@prefix : . @prefix owl: . @prefix rdf: . @prefix xml: . @prefix xsd: . @prefix bias: . @prefix foaf: . @prefix rdfs: . @base . rdf:type owl:Ontology ; owl:imports , ; "Daniele Spedicati" ; "bias ontology general hierarchy" ; rdfs:comment """The concept of “cognitive biases” is most commonly used to describe and qualify the deviations in human decision making. Cognitive biases can generally be described as systematic and universally occurring tendencies, inclinations, or dispositions that skew or distort information processes in ways that make their outcome inaccurate, suboptimal or simply wrong. This ontology aims to describe the hierarchical relationships between the biases and the concepts that they can be grouped around.""" . ################################################################# # Annotation properties ################################################################# ### http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty ; "Daniele Spedicati" . ### http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty ; "Bias general ontology" . ### http://www.w3.org/2003/06/sw-vocab-status/ns#term_status rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ################################################################# # Object Properties ################################################################# ### http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/classification.owl#isClassifiedBy rdfs:domain bias:CognitiveBias . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#causedBy bias:causedBy rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; rdfs:domain bias:CognitiveBias ; rdfs:range ; rdfs:comment "relates a bias to its causes (an element of the firs or second level grouping)." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "is caused by" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#causes bias:causes rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; rdfs:comment "the invese of is caused by" ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "causes" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#isAffectedBy bias:isAffectedBy rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:domain bias:BiasedAgent ; rdfs:range bias:CognitiveBias ; rdfs:comment "links a Biased Agent with the agent he is subject to" ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "is affected by" . ################################################################# # Classes ################################################################# ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/Agent rdf:type owl:Class ; owl:equivalentClass foaf:Agent . ### http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Agent foaf:Agent rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "An agent (eg. person, group, software or physical artifact)." ; rdfs:label "Agent" ; "stable" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#AppealToProbabilityFallacy bias:AppealToProbabilityFallacy rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bias:CognitiveBias , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty bias:causedBy ; owl:someValuesFrom bias:SecondLevelGrouping ] ; rdfs:comment "Appeal to Probability Fallacy: Incorrectly basing decisions on probability without considering other factors." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "appeal to probability fallacy" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#BiasedAgent bias:BiasedAgent rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf foaf:Agent ; rdfs:comment "an agent affected by a cognitive bias." ; rdfs:label "biased agent" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#CognitiveBias bias:CognitiveBias rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty bias:causedBy ; owl:someValuesFrom bias:FirstLevelGrouping ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty bias:causedBy ; owl:someValuesFrom bias:SecondLevelGrouping ] ; owl:disjointUnionOf ( bias:AppealToProbabilityFallacy bias:CurseOfKnowledge bias:DenominationEffect bias:ExtrinsicIncentiveError bias:IllusionOfAsymmetricInsight bias:IllusionOfExternalAgency bias:IllusionOfTransparency bias:MentalAccounting bias:MurphysLaw bias:NormalcyBias bias:SpotlightEffect bias:SubadditivityEffect bias:SurvivorshipBias bias:TheMagicalNumber bias:ZeroSumBias ) ; rdfs:comment "A cognitive bias is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. Individuals create their own \"subjective reality\" from their perception of the input." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "Cognitive Bias" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#CurseOfKnowledge bias:CurseOfKnowledge rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bias:CognitiveBias , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty bias:causedBy ; owl:allValuesFrom bias:ThinkingOfKnowing ] ; rdfs:comment "Curse of Knowledge: Difficulty in imagining what it's like for others not to know something you know." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "curse of knowledge" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#DenominationEffect bias:DenominationEffect rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bias:CognitiveBias , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty bias:causedBy ; owl:allValuesFrom bias:Simplification ] ; rdfs:comment "Denomination Effect: Spending behavior influenced by the denomination of currency." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "denomination effect" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#ExtrinsicIncentiveError bias:ExtrinsicIncentiveError rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bias:CognitiveBias , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty bias:causedBy ; owl:allValuesFrom bias:ThinkingOfKnowing ] ; rdfs:comment "Extrinsic Incentive Error: Overestimating the impact of external rewards on motivation or behavior." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "extrinsic incentive error" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#FirstLevelGrouping bias:FirstLevelGrouping rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty ; owl:allValuesFrom bias:SecondLevelGrouping ] ; rdfs:comment "A general grouping For Biases according to the general model proposed in the Cognitive Bias Codex" ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "First level grouping" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#IllusionOfAsymmetricInsight bias:IllusionOfAsymmetricInsight rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bias:CognitiveBias , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty bias:causedBy ; owl:allValuesFrom bias:ThinkingOfKnowing ] ; rdfs:comment "Illusion of Asymmetric Insight: Belief that one knows more about others than they know about oneself." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "illusion of asymmetric insight" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#IllusionOfExternalAgency bias:IllusionOfExternalAgency rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bias:CognitiveBias , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty bias:causedBy ; owl:allValuesFrom bias:ThinkingOfKnowing ] ; rdfs:comment "Illusion of External Agency: Attributing events to external forces rather than personal agency." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "illusion of external agency" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#IllusionOfTransparency bias:IllusionOfTransparency rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bias:CognitiveBias , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty bias:causedBy ; owl:allValuesFrom bias:ThinkingOfKnowing ] ; rdfs:comment "Illusion of Transparency: Overestimating the extent to which one's thoughts or feelings are known by others." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "illusion of transparency" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#MentalAccounting bias:MentalAccounting rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bias:CognitiveBias , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty bias:causedBy ; owl:allValuesFrom bias:Simplification ] ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "mental accounting" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#MurphysLaw bias:MurphysLaw rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bias:CognitiveBias , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty bias:causedBy ; owl:allValuesFrom bias:Simplification ] ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "murphy’s law" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#NonBiasedAgent bias:NonBiasedAgent rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf foaf:Agent ; rdfs:comment "An agent that as a relationship with a non biased agent" ; rdfs:label "non biased agent" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#NormalcyBias bias:NormalcyBias rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bias:CognitiveBias , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty bias:causedBy ; owl:allValuesFrom bias:Simplification ] ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "normalcy bias" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#NotEnoughMeaning bias:NotEnoughMeaning rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf , bias:FirstLevelGrouping ; rdfs:comment "it is one of the four main categoriziation of biases." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "Not enough meaning" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#SecondLevelGrouping bias:SecondLevelGrouping rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty ; owl:allValuesFrom bias:FirstLevelGrouping ] ; rdfs:comment "Second level of grouping according to the scheme proposed by the Cognitive Bias Codex" ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "Second level grouping" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#Simplification bias:Simplification rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bias:SecondLevelGrouping , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty ; owl:allValuesFrom bias:NotEnoughMeaning ] ; owl:disjointWith bias:ThinkingOfKnowing ; rdfs:comment "A grouping of biases according to the semplificationo of numbers and probabilities." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "We simplify probabilities and numbers to make them easier to think about" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#SpotlightEffect bias:SpotlightEffect rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bias:CognitiveBias , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty bias:causedBy ; owl:allValuesFrom bias:ThinkingOfKnowing ] ; rdfs:comment "Spotlight Effect: Overestimating how much attention others pay to our appearance or behavior." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "spotlight effect" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#SubadditivityEffect bias:SubadditivityEffect rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bias:CognitiveBias , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty bias:causedBy ; owl:allValuesFrom bias:Simplification ] ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "subadditivity effect" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#SurvivorshipBias bias:SurvivorshipBias rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bias:CognitiveBias , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty bias:causedBy ; owl:allValuesFrom bias:Simplification ] ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "survivorship bias" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#TheMagicalNumber bias:TheMagicalNumber rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bias:CognitiveBias , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty bias:causedBy ; owl:allValuesFrom bias:Simplification ] ; rdfs:comment "The Magical Number 7±2: Cognitive limit for short-term memory, around 7 items." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "the magical number 7+-2" . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#ThinkingOfKnowing bias:ThinkingOfKnowing rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bias:SecondLevelGrouping , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty ; owl:allValuesFrom bias:NotEnoughMeaning ] ; rdfs:comment "A group of biases characterised by the tendency to assume to know other's thoughts" ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "We think we know what other people are thinking." . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#ZeroSumBias bias:ZeroSumBias rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bias:CognitiveBias , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty bias:causedBy ; owl:allValuesFrom bias:Simplification ] ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#" ; rdfs:label "zero sum bias" . ################################################################# # Individuals ################################################################# ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#bias bias:bias rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual ; bias:causedBy bias:simplification . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#notMeaning bias:notMeaning rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual . ### https://raw.githubusercontent.com/giorgiacrosilla/biasontology/main/owl/General.owl#simplification bias:simplification rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , bias:Simplification ; bias:notMeaning . ### Generated by the OWL API (version 4.5.26.2023-07-17T20:34:13Z) https://github.com/owlcs/owlapi