urea = ADP + phosphate + urea-1-carboxylate
H(2)O + ferricytochrome c + nitric oxide = H(+) + ferrocytochrome c + nitrite
H(2)O + acceptor + nitrite = nitrate + reduced acceptor
H(2)O + sucrose 6-phosphate = phosphate + sucrose
NAD(+) + cis-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol = H(+) + NADH + catechol
(1R,6S)-1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-dienecarboxylic acid + NAD(+) = CO(2) + H(+) + NADH + catechol
H(+) + NADH + O(2) + anthranilate = CO(2) + NAD(+) + NH(3) + catechol
acetyl-CoA + succinyl-CoA = 3-oxoadipyl-CoA + CoA
glycine + succinyl-CoA = 5-aminolevulinate + CO(2) + CoA
L-arginine + succinyl-CoA = CoA + N(2)-succinyl-L-arginine
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP(+) = D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + H(+) + NADPH
ATP + glycerol = ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
Quinone + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = Hydroquinone + glycerone phosphate
acyl-CoA + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + CoA
3 H(2)O + 3 NADP(+) + hydrogen sulfide = 3 H(+) + 3 NADPH + sulfite
3 H(2)O + hydrogen sulfide + 6 oxidized ferredoxin = 6 H(+) + 6 reduced ferredoxin + sulfite
D-fructose + D-glucose = D-glucono-1,5-lactone + D-sorbitol
GDP + alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate = GDP-alpha-D-mannose + phosphate
GTP + alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate = GDP-alpha-D-mannose + diphosphate
GDP-alpha-D-mannose = GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose + H(2)O
ATP + L-cysteine + L-glutamate = ADP + L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine + phosphate
O-acetyl-L-serine + hydrogen sulfide = L-cysteine + acetate
L-cysteine + sulfite = L-cysteate + hydrogen sulfide
phosphate + propanoyl-CoA = CoA + propanoyl phosphate
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + NADP(+) = 7,8-dihydrofolate + H(+) + NADPH
10-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + H(2)O = 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + formate
5,10-methylene-THF + H(2)O + glycine = 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine
5-methyl-THF + L-homocysteine = 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine
CTP + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate = CDP-glucose + diphosphate
UMP + diphosphate = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + uracil
H(2)O + acceptor + uracil = barbiturate + reduced acceptor
NH(3) + chorismate = H(2)O + anthranilate + pyruvate
H(2)O + L-kynurenine = L-alanine + anthranilate
2-oxobutanoate + CO(2) + H(+) + NADH = D-erythro-3-methylmalic acid + NAD(+)
H(2)O + L-cystathionine = 2-oxobutanoate + L-cysteine + NH(3)
ATP + glycerone = ADP + glycerone phosphate
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = glycerone phosphate
O(2) + choline = H(2)O(2) + betaine aldehyde
acceptor + choline = betaine aldehyde + reduced acceptor
H(2)O + choline sulfate = choline + sulfate
NAD(+) + glycerol = H(+) + NADH + glycerone
ATP + D-ribose 5-phosphate = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + AMP
ATP + D-ribose = ADP + D-ribose 5-phosphate
D-ribose 5-phosphate = D-ribulose 5-phosphate
alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate = D-ribose 5-phosphate
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + NAD(+) + phosphate = 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + H(+) + NADH
6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonic acid = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + pyruvate
2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + acetaldehyde
D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + glycerone phosphate
D-tagatose 1,6-bisphosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + glycerone phosphate
1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)-ATP + diphosphate = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + ATP
5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamine + L-glutamate + diphosphate = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + H(2)O + L-glutamine
N-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)anthranilic acid + diphosphate = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + anthranilate
2 H(+) + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + dethiobiotin + 2 e- + sulfur donor = 2 5'-deoxyadenosine + 2 L-methionine + biotin
N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMP = AMP + fumarate
(N(omega)-L-arginino)succinate = L-arginine + fumarate
H(2)O + L-leucine + NAD(+) = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H(+) + NADH + NH(3)
2-oxoglutarate + L-leucine = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate
(R)-5-diphosphomevalonate + ATP = ADP + CO(2) + isopentenyl diphosphate + phosphate
isopentenyl diphosphate = dimethylallyl diphosphate
H(2)O + IMP = 5-formamido-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide
H(2)O + IMP + NAD(+) = H(+) + NADH + XMP
IMP + diphosphate = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + hypoxanthine
GTP + IMP + L-aspartate = GDP + N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMP + phosphate
H(2)O + O(2) + putrescine = 4-aminobutanal + H(2)O(2) + NH(3)
H(2)O + N-carbamoylputrescine = CO(2) + NH(3) + putrescine
acetyl-CoA + putrescine = CoA + N-acetylputrescine
2-oxoglutarate + putrescine = 4-aminobutanal + L-glutamate
H(2)O + L-histidinol + 2 NAD(+) = 2 H(+) + L-histidine + 2 NADH
NAD(+) + myo-inositol = H(+) + NADH + scyllo-inosose
O(2) + myo-inositol = D-glucuronate + H(2)O
1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + H(2)O = myo-inositol + phosphate
CO(2) + 2 H(+) + 2 reduced ferredoxin + succinyl-CoA = 2-oxoglutarate + CoA + 2 oxidized ferredoxin
(2S)-2-isopropylmalate + CoA = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H(2)O + acetyl-CoA
2-oxoglutarate + L-valine = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-glutamate
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + 5,10-methylene-THF + H(2)O = 2-dehydropantoate + 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate
GMP + diphosphate = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + guanine
ATP + NH(3) + XMP = AMP + GMP + diphosphate
ATP + H(2)O + L-glutamine + XMP = AMP + GMP + L-glutamate + diphosphate
L-proline + NAD(+) = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid + H(+) + NADH
L-proline + Quinone = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid + Hydroquinone
H(2)O + nicotinamide = NH(3) + nicotinate
diphosphate + nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + nicotinamide
H(2)O + L-cystathionine = L-homocysteine + NH(3) + pyruvate
O-acetyl-L-homoserine + hydrogen sulfide = L-homocysteine + acetate
O-succinyl-L-homoserine + hydrogen sulfide = L-homocysteine + succinate
L-homocysteine + L-serine = H(2)O + L-cystathionine
H(+) + NADPH + O(2) + benzoate = 4-hydroxybenzoate + H(2)O + NADP(+)
4-hydroxybenzoate + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + H(2)O + NADP(+)
4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA + H(2)O = 4-hydroxybenzoate + CoA
1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + CDP-choline = CMP + phosphatidylcholine
2-phosphoglycolate + H(2)O = glycolate + phosphate
ATP + propanoate = ADP + propanoyl phosphate
(2R,3S)-2,3-dimethylmalate = propanoate + pyruvate
(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA
acetoacetate + fumarate = 4-fumarylacetoacetate + H(2)O
prephenate = CO(2) + H(2)O + phenylpyruvate
UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = CO(2) + UDP-alpha-D-xylose
D-glycerate + NAD(+) = 3-hydroxypyruvate + H(+) + NADH
D-glycerate + NADP(+) = 3-hydroxypyruvate + H(+) + NADPH
L-aspartate + carbamoyl phosphate = N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate + phosphate
L-ornithine + carbamoyl phosphate = L-citrulline + phosphate
carbamoyl phosphate + putrescine = N-carbamoylputrescine + phosphate
H(2)O + S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine = 5-methylthio-alpha-D-ribose + adenine
S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + phosphate = S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate + adenine
H(2)O + agmatine = N-carbamoylputrescine + NH(3)
H(2)O + NAD(+) + benzaldehyde = H(+) + NADH + benzoate
H(2)O + NADP(+) + benzaldehyde = H(+) + NADPH + benzoate
L-threonine + NAD(+) = H(+) + L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoic acid + NADH
H(2)O + O-phospho-L-homoserine = L-threonine + phosphate
ATP + ethanolamine = ADP + phosphoethanolamine
L-gulonate + NADP(+) = D-glucuronate + H(+) + NADPH
3-phospho-D-glycerate + ATP = 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + ADP
3-phospho-D-glycerate + NAD(+) = 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate + H(+) + NADH
ATP + D-glycerate = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + ADP
2-phospho-D-glycerate = 3-phospho-D-glycerate
D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H(2)O = D-gluconate
6-phospho-D-gluconate + NADP(+) = CO(2) + D-ribulose 5-phosphate + H(+) + NADPH
D-ribulose 5-phosphate = D-xylulose 5-phosphate
D-arabinose 5-phosphate = D-ribulose 5-phosphate
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + ATP = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconic acid + ADP
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + NAD(+) = 3-deoxy-D-glycero-hexo-2,5-diulosonate + H(+) + NADH
H(2)O + N-carbamoylsarcosine = CO(2) + NH(3) + sarcosine
H(2)O + N,N-dimethylglycine + electron-transferring flavoprotein = formaldehyde + reduced electron-transferring flavoprotein + sarcosine
phosphate + thymidine = 2-deoxy-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate + thymine
D-arabinose + NAD(+) = D-arabinono-1,4-lactone + H(+) + NADH
D-arabinose + NADP(+) = D-arabinono-1,4-lactone + H(+) + NADPH
4-coumaroyl-CoA + 3 malonyl-CoA = 3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene + 4 CO(2) + 4 CoA
ATP + CoA + trans-4-coumarate = 4-coumaroyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
L-lysine + acetyl phosphate = N(6)-acetyl-L-lysine + phosphate
3-dehydroshikimate = 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + H(2)O
3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + H(+) + NADH + O(2) = CO(2) + H(2)O + NAD(+) + benzene-1,2,4-triol
3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = CO(2) + H(2)O + NADP(+) + benzene-1,2,4-triol
3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + O(2) = 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate
4,5-dihydroxyphthalate = 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + CO(2)
ATP + D-xylulose = ADP + D-xylulose 5-phosphate
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + sedoheptulose 7-phosphate = D-ribose 5-phosphate + D-xylulose 5-phosphate
pyruvate + succinate semialdehyde = 2,4-dihydroxyhept-2-enedioic acid
2-oxoglutarate + 4-aminobutanoate = L-glutamate + succinate semialdehyde
4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + CoA + NAD(+) = 3-isovaleryl-CoA + CO(2) + H(+) + NADH
4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + CO(2) = 3-carboxy-4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate
dimethylallyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + geranyl diphosphate
H(2)O + NAD(+) + hypotaurine = H(+) + NADH + taurine
NAD(+) + pyridoxal = 4-pyridoxolactone + H(+) + NADH
NADP(+) + pyridoxine = H(+) + NADPH + pyridoxal
O(2) + pyridoxine = H(2)O(2) + pyridoxal
pyridoxamine + pyruvate = L-alanine + pyridoxal
5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate = chorismate + phosphate
H(2)O + NADP(+) + nicotinate = 6-hydroxynicotinate + H(+) + NADPH
ADP + diphosphate + nicotinate D-ribonucleotide + phosphate = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + ATP + H(+) + H(2)O + nicotinate
NAD(+) + prephenate = (4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + CO(2) + H(+) + NADH
NADP(+) + prephenate = (4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + CO(2) + H(+) + NADPH
L-arogenate + oxaloacetate = L-aspartate + prephenate
(R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H(2)O = (R)-lactate + glutathione
D-glycerate + NAD(+) = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + H(+) + NADH
D-glycerate + NADP(+) = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + H(+) + NADPH
CO(2) + D-glycerate + NAD(+) = 2-hydroxy-3-oxosuccinate + H(+) + NADH
CO(2) + D-glycerate + NADP(+) = 2-hydroxy-3-oxosuccinate + H(+) + NADPH
L-arabinose + NAD(+) = H(+) + L-arabinono-1,4-lactone + NADH
L-arabinitol + NAD(+) = H(+) + L-arabinose + NADH
L-arabinitol + NADP(+) = H(+) + L-arabinose + NADPH
H(2)O + NAD(+) + hypoxanthine = H(+) + NADH + xanthine
ATP + L-homoserine = ADP + O-phospho-L-homoserine
L-homoserine + NAD(+) = H(+) + L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + NADH
L-homoserine + NADP(+) = H(+) + L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + NADPH
L-homoserine + acetyl-CoA = CoA + O-acetyl-L-homoserine
L-homoserine + succinyl-CoA = CoA + O-succinyl-L-homoserine
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate = glycolaldehyde + pyruvate
H(+) + NADH + dihydrobiopterin = NAD(+) + tetrahydrobiopterin
H(+) + NADPH + dihydrobiopterin = NADP(+) + tetrahydrobiopterin
CDP-diacylglycerol + H(2)O = CMP + phosphatidate
CTP + phosphatidate = CDP-diacylglycerol + diphosphate
CDP-diacylglycerol + L-serine = CMP + phosphatidylserine
CDP-diacylglycerol + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = CMP + phosphatidylglycerophosphate
N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate
2 NADP(+) + tetrahydrobiopterin = 2 H(+) + 2 NADPH + biopterin
NADP(+) + tetrahydrobiopterin = 6-lactoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin + H(+) + NADPH
D-mannose 6-phosphate = alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate
D-erythrose 4-phosphate + H(2)O + NAD(+) = 4-phospho-D-erythronate + H(+) + NADH
D-erythrose 4-phosphate + H(2)O + phosphoenolpyruvate = 7-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonate + phosphate
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + sedoheptulose 7-phosphate = D-erythrose 4-phosphate + beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate = D-erythrose 4-phosphate + D-xylulose 5-phosphate
ATP + bicarbonate + propanoyl-CoA = (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA + ADP + phosphate
(S)-dihydroorotate + fumarate = orotate + succinate
(S)-dihydroorotate + Quinone = Hydroquinone + orotate
(S)-dihydroorotate + NAD(+) = H(+) + NADH + orotate
diphosphate + orotidine 5'-phosphate = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + orotate
D-quinate + NAD(+) = 3-dehydroquinate + H(+) + NADH
D-quinate + pyrroloquinoline quinone = 3-dehydroquinate + pyrroloquinoline quinol
phosphate + uridine = alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate + uracil
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanidinoacetate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + creatine
CTP + phosphocholine = CDP-choline + diphosphate
NAD(+) + xylitol = D-xylulose + H(+) + NADH
L-arabinitol + NAD(+) = H(+) + L-xylulose + NADH
NADP(+) + xylitol = H(+) + L-xylulose + NADPH
ATP + pyridoxine = ADP + pyridoxine 5'-phosphate
phosphate + pyridoxine = H(2)O + pyridoxine 5'-phosphate
H(2)O + acceptor + spermidine = 1,3-diaminopropane + 4-aminobutanal + reduced acceptor
S-adenosylmethioninamine + putrescine = S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermidine
2-oxaloglutaric acid = 2-oxoadipate + CO(2)
2-oxoglutarate + L-alpha-aminoadipate = 2-oxoadipate + L-glutamate
2-oxoadipate + Enzyme N6-(lipoyl)lysine = CO(2) + S(8)-glutaryldihydrolipoamide
ATP + L-aspartate + L-citrulline = (N(omega)-L-arginino)succinate + AMP + diphosphate
2-oxoglutarate + L-kynurenine = 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + L-glutamate
H(2)O + N-formyl-N-kynurenine = L-kynurenine + formate
H(+) + L-kynurenine + NADPH + O(2) = 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H(2)O + NADP(+)
(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + CoA = H(2)O + acetoacetyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA
(S)-dihydroorotate + H(2)O = N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate
geranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + farnesyl diphosphate
geranyl diphosphate = (4S)-limonene + diphosphate
3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate + thioredoxin = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + sulfite + thioredoxin disulfide
H(2)O + phosphatidylglycerophosphate = phosphate + phosphatidylglycerol
D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + H(2)O = 6-phospho-D-gluconate
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phosphoethanolamine = N-methylethanolamine phosphate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine
CTP + phosphoethanolamine = CDP-ethanolamine + diphosphate
phosphatidylserine = CO(2) + phosphatidylethanolamine
1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + CDP-ethanolamine = CMP + phosphatidylethanolamine
acetyl-CoA + alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate = CoA + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate
H(2)O + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate = acetate + alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate
alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate = alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate
farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate = diphosphate + prephytoene diphosphate
(R)-mevalonate + CoA + 2 NAD(+) = (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + 2 H(+) + 2 NADH
(R)-mevalonate + CoA + 2 NADP(+) = (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + 2 H(+) + 2 NADPH
(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA + H(2)O
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate
H(2)O + NAD(+) + xanthine = H(+) + NADH + urate
H(2)O + O(2) + urate = 5-hydroxyisouric acid + H(2)O(2)
H(2)O + thiamine = 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine + 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole + H(+)
ATP + thiamine = ADP + thiamine phosphate
H(2)O + barbiturate = 3-oxo-3-ureidopropanoic acid
XMP + diphosphate = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + xanthine
Quinone + succinate = Hydroquinone + fumarate
2-oxoglutarate + L-isoleucine = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate
7,8-dihydrofolate + NADP(+) = H(+) + NADPH + folate
7,8-dihydropteroate + ATP + L-glutamate = 7,8-dihydrofolate + ADP + phosphate
CoA + phosphatidate = 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + acyl-CoA
(R)-mevalonate + ATP = (R)-5-phosphomevalonate + ADP
H(+) + NADPH + O(2) + trans-cinnamate = H(2)O + NADP(+) + trans-4-coumarate
L-fuculose 1-phosphate = L-lactaldehyde + glycerone phosphate
L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate = L-lactaldehyde + glycerone phosphate
5-aminolevulinate = (S)-4-amino-5-oxopentanoic acid
2-oxoglutarate + 5-aminopentanoate = 5-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate
5-acetamidopentanoate + H(2)O = 5-aminopentanoate + acetate
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate = 2,5-dioxopentanoate + H(2)O
5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate = 2,5-dioxopentanoate + CO(2) + H(2)O
L-glutamate + N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithine = L-ornithine + N-acetyl-L-glutamate
2-oxoglutarate + N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithine = L-glutamate + N-acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde
H(2)O + N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate = L-glutamate + formamide
H(2)O + N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate = N-formyl-L-glutamate + NH(3)
5-formiminotetrahydrofolate + L-glutamate = 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate
4-imidazolone-5-propanoate + H(2)O = N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate
L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + NADP(+) + phosphate = 4-phospho-L-aspartate + H(+) + NADPH
farnesyl diphosphate = diphosphate + pentalenene
farnesyl diphosphate = aristolochene + diphosphate
H(2)O + NAD(+) + saccharopine = H(+) + L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdahyde + L-glutamate + NADH
H(2)O + NADP(+) + saccharopine = H(+) + L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdahyde + L-glutamate + NADPH
indoleglycerol phosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + indole
5-oxopentanoate + H(2)O + NAD(+) = H(+) + NADH + glutarate
ATP + shikimate = 3-phosphoshikimate + ADP
NADP(+) + shikimate = 3-dehydroshikimate + H(+) + NADPH
H(2)O + allantoate = (S)-ureidoglycolate + urea
H(2)O + allantoate = 2-ureidoglycine + CO(2) + NH(3)
CDP-glucose = CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose + H(2)O
ATP + L-ribulose = ADP + L-ribulose 5-phosphate
3-sulfino-L-alanine = CO(2) + hypotaurine
(R)-pantoate + NADP(+) = 2-dehydropantoate + H(+) + NADPH
(R)-pantoate + ATP + beta-alanine = (R)-pantothenate + AMP + diphosphate
ATP + pyridoxamine = ADP + pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate
phosphate + pyridoxamine = H(2)O + pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate
O(2) + homogentisate = 4-maleylacetoacetate
(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + O(2) = CO(2) + homogentisate
L-arabinonate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate + H(2)O
H(2)O + L-arabinono-1,4-lactone = L-arabinonate
(R)-S-lactoylglutathione = glutathione + methylglyoxal
(R)-noradrenaline + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = (R)-adrenaline + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine
L-ascorbate + O(2) + dopamine = (R)-noradrenaline + H(2)O + L-dehydroascorbate
H(2)O + NAD(+) + phenylacetaldehyde = H(+) + NADH + phenylacetate
NAD(+) + meso-tartrate = 2-hydroxy-3-oxosuccinate + H(+) + NADH
4-aminobutanal + H(2)O + NAD(+) = 4-aminobutanoate + H(+) + NADH
NAD(+) + cyclopentanol = H(+) + NADH + cyclopentanone
H(+) + NADPH + O(2) + cyclopentanone = 5-valerolactone + H(2)O + NADP(+)
H(2)O + NAD(+) + betaine aldehyde = 2 H(+) + NADH + betaine
Enzyme N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine + glutaryl-CoA = CoA + S(8)-glutaryldihydrolipoamide
2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate + H(2)O = 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate
2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate + succinate = 2-hydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4-diene-1,9-dioate + H(2)O
2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate + H(2)O = 2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate + benzoate
2-phenylethylamine + H(2)O + O(2) = H(2)O(2) + NH(3) + phenylacetaldehyde
ATP + N-acetyl-L-glutamate = ADP + N-acetyl-L-glutamyl 5-phosphate
2-phospho-D-glycerate + ATP = 2,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate + ADP
3-hydroxyanthranilate + O(2) = 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde
3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H(2)O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine
4-hydroxyphenylacetate + H(+) + NADH + O(2) = (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetate + H(2)O + NAD(+)
5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan = CO(2) + serotonin
ATP + N-acetyl-D-mannosamine = ADP + N-acetyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate
D-arabinono-1,4-lactone + O(2) = H(2)O(2) + dehydro-D-arabinono-1,4-lactone
H(2)O + N-acetyl-LL-2,6-diaminopimelate = LL-2,6-diaminopimelate + acetate
H(2)O + N-succinyl-LL-2,6-diaminopimelate = LL-2,6-diaminopimelate + succinate
LL-2,6-diaminopimelate = DL-2,6-diaminopimelate
2-deoxy-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate = 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphate
D-glucarate = 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate + H(2)O
5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + pyruvate
DL-2,6-diaminopimelate + H(2)O + NADP(+) = (S)-2-amino-6-oxopimelate + H(+) + NADPH + NH(3)
(R)-methylmalonyl-CoA = (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA
scyllo-inosose = 3D-3,5/4-trihydroxycyclohexane-1,2-dione + H(2)O
H(2)O + dinitrogen + 2 ferricytochrome c = 2 H(+) + 2 ferrocytochrome c + nitrous oxide
L-homocysteine + betaine = L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine
H(2)O + acceptor + nicotine = (S)-6-hydroxynicotine + reduced acceptor
2 H(+) + siroheme = Fe2+ + sirohydrochlorin
S-adenosylmethioninamine + spermidine = S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermine
H(+) + NADPH + O(2) + squalene = (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene + H(2)O + NADP(+)
acetyl-CoA + serotonin = CoA + N-acetylserotonin
4-imidazolone-5-propanoate = H(2)O + trans-urocanate
H(2)O + creatinine = N-methylhydantoin + NH(3)
H(2)O + L-gulono-1,4-lactone = L-gulonate
(S)-ureidoglycolate + NAD(+) = H(+) + NADH + oxalurate
(S)-ureidoglycolate + NADP(+) = H(+) + NADPH + oxalurate
(R,R)-butane-2,3-diol + NAD(+) = (R)-acetoin + H(+) + NADH
(S)-2-acetolactate = (R)-acetoin + CO(2)
3-oxoadipate + NAD(+) = H(+) + NADH + maleylacetate
3-oxoadipate + NADP(+) = H(+) + NADPH + maleylacetate
3-oxoadipate + succinyl-CoA = 3-oxoadipyl-CoA + succinate
5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2-furylacetate + H(2)O = 3-oxoadipate
4-pyridoxolactone + H(2)O = 4-pyridoxate
ATP + nicotinate D-ribonucleotide = deamido-NAD(+) + diphosphate
H(2)O + L-histidinol phosphate = L-histidinol + phosphate
ATP + L-rhamnulose = ADP + L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate
H(2)O + N-formylmethanofuran + acceptor = CO(2) + methanofuran + reduced acceptor
(R)-pantothenate + ATP = (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate + ADP
glutaconyl-1-CoA = CO(2) + crotonoyl-CoA
D-galactonate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate + H(2)O
ATP + pantotheine 4'-phosphate = 3'-dephospho-CoA + diphosphate
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine diphosphate + 4-aminobenzoate = 7,8-dihydropteroate + diphosphate
H(2)O + dimethylmaleate = (2R,3S)-2,3-dimethylmalate
2-methylene-3-methylsuccinate = dimethylmaleate
7-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonate = 3-dehydroquinate + phosphate
3-dehydroquinate = 3-dehydroshikimate + H(2)O
ATP + L-alpha-aminoadipate = alpha-aminoadipoyl-C6-AMP + diphosphate
H(2)O + L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdahyde + NAD(+) = H(+) + L-alpha-aminoadipate + NADH
H(2)O + L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdahyde + NADP(+) = H(+) + L-alpha-aminoadipate + NADPH
NAD(+) + propane-1,3-diol = 3-hydroxypropanal + H(+) + NADH
N-acetylserotonin + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + melatonin
6-hydroxynicotinate + reduced ferredoxin = 6-hydroxynicotinate + oxidized ferredoxin
hydroxymethylbilane = H(2)O + uroporphyrinogen III
4-maleylacetoacetate = 4-fumarylacetoacetate
7,8-diaminononanoate + ATP + CO(2) = ADP + dethiobiotin + phosphate
L-gulono-1,4-lactone + O(2) = H(2)O(2) + L-xylo-hexulonolactone
ATP + 2 H(2)O + N-methylhydantoin = ADP + N-carbamoylsarcosine + phosphate
2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + uroporphyrinogen III = 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + precorrin-2
uroporphyrinogen III = 4 CO(2) + coproporphyrinogen-III
(S)-6-hydroxynicotine + H(2)O + O(2) = 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine + H(2)O(2)
ATP + CoA + pimelate = AMP + diphosphate + pimeloyl-CoA
L-alanine + pimeloyl-CoA = 8-amino-7-oxononanoate + CO(2) + CoA
L-cysteine + O-acetyl-L-homoserine = L-cystathionine + acetate
O(2) + coproporphyrinogen-III = 2 CO(2) + 2 H(2)O + protoporphyrinogen-IX
3 O(2) + protoporphyrinogen-IX = 3 H(2)O(2) + protoporphyrin-IX
4-amino-2-methyl-5-diphosphomethylpyrimidine + 4-methyl-5-(2-phosphoethyl)-thiazole = diphosphate + thiamine phosphate
acetyl-CoA + deacetylvindoline = CoA + vindoline
8-amino-7-oxononanoate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 7,8-diaminononanoate + S-adenosyl-4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid
ATP + D-tagatose 6-phosphate = ADP + D-tagatose 1,6-bisphosphate
D-galactose 6-phosphate = D-tagatose 6-phosphate
ATP + L-fuculose = ADP + L-fuculose 1-phosphate
2-oxoglutarate + L-histidinol phosphate = L-glutamate + imidazole-acetol phosphate
L-ribulose 5-phosphate = L-xylulose 5-phosphate
(R)-5-phosphomevalonate + ATP = (R)-5-diphosphomevalonate + ADP
8-phospho-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate + phosphate = D-arabinose 5-phosphate + H(2)O + phosphoenolpyruvate
H(2)O + lactose 6-phosphate = D-galactose 6-phosphate + beta-D-glucose
L-cysteine + O-succinyl-L-homoserine = L-cystathionine + succinate
N-[(R)-4-phosphonopantothenoyl]-L-cysteine = CO(2) + pantotheine 4'-phosphate
2,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate + ATP = ADP + cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate + phosphate
(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetate + O(2) = 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde
2-carboxy-2,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate = 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate
3-carboxy-2,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate = 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate
L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + NADP(+) + phosphate = H(+) + L-glutamyl 5-phosphate + NADPH
L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid + H(2)O
CO(2) + diphosphate + nicotinate D-ribonucleotide = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + quinolinate
8-phospho-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate + H(2)O = 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate + phosphate
3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate + CTP = CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate + diphosphate
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate + ATP = 6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonic acid + ADP
5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + N-formylmethanofuran = N(5)-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + methanofuran
CDP-4-dehydro-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose + H(2)O + NAD(+) = CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose + H(+) + NADH
CDP-4-dehydro-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose + H(2)O + NADP(+) = CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose + H(+) + NADPH
H(2)O + guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate = phosphate + ppGpp
1-alpha-D-galactosyl-myo-inositol + raffinose = myo-inositol + stachyose
N-acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + NADP(+) + phosphate = H(+) + N-acetyl-L-glutamyl 5-phosphate + NADPH
(R)-homocitrate = H(2)O + homo-cis-aconitate
4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate = H(2)O + kynurenate
D-erythro-1-(imidazol-4-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate = H(2)O + imidazole-acetol phosphate
5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribitylamino)uracil + NADP(+) = 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil + H(+) + NADPH
2,5-diamino-4-hydroxy-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)pyrimidine + H(2)O = 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil + NH(3)
3-phosphoshikimate + phosphoenolpyruvate = 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate + phosphate
O(2) + biphenyl-2,3-diol = 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate
5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + H(2)O = H(+) + N(5)-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin
2-carboxy-2,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate = 5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2-furylacetate + CO(2)
4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine + ATP = 4-amino-2-methyl-5-phosphomethylpyrimidine + ADP
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine + ATP = 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine diphosphate + AMP
7,8-dihydroneopterin = 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine + glycolaldehyde
1-(2-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxy-D-ribulose 5-phosphate = CO(2) + H(2)O + indoleglycerol phosphate
N-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)anthranilic acid = 1-(2-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxy-D-ribulose 5-phosphate
2-hydroxyglutarate + FAD = 2-oxoglutarate + FADH2
H(+) + NADH + O(2) + benzene = NAD(+) + cis-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol
H(+) + NADH + O(2) + toluene = (1S,2R)-3-methylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol + NAD(+)
H(+) + NADH + O(2) + phthalate = NAD(+) + cis-4,5-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,6-diene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid
(2S,3S)-3-methyl-L-aspartate = NH(3) + mesaconate
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + columbamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + palmatine
3alpha(S)-strictosidine + H(2)O = secologanin + tryptamine
(S)-mandelate + acceptor = phenylglyoxylate + reduced acceptor
(S)-reticuline + O(2) = (S)-scoulerine + H(2)O(2)
(S)-3'-hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = (S)-reticuline + H(+) + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine
maleylacetate = 3-hydroxy-cis,cis-muconate
(R)-citramalate = 2-methylmaleate + H(2)O
2-methylmaleate + H(2)O = D-erythro-3-methylmalic acid
2-methyleneglutarate = 2-methylene-3-methylsuccinate
4-chlorobenzoate + ATP + CoA = 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
H(2)O + glutaconyl-1-CoA = 2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA
NAD(+) + precorrin-2 = H(+) + NADH + sirohydrochlorin
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + precorrin-2 = H(+) + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + precorrin-3A
(2S)-2-isopropylmalate = 2-isopropylmaleate + H(2)O
2-hydroxyglutarate + acetyl-CoA = 2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA + acetate
(2R,3S)-3-isopropylmalate = 2-isopropylmaleate + H(2)O
3-hydroxy-16-methoxy-2,3-dihydrotabersonine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + desacetoxyvindoline
2-oxoglutarate + N(6)-acetyl-L-lysine = 6-acetamido-2-oxohexanoate + L-glutamate
2-succinylbenzoate + ATP + CoA = 2-succinylbenzoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
2-succinylbenzoate + H(2)O = (1R,6R)-2-succinyl-6-hydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid
1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)-ATP + H(2)O = 1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-5'-AMP + diphosphate
1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-5'-AMP + H(2)O = 5-(5-phospho-D-ribosylaminoformimino)-1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-imidazole-4-carboxamide
O(2) + benzene-1,2,4-triol = 3-hydroxy-cis,cis-muconate
(1S,2R)-3-methylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol + NAD(+) = 3-methylcatechol + H(+) + NADH
3-isovaleryl-CoA + FAD = 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA + FADH2
4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA + H(2)O = 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA + H(+) + chloride
H(+) + L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) + NADPH = (S)-4-amino-5-oxopentanoic acid + NADP(+) + tRNA(Glu)
3-methylcrotonyl-CoA + ATP + bicarbonate = 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA + ADP + phosphate
5-acetamidopentanoate + CO(2) + H(+) + NADH = 6-acetamido-2-oxohexanoate + H(2)O + NAD(+)
5-methylthio-alpha-D-ribose + ATP = ADP + S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate
5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamine + ATP + glycine = ADP + N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + phosphate
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole + nicotinate D-ribonucleotide = H(+) + alpha-ribazole 5'-phosphate + nicotinate
2-oxoglutarate + O-phospho-L-serine = 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate + L-glutamate
2 H(2)O + N(2)-succinyl-L-arginine = CO(2) + N(2)-succinyl-L-ornithine + 2 NH(3)
(S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H(2)O + NAD(+) = (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H(+) + NADH
(S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H(2)O + NADP(+) = (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H(+) + NADPH
2-formamido-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + ATP = 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole + ADP + phosphate
5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate = 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole + CO(2)
4-phospho-D-erythronate + NAD(+) = (R)-3-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutanoic acid + H(+) + NADH
2-oxoglutarate + N(2)-succinyl-L-ornithine = L-glutamate + N-succinyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde
prephytoene diphosphate = 15-cis-phytoene + diphosphate
(R)-4'-phosphopantothenate + CTP + L-cysteine = CMP + N-[(R)-4-phosphonopantothenoyl]-L-cysteine + diphosphate
CDP-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose + NADP(+) = CDP-4-dehydro-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose + H(+) + NADPH
CDP-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose = CDP-3,6-dideoxy-D-mannose
6-lactoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin + NADP(+) = 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin + H(+) + NADPH
7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate = 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin + triphosphate
2 H(2)O + phosphate + quinolinate = glycerone phosphate + iminoaspartate
H(2)O + quinolinate = 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde
(S)-4-hydroxymandelonitrile + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = UDP + dhurrin
10-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide = 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide
(S)-2-amino-6-oxopimelate = (S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H(2)O
5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + coenzyme M = 5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + methyl-coenzyme M
(S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H(2)O + acetyl-CoA = (S)-2-acetamido-6-oxopimelate + CoA
(S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H(2)O + succinyl-CoA = CoA + L-2-succinylamino-6-oxopimelate
homoisocitrate = H(2)O + homo-cis-aconitate
3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate + O(2) = 2-hydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4-diene-1,9-dioate
5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconic acid = 5-oxopent-3-ene-1,2,5-tricarboxylic acid
5-oxopent-3-ene-1,2,5-tricarboxylic acid = 2-hydroxy-hept-2,4-diene-1,7-dioic acid + CO(2)
4-(4-deoxy-alpha-D-gluc-4-enosyluronic acid)-D-galacturonic acid = 2 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucuronic acid
5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucuronic acid = 3-deoxy-D-glycero-hexo-2,5-diulosonate
H(+) + NADPH + alpha-aminoadipoyl-S-acyl enzyme = L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdahyde + NADP(+) + holo-Lys2
lactose + protein N(pi)-phospho-L-histidine = lactose 6-phosphate + protein-L-histidine
5-methyltetrahydropteroyltri-L-glutamate + L-homocysteine = L-methionine + tetrahydropteroyltri-L-glutamate
5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde + H(2)O + NAD(+) = 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconic acid + H(+) + NADH
S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate = S-methyl-5-thio-D-ribulose 1-phosphate
(2R,3S)-3-isopropylmalate + NAD(+) = 3-carboxy-4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H(+) + NADH
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + zymosterol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + fecosterol
(R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate + NADP(+) = 2-oxo-3-hydroxyisovalerate + H(+) + NADPH
(R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H(2)O
5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole + ATP = 4-methyl-5-(2-phosphoethyl)-thiazole + ADP
5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + H(2) = 5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + H(+)
5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + coenzyme F420 = 1,5-dihydro-coenzyme F(420) + 5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin
2-hydroxy-3-oxobutyl phosphate + 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil = 6,7-dimethyl-8-(1-D-ribityl)lumazine + 2 H(2)O + phosphate
ATP + H(2)O + L-glutamine + N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide = 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + ADP + L-glutamate + phosphate
1,5-dihydro-coenzyme F(420) + 5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin = 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + coenzyme F420
2-oxoglutarate + N-acetyl-LL-2,6-diaminopimelate = (S)-2-acetamido-6-oxopimelate + L-glutamate
2-oxoglutarate + N-succinyl-LL-2,6-diaminopimelate = L-2-succinylamino-6-oxopimelate + L-glutamate
4-amino-2-methyl-5-phosphomethylpyrimidine + ATP = 4-amino-2-methyl-5-diphosphomethylpyrimidine + ADP
coenzyme M-coenzyme B heterodisulfide + dihydromethanophenazine = coenzyme B + coenzyme M + methanophenazine
coenzyme B + methyl-coenzyme M = coenzyme M-coenzyme B heterodisulfide + methane
H(2)O + UDP-2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-D-glucosamine = UMP + lipid X
(3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] + UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-D-glucosamine = UDP-2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-D-glucosamine + acyl-carrier protein
5-[(5-phospho-1-deoxyribulos-1-ylamino)methylideneamino]-1-(5-phosphoribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide + L-glutamine = 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide + D-erythro-1-(imidazol-4-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate + L-glutamate
(2S)-2-[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido]succinic acid = 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide + fumarate
10-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide = 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + 5-formamido-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide
(3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine + acyl-carrier protein
H(2)O + UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine = UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-D-glucosamine + acetate
5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + ATP + L-aspartate = (2S)-2-[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido]succinic acid + ADP + phosphate
H(2)O + alpha-ribazole 5'-phosphate = alpha-ribazole + phosphate
UDP-2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-D-glucosamine + lipid X = 2,3,2',3'-tetrakis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-1,6-beta-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate + UDP
7,8-dihydroneopterin + phosphate = 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-phosphate + H(2)O
7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate + H(2)O = 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-phosphate + diphosphate
7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate + H(2)O = 2,5-diamino-6-(5'-triphosphoryl-3',4'-trihydroxy-2'-oxopentyl)-amino-4-oxopyrimidine
5-(5-phospho-D-ribosylaminoformimino)-1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-imidazole-4-carboxamide = 5-[(5-phospho-1-deoxyribulos-1-ylamino)methylideneamino]-1-(5-phosphoribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide
2,3,2',3'-tetrakis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-1,6-beta-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate + ATP = ADP + lipid IV(A)
CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate + lipid IV(A) = 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonyl-lipid IV((A)) + CMP
(S)-2-acetolactate + thiamine diphosphate = 2-hydroxyethyl-ThPP + pyruvate
2-hydroxyethyl-ThPP + 2-oxobutanoate = (S)-2-acetyl-2-hydroxybutanoic acid + thiamine diphosphate
(S)-coclaurine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = (S)-N-methylcoclaurine + H(+) + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine
2 H(2)O + NADP(+) + berbamunine = (R)-N-methylcoclaurine + (S)-N-methylcoclaurine + H(+) + NADPH + O(2)
NAD(+) + homoisocitrate = 2-oxaloglutaric acid + H(+) + NADH
alpha-aminoadipoyl-C6-AMP + holo-Lys2 = AMP + alpha-aminoadipoyl-S-acyl enzyme
H(2)O + isopenicillin N + phenylacetyl-CoA = CoA + L-alpha-aminoadipate + penicillin G
3 ATP + H(2)O + L-alpha-aminoadipate + L-cysteine + L-valine = 3 AMP + N-[L-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + 3 diphosphate
N-[L-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + O(2) = 2 H(2)O + isopenicillin N
H(2)O + formamidopyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate = 2,5-diaminopyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate + formate
2,5-diaminopyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate = 2,5-diamino-6-(5'-triphosphoryl-3',4'-trihydroxy-2'-oxopentyl)-amino-4-oxopyrimidine
H(2)O + N-succinyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + NAD(+) = H(+) + N(2)-succinyl-L-glutamic acid + NADH
(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid + NADP(+) = (R)-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H(+) + NADPH
(S)-2-acetyl-2-hydroxybutanoic acid = (R)-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate
(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H(2)O
(S)-2-acetolactate = 2-oxo-3-hydroxyisovalerate
3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonyl-lipid IV((A)) + CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate = CMP + di[3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonyl]-lipid IV(A)
lauroyl-KDO(2)-lipid IV(A) + tetradecanoyl-[acp] = KDO(2)-lipid A + acyl-carrier protein
2-oxoglutarate + 4-(phosphonooxy)-L-threonine = (R)-3-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutanoic acid + L-glutamate
(S)-norcoclaurine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = (S)-coclaurine + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine
di[3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonyl]-lipid IV(A) + dodecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = acyl-carrier protein + lauroyl-KDO(2)-lipid IV(A)
2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + precorrin-6B = CO(2) + 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + precorrin-8X
NADP(+) + precorrin-6B = H(+) + NADPH + precorrin-6A
ADP-D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose = ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + precorrin-3B = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + precorrin-4
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + precorrin-4 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + precorrin-5
H(+) + NADH + O(2) + precorrin-3A = H(2)O + NAD(+) + precorrin-3B
FMNH(2) + 2 cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide = FMN + 2 H(+) + 2 cob(I)yrinic acid a,c-diamide
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + acetate + precorrin-6A = H(2)O + S-adenosyl-L-methionine + precorrin-5
ATP + cob(I)yrinic acid a,c-diamide = adenosylcob(III)yrinic acid a,c-diamide + triphosphate
ATP + adenosylcobinamide = ADP + adenosylcobinamide phosphate
GTP + adenosylcobinamide phosphate = adenosylcobinamide-GDP + diphosphate
GMP + adenosylcobalamin = adenosylcobinamide-GDP + alpha-ribazole
2 ATP + 2 H(2)O + 2 L-glutamine + hydrogenobyrinic acid = 2 ADP + 2 L-glutamate + hydrogenobyrinic acid a,c-diamide + 2 phosphate
4 ATP + 4 H(2)O + 4 L-glutamine + adenosylcob(III)yrinic acid a,c-diamide = 4 ADP + 4 L-glutamate + adenosylcobyrinic acid a,c-diamide + 4 phosphate
(R)-1-aminopropan-2-ol + adenosylcobyrinic acid a,c-diamide = H(2)O + adenosylcobinamide
ATP + Co(2+) + H(2)O + hydrogenobyrinic acid a,c-diamide = ADP + H(+) + cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide + phosphate
NAD(+) + cis-3-phenylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol = H(+) + NADH + biphenyl-2,3-diol
NAD(+) + cis-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-p-cumic acid = 2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumic acid + H(+) + NADH
H(+) + NADH + O(2) + p-cumate = NAD(+) + cis-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-p-cumic acid
2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumic acid + O(2) = 2-hydroxy-3-carboxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoic acid
H(+) + NADH + O(2) + biphenyl = NAD(+) + cis-3-phenylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol
NAD(+) + cis-4,5-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,6-diene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid = 4,5-dihydroxyphthalate + H(+) + NADH
1,2-dichloroethane + H(2)O = 2-chloroethanol + HCl
2-chloroethanol + 2 ferricytochrome c = 2 H(+) + chloroacetaldehyde + 2 ferrocytochrome c
H(2)O + NAD(+) + chloroacetaldehyde = H(+) + NADH + chloroacetic acid
H(2)O + chloroacetic acid = HCl + glycolate
2-oxoglutarate + O(2) + taurine = CO(2) + aminoacetaldehyde + succinate + sulfite
acetyl-CoA + alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate = CoA + N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate
D-ribulose 5-phosphate + formaldehyde = D-arabino-3-hexulose 6-phosphate
D-arabino-3-hexulose 6-phosphate = D-fructose 6-phosphate
H(2)O + amidinoproclavaminic acid = proclavaminic acid + urea
2-hydroxy-6-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-6-oxo-cis,cis-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid + H(2)O = 2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate + salicylate
2-hydroxy-6-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)-6-oxo-cis,cis-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid + H(2)O = 2-hydroxymuconate + catechol
2-hydroxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoic acid + H(2)O = 2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate + 2-methylpropanoate
2-hydroxy-3-carboxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoic acid = 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoic acid + CO(2)
6-phospho-5-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconic acid = 3-oxopropanoate + glycerone phosphate
O(2) + biphenyl-2,2',3-triol = 2-hydroxy-6-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-6-oxo-cis,cis-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid
2,2',3-trihydroxy-diphenyl ether + O(2) = 2-hydroxy-6-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)-6-oxo-cis,cis-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid
H(+) + NADH + O(2) + dibenzofuran = NAD(+) + biphenyl-2,2',3-triol
H(+) + NADH + O(2) + dibenzo-p-dioxin = 2,2',3-trihydroxy-diphenyl ether + NAD(+)
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + L-arginine = N(2)-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-arginine + phosphate
2-oxoglutarate + O(2) + deoxyamidinoproclavaminic acid = CO(2) + amidinoproclavaminic acid + succinate
ATP + N(2)-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-arginine = AMP + deoxyamidinoproclavaminic acid + diphosphate
2-oxoglutarate + O(2) + proclavaminic acid = CO(2) + H(2)O + dihydroclavaminic acid + succinate
2-oxoglutarate + O(2) + dihydroclavaminic acid = CO(2) + H(2)O + clavaminate + succinate
H(+) + NADPH + clavulanate-9-aldehyde = NADP(+) + clavulanate
NH(3) + chorismate = 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate + H(2)O
4-amino-4-deoxychorismate = 4-aminobenzoate + pyruvate
2-ureidoglycine + H(2)O = (S)-ureidoglycolate + NH(3)
H(2)O + atrazine = HCl + hydroxyatrazine
H(2)O + hydroxyatrazine = N-isopropylammelide + ethylamine
H(2)O + N-isopropylammelide = cyanurate + isopropylamine
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconic acid = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + pyruvate
galactarate = 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate + H(2)O
H(+) + NADH + O(2) + benzoate = (1R,6S)-1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-dienecarboxylic acid + NAD(+)
2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate + CTP = 4-CDP-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol + diphosphate
4-CDP-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol + ATP = 4-CDP-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate + ADP
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + pyruvate = 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate + CO(2)
4-CDP-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate = 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclic diphosphate + CMP
14-demethyllanosterol + NADP(+) = 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,14,24-trien-3beta-ol + H(+) + NADPH
3 H(+) + 3 NADPH + 3 O(2) + lanosterol = 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,14,24-trien-3beta-ol + 4 H(2)O + 3 NADP(+) + formate
NADP(+) + ergosterol = H(+) + NADPH + ergosta-5,7,22,24(28)-tetraen-3beta-ol
ATP + D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 1-phosphate = ADP-D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose + diphosphate
ATP + D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate = ADP + D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 1,7-diphosphate
D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 1,7-diphosphate + H(2)O = D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 1-phosphate + phosphate
phosphate + sulfoacetaldehyde = acetyl phosphate + sulfite
pyruvate + taurine = L-alanine + sulfoacetaldehyde
2-deoxy-5-keto-D-gluconic acid + ATP = 6-phospho-5-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconic acid + ADP
4-(phosphonooxy)-L-threonine + NAD(+) = 2-amino-3-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutyrate + H(+) + NADH
2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate + NADP(+) = 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate + H(+) + NADPH
GDP-L-fucose + NADP(+) = GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose + H(+) + NADPH
(Z)-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetaldehyde oxime + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (S)-4-hydroxymandelonitrile + 2 H(2)O + NADP(+)
(S)-N-methylcoclaurine + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (S)-3'-hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine + H(2)O + NADP(+)
geranyl diphosphate = (-)-alpha-pinene + diphosphate
geranyl diphosphate = (-)-beta-pinene + diphosphate
3-phospho-D-glycerate + GDP-alpha-D-mannose = 2-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-3-phosphoglyceric acid + GDP
3-sulfopyruvate = CO(2) + sulfoacetaldehyde
(4R)-limonene 1,2-epoxide + H(2)O = (1S,2S,4R)-limonene-1,2-diol
(2R)-O-phospho-3-sulfolactic acid + H(2)O = (R)-3-sulfolactate + phosphate
2-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-3-phosphoglyceric acid + H(2)O = 2-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-D-glycerate + phosphate
CDP-diacylglycerol + choline = CMP + phosphatidylcholine
Co(2+) + sirohydrochlorin = 2 H(+) + cobalt-precorrin-2
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cobalt-precorrin-2 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + cobalt-factor III
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cobalt-precorrin 3 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + cobalt-precorrin 4
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cobalt-precorrin 4 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + cobalt-precorrin 5A
H(+) + NADH + cobalt-precorrin-6A = NAD(+) + cobalt-precorrin-6B
2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cobalt-precorrin-6B = CO(2) + 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + cobalt-precorrin 8
cobalt-precorrin 8 = cob(III)yrinic acid
2 ATP + 2 H(2)O + 2 L-glutamine + cob(III)yrinic acid = 2 ADP + 2 L-glutamate + cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide + 2 phosphate
D-sorbitol + protein N(pi)-phospho-L-histidine = D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + protein-L-histidine
1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate + 3-amino-2-oxopropyl phosphate = 2 H(2)O + phosphate + pyridoxine 5'-phosphate
L-ribulose 5-phosphate = D-xylulose 5-phosphate
H(+) + NADPH + O(2) + tabersonine = 16-hydroxytabersonine + H(2)O + NADP(+)
16-methoxytabersonine + H(2)O = 3-hydroxy-16-methoxy-2,3-dihydrotabersonine
2-oxoglutarate + O(2) + desacetoxyvindoline = CO(2) + deacetylvindoline + succinate
(2E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbutenyl diphosphate + H(+) + NADPH = H(2)O + NADP(+) + isopentenyl diphosphate
16-hydroxytabersonine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 16-methoxytabersonine + H(+) + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine
(4S,6R)-trans-carveol + NAD(+) = (S)-carvone + H(+) + NADH
(4R)-limonene + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (4S,6R)-trans-carveol + H(2)O + NADP(+)
geranyl diphosphate = (4R)-limonene + diphosphate
L-allo-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
L-tartrate + NAD(+) = 2-hydroxy-3-oxosuccinate + H(+) + NADH
H(+) + NADPH + 2 farnesyl diphosphate = NADP(+) + 2 diphosphate + squalene
geranylgeranyl diphosphate = diphosphate + taxa-4,11-diene
O(2) + reduced acceptor + taxa-4,11-diene = H(2)O + acceptor + taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-ol
acetyl-CoA + taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-ol = CoA + taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate
H(+) + NADPH + O(2) + taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate = 10beta-hydroxytaxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate + H(2)O + NADP(+)
10-deacetyl-2-debenzoylbaccatin III + benzoyl-CoA = 10-deacetylbaccatin III + CoA
10-deacetylbaccatin III + acetyl-CoA = CoA + baccatin III
(S)-carvone + reduced acceptor = (1R,4S)-isodihydrocarvone + acceptor
(4R)-limonene + H(+) + NADH + O(2) = (4R)-limonene 1,2-epoxide + H(2)O + NAD(+)
(1S,2S,4R)-limonene-1,2-diol + NAD(+) = (1S,4R)-1-hydroxylimonen-2-one + H(+) + NADH
GTP + adenosylcobinamide = GDP + adenosylcobinamide phosphate
5-hydroxyisouric acid + H(2)O = 5-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-ureido-2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid
5-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-ureido-2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid = (S)-allantoin + CO(2)
3-phenylpropanoate + H(+) + NADH + O(2) = NAD(+) + cis-3-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol
NAD(+) + cis-3-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol = 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate + H(+) + NADH
3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate + H(+) + NADH + O(2) = 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate + H(2)O + NAD(+)
ATP + D-ribose 1,5-bisphosphate = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + ADP
alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate = D-ribose 1,5-bisphosphate
N-methylethanolamine phosphate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phosphodimethylethanolamine
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phosphodimethylethanolamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phosphocholine
2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + coproporphyrinogen-III = 2 5'-deoxyadenosine + 2 CO(2) + 2 L-methionine + protoporphyrinogen-IX
2-hydroxy-hept-2,4-diene-1,7-dioic acid + H(2)O = 2,4-dihydroxyhept-2-enedioic acid
ATP + N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + formate = ADP + N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + phosphate
5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide + ATP + formate = 5-formamido-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide + ADP + phosphate
L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + L-glutamate = 2-oxoglutarate + L-2,4-diaminobutanoate
L-2,4-diaminobutanoate + acetyl-CoA = CoA + N(4)-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid
N(4)-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid = H(2)O + L-ectoine
formaldehyde + glutathione = S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione
NAD(+) + S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione = H(+) + NADH + S-formylglutathione
2-oxobutanoate + CoA = formate + propanoyl-CoA
cis,cis-muconate = (S)-5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-2-furylacetic acid
(S)-5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-2-furylacetic acid = 5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2-furylacetate
3-dehydro-L-gulonate 6-phosphate + H(+) = CO(2) + L-xylulose 5-phosphate
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NAD(+) = D-fructose 6-phosphate + H(+) + NADH
(R)-3-sulfolactate + NAD(+) = 3-sulfopyruvate + H(+) + NADH
NADP(+) + S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione = H(+) + NADPH + S-formylglutathione
(R)-6-hydroxynicotine + H(2)O + O(2) = 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine + H(2)O(2)
L-phenylalanine + O(2) + tetrahydrobiopterin = 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin + L-tyrosine
L-tryptophan + O(2) + tetrahydrobiopterin = 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin + 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan
1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylate + L-ascorbate + O(2) = CO(2) + 2 H(2)O + L-dehydroascorbate + ethylene + hydrogen cyanide
H(2)O + NADP(+) + dimethylallyl diphosphate = (2E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbutenyl diphosphate + H(+) + NADPH
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine = N,N-dimethylglycine + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine
N,N-dimethylglycine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + betaine
1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA + H(2)O = 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate + CoA
2-succinylbenzoyl-CoA = 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA + H(2)O
2-oxoglutarate + L-arogenate = L-glutamate + prephenate
5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribitylamino)uracil + H(2)O = 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil + phosphate
D-ribulose 5-phosphate = 2-hydroxy-3-oxobutyl phosphate + formate
formyl-CoA + oxalate = formate + oxalyl-CoA
2 H(2)O + dCTP = NH(3) + dUMP + diphosphate
D-glucose 6-phosphate = 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O(2) = 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate + formate
S-methyl-5-thio-D-ribulose 1-phosphate = 5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate + H(2)O
5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate = 2-hydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)-3-oxopent-1-enyl phosphate
2-hydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)-3-oxopent-1-enyl phosphate + H(2)O = 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + phosphate
4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate + L-glutamate = 2-oxoglutarate + L-methionine
H(2)O + acetyl-CoA + pyruvate = (R)-citramalate + CoA
H(+) + NADPH + O(2) + indole = H(2)O + NADP(+) + indolin-2-one
5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole + ATP + bicarbonate = 5-carboxyamino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole + ADP + phosphate
5-carboxyamino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole = 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate
2-amino-3-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutyrate = 3-amino-2-oxopropyl phosphate + CO(2)
L-aspartate + NADP(+) = H(+) + NADPH + iminoaspartate
2 H(+) + O(2) + choline + 2 reduced ferredoxin = 2 H(2)O + betaine aldehyde + 2 oxidized ferredoxin
L-aspartate + NAD(+) = H(+) + NADH + iminoaspartate
H(2)O + farnesyl diphosphate + protoheme = diphosphate + heme O
ATP + L-glutamate + putrescine = ADP + gamma-L-glutamylputrescine + phosphate
H(2)O + O(2) + gamma-L-glutamylputrescine = H(2)O(2) + NH(3) + gamma-glutamyl-4-aminobutanal
H(2)O + NAD(+) + gamma-glutamyl-4-aminobutanal = 4-(L-gamma-glutamylamino)butanoic acid + H(+) + NADH
H(2)O + NADP(+) + gamma-glutamyl-4-aminobutanal = 4-(L-gamma-glutamylamino)butanoic acid + H(+) + NADPH
4-(L-gamma-glutamylamino)butanoic acid + H(2)O = 4-aminobutanoate + L-glutamate
H(+) + NADPH + O(2) + indolin-2-one = 3-hydroxyindolin-2-one + H(2)O + NADP(+)
3-hydroxyindolin-2-one + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one + H(2)O + NADP(+)
2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one + H(2)O + NADP(+)
(2R)-O-phospho-3-sulfolactic acid = phosphoenolpyruvate + sulfite
4alpha-methylzymosterol-4-carboxylic acid + NADP(+) = 3-dehydro-4-methylzymosterol + CO(2) + H(+) + NADPH
3-dehydro-4-methylzymosterol + H(+) + NADPH = 4-alpha-methylzymosterol + NADP(+)
NADP(+) + episterol = 5,7,24(28)-ergostatrienol + H(+) + NADPH
5,7,24(28)-ergostatrienol + NADP(+) = H(+) + NADPH + ergosta-5,7,22,24(28)-tetraen-3beta-ol
14-demethyllanosterol + 3 H(+) + 3 NADPH + 3 O(2) = 4alpha-methylzymosterol-4-carboxylic acid + 4 H(2)O + 3 NADP(+)
6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine + H(2)O + acceptor = 2,6-dihydroxypseudooxynicotine + reduced acceptor
2,6-dihydroxypseudooxynicotine + H(2)O = 2,6-dihydroxypyridine + 4-(methylamino)butanoate
2-oxoglutarate + LL-2,6-diaminopimelate = (S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H(2)O + L-glutamate
3-oxo-3-ureidopropanoic acid + H(2)O = malonate + urea
H(2)O + farnesyl diphosphate = diphosphate + germacradienol
farnesyl diphosphate = diphosphate + germacrene D
L-2,4-diaminobutanoate = 1,3-diaminopropane + CO(2)
2 farnesyl diphosphate = dehydrosqualene + 2 diphosphate
3 FAD + dehydrosqualene = 4,4'-diaponeurosporene + 3 FADH2
4,4'-diaponeurosporene + 3 O(2) + 3 reduced acceptor = 4,4'-diaponeurosporenic acid + 4 H(2)O + 3 acceptor
4,4'-diaponeurosporenic acid = glycosyl-4,4'-diaponeurosporenic acid
glycosyl-4,4'-diaponeurosporenic acid = staphyloxanthin
NAD(+) + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = CO(2) + H(+) + NADH + UDP-beta-L-threo-pentopyranos-4-ulose
L-glutamate + UDP-beta-L-threo-pentopyranos-4-ulose = 2-oxoglutarate + UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose
10-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose = 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + UDP-4-deoxy-4-formamido-beta-L-arabinose
UDP-4-deoxy-4-formamido-beta-L-arabinose + di-trans,poly-cis-undecaprenyl phosphate = 4-deoxy-4-formamido-alphaL-arabinose undecaprenyl phosphate + UDP
4-deoxy-4-formamido-alphaL-arabinose undecaprenyl phosphate + H(2)O = 4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-L-arabinose undecaprenyl phosphate + formate
L-ascorbate + protein N(pi)-phospho-L-histidine = L-ascorbate 6-phosphate + protein-L-histidine
H(2)O + beta-L-galactose 1-phosphate = alpha-L-galactose + phosphate
NAD(+) + alpha-L-galactose = H(+) + L-Galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH
H(2)O + L-ascorbate 6-phosphate = 3-dehydro-L-gulonate 6-phosphate
GDP-L-galactose + phosphate = GDP + beta-L-galactose 1-phosphate
apoprotein + octanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] = acyl-carrier protein + protein N(6)-(octanoyl)lysine
2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein N(6)-(octanoyl)lysine + 2 sulfur donor = 2 5'-deoxyadenosine + 2 L-methionine + protein N(6)-(lipoyl)lysine
ATP + lipoate = diphosphate + lipoyl-AMP
apoprotein + lipoyl-AMP = AMP + protein N(6)-(lipoyl)lysine
H(2)O + cobalt-precorrin 5A = acetaldehyde + cobalt-precorrin 5B
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cobalt-precorrin 5B = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + cobalt-precorrin-6A
2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate = all-trans-phytoene + 2 diphosphate
H(2)O + acceptor + nicotine = (R)-6-hydroxynicotine + reduced acceptor
6-hydroxynicotinate + 2 H(2)O = 2-formylglutarate + NH(3)
2-formylglutarate + H(+) + NADH = 2-hydroxymethylglutarate + NAD(+)
2-hydroxymethylglutarate = 2-methyleneglutarate + H(2)O
5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + formaldehyde = 5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + H(2)O
5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + NADP(+) = 5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + NADPH
H(2)O + N-formylmethanofuran = formate + methanofuran
ATP + fructoselysine = ADP + fructoselysine 6-phosphate
H(2)O + fructoselysine 6-phosphate = D-glucose 6-phosphate + L-lysine
2-oxoglutarate + isochorismate = 2-succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid + CO(2)
2-succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid = (1R,6R)-2-succinyl-6-hydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid + pyruvate
N-(3'R)-debenzoyltaxol + benzoyl-CoA = CoA + taxol
baccatin III + beta-phenylalanoyl-CoA = CoA + N-(3'R)-debenzoyl-2'-deoxytaxol
N-(3'R)-debenzoyl-2'-deoxytaxol + O(2) + reduced acceptor = H(2)O + N-(3'R)-debenzoyltaxol + acceptor
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate = N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate
H(2)O + O(2) + betaine aldehyde = H(2)O(2) + betaine
ATP + L-serine + tRNA(Sec) = AMP + L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) + diphosphate
L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) + selenophosphate = phosphate + selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec)
ATP + L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) = ADP + O-phosphoseryl-tRNA(Sec)
H(2)O + O-phosphoseryl-tRNA(Sec) + selenophosphate = 2 phosphate + selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec)
beta-D-ribopyranose = beta-D-ribofuranose
5-deoxy-D-glucuronic acid = 2-deoxy-5-keto-D-gluconic acid
2-oxoglutarate + CoA + NAD(+) = CO(2) + H(+) + NADH + succinyl-CoA
NAD(+) + choline = H(+) + NADH + betaine aldehyde
3D-3,5/4-trihydroxycyclohexane-1,2-dione + H(2)O = 5-deoxy-D-glucuronic acid
H(2)O + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = D-glucuronate + UDP
D-glucose 6-phosphate = 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose + phosphate
2 H(+) + L-tyrosine + 2 NADPH + 2 O(2) = (Z)-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetaldehyde oxime + CO(2) + 3 H(2)O + 2 NADP(+)
2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclic diphosphate + 2 reduced ferredoxin = (2E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbutenyl diphosphate + H(2)O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin
2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose + L-glutamine = 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosamine + 2-oxoglutaramate
3-amino-2,3-dideoxy-scyllo-inosose + L-glutamine = 2-deoxystreptamine + 2-oxoglutaramate
2-deoxy-scyllo-inosamine + NAD(+) = 3-amino-2,3-dideoxy-scyllo-inosose + H(+) + NADH
D-fructose 6-phosphate + GDP-alpha-D-mannose = GDP + beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside 6-phosphate
H(2)O + beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside 6-phosphate = beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside + phosphate
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + demethylmenaquinol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + menaquinol
ATP + D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate = ADP + D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 1,7-diphosphate
D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 1,7-diphosphate + H(2)O = D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 1-phosphate + phosphate
D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 1-phosphate + GTP = GDP-D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose + diphosphate
ATP + L-alpha-aminoadipate + [LysW] = ADP + [LysW]-L-2-aminoadipate + phosphate
ATP + [LysW]-L-2-aminoadipate = ADP + [LysW]-L-2-aminoadipyl 6-phosphate
H(+) + NADPH + [LysW]-L-2-aminoadipyl 6-phosphate = NADP(+) + [LysW]-L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde + phosphate
L-glutamate + [LysW]-L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde = 2-oxoglutarate + [LysW]-L-lysine
H(2)O + [LysW]-L-lysine = L-lysine + [LysW]
2-deoxy-scyllo-inosamine + NADP(+) = 3-amino-2,3-dideoxy-scyllo-inosose + H(+) + NADPH
L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + pyruvate = (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H(2)O
1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate + all-trans-polyprenyl diphosphate = CO(2) + demethylmenaquinol + diphosphate
1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate = 4-methyl-5-(2-phosphoethyl)-thiazole
D-alanine + H(2)O + acceptor = NH(3) + pyruvate + reduced acceptor
2 sedoheptulose 7-phosphate = D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate + D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate
pectate = 4-(4-deoxy-alpha-D-gluc-4-enosyluronic acid)-D-galacturonic acid + pectate(n-2)
8-amino-7-oxononanoate + L-lysine = 7,8-diaminononanoate + L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdahyde
10beta-hydroxytaxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate = 10-deacetyl-2-debenzoylbaccatin III
4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine = 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole
An enzymatic-reaction involved in a UniPathway pathway. An enzymatic-reaction is a set of alternate sequence-reactions, catalyzed by the same enzyme. It aims at representing ambiguity on co-substrate/co-product (e.g NAD(P)H.
1 L-aspartate => 1 CO(2) + 1 beta-alanine.
molecular_function:aspartate 1-decarboxylase activity
1 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + 1 5,10-methylene-THF + 1 H(2)O => 1 2-dehydropantoate + 1 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate.
(R)-pantoate from 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate: step 1/2
molecular_function:3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate hydroxymethyltransferase activity
1 2-dehydropantoate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH => 1 (R)-pantoate + 1 NADP(+).
(R)-pantoate from 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate: step 2/2
molecular_function:2-dehydropantoate 2-reductase activity
1 (R)-pantoate + 1 ATP + 1 beta-alanine => 1 (R)-pantothenate + 1 AMP + 1 diphosphate.
(R)-pantothenate from (R)-pantoate and beta-alanine: step 1/1
molecular_function:pantoate-beta-alanine ligase activity
1 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + 1 ATP => 1 1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)-ATP + 1 diphosphate.
L-histidine from 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate: step 1/9
molecular_function:ATP phosphoribosyltransferase activity
1 1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)-ATP + 1 H(2)O => 1 1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-5'-AMP + 1 diphosphate.
L-histidine from 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate: step 2/9
molecular_function:phosphoribosyl-ATP diphosphatase activity
1 1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-5'-AMP + 1 H(2)O => 1 5-(5-phospho-D-ribosylaminoformimino)-1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-imidazole-4-carboxamide.
L-histidine from 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate: step 3/9
molecular_function:phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase activity
1 5-(5-phospho-D-ribosylaminoformimino)-1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-imidazole-4-carboxamide => 1 5-[(5-phospho-1-deoxyribulos-1-ylamino)methylideneamino]-1-(5-phosphoribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide.
L-histidine from 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate: step 4/9
molecular_function:1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-5-[(5-phosphoribosylamino)methylideneamino]imidazole-4-carboxamide isomerase activity
1 5-[(5-phospho-1-deoxyribulos-1-ylamino)methylideneamino]-1-(5-phosphoribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide + 1 L-glutamine => 1 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide + 1 D-erythro-1-(imidazol-4-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate + 1 L-glutamate.
L-histidine from 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate: step 5/9
molecular_function:imidazoleglycerol-phosphate synthase activity
molecular_function:transferase activity, transferring pentosyl groups
molecular_function:oxo-acid-lyase activity
molecular_function:NAD(P)-cysteine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:NAD(P)-asparagine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:NAD(P)-serine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:cis-4-(8-hydroxypyren-7-yl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate lyase activity
molecular_function:(2Z)-2,4-dihydroxydec-2-enedioate aldolase activity
molecular_function:5-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanate aldolase activity
molecular_function:7-cyano-7-deazaguanine tRNA-ribosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:isochorismate pyruvate lyase activity
molecular_function:L-erythro-3-methylmalyl-CoA lyase activity
molecular_function:(R)-citramalyl-CoA lyase activity
molecular_function:purine deoxyribosyltransferase activity
1 D-erythro-1-(imidazol-4-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate => 1 H(2)O + 1 imidazole-acetol phosphate.
L-histidine from 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate: step 6/9
molecular_function:imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase activity
1 L-glutamate + 1 imidazole-acetol phosphate => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 L-histidinol phosphate.
L-histidine from 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate: step 7/9
molecular_function:histidinol-phosphate transaminase activity
molecular_function:L-phenylalanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 L-histidinol phosphate => 1 L-histidinol + 1 phosphate.
L-histidine from 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate: step 8/9
molecular_function:histidinol-phosphatase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 L-histidinol + 2 NAD(+) => 2 H(+) + 1 L-histidine + 2 NADH.
L-histidine from 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate: step 9/9
molecular_function:histidinol dehydrogenase activity
1 ATP + 1 L-aspartate => 1 4-phospho-L-aspartate + 1 ADP.
(S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate from L-aspartate: step 1/4
molecular_function:aspartate kinase activity
1 4-phospho-L-aspartate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH => 1 L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + 1 NADP(+) + 1 phosphate.
(S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate from L-aspartate: step 2/4
molecular_function:aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
1 L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + 1 pyruvate => 1 (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + 1 H(2)O.
(S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate from L-aspartate: step 3/4
molecular_function:4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate synthase
(2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H(+) + [NADH or NADPH] => (S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H(2)O + [NAD(+) or NADP(+)].
(S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate from L-aspartate: step 4/4
molecular_function:4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate reductase
1 (S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate + 1 H(2)O + 1 succinyl-CoA => 1 CoA + 1 L-2-succinylamino-6-oxopimelate.
LL-2,6-diaminopimelate from (S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate (succinylase route): step 1/3
molecular_function:2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate N-succinyltransferase activity
1 L-2-succinylamino-6-oxopimelate + 1 L-glutamate => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 N-succinyl-LL-2,6-diaminopimelate.
LL-2,6-diaminopimelate from (S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate (succinylase route): step 2/3
molecular_function:succinyldiaminopimelate transaminase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 N-succinyl-LL-2,6-diaminopimelate => 1 LL-2,6-diaminopimelate + 1 succinate.
LL-2,6-diaminopimelate from (S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate (succinylase route): step 3/3
molecular_function:succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase activity
1 (S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate + 1 H(2)O + 1 acetyl-CoA => 1 (S)-2-acetamido-6-oxopimelate + 1 CoA.
LL-2,6-diaminopimelate from (S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate (acetylase route): step 1/3
molecular_function:tetrahydrodipicolinate N-acetyltransferase activity
1 (S)-2-acetamido-6-oxopimelate + 1 L-glutamate => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 N-acetyl-LL-2,6-diaminopimelate.
LL-2,6-diaminopimelate from (S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate (acetylase route): step 2/3
molecular_function:transaminase activity
molecular_function:methionine-oxo-acid transaminase activity
molecular_function:6-aminohexanoate transaminase activity
molecular_function:N2-acetyl-L-lysine aminotransferase activity
molecular_function:acetyldiaminopimelate aminotransferase activity
molecular_function:branched-chain amino acid:2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate aminotransferase activity
molecular_function:D-lysine transaminase activity
molecular_function:aspartate-2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate transaminase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 N-acetyl-LL-2,6-diaminopimelate => 1 LL-2,6-diaminopimelate + 1 acetate.
LL-2,6-diaminopimelate from (S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate (acetylase route): step 3/3
molecular_function:N-acetyldiaminopimelate deacetylase activity
1 LL-2,6-diaminopimelate => 1 DL-2,6-diaminopimelate.
DL-2,6-diaminopimelate from LL-2,6-diaminopimelate: step 1/1
molecular_function:diaminopimelate epimerase activity
1 (S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate + 1 H(+) + 1 H(2)O + 1 NADPH + 1 NH(3) => 1 DL-2,6-diaminopimelate + 1 NADP(+).
DL-2,6-diaminopimelate from (S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate: step 1/1
molecular_function:diaminopimelate dehydrogenase activity
1 DL-2,6-diaminopimelate => 1 CO(2) + 1 L-lysine.
L-lysine from DL-2,6-diaminopimelate: step 1/1
molecular_function:diaminopimelate decarboxylase activity
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 H(2)O + 1 acetyl-CoA => 1 (R)-homocitrate + 1 CoA.
L-alpha-aminoadipate from 2-oxoglutarate: step 1/5
molecular_function:homocitrate synthase activity
1 (R)-homocitrate => 1 H(2)O + 1 homo-cis-aconitate.
L-alpha-aminoadipate from 2-oxoglutarate: step 2/5
molecular_function:(3R)-hydroxymyristoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase activity
molecular_function:6-hydroxycyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxyl-CoA hydratase activity
molecular_function:trans-4-(1'-hydroxynaphth-2'-yl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate hydratase-aldolase activity
molecular_function:E-phenylitaconyl-CoA hydratase activity
molecular_function:trans-4-[2-(3-hydroxy)-thionaphthenyl]-2-oxo-3-butenoate hydratase activity
molecular_function:cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxyl-CoA hydratase activity
molecular_function:3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase activity
molecular_function:trans-o-hydroxybenzylidenepyruvate hydratase-aldolase activity
molecular_function:3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-(3-carboxy-3-oxopropenyl)-1H-2-pyridon hydratase-aldolase activity
molecular_function:2-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydratase activity
molecular_function:2-oxo-hept-3-ene-1,7-dioate hydratase activity
molecular_function:1,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-proponol dehydratase activity
molecular_function:limonene 8-hydratase activity
molecular_function:4-methyloct-2-enoyl-CoA hydratase activity
molecular_function:2-hydroxydec-2,4-diene-1,10-dioate hydratase activity
molecular_function:menth-2-enone hydratase activity
molecular_function:naphthyl-2-methylene-succinyl-CoA lyase activity
molecular_function:2-hydroxyhexa-2,4-dienoate hydratase activity
molecular_function:2,4,4-trimethylpent-2-enoyl-CoA hydratase activity
molecular_function:endosulfan diol hydrolyase (cyclizing) activity
molecular_function:5-chloro-2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase activity
molecular_function:2-methylhex-2-enoyl-CoA hydratase activity
molecular_function:perillyl-CoA hydratase activity
molecular_function:2-keto-3-deoxygalactonate aldolase activity
molecular_function:2-keto-3-deoxygluconate aldolase activity
molecular_function:3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity
molecular_function:L-erythro-3-methylmalyl-CoA dehydratase activity
molecular_function:3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase activity
molecular_function:acetylenecarboxylate hydratase activity, producing 3-hydroxypropenoate
molecular_function:L-serine hydro-lyase (adding indole, L-tryptophan-forming) activity
molecular_function:ADP-dependent NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratase activity
molecular_function:6-carboxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin synthase activity
1 NAD(+) + 1 homoisocitrate => 1 2-oxoadipate + 1 CO(2) + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
L-alpha-aminoadipate from 2-oxoglutarate: step 4/5
molecular_function:homoisocitrate dehydrogenase activity
1 2-oxoadipate + 1 L-glutamate => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 L-alpha-aminoadipate.
L-alpha-aminoadipate from 2-oxoglutarate: step 5/5
molecular_function:2-aminoadipate transaminase activity
1 ATP + 1 H(+) + 1 L-alpha-aminoadipate + 1 NADPH => 1 AMP + 1 L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdahyde + 1 NADP(+) + 1 diphosphate + 1 holo-Lys2.
L-lysine from L-alpha-aminoadipate (fungal route): step 1/3
molecular_function:L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
1 H(+) + 1 L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdahyde + 1 L-glutamate + 1 NADPH => 1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+) + 1 saccharopine.
L-lysine from L-alpha-aminoadipate (fungal route): step 2/3
molecular_function:saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, L-glutamate-forming) activity
1 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+) + 1 saccharopine => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 H(+) + 1 L-lysine + 1 NADH.
L-lysine from L-alpha-aminoadipate (fungal route): step 3/3
molecular_function:saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, L-lysine-forming) activity
1 ATP + 1 L-alpha-aminoadipate + 1 [LysW] => 1 ADP + 1 [LysW]-L-2-aminoadipate + 1 phosphate.
L-lysine from L-alpha-aminoadipate (Thermus route): step 1/5
1 ATP + 1 [LysW]-L-2-aminoadipate => 1 ADP + 1 [LysW]-L-2-aminoadipyl 6-phosphate.
L-lysine from L-alpha-aminoadipate (Thermus route): step 2/5
molecular_function:phosphotransferase activity, carboxyl group as acceptor
molecular_function:2-phosphoglycerate kinase activity
molecular_function:N2-acetyl-L-aminoadipate kinase activity
1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 [LysW]-L-2-aminoadipyl 6-phosphate => 1 NADP(+) + 1 [LysW]-L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde + 1 phosphate.
L-lysine from L-alpha-aminoadipate (Thermus route): step 3/5
molecular_function:3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
molecular_function:1-hydroxy-2-naphthaldehyde dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:cis-2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienal dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:2-carboxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:trans-2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienal dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:benzaldehyde dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:2-naphthaldehyde dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:1-naphthaldehyde dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:4-hydroxymethylsalicyaldehyde dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:3-methylsalicylaldehyde dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:oxoglutarate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity
molecular_function:oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
molecular_function:pyruvate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity
molecular_function:pyruvate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
molecular_function:citronellal dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:geranial dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:N2-acetyl-L-aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP) activity
molecular_function:N-acetyl-gamma-aminoadipyl-phosphate reductase activity
molecular_function:glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (non-phosphorylating) activity
molecular_function:2,5-dioxovalerate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
molecular_function:medium-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity
1 L-glutamate + 1 [LysW]-L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 [LysW]-L-lysine.
L-lysine from L-alpha-aminoadipate (Thermus route): step 4/5
1 H(2)O + 1 [LysW]-L-lysine => 1 L-lysine + 1 [LysW].
L-lysine from L-alpha-aminoadipate (Thermus route): step 5/5
molecular_function:protein-N-terminal asparagine amidohydrolase activity
molecular_function:UDP-3-O-[3-hydroxymyristoyl] N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase activity
molecular_function:hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in linear amides
molecular_function:iprodione amidohydrolase activity
molecular_function:(3,5-dichlorophenylurea)acetate amidohydrolase activity
molecular_function:4'-(2-hydroxyisopropyl)phenylurea amidohydrolase activity
molecular_function:didemethylisoproturon amidohydrolase activity
molecular_function:N-isopropylacetanilide amidohydrolase activity
molecular_function:N-cyclohexylformamide amidohydrolase activity
molecular_function:isonicotinic acid hydrazide hydrolase activity
molecular_function:cis-aconitamide amidase activity
molecular_function:gamma-N-formylaminovinylacetate hydrolase activity
molecular_function:N2-acetyl-L-lysine deacetylase activity
molecular_function:O-succinylbenzoate synthase activity
molecular_function:indoleacetamide hydrolase activity
molecular_function:N-acetylcitrulline deacetylase activity
molecular_function:N-acetylgalactosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase activity
molecular_function:diacetylchitobiose deacetylase activity
molecular_function:chitooligosaccharide deacetylase activity
1 L-glutamine + 1 NH(3) + 1 chorismate => 1 L-glutamate + 1 anthranilate + 1 pyruvate.
molecular_function:anthranilate synthase activity
1 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + 1 anthranilate => 1 N-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)anthranilic acid + 1 diphosphate.
molecular_function:anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase activity
1 N-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)anthranilic acid => 1 1-(2-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxy-D-ribulose 5-phosphate.
molecular_function:phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase activity
1 1-(2-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxy-D-ribulose 5-phosphate => 1 CO(2) + 1 H(2)O + 1 indoleglycerol phosphate.
molecular_function:indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase activity
1 L-serine + 1 indoleglycerol phosphate => 1 D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + 1 H(2)O + 1 L-tryptophan.
molecular_function:tryptophan synthase activity
1 N-(3'R)-debenzoyltaxol + 1 benzoyl-CoA => 1 CoA + 1 taxol.
molecular_function:dihydrolipoamide branched chain acyltransferase activity
molecular_function:sterol O-acyltransferase activity
molecular_function:N-acetyltransferase activity
molecular_function:O-acyltransferase activity
molecular_function:palmitoleoyl [acyl-carrier-protein]-dependent acyltransferase activity
molecular_function:carnitine O-acyltransferase activity
molecular_function:acetyltransferase activity
molecular_function:C-acyltransferase activity
molecular_function:palmitoyltransferase activity
molecular_function:N-acyltransferase activity
molecular_function:acylglycerol O-acyltransferase activity
molecular_function:serine O-acyltransferase activity
molecular_function:O-acetyltransferase activity
molecular_function:O-octanoyltransferase activity
molecular_function:octanoyltransferase activity
molecular_function:O-palmitoyltransferase activity
molecular_function:S-acyltransferase activity
molecular_function:S-acetyltransferase activity
molecular_function:S-malonyltransferase activity
molecular_function:malonyltransferase activity
molecular_function:C-palmitoyltransferase activity
molecular_function:transferase activity, transferring acyl groups other than amino-acyl groups
molecular_function:succinyltransferase activity
molecular_function:N-succinyltransferase activity
molecular_function:O-succinyltransferase activity
molecular_function:S-succinyltransferase activity
molecular_function:sinapoyltransferase activity
molecular_function:O-sinapoyltransferase activity
molecular_function:peptidyl-lysine N6-myristoyltransferase activity
molecular_function:peptidyl-lysine N6-palmitoyltransferase activity
molecular_function:benzoyl acetate-CoA thiolase activity
molecular_function:3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA thiolase activity
molecular_function:3-ketopimelyl-CoA thiolase activity
molecular_function:N-palmitoyltransferase activity
molecular_function:myristoyltransferase activity
molecular_function:acyl-CoA N-acyltransferase activity
molecular_function:protein-cysteine S-myristoyltransferase activity
molecular_function:protein-cysteine S-acyltransferase activity
molecular_function:dihydrolipoamide S-acyltransferase activity
molecular_function:glucosaminyl-phosphotidylinositol O-acyltransferase activity
molecular_function:ergosterol O-acyltransferase activity
molecular_function:lanosterol O-acyltransferase activity
molecular_function:naphthyl-2-oxomethyl-succinyl-CoA succinyl transferase activity
molecular_function:2,4,4-trimethyl-3-oxopentanoyl-CoA 2-C-propanoyl transferase activity
molecular_function:2-methylhexanoyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase activity
molecular_function:butyryl-CoA 2-C-propionyltransferase activity
molecular_function:2,6-dimethyl-5-methylene-3-oxo-heptanoyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase activity
molecular_function:L-2-aminoadipate N-acetyltransferase activity
molecular_function:UDP-3-O-[3-hydroxymyristoyl] glucosamine N-acyltransferase activity
molecular_function:keto acid formate lyase activity
molecular_function:Ras palmitoyltransferase activity
molecular_function:2-ketobutyrate formate-lyase activity
molecular_function:azetidine-2-carboxylic acid acetyltransferase activity
molecular_function:peptidyl-lysine N-acetyltransferase activity, acting on acetyl phosphate as donor
molecular_function:acetyl-CoA:L-lysine N6-acetyltransferase
1 L-threonine => 1 2-oxobutanoate + 1 NH(3).
2-oxobutanoate from L-threonine: step 1/1
molecular_function:L-threonine ammonia-lyase activity
1 2-hydroxyethyl-ThPP + 1 2-oxobutanoate => 1 (S)-2-acetyl-2-hydroxybutanoic acid + 1 thiamine diphosphate.
L-isoleucine from 2-oxobutanoate: step 1/4
molecular_function:acetolactate synthase activity
1 (S)-2-acetyl-2-hydroxybutanoic acid + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH => 1 (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid + 1 NADP(+).
L-isoleucine from 2-oxobutanoate: step 2/4
molecular_function:ketol-acid reductoisomerase activity
1 (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid => 1 (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + 1 H(2)O.
L-isoleucine from 2-oxobutanoate: step 3/4
molecular_function:dihydroxy-acid dehydratase activity
1 (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + 1 L-glutamate => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 L-isoleucine.
L-isoleucine from 2-oxobutanoate: step 4/4
molecular_function:branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase activity
molecular_function:L-leucine transaminase activity
molecular_function:L-valine transaminase activity
molecular_function:L-isoleucine transaminase activity
1 pyruvate => 1 (S)-2-acetolactate + 1 CO(2) + 1 thiamine diphosphate.
1 (S)-2-acetolactate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH => 1 (R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate + 1 NADP(+).
1 (R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate => 1 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + 1 H(2)O.
1 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + 1 L-glutamate => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 L-valine.
H(+) + L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + [NADH or NADPH] => L-homoserine + [NAD(+) or NADP(+)].
molecular_function:homoserine dehydrogenase activity
1 ATP + 1 L-homoserine => 1 ADP + 1 O-phospho-L-homoserine.
molecular_function:homoserine kinase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 O-phospho-L-homoserine => 1 L-threonine + 1 phosphate.
molecular_function:threonine synthase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 acetyl-CoA + 1 pyruvate => 1 (R)-citramalate + 1 CoA.
1 (R)-citramalate => 1 D-erythro-3-methylmalic acid.
molecular_function:(R)-2-methylmalate dehydratase activity
1 D-erythro-3-methylmalic acid + 1 NAD(+) => 1 2-oxobutanoate + 1 CO(2) + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
1 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + 1 H(2)O + 1 acetyl-CoA => 1 (2S)-2-isopropylmalate + 1 CoA.
L-leucine from 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate: step 1/4
molecular_function:2-isopropylmalate synthase activity
1 (2S)-2-isopropylmalate => 1 (2R,3S)-3-isopropylmalate.
L-leucine from 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate: step 2/4
molecular_function:3-isopropylmalate dehydratase activity
1 (2R,3S)-3-isopropylmalate + 1 NAD(+) => 1 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + 1 CO(2) + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
L-leucine from 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate: step 3/4
molecular_function:3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase activity
1 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + 1 L-glutamate => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 L-leucine.
L-leucine from 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate: step 4/4
1 L-homoserine + 1 acetyl-CoA => 1 CoA + 1 O-acetyl-L-homoserine.
O-acetyl-L-homoserine from L-homoserine: step 1/1
molecular_function:homoserine O-acetyltransferase activity
1 L-homoserine + 1 succinyl-CoA => 1 CoA + 1 O-succinyl-L-homoserine.
O-succinyl-L-homoserine from L-homoserine: step 1/1
molecular_function:homoserine O-succinyltransferase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine => 1 L-homocysteine + 1 adenosine.
L-homocysteine from S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine: step 1/1
molecular_function:adenosylhomocysteinase activity
1 L-cysteine + 1 O-succinyl-L-homoserine => 1 L-cystathionine + 1 succinate.
L-cystathionine from O-succinyl-L-homoserine: step 1/1
molecular_function:cystathionine gamma-synthase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 L-cystathionine => 1 L-homocysteine + 1 NH(3) + 1 pyruvate.
L-homocysteine from L-cystathionine: step 1/1
molecular_function:cystathionine beta-lyase activity
1 O-acetyl-L-homoserine + 1 hydrogen sulfide => 1 L-homocysteine + 1 acetate.
L-homocysteine from O-acetyl-L-homoserine: step 1/1
molecular_function:O-acetylhomoserine aminocarboxypropyltransferase activity
1 ATP + 1 H(2)O + 1 L-methionine => 1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1 diphosphate + 1 phosphate.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine from L-methionine: step 1/1
molecular_function:methionine adenosyltransferase activity
1 5-methyl-THF + 1 L-homocysteine => 1 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + 1 L-methionine.
L-methionine from L-homocysteine (MetH route): step 1/1
molecular_function:methionine synthase activity
1 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltri-L-glutamate + 1 L-homocysteine => 1 L-methionine + 1 tetrahydropteroyltri-L-glutamate.
L-methionine from L-homocysteine (MetE route): step 1/1
molecular_function:5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity
1 L-homocysteine + 1 betaine => 1 L-methionine + 1 N,N-dimethylglycine.
L-methionine from L-homocysteine (BhmT route): step 1/1
molecular_function:betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity
1 D-erythrose 4-phosphate + 1 H(2)O + 1 phosphoenolpyruvate => 1 7-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonate + 1 phosphate.
chorismate from D-erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate: step 1/7
molecular_function:3-deoxy-7-phosphoheptulonate synthase activity
1 7-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonate => 1 3-dehydroquinate + 1 phosphate.
chorismate from D-erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate: step 2/7
molecular_function:3-dehydroquinate synthase activity
1 3-dehydroquinate => 1 3-dehydroshikimate + 1 H(2)O.
chorismate from D-erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate: step 3/7
molecular_function:3-dehydroquinate dehydratase activity
1 3-dehydroshikimate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH => 1 NADP(+) + 1 shikimate.
chorismate from D-erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate: step 4/7
molecular_function:shikimate 3-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
molecular_function:quinate 3-dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
molecular_function:quinate 3-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
molecular_function:shikimate 3-dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
1 ATP + 1 shikimate => 1 3-phosphoshikimate + 1 ADP.
chorismate from D-erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate: step 5/7
molecular_function:shikimate kinase activity
1 3-phosphoshikimate + 1 phosphoenolpyruvate => 1 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate + 1 phosphate.
chorismate from D-erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate: step 6/7
molecular_function:3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase activity
1 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate => 1 chorismate + 1 phosphate.
chorismate from D-erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate: step 7/7
molecular_function:chorismate synthase activity
1 D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + 1 pyruvate => 1 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate + 1 CO(2).
1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate from D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate: step 1/1
molecular_function:1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase activity
1 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH => 1 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate + 1 NADP(+).
isopentenyl diphosphate from 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate: step 1/6
molecular_function:1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase activity
1 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate + 1 CTP => 1 4-CDP-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol + 1 diphosphate.
isopentenyl diphosphate from 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate: step 2/6
molecular_function:2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity
1 4-CDP-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol + 1 ATP => 1 4-CDP-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate + 1 ADP.
isopentenyl diphosphate from 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate: step 3/6
molecular_function:4-(cytidine 5'-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase activity
1 4-CDP-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate => 1 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclic diphosphate + 1 CMP.
isopentenyl diphosphate from 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate: step 4/6
molecular_function:2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase activity
1 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclic diphosphate + 2 reduced ferredoxin => 1 (2E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbutenyl diphosphate + 1 H(2)O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin.
isopentenyl diphosphate from 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate: step 5/6
molecular_function:4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate synthase activity
1 (2E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbutenyl diphosphate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH => 1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+) + 1 isopentenyl diphosphate.
isopentenyl diphosphate from 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate: step 6/6
molecular_function:4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate reductase activity
1 (R)-mevalonate + 1 ATP => 1 (R)-5-phosphomevalonate + 1 ADP.
isopentenyl diphosphate from (R)-mevalonate: step 1/3
molecular_function:mevalonate kinase activity
1 (R)-5-phosphomevalonate + 1 ATP => 1 (R)-5-diphosphomevalonate + 1 ADP.
isopentenyl diphosphate from (R)-mevalonate: step 2/3
molecular_function:phosphomevalonate kinase activity
1 (R)-5-diphosphomevalonate + 1 ATP => 1 ADP + 1 CO(2) + 1 isopentenyl diphosphate + 1 phosphate.
isopentenyl diphosphate from (R)-mevalonate: step 3/3
molecular_function:diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase activity
2 acetyl-CoA => 1 CoA + 1 acetoacetyl-CoA.
(R)-mevalonate from acetyl-CoA: step 1/3
molecular_function:acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 acetoacetyl-CoA + 1 acetyl-CoA => 1 (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + 1 CoA.
(R)-mevalonate from acetyl-CoA: step 2/3
molecular_function:hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase activity
1 (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + 2 H(+) + 2 NADPH => 1 (R)-mevalonate + 1 CoA + 2 NADP(+).
(R)-mevalonate from acetyl-CoA: step 3/3
molecular_function:hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity
1 isopentenyl diphosphate => 1 dimethylallyl diphosphate.
dimethylallyl diphosphate from isopentenyl diphosphate: step 1/1
molecular_function:isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity
1 (2E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbutenyl diphosphate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH => 1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+) + 1 dimethylallyl diphosphate.
dimethylallyl diphosphate from (2E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbutenyl diphosphate: step 1/1
1 L-glutamate + 1 acetyl-CoA => 1 CoA + 1 N-acetyl-L-glutamate.
N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithine from L-glutamate: step 1/4
molecular_function:acetyl-CoA:L-glutamate N-acetyltransferase activity
1 ATP + 1 N-acetyl-L-glutamate => 1 ADP + 1 N-acetyl-L-glutamyl 5-phosphate.
N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithine from L-glutamate: step 2/4
molecular_function:acetylglutamate kinase activity
1 H(+) + 1 N-acetyl-L-glutamyl 5-phosphate + 1 NADPH => 1 N-acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + 1 NADP(+) + 1 phosphate.
N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithine from L-glutamate: step 3/4
molecular_function:N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase activity
1 L-glutamate + 1 N-acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithine.
N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithine from L-glutamate: step 4/4
molecular_function:N2-acetyl-L-ornithine:2-oxoglutarate 5-aminotransferase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithine => 1 L-ornithine + 1 acetate.
L-ornithine from N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithine (linear): step 1/1
molecular_function:acetylornithine deacetylase activity
1 L-glutamate + 1 N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithine => 1 L-ornithine + 1 N-acetyl-L-glutamate.
L-ornithine and N-acetyl-L-glutamate from L-glutamate and N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithine (cyclic): step 1/1
molecular_function:glutamate N-acetyltransferase activity
1 L-ornithine + 1 carbamoyl phosphate => 1 L-citrulline + 1 phosphate.
L-arginine from L-ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate: step 1/3
molecular_function:ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity
1 ATP + 1 L-aspartate + 1 L-citrulline => 1 (N(omega)-L-arginino)succinate + 1 AMP + 1 diphosphate.
L-arginine from L-ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate: step 2/3
molecular_function:argininosuccinate synthase activity
1 (N(omega)-L-arginino)succinate => 1 L-arginine + 1 fumarate.
L-arginine from L-ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate: step 3/3
molecular_function:argininosuccinate lyase activity
2 ATP + 1 H(2)O + 1 L-glutamine + 1 bicarbonate => 2 ADP + 1 L-glutamate + 1 carbamoyl phosphate + 1 phosphate.
(S)-dihydroorotate from bicarbonate: step 1/3
molecular_function:carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity
1 L-aspartate + 1 carbamoyl phosphate => 1 N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate + 1 phosphate.
(S)-dihydroorotate from bicarbonate: step 2/3
molecular_function:aspartate carbamoyltransferase activity
1 N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate => 1 (S)-dihydroorotate + 1 H(2)O.
(S)-dihydroorotate from bicarbonate: step 3/3
molecular_function:dihydroorotase activity
1 (S)-dihydroorotate + 1 fumarate => 1 orotate + 1 succinate.
orotate from (S)-dihydroorotate (O2 route): step 1/1
molecular_function:dihydroorotate oxidase activity
molecular_function:dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (fumarate) activity
1 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + 1 orotate => 1 diphosphate + 1 orotidine 5'-phosphate.
molecular_function:orotate phosphoribosyltransferase activity
1 orotidine 5'-phosphate => 1 CO(2) + 1 UMP.
molecular_function:orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase activity
1 L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + 1 L-glutamate => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 L-2,4-diaminobutanoate.
L-ectoine from L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde: step 1/3
molecular_function:diaminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate transaminase activity
1 L-2,4-diaminobutanoate + 1 acetyl-CoA => 1 CoA + 1 N(4)-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid.
L-ectoine from L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde: step 2/3
molecular_function:diaminobutyrate acetyltransferase activity
1 N(4)-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid => 1 H(2)O + 1 L-ectoine.
L-ectoine from L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde: step 3/3
molecular_function:ectoine synthase activity
1 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + 1 H(2)O + 1 L-glutamine => 1 5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamine + 1 L-glutamate + 1 diphosphate.
N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide from 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate: step 1/2
molecular_function:amidophosphoribosyltransferase activity
1 5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamine + 1 ATP + 1 glycine => 1 ADP + 1 N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + 1 phosphate.
N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide from 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate: step 2/2
molecular_function:phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligase activity
1 10-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + 1 N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide => 1 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + 1 N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide.
N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide from N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide (10-formyl THF route): step 1/1
molecular_function:phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase activity
1 ATP + 1 N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + 1 formate => 1 ADP + 1 N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + 1 phosphate.
N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide from N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide (formate route): step 1/1
molecular_function:hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase activity
molecular_function:formimidoyltransferase activity
molecular_function:phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 activity
molecular_function:tetrahydromethanopterin-dependent serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity
1 ATP + 1 H(2)O + 1 L-glutamine + 1 N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide => 1 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + 1 ADP + 1 L-glutamate + 1 phosphate.
5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole from N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide: step 1/2
molecular_function:phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase activity
1 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + 1 ATP => 1 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole + 1 ADP + 1 phosphate.
5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole from N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide: step 2/2
molecular_function:phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase activity
1 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole + 1 CO(2) => 1 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate.
5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate from 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole (carboxylase route): step 1/1
molecular_function:phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase activity
1 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + 1 ATP + 1 L-aspartate => 1 (2S)-2-[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido]succinic acid + 1 ADP + 1 phosphate.
5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide from 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate: step 1/2
molecular_function:phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase activity
1 (2S)-2-[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido]succinic acid => 1 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide + 1 fumarate.
5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide from 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate: step 2/2
molecular_function:N6-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP AMP-lyase (fumarate-forming) activity
molecular_function:(S)-2-(5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido)succinate AMP-lyase (fumarate-forming) activity
1 10-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + 1 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide => 1 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + 1 5-formamido-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide.
5-formamido-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide from 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (10-formyl THF route): step 1/1
molecular_function:phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase activity
1 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide + 1 ATP + 1 formate => 1 5-formamido-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide + 1 ADP + 1 phosphate.
5-formamido-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide from 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (formate route): step 1/1
molecular_function:lipoate-protein ligase activity
molecular_function:biotin-protein ligase activity
molecular_function:tRNA(Ile)-lysidine synthase activity
molecular_function:biotin-[pyruvate-carboxylase] ligase activity
1 5-formamido-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide => 1 H(2)O + 1 IMP.
IMP from 5-formamido-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide: step 1/1
molecular_function:IMP cyclohydrolase activity
1 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole => 1 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine.
4-amino-2-methyl-5-diphosphomethylpyrimidine from 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole: step 1/3
1 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine + 1 ATP => 1 4-amino-2-methyl-5-phosphomethylpyrimidine + 1 ADP.
4-amino-2-methyl-5-diphosphomethylpyrimidine from 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole: step 2/3
molecular_function:hydroxymethylpyrimidine kinase activity
1 4-amino-2-methyl-5-phosphomethylpyrimidine + 1 ATP => 1 4-amino-2-methyl-5-diphosphomethylpyrimidine + 1 ADP.
4-amino-2-methyl-5-diphosphomethylpyrimidine from 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole: step 3/3
molecular_function:phosphomethylpyrimidine kinase activity
1 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole + 1 ATP => 1 4-methyl-5-(2-phosphoethyl)-thiazole + 1 ADP.
4-methyl-5-(2-phosphoethyl)-thiazole from 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole: step 1/1
molecular_function:hydroxyethylthiazole kinase activity
1 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate => 1 4-methyl-5-(2-phosphoethyl)-thiazole.
4-methyl-5-(2-phosphoethyl)-thiazole from 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate: step 1/1
1 4-amino-2-methyl-5-diphosphomethylpyrimidine + 1 4-methyl-5-(2-phosphoethyl)-thiazole => 1 diphosphate + 1 thiamine phosphate.
thiamine phosphate from 4-amino-2-methyl-5-diphosphomethylpyrimidine and 4-methyl-5-(2-phosphoethyl)-thiazole: step 1/1
molecular_function:thiamine-phosphate diphosphorylase activity
1 ATP + 1 thiamine phosphate => 1 ADP + 1 thiamine diphosphate.
thiamine diphosphate from thiamine phosphate: step 1/1
molecular_function:thiamine-phosphate kinase activity
1 NAD(+) + 1 myo-inositol => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 scyllo-inosose.
molecular_function:inositol 2-dehydrogenase activity
1 scyllo-inosose => 1 3D-3,5/4-trihydroxycyclohexane-1,2-dione + 1 H(2)O.
molecular_function:myo-inosose-2 dehydratase activity
1 3D-3,5/4-trihydroxycyclohexane-1,2-dione + 1 H(2)O => 1 5-deoxy-D-glucuronic acid.
1 2-deoxy-5-keto-D-gluconic acid + 1 ATP => 1 6-phospho-5-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconic acid + 1 ADP.
molecular_function:5-dehydro-2-deoxygluconokinase activity
1 6-phospho-5-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconic acid => 1 3-oxopropanoate + 1 glycerone phosphate.
molecular_function:5-dehydro-2-deoxyphosphogluconate aldolase activity
3-oxopropanoate + CoA + [NAD(+) or NADP(+)] => CO(2) + H(+) + acetyl-CoA + [NADH or NADPH].
molecular_function:methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating) activity
molecular_function:malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) activity
1 L-glutamine + 1 NH(3) + 1 chorismate => 1 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate + 1 L-glutamate.
4-aminobenzoate from chorismate: step 1/2
molecular_function:4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase activity
1 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate => 1 4-aminobenzoate + 1 pyruvate.
4-aminobenzoate from chorismate: step 2/2
molecular_function:4-amino-4-deoxychorismate lyase activity
1 GTP + 1 H(2)O => 1 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate + 1 formate.
7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate from GTP: step 1/1
molecular_function:GTP cyclohydrolase I activity
1 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate + 1 H(2)O => 1 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-phosphate + 1 diphosphate.
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine diphosphate from 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate: step 1/4
1 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-phosphate + 1 H(2)O => 1 7,8-dihydroneopterin + 1 phosphate.
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine diphosphate from 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate: step 2/4
molecular_function:thiamine-pyrophosphatase activity
molecular_function:8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase activity
molecular_function:UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolase activity
molecular_function:bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase activity
molecular_function:dATP pyrophosphohydrolase activity
molecular_function:pyrophosphatase activity
molecular_function:hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides
molecular_function:dihydroneopterin monophosphate phosphatase activity
molecular_function:dihydroneopterin triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase activity
molecular_function:dITP diphosphatase activity
molecular_function:dTTP diphosphatase activity
molecular_function:XTP diphosphatase activity
molecular_function:ATP-dependent 5'-3' DNA helicase activity
molecular_function:phosphocholine hydrolase activity
1 7,8-dihydroneopterin => 1 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine + 1 glycolaldehyde.
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine diphosphate from 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate: step 3/4
molecular_function:dihydroneopterin aldolase activity
1 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine + 1 ATP => 1 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine diphosphate + 1 AMP.
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine diphosphate from 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate: step 4/4
molecular_function:2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine diphosphokinase activity
1 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine diphosphate + 1 4-aminobenzoate => 1 7,8-dihydropteroate + 1 diphosphate.
7,8-dihydrofolate from 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine diphosphate and 4-aminobenzoate: step 1/2
molecular_function:dihydropteroate synthase activity
1 7,8-dihydropteroate + 1 ATP + 1 L-glutamate => 1 7,8-dihydrofolate + 1 ADP + 1 phosphate.
7,8-dihydrofolate from 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine diphosphate and 4-aminobenzoate: step 2/2
molecular_function:dihydrofolate synthase activity
1 7,8-dihydrofolate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH => 1 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + 1 NADP(+).
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate from 7,8-dihydrofolate: step 1/1
molecular_function:dihydrofolate reductase activity
1 L-alanine + 1 pimeloyl-CoA => 1 8-amino-7-oxononanoate + 1 CO(2) + 1 CoA.
8-amino-7-oxononanoate from pimeloyl-CoA: step 1/1
molecular_function:8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase activity
1 8-amino-7-oxononanoate + 1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine => 1 7,8-diaminononanoate + 1 S-adenosyl-4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid.
7,8-diaminononanoate from 8-amino-7-oxononanoate (SAM route): step 1/1
molecular_function:adenosylmethionine-8-amino-7-oxononanoate transaminase activity
1 7,8-diaminononanoate + 1 ATP + 1 CO(2) => 1 ADP + 1 dethiobiotin + 1 phosphate.
biotin from 7,8-diaminononanoate: step 1/2
molecular_function:dethiobiotin synthase activity
2 H(+) + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1 dethiobiotin + 2 e- + 1 sulfur donor => 2 5'-deoxyadenosine + 2 L-methionine + 1 biotin.
biotin from 7,8-diaminononanoate: step 2/2
molecular_function:biotin synthase activity
1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate from chorismate: step 1/7
molecular_function:isochorismate synthase activity
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 isochorismate => 1 2-succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid + 1 CO(2).
1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate from chorismate: step 2/7
molecular_function:2-succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic-acid synthase activity
1 (1R,6R)-2-succinyl-6-hydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid => 1 2-succinylbenzoate + 1 H(2)O.
1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate from chorismate: step 4/7
1 2-succinylbenzoate + 1 ATP + 1 CoA => 1 2-succinylbenzoyl-CoA + 1 AMP + 1 diphosphate.
1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate from chorismate: step 5/7
molecular_function:o-succinylbenzoate-CoA ligase activity
1 2-succinylbenzoyl-CoA => 1 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA + 1 H(2)O.
1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate from chorismate: step 6/7
molecular_function:1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA synthase activity
1 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate + 1 all-trans-polyprenyl diphosphate => 1 CO(2) + 1 demethylmenaquinol + 1 diphosphate.
menaquinol from 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate: step 1/2
1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1 demethylmenaquinol => 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 1 menaquinol.
menaquinol from 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate: step 2/2
1 10-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + 1 H(2)O => 1 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + 1 formate.
formate from 10-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate: step 1/1
molecular_function:formyltetrahydrofolate deformylase activity
carbamoyl phosphate from bicarbonate: step 1/1
1 ATP + 1 D-ribose 5-phosphate => 1 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + 1 AMP.
5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate from D-ribose 5-phosphate (route I): step 1/1
molecular_function:ribose phosphate diphosphokinase activity
1 D-ribose 5-phosphate => 1 alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate from D-ribose 5-phosphate (route II): step 1/3
molecular_function:phosphopentomutase activity
1 alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate => 1 D-ribose 1,5-bisphosphate.
5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate from D-ribose 5-phosphate (route II): step 2/3
1 ATP + 1 D-ribose 1,5-bisphosphate => 1 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + 1 ADP.
5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate from D-ribose 5-phosphate (route II): step 3/3
molecular_function:ribose 1,5-bisphosphate phosphokinase activity
1 D-quinate + 1 NAD(+) => 1 3-dehydroquinate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
3-dehydroquinate from D-quinate (NAD(+) route): step 1/1
1 D-quinate + 1 pyrroloquinoline quinone => 1 3-dehydroquinate + 1 pyrroloquinoline quinol.
3-dehydroquinate from D-quinate (PQQ route): step 1/1
molecular_function:quinate dehydrogenase (quinone) activity
3,4-dihydroxybenzoate from 3-dehydroquinate: step 1/2
1 3-dehydroshikimate => 1 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + 1 H(2)O.
3,4-dihydroxybenzoate from 3-dehydroquinate: step 2/2
1 ATP + 1 D-glucose => 1 ADP + 1 D-glucose 6-phosphate.
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and glycerone phosphate from D-glucose: step 1/4
1 D-glucose 6-phosphate => 1 D-fructose 6-phosphate.
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and glycerone phosphate from D-glucose: step 2/4
molecular_function:glucose-6-phosphate isomerase activity
1 ATP + 1 D-fructose 6-phosphate => 1 ADP + 1 D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and glycerone phosphate from D-glucose: step 3/4
molecular_function:6-phosphofructokinase activity
1 D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate => 1 D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + 1 glycerone phosphate.
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and glycerone phosphate from D-glucose: step 4/4
molecular_function:fructose-bisphosphate aldolase activity
1 D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + 1 NAD(+) + 1 phosphate => 1 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
pyruvate from D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate: step 1/5
molecular_function:glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (phosphorylating) activity
1 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + 1 ADP => 1 3-phospho-D-glycerate + 1 ATP.
pyruvate from D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate: step 2/5
molecular_function:phosphoglycerate kinase activity
1 3-phospho-D-glycerate => 1 2-phospho-D-glycerate.
pyruvate from D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate: step 3/5
molecular_function:phosphoglycerate mutase activity
1 2-phospho-D-glycerate => 1 H(2)O + 1 phosphoenolpyruvate.
pyruvate from D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate: step 4/5
molecular_function:phosphopyruvate hydratase activity
1 ADP + 1 phosphoenolpyruvate => 1 ATP + 1 pyruvate.
pyruvate from D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate: step 5/5
molecular_function:pyruvate kinase activity
1 glycerone phosphate => 1 D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate from glycerone phosphate: step 1/1
molecular_function:triose-phosphate isomerase activity
1 GDP-alpha-D-mannose => 1 GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose + 1 H(2)O.
GDP-L-fucose from GDP-alpha-D-mannose: step 1/2
molecular_function:GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase activity
1 GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH => 1 GDP-L-fucose + 1 NADP(+).
GDP-L-fucose from GDP-alpha-D-mannose: step 2/2
molecular_function:GDP-L-fucose synthase activity
1 3-phospho-D-glycerate + 1 GDP-alpha-D-mannose => 1 2-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-3-phosphoglyceric acid + 1 GDP.
2-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-D-glycerate from GDP-alpha-D-mannose (MPG route): step 1/2
molecular_function:mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate synthase activity
1 2-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-3-phosphoglyceric acid + 1 H(2)O => 1 2-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-D-glycerate + 1 phosphate.
2-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-D-glycerate from GDP-alpha-D-mannose (MPG route): step 2/2
molecular_function:mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase activity
1 ATP + 1 L-aspartate + 1 NH(3) => 1 AMP + 1 L-asparagine + 1 diphosphate.
L-asparagine from L-aspartate (ammonia route): step 1/1
molecular_function:aspartate-ammonia ligase activity
1 ATP + 1 H(2)O + 1 L-aspartate + 1 L-glutamine => 1 AMP + 1 L-asparagine + 1 L-glutamate + 1 diphosphate.
L-asparagine from L-aspartate (L-Gln route): step 1/1
molecular_function:asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity
1 3-phospho-D-glycerate + 1 NAD(+) => 1 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
L-serine from 3-phospho-D-glycerate: step 1/3
molecular_function:phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase activity
1 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate + 1 L-glutamate => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 O-phospho-L-serine.
L-serine from 3-phospho-D-glycerate: step 2/3
molecular_function:O-phospho-L-serine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 O-phospho-L-serine => 1 L-serine + 1 phosphate.
L-serine from 3-phospho-D-glycerate: step 3/3
molecular_function:phosphoserine phosphatase activity
1 L-serine + 1 acetyl-CoA => 1 CoA + 1 O-acetyl-L-serine.
molecular_function:serine O-acetyltransferase activity
1 O-acetyl-L-serine + 1 hydrogen sulfide => 1 L-cysteine + 1 acetate.
molecular_function:cysteine synthase activity
1 L-homocysteine + 1 L-serine => 1 H(2)O + 1 L-cystathionine.
L-cysteine from L-homocysteine and L-serine: step 1/2
molecular_function:cystathionine beta-synthase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 L-cystathionine => 1 2-oxobutanoate + 1 L-cysteine + 1 NH(3).
L-cysteine from L-homocysteine and L-serine: step 2/2
molecular_function:cystathionine gamma-lyase activity
molecular_function:L-cystine L-cysteine-lyase (deaminating)
molecular_function:L-cysteine desulfhydrase activity
molecular_function:chorismate mutase activity
1 ATP + 1 sulfate => 1 5'-adenylyl sulfate + 1 diphosphate.
molecular_function:sulfate adenylyltransferase (ATP) activity
1 5'-adenylyl sulfate + 1 ATP => 1 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate + 1 ADP.
molecular_function:adenylylsulfate kinase activity
1 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate + 1 thioredoxin => 1 adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 1 sulfite + 1 thioredoxin disulfide.
molecular_function:phosphoadenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin) activity
3 H(+) + 3 NADPH + 1 sulfite => 3 H(2)O + 3 NADP(+) + 1 hydrogen sulfide.
hydrogen sulfide from sulfite (NADPH route): step 1/1
molecular_function:sulfite reductase (NADPH) activity
6 H(+) + 6 reduced ferredoxin + 1 sulfite => 3 H(2)O + 1 hydrogen sulfide + 6 oxidized ferredoxin.
hydrogen sulfide from sulfite (ferredoxin route): step 1/1
molecular_function:sulfite reductase (ferredoxin) activity
1 ATP + 1 L-cysteine + 1 L-glutamate => 1 ADP + 1 L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine + 1 phosphate.
glutathione from L-cysteine and L-glutamate: step 1/2
molecular_function:glutamate-cysteine ligase activity
1 ATP + 1 L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine + 1 glycine => 1 ADP + 1 glutathione + 1 phosphate.
glutathione from L-cysteine and L-glutamate: step 2/2
molecular_function:glutathione synthase activity
2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1 uroporphyrinogen III => 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 1 precorrin-2.
precorrin-2 from uroporphyrinogen III: step 1/1
molecular_function:uroporphyrin-III C-methyltransferase activity
1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1 precorrin-2 => 1 H(+) + 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 1 precorrin-3A.
cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide from precorrin-2 (aerobic route): step 1/10
molecular_function:precorrin-2 C20-methyltransferase activity
1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 O(2) + 1 precorrin-3A => 1 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+) + 1 precorrin-3B.
cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide from precorrin-2 (aerobic route): step 2/10
molecular_function:precorrin-3B synthase activity
1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1 precorrin-3B => 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 1 precorrin-4.
cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide from precorrin-2 (aerobic route): step 3/10
molecular_function:precorrin-3B C17-methyltransferase activity
1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1 precorrin-4 => 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 1 precorrin-5.
cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide from precorrin-2 (aerobic route): step 4/10
molecular_function:precorrin-4 C11-methyltransferase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1 precorrin-5 => 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 1 acetate + 1 precorrin-6A.
cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide from precorrin-2 (aerobic route): step 5/10
molecular_function:precorrin-6A synthase (deacetylating) activity
1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 precorrin-6A => 1 NADP(+) + 1 precorrin-6B.
cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide from precorrin-2 (aerobic route): step 6/10
molecular_function:precorrin-6A reductase activity
2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1 precorrin-6B => 1 CO(2) + 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 1 precorrin-8X.
cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide from precorrin-2 (aerobic route): step 7/10
molecular_function:precorrin-6Y C5,15-methyltransferase (decarboxylating) activity
1 precorrin-8X => 1 hydrogenobyrinic acid.
cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide from precorrin-2 (aerobic route): step 8/10
molecular_function:precorrin-8X methylmutase activity
2 ATP + 2 H(2)O + 2 L-glutamine + 1 hydrogenobyrinic acid => 2 ADP + 2 L-glutamate + 1 hydrogenobyrinic acid a,c-diamide + 2 phosphate.
cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide from precorrin-2 (aerobic route): step 9/10
molecular_function:hydrogenobyrinic acid a,c-diamide synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing) activity
1 ATP + 1 Co(2+) + 1 H(2)O + 1 hydrogenobyrinic acid a,c-diamide => 1 ADP + 1 H(+) + 1 cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide + 1 phosphate.
cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide from precorrin-2 (aerobic route): step 10/10
molecular_function:cobaltochelatase activity
1 NAD(+) + 1 precorrin-2 => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 sirohydrochlorin.
sirohydrochlorin from precorrin-2: step 1/1
molecular_function:precorrin-2 dehydrogenase activity
1 Co(2+) + 1 sirohydrochlorin => 2 H(+) + 1 cobalt-precorrin-2.
cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide from sirohydrochlorin (anaerobic route): step 1/10
molecular_function:sirohydrochlorin cobaltochelatase activity
1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1 cobalt-precorrin-2 => 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 1 cobalt-precorrin 3.
cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide from sirohydrochlorin (anaerobic route): step 2/10
molecular_function:cobalt-factor II C20-methyltransferase activity
1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1 cobalt-precorrin 3 => 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 1 cobalt-precorrin 4.
cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide from sirohydrochlorin (anaerobic route): step 3/10
molecular_function:rRNA (adenine-N6,N6-)-dimethyltransferase activity
molecular_function:protein C-terminal carboxyl O-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:tRNA (guanine-N2-)-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:C-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:N-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:O-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:S-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:RNA methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:mRNA methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:tRNA methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:protein methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:2-polyprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:rRNA methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:rRNA (uridine-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:rRNA (adenine-N6-)-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:DNA-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:tRNA (guanine-N1-)-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:rRNA (cytosine-C5-)-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:selenocysteine methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:arginine N-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:protein-arginine N-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:lysine N-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:protein-lysine N-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:tRNA (uracil) methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:tRNA (guanine) methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:tRNA (adenine) methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:tRNA (cytosine) methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:tRNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:tRNA (adenine-N1-)-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:rRNA (adenine) methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:rRNA (cytosine) methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:rRNA (guanine) methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:rRNA (uridine) methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:protein C-terminal leucine carboxyl O-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:1-phenanthrol methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:protein-arginine N5-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:methylarsonite methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:dimethylarsinite methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:4,5-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:1-hydroxypyrene methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:1-hydroxy-6-methoxypyrene methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:demethylmenaquinone methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:cobalt-precorrin-6B C5-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:cobalt-precorrin-7 C15-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:cobalt-precorrin-5B C1-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:cobalt-precorrin-3 C17-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:dimethylamine methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:hydroxyneurosporene-O-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:tRNA (adenine-57, 58-N(1)-) methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:methylamine-specific methylcobalamin:coenzyme M methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:trimethylamine methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:methanol-specific methylcobalamin:coenzyme M methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:monomethylamine methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:P-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:Se-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:2-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:tRNA (uracil-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:tRNA (cytosine-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:phosphomethylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:tRNA (cytosine-3-)-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:rRNA (cytosine-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:rRNA (cytosine-N4-)-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:trihydroxyferuloyl spermidine O-methyltransferase activity
1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1 cobalt-precorrin 4 => 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 1 cobalt-precorrin 5A.
cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide from sirohydrochlorin (anaerobic route): step 4/10
1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1 cobalt-precorrin 5B => 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 1 cobalt-precorrin-6A.
cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide from sirohydrochlorin (anaerobic route): step 6/10
1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 cobalt-precorrin-6A => 1 NAD(+) + 1 cobalt-precorrin-6B.
cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide from sirohydrochlorin (anaerobic route): step 7/10
2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1 cobalt-precorrin-6B => 1 CO(2) + 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 1 cobalt-precorrin 8.
cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide from sirohydrochlorin (anaerobic route): step 8/10
1 cobalt-precorrin 8 => 1 cob(III)yrinic acid.
cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide from sirohydrochlorin (anaerobic route): step 9/10
molecular_function:intramolecular transferase activity, transferring acyl groups
molecular_function:cobalt-precorrin-8 methylmutase activity
2 ATP + 2 H(2)O + 2 L-glutamine + 1 cob(III)yrinic acid => 2 ADP + 2 L-glutamate + 1 cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide + 2 phosphate.
cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide from sirohydrochlorin (anaerobic route): step 10/10
molecular_function:ammonia ligase activity
molecular_function:acid-ammonia (or amide) ligase activity
molecular_function:cyanophycin synthetase activity
1 FMNH(2) + 2 cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide => 1 FMN + 2 H(+) + 2 cob(I)yrinic acid a,c-diamide.
adenosylcobalamin from cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide: step 1/7
molecular_function:cob(II)yrinic acid a,c-diamide reductase activity
1 ATP + 1 cob(I)yrinic acid a,c-diamide => 1 adenosylcob(III)yrinic acid a,c-diamide + 1 triphosphate.
adenosylcobalamin from cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide: step 2/7
molecular_function:cob(I)yrinic acid a,c-diamide adenosyltransferase activity
4 ATP + 4 H(2)O + 4 L-glutamine + 1 adenosylcob(III)yrinic acid a,c-diamide => 4 ADP + 4 L-glutamate + 1 adenosylcobyrinic acid a,c-diamide + 4 phosphate.
adenosylcobalamin from cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide: step 3/7
molecular_function:adenosylcobyric acid synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity
1 (R)-1-aminopropan-2-ol + 1 adenosylcobyrinic acid a,c-diamide => 1 H(2)O + 1 adenosylcobinamide.
adenosylcobalamin from cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide: step 4/7
molecular_function:adenosylcobinamide-phosphate synthase activity
adenosylcobinamide + [ATP or GTP] => adenosylcobinamide phosphate + [ADP or GDP].
adenosylcobalamin from cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide: step 5/7
molecular_function:adenosylcobinamide kinase activity
1 GTP + 1 adenosylcobinamide phosphate => 1 adenosylcobinamide-GDP + 1 diphosphate.
adenosylcobalamin from cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide: step 6/7
molecular_function:cobinamide phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
1 adenosylcobinamide-GDP + 1 alpha-ribazole => 1 GMP + 1 adenosylcobalamin.
adenosylcobalamin from cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide: step 7/7
molecular_function:adenosylcobinamide-GDP ribazoletransferase activity
3 ATP + 1 H(2)O + 1 L-alpha-aminoadipate + 1 L-cysteine + 1 L-valine => 3 AMP + 1 N-[L-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + 3 diphosphate.
penicillin G from L-alpha-aminoadipate and L-cysteine and L-valine: step 1/3
molecular_function:N-(5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine synthase activity
1 N-[L-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + 1 O(2) => 2 H(2)O + 1 isopenicillin N.
penicillin G from L-alpha-aminoadipate and L-cysteine and L-valine: step 2/3
molecular_function:isopenicillin-N synthase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 isopenicillin N + 1 phenylacetyl-CoA => 1 CoA + 1 L-alpha-aminoadipate + 1 penicillin G.
penicillin G from L-alpha-aminoadipate and L-cysteine and L-valine: step 3/3
molecular_function:isopenicillin-N N-acyltransferase activity
1 D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + 1 L-arginine => 1 N(2)-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-arginine + 1 phosphate.
clavulanate from D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and L-arginine: step 1/8
molecular_function:N2-(2-carboxyethyl)arginine synthase activity
1 ATP + 1 N(2)-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-arginine => 1 AMP + 1 deoxyamidinoproclavaminic acid + 1 diphosphate.
clavulanate from D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and L-arginine: step 2/8
molecular_function:(carboxyethyl)arginine beta-lactam-synthase activity
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 O(2) + 1 deoxyamidinoproclavaminic acid => 1 CO(2) + 1 amidinoproclavaminic acid + 1 succinate.
clavulanate from D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and L-arginine: step 3/8
molecular_function:clavaminate synthase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 amidinoproclavaminic acid => 1 proclavaminic acid + 1 urea.
clavulanate from D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and L-arginine: step 4/8
molecular_function:proclavaminate amidinohydrolase activity
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 O(2) + 1 proclavaminic acid => 1 CO(2) + 1 H(2)O + 1 dihydroclavaminic acid + 1 succinate.
clavulanate from D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and L-arginine: step 5/8
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 O(2) + 1 dihydroclavaminic acid => 1 CO(2) + 1 H(2)O + 1 clavaminate + 1 succinate.
clavulanate from D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and L-arginine: step 6/8
1 clavaminate => 1 clavulanate-9-aldehyde.
clavulanate from D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and L-arginine: step 7/8
1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 clavulanate-9-aldehyde => 1 NADP(+) + 1 clavulanate.
clavulanate from D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and L-arginine: step 8/8
1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 O(2) + 1 biphenyl => 1 NAD(+) + 1 cis-3-phenylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol.
2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate and benzoate from biphenyl: step 1/4
molecular_function:biphenyl 2,3-dioxygenase activity
1 NAD(+) + 1 cis-3-phenylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 biphenyl-2,3-diol.
2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate and benzoate from biphenyl: step 2/4
molecular_function:cis-2,3-dihydrobiphenyl-2,3-diol dehydrogenase activity
1 O(2) + 1 biphenyl-2,3-diol => 1 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate.
2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate and benzoate from biphenyl: step 3/4
molecular_function:biphenyl-2,3-diol 1,2-dioxygenase activity
1 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate + 1 H(2)O => 1 2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate + 1 benzoate.
2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate and benzoate from biphenyl: step 4/4
molecular_function:2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexa-3-enoate hydrolase activity
1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 O(2) + 1 benzoate => 1 (1R,6S)-1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-dienecarboxylic acid + 1 NAD(+).
molecular_function:benzoate 1,2-dioxygenase activity
1 (1R,6S)-1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-dienecarboxylic acid + 1 NAD(+) => 1 CO(2) + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 catechol.
molecular_function:1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity
1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 O(2) + 1 benzoate => 1 4-hydroxybenzoate + 1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+).
3,4-dihydroxybenzoate from benzoate: step 1/2
molecular_function:benzoate 4-monooxygenase activity
1 4-hydroxybenzoate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 O(2) => 1 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + 1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+).
3,4-dihydroxybenzoate from benzoate: step 2/2
molecular_function:4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase activity
1 O(2) + 1 catechol => 1 cis,cis-muconate.
5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2-furylacetate from catechol: step 1/3
molecular_function:catechol 1,2-dioxygenase activity
1 cis,cis-muconate => 1 (S)-5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-2-furylacetic acid.
5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2-furylacetate from catechol: step 2/3
molecular_function:muconate cycloisomerase activity
1 (S)-5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-2-furylacetic acid => 1 5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2-furylacetate.
5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2-furylacetate from catechol: step 3/3
molecular_function:muconolactone delta-isomerase activity
1 5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2-furylacetate + 1 H(2)O => 1 3-oxoadipate.
3-oxoadipate from 5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2-furylacetate: step 1/1
molecular_function:3-oxoadipate enol-lactonase activity
1 3-oxoadipate + 1 succinyl-CoA => 1 3-oxoadipyl-CoA + 1 succinate.
acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA from 3-oxoadipate: step 1/2
molecular_function:3-oxoadipate CoA-transferase activity
1 3-oxoadipyl-CoA + 1 CoA => 1 acetyl-CoA + 1 succinyl-CoA.
acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA from 3-oxoadipate: step 2/2
molecular_function:3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase activity
1 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + 1 O(2) => 1 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate.
3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate from 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate: step 1/1
molecular_function:protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase activity
1 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate => 1 2-carboxy-2,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate.
5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2-furylacetate from 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate: step 1/2
molecular_function:3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate cycloisomerase activity
1 2-carboxy-2,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate => 1 5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2-furylacetate + 1 CO(2).
5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2-furylacetate from 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate: step 2/2
molecular_function:4-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase activity
3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + H(+) + O(2) + [NADH or NADPH] => CO(2) + H(2)O + benzene-1,2,4-triol + [NAD(+) or NADP(+)].
3-oxoadipate from 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate: step 1/4
molecular_function:oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen
molecular_function:2,3-dihydroxy DDT 1,2-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:phenanthrene dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:2,2',3-trihydroxybiphenyl dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:1,2-dihydroxyfluorene 1,1-alpha-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:5,6-dihydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:1,1-dichloro-2-(dihydroxy-4-chlorophenyl)-(4-chlorophenyl)ethene 1,2-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase type II activity
molecular_function:2'-aminobiphenyl-2,3-diol 1,2-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:3,4-dihydroxyfluorene 4,4-alpha-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:2,3-dihydroxy-ethylbenzene 1,2-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:carbazole 1,9a-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:dihydroxydibenzothiophene dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene-6-sulfonate 1,8a-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:styrene dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:3,4-dihydroxyphenanthrene dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:hydroquinone 1,2-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:p-cumate 2,3-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumate dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:3,5-dichlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:2-aminophenol 1,6-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:2,6-dichloro-p-hydroquinone 1,2-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:catechol dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:dihydroxyfluorene dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:5-aminosalicylate dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate 2,3-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:benzo(a)pyrene 11,12-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:4,5-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:benzo(a)pyrene 9,10-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:9,10-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:7,8-dihydroxy benzo(a)pyrene dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:1,2-dihydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene extradiol dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:2-mercaptobenzothiazole dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:pyridine-3,4-diol dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:pyrene dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:4,5-dihydroxypyrene dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:phenanthrene-4-carboxylate dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:tetrachlorobenzene dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:4,6-dichloro-3-methylcatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:2,3-dihydroxydiphenyl ether dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:diphenyl ether 1,2-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:arachidonate 8(S)-lipoxygenase activity
molecular_function:4-hydroxycatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activity
1 O(2) + 1 benzene-1,2,4-triol => 1 3-hydroxy-cis,cis-muconate.
3-oxoadipate from 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate: step 2/4
molecular_function:hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase activity
1 3-hydroxy-cis,cis-muconate => 1 maleylacetate.
3-oxoadipate from 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate: step 3/4
1 H(2)O + 1 L-arginine => 1 L-ornithine + 1 urea.
L-ornithine and urea from L-arginine: step 1/1
L-citrulline from L-ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate: step 1/1
(N(omega)-L-arginino)succinate from L-aspartate and L-citrulline: step 1/1
L-arginine and fumarate from (N(omega)-L-arginino)succinate: step 1/1
molecular_function:cytidylate kinase activity
molecular_function:nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity
1 ATP + 1 NH(3) + 1 UTP => 1 ADP + 1 CTP + 1 phosphate.
molecular_function:CTP synthase activity
H(+) + maleylacetate + [NADH or NADPH] => 3-oxoadipate + [NAD(+) or NADP(+)].
3-oxoadipate from 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate: step 4/4
molecular_function:maleylacetate reductase activity
1 L-arginine + 1 succinyl-CoA => 1 CoA + 1 N(2)-succinyl-L-arginine.
L-glutamate and succinate from L-arginine: step 1/5
molecular_function:arginine N-succinyltransferase activity
2 H(2)O + 1 N(2)-succinyl-L-arginine => 1 CO(2) + 1 N(2)-succinyl-L-ornithine + 2 NH(3).
L-glutamate and succinate from L-arginine: step 2/5
molecular_function:N-succinylarginine dihydrolase activity
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 N(2)-succinyl-L-ornithine => 1 L-glutamate + 1 N-succinyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde.
L-glutamate and succinate from L-arginine: step 3/5
molecular_function:succinylornithine transaminase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 N-succinyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + 1 NAD(+) => 1 H(+) + 1 N(2)-succinyl-L-glutamic acid + 1 NADH.
L-glutamate and succinate from L-arginine: step 4/5
molecular_function:succinylglutamate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 N(2)-succinyl-L-glutamic acid => 1 L-glutamate + 1 succinate.
L-glutamate and succinate from L-arginine: step 5/5
molecular_function:succinylglutamate desuccinylase activity
1 L-arginine => 1 CO(2) + 1 agmatine.
molecular_function:arginine decarboxylase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 agmatine => 1 N-carbamoylputrescine + 1 NH(3).
N-carbamoylputrescine from agmatine: step 1/1
molecular_function:agmatine deiminase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 N-carbamoylputrescine => 1 CO(2) + 1 NH(3) + 1 putrescine.
putrescine from N-carbamoylputrescine (amidase route): step 1/1
molecular_function:N-carbamoylputrescine amidase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 agmatine => 1 putrescine + 1 urea.
1 L-ornithine => 1 CO(2) + 1 putrescine.
molecular_function:ornithine decarboxylase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 O(2) + 1 putrescine => 1 4-aminobutanal + 1 H(2)O(2) + 1 NH(3).
4-aminobutanal from putrescine (amine oxidase route): step 1/1
molecular_function:putrescine oxidase activity
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 putrescine => 1 4-aminobutanal + 1 L-glutamate.
4-aminobutanal from putrescine (transaminase route): step 1/1
molecular_function:butane-1,4-diamine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 acceptor + 1 spermidine => 1 1,3-diaminopropane + 1 4-aminobutanal + 1 reduced acceptor.
1,3-diaminopropane and 4-aminobutanal from spermidine: step 1/1
molecular_function:spermidine dehydrogenase activity
1 4-aminobutanal + 1 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+) => 1 4-aminobutanoate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
4-aminobutanoate from 4-aminobutanal: step 1/1
molecular_function:aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:1-pyrroline dehydrogenase activity
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 4-aminobutanoate => 1 L-glutamate + 1 succinate semialdehyde.
succinate semialdehyde from 4-aminobutanoate: step 1/1
molecular_function:4-aminobutyrate transaminase activity
molecular_function:IMP dehydrogenase activity
1 ATP + 1 H(2)O + 1 L-glutamine + 1 XMP => 1 AMP + 1 GMP + 1 L-glutamate + 1 diphosphate.
molecular_function:GMP synthase activity
molecular_function:GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity
1 ATP + 1 NH(3) + 1 XMP => 1 AMP + 1 GMP + 1 diphosphate.
1 ATP + 1 pyridoxal => 1 ADP + 1 pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate from pyridoxal: step 1/1
molecular_function:pyridoxal kinase activity
1 ATP + 1 pyridoxamine => 1 ADP + 1 pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate.
pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate from pyridoxamine: step 1/1
1 ATP + 1 pyridoxine => 1 ADP + 1 pyridoxine 5'-phosphate.
pyridoxine 5'-phosphate from pyridoxine: step 1/1
1 H(2)O + 1 pyridoxal 5'-phosphate => 1 phosphate + 1 pyridoxal.
pyridoxal from pyridoxal 5'-phosphate: step 1/1
molecular_function:pyridoxal phosphatase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate => 1 phosphate + 1 pyridoxamine.
pyridoxamine from pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate: step 1/1
1 H(2)O + 1 pyridoxine 5'-phosphate => 1 phosphate + 1 pyridoxine.
pyridoxine from pyridoxine 5'-phosphate: step 1/1
1 H(2)O + 1 O(2) + 1 pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate => 1 H(2)O(2) + 1 NH(3) + 1 pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate from pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate: step 1/1
molecular_function:pyridoxamine-phosphate oxidase activity
1 O(2) + 1 pyridoxine 5'-phosphate => 1 H(2)O(2) + 1 pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate from pyridoxine 5'-phosphate: step 1/1
1 pyridoxamine + 1 pyruvate => 1 L-alanine + 1 pyridoxal.
molecular_function:pyridoxamine-pyruvate transaminase activity
1 NADP(+) + 1 pyridoxine => 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 pyridoxal.
pyridoxal from pyridoxine (dehydrogenase route): step 1/1
molecular_function:pyridoxine:NADP 4-dehydrogenase activity
1 3-carboxy-2,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate => 1 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate.
3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate from 3-carboxy-2,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate: step 1/1
molecular_function:carboxy-cis,cis-muconate cyclase activity
1 D-erythrose 4-phosphate + 1 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+) => 1 4-phospho-D-erythronate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
pyridoxine 5'-phosphate from D-erythrose 4-phosphate: step 1/5
molecular_function:erythrose-4-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
1 4-phospho-D-erythronate + 1 NAD(+) => 1 (R)-3-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutanoic acid + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
pyridoxine 5'-phosphate from D-erythrose 4-phosphate: step 2/5
molecular_function:4-phosphoerythronate dehydrogenase activity
1 (R)-3-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutanoic acid + 1 L-glutamate => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 4-(phosphonooxy)-L-threonine.
pyridoxine 5'-phosphate from D-erythrose 4-phosphate: step 3/5
1 4-(phosphonooxy)-L-threonine + 1 NAD(+) => 1 3-amino-2-oxopropyl phosphate + 1 CO(2) + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
pyridoxine 5'-phosphate from D-erythrose 4-phosphate: step 4/5
molecular_function:4-hydroxythreonine-4-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
1 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate + 1 3-amino-2-oxopropyl phosphate => 2 H(2)O + 1 phosphate + 1 pyridoxine 5'-phosphate.
pyridoxine 5'-phosphate from D-erythrose 4-phosphate: step 5/5
molecular_function:pyridoxine 5'-phosphate synthase activity
1 S-adenosylmethioninamine + 1 putrescine => 1 S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + 1 spermidine.
molecular_function:spermidine synthase activity
1 S-adenosylmethioninamine + 1 spermidine => 1 S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + 1 spermine.
molecular_function:spermine synthase activity
1 H(+) + 1 L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) + 1 NADPH => 1 (S)-4-amino-5-oxopentanoic acid + 1 NADP(+) + 1 tRNA(Glu).
5-aminolevulinate from L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu): step 1/2
molecular_function:glutamyl-tRNA reductase activity
1 (S)-4-amino-5-oxopentanoic acid => 1 5-aminolevulinate.
5-aminolevulinate from L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu): step 2/2
molecular_function:glutamate-1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase activity
2 5-aminolevulinate => 2 H(2)O + 1 porphobilinogen.
coproporphyrinogen-III from 5-aminolevulinate: step 1/4
molecular_function:porphobilinogen synthase activity
1 H(2)O + 4 porphobilinogen => 4 NH(3) + 1 hydroxymethylbilane.
coproporphyrinogen-III from 5-aminolevulinate: step 2/4
molecular_function:hydroxymethylbilane synthase activity
1 hydroxymethylbilane => 1 H(2)O + 1 uroporphyrinogen III.
coproporphyrinogen-III from 5-aminolevulinate: step 3/4
molecular_function:uroporphyrinogen-III synthase activity
1 uroporphyrinogen III => 4 CO(2) + 1 coproporphyrinogen-III.
coproporphyrinogen-III from 5-aminolevulinate: step 4/4
molecular_function:uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity
1 O(2) + 1 coproporphyrinogen-III => 2 CO(2) + 2 H(2)O + 1 protoporphyrinogen-IX.
protoporphyrinogen-IX from coproporphyrinogen-III (O2 route): step 1/1
molecular_function:coproporphyrinogen oxidase activity
2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1 coproporphyrinogen-III => 2 5'-deoxyadenosine + 2 CO(2) + 2 L-methionine + 1 protoporphyrinogen-IX.
protoporphyrinogen-IX from coproporphyrinogen-III (AdoMet route): step 1/1
molecular_function:coproporphyrinogen dehydrogenase activity
3 O(2) + 1 protoporphyrinogen-IX => 3 H(2)O(2) + 1 protoporphyrin-IX.
protoporphyrin-IX from protoporphyrinogen-IX: step 1/1
molecular_function:oxygen-dependent protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity
1 Fe2+ + 1 protoporphyrin-IX => 2 H(+) + 1 protoheme.
protoheme from protoporphyrin-IX: step 1/1
molecular_function:ferrochelatase activity
1 L-aspartate + 1 O(2) => 1 H(2)O(2) + 1 iminoaspartate.
iminoaspartate from L-aspartate (oxidase route): step 1/1
molecular_function:L-aspartate oxidase activity
molecular_function:L-aspartate:fumarate oxidoreductase activity
1 glycerone phosphate + 1 iminoaspartate => 2 H(2)O + 1 phosphate + 1 quinolinate.
quinolinate from iminoaspartate: step 1/1
1 H(+) + 1 L-kynurenine + 1 NADPH + 1 O(2) => 1 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + 1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+).
molecular_function:kynurenine 3-monooxygenase activity
1 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + 1 H(2)O => 1 3-hydroxyanthranilate + 1 L-alanine.
molecular_function:kynureninase activity
1 3-hydroxyanthranilate + 1 O(2) => 1 H(2)O + 1 quinolinate.
molecular_function:3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase activity
1 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + 1 quinolinate => 1 CO(2) + 1 diphosphate + 1 nicotinate D-ribonucleotide.
nicotinate D-ribonucleotide from quinolinate: step 1/1
molecular_function:nicotinate-nucleotide diphosphorylase (carboxylating) activity
1 ATP + 1 nicotinate D-ribonucleotide => 1 deamido-NAD(+) + 1 diphosphate.
deamido-NAD(+) from nicotinate D-ribonucleotide: step 1/1
molecular_function:nicotinate-nucleotide adenylyltransferase activity
1 ATP + 1 NH(3) + 1 deamido-NAD(+) => 1 AMP + 1 NAD(+) + 1 diphosphate.
NAD(+) from deamido-NAD(+) (ammonia route): step 1/1
molecular_function:NAD+ synthase activity
1 ATP + 1 H(2)O + 1 L-glutamine + 1 deamido-NAD(+) => 1 AMP + 1 L-glutamate + 1 NAD(+) + 1 diphosphate.
NAD(+) from deamido-NAD(+) (L-Gln route): step 1/1
molecular_function:NAD+ synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity
1 GTP + 1 IMP + 1 L-aspartate => 1 GDP + 1 N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMP + 1 phosphate.
molecular_function:adenylosuccinate synthase activity
1 N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMP => 1 AMP + 1 fumarate.
1 L-phenylalanine + 1 O(2) + 1 tetrahydrobiopterin => 1 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin + 1 L-tyrosine.
acetoacetate and fumarate from L-phenylalanine: step 1/6
molecular_function:phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase activity
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 L-tyrosine => 1 (4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + 1 L-glutamate.
acetoacetate and fumarate from L-phenylalanine: step 2/6
molecular_function:L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
1 O(2) + 1 homogentisate => 1 4-maleylacetoacetate.
acetoacetate and fumarate from L-phenylalanine: step 4/6
molecular_function:homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase activity
1 4-maleylacetoacetate => 1 4-fumarylacetoacetate.
acetoacetate and fumarate from L-phenylalanine: step 5/6
molecular_function:maleylacetoacetate isomerase activity
1 4-fumarylacetoacetate + 1 H(2)O => 1 acetoacetate + 1 fumarate.
acetoacetate and fumarate from L-phenylalanine: step 6/6
molecular_function:fumarylacetoacetase activity
1 L-aspartate + 1 prephenate => 1 L-arogenate + 1 oxaloacetate.
L-arogenate from prephenate (L-Asp route): step 1/1
molecular_function:aspartate-prephenate aminotransferase activity
1 L-glutamate + 1 prephenate => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 L-arogenate.
L-arogenate from prephenate (L-Glu route): step 1/1
molecular_function:glutamate-prephenate aminotransferase activity
1 L-arogenate => 1 CO(2) + 1 H(2)O + 1 L-phenylalanine.
L-phenylalanine from L-arogenate: step 1/1
molecular_function:arogenate dehydratase activity
1 prephenate => 1 CO(2) + 1 H(2)O + 1 phenylpyruvate.
phenylpyruvate from prephenate: step 1/1
molecular_function:prephenate dehydratase activity
1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 NH(3) + 1 phenylpyruvate => 1 H(2)O + 1 L-phenylalanine + 1 NAD(+).
L-phenylalanine from phenylpyruvate (PDH route): step 1/1
molecular_function:phenylalanine dehydrogenase activity
1 L-glutamate + 1 phenylpyruvate => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 L-phenylalanine.
L-phenylalanine from phenylpyruvate (ArAT route): step 1/1
molecular_function:aromatic-amino-acid:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
1 (4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + 1 L-glutamate => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 L-tyrosine.
L-tyrosine from (4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate: step 1/1
1 ATP + 1 CoA + 1 pimelate => 1 AMP + 1 diphosphate + 1 pimeloyl-CoA.
molecular_function:6-carboxyhexanoate-CoA ligase activity
1 (R)-pantothenate + 1 ATP => 1 (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate + 1 ADP.
molecular_function:pantothenate kinase activity
1 (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate + 1 CTP + 1 L-cysteine => 1 CMP + 1 N-[(R)-4-phosphonopantothenoyl]-L-cysteine + 1 diphosphate.
molecular_function:phosphopantothenate--cysteine ligase activity
1 N-[(R)-4-phosphonopantothenoyl]-L-cysteine => 1 CO(2) + 1 pantotheine 4'-phosphate.
molecular_function:phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase activity
1 ATP + 1 pantotheine 4'-phosphate => 1 3'-dephospho-CoA + 1 diphosphate.
molecular_function:pantetheine-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity
1 3'-dephospho-CoA + 1 ATP => 1 ADP + 1 CoA.
molecular_function:dephospho-CoA kinase activity
1 L-ornithine => 1 L-proline + 1 NH(3).
molecular_function:ornithine cyclodeaminase activity
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 L-ornithine => 1 L-glutamate + 1 L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde.
L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde from L-ornithine: step 1/1
molecular_function:ornithine-oxo-acid transaminase activity
1 ATP + 1 L-glutamate => 1 ADP + 1 L-glutamyl 5-phosphate.
L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde from L-glutamate: step 1/2
molecular_function:glutamate 5-kinase activity
1 H(+) + 1 L-glutamyl 5-phosphate + 1 NADPH => 1 L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + 1 NADP(+) + 1 phosphate.
L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde from L-glutamate: step 2/2
molecular_function:glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
1 H(+) + 1 L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + 1 NADH => 1 H(2)O + 1 L-proline + 1 NAD(+).
L-proline from L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde: step 1/1
molecular_function:pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity
1 (4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + 1 O(2) => 1 CO(2) + 1 homogentisate.
acetoacetate and fumarate from L-phenylalanine: step 3/6
molecular_function:4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase activity
1 acetyl-CoA + 1 putrescine => 1 CoA + 1 N-acetylputrescine.
N-acetylputrescine from putrescine: step 1/1
molecular_function:diamine N-acetyltransferase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 L-arginine => 1 L-citrulline + 1 NH(3).
carbamoyl phosphate from L-arginine: step 1/2
molecular_function:arginine deiminase activity
1 L-citrulline + 1 phosphate => 1 L-ornithine + 1 carbamoyl phosphate.
carbamoyl phosphate from L-arginine: step 2/2
1 ADP + 1 carbamoyl phosphate => 1 ATP + 1 CO(2) + 1 NH(3).
CO(2) and NH(3) from carbamoyl phosphate: step 1/1
molecular_function:carbamate kinase activity
1 (R)-mevalonate + 1 CoA + 2 NAD(+) => 1 (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + 2 H(+) + 2 NADH.
(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA from (R)-mevalonate: step 1/1
molecular_function:hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity
1 dimethylallyl diphosphate + 1 isopentenyl diphosphate => 1 diphosphate + 1 geranyl diphosphate.
geranyl diphosphate from dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate: step 1/1
molecular_function:dimethylallyltranstransferase activity
1 geranyl diphosphate + 1 isopentenyl diphosphate => 1 diphosphate + 1 farnesyl diphosphate.
farnesyl diphosphate from geranyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate: step 1/1
molecular_function:geranyltranstransferase activity
CO(2) and NH(3) from urea (urease route): step 1/1
1 ATP + 1 bicarbonate + 1 urea => 1 ADP + 1 phosphate + 1 urea-1-carboxylate.
CO(2) and NH(3) from urea (allophanate route): step 1/2
molecular_function:urea carboxylase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 urea-1-carboxylate => 2 CO(2) + 2 NH(3).
CO(2) and NH(3) from urea (allophanate route): step 2/2
molecular_function:allophanate hydrolase activity
1 L-proline + 1 Quinone => 1 (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid + 1 Hydroquinone.
molecular_function:proline dehydrogenase activity
1 (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid + 2 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+) => 1 H(+) + 1 L-glutamate + 1 NADH.
molecular_function:1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity
1 glycine + 1 succinyl-CoA => 1 5-aminolevulinate + 1 CO(2) + 1 CoA.
5-aminolevulinate from glycine: step 1/1
molecular_function:5-aminolevulinate synthase activity
1 Fe2+ + 1 sirohydrochlorin => 2 H(+) + 1 siroheme.
siroheme from sirohydrochlorin: step 1/1
molecular_function:sirohydrochlorin ferrochelatase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 L-ascorbate + 1 protein N(pi)-phospho-L-histidine => 1 3-dehydro-L-gulonate 6-phosphate + 1 protein-L-histidine.
D-xylulose 5-phosphate from L-ascorbate: step 1/4
molecular_function:phospholipase activity
molecular_function:prenylcysteine methylesterase activity
molecular_function:1-oxa-2-oxocycloheptane lactonase activity
molecular_function:sulfolactone hydrolase activity
molecular_function:3,4-dihydrocoumarin hydrolase activity
molecular_function:butyrolactone hydrolase activity
molecular_function:endosulfan lactone lactonase activity
molecular_function:L-ascorbate 6-phosphate lactonase activity
molecular_function:Ser-tRNA(Thr) hydrolase activity
molecular_function:Ala-tRNA(Pro) hydrolase activity
molecular_function:Cys-tRNA(Pro) hydrolase activity
molecular_function:Ser(Gly)-tRNA(Ala) hydrolase activity
molecular_function:all-trans-retinyl-palmitate hydrolase, all-trans-retinol forming activity
molecular_function:retinyl-palmitate esterase activity
molecular_function:carboxylic ester hydrolase activity
molecular_function:mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,6-alpha-mannosidase activity
molecular_function:mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,3-alpha-mannosidase activity
molecular_function:methyl indole-3-acetate esterase activity
molecular_function:methyl salicylate esterase activity
molecular_function:methyl jasmonate esterase activity
1 3-dehydro-L-gulonate 6-phosphate + 1 H(+) => 1 CO(2) + 1 L-xylulose 5-phosphate.
D-xylulose 5-phosphate from L-ascorbate: step 2/4
molecular_function:3-dehydro-L-gulonate-6-phosphate decarboxylase activity
1 L-xylulose 5-phosphate => 1 L-ribulose 5-phosphate.
D-xylulose 5-phosphate from L-ascorbate: step 3/4
molecular_function:L-ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase activity
1 L-ribulose 5-phosphate => 1 D-xylulose 5-phosphate.
D-xylulose 5-phosphate from L-ascorbate: step 4/4
molecular_function:L-ribulose-phosphate 4-epimerase activity
1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1 glycine => 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 1 sarcosine.
molecular_function:glycine N-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:sarcosine N-methyltransferase activity
1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1 sarcosine => 1 N,N-dimethylglycine + 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
molecular_function:dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase activity
1 N,N-dimethylglycine + 1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine => 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 1 betaine.
molecular_function:choline:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase activity
1 acceptor + 1 choline => 1 betaine aldehyde + 1 reduced acceptor.
betaine aldehyde from choline (cytochrome c reductase route): step 1/1
molecular_function:choline dehydrogenase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+) + 1 betaine aldehyde => 2 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 betaine.
molecular_function:betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity
1 1,2-dichloroethane + 1 H(2)O => 1 2-chloroethanol + 1 HCl.
glycolate from 1,2-dichloroethane: step 1/4
molecular_function:haloalkane dehalogenase activity
1 2-chloroethanol + 2 ferricytochrome c => 2 H(+) + 1 chloroacetaldehyde + 2 ferrocytochrome c.
glycolate from 1,2-dichloroethane: step 2/4
molecular_function:alcohol dehydrogenase (cytochrome c) activity
molecular_function:ethanol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity
molecular_function:2-chloroethanol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+) + 1 chloroacetaldehyde => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 chloroacetic acid.
glycolate from 1,2-dichloroethane: step 3/4
molecular_function:aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity
1 H(2)O + 1 chloroacetic acid => 1 HCl + 1 glycolate.
glycolate from 1,2-dichloroethane: step 4/4
molecular_function:haloacetate dehalogenase activity
1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 O(2) + 1 benzene => 1 NAD(+) + 1 cis-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol.
molecular_function:benzene 1,2-dioxygenase activity
1 NAD(+) + 1 cis-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 catechol.
molecular_function:cis-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase activity
1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 O(2) + 1 toluene => 1 (1S,2R)-3-methylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol + 1 NAD(+).
molecular_function:toluene dioxygenase activity
1 (1S,2R)-3-methylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol + 1 NAD(+) => 1 3-methylcatechol + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
1 H(2)O + 1 creatinine => 1 N-methylhydantoin + 1 NH(3).
molecular_function:creatinine deaminase activity
1 ATP + 2 H(2)O + 1 N-methylhydantoin => 1 ADP + 1 N-carbamoylsarcosine + 1 phosphate.
molecular_function:N-methylhydantoinase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity
1 H(2)O + 1 N-carbamoylsarcosine => 1 CO(2) + 1 NH(3) + 1 sarcosine.
molecular_function:N-carbamoylsarcosine amidase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 electron-transferring flavoprotein + 1 sarcosine => 1 formaldehyde + 1 glycine + 1 reduced electron-transferring flavoprotein.
formaldehyde and glycine from sarcosine: step 1/1
molecular_function:sarcosine dehydrogenase activity
1 D-ribulose 5-phosphate => 1 2-hydroxy-3-oxobutyl phosphate + 1 formate.
2-hydroxy-3-oxobutyl phosphate from D-ribulose 5-phosphate: step 1/1
molecular_function:3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone-4-phosphate synthase activity
1 GTP + 3 H(2)O => 1 2,5-diamino-4-hydroxy-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)pyrimidine + 1 diphosphate + 1 formate.
5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil from GTP: step 1/4
molecular_function:GTP cyclohydrolase II activity
1 2,5-diamino-4-hydroxy-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)pyrimidine + 1 H(2)O => 1 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil + 1 NH(3).
5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil from GTP: step 2/4
molecular_function:diaminohydroxyphosphoribosylaminopyrimidine deaminase activity
1 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH => 1 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribitylamino)uracil + 1 NADP(+).
5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil from GTP: step 3/4
molecular_function:5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil reductase activity
1 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribitylamino)uracil + 1 H(2)O => 1 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil + 1 phosphate.
5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil from GTP: step 4/4
molecular_function:protein tyrosine/serine/threonine phosphatase activity
molecular_function:protein tyrosine/threonine phosphatase activity
molecular_function:JUN kinase phosphatase activity
molecular_function:phosphohistidine phosphatase activity
molecular_function:inositol bisphosphate phosphatase activity
molecular_function:MAP kinase tyrosine/serine/threonine phosphatase activity
molecular_function:inositol-1,3,4-trisphosphate 4-phosphatase activity
molecular_function:NADP phosphatase activity
molecular_function:transmembrane receptor protein phosphatase activity
molecular_function:inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate 3-phosphatase activity
molecular_function:inositol-1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate 6-phosphatase activity
molecular_function:inositol-4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity
molecular_function:5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribitylamino)uracil phosphatase activity
molecular_function:phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate phosphatase activity
molecular_function:phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity
molecular_function:phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate 3-phosphatase activity
molecular_function:inositol phosphate phosphatase activity
molecular_function:inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity
molecular_function:inositol-3,4-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase activity
molecular_function:inositol-1,3,4-trisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity
molecular_function:inositol-1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate 6-phosphatase activity
molecular_function:inositol-1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity
molecular_function:phosphatidylinositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity
molecular_function:IDP phosphatase activity
1 2-hydroxy-3-oxobutyl phosphate + 1 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil => 1 6,7-dimethyl-8-(1-D-ribityl)lumazine + 2 H(2)O + 1 phosphate.
riboflavin from 2-hydroxy-3-oxobutyl phosphate and 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil: step 1/2
2 6,7-dimethyl-8-(1-D-ribityl)lumazine => 1 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil + 1 riboflavin.
riboflavin from 2-hydroxy-3-oxobutyl phosphate and 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil: step 2/2
molecular_function:riboflavin synthase activity
1 ATP + 1 riboflavin => 1 ADP + 1 FMN.
FMN from riboflavin (ATP route): step 1/1
molecular_function:riboflavin kinase activity
1 ATP + 1 FMN => 1 FAD + 1 diphosphate.
molecular_function:FMN adenylyltransferase activity
1 D-glucose 6-phosphate + 1 NADP(+) => 1 D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH.
D-ribulose 5-phosphate from D-glucose 6-phosphate (oxidative stage): step 1/3
molecular_function:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
1 D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + 1 H(2)O => 1 6-phospho-D-gluconate.
D-ribulose 5-phosphate from D-glucose 6-phosphate (oxidative stage): step 2/3
molecular_function:6-phosphogluconolactonase activity
1 6-phospho-D-gluconate + 1 NADP(+) => 1 CO(2) + 1 D-ribulose 5-phosphate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH.
D-ribulose 5-phosphate from D-glucose 6-phosphate (oxidative stage): step 3/3
molecular_function:phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) activity
1 D-ribulose 5-phosphate => 1 D-xylulose 5-phosphate.
D-xylulose 5-phosphate from D-ribulose 5-phosphate (non-oxidative stage): step 1/1
molecular_function:ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase activity
1 D-ribulose 5-phosphate => 1 D-ribose 5-phosphate.
D-ribose 5-phosphate from D-ribulose 5-phosphate (non-oxidative stage): step 1/1
molecular_function:ribose-5-phosphate isomerase activity
1 D-ribose 5-phosphate + 1 D-xylulose 5-phosphate => 1 D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + 1 sedoheptulose 7-phosphate.
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate from D-ribose 5-phosphate and D-xylulose 5-phosphate (non-oxidative stage): step 1/3
molecular_function:transketolase activity
1 D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + 1 sedoheptulose 7-phosphate => 1 D-erythrose 4-phosphate + 1 beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate.
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate from D-ribose 5-phosphate and D-xylulose 5-phosphate (non-oxidative stage): step 2/3
molecular_function:sedoheptulose-7-phosphate:D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate glyceronetransferase activity
1 D-erythrose 4-phosphate + 1 D-xylulose 5-phosphate => 1 D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + 1 beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate.
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate from D-ribose 5-phosphate and D-xylulose 5-phosphate (non-oxidative stage): step 3/3
1 4-hydroxyphenylacetate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 O(2) => 1 (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetate + 1 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+).
pyruvate and succinate semialdehyde from 4-hydroxyphenylacetate: step 1/7
molecular_function:4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-monooxygenase activity
1 (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetate + 1 O(2) => 1 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde.
pyruvate and succinate semialdehyde from 4-hydroxyphenylacetate: step 2/7
molecular_function:3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate 2,3-dioxygenase activity
1 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde + 1 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+) => 1 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconic acid + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
pyruvate and succinate semialdehyde from 4-hydroxyphenylacetate: step 3/7
molecular_function:5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconic-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
1 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconic acid => 1 5-oxopent-3-ene-1,2,5-tricarboxylic acid.
pyruvate and succinate semialdehyde from 4-hydroxyphenylacetate: step 4/7
molecular_function:5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate delta-isomerase activity
1 5-oxopent-3-ene-1,2,5-tricarboxylic acid => 1 2-hydroxy-hept-2,4-diene-1,7-dioic acid + 1 CO(2).
pyruvate and succinate semialdehyde from 4-hydroxyphenylacetate: step 5/7
molecular_function:5-oxopent-3-ene-1,2,5-tricarboxylate decarboxylase activity
1 2-hydroxy-hept-2,4-diene-1,7-dioic acid + 1 H(2)O => 1 2,4-dihydroxyhept-2-enedioic acid.
pyruvate and succinate semialdehyde from 4-hydroxyphenylacetate: step 6/7
1 2,4-dihydroxyhept-2-enedioic acid => 1 pyruvate + 1 succinate semialdehyde.
pyruvate and succinate semialdehyde from 4-hydroxyphenylacetate: step 7/7
1 D-fructose 6-phosphate => 1 D-mannose 6-phosphate.
alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate from D-fructose 6-phosphate: step 1/2
molecular_function:mannose-6-phosphate isomerase activity
1 D-mannose 6-phosphate => 1 alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate.
alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate from D-fructose 6-phosphate: step 2/2
molecular_function:phosphomannomutase activity
1 GDP + 1 alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate => 1 GDP-alpha-D-mannose + 1 phosphate.
GDP-alpha-D-mannose from alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate (GDP route): step 1/1
molecular_function:mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (GDP) activity
1 L-allo-threonine => 1 acetaldehyde + 1 glycine.
1 L-alanine + 1 glyoxylate => 1 glycine + 1 pyruvate.
molecular_function:alanine-glyoxylate transaminase activity
1 L-threonine => 1 acetaldehyde + 1 glycine.
acetaldehyde and glycine from L-threonine: step 1/1
molecular_function:threonine aldolase activity
2 H(+) + 1 O(2) + 1 choline + 2 reduced ferredoxin => 2 H(2)O + 1 betaine aldehyde + 2 oxidized ferredoxin.
betaine aldehyde from choline (monooxygenase route): step 1/1
molecular_function:choline monooxygenase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 choline sulfate => 1 choline + 1 sulfate.
molecular_function:choline-sulfatase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 N,N-dimethylglycine + 1 electron-transferring flavoprotein => 1 formaldehyde + 1 reduced electron-transferring flavoprotein + 1 sarcosine.
molecular_function:dimethylglycine dehydrogenase activity
1 D-ribulose 5-phosphate + 1 formaldehyde => 1 D-arabino-3-hexulose 6-phosphate.
D-fructose 6-phosphate from D-ribulose 5-phosphate and formaldehyde: step 1/2
1 D-arabino-3-hexulose 6-phosphate => 1 D-fructose 6-phosphate.
D-fructose 6-phosphate from D-ribulose 5-phosphate and formaldehyde: step 2/2
2 sedoheptulose 7-phosphate => 1 D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate + 1 D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate.
D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate and D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate from sedoheptulose 7-phosphate: step 1/1
1 ATP + 1 D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate => 1 ADP + 1 D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 1,7-diphosphate.
ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose from D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate: step 1/4
1 D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 1,7-diphosphate + 1 H(2)O => 1 D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 1-phosphate + 1 phosphate.
ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose from D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate: step 2/4
1 ATP + 1 D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 1-phosphate => 1 ADP-D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose + 1 diphosphate.
ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose from D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate: step 3/4
1 ADP-D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose => 1 ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose.
ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose from D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate: step 4/4
molecular_function:ADP-glyceromanno-heptose 6-epimerase activity
1 (S)-norcoclaurine + 1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine => 1 (S)-coclaurine + 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
(S)-reticuline from (S)-norcoclaurine: step 1/4
molecular_function:(RS)-norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase activity
1 (S)-coclaurine + 1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine => 1 (S)-N-methylcoclaurine + 1 H(+) + 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
(S)-reticuline from (S)-norcoclaurine: step 2/4
molecular_function:(S)-coclaurine-N-methyltransferase activity
1 (S)-N-methylcoclaurine + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 O(2) => 1 (S)-3'-hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine + 1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+).
(S)-reticuline from (S)-norcoclaurine: step 3/4
molecular_function:N-methylcoclaurine 3'-monooxygenase activity
1 (S)-3'-hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine + 1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine => 1 (S)-reticuline + 1 H(+) + 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
(S)-reticuline from (S)-norcoclaurine: step 4/4
molecular_function:3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase activity
1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1 columbamine => 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 1 palmatine.
molecular_function:columbamine O-methyltransferase activity
1 (R)-N-methylcoclaurine + 1 (S)-N-methylcoclaurine + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 O(2) => 2 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+) + 1 berbamunine.
berbamunine from (R)-N-methylcoclaurine and (S)-N-methylcoclaurine: step 1/1
molecular_function:berbamunine synthase activity
1 secologanin + 1 tryptamine => 1 3alpha(S)-strictosidine + 1 H(2)O.
3alpha(S)-strictosidine from secologanin and tryptamine: step 1/1
molecular_function:strictosidine synthase activity
1 L-cysteine + 1 O-acetyl-L-homoserine => 1 L-cystathionine + 1 acetate.
L-cystathionine from O-acetyl-L-homoserine: step 1/1
molecular_function:prenyltransferase activity
molecular_function:protein geranylgeranyltransferase activity
molecular_function:protein prenyltransferase activity
molecular_function:4-hydroxybenzoate octaprenyltransferase activity
molecular_function:protoheme IX farnesyltransferase activity
molecular_function:transferase activity, transferring alkyl or aryl (other than methyl) groups
molecular_function:(S)-2,3-di-O-geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate synthase activity
molecular_function:cadaverine aminopropyltransferase activity
molecular_function:agmatine aminopropyltransferase activity
molecular_function:1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate octaprenyltransferase activity
molecular_function:trans-pentaprenyltranstransferase activity
molecular_function:ATP dimethylallyltransferase activity
molecular_function:ADP dimethylallyltransferase activity
1 O-succinyl-L-homoserine + 1 hydrogen sulfide => 1 L-homocysteine + 1 succinate.
L-homocysteine from O-succinyl-L-homoserine: step 1/1
1 (S)-reticuline + 1 O(2) => 1 (S)-scoulerine + 1 H(2)O(2).
(S)-scoulerine from (S)-reticuline: step 1/1
molecular_function:reticuline oxidase activity
1 H(+) + 1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine => 1 CO(2) + 1 S-adenosylmethioninamine.
S-adenosylmethioninamine from S-adenosyl-L-methionine: step 1/1
molecular_function:adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 L-tryptophan => 1 NH(3) + 1 indole + 1 pyruvate.
indole and pyruvate from L-tryptophan: step 1/1
molecular_function:tryptophanase activity
1 L-tryptophan + 1 O(2) => 1 N-formyl-N-kynurenine.
L-kynurenine from L-tryptophan: step 1/2
molecular_function:tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 N-formyl-N-kynurenine => 1 L-kynurenine + 1 formate.
L-kynurenine from L-tryptophan: step 2/2
molecular_function:arylformamidase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 L-kynurenine => 1 L-alanine + 1 anthranilate.
L-alanine and anthranilate from L-kynurenine: step 1/1
L-aspartate + [NAD(+) or NADP(+)] => H(+) + iminoaspartate + [NADH or NADPH].
iminoaspartate from L-aspartate (dehydrogenase route): step 1/1
molecular_function:aspartate dehydrogenase activity
1 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + 1 ATP + 1 H(+) + 1 H(2)O + 1 nicotinate => 1 ADP + 1 diphosphate + 1 nicotinate D-ribonucleotide + 1 phosphate.
nicotinate D-ribonucleotide from nicotinate: step 1/1
molecular_function:nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase activity
1 ATP + 1 acetate => 1 ADP + 1 acetyl phosphate.
molecular_function:acetate kinase activity
1 CoA + 1 acetyl phosphate => 1 acetyl-CoA + 1 phosphate.
molecular_function:phosphate acetyltransferase activity
1 (S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate + 1 H(2)O + 1 L-glutamate => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 LL-2,6-diaminopimelate.
LL-2,6-diaminopimelate from (S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate (aminotransferase route): step 1/1
molecular_function:L,L-diaminopimelate aminotransferase activity
1 2-deoxy-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate => 1 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphate.
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and acetaldehyde from 2-deoxy-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate: step 1/2
1 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphate => 1 D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + 1 acetaldehyde.
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and acetaldehyde from 2-deoxy-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate: step 2/2
molecular_function:deoxyribose-phosphate aldolase activity
1 phosphoenolpyruvate + 1 sulfite => 1 (2R)-O-phospho-3-sulfolactic acid.
sulfoacetaldehyde from phosphoenolpyruvate and sulfite: step 1/4
molecular_function:phosphosulfolactate synthase activity
1 (2R)-O-phospho-3-sulfolactic acid + 1 H(2)O => 1 (R)-3-sulfolactate + 1 phosphate.
sulfoacetaldehyde from phosphoenolpyruvate and sulfite: step 2/4
molecular_function:2-phosphosulfolactate phosphatase activity
1 (R)-3-sulfolactate + 1 NAD(+) => 1 3-sulfopyruvate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
sulfoacetaldehyde from phosphoenolpyruvate and sulfite: step 3/4
molecular_function:(R)-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase activity
1 3-sulfopyruvate => 1 CO(2) + 1 sulfoacetaldehyde.
sulfoacetaldehyde from phosphoenolpyruvate and sulfite: step 4/4
molecular_function:sulfopyruvate decarboxylase activity
1 D-ribulose 5-phosphate => 1 D-arabinose 5-phosphate.
3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate from D-ribulose 5-phosphate: step 1/3
molecular_function:arabinose-5-phosphate isomerase activity
1 D-arabinose 5-phosphate + 1 H(2)O + 1 phosphoenolpyruvate => 1 8-phospho-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate + 1 phosphate.
3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate from D-ribulose 5-phosphate: step 2/3
molecular_function:3-deoxy-8-phosphooctulonate synthase activity
1 8-phospho-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate + 1 H(2)O => 1 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate + 1 phosphate.
3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate from D-ribulose 5-phosphate: step 3/3
molecular_function:3-deoxy-manno-octulosonate-8-phosphatase activity
1 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate + 1 CTP => 1 CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate + 1 diphosphate.
CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate from 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate and CTP: step 1/1
molecular_function:3-deoxy-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase activity
1 (3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] + 1 UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine => 1 UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine + 1 acyl-carrier protein.
lipid IV(A) from (3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] and UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine: step 1/6
molecular_function:acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]-UDP-N-acetylglucosamine O-acyltransferase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine => 1 UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-D-glucosamine + 1 acetate.
lipid IV(A) from (3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] and UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine: step 2/6
1 (3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] + 1 UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-D-glucosamine => 1 UDP-2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-D-glucosamine + 1 acyl-carrier protein.
lipid IV(A) from (3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] and UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine: step 3/6
1 H(2)O + 1 UDP-2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-D-glucosamine => 1 UMP + 1 lipid X.
lipid IV(A) from (3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] and UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine: step 4/6
1 UDP-2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-D-glucosamine + 1 lipid X => 1 2,3,2',3'-tetrakis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-1,6-beta-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate + 1 UDP.
lipid IV(A) from (3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] and UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine: step 5/6
molecular_function:lipid-A-disaccharide synthase activity
1 2,3,2',3'-tetrakis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-1,6-beta-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate + 1 ATP => 1 ADP + 1 lipid IV(A).
lipid IV(A) from (3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] and UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine: step 6/6
molecular_function:tetraacyldisaccharide 4'-kinase activity
1 CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate + 1 lipid IV(A) => 1 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonyl-lipid IV((A)) + 1 CMP.
KDO(2)-lipid A from CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate and lipid IV(A): step 1/4
1 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonyl-lipid IV((A)) + 1 CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate => 1 CMP + 1 di[3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonyl]-lipid IV(A).
KDO(2)-lipid A from CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate and lipid IV(A): step 2/4
1 di[3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonyl]-lipid IV(A) + 1 dodecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] => 1 acyl-carrier protein + 1 lauroyl-KDO(2)-lipid IV(A).
KDO(2)-lipid A from CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate and lipid IV(A): step 3/4
1 lauroyl-KDO(2)-lipid IV(A) + 1 tetradecanoyl-[acp] => 1 KDO(2)-lipid A + 1 acyl-carrier protein.
KDO(2)-lipid A from CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate and lipid IV(A): step 4/4
1 H(2)O + 1 acceptor + 1 nicotine => 1 (S)-6-hydroxynicotine + 1 reduced acceptor.
6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine from nicotine (S-isomer route): step 1/2
molecular_function:nicotine dehydrogenase activity
1 (R)-6-hydroxynicotine + 1 H(2)O + 1 O(2) => 1 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine + 1 H(2)O(2).
6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine from nicotine (R-isomer route): step 2/2
molecular_function:(R)-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase activity
1 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine + 1 H(2)O + 1 acceptor => 1 2,6-dihydroxypseudooxynicotine + 1 reduced acceptor.
2,6-dihydroxypyridine and 4-(methylamino)butanoate from 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine: step 1/2
1 2,6-dihydroxypseudooxynicotine + 1 H(2)O => 1 2,6-dihydroxypyridine + 1 4-(methylamino)butanoate.
2,6-dihydroxypyridine and 4-(methylamino)butanoate from 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine: step 2/2
1 H(2)O + 2 NAD(+) + 1 UDP-alpha-D-glucose => 2 H(+) + 2 NADH + 1 UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate.
UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate from UDP-alpha-D-glucose: step 1/1
molecular_function:UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase activity
1 NAD(+) + 1 UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate => 1 CO(2) + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 UDP-beta-L-threo-pentopyranos-4-ulose.
UDP-4-deoxy-4-formamido-beta-L-arabinose from UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate: step 1/3
1 L-glutamate + 1 UDP-beta-L-threo-pentopyranos-4-ulose => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose.
UDP-4-deoxy-4-formamido-beta-L-arabinose from UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate: step 2/3
1 10-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + 1 UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose => 1 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + 1 UDP-4-deoxy-4-formamido-beta-L-arabinose.
UDP-4-deoxy-4-formamido-beta-L-arabinose from UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate: step 3/3
1 UDP-4-deoxy-4-formamido-beta-L-arabinose + 1 di-trans,poly-cis-undecaprenyl phosphate => 1 4-deoxy-4-formamido-alphaL-arabinose undecaprenyl phosphate + 1 UDP.
4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-L-arabinose undecaprenyl phosphate from UDP-4-deoxy-4-formamido-beta-L-arabinose and undecaprenyl phosphate: step 1/2
1 4-deoxy-4-formamido-alphaL-arabinose undecaprenyl phosphate + 1 H(2)O => 1 4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-L-arabinose undecaprenyl phosphate + 1 formate.
4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-L-arabinose undecaprenyl phosphate from UDP-4-deoxy-4-formamido-beta-L-arabinose and undecaprenyl phosphate: step 2/2
molecular_function:alanine racemase activity
1 D-alanine + 1 H(2)O + 1 acceptor => 1 NH(3) + 1 pyruvate + 1 reduced acceptor.
NH(3) and pyruvate from D-alanine: step 1/1
molecular_function:D-amino-acid dehydrogenase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 atrazine => 1 HCl + 1 hydroxyatrazine.
molecular_function:atrazine chlorohydrolase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 hydroxyatrazine => 1 N-isopropylammelide + 1 ethylamine.
molecular_function:hydroxydechloroatrazine ethylaminohydrolase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 N-isopropylammelide => 1 cyanurate + 1 isopropylamine.
molecular_function:N-isopropylammelide isopropylaminohydrolase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 cyanurate => 1 CO(2) + 1 biuret.
molecular_function:cyanuric acid amidohydrolase activity
1 CDP-diacylglycerol + 1 sn-glycerol 3-phosphate => 1 CMP + 1 phosphatidylglycerophosphate.
phosphatidylglycerol from CDP-diacylglycerol: step 1/2
molecular_function:CDP-diacylglycerol-glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 phosphatidylglycerophosphate => 1 phosphate + 1 phosphatidylglycerol.
phosphatidylglycerol from CDP-diacylglycerol: step 2/2
molecular_function:phosphatidylglycerophosphatase activity
1 L-threonine + 1 NAD(+) => 1 H(+) + 1 L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoic acid + 1 NADH.
molecular_function:L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase activity
1 CoA + 1 L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoic acid => 1 acetyl-CoA + 1 glycine.
molecular_function:glycine C-acetyltransferase activity
1 2-oxobutanoate + 1 CoA => 1 formate + 1 propanoyl-CoA.
1 phosphate + 1 propanoyl-CoA => 1 CoA + 1 propanoyl phosphate.
1 ADP + 1 propanoyl phosphate => 1 ATP + 1 propanoate.
molecular_function:propionate kinase activity
1 CTP + 1 alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate => 1 CDP-glucose + 1 diphosphate.
CDP-3,6-dideoxy-D-mannose from CTP and alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate: step 1/5
molecular_function:glucose-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity
1 CDP-glucose => 1 CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose + 1 H(2)O.
CDP-3,6-dideoxy-D-mannose from CTP and alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate: step 2/5
molecular_function:CDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase activity
CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose + H(+) + [NADH or NADPH] => CDP-4-dehydro-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose + H(2)O + [NAD(+) or NADP(+)].
CDP-3,6-dideoxy-D-mannose from CTP and alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate: step 3/5
molecular_function:CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxyglucose reductase activity
1 CDP-4-dehydro-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH => 1 CDP-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose + 1 NADP(+).
CDP-3,6-dideoxy-D-mannose from CTP and alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate: step 4/5
1 CDP-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose => 1 CDP-3,6-dideoxy-D-mannose.
CDP-3,6-dideoxy-D-mannose from CTP and alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate: step 5/5
molecular_function:CDP-abequose epimerase activity
1 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole + 1 nicotinate D-ribonucleotide => 1 H(+) + 1 alpha-ribazole 5'-phosphate + 1 nicotinate.
alpha-ribazole from 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole: step 1/2
molecular_function:nicotinate-nucleotide-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 alpha-ribazole 5'-phosphate => 1 alpha-ribazole + 1 phosphate.
alpha-ribazole from 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole: step 2/2
molecular_function:alpha-ribazole phosphatase activity
1 D-galactonate => 1 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate + 1 H(2)O.
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate from D-galactonate: step 1/3
molecular_function:galactonate dehydratase activity
1 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate + 1 ATP => 1 6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonic acid + 1 ADP.
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate from D-galactonate: step 2/3
molecular_function:2-dehydro-3-deoxygalactonokinase activity
1 6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonic acid => 1 D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + 1 pyruvate.
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate from D-galactonate: step 3/3
molecular_function:2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalactonate aldolase activity
1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 O(2) + 1 tabersonine => 1 16-hydroxytabersonine + 1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+).
molecular_function:tabersonine 16-hydroxylase activity
1 16-hydroxytabersonine + 1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine => 1 16-methoxytabersonine + 1 H(+) + 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
molecular_function:11-O-demethyl-17-O-deacetylvindoline O-methyltransferase activity
1 16-methoxytabersonine + 1 H(2)O => 1 3-hydroxy-16-methoxy-2,3-dihydrotabersonine.
1 3-hydroxy-16-methoxy-2,3-dihydrotabersonine + 1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine => 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 1 desacetoxyvindoline.
molecular_function:16-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxytabersonine N-methyltransferase activity
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 O(2) + 1 desacetoxyvindoline => 1 CO(2) + 1 deacetylvindoline + 1 succinate.
molecular_function:desacetoxyvindoline 4-hydroxylase activity
1 acetyl-CoA + 1 deacetylvindoline => 1 CoA + 1 vindoline.
molecular_function:17-O-deacetylvindoline O-acetyltransferase activity
1 O(2) + 1 myo-inositol => 1 D-glucuronate + 1 H(2)O.
D-glucuronate from myo-inositol: step 1/1
molecular_function:inositol oxygenase activity
1 D-fructose 6-phosphate + 1 L-glutamine => 1 L-glutamate + 1 alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate.
alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate from D-fructose 6-phosphate: step 1/1
molecular_function:glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase (isomerizing) activity
1 acetyl-CoA + 1 alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate => 1 CoA + 1 N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate.
N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate from alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate (route I): step 1/2
molecular_function:glucosamine 6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase activity
1 N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate => 1 N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate.
N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate from alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate (route I): step 2/2
molecular_function:phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase activity
1 alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate => 1 alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate.
N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate from alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate (route II): step 1/2
molecular_function:phosphoglucosamine mutase activity
1 acetyl-CoA + 1 alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate => 1 CoA + 1 N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate.
N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate from alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate (route II): step 2/2
molecular_function:glucosamine-1-phosphate N-acetyltransferase activity
1 N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate + 1 UTP => 1 UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine + 1 diphosphate.
UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine from N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate: step 1/1
molecular_function:UDP-N-acetylglucosamine diphosphorylase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 alpha,alpha-trehalose => 2 D-glucose.
D-glucose from alpha,alpha-trehalose: step 1/1
molecular_function:alpha,alpha-trehalase activity
1 2-aminoethanethiol + 1 O(2) => 1 hypotaurine.
hypotaurine from 2-aminoethanethiol: step 1/1
molecular_function:cysteamine dioxygenase activity
1 L-cysteine + 1 O(2) => 1 3-sulfino-L-alanine.
molecular_function:cysteine dioxygenase activity
1 3-sulfino-L-alanine => 1 CO(2) + 1 hypotaurine.
molecular_function:sulfinoalanine decarboxylase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+) + 1 hypotaurine => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 taurine.
molecular_function:hypotaurine dehydrogenase activity
1 L-cysteine + 1 sulfite => 1 L-cysteate + 1 hydrogen sulfide.
molecular_function:cysteine lyase activity
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 O(2) + 1 taurine => 1 CO(2) + 1 aminoacetaldehyde + 1 succinate + 1 sulfite.
aminoacetaldehyde and sulfite from taurine: step 1/1
molecular_function:taurine dioxygenase activity
1 pyruvate + 1 taurine => 1 L-alanine + 1 sulfoacetaldehyde.
acetyl phosphate and sulfite from taurine: step 1/2
molecular_function:taurine-pyruvate aminotransferase activity
1 phosphate + 1 sulfoacetaldehyde => 1 acetyl phosphate + 1 sulfite.
acetyl phosphate and sulfite from taurine: step 2/2
molecular_function:sulfoacetaldehyde acetyltransferase activity
1 D-fructose 6-phosphate + 1 UDP-alpha-D-glucose => 1 UDP + 1 sucrose 6-phosphate.
sucrose from D-fructose 6-phosphate and UDP-alpha-D-glucose: step 1/2
molecular_function:sucrose-phosphate synthase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 sucrose 6-phosphate => 1 phosphate + 1 sucrose.
sucrose from D-fructose 6-phosphate and UDP-alpha-D-glucose: step 2/2
molecular_function:sucrose-phosphate phosphatase activity
1 ATP + 1 CoA + 1 trans-4-coumarate => 1 4-coumaroyl-CoA + 1 AMP + 1 diphosphate.
3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene from trans-4-coumarate: step 1/2
molecular_function:4-coumarate-CoA ligase activity
1 4-coumaroyl-CoA + 3 malonyl-CoA => 1 3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene + 4 CO(2) + 4 CoA.
3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene from trans-4-coumarate: step 2/2
molecular_function:trihydroxystilbene synthase activity
1 L-histidine => 1 NH(3) + 1 trans-urocanate.
N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate from L-histidine: step 1/3
molecular_function:histidine ammonia-lyase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 trans-urocanate => 1 4-imidazolone-5-propanoate.
N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate from L-histidine: step 2/3
molecular_function:urocanate hydratase activity
1 4-imidazolone-5-propanoate + 1 H(2)O => 1 N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate.
N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate from L-histidine: step 3/3
molecular_function:imidazolonepropionase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate => 1 L-glutamate + 1 formamide.
L-glutamate from N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate (hydrolase route): step 1/1
molecular_function:formimidoylglutamase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate => 1 N-formyl-L-glutamate + 1 NH(3).
L-glutamate from N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate (deiminase route): step 1/2
molecular_function:formimidoylglutamate deiminase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 N-formyl-L-glutamate => 1 L-glutamate + 1 formate.
L-glutamate from N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate (deiminase route): step 2/2
molecular_function:N-formylglutamate deformylase activity
1 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + 1 N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate => 1 5-formiminotetrahydrofolate + 1 L-glutamate.
L-glutamate from N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate (transferase route): step 1/1
molecular_function:glutamate formimidoyltransferase activity
2 farnesyl diphosphate => 1 dehydrosqualene + 2 diphosphate.
staphyloxanthin from farnesyl diphosphate: step 1/5
3 FAD + 1 dehydrosqualene => 1 4,4'-diaponeurosporene + 3 FADH2.
staphyloxanthin from farnesyl diphosphate: step 2/5
1 4,4'-diaponeurosporene + 3 O(2) + 3 reduced acceptor => 1 4,4'-diaponeurosporenic acid + 4 H(2)O + 3 acceptor.
staphyloxanthin from farnesyl diphosphate: step 3/5
1 4,4'-diaponeurosporenic acid => 1 glycosyl-4,4'-diaponeurosporenic acid.
staphyloxanthin from farnesyl diphosphate: step 4/5
molecular_function:alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:alpha-1,2-mannosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:mannosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:alpha-1,3-mannosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:glycolipid mannosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:oligosaccharyl transferase activity
molecular_function:dolichyl-phosphate-glucose-glycolipid alpha-glucosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
molecular_function:acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
molecular_function:galactosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:fucosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:O antigen polymerase activity
molecular_function:lipopolysaccharide-1,6-galactosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
molecular_function:cellulose synthase activity
molecular_function:9-phenanthrol UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:1-phenanthrol glycosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:9-phenanthrol glycosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:1,2-dihydroxy-phenanthrene glycosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:phenanthrol glycosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:beta-1,4-mannosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:alpha-1,2-galactosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:dolichyl pyrophosphate Man7GlcNAc2 alpha-1,3-glucosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:lipopolysaccharide-1,5-galactosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:dolichyl pyrophosphate Man9GlcNAc2 alpha-1,3-glucosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:dolichyl pyrophosphate Glc1Man9GlcNAc2 alpha-1,3-glucosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:inositol phosphoceramide synthase activity
molecular_function:glucosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:alpha-(1->3)-fucosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:alpha-(1->6)-fucosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:indole-3-butyrate beta-glucosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:salicylic acid glucosyltransferase (ester-forming) activity
molecular_function:salicylic acid glucosyltransferase (glucoside-forming) activity
molecular_function:benzoic acid glucosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:chondroitin hydrolase activity
molecular_function:dolichyl-pyrophosphate Man7GlcNAc2 alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:cytokinin 9-beta-glucosyltransferase activity
1 glycosyl-4,4'-diaponeurosporenic acid => 1 staphyloxanthin.
staphyloxanthin from farnesyl diphosphate: step 5/5
1 H(2)O + 1 cobalt-precorrin 5A => 1 acetaldehyde + 1 cobalt-precorrin 5B.
cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide from sirohydrochlorin (anaerobic route): step 5/10
1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine => 1 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylate + 1 S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine.
ethylene from S-adenosyl-L-methionine: step 1/2
molecular_function:1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase activity
1 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylate + 1 L-ascorbate + 1 O(2) => 1 CO(2) + 2 H(2)O + 1 L-dehydroascorbate + 1 ethylene + 1 hydrogen cyanide.
ethylene from S-adenosyl-L-methionine: step 2/2
molecular_function:1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase activity
1 farnesyl diphosphate + 1 isopentenyl diphosphate => 1 diphosphate + 1 geranylgeranyl diphosphate.
geranylgeranyl diphosphate from farnesyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate: step 1/1
molecular_function:farnesyltranstransferase activity
D-xylulose 5-phosphate from L-arabinose (bacterial route): step 1/3
molecular_function:L-arabinose isomerase activity
1 ATP + 1 L-ribulose => 1 ADP + 1 L-ribulose 5-phosphate.
D-xylulose 5-phosphate from L-arabinose (bacterial route): step 2/3
molecular_function:ribulokinase activity
D-xylulose 5-phosphate from L-arabinose (bacterial route): step 3/3
1 L-arabinose + 1 NAD(+) => 1 H(+) + 1 L-arabinono-1,4-lactone + 1 NADH.
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate from L-arabinose: step 1/3
molecular_function:L-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
1 H(2)O + 1 L-arabinono-1,4-lactone => 1 L-arabinonate.
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate from L-arabinose: step 2/3
molecular_function:L-arabinonolactonase activity
1 L-arabinonate => 1 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate + 1 H(2)O.
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate from L-arabinose: step 3/3
molecular_function:L-arabinonate dehydratase activity
1 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate => 1 glycolaldehyde + 1 pyruvate.
glycolaldehyde and pyruvate from 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate: step 1/1
molecular_function:2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-pentonate aldolase activity
1 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate => 1 2,5-dioxopentanoate + 1 H(2)O.
2-oxoglutarate from 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate: step 1/2
molecular_function:2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate dehydratase activity
1 2,5-dioxopentanoate + 1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+) => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH.
2-oxoglutarate from 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate: step 2/2
molecular_function:2,5-dioxovalerate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
H(+) + L-arabinose + [NADH or NADPH] => L-arabinitol + [NAD(+) or NADP(+)].
D-xylulose 5-phosphate from L-arabinose (fungal route): step 1/5
molecular_function:alditol:NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase activity
1 L-arabinitol + 1 NAD(+) => 1 H(+) + 1 L-xylulose + 1 NADH.
D-xylulose 5-phosphate from L-arabinose (fungal route): step 2/5
molecular_function:L-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase activity
1 H(+) + 1 L-xylulose + 1 NADPH => 1 NADP(+) + 1 xylitol.
D-xylulose 5-phosphate from L-arabinose (fungal route): step 3/5
molecular_function:L-xylulose reductase (NADP+) activity
1 NAD(+) + 1 xylitol => 1 D-xylulose + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
D-xylulose 5-phosphate from L-arabinose (fungal route): step 4/5
molecular_function:D-xylulose reductase activity
1 ATP + 1 D-xylulose => 1 ADP + 1 D-xylulose 5-phosphate.
D-xylulose 5-phosphate from L-arabinose (fungal route): step 5/5
molecular_function:xylulokinase activity
1 L-arginine + 1 glycine => 1 L-ornithine + 1 guanidinoacetate.
creatine from L-arginine and glycine: step 1/2
molecular_function:glycine amidinotransferase activity
1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1 guanidinoacetate => 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 1 creatine.
creatine from L-arginine and glycine: step 2/2
molecular_function:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase activity
1 farnesyl diphosphate => 1 diphosphate + 1 pentalenene.
pentalenene from farnesyl diphosphate: step 1/1
molecular_function:pentalenene synthase activity
1 farnesyl diphosphate => 1 aristolochene + 1 diphosphate.
aristolochene from farnesyl diphosphate: step 1/1
molecular_function:aristolochene synthase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 farnesyl diphosphate => 1 diphosphate + 1 germacradienol.
germacradienol from farnesyl diphosphate: step 1/1
molecular_function:germacradienol synthase activity
molecular_function:germacrene-D synthase activity
1 farnesyl diphosphate => 1 diphosphate + 1 germacrene D.
germacrene D from farnesyl diphosphate: step 1/1
1 H(2)O + 1 L-alanine + 1 NAD(+) => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 NH(3) + 1 pyruvate.
NH(3) and pyruvate from L-alanine: step 1/1
molecular_function:alanine dehydrogenase activity
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 L-alanine => 1 L-glutamate + 1 pyruvate.
molecular_function:L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
1 NAD(+) + 1 choline => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 betaine aldehyde.
betaine aldehyde from choline (dehydrogenase route): step 1/1
molecular_function:C-3 sterol dehydrogenase (C-4 sterol decarboxylase) activity
molecular_function:aldo-keto reductase (NADP) activity
molecular_function:isocitrate dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:mevaldate reductase activity
molecular_function:gluconate dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:steroid dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
molecular_function:epoxide dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:5-exo-hydroxycamphor dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:acetoin dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductase activity
molecular_function:D-xylose:NADP reductase activity
molecular_function:L-arabinose:NADP reductase activity
molecular_function:D-arabinitol dehydrogenase, D-ribulose forming (NADP+) activity
molecular_function:steroid dehydrogenase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
molecular_function:steroid dehydrogenase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors
molecular_function:(R)-(-)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthol dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:3-hydroxymenthone dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:very long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:dihydrotestosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:(R)-2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:L-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
molecular_function:L-xylulose reductase (NAD+) activity
molecular_function:3-ketoglucose-reductase activity
molecular_function:(R)-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:D-arabinitol dehydrogenase, D-xylulose forming (NADP+) activity
1 NAD(+) + 1 pyridoxal => 1 4-pyridoxolactone + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
molecular_function:pyridoxal 4-dehydrogenase activity
1 4-pyridoxolactone + 1 H(2)O => 1 4-pyridoxate.
molecular_function:4-pyridoxolactonase activity
1 O(2) + 1 pyridoxine => 1 H(2)O(2) + 1 pyridoxal.
pyridoxal from pyridoxine (oxidase route): step 1/1
molecular_function:pyridoxine 4-oxidase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 L-glutamate + 1 NAD(+) => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 NH(3).
crotonoyl-CoA from L-glutamate: step 1/5
molecular_function:glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
1 apoprotein + 1 octanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] => 1 acyl-carrier protein + 1 protein N(6)-(octanoyl)lysine.
protein N(6)-(lipoyl)lysine from octanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]: step 1/2
molecular_function:lipoyl(octanoyl) transferase activity
2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1 protein N(6)-(octanoyl)lysine + 2 sulfur donor => 2 5'-deoxyadenosine + 2 L-methionine + 1 protein N(6)-(lipoyl)lysine.
protein N(6)-(lipoyl)lysine from octanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]: step 2/2
molecular_function:lipoate synthase activity
1 ATP + 1 lipoate => 1 diphosphate + 1 lipoyl-AMP.
protein N(6)-(lipoyl)lysine from lipoate: step 1/2
1 apoprotein + 1 lipoyl-AMP => 1 AMP + 1 protein N(6)-(lipoyl)lysine.
protein N(6)-(lipoyl)lysine from lipoate: step 2/2
1 ATP + 1 thiamine => 1 ADP + 1 thiamine phosphate.
thiamine phosphate from thiamine: step 1/1
molecular_function:thiamine kinase activity
1 ATP + 1 thiamine => 1 AMP + 1 thiamine diphosphate.
thiamine diphosphate from thiamine: step 1/1
molecular_function:thiamine diphosphokinase activity
1 formyl-CoA + 1 oxalate => 1 formate + 1 oxalyl-CoA.
CO(2) and formate from oxalate: step 1/2
molecular_function:formyl-CoA transferase activity
1 oxalyl-CoA => 1 CO(2) + 1 formyl-CoA.
CO(2) and formate from oxalate: step 2/2
molecular_function:oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase activity
1 ATP + 1 nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide => 1 NAD(+) + 1 diphosphate.
NAD(+) from nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide: step 1/1
molecular_function:nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase activity
glycerone phosphate from L-rhamnose: step 1/3
molecular_function:L-rhamnose isomerase activity
1 ATP + 1 L-rhamnulose => 1 ADP + 1 L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate.
glycerone phosphate from L-rhamnose: step 2/3
molecular_function:rhamnulokinase activity
1 L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate => 1 L-lactaldehyde + 1 glycerone phosphate.
glycerone phosphate from L-rhamnose: step 3/3
molecular_function:rhamnulose-1-phosphate aldolase activity
1 lactose + 1 protein N(pi)-phospho-L-histidine => 1 lactose 6-phosphate + 1 protein-L-histidine.
lactose 6-phosphate from lactose (PTS route): step 1/1
molecular_function:protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-sugar phosphotransferase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 lactose 6-phosphate => 1 D-galactose 6-phosphate + 1 beta-D-glucose.
D-galactose 6-phosphate and beta-D-glucose from lactose 6-phosphate: step 1/1
molecular_function:6-phospho-beta-galactosidase activity
1 ATP + 1 D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate => 1 ADP + 1 D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 1,7-diphosphate.
GDP-D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose from D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate: step 1/3
1 D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 1,7-diphosphate + 1 H(2)O => 1 D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 1-phosphate + 1 phosphate.
GDP-D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose from D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate: step 2/3
1 D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 1-phosphate + 1 GTP => 1 GDP-D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose + 1 diphosphate.
GDP-D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose from D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate: step 3/3
1 2-phospho-D-glycerate + 1 ATP => 1 2,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate + 1 ADP.
cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate from 2-phospho-D-glycerate: step 1/2
1 2,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate + 1 ATP => 1 ADP + 1 cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate + 1 phosphate.
cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate from 2-phospho-D-glycerate: step 2/2
molecular_function:cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate synthetase activity
1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 pyruvate => 1 (S)-lactate + 1 NAD(+).
molecular_function:L-lactate dehydrogenase activity
1 acyl-CoA + 1 sn-glycerol 3-phosphate => 1 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + 1 CoA.
CDP-diacylglycerol from sn-glycerol 3-phosphate: step 1/3
molecular_function:glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase activity
1 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + 1 acyl-CoA => 1 CoA + 1 phosphatidate.
CDP-diacylglycerol from sn-glycerol 3-phosphate: step 2/3
molecular_function:1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase activity
1 CTP + 1 phosphatidate => 1 CDP-diacylglycerol + 1 diphosphate.
CDP-diacylglycerol from sn-glycerol 3-phosphate: step 3/3
molecular_function:phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase activity
1 CDP-diacylglycerol + 1 L-serine => 1 CMP + 1 phosphatidylserine.
phosphatidylethanolamine from CDP-diacylglycerol: step 1/2
molecular_function:CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase activity
1 phosphatidylserine => 1 CO(2) + 1 phosphatidylethanolamine.
phosphatidylethanolamine from CDP-diacylglycerol: step 2/2
molecular_function:phosphatidylserine decarboxylase activity
1 L-glutamate => 1 (2S,3S)-3-methyl-L-aspartate.
acetate and pyruvate from L-glutamate: step 1/4
molecular_function:methylaspartate mutase activity
1 (2S,3S)-3-methyl-L-aspartate => 1 NH(3) + 1 mesaconate.
acetate and pyruvate from L-glutamate: step 2/4
molecular_function:methylaspartate ammonia-lyase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 mesaconate => 1 L-citramalate.
acetate and pyruvate from L-glutamate: step 3/4
molecular_function:(S)-2-methylmalate dehydratase activity
1 L-citramalate => 1 acetate + 1 pyruvate.
acetate and pyruvate from L-glutamate: step 4/4
molecular_function:citramalate lyase activity
1 formaldehyde + 1 glutathione => 1 S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione.
formate from formaldehyde (glutathione route): step 1/3
molecular_function:S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione synthase activity
S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione + [NAD(+) or NADP(+)] => H(+) + S-formylglutathione + [NADH or NADPH].
formate from formaldehyde (glutathione route): step 2/3
molecular_function:S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione dehydrogenase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 S-formylglutathione => 1 formate + 1 glutathione.
formate from formaldehyde (glutathione route): step 3/3
molecular_function:S-formylglutathione hydrolase activity
L-lactaldehyde and glycerone phosphate from L-fucose: step 1/3
molecular_function:L-fucose isomerase activity
1 ATP + 1 L-fuculose => 1 ADP + 1 L-fuculose 1-phosphate.
L-lactaldehyde and glycerone phosphate from L-fucose: step 2/3
molecular_function:L-fuculokinase activity
1 L-fuculose 1-phosphate => 1 L-lactaldehyde + 1 glycerone phosphate.
L-lactaldehyde and glycerone phosphate from L-fucose: step 3/3
molecular_function:L-fuculose-phosphate aldolase activity
1 D-glucarate => 1 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate + 1 H(2)O.
2,5-dioxopentanoate from D-glucarate: step 1/2
molecular_function:glucarate dehydratase activity
1 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate => 1 2,5-dioxopentanoate + 1 CO(2) + 1 H(2)O.
2,5-dioxopentanoate from D-glucarate: step 2/2
molecular_function:5-dehydro-4-deoxyglucarate dehydratase activity
1 galactarate => 1 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate + 1 H(2)O.
molecular_function:galactarate dehydratase activity
1 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate => 1 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + 1 pyruvate.
molecular_function:2-dehydro-3-deoxyglucarate aldolase activity
2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + H(+) + [NADH or NADPH] => D-glycerate + [NAD(+) or NADP(+)].
molecular_function:2-hydroxy-3-oxopropionate reductase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 cytidine => 1 NH(3) + 1 uridine.
molecular_function:cytidine deaminase activity
molecular_function:deoxycytidine deaminase activity
1 phosphate + 1 uridine => 1 alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate + 1 uracil.
uracil from uridine (phosphorylase route): step 1/1
molecular_function:uridine phosphorylase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 uridine => 1 D-ribose + 1 uracil.
uracil from uridine (hydrolase route): step 1/1
molecular_function:uridine nucleosidase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 cytosine => 1 NH(3) + 1 uracil.
molecular_function:cytosine deaminase activity
1 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + 1 uracil => 1 UMP + 1 diphosphate.
molecular_function:uracil phosphoribosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:uridine kinase activity
1 2-deoxy-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate + 1 thymine => 1 phosphate + 1 thymidine.
molecular_function:thymidine phosphorylase activity
1 ATP + 1 thymidine => 1 ADP + 1 dTMP.
molecular_function:thymidine kinase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 acceptor + 1 uracil => 1 barbiturate + 1 reduced acceptor.
molecular_function:uracil dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:thymine dehydrogenase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 barbiturate => 1 3-oxo-3-ureidopropanoic acid.
1 3-oxo-3-ureidopropanoic acid + 1 H(2)O => 1 malonate + 1 urea.
molecular_function:N-malonylurea hydrolase activity
1 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + 1 adenine => 1 AMP + 1 diphosphate.
molecular_function:adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:inosine kinase activity
1 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + 1 hypoxanthine => 1 IMP + 1 diphosphate.
molecular_function:hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:adenylate kinase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 O(2) + 1 urate => 1 5-hydroxyisouric acid + 1 H(2)O(2).
molecular_function:urate oxidase activity
1 5-hydroxyisouric acid + 1 H(2)O => 1 5-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-ureido-2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid.
molecular_function:hydroxyisourate hydrolase activity
1 5-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-ureido-2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid => 1 (S)-allantoin + 1 CO(2).
1 (S)-allantoin + 1 H(2)O => 1 allantoate.
molecular_function:allantoinase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 allantoate => 1 (S)-ureidoglycolate + 1 urea.
(S)-ureidoglycolate from allantoate (aminidohydrolase route): step 1/1
molecular_function:allantoicase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 allantoate => 1 (S)-ureidoglycolate + 1 CO(2) + 1 NH(3).
(S)-ureidoglycolate from allantoate (amidohydrolase route): step 1/1
molecular_function:allantoate deiminase activity
1 (S)-ureidoglycolate + 1 H(2)O => 1 CO(2) + 2 NH(3) + 1 glyoxylate.
glyoxylate from (S)-ureidoglycolate: step 1/1
molecular_function:ureidoglycolate hydrolase activity
(S)-ureidoglycolate + [NAD(+) or NADP(+)] => H(+) + oxalurate + [NADH or NADPH].
oxalurate from (S)-ureidoglycolate: step 1/1
molecular_function:ureidoglycolate dehydrogenase activity
1 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + 1 xanthine => 1 XMP + 1 diphosphate.
molecular_function:xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity
1 ATP + 1 adenosine => 1 ADP + 1 AMP.
molecular_function:adenosine kinase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 guanine => 1 NH(3) + 1 xanthine.
molecular_function:guanine deaminase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+) + 1 hypoxanthine => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 xanthine.
molecular_function:xanthine dehydrogenase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+) + 1 xanthine => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 urate.
molecular_function:AMP deaminase activity
1 CDP-diacylglycerol + 1 H(2)O => 1 CMP + 1 phosphatidate.
phosphatidate from CDP-diacylglycerol: step 1/1
molecular_function:CDP-diacylglycerol diphosphatase activity
molecular_function:dCTP deaminase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 dUTP => 1 dUMP + 1 diphosphate.
molecular_function:dUTP diphosphatase activity
2 H(2)O + 1 dCTP => 1 NH(3) + 1 dUMP + 1 diphosphate.
molecular_function:dCTP deaminase (dUMP-forming) activity
1 NAD(+) + 1 glycerol => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 glycerone.
glycerone phosphate from glycerol (oxidative route): step 1/2
molecular_function:glycerol dehydrogenase [NAD+] activity
1 ATP + 1 glycerone => 1 ADP + 1 glycerone phosphate.
glycerone phosphate from glycerol (oxidative route): step 2/2
molecular_function:glycerone kinase activity
1 glycerol => 1 3-hydroxypropanal + 1 H(2)O.
propane-1,3-diol from glycerol (reductive route): step 1/2
molecular_function:glycerol dehydratase activity
1 3-hydroxypropanal + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH => 1 NAD(+) + 1 propane-1,3-diol.
propane-1,3-diol from glycerol (reductive route): step 2/2
molecular_function:1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase activity
1 ATP + 1 glycerol => 1 ADP + 1 sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.
sn-glycerol 3-phosphate from glycerol: step 1/1
molecular_function:glycerol kinase activity
1 Quinone + 1 sn-glycerol 3-phosphate => 1 Hydroquinone + 1 glycerone phosphate.
glycerone phosphate from sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (anaerobic route): step 1/1
molecular_function:glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity
molecular_function:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate:ubiquinone-8 oxidoreductase activity
glycerone phosphate from sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (aerobic route): step 1/1
1 glutathione + 1 methylglyoxal => 1 (R)-S-lactoylglutathione.
(R)-lactate from methylglyoxal: step 1/2
molecular_function:lactoylglutathione lyase activity
1 (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + 1 H(2)O => 1 (R)-lactate + 1 glutathione.
(R)-lactate from methylglyoxal: step 2/2
molecular_function:hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase activity
2 pyruvate => 1 (S)-2-acetolactate + 1 CO(2).
(R,R)-butane-2,3-diol from pyruvate: step 1/3
1 (S)-2-acetolactate => 1 (R)-acetoin + 1 CO(2).
(R,R)-butane-2,3-diol from pyruvate: step 2/3
molecular_function:acetolactate decarboxylase activity
1 (R)-acetoin + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH => 1 (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol + 1 NAD(+).
(R,R)-butane-2,3-diol from pyruvate: step 3/3
molecular_function:(R,R)-butanediol dehydrogenase activity
1 N-acetylneuraminate => 1 N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + 1 pyruvate.
D-fructose 6-phosphate from N-acetylneuraminate: step 1/5
molecular_function:N-acetylneuraminate lyase activity
1 ATP + 1 N-acetyl-D-mannosamine => 1 ADP + 1 N-acetyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate.
D-fructose 6-phosphate from N-acetylneuraminate: step 2/5
molecular_function:N-acylmannosamine kinase activity
1 N-acetyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate => 1 N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate.
D-fructose 6-phosphate from N-acetylneuraminate: step 3/5
molecular_function:N-acylglucosamine-6-phosphate 2-epimerase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate => 1 acetate + 1 alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate.
D-fructose 6-phosphate from N-acetylneuraminate: step 4/5
molecular_function:N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate => 1 D-fructose 6-phosphate + 1 NH(3).
D-fructose 6-phosphate from N-acetylneuraminate: step 5/5
molecular_function:glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase activity
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 FADH2 => 1 2-hydroxyglutarate + 1 FAD.
crotonoyl-CoA from L-glutamate: step 2/5
molecular_function:2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase activity
1 2-hydroxyglutarate + 1 acetyl-CoA => 1 2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA + 1 acetate.
crotonoyl-CoA from L-glutamate: step 3/5
molecular_function:glutaconate CoA-transferase activity
1 2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA => 1 H(2)O + 1 glutaconyl-1-CoA.
crotonoyl-CoA from L-glutamate: step 4/5
1 glutaconyl-1-CoA => 1 CO(2) + 1 crotonoyl-CoA.
crotonoyl-CoA from L-glutamate: step 5/5
molecular_function:glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase activity
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 H(+) + 1 L-glutamine + 1 NADPH => 2 L-glutamate + 1 NADP(+).
L-glutamate from 2-oxoglutarate and L-glutamine (NADP(+) route): step 1/1
molecular_function:glutamate synthase (NADPH) activity
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 H(+) + 1 L-glutamine + 1 NADH => 2 L-glutamate + 1 NAD(+).
L-glutamate from 2-oxoglutarate and L-glutamine (NAD(+) route): step 1/1
molecular_function:glutamate synthase (NADH) activity
1 2-oxoglutarate + 2 H(+) + 1 L-glutamine + 2 reduced ferredoxin => 2 L-glutamate + 2 oxidized ferredoxin.
L-glutamate from 2-oxoglutarate and L-glutamine (ferredoxin route): step 1/1
molecular_function:glutamate synthase (ferredoxin) activity
1 CO(2) + 1 methanofuran + 1 reduced acceptor => 1 H(2)O + 1 N-formylmethanofuran + 1 acceptor.
5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin from CO(2): step 1/3
molecular_function:formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase activity
1 5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + 1 N-formylmethanofuran => 1 N(5)-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + 1 methanofuran.
5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin from CO(2): step 2/3
molecular_function:formylmethanofuran-tetrahydromethanopterin N-formyltransferase activity
1 H(+) + 1 N(5)-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin => 1 5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + 1 H(2)O.
5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin from CO(2): step 3/3
molecular_function:methenyltetrahydromethanopterin cyclohydrolase activity
1 1,5-dihydro-coenzyme F(420) + 1 5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin => 1 5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + 1 coenzyme F420.
5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin from 5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin (coenzyme F420 route): step 1/1
molecular_function:methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase activity
1 5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + 1 H(2) => 1 5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + 1 H(+).
5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin from 5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin (hydrogen route): step 1/1
molecular_function:N5,N10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin hydrogenase activity
1 1,5-dihydro-coenzyme F(420) + 1 5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin => 1 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + 1 coenzyme F420.
methyl-coenzyme M from 5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin: step 1/2
molecular_function:coenzyme F420-dependent N5,N10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin reductase activity
1 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + 1 coenzyme M => 1 5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + 1 methyl-coenzyme M.
methyl-coenzyme M from 5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin: step 2/2
molecular_function:tetrahydromethanopterin S-methyltransferase activity
1 coenzyme B + 1 methyl-coenzyme M => 1 coenzyme M-coenzyme B heterodisulfide + 1 methane.
methane from methyl-coenzyme M: step 1/1
molecular_function:coenzyme-B sulfoethylthiotransferase activity
1 coenzyme M-coenzyme B heterodisulfide + 1 dihydromethanophenazine => 1 coenzyme B + 1 coenzyme M + 1 methanophenazine.
coenzyme B and coenzyme M from coenzyme M-coenzyme B heterodisulfide: step 1/1
molecular_function:CoB--CoM heterodisulfide reductase activity
1 5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + 1 formaldehyde => 1 5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + 1 H(2)O.
formate from formaldehyde (H(4)MPT route): step 1/5
molecular_function:carbon-nitrogen lyase activity
1 5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + 1 NADP(+) => 1 5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + 1 NADPH.
formate from formaldehyde (H(4)MPT route): step 2/5
molecular_function:methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity
molecular_function:saccharopine dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
molecular_function:nitrilotriacetate monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:dihydromethanopterin reductase activity
1 5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + 1 H(2)O => 1 H(+) + 1 N(5)-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin.
formate from formaldehyde (H(4)MPT route): step 3/5
1 N(5)-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + 1 methanofuran => 1 5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + 1 N-formylmethanofuran.
formate from formaldehyde (H(4)MPT route): step 4/5
1 H(2)O + 1 N-formylmethanofuran => 1 formate + 1 methanofuran.
formate from formaldehyde (H(4)MPT route): step 5/5
1 nitrate + 1 reduced acceptor => 1 H(2)O + 1 acceptor + 1 nitrite.
molecular_function:nitrate reductase activity
1 H(+) + 1 ferrocytochrome c + 1 nitrite => 1 H(2)O + 1 ferricytochrome c + 1 nitric oxide.
molecular_function:nitrite reductase (NO-forming) activity
2 H(+) + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 nitric oxide => 1 H(2)O + 2 ferricytochrome c + 1 nitrous oxide.
molecular_function:nitric oxide reductase activity
2 H(+) + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 1 nitrous oxide => 1 H(2)O + 1 dinitrogen + 2 ferricytochrome c.
molecular_function:nitrous-oxide reductase activity
1 malonyl-CoA => 1 CO(2) + 1 acetyl-CoA.
molecular_function:malonyl-CoA decarboxylase activity
1 ATP + 1 acetyl-CoA + 1 bicarbonate => 1 ADP + 1 malonyl-CoA + 1 phosphate.
molecular_function:acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 farnesyl diphosphate + 1 protoheme => 1 diphosphate + 1 heme O.
1 D-galactose 6-phosphate => 1 D-tagatose 6-phosphate.
D-tagatose 6-phosphate from D-galactose 6-phosphate: step 1/1
molecular_function:galactose-6-phosphate isomerase activity
1 ATP + 1 D-tagatose 6-phosphate => 1 ADP + 1 D-tagatose 1,6-bisphosphate.
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and glycerone phosphate from D-tagatose 6-phosphate: step 1/2
molecular_function:tagatose-6-phosphate kinase activity
1 D-tagatose 1,6-bisphosphate => 1 D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + 1 glycerone phosphate.
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and glycerone phosphate from D-tagatose 6-phosphate: step 2/2
molecular_function:tagatose-bisphosphate aldolase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 acetyl-CoA + 1 oxaloacetate => 1 CoA + 1 citrate.
molecular_function:citrate (Si)-synthase activity
molecular_function:aconitate hydratase activity
molecular_function:citrate dehydratase activity
1 isocitrate => 1 glyoxylate + 1 succinate.
molecular_function:isocitrate lyase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 acetyl-CoA + 1 glyoxylate => 1 (S)-malate + 1 CoA.
molecular_function:malate synthase activity
1 (S)-malate + 1 NAD(+) => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 oxaloacetate.
molecular_function:L-malate dehydrogenase activity
1 L-phenylalanine => 1 2-phenylethylamine + 1 CO(2).
phenylacetate from L-phenylalanine: step 1/3
molecular_function:phenylalanine decarboxylase activity
1 2-phenylethylamine + 1 H(2)O + 1 O(2) => 1 H(2)O(2) + 1 NH(3) + 1 phenylacetaldehyde.
phenylacetate from L-phenylalanine: step 2/3
molecular_function:primary amine oxidase activity
molecular_function:tryptamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) activity
molecular_function:aminoacetone:oxygen oxidoreductase(deaminating) activity
molecular_function:aliphatic-amine oxidase activity
molecular_function:phenethylamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) activity
1 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+) + 1 phenylacetaldehyde => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 phenylacetate.
phenylacetate from L-phenylalanine: step 3/3
molecular_function:phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity
1 L-phenylalanine => 1 NH(3) + 1 trans-cinnamate.
trans-cinnamate from L-phenylalanine: step 1/1
molecular_function:phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 L-kynurenine => 1 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + 1 L-glutamate.
molecular_function:kynurenine-oxoglutarate transaminase activity
1 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate => 1 H(2)O + 1 kynurenate.
1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 O(2) + 1 phthalate => 1 NAD(+) + 1 cis-4,5-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,6-diene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.
3,4-dihydroxybenzoate from phthalate: step 1/3
molecular_function:phthalate 4,5-dioxygenase activity
1 NAD(+) + 1 cis-4,5-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,6-diene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid => 1 4,5-dihydroxyphthalate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
3,4-dihydroxybenzoate from phthalate: step 2/3
molecular_function:phthalate 4,5-cis-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase activity
1 4,5-dihydroxyphthalate => 1 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + 1 CO(2).
3,4-dihydroxybenzoate from phthalate: step 3/3
molecular_function:4,5-dihydroxyphthalate decarboxylase activity
1,3-diaminopropane from L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde: step 1/2
1 L-2,4-diaminobutanoate => 1 1,3-diaminopropane + 1 CO(2).
1,3-diaminopropane from L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde: step 2/2
molecular_function:diaminobutyrate decarboxylase activity
1 L-tyrosine + 1 O(2) => 1 H(2)O + 1 L-dopa.
molecular_function:monophenol monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase activity
1 L-ascorbate + 1 O(2) + 1 dopamine => 1 (R)-noradrenaline + 1 H(2)O + 1 L-dehydroascorbate.
(R)-noradrenaline from dopamine: step 1/1
molecular_function:dopamine beta-monooxygenase activity
1 (R)-noradrenaline + 1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine => 1 (R)-adrenaline + 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
(R)-adrenaline from (R)-noradrenaline: step 1/1
molecular_function:phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity
1 ATP + 1 choline => 1 ADP + 1 phosphocholine.
molecular_function:choline kinase activity
1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1 phosphoethanolamine => 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 1 phosphocholine.
phosphocholine from phosphoethanolamine: step 1/1
molecular_function:phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity
1 CTP + 1 phosphocholine => 1 CDP-choline + 1 diphosphate.
phosphatidylcholine from phosphocholine: step 1/2
molecular_function:choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity
1 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + 1 CDP-choline => 1 CMP + 1 phosphatidylcholine.
phosphatidylcholine from phosphocholine: step 2/2
molecular_function:diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase activity
1 ATP + 1 ethanolamine => 1 ADP + 1 phosphoethanolamine.
phosphatidylethanolamine from ethanolamine: step 1/3
molecular_function:ethanolamine kinase activity
1 CTP + 1 phosphoethanolamine => 1 CDP-ethanolamine + 1 diphosphate.
phosphatidylethanolamine from ethanolamine: step 2/3
molecular_function:ethanolamine-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity
1 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + 1 CDP-ethanolamine => 1 CMP + 1 phosphatidylethanolamine.
phosphatidylethanolamine from ethanolamine: step 3/3
molecular_function:ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity
2 H(+) + 1 L-tyrosine + 2 NADPH + 2 O(2) => 1 (Z)-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetaldehyde oxime + 1 CO(2) + 3 H(2)O + 2 NADP(+).
molecular_function:tyrosine N-monooxygenase activity
1 (Z)-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetaldehyde oxime + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 O(2) => 1 (S)-4-hydroxymandelonitrile + 2 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+).
molecular_function:hydroxyphenylacetonitrile 2-monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde oxime monooxygenase activity
1 (S)-4-hydroxymandelonitrile + 1 UDP-alpha-D-glucose => 1 UDP + 1 dhurrin.
molecular_function:cyanohydrin beta-glucosyltransferase activity
molecular_function:3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity
molecular_function:3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase activity
1 NAD(+) + 1 cyclopentanol => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 cyclopentanone.
5-valerolactone from cyclopentanol: step 1/2
molecular_function:cyclopentanol dehydrogenase activity
1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 O(2) + 1 cyclopentanone => 1 5-valerolactone + 1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+).
5-valerolactone from cyclopentanol: step 2/2
molecular_function:cyclopentanone monooxygenase activity
1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 2 farnesyl diphosphate => 1 NADP(+) + 2 diphosphate + 1 squalene.
lanosterol from farnesyl diphosphate: step 1/3
molecular_function:farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase activity
molecular_function:squalene synthase activity
1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 O(2) + 1 squalene => 1 (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene + 1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+).
lanosterol from farnesyl diphosphate: step 2/3
molecular_function:squalene monooxygenase activity
1 (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene => 1 lanosterol.
lanosterol from farnesyl diphosphate: step 3/3
molecular_function:lanosterol synthase activity
3 H(+) + 3 NADPH + 3 O(2) + 1 lanosterol => 1 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,14,24-trien-3beta-ol + 4 H(2)O + 3 NADP(+) + 1 formate.
molecular_function:sterol 14-demethylase activity
1 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,14,24-trien-3beta-ol + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH => 1 14-demethyllanosterol + 1 NADP(+).
molecular_function:delta14-sterol reductase activity
1 14-demethyllanosterol + 3 H(+) + 3 NADPH + 3 O(2) => 1 4alpha-methylzymosterol-4-carboxylic acid + 4 H(2)O + 3 NADP(+).
molecular_function:C-4 methylsterol oxidase activity
1 4alpha-methylzymosterol-4-carboxylic acid + 1 NADP(+) => 1 3-dehydro-4-methylzymosterol + 1 CO(2) + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH.
molecular_function:sterol-4-alpha-carboxylate 3-dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) activity
1 3-dehydro-4-methylzymosterol + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH => 1 4-alpha-methylzymosterol + 1 NADP(+).
molecular_function:3-keto sterol reductase activity
1 4-alpha-methylzymosterol => 1 zymosterol.
1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1 zymosterol => 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 1 fecosterol.
molecular_function:sterol 24-C-methyltransferase activity
molecular_function:dihydroneopterin triphosphate 2'-epimerase activity
molecular_function:N-acylmannosamine-6-phosphate 2-epimerase activity
molecular_function:hexulose-6-phosphate isomerase activity
1 NADP(+) + 1 episterol => 1 5,7,24(28)-ergostatrienol + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH.
molecular_function:oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen
molecular_function:fluorene oxygenase activity
molecular_function:mono-butyltin dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:tri-n-butyltin dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:di-n-butyltin dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:methylsilanetriol hydroxylase activity
molecular_function:methyl tertiary butyl ether 3-monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:4-nitrocatechol 4-monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:4-chlorophenoxyacetate monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:tert-butanol 2-monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:alpha-pinene monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:dimethylsilanediol hydroxylase activity
molecular_function:ammonia monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:hydroxymethylsilanetriol oxidase activity
molecular_function:2-hydroxyisobutyrate 3-monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:alpha-pinene dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:bisphenol A hydroxylase B activity
molecular_function:2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol hydroxylase activity
molecular_function:9-fluorenone-3,4-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:anthracene 9,10-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:2-(methylthio)benzothiazole monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:2-hydroxybenzothiazole monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:benzothiazole monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:2,6-dihydroxybenzothiazole monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:pinacolone 5-monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:thioacetamide S-oxygenase activity
molecular_function:thioacetamide S-oxide S-oxygenase activity
molecular_function:endosulfan monooxygenase I activity
molecular_function:N-nitrodimethylamine hydroxylase activity
molecular_function:4-(1-ethyl-1,4-dimethyl-pentyl)phenol monoxygenase activity
molecular_function:endosulfan ether monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:pyrene 4,5-monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:pyrene 1,2-monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:1-hydroxypyrene 6,7-monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:1-hydroxypyrene 7,8-monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:phenylboronic acid monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:spheroidene monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:2-octaprenyl-6-methoxyphenol hydroxylase activity
molecular_function:oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
molecular_function:dibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:pyrrole-2-carboxylate monooxygenase activity
1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 ergosta-5,7,22,24(28)-tetraen-3beta-ol => 1 NADP(+) + 1 ergosterol.
molecular_function:delta24(24-1) sterol reductase activity
D-arabinose + [NAD(+) or NADP(+)] => D-arabinono-1,4-lactone + H(+) + [NADH or NADPH].
dehydro-D-arabinono-1,4-lactone from D-arabinose: step 1/2
molecular_function:D-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity
molecular_function:D-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase (NAD) activity
1 D-arabinono-1,4-lactone + 1 O(2) => 1 H(2)O(2) + 1 dehydro-D-arabinono-1,4-lactone.
dehydro-D-arabinono-1,4-lactone from D-arabinose: step 2/2
molecular_function:D-arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase activity
1 NAD(+) + 1 ethanol => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 acetaldehyde.
molecular_function:alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD) activity
1 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+) + 1 acetaldehyde => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 acetate.
1 ATP + 1 fructoselysine => 1 ADP + 1 fructoselysine 6-phosphate.
D-glucose 6-phosphate and lysine from fructoselysine: step 1/2
molecular_function:phosphofructokinase activity
molecular_function:phosphorylase kinase regulator activity
molecular_function:cobinamide kinase activity
molecular_function:phytol kinase activity
molecular_function:phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase activity
molecular_function:cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase regulator activity
molecular_function:phosphotransferase activity, alcohol group as acceptor
molecular_function:phenol kinase activity
molecular_function:cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase regulator activity
molecular_function:inositol tetrakisphosphate 2-kinase activity
molecular_function:heptose 7-phosphate kinase activity
molecular_function:aminoglycoside phosphotransferase activity
molecular_function:phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity
molecular_function:eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase regulator activity
molecular_function:eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase activator activity
molecular_function:LPPG:FO 2-phospho-L-lactate transferase activity
molecular_function:cytidine kinase activity
molecular_function:glycerate 2-kinase activity
molecular_function:(S)-lactate 2-kinase activity
molecular_function:phosphoserine:homoserine phosphotransferase activity
molecular_function:L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) kinase activity
molecular_function:phosphocholine transferase activity
molecular_function:polynucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase activity
molecular_function:ATP-dependent polynucleotide kinase activity
molecular_function:GTP-dependent polynucleotide kinase activity
molecular_function:farnesol kinase activity
molecular_function:CTP:2-trans,-6-trans-farnesol kinase activity
molecular_function:geraniol kinase activity
molecular_function:geranylgeraniol kinase activity
molecular_function:CTP:geranylgeraniol kinase activity
molecular_function:prenol kinase activity
molecular_function:1-phosphatidylinositol-5-kinase activity
molecular_function:1-phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate 4-kinase activity
molecular_function:phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate 5-kinase activity
molecular_function:phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate kinase activity
molecular_function:inositol-3,4,6-trisphosphate 1-kinase activity
molecular_function:inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate 5-kinase activity
molecular_function:inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate kinase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 fructoselysine 6-phosphate => 1 D-glucose 6-phosphate + 1 L-lysine.
D-glucose 6-phosphate and lysine from fructoselysine: step 2/2
molecular_function:hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds
1 UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate => 1 CO(2) + 1 UDP-alpha-D-xylose.
UDP-alpha-D-xylose from UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate: step 1/1
molecular_function:UDP-glucuronate decarboxylase activity
1 UDP-alpha-D-xylose => 1 UDP-L-arabinose.
UDP-L-arabinose from UDP-alpha-D-xylose: step 1/1
molecular_function:UDP-arabinose 4-epimerase activity
2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate => 1 all-trans-phytoene + 2 diphosphate.
all-trans-phytoene from geranylgeranyl diphosphate: step 1/1
capsanthin from antheraxanthin: step 1/1
molecular_function:capsanthin synthase activity
molecular_function:capsorubin synthase activity
1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 O(2) + 1 dibenzofuran => 1 NAD(+) + 1 biphenyl-2,2',3-triol.
2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate and salicylate from dibenzofuran: step 1/3
molecular_function:oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, NAD(P)H as one donor, and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into one donor
molecular_function:nitrobenzene 1,2-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:4-aminobenzoate 3,4-dioxygenase (deaminating) activity
molecular_function:benzenesulfonate dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:1-indanone monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:1-indanone dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:chlorobenzene dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:dibenzofuran 4,4a-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:toluate dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:dibenzothiophene dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:9-fluorenone dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:ethylbenzene dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:2-indanone monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:trihydroxytoluene dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:4-aminobenzenesulfonate 3,4-dioxygenase (deaminating) activity
molecular_function:1-naphthoic acid dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:tetralin ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:N-isopropylaniline 1,2-dixoxygenase activity
molecular_function:acetanilide 1,2-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide 1,2-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:phthalate 3,4-dioxygenase activity
molecular_function:diphenyl ether 2,3-dioxygenase activity
1 O(2) + 1 biphenyl-2,2',3-triol => 1 2-hydroxy-6-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-6-oxo-cis,cis-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid.
2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate and salicylate from dibenzofuran: step 2/3
1 2-hydroxy-6-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-6-oxo-cis,cis-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid + 1 H(2)O => 1 2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate + 1 salicylate.
2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate and salicylate from dibenzofuran: step 3/3
1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 O(2) + 1 dibenzo-p-dioxin => 1 2,2',3-trihydroxy-diphenyl ether + 1 NAD(+).
2-hydroxymuconate and catechol from dibenzo-p-dioxin: step 1/3
1 2,2',3-trihydroxy-diphenyl ether + 1 O(2) => 1 2-hydroxy-6-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)-6-oxo-cis,cis-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid.
2-hydroxymuconate and catechol from dibenzo-p-dioxin: step 2/3
1 2-hydroxy-6-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)-6-oxo-cis,cis-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid + 1 H(2)O => 1 2-hydroxymuconate + 1 catechol.
2-hydroxymuconate and catechol from dibenzo-p-dioxin: step 3/3
molecular_function:hydrolase activity, acting on acid carbon-carbon bonds, in ketonic substances
molecular_function:6-oxo-2-hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA hydrolase activity
molecular_function:2-ketocyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA hydrolase activity
molecular_function:2-hydroxy-6-oxohepta-2,4-dienoate hydrolase activity
molecular_function:dihydrophloroglucinol hydrolase activity
molecular_function:2-hydroxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoate hydrolase activity
molecular_function:2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-(2'-aminophenyl)hexa-2,4-dienoate hydrolase activity
molecular_function:2-hydroxy-6-oxoocta-2,4-dienoate hydrolase activity
molecular_function:6-oxo-2-hydroxy-7-(4'-chlorophenyl)-3,8,8-trichloroocta-2E,4E,7-trienoate hydrolase activity
molecular_function:trioxoheptanoate hydrolase activity
molecular_function:fumarylpyruvate hydrolase activity
molecular_function:4-isopropenyl-2-ketocyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA hydrolase activity
molecular_function:2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-(2-carboxyphenyl)-hexa-2,4-dienoate hydrolase activity
molecular_function:2,4-dinitrocyclohexanone hydrolase activity
molecular_function:4,9-DSHA hydrolase activity
molecular_function:4-(2-oxocyclohexyl)-2-hydroxy-buta-2,4-dienoate hydrolase activity
molecular_function:6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine hydrolase activity
molecular_function:2,6-dihydroxypseudooxynicotine hydrolase activity
1 D-sorbitol + 1 protein N(pi)-phospho-L-histidine => 1 D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + 1 protein-L-histidine.
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate from D-sorbitol: step 1/1
1 D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + 1 NAD(+) => 1 D-fructose 6-phosphate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
D-fructose 6-phosphate from D-sorbitol 6-phosphate: step 1/1
molecular_function:sorbitol-6-phosphate 2-dehydrogenase activity
1 D-fructose + 1 D-glucose => 1 D-glucono-1,5-lactone + 1 D-sorbitol.
D-sorbitol from D-fructose and D-glucose: step 1/1
molecular_function:glucose-fructose oxidoreductase activity
1 D-glucono-1,5-lactone + 1 H(2)O => 1 D-gluconate.
D-gluconate from D-glucono-1,5-lactone: step 1/1
molecular_function:gluconolactonase activity
1 L-histidine => 1 CO(2) + 1 histamine.
molecular_function:histidine decarboxylase activity
1 D-glucose 6-phosphate => 1 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate.
myo-inositol from D-glucose 6-phosphate: step 1/2
molecular_function:inositol-3-phosphate synthase activity
1 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + 1 H(2)O => 1 myo-inositol + 1 phosphate.
myo-inositol from D-glucose 6-phosphate: step 2/2
molecular_function:inositol monophosphate 1-phosphatase activity
molecular_function:inositol monophosphate 3-phosphatase activity
molecular_function:inositol monophosphate 4-phosphatase activity
molecular_function:inositol monophosphate phosphatase activity
1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 O(2) + 1 trans-cinnamate => 1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+) + 1 trans-4-coumarate.
trans-4-coumarate from trans-cinnamate: step 1/1
molecular_function:trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 nicotinamide => 1 NH(3) + 1 nicotinate.
molecular_function:nicotinamidase activity
1 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 O(2) => 1 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate + 1 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+).
3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate from 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate: step 1/1
1 3-phenylpropanoate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 O(2) => 1 NAD(+) + 1 cis-3-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol.
3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate from 3-phenylpropanoate: step 1/2
molecular_function:3-phenylpropionate dioxygenase activity
1 NAD(+) + 1 cis-3-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol => 1 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate from 3-phenylpropanoate: step 2/2
1 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate + 1 O(2) => 1 2-hydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4-diene-1,9-dioate.
acetaldehyde and pyruvate from 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate: step 1/4
molecular_function:3-carboxyethylcatechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity
1 2-hydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4-diene-1,9-dioate + 1 H(2)O => 1 2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate + 1 succinate.
acetaldehyde and pyruvate from 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate: step 2/4
molecular_function:2-hydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4-dienedioate hydrolase activity
molecular_function:2-hydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4,7-trienedioate hydrolase activity
1 2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate + 1 H(2)O => 1 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate.
acetaldehyde and pyruvate from 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate: step 3/4
molecular_function:2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase activity
1 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate => 1 acetaldehyde + 1 pyruvate.
acetaldehyde and pyruvate from 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate: step 4/4
molecular_function:4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase activity
1 CoA + 1 NAD(+) + 1 acetaldehyde => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 acetyl-CoA.
molecular_function:acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) activity
1 L-tryptophan + 1 O(2) + 1 tetrahydrobiopterin => 1 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin + 1 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan.
molecular_function:tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activity
1 L-tartrate + 1 NAD(+) => 1 2-hydroxy-3-oxosuccinate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
2-hydroxy-3-oxosuccinate from L-tartrate: step 1/1
molecular_function:tartrate dehydrogenase activity
1 NAD(+) + 1 meso-tartrate => 1 2-hydroxy-3-oxosuccinate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
2-hydroxy-3-oxosuccinate from meso-tartrate: step 1/1
2-hydroxy-3-oxosuccinate + H(+) + [NADH or NADPH] => CO(2) + D-glycerate + [NAD(+) or NADP(+)].
D-glycerate from 2-hydroxy-3-oxosuccinate: step 1/1
molecular_function:oxaloglycolate reductase (decarboxylating) activity
1 L-tartrate => 1 CO(2) + 1 D-glycerate.
molecular_function:tartrate decarboxylase activity
D-glycerate + [NAD(+) or NADP(+)] => 3-hydroxypyruvate + H(+) + [NADH or NADPH].
3-hydroxypyruvate from D-glycerate: step 1/1
molecular_function:glycerate dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:hydroxypyruvate reductase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 thiamine => 1 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine + 1 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole + 1 H(+).
4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine and 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole from thiamine: step 1/1
1 geranylgeranyl diphosphate => 1 diphosphate + 1 taxa-4,11-diene.
taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-ol from geranylgeranyl diphosphate: step 1/2
molecular_function:taxadiene synthase activity
1 O(2) + 1 reduced acceptor + 1 taxa-4,11-diene => 1 H(2)O + 1 acceptor + 1 taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-ol.
taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-ol from geranylgeranyl diphosphate: step 2/2
molecular_function:taxadiene 5-alpha-hydroxylase activity
1 acetyl-CoA + 1 taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-ol => 1 CoA + 1 taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate.
10-deacetyl-2-debenzoylbaccatin III from taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-ol: step 1/3
molecular_function:taxadien-5-alpha-ol O-acetyltransferase activity
1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 O(2) + 1 taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate => 1 10beta-hydroxytaxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate + 1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+).
10-deacetyl-2-debenzoylbaccatin III from taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-ol: step 2/3
molecular_function:taxane 10-beta-hydroxylase activity
1 10-deacetyl-2-debenzoylbaccatin III + 1 benzoyl-CoA => 1 10-deacetylbaccatin III + 1 CoA.
baccatin III from 10-deacetyl-2-debenzoylbaccatin III: step 1/2
molecular_function:2-alpha-hydroxytaxane 2-O-benzoyltransferase activity
1 10-deacetylbaccatin III + 1 acetyl-CoA => 1 CoA + 1 baccatin III.
baccatin III from 10-deacetyl-2-debenzoylbaccatin III: step 2/2
molecular_function:10-deacetylbaccatin III 10-O-acetyltransferase activity
1 baccatin III + 1 beta-phenylalanoyl-CoA => 1 CoA + 1 N-(3'R)-debenzoyl-2'-deoxytaxol.
molecular_function:transferase activity, transferring acyl groups
1 N-(3'R)-debenzoyl-2'-deoxytaxol + 1 O(2) + 1 reduced acceptor => 1 H(2)O + 1 N-(3'R)-debenzoyltaxol + 1 acceptor.
1 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan => 1 CO(2) + 1 serotonin.
1 acetyl-CoA + 1 serotonin => 1 CoA + 1 N-acetylserotonin.
molecular_function:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase activity
1 N-acetylserotonin + 1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine => 1 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 1 melatonin.
molecular_function:acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase activity
1 10beta-hydroxytaxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate => 1 10-deacetyl-2-debenzoylbaccatin III.
10-deacetyl-2-debenzoylbaccatin III from taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-ol: step 3/3
1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 folate => 1 7,8-dihydrofolate + 1 NADP(+).
1 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate => 1 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin + 1 triphosphate.
tetrahydrobiopterin from 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate: step 1/3
molecular_function:6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase activity
1 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH => 1 6-lactoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin + 1 NADP(+).
tetrahydrobiopterin from 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate: step 2/3
molecular_function:6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin 2'-reductase activity
1 6-lactoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH => 1 NADP(+) + 1 tetrahydrobiopterin.
tetrahydrobiopterin from 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate: step 3/3
2 H(+) + 2 NADPH + 1 biopterin => 2 NADP(+) + 1 tetrahydrobiopterin.
tetrahydrobiopterin from biopterin: step 1/1
molecular_function:pteridine reductase activity
n H(2)O + 1 pectin => n methanol + 1 pectate.
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate from pectin: step 1/5
molecular_function:pectinesterase activity
1 pectate => 1 4-(4-deoxy-alpha-D-gluc-4-enosyluronic acid)-D-galacturonic acid + 1 pectate(n-2).
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate from pectin: step 2/5
molecular_function:pectate lyase activity
1 4-(4-deoxy-alpha-D-gluc-4-enosyluronic acid)-D-galacturonic acid => 2 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucuronic acid.
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate from pectin: step 3/5
molecular_function:oligogalacturonide lyase activity
1 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucuronic acid => 1 3-deoxy-D-glycero-hexo-2,5-diulosonate.
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate from pectin: step 4/5
molecular_function:4-deoxy-L-threo-5-hexosulose-uronate ketol-isomerase activity
1 3-deoxy-D-glycero-hexo-2,5-diulosonate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH => 1 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + 1 NAD(+).
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate from pectin: step 5/5
molecular_function:2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 5-dehydrogenase activity
1 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + 1 ATP => 1 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconic acid + 1 ADP.
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate from 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate: step 1/2
molecular_function:2-dehydro-3-deoxygluconokinase activity
1 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconic acid => 1 D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + 1 pyruvate.
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate from 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate: step 2/2
molecular_function:2-dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphogluconate aldolase activity
1 acceptor + 1 glycolate => 1 glyoxylate + 1 reduced acceptor.
3-phospho-D-glycerate from glycolate: step 1/4
molecular_function:(S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase activity
molecular_function:glycolate dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:very-long-chain-(S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase activity
molecular_function:long-chain-(S)-2-hydroxy-long-chain-acid oxidase activity
molecular_function:medium-chain-(S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase activity
2 glyoxylate => 1 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + 1 CO(2).
3-phospho-D-glycerate from glycolate: step 2/4
molecular_function:tartronate-semialdehyde synthase activity
3-phospho-D-glycerate from glycolate: step 3/4
1 ATP + 1 D-glycerate => 1 3-phospho-D-glycerate + 1 ADP.
3-phospho-D-glycerate from glycolate: step 4/4
molecular_function:glycerate kinase activity
1 2-phosphoglycolate + 1 H(2)O => 1 glycolate + 1 phosphate.
glycolate from 2-phosphoglycolate: step 1/1
molecular_function:phosphoglycolate phosphatase activity
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 H(+) + 1 L-lysine + 1 NADPH => 1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+) + 1 saccharopine.
molecular_function:saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, L-lysine-forming) activity
1 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+) + 1 saccharopine => 1 H(+) + 1 L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdahyde + 1 L-glutamate + 1 NADH.
molecular_function:saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, L-glutamate-forming) activity
H(2)O + L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdahyde + [NAD(+) or NADP(+)] => H(+) + L-alpha-aminoadipate + [NADH or NADPH].
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 L-alpha-aminoadipate => 1 2-oxoadipate + 1 L-glutamate.
1 2-oxoadipate + 1 Enzyme N6-(lipoyl)lysine => 1 CO(2) + 1 S(8)-glutaryldihydrolipoamide.
molecular_function:oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (succinyl-transferring) activity
1 CoA + 1 S(8)-glutaryldihydrolipoamide => 1 Enzyme N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine + 1 glutaryl-CoA.
molecular_function:dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase activity
1 L-lysine + 1 acetyl phosphate => 1 N(6)-acetyl-L-lysine + 1 phosphate.
molecular_function:lysine N-acetyltransferase activity, acting on acetyl phosphate as donor
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 N(6)-acetyl-L-lysine => 1 6-acetamido-2-oxohexanoate + 1 L-glutamate.
1 6-acetamido-2-oxohexanoate + 1 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+) => 1 5-acetamidopentanoate + 1 CO(2) + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
1 5-acetamidopentanoate + 1 H(2)O => 1 5-aminopentanoate + 1 acetate.
molecular_function:4-acetamidobutyrate deacetylase activity
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 5-aminopentanoate => 1 5-oxopentanoate + 1 L-glutamate.
molecular_function:5-aminovalerate transaminase activity
1 5-oxopentanoate + 1 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+) => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 glutarate.
molecular_function:glutarate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
1 indoleglycerol phosphate => 1 D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + 1 indole.
2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one from indoleglycerol phosphate: step 1/5
molecular_function:indole-3-glycerol-phosphate lyase activity
1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 O(2) + 1 indole => 1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+) + 1 indolin-2-one.
2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one from indoleglycerol phosphate: step 2/5
molecular_function:indole-2-monooxygenase activity
1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 O(2) + 1 indolin-2-one => 1 3-hydroxyindolin-2-one + 1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+).
2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one from indoleglycerol phosphate: step 3/5
molecular_function:indolin-2-one monooxygenase activity
1 3-hydroxyindolin-2-one + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 O(2) => 1 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one + 1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+).
2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one from indoleglycerol phosphate: step 4/5
molecular_function:3-hydroxyindolin-2-one monooxygenase activity
1 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 O(2) => 1 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one + 1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+).
2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one from indoleglycerol phosphate: step 5/5
molecular_function:mandelate racemase activity
1 (S)-mandelate + 1 acceptor => 1 phenylglyoxylate + 1 reduced acceptor.
molecular_function:(S)-mandelate dehydrogenase activity
1 phenylglyoxylate => 1 CO(2) + 1 benzaldehyde.
molecular_function:benzoylformate decarboxylase activity
H(2)O + benzaldehyde + [NAD(+) or NADP(+)] => H(+) + benzoate + [NADH or NADPH].
molecular_function:benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
molecular_function:benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
H(+) + dihydrobiopterin + [NADH or NADPH] => tetrahydrobiopterin + [NAD(+) or NADP(+)].
tetrahydrobiopterin from dihydrobiopterin: step 1/1
molecular_function:6,7-dihydropteridine reductase activity
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 L-leucine => 1 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + 1 L-glutamate.
4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate from L-leucine (aminotransferase route): step 1/1
1 H(2)O + 1 L-leucine + 1 NAD(+) => 1 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 NH(3).
4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate from L-leucine (dehydrogenase route): step 1/1
molecular_function:leucine dehydrogenase activity
1 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + 1 CoA + 1 NAD(+) => 1 3-isovaleryl-CoA + 1 CO(2) + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
3-isovaleryl-CoA from 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate: step 1/1
molecular_function:2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase (acylating) activity
1 3-isovaleryl-CoA + 1 FAD => 1 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA + 1 FADH2.
(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA from 3-isovaleryl-CoA: step 1/3
molecular_function:isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
1 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA + 1 ATP + 1 bicarbonate => 1 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA + 1 ADP + 1 phosphate.
(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA from 3-isovaleryl-CoA: step 2/3
molecular_function:methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase activity
1 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA + 1 H(2)O => 1 (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA.
(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA from 3-isovaleryl-CoA: step 3/3
molecular_function:methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase activity
1 (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA => 1 acetoacetate + 1 acetyl-CoA.
acetoacetate from (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA: step 1/1
molecular_function:hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase activity
(1S,4R)-1-hydroxylimonen-2-one from (4R)-limonene: step 1/3
molecular_function:(R)-limonene 1,2-monooxygenase activity
molecular_function:(S)-limonene 1,2-monooxygenase activity
1 (4R)-limonene 1,2-epoxide + 1 H(2)O => 1 (1S,2S,4R)-limonene-1,2-diol.
(1S,4R)-1-hydroxylimonen-2-one from (4R)-limonene: step 2/3
molecular_function:limonene-1,2-epoxide hydrolase activity
1 (1S,2S,4R)-limonene-1,2-diol + 1 NAD(+) => 1 (1S,4R)-1-hydroxylimonen-2-one + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
(1S,4R)-1-hydroxylimonen-2-one from (4R)-limonene: step 3/3
(1R,4S)-isodihydrocarvone from (4R)-limonene: step 1/3
molecular_function:(R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
1 (4S,6R)-trans-carveol + 1 NAD(+) => 1 (S)-carvone + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
(1R,4S)-isodihydrocarvone from (4R)-limonene: step 2/3
molecular_function:(+)-trans-carveol dehydrogenase activity
1 (S)-carvone + 1 reduced acceptor => 1 (1R,4S)-isodihydrocarvone + 1 acceptor.
(1R,4S)-isodihydrocarvone from (4R)-limonene: step 3/3
1 H(2)O + 1 amicyanin + 1 methylamine => 2 H(+) + 1 NH(3) + 1 formaldehyde + 1 reduced amicyanin.
molecular_function:amine dehydrogenase activity
molecular_function:methylamine dehydrogenase (amicyanin) activity
1 H(2)O + 1 S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine => 1 5-methylthio-alpha-D-ribose + 1 adenine.
S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate from S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine (hydrolase route): step 1/2
molecular_function:methylthioadenosine nucleosidase activity
1 5-methylthio-alpha-D-ribose + 1 ATP => 1 ADP + 1 S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate from S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine (hydrolase route): step 2/2
molecular_function:S-methyl-5-thioribose kinase activity
1 S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + 1 phosphate => 1 S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate + 1 adenine.
S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate from S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine (phosphorylase route): step 1/1
molecular_function:S-methyl-5-thioadenosine phosphorylase activity
1 S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate => 1 S-methyl-5-thio-D-ribulose 1-phosphate.
L-methionine from S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate: step 1/6
molecular_function:S-methyl-5-thioribose-1-phosphate isomerase activity
1 S-methyl-5-thio-D-ribulose 1-phosphate => 1 5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate + 1 H(2)O.
L-methionine from S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate: step 2/6
molecular_function:methylthioribulose 1-phosphate dehydratase activity
1 5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate => 1 2-hydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)-3-oxopent-1-enyl phosphate.
L-methionine from S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate: step 3/6
1 2-hydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)-3-oxopent-1-enyl phosphate + 1 H(2)O => 1 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + 1 phosphate.
L-methionine from S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate: step 4/6
1 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + 1 O(2) => 1 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate + 1 formate.
L-methionine from S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate: step 5/6
molecular_function:acireductone dioxygenase [iron(II)-requiring] activity
1 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate + 1 L-glutamate => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 L-methionine.
L-methionine from S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate: step 6/6
1 ATP + 1 L-glutamate + 1 putrescine => 1 ADP + 1 gamma-L-glutamylputrescine + 1 phosphate.
4-aminobutanoate from putrescine: step 1/4
molecular_function:glutamate-putrescine ligase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 O(2) + 1 gamma-L-glutamylputrescine => 1 H(2)O(2) + 1 NH(3) + 1 gamma-glutamyl-4-aminobutanal.
4-aminobutanoate from putrescine: step 2/4
molecular_function:aspartate oxidase activity
molecular_function:oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, oxygen as acceptor
molecular_function:D-lysine oxidase activity
H(2)O + gamma-glutamyl-4-aminobutanal + [NAD(+) or NADP(+)] => 4-(L-gamma-glutamylamino)butanoic acid + H(+) + [NADH or NADPH].
4-aminobutanoate from putrescine: step 3/4
1 4-(L-gamma-glutamylamino)butanoic acid + 1 H(2)O => 1 4-aminobutanoate + 1 L-glutamate.
4-aminobutanoate from putrescine: step 4/4
molecular_function:gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyrate hydrolase activity
1 ATP + 1 GTP => 1 AMP + 1 guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate.
molecular_function:GTP diphosphokinase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate => 1 phosphate + 1 ppGpp.
molecular_function:guanosine-5'-triphosphate,3'-diphosphate diphosphatase activity
1 GDP + 1 diphosphate => 1 H(2)O + 1 ppGpp.
molecular_function:guanosine-3',5'-bis(diphosphate) 3'-diphosphatase activity
1 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + 1 guanine => 1 GMP + 1 diphosphate.
D-ribose 5-phosphate from beta-D-ribopyranose: step 1/2
molecular_function:pivalyl-CoA mutase activity
molecular_function:o-hydroxylaminobenzoate mutase activity
molecular_function:lupeol synthase activity
molecular_function:beta-amyrin synthase activity
molecular_function:baruol synthase activity
1 ATP + 1 D-ribose => 1 ADP + 1 D-ribose 5-phosphate.
D-ribose 5-phosphate from beta-D-ribopyranose: step 2/2
1 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + 1 nicotinamide => 1 diphosphate + 1 nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide.
nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide from 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate and nicotinamide: step 1/1
molecular_function:nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase activity
1 CoA + 1 pyruvate => 1 acetyl-CoA + 1 formate.
molecular_function:formate C-acetyltransferase activity
1 1-alpha-D-galactosyl-myo-inositol + 1 raffinose => 1 myo-inositol + 1 stachyose.
molecular_function:galactinol-raffinose galactosyltransferase activity
1 NAD(+) + 1 methanol => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 formaldehyde.
molecular_function:methanol dehydrogenase activity
1 acetoacetate + 1 succinyl-CoA => 1 acetoacetyl-CoA + 1 succinate.
acetoacetyl-CoA from succinyl-CoA: step 1/1
molecular_function:3-oxoacid CoA-transferase activity
1 ATP + 1 L-serine + 1 tRNA(Sec) => 1 AMP + 1 L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) + 1 diphosphate.
L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) from L-serine and tRNA(Sec): step 1/1
molecular_function:serine-tRNA ligase activity
1 L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) + 1 selenophosphate => 1 phosphate + 1 selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec).
selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec) from L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) (bacterial route): step 1/1
molecular_function:L-seryl-tRNASec selenium transferase activity
1 ATP + 1 L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) => 1 ADP + 1 O-phosphoseryl-tRNA(Sec).
selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec) from L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) (archaeal/eukaryal route): step 1/2
1 H(2)O + 1 O-phosphoseryl-tRNA(Sec) + 1 selenophosphate => 2 phosphate + 1 selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec).
selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec) from L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) (archaeal/eukaryal route): step 2/2
5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide from 5-[(5-phospho-1-deoxyribulos-1-ylamino)methylideneamino]-1-(5-phosphoribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide: step 1/1
1 2-succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid => 1 (1R,6R)-2-succinyl-6-hydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid + 1 pyruvate.
1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate from chorismate: step 3/7
molecular_function:2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate synthase activity
1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 O(2) + 1 p-cumate => 1 NAD(+) + 1 cis-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-p-cumic acid.
acetaldehyde and pyruvate from p-cumate: step 1/7
1 NAD(+) + 1 cis-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-p-cumic acid => 1 2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumic acid + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
acetaldehyde and pyruvate from p-cumate: step 2/7
molecular_function:2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-p-cumate dehydrogenase activity
1 2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumic acid + 1 O(2) => 1 2-hydroxy-3-carboxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoic acid.
acetaldehyde and pyruvate from p-cumate: step 3/7
1 2-hydroxy-3-carboxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoic acid => 1 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoic acid + 1 CO(2).
acetaldehyde and pyruvate from p-cumate: step 4/7
molecular_function:phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity
molecular_function:gamma-glutamyl carboxylase activity
molecular_function:3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate carboxy-lyase activity
molecular_function:carboxy-lyase activity
molecular_function:2-hydroxy-3-carboxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoate decarboxylase activity
molecular_function:bis(4-chlorophenyl)acetate decarboxylase activity
molecular_function:3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase activity
molecular_function:2-hydroxyisobutyrate decarboxylase activity
molecular_function:2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,3-dicarbonate decarboxylase activity
molecular_function:2-hydroxyisophthalate decarboxylase activity
molecular_function:dimethylmalonate decarboxylase activity
molecular_function:2,4,4-trimethyl-3-oxopentanoate decarboxylase activity
molecular_function:4,4-dimethyl-3-oxopentanoate decarboxylase activity
molecular_function:2,3,6-trihydroxyisonicotinate decarboxylase activity
molecular_function:phenanthrene-4,5-dicarboxylate decarboxylase activity
molecular_function:pyrrole-2-carboxylate decarboxylase activity
molecular_function:terephthalate decarboxylase activity
molecular_function:malonate semialdehyde decarboxylase activity
molecular_function:5-amino-4-imidazole carboxylate lyase activity
molecular_function:2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate aminotransferase activity
molecular_function:2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline decarboxylase activity
1 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoic acid + 1 H(2)O => 1 2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate + 1 2-methylpropanoate.
acetaldehyde and pyruvate from p-cumate: step 5/7
acetaldehyde and pyruvate from p-cumate: step 6/7
acetaldehyde and pyruvate from p-cumate: step 7/7
1 ATP + 1 bicarbonate + 1 propanoyl-CoA => 1 (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA + 1 ADP + 1 phosphate.
succinyl-CoA from propanoyl-CoA: step 1/3
molecular_function:propionyl-CoA carboxylase activity
1 (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA => 1 (R)-methylmalonyl-CoA.
succinyl-CoA from propanoyl-CoA: step 2/3
molecular_function:methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase activity
1 (R)-methylmalonyl-CoA => 1 succinyl-CoA.
succinyl-CoA from propanoyl-CoA: step 3/3
molecular_function:methylmalonyl-CoA mutase activity
glycine from 2-phosphoglycolate: step 1/3
1 O(2) + 1 glycolate => 1 H(2)O(2) + 1 glyoxylate.
glycine from 2-phosphoglycolate: step 2/3
1 L-glutamate + 1 glyoxylate => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 glycine.
glycine from 2-phosphoglycolate: step 3/3
molecular_function:glycine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
1 5,10-methylene-THF + 1 H(2)O + 1 glycine => 1 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + 1 L-serine.
3-phospho-D-glycerate from glycine: step 1/4
molecular_function:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase activity
1 L-serine + 1 pyruvate => 1 3-hydroxypyruvate + 1 L-alanine.
3-phospho-D-glycerate from glycine: step 2/4
molecular_function:serine-pyruvate transaminase activity
1 3-hydroxypyruvate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH => 1 D-glycerate + 1 NAD(+).
3-phospho-D-glycerate from glycine: step 3/4
3-phospho-D-glycerate from glycine: step 4/4
1 H(2)O + 1 acceptor + 1 nicotine => 1 (R)-6-hydroxynicotine + 1 reduced acceptor.
6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine from nicotine (R-isomer route): step 1/2
1 (S)-6-hydroxynicotine + 1 H(2)O + 1 O(2) => 1 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine + 1 H(2)O(2).
6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine from nicotine (S-isomer route): step 2/2
molecular_function:(S)-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase activity
1 5-deoxy-D-glucuronic acid => 1 2-deoxy-5-keto-D-gluconic acid.
molecular_function:allose 6-phosphate isomerase activity
molecular_function:intramolecular oxidoreductase activity, interconverting aldoses and ketoses
molecular_function:galactosamine-6-phosphate isomerase activity
molecular_function:ribose 1,5-bisphosphate isomerase activity
1 D-glucose 6-phosphate => 1 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose + 1 phosphate.
2-deoxystreptamine from D-glucose 6-phosphate: step 1/4
1 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose + 1 L-glutamine => 1 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosamine + 1 2-oxoglutaramate.
2-deoxystreptamine from D-glucose 6-phosphate: step 2/4
2-deoxy-scyllo-inosamine + [NAD(+) or NADP(+)] => 3-amino-2,3-dideoxy-scyllo-inosose + H(+) + [NADH or NADPH].
2-deoxystreptamine from D-glucose 6-phosphate: step 3/4
1 3-amino-2,3-dideoxy-scyllo-inosose + 1 L-glutamine => 1 2-deoxystreptamine + 1 2-oxoglutaramate.
2-deoxystreptamine from D-glucose 6-phosphate: step 4/4
1 geranyl diphosphate => 1 (4S)-limonene + 1 diphosphate.
(4S)-limonene from geranyl diphosphate: step 1/1
molecular_function:(4S)-limonene synthase activity
1 geranyl diphosphate => 1 (4R)-limonene + 1 diphosphate.
(4R)-limonene from geranyl diphosphate: step 1/1
molecular_function:(R)-limonene synthase activity
1 geranyl diphosphate => 1 (-)-alpha-pinene + 1 diphosphate.
(-)-alpha-pinene from geranyl diphosphate: step 1/1
molecular_function:pinene synthase activity
1 geranyl diphosphate => 1 (-)-beta-pinene + 1 diphosphate.
(-)-beta-pinene from geranyl diphosphate: step 1/1
1 CTP + 1 riboflavin => 1 CDP + 1 FMN.
FMN from riboflavin (CTP route): step 1/1
1 GTP + 1 alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate => 1 GDP-alpha-D-mannose + 1 diphosphate.
GDP-alpha-D-mannose from alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate (GTP route): step 1/1
molecular_function:mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
1 GDP-alpha-D-mannose => 1 GDP-L-galactose.
L-ascorbate from GDP-alpha-D-mannose: step 1/5
molecular_function:GDP-mannose 3,5-epimerase activity
1 GDP-L-galactose + 1 phosphate => 1 GDP + 1 beta-L-galactose 1-phosphate.
L-ascorbate from GDP-alpha-D-mannose: step 2/5
1 H(2)O + 1 beta-L-galactose 1-phosphate => 1 alpha-L-galactose + 1 phosphate.
L-ascorbate from GDP-alpha-D-mannose: step 3/5
1 NAD(+) + 1 alpha-L-galactose => 1 H(+) + 1 L-Galactono-1,4-lactone + 1 NADH.
L-ascorbate from GDP-alpha-D-mannose: step 4/5
1 L-Galactono-1,4-lactone + 2 ferricytochrome c => 2 H(+) + 1 L-ascorbate + 2 ferrocytochrome c.
L-ascorbate from GDP-alpha-D-mannose: step 5/5
molecular_function:galactonolactone dehydrogenase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate => 1 D-glucuronate + 1 UDP.
L-ascorbate from UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate: step 1/4
molecular_function:hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds
molecular_function:lytic transglycosylase activity
molecular_function:mannosyl-oligosaccharide mannosidase activity
molecular_function:galactosidase activity
molecular_function:hexosaminidase activity
molecular_function:dextrin alpha-glucosidase activity
molecular_function:starch alpha-glucosidase activity
molecular_function:beta-glucanase activity
molecular_function:beta-6-sulfate-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity
molecular_function:glucan endo-1,4-beta-glucosidase activity
1 D-glucuronate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH => 1 L-gulonate + 1 NADP(+).
L-ascorbate from UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate: step 2/4
molecular_function:L-glucuronate reductase activity
1 L-gulonate => 1 H(2)O + 1 L-gulono-1,4-lactone.
L-ascorbate from UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate: step 3/4
1 L-gulono-1,4-lactone + 1 O(2) => 1 H(2)O(2) + 1 L-ascorbate.
L-ascorbate from UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate: step 4/4
molecular_function:L-gulonolactone oxidase activity
1 CDP-diacylglycerol + 1 choline => 1 CMP + 1 phosphatidylcholine.
phosphatidylcholine from choline: step 1/1
molecular_function:phosphatidylcholine synthase activity
1 N-carbamoylputrescine + 1 phosphate => 1 carbamoyl phosphate + 1 putrescine.
putrescine from N-carbamoylputrescine (transferase route): step 1/1
molecular_function:putrescine carbamoyltransferase activity
1 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole + 1 ATP + 1 bicarbonate => 1 5-carboxyamino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole + 1 ADP + 1 phosphate.
5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate from 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole (N5-CAIR route): step 1/2
molecular_function:5-(carboxyamino)imidazole ribonucleotide synthase activity
1 5-carboxyamino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole => 1 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate.
5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate from 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole (N5-CAIR route): step 2/2
molecular_function:5-(carboxyamino)imidazole ribonucleotide mutase activity
1 8-amino-7-oxononanoate + 1 L-lysine => 1 7,8-diaminononanoate + 1 L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdahyde.
7,8-diaminononanoate from 8-amino-7-oxononanoate (Lys route): step 1/1
1 (S)-dihydroorotate + 1 NAD(+) => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 orotate.
orotate from (S)-dihydroorotate (NAD(+) route): step 1/1
molecular_function:orotate reductase (NADH) activity
1 (S)-dihydroorotate + 1 Quinone => 1 Hydroquinone + 1 orotate.
orotate from (S)-dihydroorotate (quinone route): step 1/1
molecular_function:dihydroorotate dehydrogenase activity
1 H(+) + 1 L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + 1 NADH => 1 L-homoserine + 1 NAD(+).
1 H(+) + 1 L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + 1 NADPH => 1 L-homoserine + 1 NADP(+).
1 3-oxopropanoate + 1 CoA + 1 NAD(+) => 1 CO(2) + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 acetyl-CoA.
1 3-oxopropanoate + 1 CoA + 1 NADP(+) => 1 CO(2) + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 acetyl-CoA.
1 ATP + 1 adenosylcobinamide => 1 ADP + 1 adenosylcobinamide phosphate.
1 GTP + 1 adenosylcobinamide => 1 GDP + 1 adenosylcobinamide phosphate.
1 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 O(2) => 1 CO(2) + 1 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+) + 1 benzene-1,2,4-triol.
1 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 O(2) => 1 CO(2) + 1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+) + 1 benzene-1,2,4-triol.
1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 maleylacetate => 1 3-oxoadipate + 1 NAD(+).
1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 maleylacetate => 1 3-oxoadipate + 1 NADP(+).
1 L-arogenate + 1 NAD(+) => 1 CO(2) + 1 H(+) + 1 L-tyrosine + 1 NADH.
L-tyrosine from L-arogenate (NAD(+) route): step 1/1
molecular_function:cyclohexadienyl dehydrogenase activity
1 L-arogenate + 1 NADP(+) => 1 CO(2) + 1 H(+) + 1 L-tyrosine + 1 NADPH.
L-tyrosine from L-arogenate (NADP(+) route): step 1/1
molecular_function:arogenate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
1 NAD(+) + 1 prephenate => 1 (4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + 1 CO(2) + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate from prephenate (NAD(+) route): step 1/1
molecular_function:prephenate dehydrogenase activity
1 NADP(+) + 1 prephenate => 1 (4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + 1 CO(2) + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH.
(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate from prephenate (NADP(+) route): step 1/1
molecular_function:prephenate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
1 L-aspartate + 1 NAD(+) => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 iminoaspartate.
1 L-aspartate + 1 NADP(+) => 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 iminoaspartate.
1 CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH => 1 CDP-4-dehydro-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose + 1 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+).
1 CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH => 1 CDP-4-dehydro-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose + 1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+).
1 H(+) + 1 L-arabinose + 1 NADH => 1 L-arabinitol + 1 NAD(+).
1 H(+) + 1 L-arabinose + 1 NADPH => 1 L-arabinitol + 1 NADP(+).
1 NAD(+) + 1 S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 S-formylglutathione.
1 NADP(+) + 1 S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione => 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 S-formylglutathione.
1 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH => 1 D-glycerate + 1 NAD(+).
1 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH => 1 D-glycerate + 1 NADP(+).
1 (S)-ureidoglycolate + 1 NAD(+) => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 oxalurate.
1 (S)-ureidoglycolate + 1 NADP(+) => 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 oxalurate.
1 D-arabinose + 1 NAD(+) => 1 D-arabinono-1,4-lactone + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
1 D-arabinose + 1 NADP(+) => 1 D-arabinono-1,4-lactone + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH.
1 2-hydroxy-3-oxosuccinate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH => 1 CO(2) + 1 D-glycerate + 1 NAD(+).
1 2-hydroxy-3-oxosuccinate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH => 1 CO(2) + 1 D-glycerate + 1 NADP(+).
1 D-glycerate + 1 NAD(+) => 1 3-hydroxypyruvate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
1 D-glycerate + 1 NADP(+) => 1 3-hydroxypyruvate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH.
1 H(2)O + 1 L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdahyde + 1 NAD(+) => 1 H(+) + 1 L-alpha-aminoadipate + 1 NADH.
1 H(2)O + 1 L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdahyde + 1 NADP(+) => 1 H(+) + 1 L-alpha-aminoadipate + 1 NADPH.
1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+) + 1 benzaldehyde => 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 benzoate.
1 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+) + 1 benzaldehyde => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 benzoate.
1 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+) + 1 gamma-glutamyl-4-aminobutanal => 1 4-(L-gamma-glutamylamino)butanoic acid + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+) + 1 gamma-glutamyl-4-aminobutanal => 1 4-(L-gamma-glutamylamino)butanoic acid + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH.
1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 dihydrobiopterin => 1 NAD(+) + 1 tetrahydrobiopterin.
1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 dihydrobiopterin => 1 NADP(+) + 1 tetrahydrobiopterin.
1 NADP(+) + 1 isocitrate => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 CO(2) + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH.
2-oxoglutarate from isocitrate (NADP(+) route): step 1/1
molecular_function:isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
1 NAD(+) + 1 isocitrate => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 CO(2) + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
2-oxoglutarate from isocitrate (NAD(+) route): step 1/1
molecular_function:isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 CoA + 1 NAD(+) => 1 CO(2) + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 succinyl-CoA.
succinyl-CoA from 2-oxoglutarate (dehydrogenase route): step 1/1
1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 CoA + 2 oxidized ferredoxin => 1 CO(2) + 2 H(+) + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 1 succinyl-CoA.
succinyl-CoA from 2-oxoglutarate (synthase route): step 1/1
molecular_function:2-oxoglutarate synthase activity
1 ADP + 1 phosphate + 1 succinyl-CoA => 1 ATP + 1 CoA + 1 succinate.
succinate from succinyl-CoA (ligase route): step 1/1
molecular_function:succinate-CoA ligase (ADP-forming) activity
succinate from succinyl-CoA (transferase route): step 1/1
1 2-oxoglutarate => 1 CO(2) + 1 succinate semialdehyde.
succinate from 2-oxoglutarate (transferase route): step 1/2
molecular_function:2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase activity
H(2)O + succinate semialdehyde + [NAD(+) or NADP(+)] => H(+) + succinate + [NADH or NADPH].
succinate from 2-oxoglutarate (transferase route): step 2/2
molecular_function:succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity
1 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+) + 1 succinate semialdehyde => 1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 succinate.
1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+) + 1 succinate semialdehyde => 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH + 1 succinate.
1 acceptor + 1 succinate => 1 fumarate + 1 reduced acceptor.
fumarate from succinate (bacterial route): step 1/1
1 Quinone + 1 succinate => 1 Hydroquinone + 1 fumarate.
fumarate from succinate (eukaryal route): step 1/1
molecular_function:succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity
1 H(2)O + 1 fumarate => 1 (S)-malate.
molecular_function:fumarate hydratase activity
1 (S)-malate + 1 Quinone => 1 Hydroquinone + 1 oxaloacetate.
oxaloacetate from (S)-malate (quinone route): step 1/1
molecular_function:malate dehydrogenase (quinone) activity
molecular_function:malate dehydrogenase (menaquinone) activity
1 D-fructose 6-phosphate + 1 GDP-alpha-D-mannose => 1 GDP + 1 beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside 6-phosphate.
beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside from D-fructose 6-phosphate and GDP-alpha-D-mannose: step 1/2
1 H(2)O + 1 beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside 6-phosphate => 1 beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside + 1 phosphate.
beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside from D-fructose 6-phosphate and GDP-alpha-D-mannose: step 2/2
1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+) + 1 nicotinate => 1 6-hydroxynicotinate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH.
6-hydroxynicotinate from nicotinate: step 1/1
molecular_function:nicotinate dehydrogenase activity
1 6-hydroxynicotinate + 1 reduced ferredoxin => 1 6-hydroxynicotinate + 1 oxidized ferredoxin.
propanoate and pyruvate from 6-hydroxynicotinate: step 1/8
molecular_function:6-hydroxynicotinate reductase activity
1 6-hydroxynicotinate + 2 H(2)O => 1 2-formylglutarate + 1 NH(3).
propanoate and pyruvate from 6-hydroxynicotinate: step 2/8
1 2-formylglutarate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH => 1 2-hydroxymethylglutarate + 1 NAD(+).
propanoate and pyruvate from 6-hydroxynicotinate: step 3/8
molecular_function:2-hydroxymethylglutarate dehydrogenase activity
1 2-hydroxymethylglutarate => 1 2-methyleneglutarate + 1 H(2)O.
propanoate and pyruvate from 6-hydroxynicotinate: step 4/8
1 2-methyleneglutarate => 1 2-methylene-3-methylsuccinate.
propanoate and pyruvate from 6-hydroxynicotinate: step 5/8
molecular_function:2-methyleneglutarate mutase activity
1 2-methylene-3-methylsuccinate => 1 dimethylmaleate.
propanoate and pyruvate from 6-hydroxynicotinate: step 6/8
molecular_function:methylitaconate delta-isomerase activity
1 H(2)O + 1 dimethylmaleate => 1 (2R,3S)-2,3-dimethylmalate.
propanoate and pyruvate from 6-hydroxynicotinate: step 7/8
molecular_function:dimethylmaleate hydratase activity
1 (2R,3S)-2,3-dimethylmalate => 1 propanoate + 1 pyruvate.
propanoate and pyruvate from 6-hydroxynicotinate: step 8/8
molecular_function:2,3-dimethylmalate lyase activity
1 4-chlorobenzoate + 1 ATP + 1 CoA => 1 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA + 1 AMP + 1 diphosphate.
4-hydroxybenzoate from 4-chlorobenzoate: step 1/3
molecular_function:4-chlorobenzoate-CoA ligase activity
1 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA + 1 H(2)O => 1 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA + 1 H(+) + 1 chloride.
4-hydroxybenzoate from 4-chlorobenzoate: step 2/3
molecular_function:4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA dehalogenase activity
1 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA + 1 H(2)O => 1 4-hydroxybenzoate + 1 CoA.
4-hydroxybenzoate from 4-chlorobenzoate: step 3/3
molecular_function:4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA thioesterase activity
1 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + 1 L-serine => 1 5,10-methylene-THF + 1 H(2)O + 1 glycine.
1 L-glutamate + 1 oxaloacetate => 1 2-oxoglutarate + 1 L-aspartate.
molecular_function:L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
1 ATP + 1 L-glutamate + 1 NH(3) => 1 ADP + 1 L-glutamine + 1 phosphate.
molecular_function:glutamate-ammonia ligase activity
1 H(+) + 1 NADH + 1 O(2) + 1 anthranilate => 1 CO(2) + 1 NAD(+) + 1 NH(3) + 1 catechol.
molecular_function:anthranilate 1,2-dioxygenase (deaminating, decarboxylating) activity
1 H(2)O + 1 homo-cis-aconitate => 1 homoisocitrate.
L-alpha-aminoadipate from 2-oxoglutarate: step 3/5
molecular_function:homoaconitate hydratase activity
1 (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH => 1 (S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate + 1 H(2)O + 1 NAD(+).
1 (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH => 1 (S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate + 1 H(2)O + 1 NADP(+).
2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate => 1 15-cis-phytoene + 1 diphosphate.
15-cis-phytoene from geranylgeranyl diphosphate: step 1/1
molecular_function:geranylgeranyl-diphosphate geranylgeranyltransferase activity
1 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosamine + 1 NAD(+) => 1 3-amino-2,3-dideoxy-scyllo-inosose + 1 H(+) + 1 NADH.
1 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosamine + 1 NADP(+) => 1 3-amino-2,3-dideoxy-scyllo-inosose + 1 H(+) + 1 NADPH.
1 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA + 1 H(2)O => 1 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate + 1 CoA.
1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate from chorismate: step 7/7
A linear sub-pathway involved in a UniPathway pathway. A linear sub-pathway is a path of enzymatic reactions.
(R)-pantoate from 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate
(R)-pantothenate from (R)-pantoate and beta-alanine
L-histidine from 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate
(S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate from L-aspartate
LL-2,6-diaminopimelate from (S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate (succinylase route)
LL-2,6-diaminopimelate from (S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate (acetylase route)
DL-2,6-diaminopimelate from LL-2,6-diaminopimelate
DL-2,6-diaminopimelate from (S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate
L-alpha-aminoadipate from 2-oxoglutarate
L-lysine from L-alpha-aminoadipate (fungal route)
L-lysine from L-alpha-aminoadipate (Thermus route)
sulfoacetaldehyde from phosphoenolpyruvate and sulfite
3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate from D-ribulose 5-phosphate
O-succinyl-L-homoserine from L-homoserine
L-homocysteine from S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine
L-cystathionine from O-succinyl-L-homoserine
L-homocysteine from O-acetyl-L-homoserine
S-adenosyl-L-methionine from L-methionine
L-methionine from L-homocysteine (MetH route)
L-methionine from L-homocysteine (MetE route)
L-methionine from L-homocysteine (BhmT route)
chorismate from D-erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate
isopentenyl diphosphate from 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate
isopentenyl diphosphate from (R)-mevalonate
1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate from D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate
dimethylallyl diphosphate from isopentenyl diphosphate
dimethylallyl diphosphate from (2E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbutenyl diphosphate
N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithine from L-glutamate
L-ornithine from N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithine (linear)
L-ornithine and N-acetyl-L-glutamate from L-glutamate and N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithine (cyclic)
L-arginine from L-ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate
L-ectoine from L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde
D-xylulose 5-phosphate from L-arabinose (bacterial route)
N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide from 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate
N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide from N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide (10-formyl THF route)
N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide from N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide (formate route)
5-formamido-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide from 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (10-formyl THF route)
5-formamido-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide from 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (formate route)
IMP from 5-formamido-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide
4-amino-2-methyl-5-diphosphomethylpyrimidine from 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole
4-methyl-5-(2-phosphoethyl)-thiazole from 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole
4-methyl-5-(2-phosphoethyl)-thiazole from 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate
thiamine phosphate from 4-amino-2-methyl-5-diphosphomethylpyrimidine and 4-methyl-5-(2-phosphoethyl)-thiazole
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine diphosphate from 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate
7,8-dihydrofolate from 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine diphosphate and 4-aminobenzoate
formate from 10-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate
5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate from D-ribose 5-phosphate (route I)
5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate from D-ribose 5-phosphate (route II)
3-dehydroquinate from D-quinate (NAD(+) route)
3-dehydroquinate from D-quinate (PQQ route)
3,4-dihydroxybenzoate from 3-dehydroquinate
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and glycerone phosphate from D-glucose
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate from glycerone phosphate
pyruvate from D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
2-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-D-glycerate from GDP-alpha-D-mannose (MPG route)
L-asparagine from L-aspartate (ammonia route)
L-asparagine from L-aspartate (L-Gln route)
L-cysteine from L-homocysteine and L-serine
hydrogen sulfide from sulfite (NADPH route)
hydrogen sulfide from sulfite (ferredoxin route)
glutathione from L-cysteine and L-glutamate
cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide from precorrin-2 (aerobic route)
cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide from sirohydrochlorin (anaerobic route)
adenosylcobalamin from cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide
penicillin G from L-alpha-aminoadipate and L-cysteine and L-valine
clavulanate from D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and L-arginine
2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate and benzoate from biphenyl
5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2-furylacetate from catechol
3-oxoadipate from 5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2-furylacetate
acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA from 3-oxoadipate
3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate from 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate
CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate from 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate and CTP
L-glutamate and succinate from L-arginine
4-aminobutanal from putrescine (amine oxidase route)
4-aminobutanal from putrescine (transaminase route)
pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate from pyridoxamine
pyridoxamine from pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate from pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate from pyridoxine 5'-phosphate
pyridoxal from pyridoxine (dehydrogenase route)
5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2-furylacetate from 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate
3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate from 3-carboxy-2,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate
pyridoxine 5'-phosphate from D-erythrose 4-phosphate
succinate semialdehyde from 4-aminobutanoate
1,3-diaminopropane and 4-aminobutanal from spermidine
5-aminolevulinate from L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu)
protoporphyrinogen-IX from coproporphyrinogen-III (O2 route)
protoporphyrinogen-IX from coproporphyrinogen-III (AdoMet route)
protoporphyrin-IX from protoporphyrinogen-IX
iminoaspartate from L-aspartate (oxidase route)
nicotinate D-ribonucleotide from quinolinate
NAD(+) from deamido-NAD(+) (ammonia route)
NAD(+) from deamido-NAD(+) (L-Gln route)
acetoacetate and fumarate from L-phenylalanine
L-arogenate from prephenate (L-Asp route)
L-arogenate from prephenate (L-Glu route)
L-phenylalanine from phenylpyruvate (PDH route)
L-phenylalanine from phenylpyruvate (ArAT route)
L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde from L-ornithine
L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde from L-glutamate
L-proline from L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde
(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA from (R)-mevalonate
geranyl diphosphate from dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate
farnesyl diphosphate from geranyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate
CO(2) and NH(3) from urea (urease route)
CO(2) and NH(3) from urea (allophanate route)
coproporphyrinogen-III from 5-aminolevulinate
L-citrulline from L-ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate
(N(omega)-L-arginino)succinate from L-aspartate and L-citrulline
L-arginine and fumarate from (N(omega)-L-arginino)succinate
betaine aldehyde from choline (cytochrome c reductase route)
2-hydroxy-3-oxobutyl phosphate from D-ribulose 5-phosphate
5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil from GTP
D-ribulose 5-phosphate from D-glucose 6-phosphate (oxidative stage)
D-xylulose 5-phosphate from D-ribulose 5-phosphate (non-oxidative stage)
D-ribose 5-phosphate from D-ribulose 5-phosphate (non-oxidative stage)
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate from D-ribose 5-phosphate and D-xylulose 5-phosphate (non-oxidative stage)
alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate from D-fructose 6-phosphate
pyruvate and succinate semialdehyde from 4-hydroxyphenylacetate
acetaldehyde and glycine from L-threonine
betaine aldehyde from choline (monooxygenase route)
D-fructose 6-phosphate from D-ribulose 5-phosphate and formaldehyde
ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose from D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate
berbamunine from (R)-N-methylcoclaurine and (S)-N-methylcoclaurine
3alpha(S)-strictosidine from secologanin and tryptamine
L-cystathionine from O-acetyl-L-homoserine
L-homocysteine from O-succinyl-L-homoserine
S-adenosylmethioninamine from S-adenosyl-L-methionine
L-alanine and anthranilate from L-kynurenine
iminoaspartate from L-aspartate (dehydrogenase route)
deamido-NAD(+) from nicotinate D-ribonucleotide
nicotinate D-ribonucleotide from nicotinate
LL-2,6-diaminopimelate from (S)-tetrahydrodipicolinate (aminotransferase route)
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and acetaldehyde from 2-deoxy-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate
lipid IV(A) from (3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] and UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine
KDO(2)-lipid A from CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate and lipid IV(A)
6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine from nicotine (R-isomer route)
UDP-4-deoxy-4-formamido-beta-L-arabinose from UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate
4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-L-arabinose undecaprenyl phosphate from UDP-4-deoxy-4-formamido-beta-L-arabinose and undecaprenyl phosphate
UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate from UDP-alpha-D-glucose
D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate and D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate from sedoheptulose 7-phosphate
phosphatidylglycerol from CDP-diacylglycerol
CDP-3,6-dideoxy-D-mannose from CTP and alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-ribazole from 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate from D-galactonate
alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate from D-fructose 6-phosphate
N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate from alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate (route I)
N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate from alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate (route II)
UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine from N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate
aminoacetaldehyde and sulfite from taurine
acetyl phosphate and sulfite from taurine
sucrose from D-fructose 6-phosphate and UDP-alpha-D-glucose
3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene from trans-4-coumarate
N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate from L-histidine
L-glutamate from N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate (hydrolase route)
L-glutamate from N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate (deiminase route)
L-glutamate from N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate (transferase route)
staphyloxanthin from farnesyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate from farnesyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate from L-arabinose
glycolaldehyde and pyruvate from 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate
2-oxoglutarate from 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate
D-xylulose 5-phosphate from L-arabinose (fungal route)
germacradienol from farnesyl diphosphate
betaine aldehyde from choline (dehydrogenase route)
pyridoxal from pyridoxine (oxidase route)
protein N(6)-(lipoyl)lysine from lipoate
protein N(6)-(lipoyl)lysine from octanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]
thiamine diphosphate from thiamine phosphate
NAD(+) from nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide
lactose 6-phosphate from lactose (PTS route)
D-galactose 6-phosphate and beta-D-glucose from lactose 6-phosphate
GDP-D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose from D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate
cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate from 2-phospho-D-glycerate
CDP-diacylglycerol from sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
phosphatidylethanolamine from CDP-diacylglycerol
formate from formaldehyde (glutathione route)
L-lactaldehyde and glycerone phosphate from L-fucose
uracil from uridine (phosphorylase route)
(S)-ureidoglycolate from allantoate (aminidohydrolase route)
(S)-ureidoglycolate from allantoate (amidohydrolase route)
glycerone phosphate from glycerol (oxidative route)
propane-1,3-diol from glycerol (reductive route)
glycerone phosphate from sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (anaerobic route)
glycerone phosphate from sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (aerobic route)
D-fructose 6-phosphate from N-acetylneuraminate
L-glutamate from 2-oxoglutarate and L-glutamine (NADP(+) route)
L-glutamate from 2-oxoglutarate and L-glutamine (NAD(+) route)
L-glutamate from 2-oxoglutarate and L-glutamine (ferredoxin route)
5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin from CO(2)
5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin from 5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin (coenzyme F420 route)
5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin from 5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin (hydrogen route)
methyl-coenzyme M from 5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin
coenzyme B and coenzyme M from coenzyme M-coenzyme B heterodisulfide
formate from formaldehyde (H(4)MPT route)
D-tagatose 6-phosphate from D-galactose 6-phosphate
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and glycerone phosphate from D-tagatose 6-phosphate
1,3-diaminopropane from L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde
phosphatidylethanolamine from ethanolamine
dehydro-D-arabinono-1,4-lactone from D-arabinose
D-glucose 6-phosphate and lysine from fructoselysine
UDP-alpha-D-xylose from UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate
all-trans-phytoene from geranylgeranyl diphosphate
2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate and salicylate from dibenzofuran
2-hydroxymuconate and catechol from dibenzo-p-dioxin
D-fructose 6-phosphate from D-sorbitol 6-phosphate
D-sorbitol from D-fructose and D-glucose
3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate from 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate
3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate from 3-phenylpropanoate
acetaldehyde and pyruvate from 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate
2-hydroxy-3-oxosuccinate from L-tartrate
2-hydroxy-3-oxosuccinate from meso-tartrate
D-glycerate from 2-hydroxy-3-oxosuccinate
4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine and 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole from thiamine
taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-ol from geranylgeranyl diphosphate
10-deacetyl-2-debenzoylbaccatin III from taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-ol
baccatin III from 10-deacetyl-2-debenzoylbaccatin III
7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate from GTP
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate from 7,8-dihydrofolate
tetrahydrobiopterin from 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate from pectin
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate from 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate
2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one from indoleglycerol phosphate
tetrahydrobiopterin from dihydrobiopterin
4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate from L-leucine (aminotransferase route)
4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate from L-leucine (dehydrogenase route)
3-isovaleryl-CoA from 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate
(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA from 3-isovaleryl-CoA
(1S,4R)-1-hydroxylimonen-2-one from (4R)-limonene
(1R,4S)-isodihydrocarvone from (4R)-limonene
acetoacetate from (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA
S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate from S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine (hydrolase route)
S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate from S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine (phosphorylase route)
L-methionine from S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate
D-ribose 5-phosphate from beta-D-ribopyranose
nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide from 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate and nicotinamide
L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) from L-serine and tRNA(Sec)
selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec) from L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) (archaeal/eukaryal route)
selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec) from L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) (bacterial route)
5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide from 5-[(5-phospho-1-deoxyribulos-1-ylamino)methylideneamino]-1-(5-phosphoribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide
6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine from nicotine (S-isomer route)
2,6-dihydroxypyridine and 4-(methylamino)butanoate from 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine
2-deoxystreptamine from D-glucose 6-phosphate
(-)-alpha-pinene from geranyl diphosphate
(-)-beta-pinene from geranyl diphosphate
GDP-alpha-D-mannose from alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate (GTP route)
GDP-alpha-D-mannose from alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate (GDP route)
L-ascorbate from UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate
CO(2) and NH(3) from carbamoyl phosphate
putrescine from N-carbamoylputrescine (amidase route)
putrescine from N-carbamoylputrescine (transferase route)
5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole from N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide
5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate from 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole (carboxylase route)
5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate from 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole (N5-CAIR route)
5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide from 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate
8-amino-7-oxononanoate from pimeloyl-CoA
7,8-diaminononanoate from 8-amino-7-oxononanoate (SAM route)
7,8-diaminononanoate from 8-amino-7-oxononanoate (Lys route)
orotate from (S)-dihydroorotate (O2 route)
orotate from (S)-dihydroorotate (NAD(+) route)
orotate from (S)-dihydroorotate (quinone route)
(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate from prephenate (NAD(+) route)
(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate from prephenate (NADP(+) route)
L-tyrosine from (4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate
L-tyrosine from L-arogenate (NAD(+) route)
L-tyrosine from L-arogenate (NADP(+) route)
2-oxoglutarate from isocitrate (NADP(+) route)
2-oxoglutarate from isocitrate (NAD(+) route)
succinyl-CoA from 2-oxoglutarate (dehydrogenase route)
succinyl-CoA from 2-oxoglutarate (synthase route)
succinate from succinyl-CoA (ligase route)
succinate from succinyl-CoA (transferase route)
succinate from 2-oxoglutarate (transferase route)
fumarate from succinate (bacterial route)
fumarate from succinate (eukaryal route)
oxaloacetate from (S)-malate (quinone route)
riboflavin from 2-hydroxy-3-oxobutyl phosphate and 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil
beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside from D-fructose 6-phosphate and GDP-alpha-D-mannose
propanoate and pyruvate from 6-hydroxynicotinate
15-cis-phytoene from geranylgeranyl diphosphate
1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate from chorismate
menaquinol from 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate
A process occurring in living organisms.
This pathway provides a direct metabolic link between the deoxyribose moiety of nucleosides and central carbon metabolism, independent of the pentose phosphate cycle. Two enzymes provide this link: the phosphopentomutases (PPMs) and 2-deoxyribose 5-phosphate aldolases (DERAs). PPM isomerizes deoxyribose 1-phosphate to deoxyribose 5-phosphate. Subsequently, DERA cleaves the pentose phosphate to acetaldehyde and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, allowing further metabolism to obtain carbon and energy. The deoxyribose 1-phosphate is supplied by various nucleoside phosphorylases, such as thymidine phosphorylase, uridine phosphorylase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase, which release the pentose moiety from (deoxy)ribonucleosides, producing (deoxy)ribose 1-phosphate.
2-deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate degradation
biological_process:deoxyribose phosphate catabolic process
Metabolism of uridine, a pyrimidine derivative compound.
biological_process:uridine metabolic process
Metabolism of thymidine (deoxythymidine, deoxyribosylthymine, thymine deoxyriboside) a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside very widely distributed.
biological_process:thymidine metabolic process
Degradation of 1,3-dichloropropene. 1,3-Dichloropropene is used in organic synthesis and as a soil fumigant, it is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).
Degradation of 1,2-dibromoethane. 1,2-dibromoethane is a manufactured chemical. It also occurs naturally in small amounts in the ocean where it is formed, probably by algae and kelp. Other names for 1,2-dibromoethane are ethylene dibromide, EDB, and glycol bromide. It is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).
Degradation of haloalkane compounds, a group of chemical compounds, consisting of alkanes, such as methane or ethane, with one or more halogens linked, such as chlorine or fluorine, making them a type of organic halide.
Degradation of atrazine (2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-1,3,5-triazine), a chlorinated compound used throughout industry and agriculture. Degradation contaminates soils and persists until it is metabolized by microorganisms. A range of soil bacteria, including both Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains can degrade atrazine, utilizing it as a nitrogen and carbon source.
2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-1,3,5-triazine degradation
biological_process:atrazine catabolic process
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments
Biosynthesis of anthocyanin compounds. Anthocyanins are water-soluble vacuolar flavonoid pigments that appear red to blue, according to pH. They are synthesized by organisms of the plant kingdom and bacteria. They have been observed to occur in all tissues of higher plants, providing color in leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and fruits.
biological_process:anthocyanin-containing compound biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of polyamine 1,3-diaminopropane (trimethylenediamine, 1,3-propanediamine, DAP).
Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
Biosynthesis of mycobactins, a family of membrane-associated siderophores required for Mycobacterium genus to adapt to its intracellular habitat. Mycobactins contain a salicylic acid-derived moiety.
Biosynthesis of taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative important in the metabolism of fats. Taurine is a derivative of the sulphur-containing (sulfhydryl) amino acid cysteine. Taurine is abundant in the tissues of many animals (metazoa). It is also found in plants, fungi, and some bacterial species, but at lower levels.
L-cysteine degradation via taurine pathway
biological_process:taurine biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of catecholic siderophore 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate-glycine- threonine trimeric ester bacillibactin.
2,3-dihydroxybenzoate-glycine-threonine trimeric ester biosynthesis
itoic acid (2,3-dihydroxybenzoate (DHB)-glycine) biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of hydroxamate siderophore aerobactin.
biological_process:aerobactin biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of amonabactin a phenolate siderophore containing 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHB).
Biosynthesis of anguibactin siderophore.
Biosynthesis of siderophore enterobactin, a compound that transports iron from the bacterial environment into the cell cytoplasm. In Escherichia coli, the siderophore molecule enterobactin is synthesized in response to iron deprivation by formation of an amide bond between 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate (2,3-DHB) and l-serine and formation of ester linkages between three such N-acylated serine residues.
biological_process:enterobactin biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of ornibactin, a linear hydroxamate/hydroxycarboxylate siderophore similar in structure to the pyoverdines.
Biosynthesis of pyoverdin (fluorescein, psudobactin), a yellow-green fluorescent siderophore. It is similar in structure to ornibactin.
biological_process:pyoverdine biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of rhizobactin, an hydroxymate siderophore produced by Sinorhizobium meliloti.
biological_process:rhizobactin 1021 biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of phenolate siderophore vulnibactin. Vulnibactin is produced by Vibrio vulnificus, a human pathogen. Vulnibactin is characterized as containing one residue of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid as well as two residues of salicylic acid, both of which are involved in the formation of oxazoline rings with L-threonine bound to a norspermidine backbone.
Biosynthesis of peptide vibriobactin siderophore. Vibriobactin is produced by the pathogenic Vibrio cholerae. It is assembled by a four-subunit nonribosomal peptide synthetase complex, VibE, VibB, VibH, and VibF, using 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate and L-threonine as precursors to two 2,3-dihydroxyphenyl- methyloxazolinyl groups in amide linkage on a norspermidine scaffold.
biological_process:vibriobactin biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of dihydroxamate siderophore alcaligin (Alc), a cyclic dimer of succinyl-N-hydroxy-C-hydroxy-putrescine. Alcaligin is produced by Bordetella bronchiseptica, a Gram- coccobacillus that causes upper respiratory tract illness in several mammalian hostsability to acquire Fe from the mammalian host is associated with virulence.
Biosynthesis of pseudomonine siderophore. Pseudomonine is a isoxazolidone derivative produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens.
Biosynthesis of siderophore salicylic acid.
biological_process:salicylic acid biosynthetic process
The totality of the chemical reactions and physical changes that occur in living organisms, comprising anabolism and catabolism; may be qualified to mean the chemical reactions and physical processes undergone by a particular substance, or class of substances, in a living organism. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.
Metabolism of xenobiotic. Xenibiotics are chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc.
biological_process:xenobiotic metabolic process
Biosynthesis of (R)-pantothenate, also called vitamin B5 or D-pantothenic acid. (R)-pantothenate results from the condensation of beta-alanine and D-pantoate. (R)-pantothenate is found in the 4'-phosphopantetheine moieties of CoA (coenzyme A) and of the acyl carrier protein of lipid synthesis. Micro- organisms and plants must synthesize pantothenate, while animals obtain this essential nutriment from their diet. Pantothenate biosynthesis pathway offers targets for developping drugs against microbial pathogen.
biological_process:pantothenate biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of staphyloxanthin. Staphyloxanthin is an orange membrane-bound carotenoid pigment produced by most Staphylococcus aureus strains. It is well known that carotenoids function as antioxidants, and it has been suggested that staphyloxanthin can protect Staphylococcus aureus against oxidative stress.
alpha-D-glucopyranosyl 1-O-(4,4'-diaponeurosporen-4-oate) 6-O-(12-methyltetradecanoate) biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS comprises three parts: i) polysaccharide (O) side chains (O-antigen); ii) core oligosaccharide; iii) lipid A. Lipid A contains unusual fatty acids (e.g. hydroxy-myristic acid) and is inserted into the outer membrane while the rest of the LPS projects from the surface. Core oligosaccharide contains unusual sugars (e.g. KDO, keto-deoxyoctulonate and heptulose). It contains two glucosamine sugar derivatives each containing three fatty acids with phosphate or pyrophosphate attached. The core polysaccharide is attached to lipid A, which is also in part responsible for the toxicity of gram-negative bacteria. The polysaccharide side chain is referred as the O-antigen of the bacteria. O side chain (O-antigen) is also a polysaccharide chain that extends from the core polysaccharide. LPS are major components of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, contributing greatly to the structural integrity of the bacteria, and protecting the membrane from certain kinds of chemical attack. By increasing the negative charge of the cell wall LSP helps stabilize the overall membrane structure. LPS forms the amphipathic interface between Gram-negative bacteria and their environment and contributes protection against antibiotics and the complement system. The alternative name, endotoxin, is indicative of the capacity to cause septic shock by hyperstimulation of the immune system.
biological_process:lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of L-histidine, (S)-alpha-Amino- 1H-imidazole-4-propionic acid, a weakly basic amino-acid in a nine- step pathway. Histidine biosynthetic pathway is present in microbes, fungi and plants. Histidine biosynthesis is unusual as a metabolic process utilizing the purine ring of ATP as a carbon and nitrogen source. Histidine biosynthesis pathway is connected to de novo purine biosynthesis pathway through imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase (IGPS) which catalyzes the fifth step and converts N-(5'-phosphoribulosys)-formimino-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (PRFAR) to imidazole glycerol phosphate (ImGP) and 5'-(5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide) ribonucleotide (AICAR). AICAR is the entry point to the purine biosynthetic pathway.
(S)-alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionic acid biosynthesis
2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoate biosynthesis
2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid biosynthesis
biological_process:histidine biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of UDP-beta-(4-deoxy-4-formamido-L-arabinose) (UDP-L-Ara4FN), a precursor of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N). This latter compound is covalently linked to lipid A moiety of some pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. This LPS modification is a strategy adopted by pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria to evade cationic antimicrobial peptides produced by the innate immune system.
UDP-L-4-formamido-arabinose biosynthesis
UDP-beta-(4-deoxy-4-formamido-L-arabinose) biosynthesis
UDP-4-deoxy-4-formamido-beta-L-arabinose biosynthesis
Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism
Biosynthesis of L-lysine through the alpha-amino adipic acid (AAA) pathway. It was first believed that this pathway was a specific character of fungi. In 1998, a gene cluster of a thermophilic bacterium (Thermus thermophilus) was shown to synthesize L-lysine through the AAA pathway. This pathway is present in hyperthermophilic archaea too (P. horikoshii and P. abyssi). Hence, this pathway is distributed among the three super-kingdoms as proposed by Woese and Fox in 1997 [PMID:270744].
L-lysine biosynthesis via L-2 aminoadipate pathway
L-lysine biosynthesis via alpha aminoadipate pathway
L-lysine biosynthesis via aminoadipic pathway
biological_process:lysine biosynthetic process via aminoadipic acid
Biosynthesis of L-lysine through the diaminopimelate (DAP) pathway. The L-lysine is synthesized from L-aspartate and pyruvate through diaminopimelate via four variants. This pathway is utilised by most bacteria, some archaea, some fungi, some algae, and higher plants. In bacteria, DAP is not only a direct precursor of lysine, but it is also an important constituent of the cell wall peptidoglycan. The DAP pathway is of special interest for pharmacology, since the absence of DAP in mammalian cells allows for the use of the DAP biosynthetic genes as a bacteria-specific drug target. Most bacteria use only one of the four variants, although certain bacteria, such as C. glutamicum and Bacillus macerans, possess both the succinylase and dehydrogenase pathways.
L-lysine biosynthesis via diaminopimelate pathway
biological_process:lysine biosynthetic process via diaminopimelate
Biosynthesis of the aromatic amino-acid L-tryptophan (Trp) from chorismate. This pathway is present in bacteria, fungi and plants. L-tryptophan is needed to synthesize proteins and, as a precursor, to nicotinic acid (niacin), serotonin and melatonin.
(S)-alpha-amino-beta-(3-indolyl)-propionic acid biosynthesis
2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid biosynthesis
biological_process:tryptophan biosynthetic process
Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of undecaprenyl phosphate-4-deoxy-4-formamido-L-arabinose, a precursor of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N). This latter compound is covalently linked to lipid A moiety of some pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria.
undecaprenyl phosphate-4-deoxy-4-formamido-L-arabinose biosynthesis
4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-L-arabinose undecaprenyl phosphate biosynthesis
biological_process:4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl undecaprenyl phosphate biosynthetic process
Modification of the lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide by the addition of the sugar 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) is a strategy adopted by pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria to evade cationic antimicrobial peptides produced by the innate immune system.
4-amino-4-deoxy-beta-L-arabinose-lipid A biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcUA), a precursor of glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan synthesis. UDP-GlcUA is also a precursor of ascorbic acid.
biological_process:UDP-glucuronate biosynthetic process
Pentose and glucuronate interconversions
Biosynthesis of acetoin (3-hydroxy-2-butanone). Acetoin is a component of the butanediol cycle (butanediol fermentation) in microorganisms.
biological_process:acetoin biosynthetic process
Degradation of acetoin (3-hydroxy-2-butanone). Acetoin is a component of the butanediol cycle (butanediol fermentation) in microorganisms.
biological_process:acetoin catabolic process
Biosynthesis of D-glycero-D-manno-heptose 5-phosphate. This carbohydrate is widely present in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of most Gram-negative bacteria. D-glycero-D-manno-heptose and its derivatives are sometimes also found in capsules and O antigen as well as in the glycan moieties of bacterial cell surface (S-layer) glycoproteins. D-glycero-D-manno-heptose are found in different anomeric configuration (alpha and beta).
D-glycero-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate biosynthesis
biological_process:D-glycero-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of D-alanine. D-alanine is used either as an energy source or as a component of bacterial cell wall, where it is directly involved in the cross-linking of adjacent peptidoglycan chains. In Gram-positive bacteria, D-alanine can also be found to variable extents in cell wall teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid residues.
biological_process:D-alanine biosynthetic process
Degradation of D-alanine, the dextrorotatory isomer of the amino-acid alanine.
biological_process:D-alanine catabolic process
Degradation of L-threonine via aldolase pathway. L-threonine aldolase is a low-specificity enzyme which cleaves threonine directly into glycine and acetaldehyde .
2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid degradation via aldolase pathway
L-threonine degradation via aldolase pathway
The chemical reactions and physical changes involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds; includes nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium.
biological_process:nitrogen compound metabolic process
Degradation of L-threonine via oxydo-reductase pathway. This pathway involves threonine dehydrogenase (TDH) and 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate CoA ligase (KBL). In the absence of KBL, 2-amino-3-oxobutanoate is spontaneously converted to aminoacetone.
2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid degradation via oxydo-reductase pathway
L-threonine degradation via oxydo-reductase pathway
biological_process:L-threonine catabolic process to glycine
Biosynthesis of L-isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid, an hydrophobic branched- chain amino-acid. In most microorganisms, isoleucine is synthesized from aspartate via threonine [Umbarger, H. E. 1978. Amino-acid biosynthesis and its regulation. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 47:533-606]. However, alternative routes to isoleucine from precursors other than threonine have been reported. Some anaerobes can assimilate 2-methylbutyrate into isoleucine. The most commonly observed alternative route was a route from pyruvate and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) via citramalate. This 'pyruvate pathway' was initially proposed for the genus Leptospira because isotope-labeling experiments indicated that in some leptospiral strains, {alpha}-ketobutyrate was derived from pyruvate rather than threonine. Only a limited number of leptospires possess catabolic threonine dehydratase. Later, a similar observation was made with a thermophilic archaeon, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, suggesting that isoleucine biosynthesis involves pyruvate as a precursor. Recently, (R)-citramalate synthase (EC 4.1.3.-) activity was demonstrated in the thermophilic archaeon Methanococcus jannaschii.
(2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid biosynthesis
biological_process:isoleucine biosynthetic process
Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation
Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of L-leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid, an hydrophobic branched-chain amino- acid.
2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid biosynthesis
biological_process:leucine biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of L-valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid, an hydrophobic branched-chain amino- acid.
2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid biosynthesis
biological_process:valine biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of L-threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid biosynthesis
biological_process:threonine biosynthetic process
Sulfur-containing amino-acid L-methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid) is synthesized de novo by most microorganisms and plants after the initial steps of inorganic sulfate assimilation and synthesis of cysteine or homocysteine. There are two alternative pathways of methionine synthesis in microorganisms. The enterobacterial type trans-sulfuration pathway involves cystathionine as an intermediate and utilizes cysteine as the sulfur source. In contrast, the direct sulfhydrylation pathway found in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), spirochete (Leptospira meyeri) and actinomycetes (Corynebacterium glutamicum) bypasses cystathionine and uses inorganic sulfur instead. Although yeast, fungi and higher plants have both transsulfuration and direct sulfhydrylation pathways, only the bacteria C. glutamicum, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, P. putida and L. meyeri have been shown to have both pathways. Methionine biosynthesis is a central pathway, as it controls a large number of cellular processes such as translation of mRNA into proteins (not only as a substrate for protein elongation but also as the initiator of protein synthesis) and transmethylation reactions via the formation of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) (cf activated methyl cycle pathway).
2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid biosynthesis
L-methionine biosynthesis via de novo pathway
Degradation of L-threonine via propanoate pathway. L-threonine can be catabolized non-oxidatively to propionate via 2-ketobutyrate.
2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid degradation via propanoate pathway
L-threonine degradation via propanoate pathway
biological_process:L-threonine catabolic process to propionate
Biosynthesis of chorismate, a precursor of aromatic amino-acids (tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine). The biosynthesis of chorismate occurs only in plants and bacterial, not in animals.
biological_process:chorismate biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of daunorubicin, a potent antitumor anthracycline antibiotics produced by Streptomyces peucetius.
Biosynthesis of CDP-3,6-dideoxy-D-mannose (CDP-tyvelose), a 3,6-dideoxy nucleotide sugar. CDP-3,6-dideoxy-D-mannose is a cell wall lipopolysaccharide O-antigen component of some Gram-negative bacteria.
Biosynthesis of isopentenyl-PP via deoxy xylulose phosphate (DXP) pathway. This pathway is essential in eubacteria (including Escherichia coli), the malaria parasite, and plants, but is absent in mammals. Therefore, the pathway enzymes are promising targets for the development of novel herbicides and antimicrobials that are potentially innocuous for humans.
isopentenyl-PP biosynthesis via DXP pathway
isopentenyl-PP biosynthesis via deoxy xylulose phosphate pathway
isopentenyl-PP biosynthesis via mevalonate-independent pathway
isopentenyl-PP biosynthesis via non mevalonate pathway
isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthesis via DXP pathway
biological_process:isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway
Biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from terpenoid and polyketide
Biosynthesis of isopentenyl-PP (isopentenyl diphosphate, IDP, IPP) via mevalonic acid pathway. This pathway converts acetate, in the form of acetyl-CoA, to isopentenyl-PP, the fundamental unit in isoprenoid biosynthesis, through a series of mevalonate intermediates.
isopentenyl-PP biosynthesis via mevalonate pathway
isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthesis via mevalonate pathway
biological_process:isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate pathway
Biosynthesis of mevalonic acid, a six-carbon metabolic intermediate. In eukaryotes, it arises from linkage of two acetyl-CoAs in the mitochondrion to form acetaoacetyl-CoA (4 carbons), followed by addition of another acetyl group from a third acetyl-CoA to give 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA). This latter compound is reduced by HMG-CoA reductase in the endoplasmic reticulum, using two NADPHs, with coincident loss of CoASH. HMG-CoA reductase is the most important regulatory enzyme for the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway and other isoprenoids/terpenoids. HMG-CoA reductase is a target for drugs that attempt to lower cholesterol levels in the body. One such drug is lovastatin, which inhibits the enzyme and stops endogenous synthesis of cholesterol.
Synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies
Biosynthesis of dimethylallyl-PP (DMAPP). DMAPP results from the 1,3-allylic rearrangement of the homoallylic substrate isopentenyl-PP (IPP).
dimethylallyl pyrophosphate biosynthesis
isopentenyl-PP conversion to dimethylallyl-PP
biological_process:dimethylallyl diphosphate biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of thiamin pyrophosphate (THI-PP, TPP), the active form of thiamine cofactor (vitamin B1). It has essential functions, for example in carbohydrate and branched-chain amino-acid metabolism. All organisms able to to produce THI-PP initially assemble THI-P by coupling 4-amino-2-methyl-5-diphosphomethylpyrimidine and 4-methyl-5-(2-phosphoethyl)-thiazole. THI-P is then converted to TPP. The two heterocyclic precursors of thiamine pyrophosphate are synthesized through independant pathways. WARNING: the DXP_MHETP_BIOS sub-pathway is temporary. It will be refined as soon as knowledge will be available.
biological_process:thiamine diphosphate biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of alpha-ribazole, the benzimidazole nucleoside in adenosyl cobalamin (vitamin B12).
N1-(alpha-D-ribosyl)-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole biosynthesis
dimethylbenzimidazole nucleoside biosynthesis
The formation from simpler components of steroid compounds. A steroid is a terpenoid lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton with four fused rings, generally arranged in a 6-6-6-5 fashion. Steroids vary by the functional groups attached to these rings and the oxidation state of the rings. Hundreds of distinct steroids are found in plants, animals, and fungi. All steroids are made in cells either from the sterol lanosterol (animals and fungi) or the sterol cycloartenol (plants). Both sterols are derived from the cyclization of the triterpene squalene.
biological_process:steroid biosynthetic process
Cholesterol biosynthesis springs from a six-carbon intermediate called mevalonate. Cholesterol is found in all eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to regulate membrane fluidity by altering the packing density of the polar membrane lipids. It is also a precursor of several hormones. Its synthesis from acetyl CoA can be separated into 5 stages, all occuring in the cytosol: - mevalonate biosynthesis, - phosphorylation and decarboxylation of mevalonate: isopentenyl-PP biosynthesis and conversion to dimethylallyl-PP - squalene biosynthesis - conversion of squalene to 7-dehydrocholesterol - cholesterol biosynthesis: cholesterol from 7-dehydrocholesterol Cholesterol is used in the body as a precursor of many other important molecules: bile acids (salts), sex steroid hormones (testosterone, estrogen), adrenal steroid hormones (cortisol, aldosterone, vitamin D).
biological_process:cholesterol biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of D-1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate, a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis.
1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate biosynthesis
biological_process:1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin (H4MPT), a cofactor in methanogenesis. H4MPT is the carrier of the C1 group as it is reduced to the methyl level, before transferring to the coenzyme M.
5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of streptomycin, an antibiotic produced by soil bacteria of the genus Streptomyces. Streptomycin is active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Originally isolated by Selman A. Waksman and Albert Schatz in 1947, streptomycin is effective against tubercle bacilli and is a mainstay of tuberculosis therapy. Streptomycin acts by inhibiting protein synthesis and damaging cell membranes in susceptible microorganisms.
biological_process:streptomycin biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidine carboxylic acid), an excellent osmoprotectant. Since Galinski et al. (PMID:3838936) discovered ectoine as a compatible solute in Ectothiorhodospira halochloris, an extremely halophilic phototrophic eubacterium, it has been found to be distributed widely in nature, largely in moderately halophilic eubacteria. The biosynthetic pathway of ectoine from aspartic b-semialdehyde (ASA) was first elucidated in Halomonas elongata by purification and characterization of each enzyme involved.
1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid biosynthesis
biological_process:ectoine biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of L-arginine, an amino-acid constituent of proteins and precursor of polyamines.
(S)-2-amino-5-guanidinovaleric acid biosynthesis
2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid biosynthesis
2-amino-5-(diaminomethylidene amino)pentanoic acid biosynthesis
biological_process:arginine biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrosarcinapterin (H4SPT), a modified form of H4MPT (5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin), wherein a glutamyl group linked to the 2-hydroxyglutaric acid terminus.
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrosarcinapterin biosynthesis
De novo biosynthesis of UMP (uridine monophosphate).
de novo uridine monophosphate biosynthesis
biological_process:'de novo' UMP biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of coenzyme F420, an important cofactor involved in hydride transfer reactions in methanogenic archaea as well as methanotrophic and other bacteria. Although coenzyme F420 contains a deazaflavin moiety, it is biochemically analogous to the nicotinamide cofactors. Coenzyme F420 is involved in a variety of biochemical transformations, including methanogenesis, DNA photorepair, and degradation of nitrophenols and nitroimidazofurans, and in the biosynthesis of several secondary metabolites [PMID:16585745]. F420 is named for its intense fluorescence upon excitation with 420 nm light, the oxidized coenzyme F420 (N-(N -l-lactyl-gamma-glutamyl)-l-glutamic acid phosphodiester of 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin) was first discovered in mycobacteria (Cousins 1960) and later purified for structural identification from the methane-producing microorganism Methanobacterium sp. strain M.o.H. (Cheeseman et al. 1972; Eirich et al. 1978). Since these original studies, F420 has been found in numerous actinomycetes and in all methanogens (Isabelle et al. 2002). [PMID:14593448].
Biosynthesis of coenzyme F0 (7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin), a biosynthetic precursor of coenzyme F420. Most cyanobacteria and halophilic archaea produce a DNA photolyase enzyme that uses F0 as a coenzyme.
7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin biosynthesis
Degradation of L-arginine, an energy-rich amino-acid that can supply nitrogen, carbon and energy to various bacteria in a variety of environment. L-arginine can be catabolized by a large number of routes including the arginase pathway, the arginine deiminase (ADI) pathway, the arginine succinyl transferase (AST) pathway, the arginine decarboxylase (ADC), transaminase, oxidase and oxygenase pathways. These pathways often have distinctive functions.
(S)-2-amino-5-guanidinovaleric acid degradation
2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid degradation
2-amino-5-(diaminomethylidene amino)pentanoic acid degradation
biological_process:arginine catabolic process
The formation from simpler components of purine nucleotide IMP (inosine 5'phosphate).
inosine 5'-phosphate biosynthesis via de novo pathway
inosine monophosphate biosynthesis via de novo pathway
biological_process:'de novo' IMP biosynthetic process
The formation of AMP (adenosine monophosphate) from IMP (inosine monophosphate).
adenosine monophosphate biosynthesis via de novo pathway
biological_process:'de novo' AMP biosynthetic process
Degradation of myo-inositol, an abundant compound in soil. Myo-Inositol is also common and essential in plants. Several micro-organisms, including model organism Bacillus subtilis (PMID:9226270), can grow on inositol as the carbon source. It was thought that bacterial inositol catabolism is only required for efficient utilization of this compound. However, the inositol dehydrogenase of Sinorhizobium fredii not only catalyses the initial reaction step of inositol catabolism but also is involved in nitrogen fixation and competitiveness to nodulate soybeans (PMID:11274120). Furthermore, MocA and MocC of Sinorhizobium meliloti which participate in degradation of rhizopine (L-3-O-methyl-scyllo-inosamine), a symbiosis- specific compound found in alfalfa nodules, exhibited significant similarities to IolG and IolE involved in inositol catabolism of B. subtilis, respectively (PMID:9226270), and the inositol catabolism pathway was tightly linked with rhizopine utilization in S. meliloti (PMID:9802033). These facts implied an interesting relationship between bacterial inositol catabolism and plant/bacteria symbiosis for nitrogen fixation.
myo-inositol degradation into acetyl-CoA
Biosynthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid (tetrahydrofolate, THF), the active form of folic acid (vitamin B9). Folic acid is an essential vitamin (B9), which plays a key role in the methylation cycle and in DNA biosynthesis. The folic acid derivatives are made up of a pterdine ring attached to a p-aminobenzoate and a polyglutamyl chain. Tetrahydrofolic acid have C1 units enzymically attached. These C1 units (as a formyl group) are passed on to enzymes in the purine pathway that insert the C-2 and C-8 into the purine ring. A methylene group (-CH2-) attached to tetrahydrofolate is used to convert the uracil-type pyrimidine base found in RNA into the thymine base found in DNA. A further folate cofactor, i.e. 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, is involved in the remethylation of the homocysteine produced in the methylation cycle back to methionine. After activation to S-adenosylmethionine this acts as a methyl donor for the dozens of different methyltransferases present in all cells. Folate deficiency results in reduction of purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis and consequently DNA biosynthesis and cell division. Folate deficiency receives increasing attention due to its relation to cardiovascular disease and different forms of dementia. The folate pathway represents a powerful target for combating rapidly dividing systems such as cancer cells, bacteria and malaria parasites.
biological_process:tetrahydrofolate biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of biotin, a B-group vitamin. Biotin has essential metabolic functions as the CO2-carrying prosthetic group of selected carboxylases, decarboxylases and transcarboxylases. De novo biosynthesis pathway involved the conversion of pimeloyl-CoA (i.e 6-carboxyhexanoyl-CoA) to biotin.
biological_process:biotin biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of menaquinone (vitamine K2), a lipid-soluble molecule that belongs to the naphto-quinone family.
biological_process:menaquinone biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of methanofuran, the first coenzyme in the methanogenic pathway used by the archaeon Methanocaldococcus jannaschii, as well as other methanogens, to reduce CO2 to methane.
biological_process:D-galactonate catabolic process
Degradation of naphtalene, an aromatic compound composed of two fused benzene rings.
Degradation of 3-chlorocatechol compound. This pathway serves a vital role in the biodegradation of toxic aromatic compounds introduced in the environment both as natural products and as industrial effluent.
Biosynthesis of phosphatidylglycerol, a multifunctional phospholipid, found in the biological membranes of many organisms.
biological_process:phosphatidylglycerol biosynthetic process
Metabolism of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
biological_process:phospholipid metabolic process
The alpha-glycerophosphate cycle is essential for the production of energy for flight in insects.
biological_process:glycerophospholipid metabolic process
Biosynthesis of 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate biosynthesis (PRPP). PRPP may be synthesized from ribose 5-phosphate by PRPP synthase or, alternately, by the the enzymes phosphopentomutase, ribose 1-phosphokinase (putative), and ribose 1,5-bisphosphokinase [PMID:12700258]. Under conditions when xanthosine phosphorylase is produced, the enzyme can supply ribose 1-phosphate to this second pathway.
5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate biosynthesis
biological_process:5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (protocatechuate). This pathway allows use of quinate as a carbon source by its conversion to protocatechuate and subsequent metabolism by the beta-ketoadipate pathway. Quinate is an abundant plant product.
biological_process:protocatechuate biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotide derivatives. compounds.
biological_process:deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA), a sesquiterpenoid (15-carbon) plant hormon. Abscisic acid is partially produced via the mevalonic pathway in chloroplasts and other plastids. Because it is synthesized partially in the chloroplasts, it makes sense that biosynthesis primarily occurs in the leaves. The production of ABA is accentuated by stresses such as water loss and freezing temperatures.
biological_process:abscisic acid biosynthetic process
Photosynthesis is a biochemical process in which plants, algae, and some bacteria harness the energy of light to produce simple nutrient molecules, such as glucose. During photosynthesis, simple sugars are produced by combining carbon dioxide and water using light (sunlight) as an energy source and producing oxygen as a by-product. Notice that some forms of photosynthesis do not release oxygen. The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide (CO2) using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. [source: GO] The carboxylation process is generally known as CO2 fixation (carbon fixation), and the oxygenation process is known as photorespiration.
A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. [GO].
biological_process:respiratory electron transport chain
Degradation of plant hormone abscisic acid.
biological_process:abscisic acid catabolic process
Biosynthesis of fatty acids. Fatty acids are formed by the action of Fatty acid synthases from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors.
biological_process:fatty acid biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of oleic acids, a group of fatty acids that contain 18 carbon atoms and a double bond at the omega 9 carbon.
Metabolism of compound containing sulfur.
biological_process:sulfur compound metabolic process
The sulfate assimilation pathway leads to the biosynthesis of cysteine and methionine, and to the sulfation of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, drugs and xenobiotics.
Biosynthesis of L-proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid) biosynthesis, a chiral, cyclic amino-acid.
2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid biosynthesis
pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid biosynthesis
biological_process:L-proline biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of phenazine, a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic molecule having important roles in virulence, competition and biological control.
biological_process:phenazine biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of bacilysin (L-alanyl-(2.3-epoxycyclohexanone-4)-L-alanine). This dipeptide is one of the simplest peptide antibiotics known. It displays activity against some bacteria and fungi (Kenig and Abraham 1976; Tschen 1990). Its proposed amino-acid ligase mode of biosynthesis might offer strategies to engineer new derivatives with improved properties. Bacilysin contains an L-alanine residue at the N terminus and a non-proteinogenic amino acid, Lanticapsin, at the C terminus (Walker and Abraham 1970). Its antibiotic activity depends on the anticapsin moiety, which becomes released by peptidases (Kenig et al. 1976; Chmara et al. 1982) after bacilysin uptake into susceptible cells by a distinct peptide permease system (Perry and Abraham 1979; Chmara et al. 1981). The intracellular anticapsin then blocks the glucosamine synthetase, and hence, bacterial peptidoglycan or fungal mannoprotein biosynthesis. This leads to cell protoplasting and lysis (Whitnney and Funderburk 1970; Kenig et al. 1976; Chmara et al. 1982; Chmara 1985; Milewski 1993).
L-alanyl-(2.3-epoxycyclohexanone-4)-L-alanine biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of candicidin, an aromatic polyene (heptaene) antibiotic produced by Streptomyces griseus IMRU 3570. Polyene macrolides are a group of polyketides with lactone rings of 20-44 members. Candicidin was first described by Lechevalier et al. (1953) and named antibiotic C135, although it was renamed candicidin because of its strong activity against species of Candida.
Biosynthesis of gramicidin S antibiotic. The linear pentadecapeptide gramicidin has been reported to be assembled by four large multimodular nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), LgrABCD, that comprise 16 modules. During biosynthesis, the N-formylated 16mer peptide is bound to the peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) of the terminal module via a thioester bond to the carboxyl group of the last amino-acid glycine(16). In a first reaction the peptide is released from the protein template in an NAD(P)H-dependent reduction step catalyzed by the adjacent reductase forming an aldehyde intermediate. This aldehyde intermediate is further reduced by an aldoreductase, LgrE, in an NADPH-dependent manner to form the final product gramicidin A, N -formyl-pentadecapeptide-ethanolamine.
Degradation of the monosaccharide L-sorbose.
biological_process:L-sorbose catabolic process
Biosynthesis of creatine, a nitrogenous organic acid. Creatine (Cr) is synthesized by a two-step mechanism involving arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), and is taken up by cells through a specific Cr transporter, CT1 [PMID:15918910].
2-(carbamimidoyl-methyl-amino)acetic acid biosynthesis
biological_process:creatine biosynthetic process
The breakdown into simpler components of xenobiotics, chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system.
biological_process:xenobiotic catabolic process
Degradation of nicotine, the primary alkaloid found in tobacco plants.
biological_process:nicotine catabolic process
Biosynthesis of nicotine, the primary alkaloid found in tobacco plants.
biological_process:nicotine biosynthetic process
Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway found in all organisms. This pathway results in the anaerobic enzymatic conversion of D-glucose to pyruvate, resulting in energy stored in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms
biological_process:cocaine catabolic process
Irreversible degradation of myo-inositol into D-glucuronic acid.
myo-inositol degradation into D-glucuronic acid
myo-inositol degradation into D-glucuronate
Biosynthesis of clavulanic acid, a beta-lactam, structurally related to the penicillins, that possesses the ability to inactivate a wide range of beta-lactamase enzymes commonly found in microorganisms resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins. The name clavulanic acid is derived from the Streptomyces clavuligerus microorganisms from which clavulanic acid is derived. Clavulanic acid is biosynthetically generated from the amino-acid L-arginine and from pyruvate.
biological_process:clavulanic acid biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine.
UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine biosynthesis
biological_process:UDP-N-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic process
Degradation of xylan, a polymer of xylose residues.
biological_process:xylan catabolic process
The pentose phosphate pathway is part of central metabolism. This pathway provides a means by which glucose can be oxidized to generate NADPH and is the source of much of the NADPH that is needed for the biosynthesis of many biomolecules. The pentose phosphate pathway and the Calvin cycle have in common several enzymes and intermediates that attest to a common evolution. Like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, these pathways are mirror images of one another: the Calvin cycle uses NADPH to reduce carbon dioxide to generate hexoses, whereas the pentose phosphate pathway breaks down glucose into carbon dioxide to generate NADPH. The Calvin cycle is sometimes referred to as the reductive pentose phosphate pathway [Stryer, Biochemistry, 2002]. For convenience, the pentose phosphate pathway is commonly divided into its preliminary oxidative stage in which glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized to ribulose-5-phosphate, and its subsequent non-oxidative stage, in which through a series of transaldolase and transketolase reactions, ribulose-5-phosphate is converted into fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
biological_process:pentose-phosphate shunt
In the Calvin cycle, the source of the carbon atoms is the simple molecule carbon dioxide. In this extremely important process, carbon dioxide gas is trapped in a form that is useful for many processes. The Calvin cycle brings into living systems the carbon atoms that will become constituents of nucleic acids, proteins, and fats. Photosynthetic organisms are called autotrophs (literally self- feeders) because they can synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide and water, by using sunlight as an energy source, and then recover some of this energy from the synthesized glucose through the glycolytic pathway and aerobic metabolism. Organisms that obtain energy from chemical fuels only are called heterotrophs, which ultimately depend on autotrophs for their fuel. The Calvin cycle also differs from gluconeogenesis in where it takes place in photosynthetic eukaryotes. Whereas gluconeogenesis takes place in the cytoplasm, the Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts, the photosynthetic organelles. The pentose phosphate pathway is part of central metabolism. This pathway provides a means by which glucose can be oxidized to generate NADPH and is the source of much of the NADPH that is needed for the biosynthesis of many biomolecules, most notably fats. The pentose phosphate pathway and the Calvin cycle have in common several enzymes and intermediates that attest to an evolutionary kinship. Like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, these pathways are mirror images of one another: the Calvin cycle uses NADPH to reduce carbon dioxide to generate hexoses, whereas the pentose phosphate pathway breaks down glucose into carbon dioxide to generate NADPH. The Calvin cycle is sometimes referred to as the reductive pentose phosphate pathway. [Stryer, Biochemistry, 2002].
biological_process:reductive pentose-phosphate cycle
Metabolism of L-Carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a derivative of the amino acid L-lysine. Its name is derived from the fact that it was first isolated from meat (carnus) in 1905. Because L-carnitine appeared to act as a vitamin in the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), it was called vitamin BT. Vitamin BT turned out to be a misnomer when scientists discovered that humans and other higher organisms synthesize L-carnitine. Under certain conditions, the demand for L-carnitine may exceed an individual's capacity to synthesize it, making it a conditionally essential nutrient. L-Carnitine is synthesized primarily in the liver and also in the kidneys, and must be transported to other tissues. It is most concentrated in tissues that use fatty acids as their primary dietary fuel, such as skeletal and cardiac (heart) muscle. In this regard, L-carnitine plays an important role in energy production by chaperoning activated fatty acids (acyl-CoA) into the mitochondrial matrix for metabolism and chaperoning intermediate compounds out of the mitochondrial matrix to prevent their accumulation.
hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid metabolism
biological_process:carnitine metabolic process
The formation from simpler components of carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid). L-Carnitine is synthesized primarily in the liver and also in the kidneys, and must be transported to other tissues.
hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid biosynthesis
biological_process:carnitine biosynthetic process
Degradation of xanthosine, a purine nucleoside.
Biosynthesis of prephenate from chorismate. Prephenate is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino-acids, L-Phenylalanine and L-Tyrosine.
Biosynthesis of L-phenylalanine ((S)-alpha-amino-beta-phenylpropionic acid) from prephenate.
(S)-alpha-amino-beta-phenylpropionic acid biosynthesis
biological_process:L-phenylalanine biosynthetic process
Tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of L-tyrosine ((S)-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)alanine) from prephenate.
(S)-2-amino-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid biosynthesis
(S)-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)alanine biosynthesis
biological_process:tyrosine biosynthetic process
Ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis
The covalent alteration of one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological polymer, resulting in a change in its properties [GO:0043412].
biological_process:macromolecule modification
The formation from simpler components of dTDP-L-rhamnose, a substance composed of L-rhamnose in glycosidic linkage with deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate.
biological_process:dTDP-rhamnose biosynthetic process
Metabolism of rhamnose (hexose 6-deoxy-L-mannose).
biological_process:rhamnose metabolic process
The formation from simpler components of GDP-D-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
biological_process:GDP-mannose biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of anthracyclines, a class of antitumor polyketide antibiotic. These compounds are used to treat a wide range of cancers, including (but not limited to) leukemias, lymphomas, and breast, uterine, ovarian, and lung cancers.
Biosynthesis of GDP-L-fucose via de novo pathway. GDP-L-fucose, the substrate for fucosyltransferases for addition of fucose to polysaccharides or glycoproteins in both procaryotes and eucaryotes, is made from GDP-D-mannose. L-Fucose is a component of bacterial surface antigens, including the extracellular polysaccharide colanic acid produced by most Escherichia coli strains, as well as by other species of the family Enterobacteriaceae. In the de novo pathway, GDP-L-fucose is synthesized from GDP-mannose via an oxidation, an epimerization, and a reduction. These steps are catalyzed by two enzymes, GDP-mannose-4,6-dehydratase and GDP-4-keto-6 -deoxy-mannose-3,5-epimerase-4-reductase (FX in mammals). In mammals, the de novo pathway is the major route for cellular GDP-L-fucose biosynthesis in vivo. Levels of GDP-L-fucose in human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues are significantly increased compared with adjacent nontumor tissues or normal livers. (relationship between elevated FX expression and increased production of GDP-L-Fucose).
GDP-D-mannose to GDP-L-fucose conversion
GDP-L-fucose biosynthesis via de novo pathway
biological_process:'de novo' GDP-L-fucose biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of GDP-L-fucose from L-fucose, without de novo synthesis. In the salvage pathway, GDP-L-fucose is synthesized by the action of an L-fucose kinase and GDP-L-fucose pyrophospholylase from free fucose, which is delivered to the cytosol either extracellularly or intracellularly.
GDP-L-fucose biosynthesis via salvage pathway
Biosynthesis of alpha mannosylglycerate (MG), a compatible solute originally identified in red algae of the order Ceramiales. Mannosylglycerate is a common compatible solute of halotolerant or slightly halophilic thermophilic and hyperthermophilic prokaryotes. Mannosylglycerate has a role in stabilizing proteins from thermal denaturation, since it is one of the most efficient thermoprotectants known in vitro. The biosynthesis of MG proceeds via two alternate routes. In one pathway, GDP-mannose is condensed with D-glycerate to produce MG in a single glycosyl transfer reaction catalyzed by MG synthase. In the other pathway, mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate synthase (MPGS) catalyzes the conversion of GDP-mannose and D-3-phosphoglycerate into mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate (MPG), which is subsequently converted to MG by mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase (MPGP).
2-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-D-glycerate biosynthesis
biological_process:mannosylglycerate biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid = 3-aminopropanoate), an achiral amino-acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins. It is an intermediate in pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) and coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis. In contrast to bacteria, yeast derive the beta-alanine required for pantothenic acid production via polyamine metabolism.
biological_process:beta-alanine biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid (Asa), a sugar acid with antioxidant properties. L-ascorbate is required as a cofactor in reactions catalyzed by copper-dependent monooxygenases and iron-dependent dioxygenases. L-ascorbic acid can be biosynthesized by plants, some bacteria and many vertebrates, although not in guinea pigs and primates, including humans.
(2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate biosynthesis
biological_process:L-ascorbic acid biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of L-asparagine amino-acid.
biological_process:L-asparagine biosynthetic process
biological_process:cysteine biosynthetic process
Degradation of monoterpenes. Monoterpenes can be divided into three major subgroups: linear monoterpenes, monocyclic monoterpenes and bicyclic monoterpenes.
Gluconeogenesis is the generation of glucose from other organic molecules like lactate, glycerol, and amino-acids. Many 3- and 4-carbon substrates can enter the gluconeogenesis pathway. But the first designated substrate in the gluconeogenic pathway is pyruvate. Gluconeogenesis cannot be considered to be a reverse process of glycolysis, as the three irreversible steps in glycolysis are bypassed in gluconeogenesis. This is done to ensure that glycolysis and gluconeogenesis do not operate at the same time in the cell.
Degradation of L-phenylalanine, an aromatic amino-acid.
(S)-2-amino-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid degradation
(S)-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)alanine degradation
(S)-alpha-amino-beta-phenylpropionic acid degradation
biological_process:L-phenylalanine catabolic process
Conversion of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide, in preparation for incorporation into cysteine and methionine. Sulfate can provide sulfur for biosynthesis. The sulfur atom in sulfate is more oxidized than it is in cysteine and other organic molecules; thus sulfate must be reduced before it can be assimilated. This process is known as assimilatory sulfate reduction to distinguish it from the dissimilatory sulfate reduction that takes place when sulfate acts as an electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration.
biological_process:hydrogen sulfide biosynthetic process
Degradation of L-arabinose via L-arabinono-1,4-lactone pathway. In this catabolic pathway, L-arabinose is oxidized to L-arabino-gamma-lactone (L-arabinono-1,4-lactone) by a NAD(P)+-dependent dehydrogenase. The lactone is cleaved by a lactonase to L-arabonate, followed by two successive dehydration reactions forming L-2-keto-3-deoxyarabonate (L-KDA)2 and alpha-ketoglutaric semialdehyde(alpha-KGSA). The last step is the NAD(P)+-dependent dehydrogenation of alpha-KGSA to alpha-ketoglutaric acid (referred to as the first pathway). Alternatively, L-KDA is cleaved through an aldolase reaction to glycolaldehyde and pyruvate (referred to as the second pathway).
L-arabinose degradation via L-arabinono-1,4-lactone pathway
biological_process:L-arabinose catabolic process to 2-oxoglutarate
Biosynthesis of glutathione (GSH; L-{gamma}-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine), a predominant low molecular weight peptide thiol present in many Gram- negative bacteria and in virtually all eukaryotes, except those that lack mitochondria.
biological_process:glutathione biosynthetic process
Ubiquitin is a small protein that occurs in all eukaryotic cells. Its main known function is to mark other proteins for destruction, known as proteolysis. The process of marking a protein with ubiquitin (ubiquitinylation, ubiquitylation or ubiquitination) consists of a series of steps [source: wikipedia]: 1. Activation of ubiquitin - ubiquitin is activated in a two-step reaction by an E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme in a process requiring ATP as an energy source. The initial step involves production of a ubiquitin-adenylate intermediate. The second step transfers ubiquitin to the E1 active site cysteine residue, with release of AMP. This step results in a thioester linkage between the C-terminal carboxyl group of ubiquitin and the E1 cysteine sulfhydryl group. 2. Transfer of ubiquitin from E1 to the active site cysteine of a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 via a trans(thio)esterification reaction. 3. The final step of the ubiquitinylation cascade generally requires the activity of one of the hundreds of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases (often termed simply ubiquitin ligase). E3 enzymes function as the substrate recognition modules of the system and are capable of interaction with both E2 and substrate. E3 enzymes possess one of two domains: * The HECT (Homologous to the E6-AP Carboxyl Terminus) domain * The RING domain (or the closely related U-box domain).
biological_process:protein ubiquitination
Degradation of proteins by hydrolysis of their peptide bonds. This process is initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.
ubiquitin fusion protein degradation pathway
biological_process:proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
Degradation of L-arabinose via L-ribulose pathway. The bacterial L-arabinose catabolic pathway consists of L-arabinose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.4), ribulokinase (EC 2.7.1.16), and L-ribulose phosphate 4-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.4) which convert L-arabinose to D-xylulose 5-phosphate. The pathway and the genes of this pathway are well-established.
biological_process:L-arabinose catabolic process to xylulose 5-phosphate
Degradation of L-arabinose via L-arabinitol pathway. The fungal L-arabinose catabolic pathway consists of aldose reductase (EC 1.1.1.21), L-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.12), L-xylulose reductase (EC 1.1.1.10), D-xylulose reductase (EC 1.1.1.9), and xylulokinase (EC 2.7.1.17) which convert L-arabinose to D-xylulose 5-phosphate.
L-arabinose degradation via L-arabinitol
Degradation of methane, the simplest alkane.
biological_process:methane catabolic process
Biosynthesis of adenosylcobalamin (vitamin B12), a modified tetrapyrrole cofactor. Adenosylcobalamin belongs to the same class of compounds as heme, chlorophyll, siroheme, and coenzyme F430. Most prokaryotic organisms as well as animals (including human) and protists have enzyme that require adenosylcobalamin as cofactor, whereas plants and fungi are thought not to use it. It is one of the most structurally complex protein cofactors ans its biosynthesis remains one of the most enigmatic and exigent metabolic pathways in nature, requiring around 30 enzymes. Two distinct yet similar route exist, known as the oxygene-dependent (aerobic route) and oxygen-independent (anaerobic route) pathways. These pathways diverge at precorrin-2 and merge again at adenosylcobyrate. The major difference between these two routes include the timing of cobalt insertion, the requirement for oxygen and the nature of the extruded carbon fragment which is lost during the ring construction process [McGoldrick et al, 2005].
biological_process:cobalamin biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of penicillin G, a beta-lactam antibiotic. Penicillin G is one of the mainly used antibiotics for the therapy of infectious diseases. It is produced as end product by some filamentous fungi only, most notably by Aspergillus (Emericella) nidulans and Penicillium chrysogenum. The penicillin biosynthesis is catalysed by three enzymes which are encoded by the following three genes: pcbAB (acvA), pcbC (ipnA) and penDE (aatA).
Penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis
Degradation of maltose (malt sugar), a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an alpha(1-4) linkage.
biological_process:maltose catabolic process
Biosynthesis of auxins. Auxins are natural plant hormone involved in several stages of plant growth and development such as cell elongation, cell division, tissue differentiation, and apical dominance. The biosynthesis and the underlying mechanism of auxins (and cytokinins) action are subjects of intense investigation. Diverse bacterial species possess the ability to produce the auxin phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
biological_process:auxin biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of starch, a complex carbohydrate, used by plants as a way to store excess glucose. Starch contains a mixture of two molecules: amylose and amylopectin. Usually these are found in a ratio of 30:70 or 20:80, with amylopectin found in larger amounts than amylose. Starch is often found in the fruit, seeds, rhizomes or tubers of plants.
biological_process:starch biosynthetic process
Degradation of starch, a complex carbohydrate, used by plants as a way to store excess glucose. Starch contains a mixture of two molecules: amylose and amylopectin. Usually these are found in a ratio of 30:70 or 20:80, with amylopectin found in larger amounts than amylose. Starch is often found in the fruit, seeds, rhizomes or tubers of plants.
biological_process:starch catabolic process
The formation from simpler components of flavonoids, a group of phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton.
biological_process:flavonoid biosynthetic process
Degradation of biphenyl, an aromatic hydrocarbon, comprised of two, six-sided aromatic rings connected at one carbon on each ring. It is used as a fungistat in transportation containers of oranges and other citrus fruits, as an intermediate for the production of emulsifiers, optical brighteners, plastics, crop protection products and other organic compounds. It is also used as a heat transfer medium, as a dyestuff carrier for textiles and copying paper, as a solvent in pharmaceutical production, and it was the parent compound of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (Weaver et al., 1979). Biphenyl is considered to be one of the most thermally stable organic compounds (HSDB, 1991). Animal studies have indicated that biphenyl exposure results in morphological and histopathological changes in the urinary system and it is considered to be a possible mutagen based on in-vitro studies (Boehncke et al., 2005). Various aerobic bacteria are capable of degrading biphenyl via the bhp encoded pathway (Catelani et al., 1971 and Haddock et al., 1993), which is also capable of degrading low chlorinated PCBs. [Rehmann L, Daugulis AJ., Chemosphere. 2006 May;63(6):972-9.].
Degradation of benzoic acid via hydroxylation pathway. This aerobic pathway includes hydroxylation of the aromatic ring by monooxygenases or dioxygenases, whereby catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene) or protocatechuate (3,4-dihydroxybenzoate) is produced. These central aromatic intermediates are the substrates for ring-cleaving dioxygenases.
biological_process:benzoate catabolic process via hydroxylation
The classical beta-ketoadipate pathway: ortho cleavage of catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene) or protocatechuate (3,4-dihydroxybenzoate) ring leads to beta-ketoadipate (3-oxoadipate), which is subsequently converted to succinyl-coenzyme A (CoA) and acetyl-CoA.
biological_process:beta-ketoadipate pathway
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation
The urea cycle, also known as the ornithine cycle, is a cycle of biochemical reactions occurring in many animal organisms that produces urea from ammonia (NH4+). This cycle was the first metabolic cycle discovered (Krebs and Hensenleit, 1932) [Wikipedia]. Arginine from the diet or from protein breakdown is cleaved by the cytosolic enzyme arginase, generating urea and ornithine. In subsequent reactions of the urea cycle a new urea residue is built on the ornithine, regenerating arginine and perpetuating the cycle.
De novo biosynthesis of CTP starting from UMP.
cytosine triphosphate biosynthesis via de novo pathway
biological_process:'de novo' CTP biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of tocopherol, or vitamin E, a fat-soluble vitamin that is an important antioxidant. Natural vitamin E exists in eight different forms or isomers, four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. All isomers have a chromanol ring, with a hydroxyl group which can donate a hydrogen atom to reduce free radicals and a hydrophobic side chain which allows for penetration into biological membranes. There is an alpha, beta, gamma and delta form of both the tocopherols and tocotrienols, determined by the number of methyl groups on the chromanol ring. Each form has its own biological activity. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form of vitamin E (tocopherol) in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.
biological_process:vitamin E biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of lincomycin A, an antibiotic that comes from the bacteria Streptomyces lincolnensis. It is composed of two moieties, a sugar moiety 6-amino-6,8-dideoxy-1-thio-D-erythro-{alpha}-D-galactooctopyranoside (methylthiolincosaminide) and an amino-acid derivative 4-n-propyl-L-hygric acid, linked by an amide bond.
Biosynthesis of vancomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic that comes from Actonobacteria. Vancomycin acts by inhibiting proper cell wall synthesis in Gram-positive bacteria. The mechanism inhibited, and various factors related to entering the outer membrane of Gram- negative organisms mean that vancomycin is not active against Gram- negative bacteria (except some non-gonococcal species of Neisseria). Specifically, vancomycin prevents incorporation of N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)- and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)-peptide subunits into the peptidoglycan matrix; which forms the major structural component of Gram-positive cell walls.
biological_process:vancomycin biosynthetic process
Metabolism of glycogen. This polysaccharide is the principal storage form of glucose (Glc) in animal cells. Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol in many cell types, and plays an important role in the glucose cycle.
biological_process:glycogen metabolic process
Biosynthesis of glycogen, the principal storage form of glucose (Glc) in animal cells. Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol in many cell types, and plays an important role in the glucose cycle.
biological_process:glycogen biosynthetic process
Degradation of glycogen, the principal storage form of glucose (Glc) in animal cells. Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol in many cell types, and plays an important role in the glucose cycle.
biological_process:glycogen catabolic process
Biosynthesis of mersacidin, a glycopeptide antibiotic that comes from Actonobacteria. Vancomycin acts by inhibiting proper cell wall synthesis in Gram-positive bacteria. The mechanism inhibited, and various factors related to entering the outer membrane of Gram- negative organisms mean that vancomycin is not active against Gram- negative bacteria (except some non-gonococcal species of Neisseria). Specifically, vancomycin prevents incorporation of N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)- and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)-peptide subunits into the peptidoglycan matrix; which forms the major structural component of Gram-positive cell walls.
Biosynthesis of heptaketide naphthopyrone YWA1. yWA1 is a yellow conidial wall pigment intermediate produced by Emericella nidulans (Aspergillus nidulans).
heptaketide naphthopyrone YWA1 biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of phosphinothricin (2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)butanoic acid) antibiotic.
2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)butanoic acid biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics, a broad class of antibiotics which include penicillin derivatives, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems and beta-lactamase inhibitors,etc (i.e any antibiotic agent which contains a beta-lactam nucleus in its molecular structure). The beta- lactam ring, or penam, is a lactam with a heteroatomic ring structure, consisting of three carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom.
biological_process:beta-lactam antibiotic biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of trisporate, a sex pheromone. Trisporate stimulates zygophore (sex cell) development in Mucor mucedo ans presumably in all other mucoraceous fungi including Blakeslea trispora. 4-dihydromethyltrisporate is produced solely by the (+) mating type and released into the environment. (-) Mating types react to the stimulus by directed growth and production of zygophores. 4-dihydromethyltrisporate is taken up by (-) hyphae and converted into methyltrisporate by 4-dihydromethyltrisporate dehydrogenase (TDH). Trisporate is synthesized from methyltrisporate by an esterase. Both enzymatic reactions occur specifically in the (-) mating type.
biological_process:trisporic acid biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of pentalenene, a tricyclic sesquiterpene that is the hydrocarbon precursor of the pentalenolactone family of antibiotics. Pentalenene is produced by the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate.
Biosynthesis of cephalosporin C antibiotic.
Biosynthesis of actinorhodin polyketide antibiotic.
Biosynthesis of tetracenomycin C, a polyketide antibiotic.
Biosynthesis of granaticin, a polyketide antibiotic.
Biosynthesis of curamycin, a polyketide antibiotic.
Biosynthesis of aristolochene, a bicyclic eremophilane-type sesquiterpene. Aristolochene (+)-enantiomer is a precursor of mycotoxin PR-toxin in P.roqueforti. It is the likely parent hydrocarbon of several eremophilene toxins and bioregulators produced by a variery of filamentous fungi. The antipodal (-)-enantiomer has been isolated from numerous higher plants.
iosynthesis of monensin, a polyketide antifungal.
Biosynthesis of tyrocidine antibiotic. Tyrocidine is a mixture of four cyclic decapeptides, tyrocidine A (D-Phe-Pro-Phe-D-Phe-Asn-Gln-Tyr- Val-Orn-Leu), B, C, and D, in which Phe, at positions 3, 4, and Tyr residues are gradually replaced by Trp, depending on the relative concentrations of these amino-acids in the growth medium.
Biosynthesis of carbapenem (1-carbapen-2-em-3-carboxylic acid), a beta-lactam antibiotic. biosynthesis.
1-carbapen-2-em-3-carboxylic acid biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of cephamycin C, a beta-lactam antibiotic.
Biosynthesis of fortimicin A (astromicin) antibiotic.
Degradation of L-arginine via arginine succinyl transferase pathway. One function of this pathway is to provide nitrogen during nitrogen restriction. The ammonia produced is assimilated into glutamate and glutamine, which in turn provides nitrogen for the synthesis of virtually all nitrogen-containing compounds.
arginine succinyl transferase (AST) pathway
biological_process:arginine catabolic process to succinate
The decarboxylation of L-arginine by arginine decarboxylase produces agmatine. Agmatine is a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of putrescine and higher polyamines (spermidine and spermine). Recent studies indicate that agmatine can have several important biochemical effects in humans, ranging from effects on the central nervous system to cell proliferation in cancer and viral replication.
Biosynthesis of putrescine, an essential precursor of the higher polyamines, spermidine and spermine. Putrescine can be formed either directly from L-ornithine or from agmatine (indirectly from L-arginine).
biological_process:putrescine biosynthetic process
Degradation of the putrescine polyamine. There are two routes of putrescine degradation to succinate semialdehyde via gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
biological_process:putrescine catabolic process
Biosynthesis of GMP (guanosine monophosphate) from IMP (inosine monophosphate).
biological_process:GMP biosynthetic process
Interconversion of B6 vitamers (PL, PM, PN, PLP, PMP, PNP).
Degradation of saturated hydrocarbon compounds.
biological_process:alkane catabolic process
Degradation of B6 vitamers (PL, PM, PN).
biological_process:vitamin B6 catabolic process
C1-unit interconversion via tetrahydrofolate pathway.
biological_process:tetrahydrofolate interconversion
Biosynthesis of thyroid hormones. The thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland. An important component in the synthesis is iodine. The major form of thyroid hormone in the blood is thyroxine (T4).
biological_process:thyroid hormone generation
Biosynthesis of the tricyclic sesquiterpenoid epi-isozizaene produced by Streptomyces coelicolor.
Biosynthesis of GPI or glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, a glycolipid that can be attached to the C-terminus of a protein during posttranslational modification. A GPI anchor is composed of a hydrophobic phosphatidyl inositol group linked through a carbohydrate containing linker (glucosamine and mannose linked to phosphoryl ethanolamine residue) to the C-terminal amino-acid of a mature protein. The two fatty acids within the hydrophobic phosphatidyl- inositol group anchor the protein to the cell membrane.
glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis
biological_process:GPI anchor biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of bialaphos, a secondary metabolite of Streptomyces hygroscopicus, used as herbicide. Bialaphos is a tripeptide which consists of two L-alanine residues and the L-glutamic analog phosphinothrycin.
2-amino-4-(methylphosphino)butyrylalanylalanine biosynthesis
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotide sites in DNA, resulting in a change in its properties. [GO].
biological_process:fatty acid metabolic process
Biosynthesis of stilbene, coumarine and lignin.
stilbene, coumarine and lignin biosynthesis
Metabolism of L-glutamic acid amino-acid.
biological_process:glutamate catabolic process
biological_process:fructose metabolic process
Degradation of methylnaphthalene derivative compounds.
biological_process:methylnaphthalene catabolic process
Metabolism of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins; it has a specific role in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidized ascorbate, and it participates in the gamma-glutamyl cycle. [source: GO].
glutamylcysteinylglycine tripeptide metabolism
biological_process:glutathione metabolic process
Metabolism of propionic acid (propionate, propanoate).
Degradation of 6-aminohexanoate dimers (cyclic or linear), by-products of nylon manufacture.
Degradation of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid.
Biosynthesis of geosmin (trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol). Geosmin is responsible for the characteristic odor of moist soil, it is produced in soil primarily by streptomycetes-ubiquitous Gram-positive, filamentous, saprophytic bacteria. Geosmin has also been isolated from a variety of cyanobacteria, fungi, and liverworts. Jiang et al [PMID:16787064] established that the biosynthesis of geosmin from farnesyl diphosphate is catalyzed by a single enzyme, the germacradienol/germacrene D synthase, without intervention of any additional enzymes and without any requirement for redox cofactors.
trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol biosynthesis
biological_process:purine nucleotide metabolic process
Degradation of the polyamine spermine (N,N'-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine).
N,N'-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine biosynthesis
biological_process:spermine catabolic process
Biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), linear polyesters produced by bacterial fermentation of sugar or lipids.
biological_process:terpenoid biosynthetic process
biological_process:galactose metabolic process
Metabolism of nucleotide-sugar compounds.
biological_process:nucleotide-sugar metabolic process
biological_process:amino sugar metabolic process
Degradation of vanillyl-alcohol (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenemethanol).
4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenemethanol degradation
Metabolism of sulfur-containing amino-acid L-methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid). L-methionine is an essential amino-acid for many crucial cellular functions, including the initiation of protein synthesis, methylation of DNA and rRNA, and biosynthesis of cysteine, phospholipids and polyamines.
2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid metabolism
biological_process:methionine metabolic process
Biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, also known as murein, a polymer consisting of sugars and amino-acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of eubacteria. The sugar component consists of alternating residues of beta-(1,4) linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid residues. Attached to the N-acetylmuramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino-acids. The peptide chain can be cross-linked to the peptide chain of another strand forming the 3D mesh-like layer. Some Archaea have a similar layer of pseudopeptidoglycan. Peptidoglycan serves a structural role in the bacterial cell wall, giving structural strength, as well as counteracting the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm. Peptidoglycan is also involved in binary fission during bacterial cell reproduction.[wikipedia].
biological_process:peptidoglycan biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol phosphate, a class of phospholipids.
phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile [GO].
biological_process:bile acid biosynthetic process
Metabolism of sphingolipid compounds, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). There are three main types of sphingolipids: ceramides, sphingomyelins and glycosphingolipids.
biological_process:sphingolipid metabolic process
The tricarboxylic acid cycle (citric acid cycle, TCA cycle, Krebs cycle, or rarely, the Szent-Gyorgyi-Krebs cycle) is a series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part of cellular respiration.
biological_process:tricarboxylic acid cycle
biological_process:tryptophan metabolic process
Entner-Doudoroff pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate by producing 6-phosphogluconate and then dehydrating it. [GO].
biological_process:Entner-Doudoroff pathway through 6-phosphogluconate
Metabolism of glyoxylate and dicarboxylate.
Degradation of xylene, a mixture of three aromatic hydrocarbon ortho-, meta- and para-xylene.
biological_process:xylene catabolic process
Metabolism of C21-steroid hormone compounds.
biological_process:C21-steroid hormone metabolic process
biological_process:glycerolipid metabolic process
Metabolism of pyruvic acid, the simplest alpha-keto acid that plays an important role in biochemical processes.
biological_process:pyruvate metabolic process
Biosynthesis of ubiquinones, lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzymes. Ubiquinones are essential electron carrier in prokaryotes. Ubiquinones are essential molecules in aerobic organisms to achieve both, ATP synthesis and antioxidant defence.
biological_process:ubiquinone biosynthetic process
Degradation of benzoic acid, by its ligation to Coenzyme-A to form benzoyl-CoA.
biological_process:benzoate catabolic process via CoA ligation
Biosynthesis of enniatin derivatives. Enniatins are N-methylated cyclohexadepsipeptides produced by various Fusarium species and with manifold biological properties (Tomoda et al. 1992 [PMID:1399840]). They are composed of alternating residues of D-2-hydroxyisovaleric acid (D-Hiv) and an N-methylated branched-chain amino-acid such as L-valine, L-leucine or L-isoleucine. The biosynthesis of enniatins is catalyzed by the multifunctional enzyme enniatin synthetase (Esyn), which belongs to the class of nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). Enniatin belong to ionophore antibiotic class.
biological_process:enniatin biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of pyocyanin, a blue pigment produced by bacteria such as Pseudomonas spp. Pyocyanin is a redox-active phenazine compound that kills mammalian and bacterial cells through the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates. Pyocyanin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa contributes to its ability to colonise the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients.
Degradation of 2,4-dichlorobenzoate, a chlorinated aromatic compound which is a key intermediate in the aerobic degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). [GO:0046298].
biological_process:2,4-dichlorobenzoate catabolic process
Metabolism of beta-glucoside compounds, glycosides in which the sugar moiety is a glucose residue, and the anomeric carbon of the bond is in a beta configuration.
Metabolism of sucrose (or saccharose, or 1-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-2-beta-D-fructofuranoside) is a is a disaccharide (glucose + fructose). In most plants, sucrose is the main product of photosynthesis that is exported from the leaves to fuel growth and synthesis of storage reserves, such as starch and oil, and sucrose itself is often accumulated by plant cells to protect against the effects of dehydration under drought, salinity, or cold stress. Apart from plants, some species of cyanobacteria also synthesize sucrose, often in response to osmotic stress.
1-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-2-beta-D-fructofuranoside metabolism
biological_process:sucrose metabolic process
Degradation of quinoline, a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, also known as 1-azanaphthalene, 1-benzazine, or benzo[b]pyridine. Quinoline is an intermediate in metallurgical processes and in dye, polymer, and agrochemical production. It is also a preservative, disinfectant, and solvent.
Biosynthesis of erythromycin (also known as eryth ethylsuc), a macrolide antibiotic which has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin.
Biosynthesis of coenzyme A (CoA), notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process from pantothenate.
biological_process:coenzyme A biosynthetic process
Metabolism of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
biological_process:hexose metabolic process
Biosynthesis of pyridoxine 5'-phosphate, one of the de novo biosynthesis pathway. In E. coli, this pathway requires PLP as cofactor in its own synthesis.
de novo vitamin B6 biosynthesis (PdxA/PdxJ pathway)
de novo vitamin B6 biosynthesis (glutamate pathway)
Biosynthesis of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. This pathway corresponds to one of the de novo biosynthesis pathway. The biosynthesis of PLP is performed by a complex reaction: in addition to ammonia transfer PdxS/PdxT catalyzes condensation of two phosphosugars, closure of the pyridine ring, as well as isomerase reactions for its phosphosugar substrates. The complexity of the enzyme correlates well with the strong conservation of the PdxS sequence. Contrary to the alternative PLP biosynthesis pathway (glutamate pathway), this pathway does not require PLP as cofactor in its own synthesis.
de novo vitamin B6 biosynthesis (PdxS/PdxT pathway)
de novo vitamin B6 biosynthesis (glutamine pathway)
de novo vitaminB6 biosynthesis (PDX1/PDX2 pathway)
biological_process:pyridoxal phosphate biosynthetic process
Pentose and glucuronate interconversion pathway.
Biosynthesis of 4-aminobutanoate (GABA).
biological_process:gamma-aminobutyric acid biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of spermidine by the addition of a propylamine moiety to putrescine.
N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butane-diamine biosynthesis
biological_process:spermidine biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of spermine by the addition of a propylamine moiety to spermidine.
biological_process:spermine biosynthetic process
N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butane-diamine degradation
biological_process:spermidine catabolic process
Biosynthesis of protoporphyrin-IX, a porphyrin derivative precursor of heme and chlorphyll compounds.
biological_process:protoporphyrinogen IX biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of proteoheme (heme B) from protoporphyrin IX.
Biosynthesis of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), a coenzyme found in all living cells. NAD+ is a dinucleotide, since it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups: with one nucleotide containing an adenosine ring, and the other containing nicotinamide.
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis
biological_process:NAD biosynthetic process
Degradation of L-arginine via ADI (arginine deiminase) pathway. In this pathway, L-arginine is converted into ornithine and carbamoyl-phosphate. Carbamoyl-phosphate is further converted into ammonia and CO2 with the concomitant production of ATP. This last part is described as an independant pathway.
biological_process:arginine catabolic process to ornithine
Degradation of stachydrine, the betaine derivative of proline.
N-methylproline methylbetaine degradation
biological_process:stachydrine catabolic process
Degradation of triacylglycerol (triacylglyceride, triglyceride, TAG). Triacylglycerol is a glyceride in which the glycerol is esterified with three fatty acids. It is the main constituent of vegetable oil and animal fats.
biological_process:triglyceride catabolic process
Degradation of mevalonic acid, a key metabolic intermediate.
biological_process:urea catabolic process
Biosynthesis of geranyl-PP (geranyl diphosphate).
biological_process:geranyl diphosphate biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of farnesyl-PP (farnesyl diphosphate).
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate biosynthesis
biological_process:farnesyl diphosphate biosynthetic process
Degradation of L-proline into L-glutamic acid throught two-step oxidation of proline. Enteric bacteria possess a multifunctional flavoprotein, called proline utilization A (PutA), that acts as both a membrane-associated proline catabolic enzyme and a transcriptional repressor of proline utilization (put) genes.
biological_process:proline catabolic process to glutamate
Biosynthesis of siroheme, the cofactor for sulfite and nitrite reductases. Siroheme is formed by methylation, oxidation, and iron insertion into the tetrapyrrole uroporphyrinogen III (Uro-III).
biological_process:siroheme biosynthetic process
Degradation of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C). The three gene ulaABC (formerly known as sgaTBA) encode the three components of the L-ascorbate phosphotransferase transport system (UlaABC). They are involved in the uptake and phosphorylation of L-ascorbate [PMID:12644495. Intracellular L-ascorbate-6-P is then transformed by L-ascorbate-6-P lactonase into 3-keto-L-gulonate-6-P. It has been proposed that this compound is decarboxylated by UlaD to L-xylulose-5-P, which is then converted to D-xylulose-5-P by the sequential actions of UlaE (encoding 3-epimerase activity) and UlaF (encoding 4-epimerase activity).
biological_process:L-ascorbic acid catabolic process
Biosynthesis of glycine betaine (N,N,N-trimethylglycine), an important osmoprotectant. Glycine betaine is synthesized in response to abiotic stresses. Although almost all known biosynthetic pathways of betaine are oxidation of choline, an alternative pathway converts glycine to betaine through glycine methylation.
biological_process:glycine betaine biosynthetic process
Degradation of 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA). The greatest use of 1,2-dichloroethane is in making chemicals involved in plastics, rubber and synthetic textile fibers. Other uses include: as a solvent for resins and fats, photography, photocopying, cosmetics, drugs; and as a fumigant for grains and orchards. It is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).
biological_process:1,2-dichloroethane catabolic process
Chlorocyclohexane and chlorobenzene degradation
Chloroalkane and chloroalkene degradation
Biosynthesis of iron-sulfur [Fe-S] cluster. Iron-sulfur [Fe-S] clusters are ubiquitous and evolutionary ancient prosthetic groups that are required to sustain fundamental life processes. Owing to their remarkable structural plasticity and versatile chemical/electronic features [Fe-S] clusters participate in electron transfer, substrate binding/activation, iron/sulfur storage, regulation of gene expression, and enzyme activity. Formation of intracellular [Fe-S] clusters does not occur spontaneously but requires a complex biosynthetic machinery. Three different types of [Fe-S] cluster biosynthetic systems have been discovered, and all of them are mechanistically unified by the requirement for a cysteine desulfurase and the participation of an [Fe-S] cluster scaffolding protein. [PMID:15952888].
Biosynthesis of trichothecenes, a group of sesquiterpenes produced by various Fusarium species like F. graminearum, F. sporotrichioides, F. poae or F. equiseti.
Biosynthesis of bluish-green pigment. Bluish-green pigment is produced by Aspergillus fumigatus, a filamentous fungus (an important opportunistic pathogen that primarily affects immunocompromised patients). Conidial pigmentation of A. fumigatus significantly influences its virulence in a murine model.
Biosynthesis of heme A, a prosthetic group in many respiratory oxidases. It is synthesised from heme B (protoheme IX) with heme O as an intermediate. In Bacillus subtilis two genes required for heme A synthesis, ctaA and ctaB, have been identified. CtaB is the heme O synthase and CtaA is involved in the conversion of heme O to heme A. The model described by Brown et al. [PMID:10675592] is that Heme O Synthase (HOS) and Heme A Synthase (HAS) form a complex and that heme O is transferred directly from HOS to HAS. The biochemical reactions are not yet clearly defined.
biological_process:heme a biosynthetic process
metabolism of quinolinate (quinolinic acid), a potent endogenous excitotoxin of neuronal cells. Elevation of quinolinate levels in the brain has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders, the so-called 'quinolinate hypothesis.' Quinolinate is non- enzymatically derived from alpha-amino-beta-carboxymuconate-epsilon- semialdehyde (ACMS). ACMS decarboxylase (ACMSD) is the only known enzyme that can process ACMS to a begnin catabolite and thus prevent the accumulation of quinolinate from ACMS. ACMSD seems to be regulated by nutritional and hormonal signals, but its molecular mechanism has, to date, been largely unknown. [PMID:12140278].
Biosynthesis of ommochrome (brown eye pigment). Ommochrome (or visual pigment) refers to several biological pigments that occur in the eyes of crustaceans and insects. The eye color is determined by the ommochromes. Ommochromes are also found in the chromatophores of cephalopods, and in spiders. Ommochromes are metabolites of tryptophan, via kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine. They are responsible for a wide variety of colors, ranging from yellow over red and brown to black. Lighter colors tend to be generated by ommatins, while mixtures of ommatin and ommins are responsible for darker colors.
biological_process:ommochrome biosynthetic process
Oxidation of benzene to catechol via cis-benzene glycol (cis-1,2 -dihydroxy-cyclohexa-3,5-diene, cis-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol). The conversion of benzene to catechol is performed in two steps catalyzed by benzene dioxygenase and cis-benzene glycol dehydrogenase. Benzene dioxygenase, catalyzing the oxidation of benzene to cis-benzene glycol, is a multicomponent enzyme system.
Oxidation of toluene to 3-methylcatechol via toluene-cis dihydrodiol.
biological_process:toluene catabolic process
Degradation of creatinine (1-methylglycocyamidine). Creatinine is a readily available nitrogen source found in the faeces of different animals, including earthworms and birds. A number of bacteria utilizing this compound as carbon and/or nitrogen source has already been described for example, Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Flavobacterium, and Pseudomonas species.
biological_process:creatinine catabolic process
Biosynthesis of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the universal precursor of flavocoenzymes. It is biosynthesized by plants and many microorganisms but must be obtained from dietary sources by animals.
biological_process:riboflavin biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of FMN (riboflavin-5-phosphate) cofactor.
biological_process:FMN biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide).
flavin adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis
biological_process:FAD biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of batalains, a class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments found in plants.
Degradation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile [GO].
biological_process:bile acid catabolic process
Degradation of asparagine (N)-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans).
Biosynthesis of O-antigen, the polysaccharide side chain of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules. The composition of the O side chain varies between different gram-negative bacterial strains. O side chains are easily recognized by the antibodies of the host, however, the nature of the chain can easily be modified by Gram-negative bacteria to avoid detection.
lipopolysaccharide O-antigen biosynthesis
biological_process:O antigen biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of triacylglycerol (triacylglyceride, triglyceride, TAG). Triacylglycerol is glyceride in which the glycerol is esterified with three fatty acids. It is the main constituent of vegetable oil and animal fats.
biological_process:triglyceride biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of the sesquiterponoid germacradienol ((1E,4S,5E,7R)-germacra-1(10),5-dien-11-ol).
(1E,4S,5E,7R)-germacra-1(10),5-dien-11-ol biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of the oligosaccharide component of lipooligosaccharide (LOS).
Biosynthesis of the sesquiterponoid germacrene D.
Biosynthesis of alginate, an hydrophilic exopolysaccharide produced by brown seaweeds an some bacteria. There is a strong correlation of alginate production with patients suffering from the disease cystic fibrosis caused by some pathogen bacteria (Pseudomonas, Azopbacter). Chemically, alginate is a linear copolymer with homopolymeric blocks of (1-4)-linked beta-D-mannuronate (M) and its C-5 epimer alpha-L-guluronate (G) residues, respectively, covalently linked together in different sequences.
biological_process:alginic acid biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of aflatoxin, a family of acutely toxic, teratogenic, potent carcinogenic, and mutagenic metabolites produced by certain strains of common molds Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus.
biological_process:aflatoxin biosynthetic process
biological_process:glycine biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of amines and polyamines. These compounds play a variety of roles in metabolism, including acting as osmoprotectants, keeping DNA in a condensed state, and serving as intermediates in the synthesis of macromolecules. The polyamines, e.g. 1,3-diaminopropane, putrescine, cadaverine, agmatine, spermidine and spermine, are wide-spread in all organisms, and have been shown to play a role in the regulation of growth and differentiation of virtually all types of cells.
biological_process:polyamine biosynthetic process
biological_process:amine biosynthetic process
biological_process:choline biosynthetic process
Degradation of betaine (trimethylaminoacetate, N,N,N-trimethylglycine).
biological_process:amino-acid betaine catabolic process
Ribose-5-phosphate is generally assumed to arise via the oxidative and nonoxidative pentose phosphate pathways. In some archaea, ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) pathway may be functioning as an alternate route to ribose-5-phosphate. Grochowski et al [PMID: 16237021] showed experimentally that that in M. jannaschii, ribose-5-phosphate is produced exclusively via the RuMP pathway and that these cells do not appear to operate a pentose phosphate pathway.
Formaldehyde is the key intermediate in C1 metabolism and can be assimilated via the ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) pathway. The ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) pathway, involving 3-hexulose-6-phosphate synthase (HPS) and 6-phospho-3-hexuloisomerase (PHI), is now recognized as a widespread prokaryotic pathway for formaldehyde fixation and detoxification. The RuMP pathways consists of three main parts: i) fixation, ii) cleavage and iii) rearrangement. i) Fixation stage: formaldehyde and ribulose-5-phosphate (RuMP) are condensed to form hexulose-6-phosphate (HuMP), which in turn is converted to fructose-6-phosphate (FMP) by hexulosephosphate isomerase (HPI). By the assimilation of three formaldehyde molecules, three molecules of FMP are created.
formaldehyde assimilation via ribulose monophosphate cycle
formaldehyde assimilation via RuMP pathway
biological_process:formaldehyde assimilation via ribulose monophosphate cycle
Biosynthesis of organic compounds able to kill bacteria, or inhibit their growth.
biological_process:antibiotic biosynthetic process
biological_process:cholesterol metabolic process
Dicyanocobinamide is a coenzyme B12 precursor. Regarding Woodson ate al [PMID:14990804] prokaryotes have evolved at least two distinct pathways for salvaging the precursor cobinamide (Cbi) from the environment. Both pathways accomplish the same goal, which is to convert AdoCbi (adenosylcobinamide) to AdoCbi-P, a true intermediate of the de novo biosynthetic pathway.
The chemical reactions and physical changes involving siderophore (siderochromes), low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances made by aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria, especially when growing under iron deficient conditions. The complexes of Fe(3+)-siderochromes have very high stability constants and are taken up by specific transport systems by microorganisms; the subsequent release of iron requires enzymatic action.
biological_process:siderophore metabolic process
Biosynthesis of trehalose, also known as mycose, a disaccharide found extensively but not abundantly in nature. It can be synthesised by fungi, plants and invertebrate animals. It is implicated in anhydrobiosis - the ability of plants and animals to withstand prolonged periods of desiccation.
biological_process:trehalose biosynthetic process
Degradation of trehalose, also known as mycose, a disaccharide found extensively but not abundantly in nature. Trehalose is metabolized by a number of bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans, the common oral bacteria responsible for oral plaque. The enzyme trehalase, a glycoside hydrolase, present but not abundant in most people, breaks trehalose into two glucose molecules, which can then be readily absorbed in the gut.
biological_process:trehalose catabolic process
Biosynthesis of inner core oligosaccharide, a component of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules. Core oligosaccharide contains unusual sugars (e.g. KDO, keto-deoxyoctulonate and heptulose). It contains two glucosamine sugar derivatives each containing three fatty acids with phosphate or pyrophosphate attached. The core polysaccharide is attached to lipid A, which is also in part responsible for the toxicity of gram-negative bacteria.
LPS inner core oligosaccharide biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of iron-sequestering compounds. The production of siderophores is a key feature which enables pathogenic bacteria to survive within the vertebrate host. Siderophores facilitate the solubilization and transport of ferric iron into the cell essential requirement for bacterial growth.
biological_process:siderophore biosynthetic process
Degradation of atropine, a tropan alkaloid.
Biosynthesis of nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative. [source: GO].
biological_process:nucleotide-sugar biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of alkene, unsaturated chemical compound containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.
biological_process:alkene biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of (S)-reticuline, an important intermediate in synthesizing isoquinoline alkaloids. Reticuline is an important intermediate in the production of analgesic morphinan alkaloids (e.g. morphine), antimicrobial berberine alkaloids (e.g. berberine), and antimicrobial benzophenanthridine alkaloids (e.g. sanguinarine).
Biosynthesis of palmatine, an isoquinoline alkaloid.
Biosynthesis of berbamunine, an isoquinoline alkaloid.
biological_process:berbamunine biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of violacein, a deep violet pigment produced by Chromobacterium violaceum. The low solubility of violacein in water and the high molar extinction coefficient in methanol lead Antonio and Creczynski-Pasa [PMID:15100990] to suppose that it is involved in protection against visible radiation, since C.violaceum bacterium is widely found in the water and soil of tropical and subtropical areas of the world.
Biosynthesis of ajmaline, an antiarrhythmic monoterpenoid indole alkaloid. The ajmaline biosynthetic pathway expressed in the medicinal plant Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz. The pathway originates from rather simple precursors such as tryptamine on one side, and the monoterpenoid glucoside secologanin on the other side.
Biosynthesis of 3-alpha-(S)-strictosidine, an important intermediate in synthesizing indole alkaloids. Strictosidine is is a common biosynthetic precursor for more than two thousand terpene indole alkaloids (e.g production of clinically useful antitumor alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine).
Any process which produces a nucleotide, a compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis. [GO].
biological_process:pyrimidine nucleotide metabolic process
Biosynthesis of homocysteine, the precursor of L-methionine, from S-adenosylhomocysteine. This reaction occurs during the activated methyl cycle.
Biosynthesis of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM, AdoMet). Conversion of L-methionine and ATP into S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet, SAM), which is required for methyltransferase reactions in the cell as well as for polyamine biosynthesis. This reaction occurs during the activated methyl cycle.
biological_process:S-adenosylmethionine biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature e.g. polysaccharides and proteins. [source: GO].
biological_process:macromolecule metabolic process
Degradation of morphine, an isoquinolin alkaloid.
biological_process:morphine catabolic process
Degradation of codeine, an isoquinolin alkaloid.
biological_process:codeine catabolic process
Biosynthesis of scoulerine, an isoquinoline alkaloid. Scoulerine is is a precursor of protopine, protoberberine and benzophenanthridine alkaloid biosynthesis in plants. Some studies shown that scoulerine is an antagonist at the alpha-2-adrenoceptor, alpha-1D-adrenoceptor and 5-HT receptor [PMID:7902181] [PMID:7952879]. It has also been found to be a GABA-A receptor agonist [PMID:14577695] [PMID:12709895].
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature e.g. polysaccharides and proteins. [source: GO].
biological_process:macromolecule biosynthetic process
C3 acid pathway is one of the three carbon fixation pathway.
C4 acid pathway is one of the three carbon fixation pathway.
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) pathway is one of the three carbon fixation pathway.
Biogenesis of bacterial outer membrane constituents.
Metabolism of hydrocarbons, organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Saturated hydrocarbons are called alkanes. Unsaturated hydrocarbons with one double bond are called alkenes.
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA. [GO].
biological_process:indole alkaloid biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of secologanin, the precursor of the monoterpenoid indole alkaloids and ipecac alkaloids.
Biosynthesis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. ipecac alkaloids.
biological_process:tropane alkaloid biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of S-adenosylmethioninamine, a precursor of spermine and spermidine polyamines, from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet, SAM).
S-adenosyl-L-methioninamine biosynthesis
biological_process:S-adenosylmethioninamine biosynthetic process
Degradation of amino-acid L-tryptophan into pyruvate and indole. Among the multiple products of tryptophan catabolism, indole is suspected to be responsible for the cell-cycle arrest and to add a role in stationary-phase signalling [PMID:17163965].
(S)-alpha-amino-beta-(3-indolyl)-propionic acid degradation
2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid degradation
L-tryptophan degradation via pyruvate pathway
Degradation of amino-acid L-tryptophan into L-kynurenine.
L-tryptophan degradation via kynurenine pathway
biological_process:tryptophan catabolic process to kynurenine
Degradation of L-kynurenine, a metabolite of L-tryptophan amino-acid.
biological_process:L-kynurenine catabolic process
Maturation of [NiFe] hydrogenase, one of the three hydrogenase class with an active site based on nickel and iron.
Degradation of taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), an organic acid that is abundant in the tissues of many animals (metazoa). Taurine is also found in plants, fungi, and some bacterial species, but at lower levels. Taurine is a derivative of the sulphur-containing (sulfhydryl) amino-acid, cysteine.
2-aminoethanesulfonic acid degradation via aerobic pathway
Biosynthesis of hopanoids, pentacyclic compounds similar to sterols, whose primary function is to improve plasma membrane fluidity in prokaryotes.
biological_process:hopanoid biosynthetic process
In the absence of sulfate, a number of yeasts can use alkanesulfonates (aliphatic sulfonates), such as taurine, cysteate, and isethionate, as alternative sulfur sources. Sulfonate utilization by Saccharomyces cerevisiae occurs only under aerobic conditions, is independent of sulfate-utilizing enzymes, and requires sulfite reductase, consistent with the formation of sulfite prior to assimilation.
biological_process:alkanesulfonate catabolic process
Metabolism of the aldohexose mannose (the C-2 epimer of glucose). The D-(+)-form is widely distributed in mannans and hemicelluloses and is of major importance in the core oligosaccharide of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins. [GO].
biological_process:mannose metabolic process
Biosynthesis of acetyl-CoA, an important molecule in metabolism, used in many biochemical reactions.
biological_process:acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of hyaluronan, a non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan. Hyaluronan is synthesized by a class of integral membrane proteins called hyaluronan synthases. Vertebrates have three types: HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3. These enzymes lengthen hyaluronan by repeatedly adding glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine to the nascent polysaccharide.
biological_process:hyaluronan biosynthetic process
Degradation of N-acetylmuramic acid, an amino-sugar.
biological_process:N-acetylmuramic acid catabolic process
Degradation of anhydro-N-acetylmuramate, an amino-sugar.
1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramate degradation
biological_process:1,6-anhydro-N-acetyl-beta-muramic acid catabolic process
Biosynthesis of molybdopterin, an essential cofactor for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands. [GO:0032324].
Elongation stage in protein biosynthesis.
biological_process:translational elongation
Desulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT) into 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2-HBP).
biological_process:dibenzothiophene catabolic process
Biosynthesis of hydrocarbons, organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Saturated hydrocarbons are called alkanes. Unsaturated hydrocarbons with one double bond are called alkenes.
Degradation of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoate (dichlorprop, 2,4-DP), a chlorinated phenoxy herbicid.
2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoate degradation
Degradation of chitin, a glycan composed of beta-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, into N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
biological_process:chitin catabolic process
Degradation of hydrocarbons, organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Saturated hydrocarbons are called alkanes. Unsaturated hydrocarbons with one double bond are called alkenes.
Sulfation is a critical modification in many instances of biological recognition.
Post-translational modification of archaea and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), by covalent binding of hypusine to a lysine residue. Hypusine (N epsilon-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)lysine) is a polyamine-derived amino-acid. The biosynthesis of hypusine occurs posttranslationally by modification of a single lysine residue. Translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), highly conserved throughout eukaryotes and some archaea, is the only known cellular protein to contain the unique polyamine-derived amino-acid hypusine. The name hypusine reflects the composition of this amino-acid, a combination of hydroxyputrescine and lysine. The unique feature of the hypusine modification is the strict specificity of the enzymes toward its substrate protein, eIF5A. Hypusine is formed in a novel posttranslational modification that involves two enzymes, deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH). [PMID:16452303; PMID:17476569].
De novo biosynthesis of coenzyme M (2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid, HS-CoM). Warning, this pathway is not fully defined, the last part of the pathway is still missing.
biological_process:coenzyme M biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose (ADP-L-beta-D-heptose), a nucleotide-sugar precursor of the inner core lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate.
ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose biosynthesis
ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose biosynthesis
biological_process:ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate (KDO, keto-deoxyoctulonate). In general, KDO residues are normally found in the lipopolysaccharide inner core of gram-negative bacteria, but in K. pneumoniae, this KDO residue provides the ligation site for O polysaccharide. The conserved Klebsiella outer core contains the unusual trisaccharide 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo)-(2,6)-GlcN-(1,4)-GalUA. lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate (CMP-KDO, CMP-keto-deoxyoctulonate), a nucleotide-sugar precursor of the inner core lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate biosynthesis
biological_process:CMP-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of lipid IV(A), the endotoxically inactive LPS lipid A precursor. Lipid A is one of the three components of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). It contains unusual fatty acids (e.g. hydroxy-myristic acid) and is inserted into the outer membrane while the rest of the LPS projects from the surface. Lipid A, the potent macrophage-activating component primarily responsible for LPS endotoxin activity, is a phosphorylated glucosamine disaccharide carrying long-chain saturated fatty acid (FA) substituents that anchor LPS in the outer membrane. Lipid A is similar for all Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, and synthetic lipid A produces effects identical to that isolated from Escherichia coli in both in vitro and in vivo endotoxin tests.
2,3,2',3'-tetrakis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-D-glucosaminyl-1,6-beta-D-glucosamine 1,4'-bis(dihydrogen phosphate) biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of KDO(2)-lipid A, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component.
di[3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonyl]-lipid A biosynthesis
biological_process:Kdo2-lipid A biosynthetic process
Degradation of D-allose, an all-cis hexose utilized by some bacteria (Aerobacter aerogenes, E. coli, etc). D-allose is converted into fructose 6-phosphate.
biological_process:D-allose catabolic process
Degradation of L-valine, one of the three main branched chain amino-acids (BCAAs), along with L-leucine and L-isoleucine. In plants, branched-chain amino-acids are synthesized in chloroplasts, whereas the degradation takes place in mitochondria.
biological_process:valine catabolic process
Degradation of L-leucine, one of the three main branched chain amino-acids (BCAAs), along with L-valine and L-isoleucine. In plants, branched-chain amino-acids are synthesized in chloroplasts, whereas the degradation takes place in mitochondria.
biological_process:leucine catabolic process
Degradation of L-isoleucine, one of the three main branched chain amino-acids (BCAAs), along with L-valine and L-leucine. In plants, branched-chain amino-acids are synthesized in chloroplasts, whereas the degradation takes place in mitochondria.
biological_process:isoleucine catabolic process
Biosynthesis of vindoline, an indole alkaloid, precursor of vinblastine and vincristine.
Degradation of thiocyanate to carbonyl sulfide and ammonia.
biological_process:thiocyanate catabolic process
Biosynthesis of testosterone, a steroid hormone from the androgen group. Testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females although small amounts are secreted by the adrenal glands.
biological_process:testosterone biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of ethylene, an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one double bond (the simplest alkene). It acts as hormon in plant where it is essential for proper development, growth and survival. It is responsible for signaling changes during germination, flower and fruit development, the onset of plant defense responses, and cross-talk with other plant hormones.
biological_process:ethylene biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of tabtoxinine-beta-lactam, an irreversible inhibitor of glutamine synthetase produced by several pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae.
Sulfite reduction aims at producing hydrogen sulfide from sulfite.
Biosynthesis of sucrose (saccharose, 1-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-2-beta-D-fructofuranoside), a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose. In most plants, sucrose is the main product of photosynthesis that is exported from the leaves to fuel growth and synthesis of storage reserves, such as starch and oil, and sucrose itself is often accumulated by plant cells to protect against the effects of dehydration under drought, salinity, or cold stress. Apart from plants, some species of cyanobacteria also synthesize sucrose, often in response to osmotic stress.
1-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-2-beta-D-fructofuranoside biosynthesis
biological_process:sucrose biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of 3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene (resveratrol), a phytoalexin produced by several plants.
Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of pinosylvin, a pre-infectious stilbenoid toxin. Pinosylvin is synthesized prior to infection, contrary to phytoalexins which are synthesized during infection. It is present in the heart-wood of Pineceal. It is a fungitoxin protecting the wood from fungal infection.
Biosynthesis of wybutosine (yW), a hyper modified guanosine with a tricyclic base found at the 3'-position adjacent to the anticodon of eukaryotic and archaeal phenylalanine tRNA.
Conjugation of auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) to many kinds of molecules is part of a regulatory mechanism for controlling IAA levels through sequestration and reuse, or as an entry into catabolism. IAA in plants occurs in both conjugated and free forms, and there is increasing evidence that the ratio of free to conjugated IAA is controlled by tissue-specific and developmentally regulated processes. The use of conjugation by plants to regulate IAA levels appears to have become increasingly more important as plants evolved from liverworts to mosses and tracheophytes.
Biosynthesis of sterigmatocystin (ST), a carcinogenic mycotoxin. Sterigmatocystin is among the most toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic natural products known. This polyketide-derived secondary metabolite is produced by numerous fungi species.
biological_process:sterigmatocystin biosynthetic process
Protein glycosylation (the addition of saccharides to proteins) is one of the principal post-translational modification steps in the synthesis of membrane and secreted proteins. It is an enzyme-directed site-specific process, as opposed to the non-enzymatic chemical reaction of glycation. Two types of glycosylation exist: * N-linked glycosylation to the amide nitrogen of asparagine side chains * O-linked glycosylation to the hydroxy oxygen of serine and threonine side chains.
biological_process:protein glycosylation
Nonoxidative degradation of L-histidine into L-glutamate.
L-histidine degradation into L-glutamate
biological_process:histidine catabolic process to glutamate and formamide
biological_process:histidine catabolic process to glutamate and formate
Metabolism of D-arabinitol, an acyclic pentitol. Candida albicans produces large amount of D-arabinitol, but the biosynthetic pathway is not yet known.
biological_process:arabitol metabolic process
Biosynthesis of brassinosteroids (brassins), a group of plant hormones, also called plant growth regulators. The most known example of brassinosteroids is brassinolide.
biological_process:brassinosteroid biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of oxylipins, a group of acyclic (or cyclic) oxidation products derived from the catabolism of fatty acids. Oxylipins regulate many defense and developmental pathways in plants.
biological_process:oxylipin biosynthetic process
Metabolism of arachidonic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid (a carboxylic acid with a 20-carbon chain and four cis double bonds, the first double bond is located at the sixth carbon from the omega end). Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that is present in the phospholipids (especially phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositides) of membranes of the body's cells. It is also involved in cellular signaling as a second messenger.
biological_process:arachidonic acid metabolic process
ethylene biosynthesis via S-adenosyl-L-methionine
Biosynthesis of ethylene via 2-oxoglutarate pathway. Bacterial ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE) catalyzes oxygenation of 2-oxoglutarate to produce ethylene and carbon dioxide in contrast to a plant enzyme which uses 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid as a substrate.
ethylene biosynthesis via 2-oxoglutarate
Biosynthesis of carotenoids, a group of essential photoprotective and antioxidant pigments that are naturally occurring in plants and some other photosynthetic organisms like algae, some types of fungus and some bacteria. There are over 600 known carotenoids; they are split into two classes, xanthophylls and carotenes. The most important function of carotenoid pigments, especially beta-carotene in higher plants, is to protect organisms against photooxidative damage. Carotenoid biosynthesis involves a series of desaturations, cyclizations, hydroxylations and epoxydations commencing with the formation of phytoene.
biological_process:carotenoid biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of astaxanthin, an abundant carotenoid found in marine animals, including salmonids and crustaceans. Astaxanthin has interest not only as a pigmentation source but also as a potent antioxidative reagent that can delay aging and the onset of degenerative diseases in animals.
3,3'-dihydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of neoxanthin, an allenic xantophyll carotenoid thought to have two key roles as part of LHC's (light-harvesting complexes) and as a precursor to the plant growth hormone abscisic acid (ABA). Neoxanthin is recognized as the last product of carotenoid synthesis in green plants.
(3S,5R,6R,3'S,5'R,6'S)-6,7-didehydro-5',6'-epoxy-5,6,5',6'-tetrahydro-beta,beta-carotene-3,5,3'-triol biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of geranylgeranyl-PP (geranylgeranyl diphosphate), a precursor of terpenes and terpenoids.
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate biosynthesis
biological_process:geranylgeranyl diphosphate biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of gibberellins (GAs), a large family of plant growth substances with distinct functions during the whole life cycle of higher plants. Gibberellins are involved in promotion of stem elongation, mobilization of food reserves in seeds and other processes. Gibberellin was first isolated as a superelongation-promoting diterpenoid from the fungus, Gibberella fujikuroi. G. fujikuroi uses different GA biosynthetic intermediates from those in plants.
biological_process:gibberellin biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine (preQ0), a 7-deazapurine derivative, precursor of queuosine and archaeosine.
In most eubacterial and eukaryotic organisms the genetically encoded guanosine in the anticodon wobble position 34 of tRNA(His), tRNA(Tyr), tRNA(Asp) and tRNA(Asn) is replaced by the hypermodified nucleoside queuosine. The biosynthesis of queuosine commences outside of any tRNA with GTP which is converted to preQ0 (7-cyano-7-deazaguanine) in a poorly characterized pathway. Compound preQ0 is a precursor of archaeosine too. Hence, its biosynthesis is described in an independant pathway. The cyano group of preQ0 is reduced to a primary amine resulting in the formation of preQ1 (queuine). The purine scaffold of queuosine is replaced by a 7-deazapurine substituted with a dihydroxycyclopentenyl-aminomethyl moiety 7-aminomethyl-7-carbaguanine). Although no clearly defined function of queuosine has been established yet, Grimm et al [PMID:17083917] suggests a role in fine tuning of translational fidelity and speed.
biological_process:queuosine biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of archaeosine, an archaea-specific modified base. Archaeosine (7-formamidino-7-deazaguanosine) is a structural variant of the hypermodified nucleoside 7-deazaguanosine. The biosynthesis pathway starts with archaeosine tRNA-guanine transglycosylase (ArcTGT) which catalyzes the exchange of guanine at position 15 in the D-loop of archaeal tRNAs with a free 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine (preQ(0)) base.
Degradation of uric acid, a key compound in the degradation of purines. The ureide pathway, which mediates the oxidative degradation of uric acid to (S)-allantoin, represents the late stage of purine catabolism in most organisms. The metabolism of uric acid has a pivotal role in transforming the nitrogen that is fixed in leguminous plants and also plays a crucial role in some bacteria under nitrogen-limited conditions.
biological_process:urate catabolic process
Anaerobic utilization of (S)-allantoin, a diureide of glyoxylic acid, as nitrogen source.
(2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea degradation
biological_process:allantoin catabolic process
Metabolism of aminophosphonates, amino-acid derivatives that contain a phosphonic acid moiety (C-PO(OH)2 or C-PO(OR)2).
biological_process:aminophosphonate metabolic process
Biosynthesis of aminophosphonates, amino-acid derivatives that contain a phosphonic acid moiety (C-PO(OH)2 or C-PO(OR)2).
The chemical reactions and physical changes of a cofactor, a substance that is required for the activity of an enzyme or other protein. Cofactors may be inorganic, such as the metal atoms zinc, iron, and copper in certain forms, or organic. Cofactors may either be bound tightly to active sites or bind loosely with the substrate.
biological_process:cofactor metabolic process
The formation from simpler components of a cofactor, a non-protein chemical substance that is tightly bound to an enzyme and is required for catalysis. Cofactors can be considered 'helper molecules/ions' that assist in biochemical transformations. Coenzyme biosynthesis pathways, e.g coenzyme A biosynthesis are considered under this pathway-category.
biological_process:cofactor biosynthetic process
Metabolism of purine, a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Purines make up one of the two groups of nitrogenous bases, Pyrimidines make up the other group. These bases make up a crucial part of both deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides, and the basis for the universal genetic code. The general term purines also refers to substituted purines and their tautomers.
biological_process:purine nucleobase metabolic process
metabolism of amino-acids, a group of organic compound containing an amino group (NH2), a carboxylic acid group (COOH), and any of various side groups, especially any of the 20 compounds that have the basic formula NH2CHRCOOH, and that link together by peptide bonds to form proteins or that function as chemical messengers and as intermediates in metabolism. Amino-acids are the precursors of many molecules such as purines, pyrimidines, histamines, adrenaline and melanin.
biological_process:cellular amino acid metabolic process
The formation from simpler components of amino-acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
naturally-occuring amino-acid biosynthesis
biological_process:cellular amino acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any amino-acid that normally occur as a constituent residue of proteins [source: GO].
This pathway represents the biosynthesis of the basic amino-acid L-lysine. L-lysine biosynthesis is peculiar because it has two different anabolic routes that evolved separately in organisms, the diaminopimelate (DAP) and aminoadipate (AAA) pathways. The DAP pathway synthesizes L-lysine from aspartate and pyruvate, and diaminopimelate is an intermediate. The DAP pathway is utilised by most bacteria, some archaea, some fungi, some algae, and plants. The AAA pathway synthesizes L-lysine from 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), and L-alpha-aminoadipate is an intermediate. The AAA pathway is utilised by most fungi, some algae, the bacterium Thermus thermophilus, and probably some archaea, such as Sulfolobus, Thermoproteus, and Pyrococcus [source: InterPro]. No organism is known to possess both pathways [PMID:20418392]. L-lysine is one of the 10 essential amino-acids that mammals are unable to synthesize, and must therefore acquire in their diets.
biological_process:lysine biosynthetic process
degradation of myo-inositol, one of nine distinct isomers of inositol.
cis-1,2,3,5-trans-4,6-cyclohexanehexol degradation
biological_process:inositol catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any amino-acid that does not normally occur as a constituent residue of proteins [source: GO].
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ureide, allantoin and allantoate, which are the organic forms of nitrogen in nitrogen fixing and transporting plants. [source: GO].
biological_process:ureide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and physical changes involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
biological_process:cellular ketone metabolic process
The formation from simpler components of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
biological_process:ketone biosynthetic process
The degradation of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
biological_process:ketone catabolic process
Metabolism of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are essential structural component of living cells and source of energy. They include simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Carbohydrates are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups they contain.
biological_process:carbohydrate metabolic process
The formation from simpler components of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are essential structural component of living cells and source of energy. They include simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Carbohydrates are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups they contain.
biological_process:carbohydrate biosynthetic process
The degradation into simpler components of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
biological_process:carbohydrate catabolic process
Metabolism of alkaloids, a group of nitrogen containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino-acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases). Alkaloids are usually found in plants. Various alkaloids have toxic or medical properties, such as caffeine, morphine and nicotine.
biological_process:alkaloid metabolic process
The formation from simpler components of compounds acting as metabolic intermediates.
The formation from simpler components of isoprene derivatives. Isoprene is the chemical 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene. It is a common structural motif in biological systems. The terpenes (for example, the carotenes are tetraterpenes) are derived from isoprene, as are the terpenoids and coenzyme Q. Also derived from isoprene are phytol, retinol (vitamin A) , tocopherol (vitamin E), dolichols, and squalene. Heme A has an isoprenoid tail, and lanosterol, the sterol precursor in animals, is derived from squalene and hence from isoprene. The functional isoprene units in biological systems are dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) and its isomer isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), which are used in the biosynthesis of terpenes and lanosterol derivatives.
biological_process:isoprenoid biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of isopentenyl-PP (isopentenyl diphosphate, IPP), the central intermediate in the biosynthesis of terpenoids (isoprenoids) Despite their diversity, all isoprenoids are derived from two universal five-carbon precursors: isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Two distinct routes of IPP biosynthesis occur in nature: the 'mevalonate pathway' and the recently discovered 'deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) pathway'.
biological_process:isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of carotene compounds, i.e carotenoids that do not contain oxygen.
biological_process:carotene biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of xanthophylls (originally phylloxanthins), yellow pigments (oxycarotenoid type) from the carotenoid group.
biological_process:xanthophyll biosynthetic process
The formation from simpler components of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
biological_process:lipid biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of phytoalexins, a group of antibiotics produced by plants that are under attack. Phytoalexins tend to fall into several classes including terpenoids, glycosteroids and alkaloids. It is convenient to extend the definition to include all phytochemicals that are part of the plant's defensive arsenal. Phytoalexins produced in plants act as toxins to the attacking organism.
biological_process:phytoalexin biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of stilbenoids. Stilbenoids are secondary products of heartwood formation in trees that can act as phytoalexins. Chemically they are hydroxylated derivatives of stilbene.
Metabolism of terpenes, a class of hydrocarbons produced by many plants, particularly conifers. Terpenes are major components of resin, and of turpentine produced from resin. The name 'terpene' comes from 'turpentine'. Terpenes are derived from isoprene C5H8 units and have the basic formula of multiples of it, i.e., (C5H8)n. The isoprene units can be arranged in a linear way or forming rings. One can consider isoprene as one of nature's preferred building blocks. Terpenes can be classified according to the number of isoprene units that they contain: * Monoterpenes, C10H16, 2 isoprene units * Sesquiterpenes, C15H24, 3 isoprene units * Diterpenes, C20H32, 4 isoprene units * Triterpenes, C30H48, 6 isoprene units * Tetraterpenes, C40H60, 8 isoprene units * Polyterpenes with a large number of isoprene units If terpenes are further modified, for instance by adding hydroxyl groups or moving or removing a methyl group, the resulting compounds are called terpenoids. (Some authors also call these compounds terpenes.) [wikipedia].
biological_process:terpene metabolic process
The formation from simpler components of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
biological_process:nucleotide biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of nucleosides. Nucleosides are glycosylamines made by attaching a nucleobase (often referred to simply as bases) to a ribose or deoxyribose ring. In short, a nucleoside is a base linked to sugar.
biological_process:nucleoside biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions involved in energy transformations within cells.
biological_process:generation of precursor metabolites and energy
biological_process:energy reserve metabolic process
The breakdown into simpler components of amino-acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
biological_process:cellular amino acid catabolic process
biological_process:lipid catabolic process
Metabolism of L-arginine, one of the 20 most common natural amino-acids.
2-amino-5-(diaminomethylidene amino)pentanoic acid metabolism
biological_process:arginine metabolic process
biological_process:fatty acid catabolic process
Degradation of the branched-chain amino-acids leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile) and valine (Val).
biological_process:branched-chain amino acid catabolic process
production of chemical defenses such as toxins against herbivores.
biological_process:cellular aromatic compound metabolic process
Metabolism of hormone, a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. All multicellular organisms produce hormones (including plants, i.e phytohormone). The function of hormones is to serve as a signal to the target cells; the action of hormones is determined by the pattern of secretion and the signal transduction of the receiving tissue.
biological_process:hormone metabolic process
Biosynthesis of hormone, a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. Plant hormones pathways are described as phytohormone biosynthesis pathways.
biological_process:hormone biosynthetic process
biological_process:lipid metabolic process
Metabolism of plant hormones (plant growth regulators, PGRs, phytohormones). Plant hormones are internally-secreted chemicals in plants that are used for regulating the plant growth. According to a standard definition, plant hormones are signal molecules produced at specific locations, that occur in very low concentrations, and cause altered processes in target cells at other locations. It is accepted that there are five major classes of plant hormones: auxins, cytokinins(CK's), ethylene, gibberellins (GA's) and abscisic acid (ABA).
Biosynthesis of plant hormones (plant growth regulators, PGRs, phytohormones).
degradation of plant hormones (plant growth regulators, PGRs, phytohormones).
Metabolism of glycan polymers. The term glycan refers to a polysaccharide, or oligosaccharide. Glycan may also be used to refer to the carbohydrate portion of a glycoconjugate, such as a glycoprotein, glycolipid, or a proteoglycan.
biological_process:polysaccharide metabolic process
Degradation of glycan polymers. The term glycan refers to a polysaccharide, or oligosaccharide. Glycan may also be used to refer to the carbohydrate portion of a glycoconjugate, such as a glycoprotein, glycolipid, or a proteoglycan.
biological_process:polysaccharide catabolic process
Metabolism of trehalose (mycose), a disaccharide found extensively but not abundantly in nature. It can be synthesised by fungi, plants and invertebrate animals. It is implicated in anhydrobiosis - the ability of plants and animals to withstand prolonged periods of desiccation. Trehalose is the major carbohydrate energy storage molecule used by insects for flight.
biological_process:trehalose metabolic process
Metabolism of glucans, a group of polysaccharides of D-glucose monomers linked by glycosidic bonds.
biological_process:cellular glucan metabolic process
Metabolic pathways related to the flow of one-carbon units into cellular compounds.
biological_process:one-carbon metabolic process
Biosynthesis of alkaloids, nitrogen-containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as nonprotein amino acids, amines, peptides, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones, or primary metabolite (such as purine or pyrimidine bases). [GO].
biological_process:alkaloid biosynthetic process
biological_process:alkaloid catabolic process
The formation from simpler components of terpenes.
biological_process:terpene biosynthetic process
The formation from simpler components of sesquiterpenes. Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units and have the molecular formula C15H24. Like monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes may be acyclic or contain rings, including many unique combinations. Biochemical modifications such as oxidation or rearrangement produce the related sesquiterpenoids.
biological_process:sesquiterpene biosynthetic process
The activated methyl donor involved in most biosynthetic methylation is usually S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). SAM is synthesized by the transfer of an adenosyl group from ATP to the sulfur atom of methionine. The methyl group of the methionine unit is activated by the positive charge on the adjacent sulfur atom, which makes the molecule much more reactive than N5-methyltetrahydrofolate. The synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine is unusual in that the triphosphate group of ATP is split into pyrophosphate and orthophosphate; the pyrophosphate is subsequently hydrolyzed to two molecules of Pi. S-Adenosylhomocysteine is formed when the methyl group of S-adenosylmethionine is transferred to an acceptor. S-Adenosylhomocysteine is then hydrolyzed to homocysteine and adenosine. Methionine can be regenerated by the transfer of a methyl group to homocysteine. [Stryer, Biochemistry, 2002].
The chemical reactions involving lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consist three covalently linked regions, lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and an O side chain. Lipid A is responsible for the toxicity of the lipopolysaccharide.
biological_process:lipopolysaccharide metabolic process
Degradation of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane.
biological_process:lipopolysaccharide catabolic process
Biosynthesis of GDP-L-fucose from GDP-D-mannose. GDP-L-fucose is the substrate of fucosyltransferases for addition of fucose to polysaccharides or glycoproteins in both procaryotes and eucaryotes. In mammals, the biosynthesis of GDP-L-fucose consists of two pathways, namely salvage and de novo pathways.
biological_process:GDP-L-fucose biosynthetic process
Metabolism of amines and polyamines. These compounds play a variety of roles in metabolism, including acting as osmoprotectants, keeping DNA in a condensed state, and serving as intermediates in the synthesis of macromolecules. The polyamines, e.g. 1,3-diaminopropane, putrescine, cadaverine, agmatine, spermidine and spermine, are wide-spread in all organisms, and have been shown to play a role in the regulation of growth and differentiation of virtually all types of cells.
biological_process:polyamine metabolic process
biological_process:amine metabolic process
biological_process:polyamine catabolic process
biological_process:amine catabolic process
Metabolism of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane. Putrescine is one of polyamines that are found in a wide range of organisms from bacteria to plants and animals, especially when these cells are proliferating or under stressful conditions (Tabor & Tabor, 1984). Polyamines can modulate the functions of RNA, DNA, nucleotide triphosphates, proteins, and other acidic substances, and they contribute to stimulate cell growth and viability (Igarashi & Kashiwagi, 2000). Putrescine is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.
biological_process:putrescine metabolic process
Biosynthesis of pheromones. A pheromone is a chemical that triggers an innate behavioural response in another member of the same species. There are alarm pheromones, food trail pheromones, sex pheromones, and many others that affect behavior or physiology.
biological_process:pheromone biosynthetic process
Proteins are subjected to three classes of protein modifications, i.e. pre-, co- and post-translational modifications. A majority of modifications are made when the protein is already folded; these are genuine post-translational modifications (PTMs). Some modifications are made while the polypeptide is still being synthesized on the ribosome; these are co-translational modifications. A few 'non-standard' amino-acids are incorporated into proteins by modification of some 'standard' amino-acids while they are charged on special tRNAs; these are pre-translational modifications.
biological_process:cellular protein modification process
Post-translation modifications are defined as 'series of chemical reactions whereby a newly synthesized polypeptide chain is converted to a functional protein. At the genetic point of view, any difference between a functional protein and the linear polypeptide sequence encoded between the initiation and the termination codons of its structural gene can be regarded as a post-translational modification of proteins. [This definition] restricts the meaning of post-translational modification to modifications that involve the making or breaking of covalent bonds.' (Han K.-K., Martinage A., 1992).
biological_process:post-translational protein modification
Protein modification by small protein conjugation is a process by which one or more moieties of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to a target protein [source: GO].
biological_process:protein modification by small protein conjugation
Degradation of L-arabinose Degradation of L-arabinose, a major constituent of plant material. Bacteria and fungi can utilize this pentose sugar via different pathways. Two distinct pathways convert L-arabinose to D-xylulose 5-phosphate via L-ribulose (in bacteria) or via L-arabitol (in fungal). An additional pathway has been recently discovered in bacteria (A. brasiliense, H. seropedicae, P. saccharophila, S. meliloti). In this pathway, L-arabinose is oxidized to L-arabino-gamma-lactone.
biological_process:L-arabinose catabolic process
The formation from simpler components of secondary metabolites.
Metabolism of secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are those chemical compounds in organisms that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development or reproduction of organisms. Typically primary metabolites are found across all species within broad phylogenetic groupings, and are produced using the same pathway (or nearly the same pathway) in all these species. Secondary metabolites, by contrast, are often species- specific (or found in only a small set of species in a narrow phylogenetic group), and without these compounds the organism suffers from only a mild impairment, lowered survivability/fecundity, aesthetic differences, or else no change in phenotype at all [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_metabolite].
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature e.g. polysaccharides and proteins [source: GO].
biological_process:macromolecule catabolic process
Metabolic pathways involving a specific protein as substrate.
biological_process:cellular protein metabolic process
biological_process:cellular protein catabolic process
Biosynthesis of lincosamide group of antibiotics.
Biosynthesis of lantibiotics, a group of antimicrobial peptides synthesized by Gram- positive bacteria. Due to their difference in structure, two types of lantibiotics are distinguished, type A and type B lantibiotics.
Biosynthesis of lantibiotics A. Type A lantibiotics are elongated, flexible peptides that act by forming pores in bacterial membrane.
Biosynthesis of lantibiotics B. Type B lantibiotics are rigid, globular peptides with no net charge or a negative net charge. The type B comprise mersacidin, actagardin, and the cinnamycin group of peptides.
Biosynthesis of polyketides, a large group of complex natural products produced mainly by species of Streptomyces and related filamentous bacteria that include antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antiparasitic and immunosuppressant compounds. Despite their structures being strikingly diverse, they share a common pattern of biosynthesis in which simple carboxylic acid units are condensed onto the growing chain by a polyketide synthase (PKS) in a process resembling fatty acid biosynthesis.
biological_process:polyketide biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN), a group of beta- lactam antibiotics used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms.
biological_process:penicillin biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of cephalosporins, a class of beta-lactam antibiotics. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporins are bactericidal and have the same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics (such as penicillins). Cephalosporins disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The final transpeptidation step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan is facilitated by transpeptidases known as penicillin binding proteins (PBPs).
biological_process:cephalosporin biosynthetic process
biological_process:toxin biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of mycotoxins, a group of toxins produced by fungus (mushrooms, molds and yeasts).
biological_process:mycotoxin biosynthetic process
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a tRNA molecule to produce a tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically [source: GO]. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is structurally unique among nucleic acids in harboring an astonishing diversity of post-transcriptionally modified nucleoside. Over 80 modified nucleosides have been characterized. The nature of nucleoside modification varies from simple methylation to extensive 'hypermodification' of the canonical bases. Two of the most radically modified nucleosides known to occur in tRNA are queuosine and archaeosine, both of which are characterized by a 7-deazaguanosine core structure.
Post-transcriptional modification of tRNA molecules.
Pathways involved in the degradation of cofactors.
biological_process:cofactor catabolic process
Biosynthesis of glycan (polysaccharide) polymers. Glycan may also be used to refer to the carbohydrate portion of a glycoconjugate, such as a glycoprotein or a proteoglycan. Glycans usually consist solely of O-glycosidic linkages of monosaccharides (cellulose is a glycan composed of beta-1,4-linked D-glucose; chitin is a glycan composed of beta-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine). Glycans can be homo or heteropolymers of monosaccharide residues, and can be linear or branched.
biological_process:polysaccharide biosynthetic process
biological_process:nucleotide metabolic process
Biosynthesis of polyester, a category of polymers which contain the ester functional group in their main chain.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [source: GO].
biological_process:purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
Metabolism of (DL)-alanine, one of the major amino-acids present in proteins. Alanine can be used in the biosynthesis of the amino-acid valine and of the vitamin biotin, and both the L and D stereoisomers of alanine are major constituents of the peptidoglycan layer.
biological_process:alanine metabolic process
Metabolism of (DL)-histidine amino-acid.
biological_process:histidine metabolic process
biological_process:alanine catabolic process
2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoate degradation
2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid degradation
biological_process:histidine catabolic process
2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid degradation
biological_process:threonine catabolic process
biological_process:glycerolipid catabolic process
biological_process:glycerolipid biosynthetic process
Metabolism of metabolic intermediate compounds.
Metabolism of (R)-mevalonate, a key organic compound in biochemistry. (R)-mevalonate is a precursor of terpenes and steroids.
Degradation of metabolic intermediate compounds.
biological_process:pigment biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of lipooligosaccharide (LOS), an important amphiphilic molecule integrated in and extending outward from the outer membrane of some bacterial cell wall (Neisseria and Haemophilus sp). LOS is similar to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) but lacking the O-antigen polysaccharide side chain repeats. LOS comprises two parts: i) core oligosaccharide and ii) lipid A.
Metabolism of alginate, a polyssacharide produced by brown seaweeds an some bacteria.
biological_process:alginic acid metabolic process
biological_process:choline metabolic process
Metabolism of steroids. A steroid is a terpenoid lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton with four fused rings, derived from the cyclization of the triterpene squalene. Different steroids vary in the functional groups attached to these rings.
biological_process:steroid metabolic process
Metabolism of glycolipids, compounds containing (usually) 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid.
biological_process:glycolipid metabolic process
Biosynthesis of glycolipids (e.g glycosylphosphatidylinositol).
biological_process:glycolipid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tropane alkaloids, compounds containing the 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane ring system [source: GO].
biological_process:tropane alkaloid metabolic process
biological_process:isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic process
Metabolism of terpenoid indole alkaloids.
biological_process:terpenoid indole alkaloid metabolic process
Biosynthesis of terpenoid indole alkaloids.
biological_process:terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthetic process
biological_process:pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthetic process
Carbon fixation is a process found in autotrophs, usually driven by photosynthesis, whereby carbon dioxide (CO(2)) is converted into organic compounds. There are three types of carbon fixation pathways: i) C3 acid cycle; ii) C4 acid cycle; iii) CAM pathway.
Protein maturation via an hydrogenase process.
Metabolism of hopanoids, a group of pentacyclic compounds similar to sterols, whose primary function is to improve plasma membrane fluidity in prokaryotes. Cholesterol serves a similar function in eukaryotes (including humans).
biological_process:hopanoid metabolic process
Metabolism of hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid), a glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues. It is one of the major components of the extracellular matrix and thereby contributes significantly to cell proliferation and migration. It may be involved in the progression of some malignant tumors.
biological_process:hyaluronan metabolic process
Metabolism of organosulfurs, organic compounds that contain sulfur.
Biosynthesis of organosulfurs, organic compounds that contain sulfur.
Degradation of organosulfurs, organic compounds that contain sulfur.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings) [source: GO].
biological_process:heterocycle metabolic process
Biosynthesis of purine base, an heterocyclic aromatic organic compound found in DNA or RNA.
biological_process:purine nucleobase biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of amino-acid with an aromatic side-chain: phenylalanine (Phe), tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp).
biological_process:aromatic amino acid family biosynthetic process
biological_process:tryptophan catabolic process
Hydrolysis of L-alanine to ammonia and pyruvate.
L-alanine degradation via dehydrogenase pathway
biological_process:L-alanine catabolic process
Breakdown of alanine via an aminotransferase reaction (transfer of an amino group from glutamate to pyruvate to form 2-oxoglutarate and alanine).
L-alanine degradation via transaminase pathway
Biosynthesis of betaine (glycine betaine, N,N,N-trimethylglycine) by a two- step oxidation of choline. An alternative pathway converts glycine to betaine through two N-methyltransferases.
betaine biosynthesis via choline pathway
biological_process:glycine betaine biosynthetic process from choline
Biosynthesis of betaine (glycine betaine, N,N,N-trimethylglycine) by a three-step series of methylation reactions from glycine.
betaine biosynthesis via glycine pathway
biological_process:glycine betaine biosynthetic process from glycine
The chemical reactions and pathways involving proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino-acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid metabolism
biological_process:proline metabolic process
Degradation of L-proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid) amino-acid.
pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid degradation
biological_process:proline catabolic process
The hydroxyglutarate pathway is one of the major pathways by which L-glutamate amino-acid is fermented. This pathway is found in organisms living in anoxic niches within humans and animals, including members of the genus Acidaminococcus, Clostridium, Fusobacterium and Peptostreptococcus.
L-glutamate degradation via hydroxyglutarate pathway
biological_process:glutamate catabolic process via 2-hydroxyglutarate
Agmatine, which results from the decarboxylation of L-arginine by arginine decarboxylase, is a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of putrescine and higher polyamines (spermidine and spermine). Recent studies indicate that agmatine can have several important biochemical effects in humans, ranging from effects on the central nervous system to cell proliferation in cancer and viral replication.
putrescine biosynthesis via agmatine pathway
biological_process:putrescine biosynthetic process from arginine
The pathway for mammalian putrescine synthesis was demonstrated to occur via the decarboxylation of ornithine.
putrescine biosynthesis via L-ornithine pathway
biological_process:putrescine biosynthetic process from ornithine
R-(+)-lipoic acid is a disulfide-containing cofactor widely distributed among living organisms. It is covalently attached to the E2 acyltransferase subunit of the pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes and to H-protein of the glycine cleavage system via an amide linkage between the carboxyl group of lipoic acid and the epsilon-amino group of a specific lysine residue of these proteins. Protein lipoylation can be achieved by two distinct pathways.
Protein lipoylation via exogenous pathway.
Protein lipoylation via endogenous pathway.
Biosynthesis of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ, 4,5-dihydro-4,5-dioxo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-f]quinoline-2,7,9-tricarboxylic acid), a bacterial vitamin that serves as a cofactor in numerous alcohol dehydrogenases. Its biosynthesis in Klebsiella pneumoniae is facilitated by six genes, pqqABCDEF, and proceeds by an unknown pathway.
4,5-dihydro-4,5-dioxo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-f]quinoline-2,7,9-tricarboxylic acid biosynthesis
biological_process:pyrroloquinoline quinone biosynthetic process
Degradation of oxalate. Because of its toxicity, oxalate accumulation from amino-acid catabolism leads to acute disorders in mammals. Gut microflora are therefore pivotal in maintaining a safe intestinal oxalate balance through oxalate degradation. Oxalate catabolism was first identified in Oxalobacter formigenes, a specialized, strictly anaerobic bacterium. Oxalate degradation was found to be performed successively by two enzymes, a formyl-CoA transferase (frc) and an oxalate decarboxylase (oxc). These two genes are present in several bacterial genomes including that of Escherichia coli.
biological_process:oxalate catabolic process
Degradation of L-rhamnose (hexose 6-deoxy-L-mannose).
biological_process:rhamnose catabolic process
Degradation of lactose, a disaccharide that consists of beta-D-galactose and beta-D-glucose molecules bonded through a beta-1-4 glycosidic linkage.
biological_process:lactose catabolic process
Biosynthesis of GDP-D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose (GDP-D-beta-D-heptose), a nucleotide-sugar present in S-layer glycoproteins or capsular polysaccharide or flagella.
GDP-D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose biosynthesis
Recycling of peptidoglycan, also known as murein, a polymer consisting of sugars and amino-acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of eubacteria.
biological_process:peptidoglycan turnover
Degradation of pectin, a polymer containing a backbone of alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid residues.
poly(1,4-alpha-D-galacturonide) degradation
biological_process:pectin catabolic process
biological_process:cell wall macromolecule metabolic process
biological_process:cell wall macromolecule catabolic process
Degradation of peptidoglycan, also known as murein, a polymer consisting of sugars and amino-acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of eubacteria.
Biosynthesis of thermoadapter, low molecular-weight compounds with thermoadaptive function (e.g cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate).
Biosynthesis of cyclic 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate (cDPG), a trianionic compound acting as thermoadapter in thermophile organisms.
cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate biosynthesis
Metabolism of cytidine, a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside.
Fermentation is the anaerobic enzymatic conversion of organic compounds, especially carbohydrates, to other compounds, especially to ethyl alcohol, yielding energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). [source: GO].
Conversion of pyruvate (the final product of glycolysis) to lactate in the absence of oxygen.
Bacterial c-type cytochromes are localized to the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane where they function in electron transport processes. Assembly takes place on the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane, involving separate transport of heme and the apocytochrome across the membrane [PMID:2172694]; the latter occurs via the general protein secretory (Sec) pathway of the cell [PMID:9219541]. Following translocation, assembly proceeds via a pathway involving a number of specific proteins. Two distinct systems have been identified in bacteria. System I is found in alpha - and gamma -proteobacteria, including E. coli, R. capsulatus, B. japonicum, and P. denitrificans. System II seems more widespread than system I, occurring in a range of bacteria including cyanobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria such as Mycobacterium species, beta -, gamma -, and delta -proteobacteria such as B. pertussis, T. ferrooxidans, and H. pylori, respectively, and some extremophiles such as A. aeoliticus. Common to both systems is that the apocytochrome cysteine thiols and the heme iron must be in their reduced states for thioether bond formation to occur. Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases are required for this, and specific proteins have been identified in a number of system I organisms, including E. coli (CcmG), R. capsulatus (HelX), B. japonicum (CycY), and P. denitrificans (CcmG), and one system II organism, B. pertussis (CcsX) [PMID:12637552].
Biosynthesis of lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a glycerol phosphate surface polymer. Lipoteichoic acid is a component of the envelope of Gram-positive bacteria. This polyphosphoglycerol compound is substituted with a D-alanyl (D-Ala) ester or a glycosyl residue and is anchored in the membrane by its glycolipid moiety.
biological_process:lipoteichoic acid biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of CDP-diacylglycerol, CDP-1,2-diacylglycerol, a molecule composed of diacylglycerol in glycosidic linkage with cytidine diphosphate.
biological_process:CDP-diacylglycerol biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine compounds, any of a class of phospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine.
biological_process:phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthetic process
The translation elongation factor 2 (eEF-2) in eukaryotes and some archaea contains a unique posttranslationally modified histidine residue, termed diphthamide, which serves as the only target for diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. The biosynthesis of diphthamide represents one of the most complex posttranslational modifications. The biosynthesis is accomplished by stepwise additions to the His715 (His699 in yeast) residue of eEF-2.
2'-(3-carboxamido-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl)-L-histidine biosynthesis
biological_process:peptidyl-diphthamide biosynthetic process from peptidyl-histidine
Degradation of ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol), an important water-soluble base of phospholipid (phosphatidylethanolamine).
biological_process:ethanolamine catabolic process
The mesaconate pathway is one of the major pathways by which L-glutamate amino-acid is fermented.
L-glutamate degradation via L-citramalate pathway
L-glutamate degradation via methylaspartate pathway
L-glutamate degradation via mesaconate pathway
biological_process:glutamate catabolic process via L-citramalate
Degradation of formaldehyde, a toxic compound for all organisms from bacteria to humans due to its reactivity with biological macromolecules (nonspecific reactivity with proteins and nucleic acids). Organisms that grow aerobically on single-carbon compounds such as methanol and methane face a special challenge in this regard because formaldehyde is a central metabolic intermediate during methylotrophic growth.
biological_process:formaldehyde catabolic process
Degradation of the methylpentose L-fucose (6-deoxygalactose).
biological_process:fucose catabolic process
Degradation of D-glucaric acid, an aldaric acid.
biological_process:D-glucarate catabolic process
Degradation of galactarate, an aldaric acid.
biological_process:galactarate catabolic process
Biosynthesis of enterobacterial common antigen (ECA), a cell surface glycolipid that is present in all gram-negative enteric bacteria. The carbohydrate portion of the polymer contains: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc), N-acetyl-D-mannosaminouronic acid (ManNAcA) and 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose (Fuc4NAc). These amino sugars are linked to form linear polysaccharide chains. In addition, the hydroxyl groups at position 6 of the GlcNAc residues are nonstochiometrically substituted with O-acetyl groups.
enterobacterial common antigen biosynthesis
biological_process:enterobacterial common antigen biosynthetic process
Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism as the result of a chemical reaction during which chemical energy is converted to light energy.
Bacterial bioluminescence is a tightly regulated energy-consuming process. In Vibrio fischeri, luminescence is produced when luciferase, composed of LuxA and LuxB, converts FMNH2, O2 and an aliphatic aldehyde (RCHO) to FMN, water and an aliphatic acid. LuxC and LuxE recycle the aliphatic acid, which is also produced by LuxD, to regenerate the RCHO substrate, while LuxG and other proteins in the cell reduce FMN using NADH to supply luciferase with FMNH2 [PMID:17590235].
Fatty acid reduction for bacterial biolumincescence.
fatty acid reduction for biolumincescence
Metabolism of pyrimidine derivative compounds (nucleotides, nucleosides, nucleobases).
Biosynthesis of pyrimidine derivative compounds (nucleotides, nucleosides, nucleobases). Cytosine, thymine, and uracil are the three nucleobases found in nucleic acids.
Biosynthesis of UMP nucleotide (uridine monophosphate). UMP is the pivotal nucleotide from which uridine nucleotide di- and triphosphates are formed by ATP-dependent kinases.
biological_process:UMP biosynthetic process
In pyrimidine salvage, nucleosides generated by DNA and RNA breakdown are converted back to nucleotide monophosphates, enabling them to re-enter the pathways of pyrimidine biosynthesis. Pyrimidine salvage, similarly to purines, involves a single enzymatic step but, unlike purines, occurs at the nucleoside rather than the base level in humans, with salvage predominating over synthesis.
biological_process:pyrimidine-containing compound salvage
Biosynthesis of UMP via salvage of pyrimidine derivatives (cytidine, uridine, cytosine).
uridine monophosphate biosynthesis via salvage pathway
Biosynthesis of dTTP (deoxythymidine triphosphate).
biological_process:dTTP biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of CTP nucleotide (cytidine triphosphate).
biological_process:CTP biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of dTMP (deoxythymidine monophosphate).
biological_process:dTMP biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of dTMP via pyrimidine salvage pathway.
deoxythymidine monophosphate biosynthesis via salvage pathway
Biosynthesis of CTP starting from cytidine (salvage pathway).
cytosine triphosphate biosynthesis via salvage pathway
Degradation of pyrimidine derivative compounds (nucleotides, nucleosides, nucleobases).
biological_process:uracil catabolic process
Oxidative degradation of uracil nucleobase.
uracil degradation via oxidative pathway
Metabolism of purine derivative compounds (nucleotides, nucleosides, nucleobases).
Biosynthesis of purine derivative compounds (nucleotides, nucleosides, nucleobases).
Degradation of purine derivative compounds (nucleotides, nucleosides, nucleobases). Purine degradation has an essential role in nitrogen metabolism in most organism.
In purine salvage, nucleosides generated by DNA and RNA breakdown are converted back to nucleotide monophosphates, enabling them to re-enter the pathways of purine biosynthesis.
Biosynthesis of adenine through purine salvage.
adenine biosynthesis via salvage pathway
Biosynthesis of AMP through purine salvage.
Biosynthesis of inosine through purine salvage.
inosine biosynthesis via salvage pathway
Biosynthesis of hypoxanthine through purine salvage.
hypoxanthine biosynthesis via salvage pathway
Biosynthesis of inosine 5'-phosphate (IMP) through purine salvage.
inosine 5'-phosphate biosynthesis via salvage pathway
inosine monophosphate biosynthesis via salvage pathway
Biosynthesis of adenosine 5'-phosphate, a purine nucleotide.
biological_process:AMP biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of purine derivative via de novo pathway.
Biosynthesis of inosine purine nucleobase.
biological_process:inosine biosynthetic process
biological_process:purine nucleobase catabolic process
Metabolism of second messengers, molecular signals (ions or small molecules) released into the cytosol, thereby helping relay the signal within the cell.
Biosynthesis of second messengers, molecular signals (ions or small molecules) released into the cytosol, thereby helping relay the signal within the cell.
Biosynthesis of cyclic nucleotides, any nucleotide in which the phosphate group is bonded to two of the sugar's hydroxyl groups, forming a cyclical or ring structure. Examples: cAMP, cGMP, c-di-GMP, etc.
biological_process:cyclic nucleotide biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of cyclic dinucleotide 3',5'-cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP), a purine nucleotide emerging as a novel global second messenger in bacteria. In many bacteria bis-(3',5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) signaling determines the timing and amplitude of complex biological processes from biofilm formation and virulence to photosynthesis.
bis-(3',5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of xanthosine 5'-phosphate (XMP purine nucleotide).
Biosynthesis of xanthosine 5'-phosphate (XMP purine nucleotide) via de novo pathway.
xanthosine monophosphate biosynthesis via de novo pathway
Biosynthesis of xanthosine 5'-phosphate (XMP purine nucleotide) via salvage pathway.
xanthosine 5'-phosphate biosynthesis via salvage pathway
xanthosine monophosphate biosynthesis via salvage pathway
Degradation of guanine purine nucleobase.
biological_process:guanine catabolic process
Degradation of hypoxanthine purine base into uric acid.
biological_process:hypoxanthine catabolic process
Metabolism of purine nucleoside compounds.
biological_process:purine nucleoside metabolic process
Degradation of purine nucleoside compounds.
biological_process:purine nucleoside catabolic process
Biosynthesis of purine nucleoside compounds.
biological_process:purine nucleoside biosynthetic process
Degradation of CDP-diacylglycerol compounds.
biological_process:CDP-diacylglycerol catabolic process
Biosynthesis of dUMP (deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate), a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide.
biological_process:dUMP biosynthetic process
biological_process:alcohol metabolic process
biological_process:alcohol catabolic process
biological_process:polyol metabolic process
biological_process:polyol catabolic process
Metabolism of the trihydric alcohol, glycerol.
biological_process:glycerol metabolic process
Degradation of glycerol, a trihydric alcohol. Two possible routes of glycerol catabolism have been proposed. In the first pathway, glycerol is phosphorylated to glycerol-3-phosphate by glycerol kinase, and then converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. In the second pathway, glycerol is converted to dihydroxyacetone by NAD-dependent glycerol dehydrogenase, and then phosphorylated to dihydroxyacetone phosphate by dihydroxyacetone kinase.
biological_process:glycerol catabolic process
In the absence of an external oxidant, glycerol is consumed by a dismutation process involving two sub-pathways. Through one sub-pathway (oxidative route), glycerol is dehydrogenated by an NAD+-linked glycerol dehydrogenase (DhaD) to dihydroxyacetone. This product is then phosphorylated by dihydroxyacetone kinase (DhaK) and funnelled to the central metabolism. Through the other sub-pathway (reductive route), glycerol is dehydrated by coenzyme B12-dependent glycerol dehydratase (DhaB, DhaC, DhaE) to form 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde, which is reduced to the major fermentation product 1,3-propanediol by the NADH-linked 1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase (DhaT), thereby regenerating NAD+ [PMID: 9311132].
biological_process:anaerobic glycerol catabolic process
In bacteria, glycerol uptake is mediated by the glycerol diffusion facilitator, an integral membrane protein catalyzing the rapid equilibration of concentration gradients of glycerol across the cytoplasmic membrane. Intracellular glycerol is converted to glycerol-3-phosphate that is further metabolized to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) by either of two membrane-bound enzymes, depending on the growth conditions.
glycerol degradation via glycerol kinase pathway
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a cytotoxic compound formed primarily as a by-product of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is catabolised by glyoxalases I and II, the zinc-binding enzymes of the glyoxalase pathway. Glyoxalase system is present in the cytosol of cells and cellular organelles, particularly mitochondria.
Metabolism of diol alcohol propanediol compounds.
Degradation of the diol alcohol, 1,2-propanediol (propane-1,2-diol).
biological_process:propanediol catabolic process
biological_process:alcohol biosynthetic process
biological_process:polyol biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of the trihydric alcohol, glycerol (1,2,3-propanetriol).
biological_process:glycerol biosynthetic process
Metabolism of 2,3-butanediol. 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDL), which is very important for a variety of chemical feedstocks and liquid fuels, can be derived from the bioconversion of natural resources. The metabolic function of 2,3-butanediol is not yet known, although it may play a role in preventing intracellular acidification by changing the metabolism from acid production to the formation of a neutral compound.
In some bacteria, pyruvate can be channeled via alpha-acetolactate into neutral compound 2,3-butanediol. The production of (R,R)-2,3-butanediol is enhanced when oxygen is limited and the pH is lowered.
biological_process:amino sugar catabolic process
Metabolism of N-acetylneuramate, an amino sugar component of the cell surface structures.
biological_process:N-acetylneuraminate metabolic process
Degradation of N-acetylneuraminate, an amino sugar component of the cell surface structures. N-acetylneuraminate is possibly used as carbon and nitrogen sources.
biological_process:N-acetylneuraminate catabolic process
Biosynthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), the precursor of sialic acids, a group of important molecules in biological recognition systems.
biological_process:N-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of exopolysaccharide compounds. Pseudomonas solanacearum.
Biosynthesis of teichoic acids (TAs), a group of phosphate-rich anionic extracellular polysaccharides found covalently bound to peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria TAs are polymers of glycerol or ribitol linked via phosphodiester bonds. These acids can be found in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococci, Streptococci, Bacillus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium and Listeria, and appear to extend to the surface of the peptidoglycan layer. Teichoic acids are not found in the gram-negative bacteria. Teichoic acids are negatively charged and therefore contribute to the negative charge of the gram-positive cell wall. They may also provide structural support for the cell wall and act as antigen.
biological_process:teichoic acid biosynthetic process
biological_process:glutamate biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of L-glutamate amino-acid via glutamate synthase (GLT).
L-glutamate biosynthesis via GLT pathway
biological_process:L-glutamate biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of L-glutamate amino-acid via glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH).
L-glutamate biosynthesis via GDH pathway
biological_process:beta-glucan biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (OPGs). OPGs occur in a wide variety of Gram-negative bacterial species. The only sugars found in the backbone of OPGs are glucosyl residues, which are bound with beta-glucosidic linkages. Generally, OPG synthesis is activated by conditions of low osmolarity. OPGs vary from 5 to 25 glucosyl residues per molecule and the glucose backbones show structural diversity among different species. [PMID:17906125].
osmoregulated periplasmic glucan (OPG) biosynthesis
Reduction of nitric oxide (NO), a compound present throughout the biosphere. In humans, tightly regulated NO synthases produce sufficient NO to poison pathogens, opportunistic organisms, and neoplastic tissue. Nitric-oxide reductases metabolize NO to N2O in anaerobic denitrifying bacteria and fungi and likely serve an additional role in minimizing NO toxicity.
Biosynthesis of methane, the simplest alkane.
Biosynthesis of methane from CO(2) (carbon dioxide).
methane biosynthesis from carbon dioxide
biological_process:methanogenesis, from carbon dioxide
biological_process:methanogenesis, from methanol
Biosynthesis of methane from acetate. Acetate serves as a growth substrate for acetotrophic methanogens including the anaerobic archaeon Methanosarcina thermophila. Activation of acetate into acetyl-CoA is described in 'Acetyl-CoA biosynthesis' pathway.
biological_process:methanogenesis, from acetate
Biosynthesis of methane from monomethylamine.
methane biosynthesis from monomethylamine
Biosynthesis of methane from dimethylamine.
Biosynthesis of methane from trimethylamine.
methane biosynthesis from trimethylamine
The conversion of methyl-CoM to methane is the final step in the methanogenesis process. This process involves the reduction of the coenzyme M-bound methyl group to methane. This step is catalyzed by methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR), a key enzyme that is found in all methanogens.
All processes in methanogenesis lead to the formation of a mixed disulfide bond between coenzyme M and coenzyme B, by a reaction in which coenzyme B reduces methyl-coenzyme M , leading to formation of methane and a coenzyme M-coenzyme B heterodisulfide [PMID:12102556] . There are two different systems that are capable of reducing the coenzyme M-coenzyme B heterodisulfide, using either H2 or a reduced coenzyme F420 as electron donors [PMID:15168610].
coenzyme M-coenzyme B heterodisulfide reduction
Biosynthesis of inosine 5'-phosphate, a purine nucleotide.
biological_process:IMP biosynthetic process
biological_process:amino sugar biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of methane from methylated amines (mono-, di- or trimethylamine).
Biosynthesis of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 4-phosphate (KDO 4-phosphate).
3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 4-phosphate biosynthesis
Denitrification is the process of reducing nitrate and nitrite, highly oxidised forms of nitrogen available for consumption by many groups of organisms, into gaseous nitrogen, which is far less accessible to life forms but makes up the bulk of atmosphere. Denitrification can be thought of as the opposite of nitrogen fixation. In general, denitrification occurs when oxygen is depleted, and bacteria turn to nitrate in order to respire organic matter. Denitrification proceeds through some combination of the following steps: nitrate -> nitrite -> nitric oxide -> nitrous oxide -> dinitrogen gas.
biological_process:denitrification pathway
Reduction of nitrate into to nitrite via assimilation pathway.
The uptake, from the environment, of nitrates, inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid and the subsequent reduction of nitrate ion to other, less highly oxidized, inorganic nitrogenous substances. [GO:0042128].
biological_process:malonyl-CoA biosynthetic process
Metabolism of short-chain fatty acid compounds.
biological_process:short-chain fatty acid metabolic process
Biosynthesis of rhamnolipid compounds. Rhamnolipids are extracellular biosurfactants and virulence factors secreted by the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa that are required for swarming motility.
Biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acid compounds.
biological_process:unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process
The metabolic oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A [GO:0006635].
biological_process:fatty acid beta-oxidation
Beta-oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondrion.
Beta-oxidation of fatty acids in peroxisome.
biological_process:fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA oxidase
Biosynthesis of prostaglandins, a group of lipid compounds that are derived enzymatically from fatty acids and have important functions in the animal body. Every prostaglandin contains 20 carbon atoms, including a 5-carbon ring.
biological_process:prostaglandin biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein moiety consists of a lipid or lipids [GO:0042158] Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria contain lipoproteins that are a functionally diverse group of surface proteins. The roles assigned to lipoproteins include substrate binding coupled to ABC transport systems, sensing of environmental signals, antibiotic resistance, respiration, germination, conjugation, adherence to and invasion of eukaryotic cells, control of protein secretion and folding, modulation of the immune response, and maintenance of envelope integrity. Upon processing, lipoproteins are ultimately tethered to the membrane via a lipid moiety, diacylglycerol, which is covalently bound to an N-terminal conserved cysteine residue.
biological_process:lipoprotein biosynthetic process
The first step of lipoprotein biosynthesis consist of lipidation reaction, carried out by the enzyme lipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase (Lgt).
lipoprotein biosynthesis (diacylglyceryl transfer)
The second step of lipoprotein biosynthesis consist of cleavage of the signal peptide. The enzyme responsible for this reaction is the lipoprotein-specific signal peptidase II (Lsp), which recognizes a genuine L(-3)-S/A(-2)-A/G(-1)-C(+1) lipobox.
lipoprotein biosynthesis (signal peptide cleavage)
The first step of lipoprotein biosynthesis consist of addition of an N-acyl moiety to the amino group of the N-terminal cysteine, This reaction is carried out by the enzyme N-acyl-transferase (Lnt).
lipoprotein biosynthesis (N-acyl transfer)
Degradation of L-arabinan, a branched homopolymer of L-arabinose.
biological_process:arabinan catabolic process
Biosynthesis of chlorophyll, a green pigment found in most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria.
biological_process:chlorophyll biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of bacteriochlorophyll, any of the chlorophylls of photosynthetic bacteria.
biological_process:bacteriochlorophyll biosynthetic process
Light-independent biosynthesis of chlorophyll.
chlorophyll biosynthesis (light-independent)
biological_process:light-independent chlorophyll biosynthetic process
Light-independent biosynthesis of bacteriochlorophyll.
bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis (light-independent)
biological_process:light-independent bacteriochlorophyll biosynthetic process
Metabolism of pigment or biochrome, any material resulting in color of plant or animal cells, which is the result of selective color absorption.
biological_process:pigment metabolic process
biological_process:pigment catabolic process
Degradation of chlorophyll, the green pigment found in photosynthetic organisms.
biological_process:chlorophyll catabolic process
biological_process:heterocycle biosynthetic process
biological_process:heterocycle catabolic process
Metabolism of porphyrin-containing compounds. A porphyrin is a heterocyclic macrocycle made from 4 pyrrole subunits linked on opposite sides (alpha position) through 4 methine bridges (=CH-). Porphyrins combine readily with metals, coordinating with them in the central cavity. Iron- (heme), magnesium- (chlorophyll), zinc-, copper-, nickel-, and cobalt- containing porphyrins are known, and many other metals can be inserted.
porphyrin-containing compound metabolism
biological_process:porphyrin-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. A porphyrin is a heterocyclic macrocycle made from 4 pyrrole subunits linked on opposite sides (alpha position) through 4 methine bridges (=CH-). Porphyrins combine readily with metals, coordinating with them in the central cavity. Iron- (heme), magnesium- (chlorophyll), zinc-, copper-, nickel-, and cobalt- containing porphyrins are known, and many other metals can be inserted.
porphyrin-containing compound biosynthesis
biological_process:porphyrin-containing compound biosynthetic process
Degradation of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. A porphyrin is a heterocyclic macrocycle made from 4 pyrrole subunits linked on opposite sides (alpha position) through 4 methine bridges (=CH-). Porphyrins combine readily with metals, coordinating with them in the central cavity. Iron- (heme), magnesium- (chlorophyll), zinc-, copper-, nickel-, and cobalt- containing porphyrins are known, and many other metals can be inserted.
porphyrin-containing compound degradation
biological_process:porphyrin-containing compound catabolic process
Metabolism of macrocycle. A macrocycle is, as defined by IUPAC, 'a cyclic macromolecule or a macromolecular cyclic portion of a molecule'.
Degradation of macrocycle, like heme, chlorophyll, vitamin B12, etc.
Biosynthesis of macrocycle, like heme, chlorophyll, vitamin B12, etc.
Biosynthesis of spheroidene carotenoids from neurosporene.
Degradation of heme. Bilirubin is a yellow breakdown product of normal heme catabolism.
Degradation of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate, a chlorinated phenoxy compound. (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate functions as a systemic herbicide and is used to control many types of broadleaf weeds.
(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate degradation
biological_process:2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid catabolic process
Degradation of (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetate, a chlorinated phenoxy compound.
(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetate degradation
biological_process:2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid catabolic process
Degradation of dichloromethane, a highly volatile solvent which finds application in a wide variety of industrial and commercial processes. Dibromomethane has been observed to occur naturally [PMID:7272274].
Degradation of gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (g-HCH, BHC, lindane), a halogenated organic insecticide that has been used worldwide for agriculture and public health. It is degraded rapidly under anaerobic conditions, but is considered extremely persistent in upland soil.
Degradation of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), a xenobiotic compound used extensively against agricultural pests and in public health programs for the control of mosquitoes. Commercial formulations of HCH consist of a mixture of four isomers, alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. While all these isomers pose serious environmental problems, beta-HCH is more problematic due to its longer persistence in the environment.
Degradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP), a chlorinated insecticide and fungicide. It is used primarily to protect timber from fungal rot and wood boring insects. PCP is significantly toxic to mammals, plants, and many microorganisms. Despite this, bacteria have been identified that are resistant to relatively high PCP concentrations and can metabolize it to carbon dioxide and chloride. Bacteria have been used successfully in PCP bioremediation.
biological_process:pentachlorophenol catabolic process
Metabolism of cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer on earth, recognized as the major component of plant biomass but also representative of microbial extracellular polymers. Bacterial cellulose (BC) belongs to specific product of primary metabolism and is mainly a protective coating, whereas plant cellulose (PC) plays a structural role. Cellulose is an unbranched polymer of beta-1-4 linked glucopyranose residues Plant cellulose and bacterial cellulose have the same chemical structure, but different physical and chemical properties.
biological_process:cellulose metabolic process
biological_process:cellulose biosynthetic process
biological_process:cellulose catabolic process
Degradation of hemicellulose, a branched polymer of sugar monomers. For instance, besides glucose, sugar monomers in hemicellulose can include xylose, mannose, galactose, rhamnose, and arabinose. Hemicelluloses contain most of the D-pentose sugars, and occasionally small amounts of L-sugars as well. Xylose is always the sugar monomer present in the largest amount, but mannuronic acid and galacturonic acid also tend to be present.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. [GO:0006082].
biological_process:organic acid metabolic process
biological_process:organic acid catabolic process
biological_process:organic acid biosynthetic process
biological_process:galactose catabolic process
Glyoxylate cycle is a metabolic pathway occurring in plants, certain vertebrates, and several microorganisms, such as E. coli and yeast. The glyoxylate cycle allows these organisms to use fats for the synthesis of carbohydrates, a task which most vertebrates, including humans, cannot perform. The glyoxylate cycle, avoids the steps in the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) where carbon is lost in the form of CO2. The two initial stages of this cycle are identical to those of the TCA cycle: acetate -> citrate -> isocitrate. The next step, however, is different: instead of decarboxylation, isocitrate undergoes cleavage into succinate and glyoxylate (the latter gives the cycle its name). Succinate can be channeled directly into the citric acid cycle and eventually form oxaloacetate. Glyoxylate condenses with acetyl-CoA, yielding malate. Both malate and oxaloacetate can be converted into phosphoenolpyruvate and gluconeogenesis can be initiated. The net result of the glyoxylate cycle is therefore the production of glucose from fatty acids. In plants the glyoxylate cycle occurs in special peroxisomes which are called glyoxysomes. Vertebrates cannot perform the cycle because they lack its two key enzymes: isocitrate lyase and malate synthase.
biological_process:D-tagatose 6-phosphate catabolic process
Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
biological_process:oxidative phosphorylation
Pathways involved in the degradation of aromatic compounds.
biological_process:aromatic compound catabolic process
Metabolism of cresols (methylphenols) organic compounds. They are a widely occurring natural and manufactured group of aromatic organic compounds which are categorized as phenols.
biological_process:cresol metabolic process
Degradation of para-cresol, a toxic phenol.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton including flavones, flavonols and flavanoids, and anthocyanins. [source: GO].
biological_process:flavonoid metabolic process
Metabolism of phenylpropanoids, a group of compounds that are widely available in natural environments. Phenylpropanoids can originate from putrefaction of proteins in soil or as breakdown products of several constituents of plants, such as lignin, various oils, and resins.
biological_process:phenylpropanoid metabolic process
Biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid compounds, the aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid.
biological_process:phenylpropanoid biosynthetic process
Microbial catabolism of phenylpropanoid compounds plays an important role not only in the natural degradative cycle of these aromatic molecules but also in their industrial applications such as wine making, aging, and storage.
biological_process:phenylpropanoid catabolic process
Biosynthesis of cinnamic acid (3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid), a phenylpropanoid compound.
biological_process:cinnamic acid biosynthetic process
Degradation of 3-phenylpropionic acid, a phenylpropanoid compound.
biological_process:3-phenylpropionate catabolic process
biological_process:terpene catabolic process
Metabolism of monoterpene compoundss, terpenes with a C10 structure. [CHEBI:35187].
biological_process:monoterpene metabolic process
Biosynthesis of monoterpene compounds, terpenes with a C10 structure.
biological_process:monoterpene biosynthetic process
Metabolism of D-camphor, a white, crystalline solid monoterpene ketone.
biological_process:(+)-camphor metabolic process
Degradation of (R)-camphor, a white, crystalline solid monoterpene ketone.
biological_process:(+)-camphor catabolic process
Biosynthesis of (R)-camphor, a white, crystalline solid monoterpene ketone.
biological_process:(+)-camphor biosynthetic process
Degradation of linalool, a naturally-occurring terpene alcohol compound found in many flowers and spice plants.
2,6-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-6-ol degradation
Degradation of steroid compounds. A steroid is a terpenoid lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton with four fused rings, generally arranged in a 6-6-6-5 fashion. Steroids vary by the functional groups attached to these rings and the oxidation state of the rings. Hundreds of distinct steroids are found in plants, animals, and fungi. All steroids are made in cells either from the sterol lanosterol (animals and fungi) or the sterol cycloartenol (plants). Both sterols are derived from the cyclization of the triterpene squalene.
biological_process:steroid catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of flavonoids, a group of phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton. [source: GO].
biological_process:flavonoid catabolic process
Degradation of quercetin, the aglycone form of a number of other flavonoid glycosides.
Biosynthesis of scopolamine (hyoscine), a tropane alkaloid compound with muscarinic antagonist effects. Scopolamine is obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). It is among the secondary metabolites of these plants.
Degradation of phtalate (benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate).
benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid degradation
biological_process:phthalate catabolic process
Biosynthesis of coronatine, a phytotoxin produced by some plant-pathogenic bacteria. It has been shown that coronatine mimics the action of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in plants. MeJA is a plant-signaling molecule involved in stress responses such as wounding and pathogen attack.
biological_process:phenol-containing compound catabolic process
Biosynthesis of 2-methylthio-N-6-isopentenyl adenosine (ms2i6A), a modified nucleoside present in position 37 (adjacent to and 3' of the anticodon) of tRNAs that read codons beginning with U except tRNA(i.v. Ser) in Escherichia coli. In Salmonella typhimurium, 2-methylthio-N-6-(cis-hydroxy)isopentenyl adenosine (ms2io6A; also referred to as 2-methylthio cis-ribozeatin) is found in tRNA, most likely in the species that have ms2i6A in E. coli.
2-methylthio-cis-ribozeatin-tRNA biosynthesis
2-methylthio-N-6-(cis-hydroxy)isopentenyl adenosine-tRNA biosynthesis
Degradation of 3- and 4-carboxydiphenyl ether compounds.
Biosynthesis of sabinene hydrate, a bicyclic monoterpene.
Metabolism of 4-aminobutanoate (GABA; gamma-aminobutyrate; 4-aminobutyrate).
biological_process:gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolic process
Degradation of 4-aminobutanoate (GABA; gamma-aminobutyrate; 4-aminobutyrate).
biological_process:gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process
Degradation of the diketone acetylacetone (pentane-2,4-dione; 2,4-dioxopentane). Acetylacetone is a widely used industrial chemical with toxic side effects including central neurotoxicity and possible effects on the immune system of mammals, as well as toxicity towards various aquatic organisms and micro-organisms.
Crown gall tumors and hairy roots are plant neoplasias induced by pathogenic members of the genus Agrobacterium. The transformed plant cells are characterized by low MW compounds called opines. The biosynthesis of these compounds is mediated by specific enzymes encoded by genes contained in a small segment of DNA (known as the T-DNA, for 'transfer DNA') inserted by the pathogen bacterium in the plant genome during infection. The opines produced by plant tumors serve as nutrient sources for the pathogenic agrobacteria. Each strain of Agrobacterium induces and catabolizes a specific set of opines.
Biosynthesis of mannopine (N-1-(D-mannityl)-L-glutamine), the head member of the mannityl family of opines. Mannopine is found in crown gall tumors.
N-1-(D-mannityl)-L-glutamine biosynthesis
Degradation of octopine (N2-(D-l-carboxyethyl)-L-arginine), the first opine discovered in 1927 in octopus muscle and later in crown gall tumors. It is also found in other cephalopod species and lamellibranchs. Octopine is the head member of the octopine family of opines.
N2-(D-l-carboxyethyl)-L-arginine degradation
biological_process:octopine catabolic process
Degradation of benzoyl-CoA. Many aromatic compounds are anaerobically oxidized to CO2 via benzoyl-CoA as the common aromatic intermediate.
Degradation of 3-chloro-1,2-epoxypropane.
Biosynthesis of glucosinolates, a class of organic compounds that contain sulfur, nitrogen and a group derived from glucose. Glucosinolates occur as secondary metabolites of many plants of the order Brassicales (especially in the family Brassicaceae, furthermore Capparidaceae and Caricaceae), but also in the genus Dryetes (family Euphorbiaceae). Plants use substances derived from glucosinolates as natural pesticides and as defense against herbivores.
biological_process:glucosinolate biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of butanol, a primary alcohol with a molecular formula of C4H10O. There are four isomeric structures for butanol. Clostridium acetobutylicum is one of the few organisms known to produce 1-butanol as a major fermentation product.
biological_process:1-butanol biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose.
biological_process:galactose biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of catecholamines, a group of chemical compounds derived from the amino-acid tyrosine containing catechol and amine groups. The most abundant catecholamines are adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and dopamine.
biological_process:catecholamine biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of dopamine (DA; 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol), a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine).
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol biosynthesis
biological_process:dopamine biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of L-noradrenaline (norepinephrine), an hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands.
biological_process:norepinephrine biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.
biological_process:epinephrine biosynthetic process
Degradation of catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene).
biological_process:catechol-containing compound catabolic process
Biosynthesis of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
biological_process:phospholipid biosynthetic process
Degradation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
biological_process:phospholipid catabolic process
Biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine, also called lecithin, a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. Phosphatidylcholine is the most-abundant phospholipid found in eukaryotic membranes. Additionally to its structural function in membrane bilayers and lipoproteins, phosphatidylcholine is involved in many signal transduction pathways. Phosphatidylcholine has also been found in an increasing number of bacteria, in particular in species that interact with eukaryotic hosts.
1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine biosynthesis
biological_process:phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process
biological_process:aromatic compound biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate, a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composed of a chain of alternating sugars (N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid). It is usually found attached to proteins as part of a proteoglycan.
biological_process:chondroitin sulfate biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS), a linear polysaccharide found in all animal tissues. Heparan sulfate is a member of the glycosaminoglycan family of carbohydrates and is very closely related in structure to heparin. The most common disaccharide unit within heparan sulfate is composed of a glucuronic (GlcA) linked to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) typically making up around 50% of the total disaccharide units. It is usually found attached to proteins as part of a proteoglycan.
biological_process:heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of dhurrin, a tyrosine derived cyanogenic glucoside. Dhurrin functions as a plant defense compound. Cyanogenic glucosides are amino-acid-derived natural products. The ability to synthesize these glucosides is common across many plant genera, including several plant species that are important crop plants like sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), cassava (Manihot esculenta), flax (Linum usitatissimum) and almonds (Prunus dulcis).
(S)-4-hydroxymandelonitrile beta-D-glucoside
biological_process:dhurrin biosynthetic process
biological_process:nucleotide catabolic process
biological_process:cyclic nucleotide metabolic process
Degradation of cyclic nucleotides, any nucleotide in which the phosphate group is bonded to two of the sugar's hydroxyl groups, forming a cyclical or ring structure. Examples: cAMP, cGMP, c-di-GMP, etc.
biological_process:cyclic nucleotide catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [source: GO].
biological_process:purine nucleotide catabolic process
adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate degradation
biological_process:cAMP catabolic process
Degradation of cyclic GMP nucleotide into GMP.
guanosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate degradation
biological_process:cGMP catabolic process
Degradation of cyclopentanol, a cyclic alcohol.
biological_process:cyclopentanol catabolic process
Biosynthesis of ecdysteroid compounds, a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids which initiate post-embryonic development. [source: GO].
biological_process:ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of sterol compounds (steroid alcohols), a subgroup of steroids with a hydroxyl group in the 3-position of the A-ring.
biological_process:sterol biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of lanosterol, a tetracyclic triterpenoid precursor to the whole family of steroids.
Biosynthesis of ergosterol (ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3beta-ol) from zymosterol. Ergosterol is a sterol precursor to Vitamin D2 compounds.
Biosynthesis of estrogen (oestrogen) compounds, a group of steroid compounds, named for their importance in the estrous cycle, and functioning as the primary female sex hormone.
biological_process:estrogen biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of zymosterol (5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol), a sterol precursor to cholesterol or ergosterol.
5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol biosynthesis
delta8,24-cholestadien-3beta-ol biosynthesis
D-erythroascorbate (EASC), a five-carbon analog of L-ascorbate (ASC) is present in some eukaryotic microorganisms where ASC is rare or absent. In Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the biosynthetic pathway of EASC from D-arabinose by D-arabinose dehydrogenase and D-arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase has been established. EASC has biological properties similar to those of ASC. Considering that some eukaryotic microorganisms produce EASC instead of ASC, it is presumed that EASC may take the place of ASC in these microorganisms. EASC has been proved an important antioxidant molecule in S. cerevisiae, like ASC in animals and plants.
Biosynthesis of decaprenyl phosphate, which plays a central role in the biosynthesis of most features of the mycobacterial cell wall, including peptidoglycan, linker unit galactan and arabinan.
Biosynthesis of epidermin, a type A lantibiotics that is is ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified. Extracellular proteolytic cleavage of the N-terminal leader region is most likely the last modification step in epidermin biosynthesis and leads to the activation of the lantibiotic.
Biosynthesis of epothilone compounds, a class of macrolactone cytotoxic molecules, including epothilone A, epothilone B, and epothilone D, identified as potential chemotherapy drugs.
biological_process:epothilone biosynthetic process
Degradation of alkene compounds, unsaturated hydrcarbons containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. Some bacteria, such as Xanthobacter autotrophicus Py2 and Rhodococcus rhodochrous, are capable of aerobic growth using aliphatic alkenes (such as ethylene, propylene and butylene) as source of carbon and energy.
biological_process:alkene catabolic process
Degradation of alkene compounds, unsaturated hydrcarbons containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.
biological_process:propylene catabolic process
Metabolism of alkene compounds, unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.
biological_process:cellular alkene metabolic process
Biosynthesis of ethanol during fermentation processes.
ethanol biosynthesis via fermentation pathway
biological_process:ethanol biosynthetic process involved in glucose fermentation to ethanol
biological_process:ethanol metabolic process
biological_process:ethanol catabolic process
Biosynthesis of ether lipid compounds. Ether lipids are lipids in which one or more of the carbon atoms on glycerol is bonded to an alkyl chain via an ether linkage, as opposed to the usual ester linkage.
biological_process:ether lipid biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of Fe-Mo, the cofactor of nitrogenase (iron-molybdenum cofactor; FeMo-co). Fe-Mo cofactor is synthesized in a multistep process catalysed by several Nif proteins and is finally inserted into a pre-synthesized apo-dinitrogenase to generate mature dinitrogenase protein.
Biosynthesis of siderophore ferrichrome.
biological_process:ferrichrome biosynthetic process
Degradation of fructolysine, a fructose molecule containing a lysine moiety in place of an hydroxyl group. Escherichia coli was found to grow on fructoselysine as an energetic substrate at a rate of about one-third of that observed with glucose.
Biosynthesis of melanin, any of the polyacetylene, polyaniline, and polypyrrole 'blacks' and 'browns' or their mixed copolymers. The most common form of biological melanin is a polymer of either or both of two monomer molecules: indolequinone, and dihydroxyindole carboxylic acid. Melanin exists in the plant, animal and protista kingdoms, where it serves as a pigment. The presence of melanin in the archaea and bacteria kingdoms is still an issue.
biological_process:melanin biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of sphingolipid compounds, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). There are three main types of sphingolipids: ceramides, sphingomyelins and glycosphingolipids.
biological_process:sphingolipid biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of the sphingolipid compounds: galactosylceramide (galactocerebroside).
biological_process:galactosylceramide biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of glucocorticoid compounds, a class of steroid hormones (corticosteroids) characterised by an ability to bind with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR).
biological_process:glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of poly(glucopyranosyl N-acetylgalactosamine 1-phosphate) teichoic acid.
poly(glucopyranosyl N-acetylgalactosamine 1-phosphate) TA biosynthesis
poly(glucopyranosyl N-acetylgalactosamine 1-phosphate) teichoic acid biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of poly(ribitol phosphate) teichoic acid.
poly(ribitol phosphate) teichoic acid biosynthesis
Degradation of aldonic acid, a monocarboxylic acid with a chain of three or more carbon atoms, derived from an aldose by oxidation of the aldehydic group.
biological_process:aldonic acid catabolic process
biological_process:D-gluconate catabolic process
Degradation of L-idonate. The pathway for catabolism of L-idonate, which proceeds via a D-gluconate intermediate, was originally thought to be gluconate utilization system GntII.
biological_process:L-idonate catabolic process
Degradation of aldaric acids, any dicarboxylic acid formed by oxidation of by the terminal groups of an aldose to carboxyl group.
biological_process:aldaric acid catabolic process
Biosynthesis of glucosylglycerol, alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-alpha-(1,2)-glycerol.
alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-alpha-(1,2)-glycerol biosynthesis
biological_process:glucosylglycerol biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of UDP-D-xylose, a nucleotide sugar used to initiate glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis on the core protein of proteoglycans.
biological_process:UDP-D-xylose biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of the nucleotide sugar, UDP-arabinose.
biological_process:UDP-L-arabinose biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of zeaxanthin diglucoside, a glycosylated xantophyll carotenoid.
Biosynthesis of phytoene, an acyclic carotene precursor to carotenoids.
Biosynthesis of neurosporene, a carotene compound.
Biosynthesis of delta-carotene, a cyclic carotene compound.
Biosynthesis of beta-carotene, a cyclic carotene compound.
Biosynthesis of lycopene, a bright red carotenoid pigment found in tomatoes and other red fruits.
Biosynthesis of alpha-zeacarotene, a cyclic carotene compound.
Biosynthesis of beta-zeacarotene, a cyclic carotene compound.
Biosynthesis of capsanthin, a xantophyll carotenoid.
Biosynthesis of capsorubin, a xantophyll carotenoid.
Degradation of dibenzofuran. Dibenzofuran is created as by-products during industrial processes such as incineration, paper bleaching, and chemical synthesis. It has also been used as an insecticide, and is formed from the photolysis of chlorinated biphenyl ethers. Several species of bacteria capable degrading dibenzofuran have been identified, including Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Terrabacter, Microbacterium, and Rhodococcus.
biological_process:dibenzofuran catabolic process
Degradation of dibenzo-p-dioxin, a substance composed of two benzene rings linked by two ether bonds. Dibenzo-p-dioxin is created as by-products during industrial processes such as incineration, paper bleaching, and chemical synthesis.
biological_process:dibenzo-p-dioxin catabolic process
Degradation of D-xylose, a naturally occurring plant polysaccharide.
biological_process:D-xylose catabolic process
Biosynthesis of Vi antigen, a capsular polysaccharide expressed by Salmonella typhi, the agent of human typhoid fever.
Degradation of sorbitol, one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols.
biological_process:sorbitol catabolic process
Biosynthesis of aldonic acid, a monocarboxylic acid with a chain of three or more carbon atoms, derived from an aldose by oxidation of the aldehydic group.
biological_process:aldonic acid biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of D-gluconic acid, an aldonic acid.
biological_process:D-gluconate biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of sorbitol, one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols.
biological_process:sorbitol biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of dTDP-6-deoxy-L-altrose, a nucleotide sugar.
Biosynthesis of dTDP-4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxygalactose (dTDP-D-Fuc4NAc), a nucleotide sugar.
dTDP-4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxygalactose biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of CDP-ascarylose, one of the naturally occurring 3,6-dideoxyhexoses usually confined to the cell wall lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative bacteria.
biological_process:spermidine metabolic process
Biosynthesis of lacto-N-neotetraose, an oligosaccharide found in the terminal position of lipooligosaccharide of Neisseria meningitidis.
Biosynthesis of exopolysaccharide EPS I.
Biosynthesis of histamine (2-(4-imidazolyl)ethylamine). This physiologically active amine is derived from the decarboxylation of the amino-acid histidine, a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme L-histidine decarboxylase.
biological_process:histamine biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of myo-inositol (cis-1,2,3,5-trans-4,6-cyclohexanehexol), arbocyclic polyol that plays an important role as the structural basis for a number of secondary messengers in eukaryotic cells, including inositol phosphates, phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) lipids.
biological_process:inositol biosynthetic process
Degradation of salicylic acid, an intermediate in degradation of phenol and naphtalene compounds.
biological_process:salicylic acid catabolic process
Biosynthesis of 4-coumaric acid (trans-4-hydroxycinnamic acid), a phenylpropanoid compound.
trans-4-hydroxycinnamic acid biosynthesis
Metabolism of spermine by the addition of a propylamine moiety to spermidine.
N,N'-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine metabolism
biological_process:spermine metabolic process
Biosynthesis of poly(glycerol phosphate) teichoic acid.
poly(glycerol phosphate) TA biosynthesis
poly(glycerol phosphate) teichoic acid biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of poly(glucosyl N-acetylgalactosamine 1-phosphate) teichoic acid.
poly(glucosyl N-acetylgalactosamine 1-phosphate) TA biosynthesis
poly(glucosyl N-acetylgalactosamine 1-phosphate) teichoic acid biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of quinol/quinone cofactors, such as menaquinone (vitamin K2), ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) or phylloquinone (vitamin K1).
biological_process:quinone biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of nicotinic acid, also known as niacin or vitamin B3, a water-soluble vitamin.
The first step of the ubiquitination process. Ubiquitin is activated in a two-step reaction by an E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme in a process requiring ATP as an energy source. The initial step involves production of a ubiquitin-adenylate intermediate. The second step transfers ubiquitin to the E1 active site cysteine residue, with release of AMP. This step results in a thioester linkage between the C-terminal carboxyl group of ubiquitin and the E1 cysteine sulfhydryl group. 2. Transfer of ubiquitin from E1 to the active site cysteine of a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 via a trans(thio)esterification reaction. 3. The final step of the ubiquitinylation cascade generally requires the activity of one of the hundreds of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases (often termed simply ubiquitin ligase). E3 enzymes function as the substrate recognition modules of the system and are capable of interaction with both E2 and substrate. E3 enzymes possess one of two domains: * The HECT (Homologous to the E6-AP Carboxyl Terminus) domain * The RING domain (or the closely related U-box domain).
protein ubiquitination (ubiquitin activation)
The second step of the ubiquitination process: transfer of ubiquitin from E1 to the active site cysteine of a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 via a trans(thio)esterification reaction.
protein ubiquitination (E2 ubiquitin transfer)
The final step of the ubiquitinylation cascade generally requires the activity of one of the hundreds of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases (often termed simply ubiquitin ligase). E3 enzymes function as the substrate recognition modules of the system and are capable of interaction with both E2 and substrate. E3 enzymes possess one of two domains: * The HECT (Homologous to the E6-AP Carboxyl Terminus) domain * The RING domain (or the closely related U-box domain).
protein ubiquitination (ubiquitin transfer)
Biosynthesis of heme O, a derivative of heme containing a 17-carbon hydroxyethylfarnesyl side chain at position 8 of the tetrapyrrole macrocycle. Heme O is a precursor in heme A biosyntesis. Warning: the biochemical reactions composing this pathway are not yet clearly defined.
biological_process:heme O biosynthetic process
Degradation of 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (3-HPP) into 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid. 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid is ultimately degraded to KREBS cycle intermediates. This pathway is common to 3-phenylpropionic acid degradation pathway, so it is recorded in a separate pathway.
3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid degradation
3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate degradation
Degradation of 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid to KREBS cycle intermediates.
2,3-dihydroxyphenylpropanoate degradation
2,3-dihydroxyphenylpropionate degradation
2,3-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid degradation
3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate degradation
Biosynthesis of melatonin (5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine), a naturally occurring hormone found in most animals and some of other living organisms, including algae.
biological_process:melatonin biosynthetic process
Degradation of tartrate, an aldaric acid that occurs naturally in many plants, particularly grapes, bananas, and tamarinds, and is one of the main acids found in wine.
2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid degradation
Metabolism of thiamin (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin.
biological_process:thiamine metabolic process
Degradation of thiamin (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin.
biological_process:thiamine catabolic process
Biosynthesis of the diterpenoid taxol (generic name paclitaxel). Paclitaxel is a highly effective anticancer drug used widely in the treatment of various carcinomas, melanomas, and sarcomas. This structurally complex taxane diterpenoid (taxoid) was first isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.).
biological_process:paclitaxel biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of zeaxanthin, one of the most common carotenoid alcohols found in nature. It is the pigment that gives corn, saffron, and many other plants their characteristic color.
Biosynthesis of teichuronic acid, a phosphate-free carbohydrate polymer containing glucuronic acid.
biological_process:teichuronic acid biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of pectin, a polymer containing a backbone of alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid residues.
poly(1,4-alpha-D-galacturonide) biosynthesis
biological_process:pectin biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT), a monoamine neurotransmitter. Serotonin is synthesized in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract of animals including humans. Serotonin is also found in many mushrooms and plants, including fruits and vegetables. In plants, serotonin is implicated in several physiological roles such as flowering, morphogenesis, and adaptation to environmental changes.
biological_process:serotonin biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of pteridine derivative compounds, a group of heterocyclic compounds composed of fused pyrimidine and pyrazine rings. Pterins and flavins are classes of substituted pteridines that have important biological activity.
biological_process:pteridine biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of dihydroneopterin triphosphate, the first committed intermediate in the biosynthetic pathways of tetrahydrofolate in plants and microorganisms and of tetrahydrobiopterin in animals.
6-d-threo-1',2',3'-hydroxypropyl-7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate biosynthesis
7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate biosynthesis
biological_process:7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (sapropterin, BH4, H4-biopterin). Tetrahydrobiopterin is an essential cofactor of a set of enzymes that are of central metabolic importance, i.e. the hydroxylases of the three aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, of ether lipid oxidase, and of the three nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoenzymes. Tetrahydrobiopterin is a naturally occurring essential cofactor of the three aromatic amino acid hydroxylases; phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase, tyrosine-3-hydroxylase and tryptophan-5-hydroxylase. Tetrahydrobiopterin is also essential for the synthesis of nitric oxide by nitric oxide synthase (NOS).
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis
biological_process:tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamates, a group of folate derivative compounds comprising tetrahydrofolate attached to a chain of glutamate residues. In organisms that require exogenous folates for growth (Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus faecalis, mammals), highly anionic polyglutamate chain of folate (four glutamate residues or more) retard transport through the cell membrane. This is the mechanism thought to be responsible for the accumulation and maintenance of cellular folate pools. cell membrane.
tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate biosynthesis
biological_process:tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of mitomycin C, the first recognized bioreductive alkylating agent, widely used clinically for antitumor therapy. Mitomycinan are aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces lavendulae.
Biosynthesis of morphine, an isoquinolin alkaloid.
Biosynthesis of nisin, a 34-residue antibacterial peptide (lantibiotic family). Nisin is produced by several strains of Lactococcus lactis and strongly inhibits the growth of a broad range of gram-positive bacteria.
Degradation of any amino-acid that does not normally occur as a constituent residue of proteins [source: GO].
Degradation of nopaline (N-(I-carboxy-4-guanidinobutyl)glutamic acid), a rare amino-acid derivative.
Degradation of 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate, a product of pectin or galacturonate degradation.
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate degradation
Metabolism of carbohydrate acid compounds.
Degradation of carbohydrate acid compounds.
Biosynthesis of carbohydrate acid compounds.
Metabolism of glycosaminoglycan compounds, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.
biological_process:glycosaminoglycan metabolic process
Biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycan compounds, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.
biological_process:glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic process
biological_process:heparin biosynthetic process
Metabolism of butanoate (butyrate), a 4-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid. This fatty acid occurs in the form of esters in animal fats and plant oils.
biological_process:butyrate metabolic process
Degradation of glycolic acid into 3-phospho-D-glyceric acid (an aldonic acid).
biological_process:glycolate catabolic process
Biosynthesis of glycolic acid (hydroxyacetic acid, hydroxyethanoic acid).
biological_process:glycolate biosynthetic process
Catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (leucine, valine, and isoleucine), aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and trytophan), and the sulfur-containing amino acid (methionine) leads to the formation of fusel acids and fusel alcohols.
biological_process:amino acid catabolic process via Ehrlich pathway
biological_process:L-lysine catabolic process
The mitochondrial pathway of L-lysine degradation via saccharopine is the major mammalian pathway for lysine degradation.
L-lysine degradation via saccharopine pathway
biological_process:L-lysine catabolic process to acetyl-CoA via saccharopine
Degradation of L-lysine via acetylation pathway. In this fungal pathway, L-lysine is degraded to glutarate via acetylation of the 6-amino group to the initial product N6-acetyl-L-lysine. This is followed by transamination, oxidative decarboxylation, deacetylation, transamination with loss of the second amino group, and oxidation to glutarate.
L-lysine degradation via acetylation pathway
biological_process:L-lysine catabolic process to glutarate, by acetylation
UPC00047 fermentation process into acetate, butanoate and ammonia.
L-lysine degradation via acetate pathway
biological_process:L-lysine catabolic process to acetate
Biosynthesis of benzoxazinone compounds. These cyclic hydroxamic acids are dedicated to pathogen defense and are found almost exclusively in Gramineae.
Biosynthesis of 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIBOA), a cyclic hydroxamic acid. This secondary metabolites found predominantly in Gramineae such as many maize (Zea mays).
2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one biosynthesis
Degradation of mandelic acid. This pathway provides the means to allow a variety of pseudomonads, including Pseudomonas putida, to use one or both enantiomers of mandelic acid as the sole carbon source.
alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid degradation
biological_process:mandelate catabolic process
Biosynthesis of HC-toxin, a cyclic tetrapeptide of structure cyclo(D-Pro-L-Ala-D-Ala-L-Aeo), where Aeo stands for 2-amino-9,10-epoxi-8-oxodecanoic acid HC-toxin is an essential virulence determinant for the plant pathogenic fungus Cochliobolus carbonum and an inhibitor of histone deacetylase.
Biosynthesis of lovastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor produced by the fungus Aspergillus terreus. Lovastatin is composed of two polyketide chains.
Biosynthesis of leukotrienes, eicosanoid lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid.
biological_process:leukotriene biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of hydroperoxy (e)icosatetraenoic acids (HPETEs), the primary products of lipoxygenase-catalysed oxygenation of arachidonic acid.
hydroperoxy eicosatetraenoic acid biosynthesis
Degradation of leukotrienes, eicosanoid lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid.
Metabolism of leukotrienes, eicosanoid lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid.
biological_process:leukotriene metabolic process
Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 (RUB1) to another protein.
Covalent modification of cellular proteins by the ubiquitin-like modifier SUMO. Protein sumoylation regulates various cellular processes, such as nuclear transport, signal transduction, stress response and cell-cycle progression.
Metabolism of auxins (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA), natural plant hormones involved in several stages of plant growth and development such as cell elongation, cell division, tissue differentiation, and apical dominance.
biological_process:auxin metabolic process
Degradation of limonene (4-isopropenyl-1-methyl-cyclohexene), a monocyclic monoterpene. Limonene is the most widespread terpene in the world and is formed by more than 300 plants.
4-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene degradation
biological_process:limonene catabolic process
Degradation of melamine (1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine). Melamine is a metabolite of cyromazine, a pesticide. It is formed in the body of mammals who have ingested cyromazine. It was also reported that cyromazine is converted to melamine in plants.
1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine degradation
Metabolism of lignin, a class of polymers of phenylpropanoid units.
biological_process:lignin metabolic process
Degradation of lignin, a class of polymers of phenylpropanoid units.
biological_process:lignin catabolic process
Biosynthesis of lignin, a class of polymers of phenylpropanoid units.
biological_process:lignin biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of diglucosyl-diacylglycerol, a component of membrane glycolipids.
Degradation of methylamine into formaldehyde (methanal).
Degradation of HMG-CoA ((S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA) into acetoacetic acid. HMG-CoA is an intermediate in the mevalonic acid and leucine degradation pathways.
(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA degradation
Biosynthesis of isoflavonoid phytoalexins, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives isomeric with flavonoids that possess antibiotic activity and are produced by plant tissues in response to infection [source: GO].
biological_process:isoflavonoid phytoalexin biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of glyceollins. The glyceollins belong to the isoflavonoid phytoalexins.
Biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid phytoalexins.
phenylpropanoid phytoalexin biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of methoxydianthramide B (N-benzoyl-4-O-methoxyanthranilate), a phenylpropanoid phytoalexin.
N-benzoyl-4-O-methoxyanthranilate biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of pterocarpan phytoalexins (medicarpin and maackian).
Biosynthesis of medicarpin, the major phytoalexin in alfalfa. Medicarpin is synthesized via the isoflavonoid branch of phenylpropanoid metabolism.
Biosynthesis of sulfur-containing amino-acid L-methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid). L-methionine is an essential amino-acid for many crucial cellular functions, including the initiation of protein synthesis, methylation of DNA and rRNA, and biosynthesis of cysteine, phospholipids and polyamines.
biological_process:methionine biosynthetic process
The methionine salvage pathway (MSP) is an important metabolic pathway in maintaining the amount of L-methionine as the amount of methionine in cells is typically limiting and its de novo biosynthesis is energetically expensive. Therefore, L-methionine is salvaged from S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine (MTA), the end-product of spermidine biosynthesis.
2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid salvage
L-methionine biosynthesis via salvage pathway
biological_process:L-methionine biosynthetic process from methylthioadenosine
Biosynthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, usually catalyzed by the cognate aminoacyl-tRNA ligase.
Biosynthesis of selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec). If the pathway for selenocysteine biosynthesis differs in bacteria from that present in eukaryotes and archaea; tRNA(Sec) remains a common factor for selenocysteine formation among the three kingdoms.
biological_process:selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec) biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of 2-deoxystreptamine (DOS).
Biosynthesis of ppGpp (guanosine tetraphosphate, guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate), a derivative of guanine riboside. The stringent response to amino acid starvation, whereby stable RNA synthesis is curtailed in favour of transcription of amino acid biosynthetic genes, is controlled by the alarmone ppGpp.
guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate biosynthesis
biological_process:guanosine tetraphosphate biosynthetic process
GMP biosynthesis from guanine (salvage pathway).
guanosine 5'-phosphate biosynthesis via salvage pathway
guanosine monophosphate biosynthesis via salvage pathway
Maturation of sulfatase through oxidation of a specific cysteine to Calpha-formylglycine (Fgly), a catalytic residue in their active site.
Metabolism of retinoids, a class of chemical compounds that are related chemically to vitamin A. Retinoids have many important and diverse functions throughout the body including roles in vision, regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation, growth of bone tissue, immune function, and activation of tumor suppressor genes.
biological_process:retinoid metabolic process
Metabolism of retinol, the animal form of vitamin A. Retinol is a fat-soluble vitamin important in vision and bone growth. It belongs to the family of chemical compounds known as retinoids.
biological_process:retinol metabolic process
Metabolism of isoprenoid compounds, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues. [source: GO] Isoprene is the chemical 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene. It is a common structural motif in biological systems. The terpenes (for example, the carotenes are tetraterpenes) are derived from isoprene, as are the terpenoids and coenzyme Q. Also derived from isoprene are phytol, retinol (vitamin A) , tocopherol (vitamin E), dolichols, and squalene. Heme A has an isoprenoid tail, and lanosterol, the sterol precursor in animals, is derived from squalene and hence from isoprene. The functional isoprene units in biological systems are dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) and its isomer isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), which are used in the biosynthesis of terpenes and lanosterol derivatives.
biological_process:isoprenoid metabolic process
Metabolism of myo-inositol (cis-1,2,3,5-trans-4,6-cyclohexanehexol), arbocyclic polyol that plays an important role as the structural basis for a number of secondary messengers in eukaryotic cells, including inositol phosphates, phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) lipids.
biological_process:inositol metabolic process
Biosynthesis of mycolic acids. Mycolic acids are essential elements of the mycobacterial envelope.
Degradation of D-ribose carbohydrate. D-ribose, which can serve as a total source of carbon and energy for E. coli, enters the cell via a high-affinity ABC transport system and hence in unphosphorylated form. The ribose ABC transporter facilitates transport of beta-D-ribopyranose. which is converted to furanose forms of beta-D-ribose. Interconversion of the alpha- and beta-anomers of D-ribofuranose is fast and spontaneous. It is then converted to D-ribose-5-phosphate, an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway.
biological_process:D-ribose catabolic process
Biosynthesis of poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB), a homopolymer of D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate that belongs to a family of naturally occurring, biodegradable polyesters, known as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). PHB is a storage material produced by a variety of bacteria in response to environmental stress. PHA act as reserve compounds for carbon, energy, and reducing equivalents and are of interest because their material properties make them a potential alternative to some petroleum-based thermoplastics.
poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutanoate biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of patulin, a mycotoxin produced by 14 species of the genus Penicillium and is most likely to be found in fruits, silage and dung. Patulin is also an antibiotic.
Biosynthesis of 2-oxosuberate (alpha-ketosuberate), a precursor to coenzyme B (7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate) and biotin.
Conversion of pyruvate (the final product of glycolysis) to formic acid in the absence of oxygen.
Conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more functional mRNA(s). This includes 5' capping, 3' cleavage and polyadenylation, as well as mRNA splicing and RNA editing.
The 5' ends of most eukaryotic mRNAs and many viral mRNAs harbor a m7GpppN cap structure that plays a critical role in the translation and stability of mRNAs. Biosynthesis of this cap structure involves three distinct enzymatic activities: (i) the 5' end of pre-mRNAs is initially hydrolyzed to a diphosphate end by an RNA triphosphatase; (ii) the diphosphate end of the mRNA is then capped with GMP by an RNA guanylyltransferase, and finally, (iii) the cap is methylated by an RNA (guanine-7) methyltransferase. Addition of the 7-methylguanosine cap to the 5' end of a eukaryotic mRNA transcript.
biological_process:7-methylguanosine mRNA capping
Degradation of nitrobenzene. Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes JS45 utilizes nitrobenzene as the sole source of nitrogen, carbon, and energy. Some studies have shown that degradation of nitrobenzene involves the reduction of nitrobenzene to nitrosobenzene and hydroxylaminobenzene, followed by rearrangement to 2-aminophenol, which then undergoes meta ring cleavage to 2-aminomuconic semialdehyde. Comamonas sp. JS765 can also use nitrobenzene as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. It inserts dioxygen directly into nitrobenzene, with concomitant reduction of the substrate to form catechol.
Biosynthesis of oleoresin, a complex mixture of mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenoids that accumulates at the wound site to kill invaders and both flush and seal the injury.
Biosynthesis of stachyose, the tetrasaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside.
biological_process:stachyose biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of oxytetracycline, an acetate-derived polyketide antibiotic that belongs to the broad-spectrum tetracycline group.
The serine cycle for formaldehyde assimilation (QSC) is the main assimilatory pathway for methylotrophic growth.
formaldehyde assimilation via serine pathway
Conversion of methanol into forrmaldehyde.
biological_process:methanol catabolic process
Degradation of succinyl-CoA into acetoacetyl-CoA.
Degradation of phenylacetic acid (PAA, benzeneacetic acid), an organic compound containing a phenyl functional group and an acetic acid functional group. Phenylacetic acid is a common source of carbon and energy for a wide variety of microorganisms.
biological_process:phenylacetate catabolic process
biological_process:cellular component organization
Biogenesis of extracellular cell structures: fimbrae, pili, S-layers, capsules and slime layers.
Formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the capsule, a protective structure surrounding some species of bacteria and fungi.
Biosynthesis of polysaccharides that make up the capsule, a mucopolysaccharide protective structure surrounding some species of bacteria and fungi.
biological_process:capsule polysaccharide biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of slime layer envelopping the cell.
biological_process:slime layer organization
Biosynthesis of polysaccharides in the slime layer, a diffused layer of polysaccharide exterior to the bacterial cell wall.
biological_process:slime layer polysaccharide biosynthetic process
Degradation of p-cumic acid, an aromatic hydrocarbon compound.
Biosynthesis of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.
biological_process:membrane lipid biosynthetic process
Metabolism of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.
biological_process:membrane lipid metabolic process
Metabolism of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any biological process, quality or function. [source: GO].
biological_process:biological regulation
Signal transduction refers to any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another. Most processes of signal transduction involve ordered sequences of biochemical reactions inside the cell, which are carried out by enzymes, activated by second messengers, resulting in a signal transduction pathway.
Phosphatidylinositol is the substrate for a large number of enzymes which are involved in cell signaling because it can be phosphorylated by a variety of kinases on the hydroxyl groups 3, 4 and 5 on the inositol ring in seven different combinations.
Degradation of propionic acid, an organic acid.
Biosynthesis of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.
biological_process:glycerophospholipid biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine. [source: GO].
biological_process:phosphatidylserine biosynthetic process
Metabolism of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol. [source: GO].
biological_process:phosphatidylinositol metabolic process
Biogenesis of spore coat, a complex multiprotein structure that plays an important role in spore germination and resistance to toxic chemicals. Other functions are assigned to the coat, from sensing the external environment through active enzymes present on its surface to protecting the spore from predation by phagocytic protozoans. In addition, the coat is a novel system for the display at the spore surface of heterologous antigens, enzymes, and bioactive molecules.
Photorespiration involves three organelles: the chloroplast, the peroxisome, and the mitochondria. At conditions of low CO2 concentration and high O2 concentration, ribulose bisphosphate is oxidized to 3-phosphoglycerate and 2-phosphoglycolate. The two-carbon molecule, 2-phosphoglycolate is converted to glycine. The decarboxylation of two glycines generates serine, CO2 and NH3. Serine is further converted to 3-phosphoglycerate. 3-phosphoglycerate generated from photorespiration re-enters the CO2 fixation Calvin cycle. NH3 is re-fixed by glutamine synthetase. The outcome of photorespiration is loss of CO2 and energy in photosynthetic cells. The biological function of photorespiration is not clear. One possibility is that photorespiration is necessary under conditions of high light intensity and low CO2 concentration (i.e. when stomata is closed under water stress) to dissipate excess ATP and reducing power from the photosynthesis light reactions, thus to prevent damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. [MetaCyc].
C2 photorespiratory carbon oxidation cycle
biological_process:oxidative photosynthetic carbon pathway
Biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins (oligomeric proanthocyanidins or OPCs), a class of flavonoid complexes found in sea buckthorn oil and grape seeds and skin. Proanthocyanidin act as antioxidants (free radical scavengers) in the human body.
biological_process:proanthocyanidin biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of spore coat polysaccharides.
Biosynthesis of vitamin D, a group of fat-soluble prohormones, the two major forms of which are vitamin D2 (or ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (or cholecalciferol). The term vitamin D also refers to metabolites and other analogues of these substances. Vitamin D3 is produced in skin exposed to sunlight, specifically ultraviolet B radiation.
biological_process:vitamin D biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3).
Metabolism of the methylpentose L-fucose (6-deoxygalactose).
biological_process:fucose metabolic process
Metabolism of asparagine (N)-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans).
Biosynthesis of the core region of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS).
biological_process:lipopolysaccharide core region biosynthetic process
Metabolic pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus.[source: GO].
biological_process:phosphorus metabolic process
Biosynthesis of phosphonates, i.e organic compounds containing one or more C-PO(OH)2 or C-PO(OR)2 (with R=alkyl, aryl) groups.
biological_process:organic phosphonate biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of ginkgolide derivatives, biologically active terpenic lactones present in Ginkgo biloba. Ginkgolides have a diterpenoid structure, i.e. it has 20-carbon skeleton and are synthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate.
Metabolism of L-cysteine (2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid) , an hydrophilic natural amino-acids with a thiol sidechain.
2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid metabolism
biological_process:cysteine metabolic process
Biosynthesis of polysaccharides that make up the cell wall.
Biosynthesis of butirosin, a water-soluble aminoglycosidic antibiotic complex isolated from fermentation filtrates of bacillus circulans.
Biosynthesis of kanamycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic.
Biosynthesis of aminoglycoside, a group of antibiotics active against many aerobic gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria. Aminoglycoside are mostly produced by fungi and contain an amino sugar, and amino-or guanido-substituted inositol ring which are attached by a glycosidic linkage to a hexose nucleus resulting in a polycationic and highly polar compound. T Common examples are streptomycin, gentamicin, amikacin, kanamycin, tobramycin, netilmicin, neomycin, framycetin.
biological_process:aminoglycoside antibiotic biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic.
Biosynthesis of lividomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic.
Biosynthesis of neomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic.
Biosynthesis of paromomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic.
Biosynthesis of tobramycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic.
Biosynthesis of ribostamycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic.
Biosynthesis of lipid A, the glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, consisting of six fatty acyl chains linked to two glucosamine residues.
biological_process:lipid A biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of pentalenolactone, a sesquiterpenoid antibiotic, first isolated in 1957 from Streptomyces roseogriseus and subsequently found in the extracts of numerous Streptomyces species. Pentalenolactone has been shown to be active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as a variety of fungi and protozoa and to inhibit the replication of DNA viruses such as HSV-1 and HSV-2. Pentalenolactone also inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.
Biosynthesis of prenylquinone, a group of benzoquinone (ubiquinone, plastoquinone) with isoprenyl side chain.
Biosynthesis of the core region of bacterial lipoolidosaccharides (LOS).
Biogenesis of S-layer structure, a crystalline protein layer surrounding some bacteria.
Biogenesis (formation and assembly) of flagellum components. In bacteria, this is a whiplike motility appendage present on the surface of some species; in eukaryotes, flagella are threadlike protoplasmic extensions used to propel flagellates and sperm. Flagella are composed of flagellin and have the same basic structure as cilia but are longer .
Biosynthesis of the calcium-dependent antibiotics (CDAs). CDAs belong to the group of structurally related acidic lipopetide antibiotics, which include A54145, daptomycin, friulimicins and amphomycins. All of these nonribosomally biosynthesized lipopeptides contain N-terminal fatty acid side chains, which is a trans-2,3-epoxyhexanoyl moiety in the case of CDA, along with decapeptide lactone or lactam cores.
calcium-dependent antibiotic biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of colanic acid (M-antigen), an exopolysaccharide common to many enterobacteria.
biological_process:colanic acid biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of quinolobactin (8-hydroxy-4-methoxy-quinaldic acid), a siderophore produced by some pseudomonas species.
8-hydroxy-4-methoxy-quinaldic acid biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of limonene (4-isopropenyl-1-methyl-cyclohexene), a monocyclic monoterpene. Limonene is the most widespread terpene in the world and is formed by more than 300 plants.
4-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene biosynthesis
biological_process:limonene biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of D-limonene ((+)-4R-isopropenyl-1-methyl-cyclohexene), a monocyclic monoterpene.
(+)-4R-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of L-limonene ((-)-4S-isopropenyl-1-methyl-cyclohexene), a monocyclic monoterpene.
(-)-4S-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of (-)-alpha-pinene ((1S,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene), a bicyclic monoterpene. It is produced from geranyl pyrophosphate, via cyclisation of linaloyl pyrophosphate followed by loss of a proton from the carbocation equivalent.
biological_process:alpha-pinene biosynthetic process
It is produced from geranyl pyrophosphate, via cyclisation of linaloyl pyrophosphate followed by loss of a proton from the carbocation equivalent.
Degradation of (4R)-limonene (4-isopropenyl-1-methyl-cyclohexene), a monocyclic monoterpene.
(+)-4R-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene degradation
Biosynthesis of 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine-tRNA. The wobble modification, 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (mcm5s2U), is required for the proper decoding of NNR codons in eukaryotes.
5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine-tRNA biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of N(7)-methylguanine-tRNA. 7-methylguanosine (m7G) modification of tRNA occurs widely in eukaryotes and bacteria, is nearly always found at position 46, and is one of the few modifications that confers a positive charge to the base.
Biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid from GDP-D-mannose.
L-ascorbate biosynthesis via GDP-alpha-D-mannose pathway
Biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid from UDP-glucuronic acid. This pathway occurs in most vertebrates, although not in guinea pigs and primates, including humans.
L-ascorbate biosynthesis via UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate pathway
Biosynthesis of endocannabinoid derivatives. Endocannabinoid are endogenous compounds that bind to cannabinoid receptors (cannabimimetic activity). They are structurally different from the cannabinoids which are primarily derived from plants.
Biosynthesis of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), an endogenous lipid that activates brain canabinoid receptors. 2-arachidonoylglycerol is an endocannabinoid. There are two possible routes of 2-AG biosynthesis in neurons [PMID:12843414]. Phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids may produce 1,2-diacylglycerol, which may be subsequently converted to 2-arachidonoylglycerol by diacylglycerol lipase (DGL) activity. Alternatively, phospholipase A1 (PLA1) may generate a lysophospholipid, which may be hydrolyzed to 2-arachidonoylglycerol by a lyso-PLC activity.
Biosynthesis of phylloquinone (also called vitamine K1 or phytonadione), a lipid-soluble molecule that belongs to the naphto-quinone family.
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone biosynthesis
biological_process:phylloquinone biosynthetic process
Degradation of carbamoyl phosphate, a key metabolic intermediate.
biological_process:carbamoyl phosphate catabolic process
Degradation of proteins by hydrolysis of their peptide bonds. This process is initiated by the covalent attachment of pup (Prokaryotic Ubiquitin-like Protein), and mediated by the proteasome.
Prokaryotic Ubiquitin-like Protein (pup) fusion protein degradation pathway
Conjugation of pup (Prokaryotic Ubiquitin-like Protein) to a target protein via an isopeptide bond between the carboxyl terminus of pup and the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein.
prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein conjugation
Biosynthesis of 6-carboxyhexanoyl-CoA (pimeloyl-CoA), a precursor of biotin in some organisms.
Metabolism of tetrahydrofolate derivative compounds.
biological_process:tetrahydrofolate metabolic process
Biosynthesis of bacilysocin, a phospholipid antibiotic.
Degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls xenobiotic compounds.
Biosynthesis of bacillaene, a polyketide antibiotic.
Biosynthesis of petrobactin, a catecholate siderophore that functions in both iron acquisition and virulence in a murine model of anthrax. Petrobactin harbors unique 3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl iron-liganding groups.
Biosynthesis of mannosylfructose. This disaccharide has been first discovered as the major osmolyte in salt-tolerant strains of A.tumefaciens biotype I.
Metabolism of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages [GO:0009311].
biological_process:oligosaccharide metabolic process
Biosynthesis of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages [GO:0009312].
biological_process:oligosaccharide biosynthetic process
Metabolism of nicotinic acid, also known as niacin or vitamin B3, a water-soluble vitamin.
Degradation of nicotinate also known as niacin or vitamin B3, a water-soluble vitamin.
Degradation of 4-chlorobenzoate (4-CBA) by certain soil bacteria. 4-chlorobenzoate is not known to be a natural product but is introduced in the environement through its use as a precursor in the synthesis of dye stuffs, pigments and pharmaceuticals.
Biosynthesis of L-aspartate amino-acid from oxaloacetate, an intermediate of the TCA cycle, by a transamination reaction with glutamate. L-aspartate is a constituent of proteins and participates in several other biosyntheses as purine and pyrimidine nucleotide, NAD, phosphopanthothenate and other amino acids.
biological_process:aspartate biosynthetic process
biological_process:glutamine biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of ergothioneine. Ergothioneine is a histidine-derived thiol of bacterial and fungal origin that has also been isolated from animal and human tissue. Ergothioneine has antioxidant properties.
biological_process:ergothioneine biosynthetic process
Degradation of anthranilate (2-aminobenzoate). Anthranilate is an intermediate in the degradation of many compounds, such as tryptophan, o-nitrobenzoate, quinaldine, carbazole, and those containing an indole moiety.
biological_process:anthranilate catabolic process
Degradation of anthranilate via hydroxylation pathway. This aerobic pathway converts anthranilate to catechol in a single step.
anthranilate degradation via hydroxylation
Biosynthesis of xanthan, an industrially important exopolysaccharide produced by the phytopathogenic, gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Xanthan is composed of polymerized pentasaccharide repeating units which are assembled by the sequential addition of glucose-1-phosphate, glucose, mannose, glucuronate, and mannose on a polyprenol phosphate carrier.
Biosynthesis of tylosin, a macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae. The structure of tylosin is a 16-atom polyketide lactone (tylactone) with 3 sugars atached (D-mycaminose, &-deoxy-D-allose and L-mycaose).
Biosynthesis of dafachronic acids (DAs), which are steroid hormones and ligands for the nuclear receptor DAF-12.
Biosynthesis of neopentalenolactone, a sesquiterpenoid antibiotic.
Metabolism of branched-chain fatty acid compounds.
Metabolism of 15-methylhexadecasphinganine base derivatives.
15-methylhexadecasphinganine base metabolism
Metabolism of octadecasphinganine base derivatives.
Metabolism of dodecasphinganine base derivatives.
In plants glycolysis occurs in both cytosol and plastids, with reactions in the different compartments catalysed by separate isoenzymes. In chloroplasts, glycolysis is most active in conjunction with the breakdown of starch to form sucrose for export to non-photosynthetic tissues. There is some doubt about the occurrence of phosphoglycerate mutase in chloroplasts, and therefore the main products of the glycolytic reactions may be triose phosphates and 3-PGA. These could be exported through the Pi translocator in the chloroplast envelope to the cytosol, where sucrose synthesis takes place. In photosynthetic cells, the triose phosphate exported to the cytosol for sucrose synthesis could also enter the glycolytic pathway directly to provide mitochondrial substrates. [http://plantsinaction.science.uq.edu.au/edition1/?q=content/2-4-2-glycolytic-pathway].
Spirilloxanthin is a carotenoid synthesized by the photosynthetic non-sulfur purple bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum. It was shown to be aggregated in large particles (apparent MW > 600 kDa) and was not associated with a specific protein. This acyclic, methylated carotenoid, as well as spheroidene, are accessory pigments, in the light-harvesting and reaction-center complexes in Rhodospirillum rubrum.
L-pyrrolysine (abbreviated as Pyl or O) is a naturally occurring, genetically coded amino acid used by some methanogenic archaea and bacterium in enzymes that are part of their methane-producing metabolism. It forms part of an unusual genetic code in these organisms, and is considered the 22nd proteinogenic amino acid. It is necessary for all of the known pathways by which methane is formed from methylamines [PMID:21550296]. L-pyrrolysine is similar to lysine, but with an added pyrroline ring linked to the end of the lysine side chain. Pyrrolysine is synthesized in vivo by joining two molecules of L-lysine. One molecule of lysine is first converted to (3R)-3-Methyl-D-ornithine, which is then ligated to a second lysine. An amino group is eliminated, followed by cyclization and dehydration step to yield L-pyrrolysine.
biological_process:pyrrolysine biosynthetic process
Biosynthesis of rifamycin B. The rifamycins are an important family of ansamycin antibiotics with anti-mycobacterial activity. rifamycin B is synthesized either naturally by the bacterium Amycolatopsis mediterranei (formerly Streptomyces mediterranei, Nocardia mediterranei) or artificially.
Degradation of 4-nitrophenol (also called p-nitrophenol or 4-hydroxynitrobenzene). 4-nitrophenol is a phenolic compound that has a nitro group at the opposite position of hydroxy group on the benzene ring.
biological_process:4-nitrophenol catabolic process
Degradation of carbazole. Carbazole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound. It has a tricyclic structure, consisting of two six-membered benzene rings fused on either side of a five-membered nitrogen-containing ring.
biological_process:carbazole catabolic process
Degradation of 1,8-cineol (eucalyptol). 1,8-cineole is a cyclic monoterpene containing an internal ether linkage. It is found in the oil from the leaves of Eucalyptus radiata var. Australiana and is used in the fragrance and flavor industries. Microorganisms metabolizing 1,8-cineole as sole carbon source must cleave both the ring and ether linkages.
Degradation of 4-chloronitrobenzene. 4-Nitrochlorobenzene is a common intermediate in the production of a number of industrially useful compounds, including common antioxidants found in rubber.
The aminocoumarin antibiotics comprise three classical compounds: novobiocin, clorobiocin and coumermycin A1. They are potent inhibitors of gyrase, competing with ATP for binding to the B subunit of DNA gyrase and thereby inhibiting the ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling catalysed by gyrase [PMID:10093705,PMID:12570764]. All three are produced by different Streptomyces strains [PMID:10770754], [PMID:11036020], [PMID:12480894] The novobiocin molecule comprises three structural moieties: the deoxy sugar noviose, a substituted 3-aminocoumarin moiety and a 3-prenylated 4-hydroxybenzoate moiety. Noviose is related to L-rhamnose, but shows an unusual 5,5-dimethyl structure and carries a carbamyl group at 3-OH and a methyl group at 4-OH. The aminocoumarin ring is substituted with hydroxy groups in positions 3 and 7. Novobiocin and coumermycin A1 carry a methyl group at position 8 of the aminocoumarin unit, while clorobiocin (also called chlorobiocin) is chlorinated in this position. In clorobiocin and coumermycin A1, the 3-OH of the deoxy sugar is connected with a 5-methylpyrrole-2-carboxyl moiety rather than with a carbamyl group. While clorobiocin contains the same prenylated 4-hydroxybenzoate moiety as novobiocin, the coumermycin A1 molecule contains a central 3-methylpyrrole-2,4-dicarboxylic acid moiety, which links two aminocoumarin-deoxy sugar assemblies in a nearly but not completely symmetrical fashion [PMID:16868863].
Biosynthesis of novobiocin. The novobiocin molecule comprises three structural moieties: the deoxy sugar noviose, a substituted 3-aminocoumarin moiety and a 3-prenylated 4-hydroxybenzoate moiety. Noviose is related to L-rhamnose, but shows an unusual 5,5-dimethyl structure and carries a carbamyl group at 3-OH and a methyl group at 4-OH. The aminocoumarin ring is substituted with hydroxy groups in positions 3 and 7. Novobiocin and coumermycin A1 carry a methyl group at position 8 of the aminocoumarin unit, while clorobiocin (also called chlorobiocin) is chlorinated in this position. In clorobiocin and coumermycin A1, the 3-OH of the deoxy sugar is connected with a 5-methylpyrrole-2-carboxyl moiety rather than with a carbamyl group. While clorobiocin contains the same prenylated 4-hydroxybenzoate moiety as novobiocin, the coumermycin A1 molecule contains a central 3-methylpyrrole-2,4-dicarboxylic acid moiety, which links two aminocoumarin-deoxy sugar assemblies in a nearly but not completely symmetrical fashion.
Biosynthesis of kanosamine, a naturally occurring antibiotic and component of oligosaccharide antibiotics such as kanamycin.
Biosynthesis of mono unsaturated fatty acids.
Biosynthesis of carminomycin, a potent antitumor anthracycline antibiotic.
Biosynthesis of doxorubicin, a potent antitumor anthracycline antibiotic.
Biosynthesis of rhodomycin, a potent antitumor anthracycline antibiotic.
Biosynthesis of aclacinomycin, a potent antitumor anthracycline antibiotic.
Metabolism of xyloglucan, a hemicellulose that occurs in the primary cell wall of all vascular plants.
biological_process:xyloglucan metabolic process
Degradation of xyloglucan, a hemicellulose that occurs in the primary cell wall of all vascular plants.
biological_process:xyloglucan catabolic process
Metabolism of D-galacturonate, a component of pectin.
biological_process:D-galacturonate metabolic process
Degradation of D-galacturonate, a component of pectin. For the microbial catabolism, three different pathways have been described, (i) a reductive pathway, (ii) an isomerase pathway, (iii) an oxidative pathway.
biological_process:D-galacturonate catabolic process
The prokaryotic degradation of D-galacturonate via the reductive pathway.
D-galacturonate degradation via prokaryotic reductive pathway
The prokaryotic degradation of D-galacturonate via the isomerase pathway.
D-galacturonate degradation via prokaryotic isomerase pathway
The prokaryotic degradation of D-galacturonate via the oxidative pathway.
D-galacturonate degradation via prokaryotic oxidative pathway
The Degradation of D-galacturonate in eukaryotes. Yeast and mould can grow with d-galacturonic acid as a sole carbon source; however, a pathway different from the prokaryotic pathways is used.
D-galacturonate degradation via eukaryotic pathway
Biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids, a subtype of glycolipids containing the amino alcohol sphingosine. Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are found in the cell membranes of organisms from bacteria to man, and are the major glycans of the vertebrate brain, where more than 80% of glycoconjugates are in the form of glycolipids.
Metabolism of phylloquinone (also called vitamine K1 or phytonadione), a lipid-soluble molecule that belongs to the naphto-quinone family.
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone metabolism
biological_process:phylloquinone metabolic process
Degradation of phylloquinone (also called vitamine K1 or phytonadione), a lipid-soluble molecule that belongs to the naphto-quinone family.
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone degradation
biological_process:phylloquinone catabolic process
Metabolism of quinol/quinone cofactors, such as menaquinone (vitamin K2), ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) or phylloquinone (vitamin K1).
biological_process:quinone metabolic process
Degradation of quinone cofactors, such as menaquinone (vitamin K2), ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) or phylloquinone (vitamin K1).
biological_process:quinone catabolic process
Biosynthesis of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate, the naphtalenic intermediate in the biosynthesis of several quinol/quinone cofactors such as menaquinone (vitamin K2) or phylloquinone (vitamin K1).
Biosynthesis of siderophore group nonribosomal peptides
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids.
biological_process:cholesterol catabolic process
A chemical compound involved in a UniPathway pathway.
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate 6-phosphate
6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonic acid
1-(2-carboxyphenylamino)-1'-deoxy-ribulose 5'-phosphate
1-(2-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxy-D-ribulose 5-phosphate
5-oxopent-3-ene-1,2,5-tricarboxylic acid
(S)-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate
S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate
N-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)anthranilic acid
S-adenosyl-4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconic acid
3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate
guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate
N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate
reduced electron-transferring flavoprotein
5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde
D-erythro-1-(imidazol-4-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate
cis-4,5-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,6-diene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine diphosphate
(2S)-2-[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido]succinic acid
2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-beta-D-glucosaminyl 1-phosphate
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(erythro-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)-dihydropteridine triphosphate
2,3,2',3'-tetrakis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-D-glucosaminyl-1,6-beta-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate
2,3,2',3'-tetrakis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-1,6-beta-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate
3-carboxy-1-hydroxypropylthiamine diphosphate
(1R,6R)-2-succinyl-6-hydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid
formamidopyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate
2,5-diaminopyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate
2-Amino-4-hydroxy-6-(erythro-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)dihydropteridine phosphate
(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonyl-lipid IV((A))
di[3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonyl]-lipid IV(A)
(R)-3-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutanoic acid
4-(4-deoxy-alpha-D-gluc-4-enosyluronic acid)-D-galacturonic acid
1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid
(1R,6S)-1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-dienecarboxylic acid
cis-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-p-cumic acid
2-hydroxy-3-carboxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoic acid
2-hydroxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoic acid
2-deoxy-5-keto-D-gluconic acid 6-phosphate
6-phospho-5-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconic acid
2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid
2-hydroxy-6-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-6-oxo-cis,cis-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid
2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid
2-hydroxy-6-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)-6-oxo-cis,cis-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid
D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate
D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 1-phosphate
4-(cytidine 5'-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol
2-phospho-4-(cytidine 5'-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol
4-CDP-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate
2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphophate
2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclic diphosphate
D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 1,7-bisphosphate
D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 1,7-diphosphate
2-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-3-phosphoglyceric acid
1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate
(2E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbutenyl diphosphate
10beta-hydroxytaxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate
5-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-ureido-2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid
(S)-5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-2-furylacetic acid
5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate
2-hydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)-3-oxopent-1-enyl phosphate
4alpha-methylzymosterol-4-carboxylic acid
4-deoxy-4-formamido-alpha-L-arabinose undecaprenyl phosphate
4-deoxy-4-formamido-alphaL-arabinose undecaprenyl phosphate
4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-L-arabinose undecaprenyl phosphate
2-succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid
di-trans,poly-cis-undecaprenyl phosphate
beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside 6(F)-phosphate
beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside 6-phosphate
beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside
D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate
D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 1,7-diphosphate
D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 1-phosphate
10beta,14beta-dihydroxytaxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate
4-amino-4-deoxy-beta-L-arabinose-lipid A
MF(X)-directly_regulates->MF(Y)-enabled_by->GP(Z) => MF(Y)-has_input->GP(Y) e.g. if 'protein kinase activity'(X) directly_regulates 'protein binding activity (Y)and this is enabled by GP(Z) then X has_input Z
GP(X)-enables->MF(Y)-has_part->MF(Z) => GP(X) enables MF(Z), e.g. if GP X enables ATPase coupled transporter activity' and 'ATPase coupled transporter activity' has_part 'ATPase activity' then GP(X) enables 'ATPase activity'
GP(X)-enables->MF(Y)-part_of->BP(Z) => GP(X) involved_in BP(Z) e.g. if X enables 'protein kinase activity' and Y 'part of' 'signal tranduction' then X involved in 'signal transduction'
This rule is dubious: added as a quick fix for expected inference in GO-CAM. The problem is most acute for transmembrane proteins, such as receptors or cell adhesion molecules, which have some subfunctions inside the cell (e.g. kinase activity) and some subfunctions outside (e.g. ligand binding). Correct annotation of where these functions occurs leads to incorrect inference about the location of the whole protein. This should probably be weakened to "... -> overlaps"
If a molecular function (X) has a regulatory subfunction, then any gene product which is an input to that subfunction has an activity that directly_regulates X. Note: this is intended for cases where the regaultory subfunction is protein binding, so it could be tightened with an additional clause to specify this.
inferring direct reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction
inferring direct neg reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction
inferring direct positive reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction
effector input is compound function input
Input of effector is input of its parent MF
if effector directly regulates X, its parent MF directly regulates X
if effector directly positively regulates X, its parent MF directly positively regulates X
if effector directly negatively regulates X, its parent MF directly negatively regulates X