@prefix : . @prefix dc: . @prefix fr: . @prefix eeo: . @prefix owl: . @prefix par: . @prefix rdf: . @prefix xml: . @prefix xsd: . @prefix bias: . @prefix foaf: . @prefix rdfs: . @prefix atpbias: . @base . rdf:type owl:Ontology ; dc:creator "Giorgia Crosilla"@en ; dc:title "Appeal To Probability Fallacy"@en ; rdfs:comment "This is an ontology that describes the behaviour of a person affected by the Appeal To Probability Fallacy."@en ; rdfs:seeAlso "http://ontologydesignpatterns.org/wiki/Submissions:Experience_%26_Observation"@en , "http://ontologydesignpatterns.org/wiki/Submissions:Parameter"@en . ################################################################# # Annotation properties ################################################################# ### http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator dc:creator rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title dc:title rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/description rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://www.w3.org/2003/06/sw-vocab-status/ns#term_status rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ################################################################# # Object Properties ################################################################# ### http://modellingdh.github.io/ont/odp/term/hasEngagement eeo:hasEngagement rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; owl:inverseOf eeo:inActivity ; rdfs:range eeo:Engagement ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://modellingdh.github.io/ont/odp/term/" ; rdfs:label "has engagement"@en . ### http://modellingdh.github.io/ont/odp/term/inActivity eeo:inActivity rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:domain eeo:Engagement ; rdfs:range ; "what activity/ies are affecting or affected by a certain engagement"@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://modellingdh.github.io/ont/odp/term/" ; rdfs:label "in activity"@en . ### http://modellingdh.github.io/ont/odp/term/includes eeo:includes rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:domain ; rdfs:range eeo:Observation ; "A relation of mereological nature that connects a given observation with the activity that originates them: it strengthens the argument that observations are always active processes from a cognitive standpoint, regardless of how conscious they may be."@en ; rdfs:comment "A standard mereological property from another content pattern may be used in lieu of this one and therefore aligned with it."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://modellingdh.github.io/ont/odp/term/" ; rdfs:label "includes"@en . ### http://modellingdh.github.io/ont/odp/term/isEngagedIn eeo:isEngagedIn rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:domain ; rdfs:range eeo:Engagement ; "Because an activity may engage other participants than the one performing it, engagements are in general considered individual rather than collective, therefore each participants has their own engagement and only some of them will be conscious and/or documented."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://modellingdh.github.io/ont/odp/term/" ; rdfs:label "engaged in"@en . ### http://modellingdh.github.io/ont/odp/term/isReflectedUponIn eeo:isReflectedUponIn rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; owl:inverseOf eeo:isReflectionOn ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://modellingdh.github.io/ont/odp/term/" ; rdfs:label "is reflected upon in"@en . ### http://modellingdh.github.io/ont/odp/term/isReflectionOn eeo:isReflectionOn rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:domain eeo:Observation ; rdfs:range eeo:Engagement ; "Used to connect the subjective elements of an experience with the corresponding observation, which is extrapolated from the content being interacted with and in itself may not be including a critique."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://modellingdh.github.io/ont/odp/term/" ; rdfs:label "is reflection on"@en . ### http://modellingdh.github.io/ont/odp/term/producedObservation eeo:producedObservation rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; owl:inverseOf atpbias:isProducedBy ; rdfs:domain fr:SubjectiveInfluence ; rdfs:range eeo:Observation ; "This property can be used to denote that something is (even indirectly, not necessary through direct reflection) responsible for the existence of an observation."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://modellingdh.github.io/ont/odp/term/" ; rdfs:label "produced observation"@en . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl#hasCertainty atpbias:hasCertainty rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:domain eeo:Engagement ; rdfs:range fr:Certainty ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl" ; rdfs:label "has certainty"@en . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl#hasEvidence atpbias:hasEvidence rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:domain eeo:Observation ; rdfs:range fr:Evidence ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl" ; rdfs:label "has evidence"@en . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl#influences atpbias:influences rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; owl:inverseOf atpbias:isBasedOn ; rdfs:domain fr:Probability ; rdfs:range fr:SubjectiveInfluence ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl#" ; rdfs:label "influences"@en . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl#isBasedOn atpbias:isBasedOn rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:domain fr:SubjectiveInfluence ; rdfs:range fr:Probability ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl#" ; rdfs:label "is based on" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl#isProducedBy atpbias:isProducedBy rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl#" ; rdfs:label "is produced by"@en . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl#notBelieved atpbias:notBelieved rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; owl:inverseOf atpbias:preventsBelievingIn ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl#" ; rdfs:label "is not believed because of" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl#preventsBelievingIn atpbias:preventsBelievingIn rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:domain eeo:Observation ; rdfs:range eeo:Engagement ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl#" ; rdfs:label "prevents believing in"@en . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#isAffectedBy bias:isAffectedBy rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:domain ; rdfs:range bias:CognitiveBias ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl"@en ; rdfs:label "is affected by"@en . ################################################################# # Data properties ################################################################# ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl#hasParameterDataValue atpbias:hasParameterDataValue rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:domain fr:Certainty ; rdfs:range xsd:string ; rdfs:comment """Parametrizes values from a datatype. For example, a Parameter AgeForDriving hasParameterDataValue 18 on datatype xsd:int, in the Italian traffic code. In this example, AgeForDriving isDefinedIn the Norm ItalianTrafficCodeAgeDriving. More complex parametrization requires workarounds. E.g. AgeRangeForDrugUsage could parametrize data value: 14 to 50 on the datatype: xsd:int. Since complex datatypes are not allowed in OWL1.0, a solution to this can only work by creating two 'sub-parameters': MinimumAgeRangeForDrugUsage (that hasParameterDataValue 14) and MaximumAgeRangeForDrugUsage (that hasParameterDataValue 50), which are components of the main Parameter AgeRangeForDrugUsage. Ordering on subparameters can be created by using or specializing the object property 'precedes'.""" ; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "ha valore"@it , "has parameter data value"@en . ################################################################# # Classes ################################################################# ### http://modellingdh.github.io/ont/odp/term/Engagement eeo:Engagement rdf:type owl:Class ; "The product of a reflection upon an observation, which embodies subjective traits of an experience (Example: \"After reading this passage of 'To Kill a Mockingbird', I came to a clearer understanding of the many facets of social intolerance\")."@en ; rdfs:comment "In the context of this ontology Engagement is considered with both the acception used by the ODP and the context in which the bias is happening. For example, if the bias prevents believing in climate change, due to a reflection on the topic, the Engagement is the climate change itself, so the context or situation."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://modellingdh.github.io/ont/odp/term/" ; rdfs:label "Engagement"@en . ### http://modellingdh.github.io/ont/odp/term/Observation eeo:Observation rdf:type owl:Class ; "The product of an act of scrutiny which may or may not have been performed with a critical disposition (Example: \"My thoughts from reading this passage of 'To Kill a Mockingbird'\")."@en ; rdfs:comment "A disjointness or alignment between this class and in the Observation content pattern is plausible but subject to debate, hence will not be formalised herein."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://modellingdh.github.io/ont/odp/term/" ; rdfs:label "Observation"@en . ### http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/icity/ActivitySpecification/Activity rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "The activity represents the personal act of the agent that arises from interaction with the environment and generates personal reflection."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://modellingdh.github.io/ont/odp/term/" ; rdfs:label "Activity"@en . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/Agent rdf:type owl:Class ; owl:equivalentClass foaf:Agent . ### http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/persons.owl#Person rdf:type owl:Class ; owl:equivalentClass ; rdfs:comment "The biased agent." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://modellingdh.github.io/ont/odp/term/" ; rdfs:label "Person"@en . ### http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Agent foaf:Agent rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "An agent (eg. person, group, software or physical artifact)." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" ; rdfs:label "Agent" ; "stable" . ### https://github.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/blob/main/owl/General.owl#AppealToProbabilityFallacy rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bias:CognitiveBias ; rdfs:comment "The appeal to probability fallacy, also known as the argument from probability, occurs when someone argues that because something is likely to happen, it is therefore true or should be believed."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl" ; rdfs:label "Appeal To Probability Fallacy"@en . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/blob/main/owl/General.owl#BiasedAgent rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf foaf:Agent ; "A BiasedAgent is an Agent affected by a bias." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/blob/main/owl/General.owl"@en ; rdfs:label "Biased Agent"@en . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl#Claim atpbias:Claim rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf eeo:Observation ; "The claim is the thesis that the Agent states according to his/her personal opinion and it is supported by some kind of evidence."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl"@en ; rdfs:label "Claim"@en . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#CognitiveBias bias:CognitiveBias rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Cognitive bias refers to systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment, often leading to perceptual distortion, inaccurate interpretation, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called irrationality."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/blob/main/owl/General.owl" ; rdfs:label "Cognitive Bias"@en . ### https://w3id.org/framester/data/framestercore/Certainty fr:Certainty rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "The concept of certainty here refers to the certainty needed by the biased person in order to believe to the situation represented by Engagement (i.e. Alex needs absolute certainty in order to believe that climate change is real)."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://w3id.org/framester/data/framestercore/Certainty"@en ; rdfs:label "Certainty"@en . ### https://w3id.org/framester/data/framestercore/Evidence fr:Evidence rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "The evidence that supports the biased agent's thesis."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://w3id.org/framester/data/framestercore/Evidence" ; rdfs:label "Evidence"@en . ### https://w3id.org/framester/data/framestercore/Probability fr:Probability rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Probability represents the probability that the situation defined in the Engagement is not true." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://w3id.org/framester/data/framestercore/"@en ; rdfs:label "Probability"@en . ### https://w3id.org/framester/data/framestercore/SubjectiveInfluence fr:SubjectiveInfluence rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Subjective Influence is created by believing in the probabilities rather than the widely believed truth." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://w3id.org/framester/data/framestercore/SubjectiveInfluence"@en ; rdfs:label "Subjective Influence"@en . ################################################################# # Individuals ################################################################# ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl#Alex atpbias:Alex rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , ; eeo:isEngagedIn atpbias:ClimateChange ; bias:isAffectedBy atpbias:AppealToProbabilityFallacy ; rdfs:comment "Alex is the biased agent, affected by the appeal to probability fallacy."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl"@en ; rdfs:label "Alex" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl#AppealToProbabilityFallacy atpbias:AppealToProbabilityFallacy rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl"@en ; rdfs:label "Appeal to probability fallacy"@en . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl#CertaintyLevel atpbias:CertaintyLevel rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , fr:Certainty ; atpbias:hasParameterDataValue "absolute" ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl"@en ; rdfs:label "certainty level"@en . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl#ClimateChange atpbias:ClimateChange rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , eeo:Engagement ; eeo:inActivity ; rdfs:comment "Climate Change actually happening according to a shared opinion based on facts."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl"@en ; rdfs:label "climate change"@en . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl#ConvincedPersonalOpinion atpbias:ConvincedPersonalOpinion rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , eeo:Observation ; eeo:isReflectionOn atpbias:ClimateChange ; atpbias:hasEvidence atpbias:ScientificArticles ; atpbias:isProducedBy atpbias:subjectivity ; atpbias:preventsBelievingIn atpbias:ClimateChange ; rdfs:comment "Climate change is not a significant threat because there's a chance the models are incorrect."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl"@en ; rdfs:label "convinced personal opinion"@en . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl#ProbabilityClimateChange atpbias:ProbabilityClimateChange rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , fr:Probability ; rdfs:label "probability" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl#ScientificArticles atpbias:ScientificArticles rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , fr:Evidence ; rdfs:comment "Some scientific articles state that historical climate predictions were inaccurate."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl"@en ; rdfs:label "scientific articles"@en . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl#subjectivity atpbias:subjectivity rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , fr:SubjectiveInfluence ; atpbias:isBasedOn atpbias:ProbabilityClimateChange ; rdfs:label "subjectivity" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl##Reasoning rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , ; eeo:includes atpbias:ConvincedPersonalOpinion ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/AppealToProbability.owl"@en ; rdfs:label "reasoning" . ################################################################# # General axioms ################################################################# [ rdf:type owl:AllDisjointClasses ; owl:members ( eeo:Engagement eeo:Observation ) ] . ### Generated by the OWL API (version 4.5.26.2023-07-17T20:34:13Z) https://github.com/owlcs/owlapi