Giorgia Crosilla
Appeal To Probability Fallacy
This is an ontology that describes the behaviour of a person affected by the Appeal To Probability Fallacy.
has engagement
what activity/ies are affecting or affected by a certain engagement
in activity
A relation of mereological nature that connects a given observation with the activity that originates them: it strengthens the argument that observations are always active processes from a cognitive standpoint, regardless of how conscious they may be.
A standard mereological property from another content pattern may be used in lieu of this one and therefore aligned with it.
includes
Because an activity may engage other participants than the one performing it, engagements are in general considered individual rather than collective, therefore each participants has their own engagement and only some of them will be conscious and/or documented.
engaged in
is reflected upon in
Used to connect the subjective elements of an experience with the corresponding observation, which is extrapolated from the content being interacted with and in itself may not be including a critique.
is reflection on
This property can be used to denote that something is (even indirectly, not necessary through direct reflection) responsible for the existence of an observation.
produced observation
has certainty
has evidence
influences
is produced by
prevents believing in
is affected by
Parametrizes values from a datatype. For example, a Parameter AgeForDriving hasParameterDataValue 18 on datatype xsd:int, in the Italian traffic code. In this example, AgeForDriving isDefinedIn the Norm ItalianTrafficCodeAgeDriving. More complex parametrization requires workarounds. E.g. AgeRangeForDrugUsage could parametrize data value: 14 to 50 on the datatype: xsd:int. Since complex datatypes are not allowed in OWL1.0, a solution to this can only work by creating two 'sub-parameters': MinimumAgeRangeForDrugUsage (that hasParameterDataValue 14) and MaximumAgeRangeForDrugUsage (that hasParameterDataValue 50), which are components of the main Parameter AgeRangeForDrugUsage. Ordering on subparameters can be created by using or specializing the object property 'precedes'.
ha valore
has parameter data value
The product of a reflection upon an observation, which embodies subjective traits of an experience (Example: "After reading this passage of 'To Kill a Mockingbird', I came to a clearer understanding of the many facets of social intolerance").
In the context of this ontology Engagement is considered with both the acception used by the ODP and the context in which the bias is happening. For example, if the bias prevents believing in climate change, due to a reflection on the topic, the Engagement is the climate change itself, so the context or situation.
Engagement
The product of an act of scrutiny which may or may not have been performed with a critical disposition (Example: "My thoughts from reading this passage of 'To Kill a Mockingbird'").
A disjointness or alignment between this class and <http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/observation.owl#Observation> in the Observation content pattern is plausible but subject to debate, hence will not be formalised herein.
Observation
The activity represents the personal act of the agent that arises from interaction with the environment and generates personal reflection.
Activity
Person
An agent (eg. person, group, software or physical artifact).
The appeal to probability fallacy, also known as the argument from probability, occurs when someone argues that because something is likely to happen, it is therefore true or should be believed.
A BiasedAgent is an Agent affected by a bias.
Biased Agent
The claim is the thesis that the Agent states according to his/her personal opinion and it is supported by some kind of evidence.
Claim
Cognitive bias refers to systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment, often leading to perceptual distortion, inaccurate interpretation, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called irrationality.
Cognitive Bias
The concept of certainty here refers to the certainty needed by the biased person in order to believe to the situation represented by Engagement (i.e. Alex needs absolute certainty in order to believe that climate change is real).
Certainty
The evidence that supports the biased agent's thesis.
Evidence
Probability represents the probability that the situation defined in the Engagement is not true.
Probability
Subjective Influence is created by believing in the probabilities rather than the widely believed truth.
Subjective Influence
Alex is the biased agent, affected by the appeal to probability fallacy.
Appeal to probability fallacy
certainty level
Climate Change actually happening according to a shared opinion based on facts.
climate change
Climate change is not a significant threat because there's a chance the models are incorrect.
convinced personal opinion
Some scientific articles state that historical climate predictions were inaccurate.
scientific articles