Appeal To Probability Fallacy
type: Ontology
creator: Giorgia Crosilla
comment: This is an ontology that describes the behaviour of a person affected by the Appeal To Probability Fallacy.

has engagement
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: in activity
range: Engagement

in activity
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Engagement
range: Activity
description: what activity/ies are affecting or affected by a certain engagement

includes
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Activity
range: Observation
description: A relation of mereological nature that connects a given observation with the activity that originates them: it strengthens the argument that observations are always active processes from a cognitive standpoint, regardless of how conscious they may be.
comment: A standard mereological property from another content pattern may be used in lieu of this one and therefore aligned with it.

engaged in
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Person
range: Engagement
description: Because an activity may engage other participants than the one performing it, engagements are in general considered individual rather than collective, therefore each participants has their own engagement and only some of them will be conscious and/or documented.

is reflected upon in
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is reflection on

is reflection on
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Observation
range: Engagement
description: Used to connect the subjective elements of an experience with the corresponding observation, which is extrapolated from the content being interacted with and in itself may not be including a critique.

produced observation
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is produced by
domain: Subjective Influence
range: Observation
description: This property can be used to denote that something is (even indirectly, not necessary through direct reflection) responsible for the existence of an observation.

has certainty
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Engagement
range: Certainty

has evidence
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Observation
range: Evidence

influences
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is based on
domain: Probability
range: Subjective Influence

is based on
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Subjective Influence
range: Probability

is produced by
type: ObjectProperty

is not believed because of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: prevents believing in

prevents believing in
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Observation
range: Engagement

is affected by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Biased Agent
range: Cognitive Bias

has parameter data value
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Certainty
range: string
comment: Parametrizes values from a datatype. For example, a Parameter AgeForDriving hasParameterDataValue 18 on datatype xsd:int, in the Italian traffic code. In this example, AgeForDriving isDefinedIn the Norm ItalianTrafficCodeAgeDriving. More complex parametrization requires workarounds. E.g. AgeRangeForDrugUsage could parametrize data value: 14 to 50 on the datatype: xsd:int. Since complex datatypes are not allowed in OWL1.0, a solution to this can only work by creating two 'sub-parameters': MinimumAgeRangeForDrugUsage (that hasParameterDataValue 14) and MaximumAgeRangeForDrugUsage (that hasParameterDataValue 50), which are components of the main Parameter AgeRangeForDrugUsage. Ordering on subparameters can be created by using or specializing the object property 'precedes'.
label: ha valore @it

Engagement
type: Class
description: The product of a reflection upon an observation, which embodies subjective traits of an experience (Example: "After reading this passage of 'To Kill a Mockingbird', I came to a clearer understanding of the many facets of social intolerance").
comment: In the context of this ontology Engagement is considered with both the acception used by the ODP and the context in which the bias is happening. For example, if the bias prevents believing in climate change, due to a reflection on the topic, the Engagement is the climate change itself, so the context or situation.

Observation
type: Class
description: The product of an act of scrutiny which may or may not have been performed with a critical disposition (Example: "My thoughts from reading this passage of 'To Kill a Mockingbird'").
comment: A disjointness or alignment between this class and <http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/observation.owl#Observation> in the Observation content pattern is plausible but subject to debate, hence will not be formalised herein.

Activity
type: Class
comment: The activity represents the personal act of the agent that arises from interaction with the environment and generates personal reflection.

Person
type: Class
equivalent class: Biased Agent
comment: The biased agent.

Agent
type: Class
comment: An agent (eg. person, group, software or physical artifact).
term status: stable

Appeal To Probability Fallacy
type: Class
subclass of: Cognitive Bias
comment: The appeal to probability fallacy, also known as the argument from probability, occurs when someone argues that because something is likely to happen, it is therefore true or should be believed.

Biased Agent
type: Class
subclass of: Agent
description: A BiasedAgent is an Agent affected by a bias.

Claim
type: Class
subclass of: Observation
description: The claim is the thesis that the Agent states according to his/her personal opinion and it is supported by some kind of evidence.

Cognitive Bias
type: Class
comment: Cognitive bias refers to systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment, often leading to perceptual distortion, inaccurate interpretation, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called irrationality.

Certainty
type: Class
comment: The concept of certainty here refers to the certainty needed by the biased person in order to believe to the situation represented by Engagement (i.e. Alex needs absolute certainty in order to believe that climate change is real).

Evidence
type: Class
comment: The evidence that supports the biased agent's thesis.

Probability
type: Class
comment: Probability represents the probability that the situation defined in the Engagement is not true.

Subjective Influence
type: Class
comment: Subjective Influence is created by believing in the probabilities rather than the widely believed truth.

Alex
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
engaged in: climate change
is affected by: Appeal to probability fallacy
comment: Alex is the biased agent, affected by the appeal to probability fallacy.

Appeal to probability fallacy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Appeal To Probability Fallacy

certainty level
type: NamedIndividual
type: Certainty
has parameter data value: absolute

climate change
type: NamedIndividual
type: Engagement
in activity: reasoning
comment: Climate Change actually happening according to a shared opinion based on facts.

convinced personal opinion
type: NamedIndividual
type: Observation
is reflection on: climate change
has evidence: scientific articles
is produced by: subjectivity
prevents believing in: climate change
comment: Climate change is not a significant threat because there's a chance the models are incorrect.

probability
type: NamedIndividual
type: Probability

scientific articles
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evidence
comment: Some scientific articles state that historical climate predictions were inaccurate.

subjectivity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Subjective Influence
is based on: probability

reasoning
type: NamedIndividual
type: Activity
includes: convinced personal opinion