bias ontology general hierarchy
type: Ontology
imports: classification.owl
imports: collectionentity.owl
creator: Daniele Spedicati
comment: The concept of “cognitive biases” is most commonly used to describe and qualify the deviations in human decision making. Cognitive biases can generally be described as systematic and universally occurring tendencies, inclinations, or dispositions that skew or distort information processes in ways that make their outcome inaccurate, suboptimal or simply wrong. This ontology aims to describe the hierarchical relationships between the biases and the concepts that they can be grouped around.

Daniele Spedicati
type: AnnotationProperty

Bias general ontology
type: AnnotationProperty

is caused by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: isClassifiedBy
domain: Cognitive Bias
range: Concept
comment: relates a bias to its causes (an element of the firs or second level grouping).

causes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: classifies
comment: the invese of is caused by

is affected by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: biased agent
range: Cognitive Bias
comment: links a Biased Agent with the agent he is subject to

Agent
type: Class
comment: An agent (eg. person, group, software or physical artifact).
term status: stable

appeal to probability fallacy
type: Class
subclass of: Cognitive Bias
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is caused by
  some values from: Second level grouping
comment: Appeal to Probability Fallacy: Incorrectly basing decisions on probability without considering other factors.

biased agent
type: Class
subclass of: Agent
comment: an agent affected by a cognitive bias.

Cognitive Bias
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is caused by
  some values from: First level grouping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is caused by
  some values from: Second level grouping
disjoint union of: appeal to probability fallacy
disjoint union of: curse of knowledge
disjoint union of: denomination effect
disjoint union of: extrinsic incentive error
disjoint union of: illusion of asymmetric insight
disjoint union of: illusion of external agency
disjoint union of: illusion of transparency
disjoint union of: mental accounting
disjoint union of: murphy’s law
disjoint union of: normalcy bias
disjoint union of: spotlight effect
disjoint union of: subadditivity effect
disjoint union of: survivorship bias
disjoint union of: the magical number 7+-2
disjoint union of: zero sum bias
comment: A cognitive bias is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. Individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input.

curse of knowledge
type: Class
subclass of: Cognitive Bias
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is caused by
  all values from: We think we know what other people are thinking.
comment: Curse of Knowledge: Difficulty in imagining what it's like for others not to know something you know.

denomination effect
type: Class
subclass of: Cognitive Bias
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is caused by
  all values from: We simplify probabilities and numbers to make them easier to think about
comment: Denomination Effect: Spending behavior influenced by the denomination of currency.

extrinsic incentive error
type: Class
subclass of: Cognitive Bias
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is caused by
  all values from: We think we know what other people are thinking.
comment: Extrinsic Incentive Error: Overestimating the impact of external rewards on motivation or behavior.

First level grouping
type: Class
subclass of: Concept
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasMember
  all values from: Second level grouping
comment: A general grouping For Biases according to the general model proposed in the Cognitive Bias Codex

illusion of asymmetric insight
type: Class
subclass of: Cognitive Bias
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is caused by
  all values from: We think we know what other people are thinking.
comment: Illusion of Asymmetric Insight: Belief that one knows more about others than they know about oneself.

illusion of external agency
type: Class
subclass of: Cognitive Bias
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is caused by
  all values from: We think we know what other people are thinking.
comment: Illusion of External Agency: Attributing events to external forces rather than personal agency.

illusion of transparency
type: Class
subclass of: Cognitive Bias
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is caused by
  all values from: We think we know what other people are thinking.
comment: Illusion of Transparency: Overestimating the extent to which one's thoughts or feelings are known by others.

mental accounting
type: Class
subclass of: Cognitive Bias
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is caused by
  all values from: We simplify probabilities and numbers to make them easier to think about

murphy’s law
type: Class
subclass of: Cognitive Bias
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is caused by
  all values from: We simplify probabilities and numbers to make them easier to think about

non biased agent
type: Class
subclass of: Agent
comment: An agent that as a relationship with a non biased agent

normalcy bias
type: Class
subclass of: Cognitive Bias
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is caused by
  all values from: We simplify probabilities and numbers to make them easier to think about

Not enough meaning
type: Class
subclass of: Collection
subclass of: First level grouping
comment: it is one of the four main categoriziation of biases.

Second level grouping
type: Class
subclass of: Concept
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: isMemberOf
  all values from: First level grouping
comment: Second level of grouping according to the scheme proposed by the Cognitive Bias Codex

We simplify probabilities and numbers to make them easier to think about
type: Class
subclass of: Second level grouping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: isMemberOf
  all values from: Not enough meaning
disjoint with: We think we know what other people are thinking.
comment: A grouping of biases according to the semplificationo of numbers and probabilities.

spotlight effect
type: Class
subclass of: Cognitive Bias
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is caused by
  all values from: We think we know what other people are thinking.
comment: Spotlight Effect: Overestimating how much attention others pay to our appearance or behavior.

subadditivity effect
type: Class
subclass of: Cognitive Bias
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is caused by
  all values from: We simplify probabilities and numbers to make them easier to think about

survivorship bias
type: Class
subclass of: Cognitive Bias
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is caused by
  all values from: We simplify probabilities and numbers to make them easier to think about

the magical number 7+-2
type: Class
subclass of: Cognitive Bias
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is caused by
  all values from: We simplify probabilities and numbers to make them easier to think about
comment: The Magical Number 7±2: Cognitive limit for short-term memory, around 7 items.

We think we know what other people are thinking.
type: Class
subclass of: Second level grouping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: isMemberOf
  all values from: Not enough meaning
comment: A group of biases characterised by the tendency to assume to know other's thoughts

zero sum bias
type: Class
subclass of: Cognitive Bias
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is caused by
  all values from: We simplify probabilities and numbers to make them easier to think about