{"topic_id": "101", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Shipwrecks and Historical European Trade", "topic_description": "What information about trade and shipping has been discovered by investigating historical shipwrecks of European vessels?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Кораблекрушения и историческая Европейская торговля", "topic_description": "Какая информация о торговле и судоходстве была обнаружена при расследовании исторических кораблекрушениях Европейских судов?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "کشتی شکستگی و تجارت تاریخی اروپا", "topic_description": "چه اطلاعاتی در مورد تجارت و حمل و نقل توسط بررسی کشتی های شکسته تاریخی کشتی های اروپایی کشف شده است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Shewrecks and Historical European Trade", "topic_description": "关于贸易和航运的信息是由欧洲essels的historical船厂进行的吗？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Кораблекрушения и историческая европейская торговля", "topic_description": "Какая информация о торговле и судоходстве была обнаружена исследованием исторических кораблекрушений европейских судов?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "Shipwrecks that belonged to European countries provide historical insight to shipping and trade.", "somewhat_valuable": "additional background information and/or supporting information about historical shipping and nautical trade", "not_that_valuable": "general information about historical nautical trade and shipping practices of countries outside of Europe, but which could be used as supporting the topic. ", "non_relevant": "not at all related to shipwrecks and/or historical European trade and shipping"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_discoveries&oldid=841589905", "text": "Portuguese discoveries (Portuguese: Descobrimentos portugueses) are the numerous territories and maritime routes discovered by the Portuguese as a result of their intensive maritime exploration during the 15th and 16th centuries. Portuguese sailors were at the vanguard of European overseas exploration, discovering and mapping the coasts of Africa, Canada, Asia and Brazil, in what became known as the Age of Discovery. Methodical expeditions started in 1419 along West Africa's coast under the sponsorship of prince Henry the Navigator, with Bartolomeu Dias reaching the Cape of Good Hope and entering the Indian Ocean in 1488. Ten years later, in 1498, Vasco da Gama led the first fleet around Africa to India, arriving in Calicut and starting a maritime route from Portugal to India. Portuguese explorations then proceeded to southeast Asia, where they reached Japan in 1542, forty-four years after their first arrival in India. In 1500, the Portuguese nobleman Pedro Álvares Cabral became the first European to discover Brazil.\n\nA major advance which accelerated this project was the introduction of the caravel in the mid-15th century, a ship that could be sailed closer to the wind than any other in operation in Europe at the time. Using this new maritime technology, Portuguese navigators reached ever more southerly latitudes, advancing at an average rate of one degree a year. Senegal and Cape Verde Peninsula were reached in 1445. The first feitoria trade post overseas was established then under Henry's directions, in 1445 on the island of Arguin off the coast of Mauritania, to attract Muslim traders and monopolize the business in the routes traveled in North Africa, starting the chain of Portuguese feitorias along the coast. In 1446, Álvaro Fernandes pushed on almost as far as present-day Sierra Leone and the Gulf of Guinea was reached in the 1460s.\n\nExploration after Prince Henry\n\nAn illustration of the padrão Diogo Cão erected at Cape St. Mary, Angola.\nAs a result of the first meager returns of the African explorations, in 1469 king Afonso V granted the monopoly of trade in part of the Gulf of Guinea to merchant Fernão Gomes, for an annual payment of 200,000 reals. Gomes was also required to explore 100 leagues (480 km) of the coast each year for five years. He employed explorers João de Santarém, Pedro Escobar, Lopo Gonçalves, Fernão do Pó, and Pedro de Sintra, and exceeded the requirement. Under his sponsorship, Portuguese explorers crossed the Equator into the Southern Hemisphere and found the islands of the Gulf of Guinea, including São Tomé and Príncipe.\n\nIn 1471, Gomes' explorerers reached Elmina on the Gold Coast (present day Ghana), and discovered a thriving gold trade between the natives and visiting Arab and Berber traders. Gomes established his own trading post there, which became known as “A Mina” (\"The Mine\"). Trade between Elmina and Portugal grew in the next decade. In 1481, the recently crowned João II decided to build São Jorge da Mina fort (Elmina Castle) and factory to protect this trade, which was then held again as a royal monopoly.\n\nIn 1482, Diogo Cão discovered the Congo River. In 1486, Cão continued to Cape Cross, in present-day Namibia, near the Tropic of Capricorn.\n\nIn 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope on the southern tip of Africa, disproving the view that had existed since Ptolemy that the Indian Ocean was separate from the Atlantic. Also at this time, Pêro da Covilhã reached India via Egypt and Yemen, and visited Madagascar. He recommended further exploration of the southern route.\n\nAs the Portuguese explored the coastlines of Africa, they left behind a series of padrões, stone crosses enscribed with the Portuguese coat of arms marking their claims, and built forts and trading posts. From these bases, the Portuguese engaged profitably in the slave and gold trades. Portugal enjoyed a virtual monopoly of the Atlantic slave trade for over a century, exporting around 800 slaves annually. Most were brought to the Portuguese capital Lisbon, where it is estimated black Africans came to constitute 10 per cent of the population.\n\nTordesillas division of the world (1492)\n\nThe 1494 Tordesilhas Treaty meridian dividing the world between Portugal and Castille/Spain (purple) and the Moluccas antimeridian (green), set at the Treaty of Zaragoza, 1529\nIn 1492 Christopher Columbus's discovery for Spain of the New World, which he believed to be Asia, led to disputes between the Spanish and Portuguese. These were eventually settled by the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 which divided the world outside of Europe in an exclusive duopoly between the Portuguese and the Spanish, along a north-south meridian 370 leagues, or 970 miles (1,560 km), west of the Cape Verde islands. However, as it was not possible at the time to correctly measure longitude, the exact boundary was disputed by the two countries until 1777.\n\nThe completion of these negotiations with Spain is one of several reasons proposed by historians for why it took nine years for the Portuguese to follow up on Dias's voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, though it has also been speculated that other voyages were in fact taking place in secret during this time. Whether or not this was the case, the long-standing Portuguese goal of finding a sea route to Asia was finally achieved in a ground-breaking voyage commanded by Vasco da Gama.\n\nReaching India and Brazil (1497–1500)\n\nThe route followed in Vasco da Gama's first voyage (1497–1499)\nThe squadron of Vasco da Gama left Portugal in 1497, rounded the Cape and continued along the coast of East Africa, where a local pilot was brought on board who guided them across the Indian Ocean, reaching Calicut in western India in May 1498. The second voyage to India was dispatched in 1500 under Pedro Álvares Cabral. While following the same south-westerly route as Gama across the Atlantic Ocean, Cabral made landfall on the Brazilian coast. This was probably an accidental discovery, but it has been speculated that the Portuguese secretly knew of Brazil's existence and that it lay on their side of the Tordesillas line. Cabral recommended to the Portuguese King that the land be settled, and two follow up voyages were sent in 1501 and 1503. The land was found to be abundant in pau-brasil, or brazilwood, from which it later inherited its name, but the failure to find gold or silver meant that for the time being Portuguese efforts were concentrated on India.\n\nOn 8 July 1497 the fleet, consisting of four ships and a crew of 170 men, left Lisbon The travel led by Vasco da Gama to Calicut was the starting point for deployment of Portuguese in the African east coast and in the Indian Ocean. The first contact occurred on 20 May 1498. After some conflict, he got an ambiguous letter for trade with the Zamorin of Calicut, leaving there some men to establish a trading post. Since then explorations lost the private nature, taking place under the exclusive of the Portuguese Crown. Shortly after, the Casa da Índia was established in Lisbon to administer the royal monopoly of navigation and trade.\n\nIndian Ocean explorations (1497–1542)\n\nThe carrack Santa Catarina do Monte Sinai and other Portuguese Navy' ships in the 16th century.\nThe aim of Portugal in the Indian Ocean was to ensure the monopoly of the spice trade. Taking advantage of the rivalries that pitted Hindus against Muslims, the Portuguese established several forts and trading posts between 1500 and 1510. In East Africa, small Islamic states along the coast of Mozambique, Kilwa, Brava, Sofala and Mombasa were destroyed, or became either subjects or allies of Portugal. Pêro da Covilhã had reached Ethiopia, traveling secretly overland, as early as 1490; a diplomatic mission reached the ruler of that nation on October 19, 1520.\n\nIn 1500 the second fleet to India who came to discover Brazil explored the East African coast, where Diogo Dias discovered the island that he named St. Lawrence, later known as Madagascar. This fleet, commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral, arrived at Calicut in September, where the first trade agreement in India was signed. For a short time a Portuguese factory was installed there, but was attacked by Muslims on December 16 and several Portuguese, including the scribe Pêro Vaz de Caminha, died. After bombarding Calicut as a retaliation, Cabral went to rival Kochi.\n\nProfiting from the rivalry between the Maharaja of Kochi and the Zamorin of Calicut, the Portuguese were well received and seen as allies, getting a permit to build a fort (Fort Manuel) and a trading post that were the first European settlement in India. There in 1503 they built the St. Francis Church. In 1502 Vasco da Gama took the island of Kilwa on the coast of Tanzania, where in 1505 the first fort of Portuguese East Africa was built to protect ships from the East Indian trade.\n\nIn 1505 king Manuel I of Portugal appointed Francisco de Almeida first Viceroy of Portuguese India for a three-year period, starting the Portuguese government in the east, headquartered at Kochi. That year the Portuguese conquered Kannur where they founded St. Angelo Fort. Lourenço de Almeida arrived in Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka), where he discovered the source of cinnamon. Finding it divided into seven rival kingdoms, he established a defense pact with the kingdom of Kotte and extended the control in coastal areas, where in 1517 was founded the fortress of Colombo.\n\nIn 1506 a Portuguese fleet under the command of Tristão da Cunha and Afonso de Albuquerque, conquered Socotra at the entrance of the Red Sea and Muscat in 1507, having failed to conquer Ormuz, following a strategy intended to close the entrances to the Indian Ocean. That same year were built fortresses in the Island of Mozambique and Mombasa on the Kenyan coast. Madagascar was partly explored by Tristão da Cunha and in the same year Mauritius was discovered.\n\nIn 1509, the Portuguese won the sea Battle of Diu against the combined forces of the Ottoman Sultan Beyazid II, Sultan of Gujarat, Mamlûk Sultan of Cairo, Samoothiri Raja of Kozhikode, Venetian Republic, and Ragusan Republic (Dubrovnik). The Portuguese victory was critical for its strategy of control of the Indian Sea: Turks and Egyptians withdraw their navies from India, leaving the seas to the Portuguese, setting its trade dominance for almost a century, and greatly assisting the growth of the Portuguese Empire. It marked also the beginning of the European colonial dominance in the Asia. A second Battle of Diu in 1538 finally ended Ottoman ambitions in India and confirmed Portuguese hegemony in the Indian Ocean.\n\nUnder the government of Albuquerque, Goa was taken from the Bijapur sultanate in 1510 with the help of Hindu privateer Timoji. Coveted for being the best port in the region, mainly for the commerce of Arabian horses for the Deccan sultanates, it allowed to move on from the initial guest stay in Cochin. Despite constant attacks, Goa became the seat of the Portuguese government, under the name of Estado da India (State of India), with the conquest triggering compliance of neighbour kingdoms: Gujarat and Calicut sent embassies, offering alliances and grants to fortify. Albuquerque began that year in Goa the first Portuguese mint in India, taking the opportunity to announce the achievement.\n\nSoutheast Asia expeditions\n\nAnonymous map c.1550 of Eastern Africa, Asia and Western Oceania\nIn April 1511 Albuquerque sailed to Malacca in modern-day Malaysia, the most important eastern point in the trade network, where Malay met Gujarati, Chinese, Japanese, Javanese, Bengali, Persian and Arabic traders, described by Tomé Pires as invaluable. The port of Malacca became then the strategic base for Portuguese trade expansion with China and Southeast Asia, under the Portuguese rule in India with its capital at Goa. To defend the city a strong fort was erected, called the \"A Famosa\", where one of its gate still remains today. Knowing of Siamese ambitions over Malacca, Albuquerque sent immediately Duarte Fernandes on a diplomatic mission to the kingdom of Siam (modern Thailand), where he was the first European to arrive, establishing amicable relations between both kingdoms. In November that year, getting to know the location of the so-called \"Spice Islands\" in the Moluccas, he sent an expedition led by António de Abreu to find them, arriving in early 1512. Abreu went by Ambon while deputy commander Francisco Serrão came forward to Ternate, were a Portuguese fort was allowed. That same year, in Indonesia, the Portuguese took Makassar, reaching Timor in 1514. Departing from Malacca, Jorge Álvares came to southern China in 1513. This visit was followed the arrival in Guangzhou, where trade was established. Later a trade post at Macau would be established.\n\n\nMonument to the Portuguese Discoveries in Belém, Lisbon, Portugal.\nThe Portuguese empire expanded into the Persian Gulf as Portugal contested control of the spice trade with the Ottoman Empire. In 1515, Afonso de Albuquerque conquered the Huwala state of Hormuz at the head of the Persian Gulf, establishing it as a vassal state. Aden, however, resisted Albuquerque's expedition in that same year, and another attempt by Albuquerque's successor Lopo Soares de Albergaria in 1516, before capturing Bahrain in 1521, when a force led by António Correia defeated the Jabrid King, Muqrin ibn Zamil. In a shifting series of alliances, the Portuguese dominated much of the southern Persian Gulf for the next hundred years. With the regular maritime route linking Lisbon to Goa since 1497, the island of Mozambique become a strategic port, and there was built Fort São Sebastião and an hospital. In the Azores, the Islands Armada protected the ships en route to Lisbon.\n\nIn 1525, after Fernão de Magalhães's expedition (1519–1522), Spain under Charles V sent an expedition to colonize the Moluccas islands, claiming that they were in his zone of the Treaty of Tordesillas, since there was not a set limit to the east. García Jofre de Loaísa expedition reached the Moluccas, docking at Tidore. The conflict with the Portuguese already established in nearby Ternate was inevitable, starting nearly a decade of skirmishes. An agreement was reached only with the Treaty of Zaragoza (1529), attributing the Moluccas to Portugal and the Philippines to Spain.\n\nIn 1530, John III organized the colonization of Brazil around 15 capitanias hereditárias (\"hereditary captainships\"), that were given to anyone who wanted to administer and explore them, to overcome the need to defend the territory, since an expedition under the command of Gonçalo Coelho in 1503, found the French making incursions on the land. That same year, there was a new expedition from Martim Afonso de Sousa with orders to patrol the whole Brazilian coast, banish the French, and create the first colonial towns: São Vicente on the coast, and São Paulo on the border of the altiplane. From the 15 original captainships, only two, Pernambuco and São Vicente, prospered. With permanent settlement came the establishment of the sugar cane industry and its intensive labor demands which were met with Native American and later African slaves.\n\nIn 1534 Gujarat was occupied by the Mughals and the Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat was forced to sign the Treaty of Bassein (1534) with the Portuguese, establishing an alliance to regain the country, giving in exchange Daman, Diu, Mumbai and Bassein. In 1538 the fortress of Diu is again surrounded by Ottoman ships. Another siege failed in 1547 putting an end to the Ottoman ambitions, confirming the Portuguese hegemony.\n\nIn 1542 Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier arrived in Goa at the service of king John III of Portugal, in charge of an Apostolic Nunciature. At the same time Francisco Zeimoto, António Mota, and other traders arrived in Japan for the first time. According to Fernão Mendes Pinto, who claimed to be in this journey, they arrived at Tanegashima, where the locals were impressed by firearms, which would be immediately made by the Japanese on a large scale. In 1557 the Chinese authorities allowed the Portuguese to settle in Macau through an annual payment, creating a warehouse in the triangular trade between China, Japan and Europe. In 1570 the Portuguese bought a Japanese port where they founded the city of Nagasaki, thus creating a trading center for many years was the port from Japan to the world.\n\nPortugal established trading ports at far-flung locations like Goa, Ormuz, Malacca, Kochi, the Maluku Islands, Macau, and Nagasaki. Guarding its trade from both European and Asian competitors, Portugal dominated not only the trade between Asia and Europe, but also much of the trade between different regions of Asia, such as India, Indonesia, China, and Japan. Jesuit missionaries, such as the Basque Francis Xavier, followed the Portuguese to spread Roman Catholic Christianity to Asia with mixed success.\n\nPortuguese nautical science\nSee also: Iberian ship development, 1400–1600; Iberian nautical sciences, 1400–1600; and Iberian cartography, 1400–1600\nThe successive expeditions and experience of the pilots led to a fairly rapid evolution of Portuguese nautical science, creating an elite of astronomers, navigators, mathematicians and cartographers, among them stood Pedro Nunes with studies on how to determine the latitudes by the stars and João de Castro.\n\nShips\n\nPortuguese \"Armada\" fleet in 1507, Lisuarte de Abreu\nUntil the 15th century, the Portuguese were limited to cabotage navigation using barques and barinels (ancient cargo vessels used in the Mediterranean). These boats were small and fragile, with only one mast with a fixed quadrangular sail and did not have the capabilities to overcome the navigational difficulties associated with Southward oceanic exploration, as the strong winds, shoals and strong ocean currents easily overwhelmed their abilities. They are associated with the earliest discoveries, such as the Madeira Islands, the Azores, the Canaries, and to the early exploration of the north west African coast as far south as Arguim in the current Mauritania.\n\nThe ship that truly launched the first phase of the Portuguese discoveries along the African coast was the caravel, a development based on existing fishing boats. They were agile and easier to navigate, with a tonnage of 50 to 160 tons and 1 to 3 masts, with lateen triangular sails allowing luffing. The caravel benefited from a greater capacity to tack. The limited capacity for cargo and crew were their main drawbacks, but have not hindered its success. Among the famous caravels are Berrio and Anunciação.\n\nWith the start of long oceanic sailing also large ships developed. \"Nau\" was the Portuguese archaic synonym for any large ship, primarily merchant ships. Due to the piracy that plagued the coasts, they began to be used in the navy and were provided with canon windows, which led to the classification of \"naus\" according to the power of its artillery. They were also adapted to the increasing maritime trade: from 200 tons capacity in the 15th century to 500, they become impressive in the 16th century, having usually two decks, stern castles fore and aft, two to four masts with overlapping sails. In India travels in the sixteenth century there were also used carracks, large merchant ships with a high edge and three masts with square sails, that reached 2000 tons.\n\nCelestial navigation\n\nEphemeris by Abraham Zacuto in Almanach Perpetuum, 1496\nIn the thirteenth century celestial navigation was already known, guided by the sun position. For celestial navigation the Portuguese, like other Europeans, used Arab navigation tools, like the astrolabe and quadrant, which they made easier and simpler. They also created the cross-staff, or cane of Jacob, for measuring at sea the height of the sun and other stars. The Southern Cross become a reference upon arrival at the Southern hemisphere by João de Santarém and Pedro Escobar in 1471, starting the celestial navigation on this constellation. But the results varied throughout the year, which required corrections.\n\nTo this the Portuguese used the astronomical tables (Ephemeris), precious tools for oceanic navigation, which have experienced a remarkable diffusion in the fifteenth century. These tables revolutionized navigation, allowing to calculate latitude. The tables of the Almanach Perpetuum, by astronomer Abraham Zacuto, published in Leiria in 1496, were used along with its improved astrolabe, by Vasco da Gama and Pedro Álvares Cabral.\n\nSailing techniques\n\nMap of the five major oceanic gyres\nBesides coastal exploration, Portuguese also made trips off in the ocean to gather meteorological and oceanographic information (in these were discovered the archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores, and Sargasso Sea). The knowledge of wind patterns and currents – the trade winds and the oceanic gyres in the Atlantic, and the determination of latitude led to the discovery of the best ocean route back from Africa: crossing the Central Atlantic to the latitude of the Azores, using the permanent favorable winds and currents that spin clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere because of atmospheric circulation and the effect of Coriolis, facilitating the way to Lisbon and thus enabling the Portuguese venturing increasingly farther from shore, the maneuver that became known as \"Volta do mar\". In 1565, the application of this principle in the Pacific Ocean led the Spanish discovering the Manila Galleon trade route.\n\nCartography\n\nPre-mercator navigation chart of the Coast of Africa (1571), by Fernão Vaz Dourado (Torre do Tombo, Lisbon)\nIt is thought that Jehuda Cresques, son of the Catalan cartographer Abraham Cresques have been one of the notable cartographers at the service of Prince Henry. However the oldest signed Portuguese sea chart is a Portolan made by Pedro Reinel in 1485 representing the Western Europe and parts of Africa, reflecting the explorations made by Diogo Cão. Reinel was also author of the first nautical chart known with an indication of latitudes in 1504 and the first representation of an Wind rose.\n\nWith his son, cartographer Jorge Reinel and Lopo Homem, they participated in the making of the atlas known as \"Lopo Homem-Reinés Atlas\" or \"Miller Atlas\", in 1519. They were considered the best cartographers of their time, with Emperor Charles V wanting them to work for him. In 1517 King Manuel I of Portugal handed Lopo Homem a charter gaving him the privilege to certify and amend all compass needles in vessels.\n\nIn the third phase of the former Portuguese nautical cartography, characterized by the abandonment of the influence of Ptolemy's representation of the East and more accuracy in the representation of lands and continents, stands out Fernão Vaz Dourado (Goa ~ 1520 – ~ 1580), giving him a reputation as one of the best cartographers of the time. Many of his charts are large scale.", "date": "2018-05-16"}}
{"topic_id": "102", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Shipwrecks and Historical Chinese Trade", "topic_description": "What information about trade and shipping has been discovered by investigating historical shipwrecks of Chinese vessels?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "沉船与中国古代贸易", "topic_description": "通过调查中国历史中的沉船事故，发现了哪些古代贸易和航运信息？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "کشتی های شکسته و تاریخی تجارت چین", "topic_description": "چه اطلاعاتی در مورد تجارت و حمل و نقل توسط بررسی کشتی های شکسته تاریخی کشتی های چینی کشف شده است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Shewrecks and Historical Chinese Trade", "topic_description": "在中国船舰的高压造船厂中，有哪些关于贸易和航运的信息被破坏了？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Кораблекрушения и историческая китайская торговля", "topic_description": "Какая информация о торговле и судоходстве была обнаружена исследованием исторических кораблекрушений китайских судов?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "There were two reports found with very valuable information detailed the specific types of cultural relics found on a Song Dynasty shipwreck found in the South China Sea, which indicated porcelain and iron trades with foreign nations during that time period.   ", "somewhat_valuable": "These was one report briefly mentioned some cosmetic boxes found in a Chinese historical shipwreck that suggest possible foreign trades.    ", "not_that_valuable": "N/A", "non_relevant": "There were multiple articles found with reports on cultural relics found on various Chinese historical shipwrecks.  But with no mention of trades.   "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age_of_Discovery&oldid=858657320", "text": "The Chinese had wide connections through trade in Asia and had been sailing to Arabia, East Africa, and Egypt since the Tang Dynasty (AD 618–907). Between 1405 and 1421 the third Ming emperor Yongle sponsored a series of long range tributary missions in the Indian Ocean under the command of admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho).\n\nA large fleet of new junk ships was prepared for these international diplomatic expeditions. The largest of these junks—that the Chinese termed bao chuan (treasure ships)—may have measured 121 metres (400 feet) stem to stern, and thousands of sailors were involved. The first expedition departed in 1405. At least seven well-documented expeditions were launched, each bigger and more expensive than the last. The fleets visited Arabia, East Africa, India, Malay Archipelago and Thailand (at the time called Siam), exchanging goods along the way. They presented gifts of gold, silver, porcelain and silk; in return, received such novelties as ostriches, zebras, camels, ivory and giraffes. After the emperor's death, Zheng He led a final expedition departing from Nanking in 1431 and returning to Beijing in 1433. It is very likely that this last expedition reached as far as Madagascar. The travels were reported by Ma Huan, a Muslim voyager and translator who accompanied Zheng He on three of the seven expeditions, his account published as \"Ying-Yai Sheng-Lam\" (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) (1433).\n\nThese long distance journeys were not followed up, as the Chinese Ming dynasty retreated in the haijin, a policy of isolationism, having limited maritime trade. Travels were halted abruptly after the emperor's death, as the Chinese lost interest in what they termed barbarian lands turning inward, and successor emperors felt the expeditions were harmful to the Chinese state; Hongxi Emperor ended further expeditions and Xuande Emperor suppressed much of the information about Zheng He's voyages.", "date": "2018-09-08"}}
{"topic_id": "103", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus", "zho", "fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "African Extremist School Girls Kidnapping", "topic_description": "What is known about instances of extremist or terrorist groups kidnapping girls from schools in Africa?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Похищение школьниц из числа африканских экстремистов", "topic_description": "Что известно о случаях, когда экстремистские или террористические группы похищали девочек из школ в Африке?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "非洲激进伊斯兰民兵组织绑架女学生", "topic_description": "有什么极端主义或恐怖组织绑架了非洲女学生已知的信息？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "ربودن دختران دانش‌آموز توسط گروه های افراطی آفریقایی", "topic_description": "راجع به وقوع ربودن دختران دانش‌آموز توسط گروه های افراطی یا تروریستی از مدرسه ها در آفریقا چی درک  می شود؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "دختران مدرسه افراطی آفریقایی Kidnapping", "topic_description": "در مورد نمونه ‌ هایی از گروه ‌ های افراطی یا گروه ‌ های تروریستی که دختران را از مدارس آفریقا می ‌ ربایند چه می ‌ توان گفت ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "非洲极端主义者学校女孩Kidnapping", "topic_description": "在非洲的学校里，对于极端主义者或主义者的孩子们来说，有什么诀窍呢？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Африканские Экстремистские Школьные Девушки Похищение", "topic_description": "Что известно о случаях похищения девочками из школ в Африке экстремистскими или террористическими группами?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "The number and instances of school girls captured or currently held by African Extremists.", "somewhat_valuable": "Instances of school girls being found by military forces or released by African Extremists", "not_that_valuable": "Children used as soldiers or slaves by African Extremists", "non_relevant": "The number of civilians or military members who died due to African Extremists"}, "zho": {"very_valuable": "detailed description of the events, number of girls kidnaped, the groups tactics and motivation, government reaction, what happened to the girls", "somewhat_valuable": "just basic facts like countries where this is happening and the name of the groups involved", "not_that_valuable": "just mentioning that kidnappings have happened, but no details ", "non_relevant": "other activities extremist or terrorist groups such as bombings, activities not in Africa "}, "fas": {"very_valuable": "Details about kidnapping operations by Boko Haram in Nigerian schools (victims often drugged, taken from schools overnight), numbers of victims, affected locations; Details about international responses including that of UNICEF; reports on Nigerian domestic response; information on the terrorist group's motives (pressure Nigerian government, use girls in suicide attacks, forced conversion to Islam) and connections to ISIL and Al Qaeda; ", "somewhat_valuable": "Reports of girls fleeing prior to a planned attack, reports about girls that were kidnapped but whose fate is still unknown, reports about girls being freed after government negotiations with terrorist group ", "not_that_valuable": "Information about celebrations after girls are rescued and returned home; general background information on Boko Haram when referenced in connection with kidnappings in Africa; side references African school girl kidnappings in reports focused on other attacks", "non_relevant": "Boko Haram attacks in Nigeria not related to girls' kidnappings, suicide attacks by terrorist groups in countries outside of Africa, girls education in Muslim countries, American students accused of a planned school attack in Florida"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chibok_schoolgirls_kidnapping&diff=825075173&oldid=823837916", "text": "On the night of 14–15 April 2014, 276 female students were kidnapped from the Government Secondary School in the town of Chibok in Borno State, Nigeria. Responsibility for the kidnappings was claimed by Boko Haram, an extremist, Islamic, terrorist organization based in northeastern Nigeria. 57 of the schoolgirls managed to escape over the next few months and some have described their capture in appearances at international human rights conferences. A child born to one of the girls and believed by medical personnel to be about 20 months old also was released, according to the Nigerian president's office.\n\nSince then hopes were raised on various occasions that the 219 remaining girls might be released. Newspaper reports suggested that Boko Haram was hoping to use the girls as a negotiating pawns in exchange for some of their commanders in jail.\n\nIn May 2016, one of the missing girls, Amina Ali, was found. She claimed that the remaining girls were still there, but that six had died. A further 21 girls were freed in October 2016, while another was rescued the next month. Another was found in January 2017. 82 more girls were freed in May 2017. One of the girls was rescued in January 2018.\n\n\nContents\n1\tBackground\n2\tKidnapping\n3\tAftermath\n3.1\tEvents in 2014\n3.2\tEvents in 2015\n3.3\tEvents in 2016\n3.4\tEvents in 2017\n3.5\tEvents in 2018\n4\tReaction\n5\tSocial media and celebrity involvement\n6\tInternational governmental response\n7\tSee also\n8\tReferences\n9\tExternal links\nBackground\nMain article: Boko Haram insurgency\nThe terrorist group Boko Haram wants to institute an Islamic caliphate in Nigeria and is in particular opposed to western-style modern education, which they say lures people away from following Islamic teaching as a way of life. By 2014, tens of thousands of people had been killed in attacks perpetrated by the group, and the Nigerian federal government declared a state of emergency in May 2013 in Borno, Yobe and Adamawa states in its fight against the insurgency. The resulting crackdown led to the capture or killing of hundreds of Boko Haram members, with the remainder retreating to mountainous areas from which they began increasingly to target civilians. However, the campaign failed to stabilise the country. A French military operation in Mali also pushed Boko Haram and AQIM terrorists into Nigeria.\n\n\nBorno State is in northeast Nigeria\nBoko Haram began to target schools in 2010, killing hundreds of students by 2014. A spokesperson for the group said such attacks would continue as long as the Nigerian government continued to interfere with traditional Islamic education. 10,000 children have been unable to attend school as a result of activities by Boko Haram. Boko Haram has also been known to kidnap girls, whom it believes should not be educated, and use them as cooks or sex slaves.\n\nBoko Haram's attacks intensified in 2014. In February, the group killed more than 100 Christian men in the villages of Doron Baga and Izghe. That same month, 59 boys were killed in the Federal Government College attack in northeastern Nigeria. In March, the group attacked the Giwa military barracks, freeing captured militants. The Chibok abduction occurred on the same day as a bombing attack in Abuja in which at least 88 people died. Boko Haram was blamed for nearly 4,000 deaths in 2014. Training received from al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula has helped Boko Haram intensify its attacks.\n\nKidnapping\n\nDamage to the school\nOn the night of 14–15 April 2014, a group of militants attacked the Government Girls Secondary School in Chibok, Nigeria. They broke into the school, pretending to be guards. According to a diary written by two of the girls (Naomi Adamu and Sarah Samuel) the militants had intended to steal an \"engine block\" and were initially unsure what to do with the girls. They told the girls to get out and come with them. Some girls were loaded into trucks and the rest had to walk several miles until other trucks came to take them away possibly into the Konduga area of the Sambisa Forest where Boko Haram were known to have fortified camps. Houses in Chibok were also burned down in the incident. The school had been closed for four weeks prior to the attack due to the deteriorating security situation, but students from multiple schools had been called in to take final exams in physics.\n\nThere were 530 students from multiple villages registered for the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination, although it is unclear how many were in attendance at the time of the attack. The children were aged 16 to 18 and were in their final year of school. There was initial confusion over the number of girls kidnapped but on 21 April 2014, parents said 234 girls were missing. A number of the students escaped the kidnappers by jumping off the trucks. According to the police, approximately 276 children were taken in the attack, of whom 53 had escaped as of 2 May. Other reports said that 329 girls were kidnapped, 53 had escaped and 276 were still missing.\n\nAmnesty International said it believes the Nigerian military had four hours' advance warning of the kidnapping, but failed to send reinforcements to protect the school. Nigeria's armed forces have confirmed that the Nigerian military had four-hour advance notice of the attack but said that their over-extended forces were unable to mobilize reinforcements.\n\nJonathan N.C. Hill of King's College London, has pointed out that Boko Haram kidnapped these girls after coming increasingly under the influence of al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, and asserts that the group's goal is to use girls and young women as sexual objects and as a means of intimidating the civilian population into non-resistance. Hill describes the attacks as similar to kidnapping of girls in Algeria in the 1990s and early 2000s.\n\nAftermath\nEvents in 2014\n\nCEE-HOPE Nigerian organized an event to commemorate one year anniversary of bring back our girls\nNon-Muslim students were forced to convert to Islam. The girls were forced into marriage with members of Boko Haram, with a reputed \"bride price\" of ₦2,000 each ($6/£4). Many of the students were taken to the neighbouring countries of Chad and Cameroon, with sightings reported of the students crossing borders with the militants, and sightings of the students by villagers living in the Sambisa Forest. The forest was considered a refuge for Boko Haram. Local residents were able to track the movements of the students with the help of contacts across north eastern Nigeria. A diary described how some girls escaped but were returned to Boko Haram by local villagers and whipped.\n\nThe Guardian reported that the British Royal Air Force conducted Operation Turus in response to the Chibok schoolgirls' kidnapping by Boko Haram in Nigeria in April 2014. A source involved with the Operation told the Observer that “The girls were located in the first few weeks of the RAF mission,” and that “We [RAF] offered to rescue them, but the Nigerian government declined,” this was because it viewed the matter as a “national issue” to be resolved by Nigerian intelligence and security services.\n\nOn 2 May 2014, police said they were still unclear as to the exact number of students kidnapped. They asked parents to provide documents so an official count could be made, as school records had been damaged in the attack. On 4 May, the Nigerian President, Goodluck Jonathan, spoke publicly about the kidnapping for the first time, saying the government was doing everything it could to find the missing girls. At the same time, he blamed parents for not supplying enough information about their missing children to the police.\n\nOn 5 May 2014, a video in which Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau claimed responsibility for the kidnappings emerged. Shekau claimed that \"Allah instructed me to sell them...I will carry out his instructions.\" and \"Slavery is allowed in my religion, and I shall capture people and make them slaves.\" He said the girls should not have been in school and instead should have been married since girls as young as nine are suitable for marriage.\n\nFollowing the kidnapping incident, Boko Haram again abducted another eight girls, aged between 12–15, from northeastern Nigeria, a number later raised to eleven.\n\nChibok is primarily a Christian village and Shekau acknowledged that many of the girls seized were not Muslims: \"The girls that have not accepted Islam, they are now gathered in numbers...and we treat them well the way the Prophet Muhammad treated the infidels he seized.\"\n\nOn 5 May 2014, at least 300 residents of the nearby town of Gamboru Ngala were killed in an attack by Boko Haram militants after Nigerian security forces had left the town to search for the kidnapped students. On 9 May, former Boko Haram negotiator, Shehu Sani, stated that the group wanted to swap the abducted girls for its jailed members. On 11 May, Kashim Shettima, Governor of Borno State in Nigeria, said that he had sighted the abducted girls and that the girls were not taken across the borders of Cameroon or Chad. On 12 May, Boko Haram released a video showing about 130 kidnapped girls, each clad in a hijab and a long Islamic chador, and demanded a prisoner exchange.\n\nA journalist-brokered deal to secure the release of the girls in exchange for 100 Boko Haram prisoners held in Nigerian jails was scrapped at a late stage on 24 May 2014 after President Goodluck Jonathan consulted with U.S., Israeli, French and British foreign ministers in Paris, where the consensus was that no deals should be struck with terrorists, and that a solution involving force was required.\n\nOn 26 May, the Nigerian Chief of Defence Staff announced that the Nigerian security forces had located the kidnapped girls, but ruled out a forceful rescue attempt for fears of collateral damage.\n\nOn 30 May, it was reported that a civilian militia in the Baale region of Northeastern Nigeria found two of the kidnapped girls raped, \"half-dead,\" and tied to a tree. Villagers said the Boko Haram group had left the two girls, and killed four other disobedient girls and buried them. 223 were still missing.\n\nSir Andrew Pocock, British High Commissioner to Nigeria said that a couple of months after the kidnapping a group of up to 80 of the Chibok girls were seen by American 'eye in the sky' technology but nothing was done. The girls, a camp and evidence of ground transport vehicles were spotted next to a local landmark called the 'Tree of Life' in the Sambisa forest.\n\nOn 24 June, it was reported that 91 more women and children were abducted in other areas of Borno State. One source estimated in June that there could be as many as 600 girls held by Boko Haram in three camps outside Nigeria.\n\nOn 26 June, it was announced that Levick, a Washington, D.C. public relations firm, had received \"a contract worth more than $1.2 million\" from the government of Nigeria to work on \"the international and local media narrative\" surrounding the Chibok schoolgirl kidnapping.\n\nOn 1 July, a businessman suspected of carrying out the kidnappings of the school girls, as well as the bombing of a busy market in northeastern Nigeria, was arrested. Military sources said that he was also accused of helping the Islamist militant group kill the traditional leader Idrissa Timta, the Emir of Gwoza.\n\nOn 15 July, Zakaria Mohammed ('the Butcher'), a high-ranking member of Boko Haram, was arrested at Darazo-Basrika Road while fleeing from the counter insurgency operations going on around the Balmo Forest.\n\nOn 12 October 2014, it was reported that four girls from the original kidnapped group had escaped and walked three weeks to freedom in Nigeria. They said they had been held in a camp in Cameroon and raped every day.\n\nEvents in 2015\nStephen Davis, a former Anglican clergyman, contacted three Boko Haram commanders who said they might be prepared to release Chibok schoolgirls and went to Nigeria in April 2015. He was given proof of life (a video of them being raped) and was told 18 were seriously ill, some with HIV. Davis got initial agreement that Boko Haram would release these ill girls. However, after three attempts the deal fell through when another group abducted the girls believing they could make money out of them and Davis left Nigeria. Davis commented that it was not difficult to locate the five or six main Boko Haram camps. He could find them on Google Earth.\n\nIn May 2015, it was reported that the Nigerian military had reclaimed most of the areas previously controlled by Boko Haram in Nigeria including many of the camps in the Sambisa forest where it was suspected the Chibok girls had been kept. Although many women had been freed, none of the Chibok girls had been found. It was reported that some of the girls had been sold into slavery for N2,000 (about $10) each, others had been forcibly married to Boko Haram fighters and they may have been killed. Kashim Shettima, the Borno state governor said he suspected the Chibok girls were being kept in underground bunkers.\n\nEvents in 2016\nIn January 2016 the Nigerian military were reported to have freed 1,000 women held captive by Boko Haram but none of them were Chibok girls.\n\nIn April 2016 Boko Haram released a video showing 15 girls who appeared to be some of the kidnapped Chibok girls. The video was apparently taken in December 2015 and the girls seemed to be well fed and not distressed.\n\nOn 17 May 2016, Amina Ali Nkeki, one of the girls was found along with her baby and Mohammad Hayyatu, a suspected Boko Haram militant who claimed to be her husband, by the vigilante Civilian Joint Task Force group in the Sambisa Forest. All three were suffering from severe malnutrition. She was then taken to house of the group's leader Aboku Gaji who recognised her. The group then reunited the girl with her parents. She met Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari on 19 May. Government officials announced the same day that the Nigerian army and vigilante groups had killed 35 Boko Haram militants, freed 97 women and children and claimed one of the women was a Chibok schoolgirl. However, there were doubts that this girl, Serah Luka, was really one of the kidnapped Chibok schoolgirls. On 21 May 2016, Amir Muhammad Abdullahi, who claimed to be the Boko Haram second in command and speaker for several senior militants, offered to surrender so long as they would not be harmed and in return they would release hostages including the Chibok girls. However he said of Chibok girls; \"...frankly, just about a third of them remain, as the rest have been martyred”.\n\nIn August 2016 Boko Haram released a video of what appeared to be about 50 Chibok girls, some of them holding babies, with an armed masked spokesman who demanded the release of jailed fighters in exchange for the girls' freedom, The masked gunman said some of the Chibok girls had been killed by Nigerian air strikes and 40 had been married. The film was apparently released on the orders of Abubakar Shekau, the leader of one of the factions of Boko Haram.\n\nIn October 2016, 21 of the Chibok schoolgirls had been freed by Boko Haram after negotiations between the group and the Nigerian government brokered by International Committee of the Red Cross and the Swiss government. On 16 October, President Buhari's spokesperson stated that the ISIL-allied faction of Boko Haram was willing to negotiate the release of 83 more of the girls. According to him, the splinter group had stated that the rest of the girls were under the control of Shekau-led faction. 2 days later, Pogu Bitrus, the chairman of the Chibok Development Association, claimed that more than 100 of the missing girls apparently did not want to return home because they had either been brainwashed or were fearful of the stigma they will receive.\n\nAnother girl named Maryam Ali Maiyanga was found and rescued by the Nigerian Army on 5 November along with a baby by the Nigerian Army. The spokesman for the Army, Sani Usman, said that they discovered her in Pulka of Borno state while screening escapees from Boko Haram's Sambisa forest base. She was confirmed to be one of the kidnapped girls by Bring Back Our Girls.\n\nEvents in 2017\n\nU.S. President Donald J. Trump, Ivanka Trump, and Chibok schoolgirls Joy Bishara and Lydia Pogu at the White House on June 27, 2017.\nOne of the kidnapped girls, Rakiya Abubakar, was reported on January 5, 2017 to have been found by the Nigerian Army along with a 6-month-old baby while they were interrogating suspects detained in army raids on the Sambisa forest. Her identity was later confirmed by Bring Back Our Girls group.\n\nOn May 6, 82 of the schoolgirls were released following successful negotiations between the Nigerian government involving the exchange of five Boko Haram leaders. The negotiations were carried by Mustapha Zanna, barrister and owner of an orphanage in Maiduguri. The deal also involved the intervention of the Swiss government and the Red Cross. 3 million Euros (about 3.7 million US$) were paid as ransom money in two duffel bags for the total of 103 girls released in October 2016 and May 2017. A Nigerian government spokesman stated that though originally 83 girls were to be released in May 2017, one of them chose to stay with her husband instead of being freed.\n\nEvents in 2018\nThe Nigerian military stated on 4 January 2018 that it had rescued Salomi Pogu, one of the kidnapped girls. Col. Onyema Nwachukwu stated that she was rescued near Pulka village in Borno. Her name was in the list of the kidnapped Chibok schoolgirls. She was found in the company of another young woman and her child. In February 2018 most of the released girls were studying at the American University of Nigeria not far from the original scene of the kidnapping at Chibok. It was estimated that 13 girls were presumed dead and 112 were still missing.", "date": "2018-02-11"}}
{"topic_id": "104", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "African Listeria Outbreak", "topic_description": "Which African countries have been affected by the Listeria outbreak that began in South Africa in 2018 and what has been the outbreak's effect on the country?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "非洲李斯特菌疫情的爆发", "topic_description": "哪些非洲国家受到了2018年始于南非的李斯特菌疫情的影响，疫情对该国产生了什么影响。"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "لیستریا آفریقا Outbreak", "topic_description": "کدام کشورهای آفریقایی تحت تاثیر شیوع لیستریا قرار گرفته ‌ اند که در سال ۲۰۱۸ در آفریقای جنوبی آغاز شد و تأثیر این شیوع بر کشور چه بوده است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "African Lis的外break", "topic_description": "Which African countries have affected by the Lisan outbreak that begg in South Africa in2018and what has been the outbreak's effect on the country?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Африканская вспышка листерии", "topic_description": "Какие африканские страны пострадали от вспышки листерии, которая началась в Южной Африке в 2018 году, и каковы последствия этой вспышки для страны?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "Very valuable information included discussion of the outbreak in South Africa, how it happened, what needs to be done to mitigate it, and what other countries were doing to protect themselves.", "somewhat_valuable": "This information mentioned the outbreak in Africa, but just as an example when talking about the issue of listeria foodborne illness; details on the outbreak and its effects weren't discussed in detail.", "not_that_valuable": "N/A", "non_relevant": "N/A"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017%E2%80%932018_South_African_listeriosis_outbreak&oldid=830107221", "text": "The 2017–18 South African listeriosis outbreak is an ongoing widespread outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes food poisoning that resulted from contaminated processed meats produced by Enterprise Foods, a subsidiary of Tiger Brands, in Polokwane. As of 4 March 2018, there have been 180 deaths and over 1000 infections. It is the world's worst ever listeriosis outbreak.\n\n\nContents\n1\tInvestigation of the origin\n2\tImpact\n2.1\tReactions after cause was known\n3\tReferences\nInvestigation of the origin\nThe outbreak was first identified by doctors at Chris Hani and Steve Biko academic hospitals in July 2017, who notified the National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) about an unusually high number of neonatal infections.\n\nInterviews conducted by the authorities with people who contracted listeriosis indicated that processed cold meats, most notably polony, was the likely cause of the outbreak. However source of the outbreak at the Enterprise Foods facility was only discovered after nine five year old children from Soweto were brought to Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital in mid-January 2018. Samples taken from Enterprise and Rainbow Chicken polony products at the crèche the children attended tested positive for the strain of listeriosis causing the outbreak and led investigators to the infected production facilities.\n\nOn March 4 2018, Health Minister Aaron Motsoaledi announced that the disease was traced to the Enterprise processed meats factory in Polokwane. Environmental samples from the factory were found to contain the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes strain ST 6, the strain responsible for the outbreak.  Additionally, further samples from another Enterprise factory in Germiston and from a Rainbow Chicken factory in the Free State tested positive for Listeria, although which strain these samples tested positive for is not yet known.\n\nImpact\n\nIn January 2017 the first laboratory confirmed cases of the outbreak had been made. By December 2017 the outbreak had been declared by the South African Ministry of Health, stating that the ministry was “very concerned” by the outbreak. By mid-January 2018 around 557 cases had been confirmed with most incidences recorded in the Gauteng Province.\n\nBy 24 February 2018 the outbreak had caused the deaths of 164 people and infected a further 872 people. By 5 March 2018 a total of 180 people were thought to have died from the outbreak with 78 of the deaths being infants.\n\nReactions after cause was known\nFollowing the announcement, Tiger Brand's stock price on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange dropped by 7%, resulting in a R5.7bn (equivalent to 438.69 million USD) reduction in total value. At a press conference the next day, Tiger Brands CEO Lawrence MacDougall denied responsibility, stating \"There is no direct link between any of the deaths and our products.\" When pressed by journalists, he refused to apologize. \n\nThe South African government issued a recall notice of all products of RCL Foods Limited and Enterprise Foods and Rainbow Chicken facilities on March 4. Tiger Brands reportedly admitted to knowing about the presence of listeriosis in some of its products eighteen days before the government recall.\n\nOn March 5, Botswana, Namibia, Mauritius, Mozambique, Malawi and Zambia suspended all imports of processed meat from South Africa. Kenya followed suit on the next day. ", "date": "2018-03-12"}}
{"topic_id": "105", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus", "zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Mount Sinabung Eruptions", "topic_description": "How long will Mount Sinabung's eruptions last and what are the likely impacts to residents due to the frequency and power of eruptions?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Извержения горы Синабунг", "topic_description": "Как долго продлится извержение горы Синабунг и что может повлиять на жителей из-за частоты и мощности извержений?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "锡纳朋火山喷发", "topic_description": "锡纳朋火山的喷发要持续多久及喷发的频率跟强度对居民有哪些可能的影响?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "کوه Sinabung فوران", "topic_description": "چه مدت فوران های کوه Sinabung ادامه خواهد یافت و به دلیل فراوانی و قدرت فوران ها چه اثرات احتمالی برای ساکنان وجود دارد ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "西納邦埃魯普蒂斯山", "topic_description": "Sinabung山的侵蚀会持续多久，有什么可能影响到侵蚀的频率和威力？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Разрушения на горе Синабунг", "topic_description": "Как долго будут продолжаться извержения горы Синабунг и каковы вероятные последствия для жителей из-за частоты и мощности извержений?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "None found", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles re how many people were evacuated from what radius of the volcano, preparations for further response on the part of the authorities, which airports closed or did not close, details of ash cloud - height, direction, which sections of Indonesia were affected, specifics about people impacted (asthma), mention of aftershocks impacting residents. Included results for both the 2018 and 2019 volcano eruptions since that answered frequency and power of eruptions", "not_that_valuable": "Articles about the initial eruption in 2018 that have no details, mention of evacuations but without number of people or where, mention of Indonesia being under code red, initial but unsubstantiated results of the eruption.", "non_relevant": "Articles on Russian tourism impact, volcanic activity in general, theoretical discussion of how ash affects flights, volcanic activity other than Mount Sinabung, about Azerbaijan’s int’l airport, articles only mentioning images of the eruption."}, "zho": {"very_valuable": "N/A with the documents I was presented with. However, I would have considered very valuable information to include projections on how long Mount Sinabung’s eruptions would last, as well as the impacts not just because of the power of the eruptions, but also because of the frequency.", "somewhat_valuable": "Information about specific eruptions that have occurred at Mount Sinabung.\nInformation about the effects from specific eruptions at Mount Sinabung.\n", "not_that_valuable": "N/A", "non_relevant": "Information about other volcanic eruptions in Indonesia and their effects\nInformation about volcanic eruptions and their effects in other countries\nInformation about the possibility of climate change leading to an increase in volcanic activity (not specific to Indonesia).\n"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinabung&oldid=826510278#Eruptions", "text": "Mount Sinabung erupted after a centuries-long hiatus in August 2010, and has been continuously active since September 2013. Total erupted volume from 2010 to the end of 2015 was estimated at 0.16 km3 Dense-rock equivalent.\n\nAugust 2010\n\tWikinews has related news:\nMount Sinabung erupts in Sumatra, Indonesia\nOn 29 August 2010, the volcano experienced a minor eruption after several days of rumbling. Ash spewed into the atmosphere up to 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) high and lava was seen overflowing the crater. The volcano had been inactive for over four centuries, with the most recent eruption occurring in 1600. On 31 August 6,000 of the 30,000 villagers who had been evacuated returned to their homes. The volcano was assigned to category “B” In Indonesia, as it had been dormant for more than 400 years (volcanoes in category “A”, must be monitored frequently). The Indonesian Red Cross Society and the Health Ministry of Indonesia sent doctors and medicines to the region. The National Disaster Management Agency provided face masks and food to assist the evacuees.\n\nSeptember 2010\n\nMount Sinabung in 1940s\nOn Friday 3 September, two more eruptions were noted. The first happened at 4:45 a.m., forcing more villagers to leave their houses - some of them had just returned the day before. This eruption was the most intense so far, with ash spewed up into the atmosphere about 3.0 kilometres (1.9 mi) high. Some hours before the eruption a warning had been issued through the volcanology agency, and most villagers were prepared to leave quickly. A second eruption occurred the same evening, around 6 p.m. The eruption came with earthquakes which could be noticed out to a 25.0 kilometres (15.5 mi) distance around the volcano\n\nOn Tuesday 7 September, Mount Sinabung erupted yet again, its biggest eruption yet since it had become active on 29 August 2010 and experts warned of more eruptions to come. Indonesia's chief vulcanologist, Surono, said \"It was the biggest eruption yet and the sound was heard from 8 kilometres away. The smoke was 5,000 metres in the air\". Heavy rain mixed with the ash to form muddy coatings, a centimetre thick, on buildings and trees. Electricity in one village was cut off, but there were no casualties.\n\nGovernment response\n\nMount Sinabung, March 20, 2010.\n\nMount Sinabung, April 23, 2013.\nThe Indonesian government was reported to have evacuated around 17,500 people from the region on and around the volcano. The government issued the highest-level warning for the area, which was expected to remain in force for around a week, since scientists were unfamiliar with the characteristics of the volcano, due to it having been dormant for so long. The government also set up kitchens for refugees to have access to food and handed out 7,000 masks. Over 10,000 people have been internally evacuated after the eruption, Secretary of the provincial administration, Edy Sofyan told Xinhua by phone. Spokesman of National Disaster Management Agency Priyadi Kardono said the eruption had not been predicted earlier like other volcanoes and that authorities must conduct a quick preparation for emergency work because Mount Sinabung’s seismic activity has been monitored intensively only since Friday after it showed an increase in activity. In the wake of the eruption, the National Disaster Management Agency (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana/BNPB), supported the roughly 27,489 displaced people by providing shelters. In addition, \"BNPB has distributed 1,000 blankets, 1,000 sleeping mats and 500 family tents. The local government has allocated 50 tonnes of rice, 14,000 tins of fish, 1 water truck, 1,000 bottles of ketchup, 240 kg of instant noodles, 500 blankets, 50 family tents, 200 sleeping mats, oxygen bottles/tubes for emergency, and 5,000 packs of vitamin C and B6.\" \n\nEffects\nThe towns nearest to the volcano are Kabanjahe and Berastagi. There were no disruptions reported to air services at the regional airport, Medan's Polonia. One person was reported dead due to the eruption; he had respiratory problems while fleeing his home.\n\nSeptember 2013\nOn Sunday 15 September 2013, the volcano erupted at around 3 a.m local time. More than 3,700 people were evacuated from areas within a 3 kilometre (2 mile) radius of the volcano, and five halls normally used for traditional cultural ceremonies were converted into shelters with at least 1,500 being temporarily housed.\n\nNovember 2013\nThe volcano erupted again on 5 November 2013, for the third time in as many months, forcing thousands of villagers to evacuate. The Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation advised villagers to keep a distance of at least 2 miles from the volcano, while 5,000 people were evacuated from North Sumatra Karo Regency. The eruption has affected the people living around the volcano in more than one way; crops died due to the ash fall leading to an economic change in the area. Sinabung is one of 34 active volcanoes in Sumatra, which straddles the \"Pacific Ring of Fire\". On 11 November 2013, a pyroclastic flow, a fast-moving avalanche of ash, lava fragments and air, was seen racing down the peak. Since the eruption, Mount Sinabung has been very active in terms of having explosions of ash up to 2 times a day.\n\nDecember 2013\n\nSinabung on June 7, 2013\n\nSinabung on February 6, 2014\nBy 28 December 2013 a lava dome had formed on the summit.\n\nJanuary 2014\nOn 4 January 2014, the volcano erupted again. \"Mount Sinabung, which has erupted over a hundred times between Jan. 4 through the morning of January 5 is spewing out a 4,000 metre (13,000 ft) high column of ash damaging property and crops and poisoning animals over a wide radius.\"\n\nFebruary 2014\n\nDamaged plants due to eruption\nOn 1 February 2014 a further eruption occurred that sent clouds of hot ash 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) into the air and engulfed nearby villages. Reports claim that at least 16 people died as a result of the eruption, which occurred just after residents living more than five kilometers from the mountain had been allowed to return home following a lack of recent volcanic activity. Among the dead were a local television journalist and four high-school students along with their teacher, who were visiting the mountain to see the eruptions up close. Seven of the victims were members of the Indonesian Christian Student Movement (GMKI), who died while trying to save local residents as pyroclastic flows swept across Mount Sinabung.\n\nOctober 2014\nEruptions continued in October 2014. On 5 October, four eruptions in the early hours of the morning were reported by the Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB). The first one produced an ash plume of up to 2 km in height and a pyroclastic flow of 4.5 km in a southerly direction.\n\nThe Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) reported eruptions between 6 and 10 October, with some evacuations from surrounding villages. Further eruptions between 20 and 25 October have resulted in a meteorological cloud of ash obscuring some satellite observation. On 26 October the pyroclastic flow travelled 3.5 km and resulted in avalanches in the area.\n\nRecent activity on Mount Sinabung has resulted in higher levels of tourism and sight-seeing in the area. The Tourism Agency of the Karo regency has officially proposed several locations to local government as potential tourist sites. Tours to different villages and viewing sites are already available in the area.\n\nMay 2016\n\nAn eruption on 22 May 2016 killed at least seven people and critically injuring two more. Activity continued and ash plumes were observed throughout 2016.\n\nLate 2017\nActivity increased starting around April 2017, with a large ash eruption on 2 August 2017. Additional activity, including ash plumes, were observed over the next several months. The largest eruption of the year occurred during the last week of December and continued into early 2018.\n\nFebruary 2018\nAn eruption happened on 19 February 2018 with a large amount of ash and debris shot up thousands of feet into the sky. The country's National Disaster Mitigation Agency has confirmed that there were no fatalities or injuries.", "date": "2018-02-19"}}
{"topic_id": "106", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Violent Anti-migration Protests in Germany", "topic_description": "To what degree has there been violence at anti-migration protests in Germany?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "德国反移民抗议活动的暴力行为", "topic_description": "德国反移民抗议活动中的暴力程度？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "تظاهرات خشونت آمیز ضد مهاجرت در آلمان", "topic_description": "خشونت در اعتراضات ضد مهاجرت در آلمان تا چه حد بوده است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "德国Violent Anti-migration Protets", "topic_description": "在德国的反移民潮中，有什么是活跃的呢？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Насильственные антимиграционные протесты в Германии", "topic_description": "В какой степени имели место случаи насилия в ходе антимиграционных протестов в Германии?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "when and where protests happened, names of groups involved, political view of groups, police reaction, level of violence   ", "somewhat_valuable": "general discussion of anti-immigration violence without reference to particular events ", "not_that_valuable": "no examples found", "non_relevant": "events that happened in other countries, German officials commenting on protests in other countries, protests in Germany not related to migration   "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_migrant_crisis&diff=856388203&oldid=856244077#Germany", "text": "Germany has been the most sought-after final destination in the EU migrant and refugee crisis. Thousands of migrants continued to pour into Germany from Austria as of 6 September 2015. Germany's asylum practice is to be based on article 16a of her Basic Law. After the development of the migrant crisis Germany decided to use the derogation possibility of article 17 of the Dublin III Regulation for humanitarian reasons. According to The Wall Street Journal, this \"unilateral\" open-arms policy triggered both a domestic and an international backlash. However, Germany immediately began to deploy a quota system to distribute asylum seekers among all German states. In September 2015 the federal states, responsible for accommodation, reached the brink of their capacities and criticised the Government in Berlin for its \"inconsiderate\" approach to the crisis.\n\nThe Interior Minister announced on 13 September 2015 the introduction of temporary controls on the southern border with Austria and explained the measure with reference to security concerns. The restrictions incorporated a temporary suspension of rail travel from Austria and allowed spot checks on automobiles.\n\n\nProtesters gather outside Cologne Cathedral after New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany, January 2016\nOn 5 October the German tabloid Bild claimed to possess a secret document stating that the number of asylum seekers would increase to 1.5 million by the end of 2015. This report was immediately disclaimed by the German ministry of the interior which restated its own estimate of 800,000 applicants \"only\". Germany has followed a policy of treating migrants under 18 years of age as \"children first and refugees second,\" giving them − according to the Convention on the Rights of the Child − the same rights as German children. In late October 2015, the small village of Sumte, population 102, was told by Lower Saxony officials that it would receive 750 asylum-seekers. In January 2016, 18 of 31 men suspected of violent assaults on women in Cologne on New Year's Eve were identified as asylum seekers, prompting calls by German officials to deport convicted criminals who may be seeking asylum; these sexual attacks along with the wave of terrorist attacks brought about a fresh wave of anti-immigrant protests across Europe.\n\nBetween January and December 2015, 1,091,894 arrivals of asylum seekers were registered in Germany's \"EASY\" system for the first distribution of asylum seekers among Germany's federal states; however, asylum applications in 2015 were only 476,649, because many asylum seekers had not formally applied for asylum yet or did not stop in Germany and moved on to other EU states.\n\nIn February 2016, the German government admitted that it had lost track of around 13 per cent of the 1.1 million people registered as asylum seekers on arrival in 2015, because they never arrived at the refugee accommodation they were assigned. The German government said that probably many of the missing asylum seekers simply went to other European countries, while others continued to live illegally in Germany. Merkel's immigration policies are being criticised in the Christian Social Union, e.g. by the CSU-chairman Horst Seehofer.\n\nIn October 2016 Angela Merkel travelled to African countries Mali and Niger. The diplomatic visit took place in order to discuss how their governments could improve conditions which cause people to flee those countries and how illegal migration through and from these countries could be reduced.\n\nIn November 2016 Germany security officials cracked down on the militant salafist organisation Die Wahre Religion as these preachers had targeted newly arrived migrants with their violent form of Islam.\n\nIn January 2017 it was reported by Deutsche Welle that welfare authorities in Braunschweig had been targeted in 300 cases of migrant fraud as individuals registered many identities in order to receive multiple welfare payouts. Each case of migrant fraud averaged thousands of euros of loss, with the most prolific fraudster having registered 12 identities. The majority of the cases concerned Sudanese migrants. Authorities had at times been overwhelmed by registering 2000 migrants per day and normal checks like fingerprints are now retroactively required. One BAMF official allegedly accepted bribes and kickbacks for asylum and 18,000 asylum approvals were now in question. The Bremen office was stripped of its authority to grant asylums; 13 other offices were being investigated on suspicion of similar irregularities.\n\nA report by the German Federal Criminal Police Office on crime in the context of immigration found that immigrants were responsible for; 16.6% of all theft, 10% of fraud, 11% of all violent crime, 7.6% of drug crime, 9.1% of sexual crimes and 15% of all crime resulting in loss of life. 2016 saw a 52.7% increase in immigrant crime in 2016 alone. The percentage of sexual offenses where at least one suspect was an immigrant increased from 1.8% in 2012 to 9.1% in 2016.:15\n\nThe migrant crisis has spurred right-wing electoral preferences across Germany with the Alternative for Germany (AfD) gaining significant electoral success in the 2017 German Federal Election. These developments have prompted debates over the reasons for increased right-wing populism in Germany. Literature argues that the increased right-wing preferences are a result of the European migrant crisis which has brought thousands of people, predominantly from Muslim countries to Germany, and spurred a perception among a share of Germans that refugees constitute an ethnic and cultural threat to Germany.", "date": "2018-08-24"}}
{"topic_id": "107", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus", "zho", "fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "UN Climate Change Economic Analysis", "topic_description": "What is the economic impact of climate change in the world according to the United Nations and how does it plan to deal with it?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "ООН Изменение Климата Экономический Анализ", "topic_description": "Какие экономические последствия изменения климата в мире,  по ООН и как он планирует решить эту проблему."}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "联合国气候变化的经济分析", "topic_description": "根据联合国，气候变迁对世界经济有什么影响？联合国预计如何应对？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "تحلیل اقتصادی تغییر اقلیم سازمان ملل", "topic_description": "تأثیر اقتصادی تغییر اقلیم \n در جهان از نظر سازمان ملل متحد چیست و چگونه برای مقابله با آنها برنامه ریزی می کند؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "تجزیه و تحلیل اقتصادی تغییرات آب و هوایی سازمان ملل", "topic_description": "با توجه به سازمان ملل متحد ، تأثیر اقتصادی تغییرات آب و هوایی در جهان چیست و چگونه می تواند با آن مقابله کند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "联合国Climate Change Economic Analysis", "topic_description": "世界上与联合国一致的千变万化的经济影响是什么?它打算如何处理这个问题?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Экономический анализ изменения климата ООН", "topic_description": "Каково экономическое воздействие изменения климата в мире по мнению Организации Объединенных Наций и каким образом она планирует бороться с ним?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "Articles that described the research conducted by the UN on climate change that included information on how damaging to global economies worsening climate change can be and recommendations on how countries can implement change now to avoid catastrophe in 20+ years. ", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles about where possible monies for helping to combat climate change will come from. Some articles about economies of different countries and what those countries, which are part of the UN, are doing to combat climate change and how much they are willing to spend in both their countries and in the UN.", "not_that_valuable": "Information in general about the UN climate change conferences. ", "non_relevant": "not related to the topic at all. Articles were about weapons sales, natural disasters, human rights, etc. "}, "zho": {"very_valuable": "Articles talk about the UN reports and agreements and what countries do which make impacts to their economy and different markets.", "somewhat_valuable": "Makes mention of UN report or agreements and mentions one sentence about economic impact for a particular country.", "not_that_valuable": "Mentions UN report but no talk of economic impact. It talks about environmental changes which one could infer that there is a change in that economic sector but not enough info for one to cite in a report.", "non_relevant": "Mention countries carbon emission reduction for specific countries with no impact stated on economy or economic sectors, another report talks in general about climate change or impending effects,  countries not wanting to be apart of the carbon emission treaties."}, "fas": {"very_valuable": "The UN's establishment of APDIM under UNESCAP to address natural disasters resulting from climate change in the Asian-Pacific region.", "somewhat_valuable": "Information about the APDIM organization and what it's meant to accomplish", "not_that_valuable": "NA", "non_relevant": "Information/news about the Asian-Pacific Innovation Forum which is working in part with APDIM; also information about UNESCAP that was not relevant to APDIM."}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change&oldid=862738129", "text": "The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty adopted on 9 May 1992 and opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. It then entered into force on 21 March 1994, after a sufficient number of countries had ratified it. The UNFCCC objective is to \"stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system\". The framework sets non binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual countries and contains no enforcement mechanisms. Instead, the framework outlines how specific international treaties (called \"protocols\" or \"Agreements\") may be negotiated to specify further action towards the objective of the UNFCCC\n\nInitially, an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) produced the text of the Framework Convention during its meeting in New York from 30 April to 9 May 1992. The UNFCCC was adopted on 9 May 1992, and opened for signature on 4 June 1992. The UNFCCC has 197 parties as of December 2015. The convention enjoys broad legitimacy, largely due to its nearly universal membership.\n\nThe parties to the convention have met annually from 1995 in Conferences of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was concluded and established legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in the period 2008–2012. The 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference produced an agreement stating that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level. The Protocol was amended in 2012 to encompass the period 2013–2020 in the Doha Amendment, which as of December 2015 had not entered into force. In 2015 the Paris Agreement was adopted, governing emission reductions from 2020 on through commitments of countries in Nationally Determined Contributions. The Paris Agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016.\n\nOne of the first tasks set by the UNFCCC was for signatory nations to establish national greenhouse gas inventories of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals, which were used to create the 1990 benchmark levels for accession of Annex I countries to the Kyoto Protocol and for the commitment of those countries to GHG reductions. Updated inventories must be submitted annually by Annex I countries.\n\n\"UNFCCC\" is also the name of the United Nations Secretariat charged with supporting the operation of the Convention, with offices in Haus Carstanjen, and the UN Campus (known as Langer Eugen) in Bonn, Germany. From 2010 to 2016 the head of the secretariat was Christiana Figueres. In July 2016, Patricia Espinosa succeeded Figueres. The Secretariat, augmented through the parallel efforts of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), aims to gain consensus through meetings and the discussion of various strategies.\n\n\nContents\n1\tTreaty\n1.1\tKyoto Protocol\n1.2\tParis Agreement\n1.3\tIntended Nationally Determined Contributions\n1.4\tOther decisions\n1.5\tInterpreting Article 2\n1.6\tPrecautionary principle\n2\tParties\n2.1\tClassification of Parties and their commitments\n2.2\tList of parties\n2.3\tAnnex I countries\n3\tConferences of the Parties\n4\tSubsidiary bodies\n5\tSecretariat\n6\tAction for Climate Empowerment (ACE)\n7\tCommentaries and analysis\n7.1\tCriticisms of the UNFCCC Process\n7.2\tBenchmarking\n8\tSee also\n9\tSources\n10\tNotes\n11\tReferences\n12\tExternal links\nTreaty\nThe United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was opened for signature at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro (known by its popular title, the Earth Summit). On 12 June 1992, 154 nations signed the UNFCCC, which upon ratification committed signatories' governments to reduce atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases with the goal of \"preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with Earth's climate system\". This commitment would require substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions (see the later section, \"Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations\")\n\nArticle 3(1) of the Convention states that Parties should act to protect the climate system on the basis of \"common but differentiated responsibilities\", and that developed country Parties should \"take the lead\" in addressing climate change. Under Article 4, all Parties make general commitments to address climate change through, for example, climate change mitigation and adapting to the eventual impacts of climate change. Article 4(7) states:\n\nThe extent to which developing country Parties will effectively implement their commitments under the Convention will depend on the effective implementation by developed country Parties of their commitments under the Convention related to financial resources and transfer of technology and will take fully into account that economic and social development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of the developing country Parties.\n\nThe Framework Convention specifies the aim of developed (Annex I) Parties stabilizing their greenhouse gas emissions (carbon dioxide and other anthropogenic greenhouse gases not regulated under the Montreal Protocol) at 1990 levels, by the year 2000.\n\nKyoto Protocol\nMain article: Kyoto Protocol\nAfter the signing of the UNFCCC treaty, Parties to the UNFCCC have met at conferences (\"Conferences of the Parties\" – COPs) to discuss how to achieve the treaty's aims. At the 1st Conference of the Parties (COP-1), Parties decided that the aim of Annex I Parties stabilizing their emissions at 1990 levels by the year 2000 was \"not adequate\", and further discussions at later conferences led to the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol sets emissions targets for developed countries which are binding under international law.\n\nThe Kyoto Protocol has had two commitment periods, the first of which lasted from 2008-2012. The second one runs from 2013-2020 and is based on the Doha Amendment to the Protocol, which has not entered into force.\n\nThe US has not ratified the Kyoto Protocol, while Canada denounced it in 2012. The Kyoto Protocol has been ratified by all the other Annex I Parties.\n\nAll Annex I Parties, excluding the US, have participated in the 1st Kyoto commitment period. 37 Annex I countries and the EU have agreed to second-round Kyoto targets. These countries are Australia, all members of the European Union, Belarus, Croatia, Iceland, Kazakhstan, Norway, Switzerland, and Ukraine. Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine have stated that they may withdraw from the Protocol or not put into legal force the Amendment with second round targets. Japan, New Zealand, and Russia have participated in Kyoto's first-round but have not taken on new targets in the second commitment period. Other developed countries without second-round targets are Canada (which withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol in 2012) and the United States.\n\nParis Agreement\nMain article: Paris Agreement\nIn 2011, parties adopted the \"Durban Platform for Enhanced Action\". As part of the Durban Platform, parties have agreed to \"develop a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all Parties\". At Durban and Doha, parties noted \"with grave concern\" that current efforts to hold global warming to below 2 or 1.5 °C relative to the pre-industrial level appear inadequate.\n\nIn 2015, all (then) 196 parties to the convention came together for the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris 30 November - 12 December and adopted by consensus the Paris Agreement, aimed at limiting global warming to less than two degrees Celsius, and pursue efforts to limit the rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius. The Paris Agreement entered into force on November 4, 2016.\n\nIntended Nationally Determined Contributions\nMain article: Intended Nationally Determined Contributions\nAt the 19th session of the Conference of the Parties in Warsaw in 2013, the UNFCCC created a mechanism for Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to be submitted in the run up to the 21st session of the Conference of the Parties in Paris (COP21) in 2015. Countries were given freedom and flexibility to ensure these climate change mitigation and adaptation plans were nationally appropriate; this flexibility, especially regarding the types of actions to be undertook, allowed for developing countries to tailor their plans to their specific adaptation and mitigation needs, as well as towards other needs.\n\n\nA \"family photo\" organized by Greenpeace, at the entrance to the United Nations, with a banner reading \"We Will Move Ahead\"\nIn the aftermath of COP21, these INDCs became Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) when a country ratified the Paris Agreement, unless a new NDC was submitted to the UNFCCC at the same time. The 22nd session of the Conference of the Parties (COP22) in Marrakesh focused on these Nationally Determined Contributions and their implementation, after the Paris Agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016.\n\nThe Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) created a guide for NDC implementation, for the use of decision makers in Less Developed Countries. In this guide, CDKN identified a series of common challenges countries face in NDC implementation, including how to:\n\nbuild awareness of the need for, and benefits of, action among stakeholders, including key government ministries\nmainstream and integrate climate change into national planning and development processes\nstrengthen the links between subnational and national government plans on climate change\nbuild capacity to analyse, develop and implement climate policy\nestablish a mandate for coordinating actions around NDCs and driving their implementation\naddress resource constraints for developing and implementing climate change policy.\nOther decisions\nIn addition to the Kyoto Protocol (and its amendment) and the Paris Agreement, parties to the Convention have agreed to further commitments during UNFCCC Conferences of the Parties. These include the Bali Action Plan (2007), the Copenhagen Accord (2009), the Cancún agreements (2010), and the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (2012).\n\nBali Action Plan\nAs part of the Bali Action Plan, adopted in 2007, all developed country Parties have agreed to \"quantified emission limitation and reduction objectives, while ensuring the comparability of efforts among them, taking into account differences in their national circumstances.\" Developing country Parties agreed to \"[nationally] appropriate mitigation actions [NAMAs] context of sustainable development, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity-building, in a measurable, reportable and verifiable manner.\" 42 developed countries have submitted mitigation targets to the UNFCCC secretariat, as have 57 developing countries and the African Group (a group of countries within the UN).\n\nCopenhagen Accord and Cancún agreements\nAs part of the 2009 Copenhagen negotiations, a number of countries produced the Copenhagen Accord. The Accord states that global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F). This may be strengthened in 2015 with a target to limit warming to below 1.5 °C. The Accord does not specify what the baseline is for these temperature targets (e.g., relative to pre-industrial or 1990 temperatures). According to the UNFCCC, these targets are relative to pre-industrial temperatures.\n\n114 countries agreed to the Accord. The UNFCCC secretariat notes that \"Some Parties [...] stated in their communications to the secretariat specific understandings on the nature of the Accord and related matters, based on which they have agreed to [the Accord].\" The Accord was not formally adopted by the Conference of the Parties. Instead, the COP \"took note of the Copenhagen Accord.\"\n\nAs part of the Accord, 17 developed country Parties and the EU-27 have submitted mitigation targets, as have 45 developing country Parties. Some developing country Parties have noted the need for international support in their plans.\n\nAs part of the Cancún agreements, developed and developing countries have submitted mitigation plans to the UNFCCC. These plans are compiled with those made as part of the Bali Action Plan.\n\nDeveloping countries\nAt Berlin, Cancún, and Durban, the development needs of developing country parties were reiterated. For example, the Durban Platform reaffirms that:\n\n[...] social and economic development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of developing country Parties, and that a low-emission development strategy is central to sustainable development, and that the share of global emissions originating in developing countries will grow to meet their social and development needs\n\nInterpreting Article 2\nFurther information: Climate change mitigation\nThe ultimate objective of the Framework Convention is to prevent \"dangerous\" anthropogenic (i.e., human-caused) interference of the climate system. As is stated in Article 2 of the Convention, this requires that GHG concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can proceed in a sustainable fashion.\n\ngraph showing five prediction curves, all starting at the same point in the year 2000, then rising to different maximum levels in different years, and finally falling to very different levels in 2100\nClimate change mitigation scenarios: projected global greenhouse gas emissions, years 2000 to 2100\n\n \ngraph showing five prediction curves, all starting at the same point in the year 2000, then rising at different rates — the two highest curves continue to rise while the lowest three curves peak at different levels in different years and fall to different final levels in 2100\nClimate change mitigation scenarios: projected changes in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, years 2000 to 2100\n\n \ngraph showing five prediction curves, all starting at the same point in the year 2000, then rising at different rates — the three highest curves continue to rise while the lowest two curves peak at different levels in different years and fall to different final levels in 2100\nClimate change mitigation scenarios: projected global mean temperature, years 2000 to 2100\n\nTo stabilize atmospheric GHG concentrations, global anthropogenic GHG emissions would need to peak then decline (see climate change mitigation). Lower stabilization levels would require emissions to peak and decline earlier compared to higher stabilization levels. The graph above shows projected changes in annual global GHG emissions (measured in CO2-equivalents) for various stabilization scenarios. The other two graphs show the associated changes in atmospheric GHG concentrations (in CO2-equivalents) and global mean temperature for these scenarios. Lower stabilization levels are associated with lower magnitudes of global warming compared to higher stabilization levels.\n\nRefer to caption and image description\nProjected global warming in 2100 for a range of emission scenarios\nThere is uncertainty over how GHG concentrations and global temperatures will change in response to anthropogenic emissions (see climate change feedback and climate sensitivity). The graph opposite shows global temperature changes in the year 2100 for a range of emission scenarios, including uncertainty estimates.\n\nDangerous anthropogenic interference\nFurther information: Reasons for concern and Effects of global warming\nThere are a range of views over what level of climate change is dangerous. Scientific analysis can provide information on the risks of climate change, but deciding which risks are dangerous requires value judgements.\n\nThe global warming that has already occurred poses a risk to some human and natural systems (e.g., coral reefs). Higher magnitudes of global warming will generally increase the risk of negative impacts. According to Field et al. (2014), climate change risks are \"considerable\" with 1 to 2 °C of global warming, relative to pre-industrial levels. 4 °C warming would lead to significantly increased risks, with potential impacts including widespread loss of biodiversity and reduced global and regional food security.\n\nClimate change policies may lead to costs that are relevant to Article 2. For example, more stringent policies to control GHG emissions may reduce the risk of more severe climate change, but may also be more expensive to implement.\n\nProjections\nThere is considerable uncertainty over future changes in anthropogenic GHG emissions, atmospheric GHG concentrations, and associated climate change. Without mitigation policies, increased energy demand and extensive use of fossil fuels could lead to global warming (in 2100) of 3.7 to 4.8 °C relative to pre-industrial levels (2.5 to 7.8 °C including climate uncertainty).\n\nTo have a likely chance of limiting global warming (in 2100) to below 2 °C, GHG concentrations would need to be limited to around 450 ppm CO2-eq. The current trajectory of global emissions does not appear to be consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C.\n\nPrecautionary principle\nIn decision making, the precautionary principle is considered when possibly dangerous, irreversible, or catastrophic events are identified, but scientific evaluation of the potential damage is not sufficiently certain (Toth et al., 2001, pp. 655–656). The precautionary principle implies an emphasis on the need to prevent such adverse effects.\n\nUncertainty is associated with each link of the causal chain of climate change. For example, future GHG emissions are uncertain, as are climate change damages. However, following the precautionary principle, uncertainty is not a reason for inaction, and this is acknowledged in Article 3.3 of the UNFCCC (Toth et al., 2001, p. 656).\n\nParties\n\nParties to the UNFCCC\n  Annex I and II parties\n  Annex I parties\n  Non-annex parties\n  Observer states\nMain article: List of parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change\nAs of 2015, the UNFCCC has 197 parties including all United Nations member states, United Nations General Assembly observer State of Palestine, UN non-member states Niue and the Cook Islands and the supranational union European Union. The Holy See is not a member state, but is an observer.\n\nClassification of Parties and their commitments\nParties to the UNFCCC are classified as:\n\nAnnex I: There are 43 Parties to the UNFCCC listed in Annex I of the Convention, including the European Union. These Parties are classified as industrialized (developed) countries and \"economies in transition\" (EITs). The 14 EITs are the former centrally-planned (Soviet) economies of Russia and Eastern Europe.\nAnnex II: Of the Parties listed in Annex I of the Convention, 24 are also listed in Annex II of the Convention, including the European Union. These Parties are made up of members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Annex II Parties are required to provide financial and technical support to the EITs and developing countries to assist them in reducing their greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and manage the impacts of climate change (climate change adaptation).\nAnnex B: Parties listed in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol are Annex I Parties with first- or second-round Kyoto greenhouse gas emissions targets (see Kyoto Protocol for details). The first-round targets apply over the years 2008–2012. As part of the 2012 Doha climate change talks, an amendment to Annex B was agreed upon containing with a list of Annex I Parties who have second-round Kyoto targets, which apply from 2013–2020. The amendments have not entered into force.\nLeast-developed countries (LDCs): 47 Parties are LDCs, and are given special status under the treaty in view of their limited capacity to adapt to the effects of climate change.\nNon-Annex I: Parties to the UNFCCC not listed in Annex I of the Convention are mostly low-income developing countries. Developing countries may volunteer to become Annex I countries when they are sufficiently developed.\nList of parties\nAnnex I countries\nThere are 43 Annex I Parties including the European Union. These countries are classified as industrialized countries and economies in transition. Of these, 24 are Annex II Parties, including the European Union, and 14 are Economies in Transition.\n\nAustralia Australia[a]\nAustria Austria[a]\nBelarus Belarus[b]\nBelgium Belgium[a]\nBulgaria Bulgaria[b]\nCanada Canada[a]\nCroatia Croatia[b]\nCyprus Cyprus\nCzech Republic Czech Republic[b]\nDenmark Denmark[a]\nEstonia Estonia[b]\nEuropean Union EU[a]\nFinland Finland[a]\nFrance France[a]\nGermany Germany[a]\nGreece Greece[a]\nHungary Hungary[b]\nIceland Iceland[a]\nRepublic of Ireland Ireland[a]\nItaly Italy[a]\nJapan Japan[a]\nLatvia Latvia[b]\nLiechtenstein Liechtenstein\nLithuania Lithuania[b]\nLuxembourg Luxembourg[a]\nMalta Malta\nMonaco Monaco\nNetherlands Netherlands[a]\nNew Zealand New Zealand[a]\nNorway Norway[a]\nPoland Poland[b]\nPortugal Portugal[a]\nRomania Romania[b]\nRussia Russian Federation[b]\nSlovakia Slovakia[b]\nSlovenia Slovenia[b]\nSpain Spain[a]\nSweden Sweden[a]\nSwitzerland Switzerland[a]\nTurkey Turkey\nUkraine Ukraine[b]\nUnited Kingdom United Kingdom[a]\nUnited StatesUnited States of America[a]\n\nParties: Annexes, EU, OECD, EITs..\nNotes\n Annex II Party\n Economy in Transition\nConferences of the Parties\nMain article: United Nations Climate Change conference\nThe United Nations Climate Change Conference are yearly conferences held in the framework of the UNFCCC. They serve as the formal meeting of the UNFCCC Parties (Conferences of the Parties) (COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change, and beginning in the mid-1990s, to negotiate the Kyoto Protocol to establish legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. From 2005 the Conferences have also served as the Meetings of Parties of the Kyoto Protocol (CMP). Also parties to the Convention that are not parties to the Protocol can participate in Protocol-related meetings as observers. The first conference (COP1) was held in 1995 in Berlin. The 3rd conference (COP3) was held in Kyoto and resulted in the Kyoto protocol, which was amended during the 2012 Doha Conference (COP18, CMP 8). The COP21 (CMP11)) conference was held in Paris and resulted in adoption of the Paris Agreement. Negotiations for the Paris Agreement took place during COP22 in Marrakech, Morocco. The twenty-third COP (\"COP23\") was led by Fiji and took place in Bonn, Germany.\n\nSubsidiary bodies\nA subsidiary body is a committee that assists the Conference of the Parties. Subsidiary bodies include:\n\nPermanents:\nThe Subsidiary Body of Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) is established by Article 9 of the Convention to provide the Conference of the Parties and, as appropriate, its other subsidiary bodies with timely information and advice on scientific and technological matters relating to the Convention. It serves as a link between information and assessments provided by expert sources (such as the IPCC) and the COP, which focuses on setting policy.\nThe Subsidiary Body of Implementation (SBI) is established by Article 10 of the Convention to assist the Conference of the Parties in the assessment and review of the effective implementation of the Convention. It makes recommendations on policy and implementation issues to the COP and, if requested, to other bodies.\nTemporary:\nAd hoc Group on Article 13 (AG13), active from 1995 to 1998;\nAd hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate (AGBM), active from 1995 to 1997;\nAd Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP), established in 2005 by the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol to consider further commitments of industrialized countries under the Kyoto Protocol for the period beyond 2012; it concluded its work in 2012 when the CMP adopted the Doha Amendment;\nAd Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action (AWG-LCA), established in Bali in 2007 to conduct negotiations on a strengthened international deal on climate change;\nAd Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP), established at COP 17 in Durban in 2011 \"to develop a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all Parties.\" The ADP concluded its work in Paris on 5 December 2015.\nSecretariat\n\nPlatz der Vereinten Nationen 1, UN Campus, Bonn, seat of the secretariat\n\nartwork: outdoor thermometer, symbolizing measurement of global temperature\nThe work under the UNFCCC is facilitated by a secretariat in Bonn, Germany. The secretariat is established under Article 8 of the Convention. It is headed by the Executive Secretary. The current Executive Secretary, Patricia Espinosa, was appointed on 18 May 2016 by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and took office on 18 July 2016. She succeeded Christiana Figueres who held the office since 2010. Former Executive Secretaries have been Yvo de Boer (2006-2010), Joke Waller-Hunter (2002-2005) and Michael Zammit Cutajar (1995-2002).\n\nAction for Climate Empowerment (ACE)\nMain article: Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE)\nAction for Climate Empowerment (ACE) is a term adopted by the UNFCCC in 2015 to have a better name for this topic than \"Article 6\". It refers to Article 6 of the Convention's original text (1992), focusing on six priority areas: education, training, public awareness, public participation, public access to information, and international cooperation on these issues. The implementation of all six areas has been identified as the pivotal factor for everyone to understand and participate in solving the complex challenges presented by climate change. ACE calls on governments to develop and implement educational and public awareness programmes, train scientific, technical and managerial personnel, foster access to information, and promote public participation in addressing climate change and its effects. It also urges countries to cooperate in this process, by exchanging good practices and lessons learned, and strengthening national institutions. This wide scope of activities is guided by specific objectives that, together, are seen as crucial for effectively implementing climate adaptation and mitigation actions, and for achieving the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC.\n\nCommentaries and analysis\nCriticisms of the UNFCCC Process\nThe overall umbrella and processes of the UNFCCC and the adopted Kyoto Protocol have been criticized by some as not having achieved its stated goals of reducing the emission of carbon dioxide (the primary culprit blamed for rising global temperatures of the 21st century). At a speech given at his alma mater, Todd Stern — the US Climate Change envoy — has expressed the challenges with the UNFCCC process as follows, \"Climate change is not a conventional environmental issue...It implicates virtually every aspect of a state's economy, so it makes countries nervous about growth and development. This is an economic issue every bit as it is an environmental one.\" He went on to explain that, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is a multilateral body concerned with climate change and can be an inefficient system for enacting international policy. Because the framework system includes over 190 countries and because negotiations are governed by consensus, small groups of countries can often block progress.\n\nThe failure to achieve meaningful progress and reach effective-CO2 reducing-policy treaties among the parties over the past eighteen years have driven some countries like the United States to never ratify the UNFCCC's largest body of work — the Kyoto Protocol, in large part because the treaty didn't cover developing countries who now include the largest CO2 emitters. However, this fails to consider the historical responsibility for climate change since industrialisation, which is a contentious issue in the talks, and the responsibility of emissions from consumption and importation of goods. It has also led Canada to withdraw from the Kyoto Protocol out of a desire to not force its citizens to pay penalties that would result in wealth transfers out of Canada. Canada formally withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol in 2011. Both the US and Canada are looking at Voluntary Emissions Reduction schemes that they can implement internally to curb carbon dioxide emissions outside the Kyoto Protocol.\n\nThe perceived lack of progress has also led some countries to seek and focus on alternative high-value activities like the creation of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants which seeks to regulate short-lived pollutants such as methane, black carbon and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) which together are believed to account for up to 1/3 of current global warming but whose regulation is not as fraught with wide economic impacts and opposition.\n\nIn 2010, Japan stated that it will not sign up to a second Kyoto term, because it would impose restrictions on it not faced by its main economic competitors, China, India and Indonesia. A similar indication was given by the Prime Minister of New Zealand in November 2012. At the 2012 conference, last minute objections at the conference by Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan were ignored by the governing officials, and they have indicated that they will likely withdraw or not ratify the treaty. These defections place additional pressures on the UNFCCC process that is seen by some as cumbersome and expensive: in the UK alone the climate change department has taken over 3,000 flights in two years at a cost of over ₤1,300,000 (British Pounds).\n\nBefore the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, National Geographic Magazine added criticism, writing: \"Since 1992, when the world's nations agreed at Rio de Janeiro to avoid 'dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system,' they've met 20 times without moving the needle on carbon emissions. In that interval we've added almost as much carbon to the atmosphere as we did in the previous century.\"\n\nBenchmarking\nBenchmarking is the setting of a policy target based on some frame of reference. An example of benchmarking is the UNFCCC's original target of Annex I Parties limiting their greenhouse gas emissions at 1990 levels by the year 2000. Goldemberg et al. (1996) commented on the economic implications of this target. Although the target applies equally to all Annex I Parties, the economic costs of meeting the target would likely vary between Parties. For example, countries with initially high levels of energy efficiency might find it more costly to meet the target than countries with lower levels of energy efficiency. From this perspective, the UNFCCC target could be viewed as inequitable, i.e., unfair.\n\nBenchmarking has also been discussed in relation to the first-round emissions targets specified in the Kyoto Protocol (see views on the Kyoto Protocol and Kyoto Protocol and government action).\n\n", "date": "2018-10-06"}}
{"topic_id": "108", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus", "zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Saudi Arabic movie theater restrictions", "topic_description": "What restrictions did Saudi Arabia put on movie theatres and the films they show, and how are they changing?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Ограничения кинотеатра в Саудовской Аравии", "topic_description": "Какие ограничения Саудовская Аравия наложила на кинотеатры и фильмы, которые они показывают, и как они меняются?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "沙特电影院限制", "topic_description": "沙特对电影院及其放映的电影有哪些限制，现在有什么变化？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "محدودیت های سینمای عربی عربستان", "topic_description": "عربستان سعودی چه محدودیت ‌ هایی در سینما و فیلم ‌ هایی که نشان می ‌ دهند گذاشته است ، و چگونه تغییر می ‌ کنند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "沙巴阿电影theater restions", "topic_description": "什么东西会在电影和电影中出现，以及如何改变呢？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Ограничения саудовского арабского кинотеатра", "topic_description": "Какие ограничения были введены Саудовской Аравией на кинотеатры и фильмы, которые они показывают, и как они меняются?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "Described the restrictions that were placed on movies in Saudi Arabia and that the new restrictions would be censoring films to fit with the morals of the country. Also indicated which films were shown first. ", "somewhat_valuable": "The fact that after 30+ years, Saudi Arabia is allowing films to be shown, how many theaters will be open by a certain date, and that the theaters are expected to generate jobs and income for the country.", "not_that_valuable": "n/a", "non_relevant": "Soccer scores, information about movies or theaters in other countries, and other non-topic articles. "}, "zho": {"very_valuable": "Lift ban, ", "somewhat_valuable": "35 years", "not_that_valuable": "Black Panther", "non_relevant": "women driving, oil market, crude oil, qatar, china, blind movie, north korea"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Saudi_Arabia&oldid=836684548#Movie_theaters", "text": "Keif al-Hal? triggered a debate on the country's stance on cinemas and films. The documentary short film directed by Abdullah Al-Eyaf called Cinema 500 km discussed the issue of banning movie theaters and the film forced the media to take up the issue and discuss it. Wadjda was selected as the Saudi Arabian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 86th Academy Awards - the first time the country made a submission for the Oscars - but it was not nominated. It earned a nomination for Best Foreign Film at the 2014 BAFTA Awards.\n\nBarakah Yoqabil Barakah was the first feature film from Saudi to participate in the Berlin International Film Festival; it won a jury award at the festival.\n\nMovie theaters\nIn the 1970s, there were many movie theaters in Saudi Arabia and they were not considered un-Islamic, though they were seen as contrary to Arab cultural norms.\n\nIn the 1980s, there were some improvised movie halls in Saudi Arabia, most of which were in Jeddah and Mecca, where Egyptian, Indian, and Turkish films were screened without government intervention. However, all these halls were closed due to the continuous objections of religious conservatives during the Islamic revival movement in the 1980s. As a political response to an increase in Islamist activism including the 1979 seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, the government closed all cinemas and theaters.\n\nThe only public theater in Saudi Arabia is an IMAX cinema located in Khobar in the Scitech complex, a science and technology center offering exhibits that deal with varying science and technologies, as well as an astronomic observatory. This IMAX cinema is showing documentaries, mostly produced in the United States, during non-prayer timings. The documentaries are shown in Arabic, and headphones are available with English audio.\n\nOn 11 December 2017, the Saudi Arabian Minister of Culture and Information announced that public movie theaters would be allowed by 2018. The government hopes that by 2030, Saudi Arabia will already have more than 300 theaters with over 2,000 movie screens. The first public film screening will be Black Panther beginning on 18 April 2018 for five days in a 620 seat cinema, owned by AMC Theatres, in Riyadh's King Abdullah Financial District, which was originally intended to be a symphony hall. Avengers: Infinity War will begin screening in the kingdom on 26 April.", "date": "2018-04-16"}}
{"topic_id": "109", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Trump Controversial comments after Helsinki Summit", "topic_description": "What comments did US President Trump make after the 2018 Helsinki Summit with Russian President Putin and did the comments escalate the controversy concerning Russian meddling in the 2016 US election?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "اظهارات جنجالی ترامپ  پس از اجلاس هلسینکی", "topic_description": "اظهارات ترامپ رئیس جمهور آمریکا پس از اجلاس هلسینکی ۲۰۱۸ با پوتین رئیس جمهور \n  روسیه چه بودند و ایا  این اظهارات باعث افزایش اختلاف نظر در مورد مداخله روسیه در انتخابات ۲۰۱۶ آمریكا شد؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "نظرات جنجالی ترامپ پس از اجلاس هلسینکی", "topic_description": "پرزیدنت ترامپ پس از اجلاس هلسینکی 2018 با پوتین رئیس جمهور روسیه چه نظراتی داد و آیا نظرات بحث در مورد دخالت روسیه در انتخابات 2016 ایالات متحده را تشدید کرد ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "在Helsinki首脑会议上的王牌", "topic_description": "美国总统特朗普与俄罗斯总统普廷举行了2018年Helsinki峰会，并在2016年美国大选中对俄罗斯进行了控制？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Трамп спорные комментарии после Хельсинкского саммита", "topic_description": "Какие комментарии сделал президент США Трамп после Хельсинкского саммита 2018 года с президентом России Путиным и обострили ли ли комментарии споры о вмешательстве России в выборы в США 2016 года?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Article #6 Details Trumps statements as well as describes backlash from US officials regarding controversy concerning Russian meddling in the elections. \"Republican House Speaker Paul Ryan called on Donald Trump to \"realize that Russia is not an ally of Washington\" ... He said he had no doubt that Russia had interfered in the US presidential election.\"", "somewhat_valuable": "# 65: References Trump's comments at the Helsinki conference and the controversy, but does not provide specific details of how and why: \"After the meeting and the wave of criticism, the US President withdrew from his previous position, saying that Putin was personally responsible for interfering in the 2016 election.\"", "not_that_valuable": "# 48- Only mentions the quote and no mention of the aftermath. He said, among other things, that he believed that Russia had no involvement in the US elections: \"Meanwhile, US intelligence agencies say Russia was involved in the US election and specifically charged three Russian military security officials.\"", "non_relevant": "#14 Forewarns of meeting between the two presidents in Helsinki referencing the controversy over election meddling as being a possible discussion point. "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit&oldid=850400115", "text": "The summit will take place in the Presidential Palace. The event will mark the first official meeting between the world leaders after previous unofficial talks between Trump and Putin at the G20 Hamburg and APEC Vietnam summits held in 2017. President Trump will also meet the Finnish President Sauli Niinistö in the Presidential Palace. Topics President Trump announced to be discussed at the summit included the situations in Syria and Ukraine. The US foreign minister Mike Pompeo will meet his Russian and Finnish counterparts Sergey Lavrov and Timo Soini.\n\nAccording to the office of the president of Finland, President Niinistö is supposed to hold bilateral meetings with both presidents on the day. On Monday morning, President Niinistö and Mrs Jenni Haukio will welcome President Trump and Mrs Melania Trump at their official residence in Mäntyniemi. During the presidents’ meeting, Mrs Haukio and Mrs Trump are scheduled to gather for a joint breakfast.\n\nThe Helsinki 2018 meeting is scheduled to begin at the Presidential Palace after midday (at approximately 1 pm) with President Niinistö officially welcoming President Putin, followed by President Trump. The bilateral discussions between the Russian and American presidents will take place in the Presidential Palace’s Gothic Hall. Their meeting will be followed by a wider working lunch in the Hall of Mirrors.\n\nA group of top Senate Democrats is urging Trump to not meet with Putin one-on-one. Eight Senate Democrats including Minority Leader Charles Schumer, Minority Whip Dick Durbin and the top Democrats on the Senate Intelligence (Mark Warner), Foreign Relations (Bob Menendez), Judiciary (Dianne Feinstein), Armed Services (Jack Reed), Appropriations and Banking committees sent a letter to Trump on Saturday making the demand.", "date": "2018-07-15"}}
{"topic_id": "110", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Trump-Putin relationship Helsinki meeting", "topic_description": "What was the nature of the relationship between Russian President Putin and US President Trump during their private talk in Helsinki and how does that influence policy?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "赫尔辛基峰会后特朗普有争议评论", "topic_description": "\n美国总统特朗普在2018年与俄罗斯总统普京举行的赫尔辛基峰会后就俄罗斯干预2016年美国大选发表了有争议的评论"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "نشست هلسینکی رابطه ترومپ-پوتین", "topic_description": "ماهیت رابطه بین رئیس جمهور روسیه پوتین و ترامپ رئیس جمهور ایالات متحده در طول صحبت خصوصی خود در هلسینکی چه بود و چگونه این سیاست را تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Trum-Putin Relationship Helsinki meeting", "topic_description": "俄罗斯总统普廷和美国总统特朗普在Helsinki的私人谈话中，俄罗斯总统普廷和美国总统特朗普之间的关系是什么？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Встреча между Трампом и Путиным в Хельсинки", "topic_description": "Какова была природа отношений между президентом России Путиным и президентом США Трампом во время их личных бесед в Хельсинки и как это влияет на политику?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "quotes of Trumps comments with explanation of why those comments were controversial; Trump's attempts to walk back the comments ", "somewhat_valuable": "details about how Russian meddling in the 2016 US election was dealt with at the Summit with some mention controversy ", "not_that_valuable": "general information about the summit ", "non_relevant": "general information about Russian meddling in the 2016 US election"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&oldid=850306181", "text": "A highly unusual unannounced visit to Washington D.C. at the end of January 2018 by the directors of Russia's three main intelligence and security agencies (FSB, SVR, and GRU), two of whom (Sergey Naryshkin and Igor Korobov) were on the U.S. sanctions list, and their reported meetings with top U.S. security officials caused political controversy in the U.S. and elicited no official comment in Russia, while it occurred days before the Trump administration chose not to impose immediately new sanctions on Russia at the deadline mandated by the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act.\n\nThe U.S. air and artillery strike on a pro-government formation in eastern Syria on 7 February 2018, which caused massive death toll among Russian nationals and a political scandal in Russia, was billed by media as \"the first deadly clash between citizens of Russia and the United States since the Cold War\" and \"an episode that threatens to deepen tensions with Moscow\".\n\nPublic statements read out by Vladimir Putin on 1 March 2018, days before the presidential election, about missile technology breakthroughs made by Russia, were referred to by the Trump administration officials as largely boastful untruths, as well as confirmation that \"Russia ha[d] been developing destabilizing weapons systems for over a decade, in direct violation of its treaty obligations\". U.S. Defense Secretary James Mattis remarked that the systems Putin had talked about \"[were] still years away\" and he did not see them changing the military balance. Nevertheless, White House insiders were later quoted as saying that Putin′s claims \"really got under the president [Trump]'s skin\" and caused Trump to take a sharper tone behind the scenes vis-à-vis Vladimir Putin.\n\nOn 26 March 2018, following the United States National Security Council′s recommendation, to demonstrate the U.S.'s support for the UK's position on the Salisbury poisoning incident, president Donald Trump ordered the expulsion of sixty Russian diplomats and closure of Russian consulate in Seattle. Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov responded to the simultaneous expulsion of the total of 140 Russian diplomats by 25 countries by accusing the U.S. government of \"blackmailing\" other nations.\n\nIn April 2018, US-Russian relations were further exacerbated by missile strikes against the Syrian government targets following the suspected chemical attack in Douma on 7 April. The countries clashed diplomatically, with Russia′s top military officials threatening to hit U.S. military targets in the event of a massive U.S.-led strike against Syria. In late May, during an interview with RT, Syria′s president Bashar al-Assad said that direct military conflict between the Russian forces and the U.S. forces in Syria had been averted in April \"by the wisdom of the Russian leadership\" and that the US-led missile attack against Syria would have been far more extensive had it not been for Russia′s intervention.\n\nOn June 8, 2018, Trump called for Russia to be readmitted to the G-7, from which it was expelled after the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014.\n\n2018 Russia–United States summit between Trump and Putin is scheduled to take place in Helsinki, Finland, on July 16, 2018. Topics of discussion include the situation in Syria, the Ukrainian crisis and nuclear arms control.", "date": "2018-07-15"}}
{"topic_id": "111", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus", "zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Chinese regulation of Fentanyl", "topic_description": "Has the addition of fentanyl to China's list of regulated narcotic drugs been successful in curbing its production and distribution?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Китайское регулирование Фентанила", "topic_description": "Помогло ли добавление фентанила в список регулируемых наркотиков Китая ограничить его производство и распределение?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "中国对芬太尼的管制", "topic_description": "把芬太尼类物质品列入中国的管制麻醉药品目录对约束芬太尼的生产和分销是否成功?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "مقررات چینی فنتانیل", "topic_description": "آیا افزودن فنتانیل به لیست داروهای مخدر تنظیم شده در چین در مهار تولید و توزیع آن موفق بوده است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "芬太尼的中国regulation", "topic_description": "在中国的累加芳基药物列表中，芬太尼的添加是抑制其生产和分解的原因。"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Китайское регулирование Фентанила", "topic_description": "Успешно ли было включение фентанила в перечень регулируемых наркотических средств Китая с точки зрения ограничения его производства и распространения?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "One article focused on the very question in the description. The assessment by the US think tank, Rand, China lacks the resources to effectively control opioid exporters. Over 40 years, Chinese manufacturers have reoriented themselves to export, especially through the internet. The industry has about five thousand companies producing about two million tons of product per year. Also, many operate without government oversight. Besides the US, countries like Russia who share a border with China are also suffering from the influx of fentanyl and other drugs into their countries. The Chinese government has so far failed to control the flow. ", "somewhat_valuable": "Three articles focused on China putting fentanyl on the list of controlled substances for export, but also with the caveat that the China is not the sole source of this product. Also, one article focused on US sanctions against certain Chinese entities because of their exporting fentanyl to the US. US stated that the regulated Chinese list isn't working. ", "not_that_valuable": "One article is about Trump announcing new tariffs to China mostly because of the trade war, but one reason mentioned was China’s failure to limit sales of fentanyl to US. Another article was about Trump’s Tweets calling for the ban of fentanyl from China to US", "non_relevant": "Trump’s request to Mexico and China to cooperate against the opioid crisis; China’s black listing of certain suspect people and companies (no details); UN’s opioid report; Drug problems in Russia, Estonia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan; Heroin problem; DoJ going after pharmaceutical companies; innovative vaccine to battle opioid crisis; Trump signed legislation to counter the smuggling of opioids into the United States; US sanctions against Korea and China; The Chinese government intends to impose sanctions against American companies that are involved in the supply of arms to Taiwan; how the opioid crisis grew in the US; US sanctions against Russia; Russia’s sanctions against Ukraine"}, "zho": {"very_valuable": "-- Information on Trump’s view that China has not been successful in curbing the production and distribution.\n-- Information on when fentanyl was added to China’s list of regulated narcotic drugs.\n-- Information on how many types of fentanyl were added to the list\n", "somewhat_valuable": "N/A", "not_that_valuable": "N/A", "non_relevant": "-- Articles that included a mention of Trump’s criticism of China not stopping the distribution of fentanyl to the U.S., but were primarily about trade and/or China’s broken promises (according to Trump). In these types of articles, the fentanyl issue seemed to be more of a playing card for the U.S. to use in its trade war with China.\n-- Similarly to the above point, if an article notes that Trump is using the fentanyl issue as a way to raise tariffs.\n-- Articles that mention the fentanyl issue, but also note the dispute between the U.S. and China over the facts of the situation.\n"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&oldid=890112151#Overdose", "text": "Several large quantities of illicitly produced fentanyl have been seized by U.S. law enforcement agencies. In November 2016, the DEA uncovered an operation making counterfeit oxycodone and Xanax from a home in Cottonwood Heights, Utah. They found about 70,000 pills in the appearance of oxycodone and more than 25,000 in the appearance of Xanax. The DEA reported that millions of pills could have been distributed from this location over the course of time. The accused owned a pill press and ordered fentanyl in powder form from China. A seizure of a record amount of fentanyl occurred on February 2, 2019 by U.S. Customs and Border Protection in Nogales, Arizona. The 254 pounds (115 kg) of fentanyl, which was estimated to be worth US$3.5M, was buried under a pile of cucumbers and stowed under a special floor compartment.\n\nThe \"China White\" form of fentanyl refers to any of a number of clandestinely produced analogues, especially α-methylfentanyl (AMF). This Department of Justice document lists \"China White\" as a synonym for a number of fentanyl analogues, including 3-methylfentanyl and α-methylfentanyl, which today are classified as Schedule I drugs in the United States. Part of the motivation for AMF is that, despite the extra difficulty from a synthetic standpoint, the resultant drug is relatively more resistant to metabolic degradation. This results in a drug with an increased duration.\n\nIn June 2013, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a health advisory to emergency departments alerting to 14 overdose deaths among intravenous drug users in Rhode Island associated with acetylfentanyl, a synthetic opioid analog of fentanyl that has never been licensed for medical use. In a separate study conducted by the CDC, 82% of fentanyl overdose deaths involved illegally manufactured fentanyl, while only 4% were suspected to originate from a prescription.\n\nBeginning in 2015, Canada has seen a number of fentanyl overdoses. Authorities suspected that the drug was being imported from Asia to the western coast by organized crime groups in powder form and being pressed into pseudo-OxyContin tablets. Traces of the drug have also been found in other recreational drugs including cocaine, MDMA, and heroin. The drug has been implicated in multiple deaths from the homeless to young professionals, including multiple teens and young parents. Because of the rising deaths across the country, especially in British Columbia where the deaths for 2016 is 668 and deaths for 2017 (January to October) is 999,Health Canada is putting a rush on a review of the prescription-only status of naloxone in an effort to combat overdoses of the drug.\n\nFentanyl has been discovered for sale in illicit markets in Australia in 2017 and in New Zealand in 2018. In response, New Zealand experts called for wider availability of naloxone.\n\nFentanyl has started to make its way into heroin and oxycodone, and more recently, cocaine. A kilogram of heroin laced with fentanyl may sell for US$1.6 million, but the fentanyl itself may be produced far more cheaply for about US$6,000 per kilogram. Fentanyl is often produced in China and exported illegally to the U.S.", "date": "2019-03-30"}}
{"topic_id": "112", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "China's production of Fentanyl", "topic_description": "Find information about the production of the narcotic fentanyl in China."}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "تولید فنتانیل در چین", "topic_description": "اطلاعات مربوط به تولید ماده مخدر فنتانیل را در چین جستجو کنید."}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "تولید چین از فنتانیل", "topic_description": "اطلاعات مربوط به تولید مواد مخدر فنتانیل در چین را پیدا کنید."}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "中国生产芬太尼", "topic_description": "寻找有关在中国生产萘乙酸芬太尼的信息。"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Производство в Китае фентанила", "topic_description": "Найти информацию о производстве наркотического фентанила в Китае."}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Fentanyl production in China increased by 30% in one year.", "somewhat_valuable": "Fentanyl production in China may be affected by the China-US trade war.", "not_that_valuable": "Production of opioids  in China may be affected by the China-US trade war.", "non_relevant": "Addiction cases increased significantly in the US."}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&oldid=890110435", "text": "Fentanyl has started to make its way into heroin and oxycodone, and more recently, cocaine. A kilogram of heroin laced with fentanyl may sell for US$1.6 million, but the fentanyl itself may be produced far more cheaply for about US$6,000 per kilogram. Fentanyl is often produced in China and exported illegally to the U.S.\n\nSeveral large quantities of illicitly produced fentanyl have been seized by U.S. law enforcement agencies. In November 2016, the DEA uncovered an operation making counterfeit oxycodone and Xanax from a home in Cottonwood Heights, Utah. They found about 70,000 pills in the appearance of oxycodone and more than 25,000 in the appearance of Xanax. The DEA reported that millions of pills could have been distributed from this location over the course of time. The accused owned a pill press and ordered fentanyl in powder form from China. A seizure of a record amount of fentanyl occurred on February 2, 2019 by U.S. Customs and Border Protection in Nogales, Arizona. The 254 pounds (115 kg) of fentanyl, which was estimated to be worth US$3.5M, was buried under a pile of cucumbers and stowed under a special floor compartment.\n\nThe \"China White\" form of fentanyl refers to any of a number of clandestinely produced analogues, especially α-methylfentanyl (AMF). This Department of Justice document lists \"China White\" as a synonym for a number of fentanyl analogues, including 3-methylfentanyl and α-methylfentanyl, which today are classified as Schedule I drugs in the United States. Part of the motivation for AMF is that, despite the extra difficulty from a synthetic standpoint, the resultant drug is relatively more resistant to metabolic degradation. This results in a drug with an increased duration.", "date": "2019-03-30"}}
{"topic_id": "113", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus", "zho", "fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Boeing 737 Flight 610 Crash", "topic_description": "What caused the Lion Air Flight 610 Boeing 737 to crash?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Крушение Боинга 737 рейса 610", "topic_description": "Что стало причиной крушения Boeing 737 рейса 610 компании Lion Air?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "波音737航班610坠毁", "topic_description": "是什么导致了狮航610航班波音737坠毁？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "سقوط هواپیمای بوئینگ ۷۳۷ پرواز ۶۱۰", "topic_description": "چه عاملی باعث سقوط  لاین ایر پرواز ۶۱۰ بوئینگ ۷۳۷ شد؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "بوئینگ 737 پرواز 610 سقوط", "topic_description": "چه چیزی باعث سقوط هواپیمای بوئینگ ۷۳۷ بوئینگ ۶۱۰ شد ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Boeing737火焰610碰撞", "topic_description": "什么原因导致狮子会610Boeing737坠毁？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Boeing 737 Рейс 610 Авария", "topic_description": "Что привело к падению самолета Boeing 737 авиакомпании Lion Air?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "One article that had all the details from start to finish, about the accident, the initial findings, all the issues of the software overriding manual control, the lack of information in the manual, the lack of training for the pilots, the pilots attempts to find the issue before the crash and failing, black box information, Boeing's flawed approach to the initial software upgrade, Boeing's attempts to fix the software. ", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles that had information about the software flaws, how the system responds to the transponders giving false indications of a too-steep angle of attack, information from the black box when it was recovered that removed some assumptions such as rapid depressurization, but revealed flawed sensor readings, Boeing's lack of training or manual updates for the pilots", "not_that_valuable": "Articles that focused on Boeing's ops chief retiring, with a brief mention that there were problems with production of various parts of the plane; pilots reading the manual before the crash, not realizing the information was not available nor did they have time; struggling with the controls, mention of changing the software but not providing details, details about the cause of the Ethiopian crash (Since it was similar to the Indonesian), initial investigation into the crashes with few details, preliminary but uncorroborated findings; mention of similarities in the two crashes, but no details", "non_relevant": "Initial reporting about the crash itself and recovery without any info as to the cause, impact to Boeing’s business, the crash in Ethiopia without any causal details, Taking the 737 Max off line, and any predictions about resuming production. Russians considering purchasing the Max jet., FAA approval for Boeing to update software, Boeing to restart 737 Max flights, Boeing paying the victims of the crashes; crashes of other types of aircraft, Boeing close-calls, Boeing sued over crash"}, "zho": {"very_valuable": "Anything that explicitly talked about the reason for what caused the crash. ", "somewhat_valuable": "Any speculation about the reason for the crash but the investigation had not finished yet.", "not_that_valuable": "Articles that said they were improving the system but did not say that it was the reason for the crash.", "non_relevant": "Any article that talked about a completely different Boeing 737 crash in a different country, the stock price of Boeing tanking, or had nothing to do with a crash."}, "fas": {"very_valuable": "Articles which explicitly named the flight as the Lion air flight 610, and specified that investigations led them to conclude that there were sensor, instrument and computer errors that led the plane to fly nose down until it crashed to earth", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles which named the lion air flight 610 as well as another flight in Kenya which was also a 737 max, and speculated that there may have been weather issues, or instrument issues but no confirmation", "not_that_valuable": "Articles which were about the investigation into Flight 610 with no conclusion or speculation included and primarily about the casualties, or articles which were likely about Flight 610 but were not explicit about it", "non_relevant": "Articles only about the Kenya 737 max plane as well as articles about other disasters or plane crashed in Indonesia which were not the 610"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lion_Air_Flight_610&diff=866377456&oldid=866377255", "text": "Lion Air Flight 610 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight operated by the Indonesian airline Lion Air from Soekarno–Hatta International Airport in Jakarta to Depati Amir Airport in Pangkal Pinang. On 29 October 2018, the aircraft operating the flight, a Boeing 737 MAX 8, crashed 13 minutes after takeoff. Wreckage from the aircraft was found in the Java Sea, off the coast of Java. Officials have preliminarily concluded that all 189 passengers and crew are dead, based on body parts and debris found so far.\n\nAircraft\nThe aircraft involved was a Boeing 737 MAX 8, registration PK-LQP, manufacturer's serial number 43000, line number 7058, powered by two CFM International LEAP engines. It had been delivered brand new to Lion Air on 13 August 2018 and flown to Indonesia two months before the accident. At the time of the accident, the aircraft had flown about 800 hours in service. This is the first accident involving a 737 MAX since the type's entry into service on 22 May 2017.\n\nPassengers and crew\nAccording to Indonesian officials, there were 189 people on board the aircraft: 181 passengers (178 adults, a child and two babies), as well as six cabin crew and two pilots.\n\nCrew\nLion Air identified the flight's captain as an Indian national who had flown for the airline for more than seven years and had logged about 6,000 hours of flight time; and the copilot as an Indonesian who had logged about 5,000 hours of flight time.\n\nPassengers\nTwenty Ministry of Finance employees, ten Audit Board of Indonesia employees, two auditors from the Finance and Development Inspection Agency, seven Bangka Belitung Regional People's Representative Council members, three public attorneys, and three judges of Indonesia's High Court and National Court were among the passengers. There were two confirmed foreigners among those on board: the pilot from India and an Italian citizen, former professional cyclist Andrea Manfredi.\n\nFlight details and accident\nThe flight took off from Jakarta on 29 October 2018 at 6:20 a.m local time (28 October 2018, 23:20 UTC) and was scheduled to arrive at Depati Amir Airport in Pangkal Pinang at 7:20 a.m. It took off in a westward direction before circling around to a northeasterly heading, which it held until crashing offshore at about 6:33 a.m. northeast of Jakarta in waters estimated to be up to 35 metres (115 ft) deep. The aircraft reached a maximum altitude of about 5,000 feet (1,500 m) before descending and climbing several times until its final transmission showed it at an altitude of about 3,650 feet (1,110 m) with a speed of 345 knots (639 km/h; 397 mph). According to an official at Pangkal Pinang's search and rescue office, the flight crew had requested clearance to return to the Jakarta airport at some point during the flight. The accident site was located 34 nautical miles (63 km) off the coast of the Karawang Regency on the island of Java.\n\nA search and rescue operation was deployed by the Indonesian National Search and Rescue Agency (Basarnas), with assistance from the Indonesian Air Force. Basarnas dispatched about 150 people in boats and helicopters to the site of the accident. Civilian vessels also responded to the reports of a downed aircraft, and the crew of a tugboat reported to authorities in Tanjung Priok that they had witnessed an aircraft crash at 6:45 a.m. and located debris in the water at 7:15 a.m. Debris believed to be from the aircraft was found near an offshore production platform near the accident site.[failed verification]\n\nA spokesperson for the agency confirmed to reporters that the aircraft had crashed, though as of about 9:00 a.m. a Tanjung Priok official said that no information had emerged about the condition of the people on board. Muhammad Syaugi, head of Basarnas, later confirmed that there had been casualties, without specifying a number.\n\nThe chief executive officer of Lion Air, Edward Sirait, said the same aircraft had reported a “technical issue” on Sunday night, but had been cleared to fly on Monday. He said he would not ground the nine other MAX 8 aircraft in Lion Air’s fleet.", "date": "2018-10-29"}}
{"topic_id": "114", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus", "zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Causes of Forest Fires in central Portugal", "topic_description": "What are the causes of the forest fires in central Portugal?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Причины лесных попожаров в центральной Португалии", "topic_description": "Каковы причины лесных пожаров в центральной Португалии?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "葡萄牙中部森林火灾的原因", "topic_description": "葡萄牙中部森林火灾的原因是什么？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "علل آتش سوزی جنگل در پرتغال مرکزی", "topic_description": "علل آتش سوزی جنگل در پرتغال مرکزی چیست ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "葡萄牙中部森林火灾的原因", "topic_description": "葡萄牙中部最火的原因是什么?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Причины лесных пожаров в центральной Португалии", "topic_description": "Каковы причины лесных пожаров в центральной части Португалии?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "N/A", "somewhat_valuable": "Specific conditions that led to the fire such as drought, high heat, but more specifically the lightning strike that ignited it. ", "not_that_valuable": "Early guesses as to what caused the fire, vague ideas, or mention of it being natural causes ", "non_relevant": "Mentions of condolences from world leaders, rescue attempts, help from other countries, casualties of the fire in Portugal without mentioning cause of the fire. Fires not in Portugal, Portuguese foreign relations, visit by the Portuguese president to the US, plane crashes. "}, "zho": {"very_valuable": "Details about what causes forest fires in central Portugal", "somewhat_valuable": "information about particular fires: number of deaths, amount of territory damaged, dates of the events", "not_that_valuable": "general information about fires in Portugal", "non_relevant": "wild fires in other countries, fires in cities in Portugal"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_2017_Portugal_wildfires&diff=786356698&oldid=786352952", "text": "A series of deadly wildfires erupted across central Portugal during the night of 17–18 June 2017, resulting in at least 61 deaths and at least 54 injured people. The majority of deaths took place in Pedrógão Grande when a fire swept across a road filled with evacuees. Portuguese officials dispatched more than 1,700 firefighters nationwide to combat the blazes and Prime Minister António Costa declared three days of national mourning.\nAn intense heat wave preceded the fires, with many areas of Portugal seeing temperatures in excess of 40 °C (104 °F). During the night of 17–18 June, a total of 156 fires erupted across the country, particularly in mountainous areas 200 km (120 mi) north-northeast of Lisbon. The initial fires began in the Pedrógão Grande municipality before spreading dramatically. Dry thunderstorms preceded the event and may have ignited some fires: the National Director of the Judiciary Police, Almeida Rodrigues, has stated that the Police, along with the National Republican Guard, have since found the tree that was struck by lightning, starting the fire.\nAt least 61 people died nationwide in the fires—the largest loss of life due to wildfires in Portugal's history. More than 54 people were injured, including eight firefighters; five people—four firefighters and one child—were in critical condition. Two firefighters were also reported missing. The greatest loss of life took place on a rural road in Pedrógão Grande, where 47 people died in or near their cars when a fire overtook the area; 30 people died while trapped in their vehicles while the other 17 died nearby trying to escape on foot. Another 11 people died in Nodeirinho, near the IC8 motorway. Dozens of small communities were severely affected.\n\nPrime Minister António Costa called the disaster \"the greatest tragedy we have seen in recent years in terms of forest fires\". Three days of national mourning were declared beginning on 18 June. Arriving at Pedrógão Grande before midnight on 17 June, President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa was visibly shaken, and gave long hugs to Jorge Gomes, the Secretary of State of Internal Administration (who had been on the scene since the fire broke out), Valdemar Ramos, the Mayor of Pedrógão Grande and, after addressing the journalists, Constança Urbano de Sousa, the Minister of Internal Administration. The President met with survivors who evacuated to Leiria. More than 1,700 firefighters were deployed to combat the fires. France and Spain provided a collective five water-bombing planes and the European Union began coordinating international relief efforts on 18 June. Many people evacuated to neighboring Ansião, where residents provided them with shelter. Low-hanging smoke prevented helicopters from providing support, hampering firefighting efforts. Some survivors criticized inadequate response from the government, claiming no firefighters reached them for hours after the blaze began. They also stated poor forestry planning was to blame.\n\nAs of the afternoon of 18 June, 11 fires remain active.", "date": "2017-06-18"}}
{"topic_id": "115", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho", "fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "2014 Scottish independence referendum reactions", "topic_description": "How have Scottish and British political parties reacted to the 2014 Scottish independence referendum?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "2014年苏格兰独立公投的反应", "topic_description": "苏格兰和英格兰政党对2014年苏格兰独立公投的反应如何?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "واکنش های همه پرسی استقلال اسکاتلند در سال ۲۰۱۴", "topic_description": "واکنش احزاب سیاسی اسکاتلند و انگلیس در برابر همه پرسی استقلال اسکاتلند در سال ۲۰۱۴ چگونه بوده است؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "واکنش های رفراندوم استقلال اسکاتلند 2014", "topic_description": "احزاب سیاسی اسکاتلند و بریتانیا چگونه به رفراندوم استقلال اسکاتلند در سال ۲۰۱۴ واکنش نشان داده ‌ اند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "2014年Scotish indictions", "topic_description": "苏格兰和英国的政策是如何在2014年苏格兰的苏格兰政策中恢复的？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Реакция на референдум о независимости Шотландии 2014", "topic_description": "Как отреагировали шотландские и британские политические партии на референдум 2014 года о независимости Шотландии?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "Information on political leaders' reactions to the result of the referendum (after the vote), including actions that will be taken.\nInformation on political leaders’ reactions to the referendum before the vote, including declarations about what will or will not happen (Ex: the UK finance minister stating that if Scotland leaves the UK, it can’t use the British pound; the UK prime minister asserting that he will not resign if Scotland votes for independence).\nInformation on leadership appeals to the Scottish people before the vote. \n", "somewhat_valuable": "Information that factually states what will happen after the vote, without indicating that it’s a reaction from a political party or leader.", "not_that_valuable": "Information that only touches on reactions of political leaders without specifics (ex: an article notes that the UK prime minister will face pressure to resign at the next general election, however, it does not specify who/what is exerting this pressure).", "non_relevant": "The reaction of financial markets\nInternational reaction\nUK decision to leave the EU\nDiscussions on future referendums on whether Scotland should leave the UK\n"}, "fas": {"very_valuable": "The spokesman of a Scottish political party reported that the 2014 referendum does not reflect the political reality of his country.", "somewhat_valuable": "Political parties in Scotland have mixed opinions on the 2014 referendum.", "not_that_valuable": "British and Scottish officials discuss the possibilities of holding another referendum.", "non_relevant": "Scotland does not support England being part of the European Union."}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_independence&oldid=834047992#Independence_referendum,_2014", "text": "In its manifesto for the 2007 Scottish Parliament election, the Scottish National Party (SNP) pledged to hold an independence referendum by 2010. After winning the election, the SNP-controlled Scottish Government published a white paper entitled \"Choosing Scotland's Future\", which outlined options for the future of Scotland, including independence. Scottish Labour, the Scottish Conservatives and Scottish Liberal Democrats opposed a referendum offering independence as an option. Then Prime Minister Gordon Brown also publicly attacked the independence option. The three main parties opposed to independence instead formed a Commission on Scottish Devolution, chaired by Kenneth Calman. This reviewed devolution and considered all constitutional options apart from independence. In August 2009, the Scottish Government announced that the Referendum (Scotland) Bill, 2010, which would detail the question and conduct of a possible referendum on the issue of independence, would be part of its legislative programme for 2009–10. The Bill was not expected to be passed, because of the SNP's status as a minority government and the opposition of all other major parties in Parliament. In September 2010, the Scottish Government announced that no referendum would occur before the 2011 elections.\n\nThe SNP won an overall majority in the Scottish Parliament in its 2011 election. First Minister Alex Salmond stated his desire to hold a referendum \"in the second half of the parliament\", which would place it in 2014 or 2015. In January 2012, the UK Government offered to provide the Scottish Parliament with the specific powers to hold a referendum, providing it was \"fair, legal and decisive\". Negotiations continued between the two governments until October 2012, when the Edinburgh Agreement was reached. The Scottish Independence Referendum (Franchise) Act 2013 was passed by the Scottish Parliament on 27 June 2013 and received Royal Assent on 7 August 2013. On 15 November 2013, the Scottish Government published Scotland's Future, a 670-page white paper laying out the case for independence and the means through which Scotland might become an independent country.\n\nAfter a protracted period of negotiation, a public debate between Salmond and Better Together leader Alistair Darling was arranged. On the morning prior to the televised debate, a joint statement, pledging greater devolved powers to Scotland in the event of a \"no\" vote, was signed by Prime Minister David Cameron (leader of the Conservative Party), Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg (leader of the Liberal Democrats), and Labour Party leader Ed Miliband.\n\nThe BBC website announced the final result of the referendum at 06:24 on 19 September 2014, whereby the \"No\" vote prevailed with 55% (2,001,926) of the votes from an overall voter turnout of 84.5%. Chief counting officer Mary Pitcaithly stated: \"It is clear that the majority of people voting have voted No to the referendum question.\" The \"Yes\" vote received 45% (1,617,989) support—the winning total needed was 1,852,828. Results were compiled from 32 council areas, with Glasgow backing independence—voting 53.5% \"Yes\" to 46.5% \"No\" (turnout in the area was 75%)—and Edinburgh voting against independence by 61% to 39% (turnout in the area was 84%). Darling stated in his post-result speech, \"The silent have spoken\", while Salmond stated, \"I accept the verdict of the people, and I call on all of Scotland to follow suit in accepting the democratic verdict\".\n\nBritish withdrawal from the European Union\nSee also: Proposed second Scottish independence referendum; Brexit; and United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016\nLeading figures supportive of Scottish independence have suggested that following the UK vote to leave the EU while Scotland voted to remain in the EU, a second Scottish independence referendum should be precipitated. During the Brexit vote of 23 June 2016, 62% of Scottish voters voted to remain (38% of voters voted to leave the EU). First Minister of Scotland Nicola Sturgeon said that she was looking at all options to \"secure our place in the EU\", and that a second referendum was \"highly likely\". A spokesperson for British Prime Minister Theresa May said that \"The prime minister and the government does not believe that there is a mandate for [a second referendum]. There was one only two years ago. There was an extremely high turnout and there was a resounding result in favour of Scotland remaining in the UK\".\n\nLegality and legitimacy\nSee also: Scottish independence referendum, 2014 § Legality\nThe UK Parliament retains parliamentary sovereignty over the United Kingdom as a whole. This claim was endorsed by Lord Bingham of Cornhill in Jackson v Attorney General who argued that then [in 1911], as now, the Crown in Parliament was unconstrained by any entrenched or codified constitution. It could make or unmake any law it wished\" and by the Supreme Court in AXA General Insurance Ltd and others v HM Advocate and others. The Deputy President, Lord Hope of Craighead, stated that \"the sovereignty of the Crown in Parliament ... is the bedrock of the British constitution. Sovereignty remains with the United Kingdom Parliament.\" However, the application of the principle of parliamentary sovereignty to Scotland has been disputed. In MacCormick v The Lord Advocate, the Lord President of the Court of Session, Lord Cooper of Culross stated obiter dicta that \"the principle of the unlimited sovereignty of Parliament is a distinctively English principle which has no counterpart in Scottish Constitutional Law.\" It has been suggested that the doctrine of popular sovereignty, proclaimed in the 1320 Declaration of Arbroath, articulated by Scottish political thinkers like George Buchanan and reasserted by the Claim of Right 1989, is of greater relevance to Scotland. The Claim of Right 1989 was signed by every then-serving Labour and Liberal Democrat MP in Scotland, with the exception of Tam Dalyell.\n\nThe legality of any British constituent country attaining de facto independence or declaring unilateral independence outside the framework of British constitutional convention is debatable. Under international law, a unilateral declaration might satisfy the principle of the \"declarative theory of statehood\", but not the \"constitutive theory of statehood\". Some legal opinion following the Supreme Court of Canada's decision on what steps Quebec would need to take to secede is that Scotland would be unable to unilaterally declare independence under international law if the British government permitted a referendum on an unambiguous question on secession. The SNP have not argued for a unilateral act, but rather claim that a positive vote for independence in a referendum would have \"enormous moral and political force... impossible for a future [Westminster] government to ignore\", and hence would give the Scottish Government a mandate to negotiate for the passage of an act of the UK Parliament providing for Scotland's secession, in which Westminster renounces its sovereignty over Scotland.\n\nSome arguments appeal to rule according to higher law. For example, the United Nations Charter enshrines the right of peoples to self-determination, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights also guarantees peoples' right to change nationality; the UK is a signatory to both documents. Politicians in both the Scottish and British parliaments have endorsed the right of the Scottish people to self-determination, including former UK Prime Ministers John Major and Margaret Thatcher. As the Scottish independence referendum, 2014 was authorised by an Order in Council, approved by both chambers of Parliament, its constitutional legality was not in doubt. The Edinburgh Agreement (2012) between the Scottish Parliament and the UK Parliament stated that both governments would accept the outcome of the referendum and thereafter would \"continue to work together constructively in the light of the outcome, whatever it is, in the best interests of the people of Scotland and of the rest of the United Kingdom\". The agreement gave the Scottish Parliament the legal authority to hold an independence referendum before the end of 2014.\n\nSupport for independence\n\nScottish independence is supported most prominently by the Scottish National Party, but other parties also support independence. Other pro-independence parties which have held representation in the Scottish Parliament include the Scottish Green Party, the Scottish Socialist Party and Solidarity. At the 2016 Scottish Parliament election, 69 of the 129 seats available were won by pro-independence parties (63 SNP and 6 Greens). The independence movement consists of many factions with varying political views. The SNP wants Scotland to keep the monarchy (see personal union) and become an independent Commonwealth realm, similar to Canada or Australia. All of the other aforementioned pro-independence parties want Scotland to become an independent republic. The SSP has led republican protests and authored the Declaration of Calton Hill, calling for an independent republic.\n\nOther organisations\nThe Independence Convention was set up in 2005, seeking \"Firstly, to create a forum for those of all political persuasions and none who support independence; and secondly, to be a national catalyst for Scottish independence.\" Independence First is a pro-referendum pressure group which has organised public demonstrations. The Scottish Republican Socialist Movement is a Pan-Socialist independence movement that believes that Scotland should be made an independent republic. This movement has a Firebrand socialist ethos, however is not affiliated with the SSP or the Scottish Communist Party. It believes that a failure to become independent should lead to mass emigration elsewhere, or as put as a slogan \"Independence or Desertion\".\n\nFollowing the launch of Yes Scotland, other campaigns in support of independence were launched, including the National Collective and Radical Independence Campaign. The former is an artist-driven movement which describes itself as \"an open and non-party political collaboration of talent focused on driving social and political change in Scotland through a variety of the arts\". It is responsible for organising the mock referendum at University of Glasgow which was held in February 2013. The latter proclaims itself to be \"fighting for an independent Scotland that is for the millions not the millionaires\" and was formed after the Radical Independence Conference 2012 in Glasgow, which was attended by at least 650 people and has been described as a \"[bringing together of] the Scottish Greens, the Scottish Socialists, some of the more militant trade unionists, nuclear-disarmament campaigners and anti-monarchist republicans\".\n\nDuring the 2014 referendum campaign, independence attracted little support from newspapers. The Sunday Herald was the only publication to endorse a Yes vote in the referendum. The National, a daily newspaper supporting independence, was launched in November 2014.\n\nReasons\nReasons that have been cited in favour of independence include:\n\nDemocracy and national self-determination: Scotland's population will possess full decision-making power in regard to the political affairs of its nation. First Minister Salmond stated in a May 2012 launch that \"the people who live in Scotland are best placed to make the decisions that affect Scotland.\"\nNuclear disarmament: with control over defence and foreign policy, an independent Scotland could address the removal of Trident nuclear weapons, an issue long-associated with the campaign for an independent Scotland, as outlined in the House of Commons Defence Committee's white paper \"The future of the UK's strategic nuclear deterrent: the White Paper\" of 2006-2007. In a July 2013 Huffington Post UK article, the writer suggested that the £25 billion spent on a \"like-for-like replacement of the Trident nuclear deterrent\" could instead be diverted to education, healthcare and housing. Additionally, the Scottish Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament supports independence on this basis.\n\"It's Scotland's oil\": since being used as a highly effective slogan by the SNP in the 1970s, this phrase has encapsulated the argument that only an independent Scotland be able to fully utilise and exploit the financial benefits of its national resources, including North Sea oil and gas, for the benefit of the population. According to the Scottish Government, 64% of the EU's oil reserves exist in Scottish waters, while the David Hume Institute stated: \"Scotland is sitting on oil and gas reserves worth up to £4 trillion\". Investment in and production from the North Sea oilfields dropped sharply after Tory chancellor George Osborne imposed punitive taxes, undercutting the projected revenue an independent Scotland could claim.\nRenewable energy: if independence is attained, supporters of the new political structure seek to fully harness Scotland's natural renewable energy resources: 25 per cent of Europe’s wind energy potential; 25 per cent of Europe’s tidal energy potential; and 10 per cent of Europe’s wave energy potential. Salmond claims that this could lead to the \"re-industrialisation\" of Scotland.\nA \"cultural reawakening\": groups like National Collective, a \"non-party movement for artists and creatives who support Scottish independence\", believe that the opportunities of independence, and the possibilities created, would unleash a fresh wave of cultural ideas, expression and self-confidence in Scotland.\n\"Stop the world, Scotland wants to get on\" (a statement by Winnie Ewing, upon her victory for the SNP in the 1967 Hamilton by-election)[citation needed]: an independent Scotland would be a full and equal member of the United Nations, NATO and the European Union and many other international organisations. With an autonomous voice in international politics, Scottish independence campaigners believe the nation's global influence would increase in regard to the defence of its national interests and the promotion of its values. It has been claimed that the number of MEPs elected by Scotland would also rise, from six to at least 12. Furthermore, Scottish embassies would be established globally to promote Scotland internationally, and to lobby other governments on the nation's behalf.\nOpposition to independence\nMain article: Unionism in Scotland\nPolitical parties\nThe Conservative Party, Labour Party and Liberal Democrats, who all have seats in the Scottish Parliament, oppose Scottish independence. In 2012 they established the cross-party Better Together campaign. Other parties that oppose Scottish independence include the UK Independence Party (UKIP), the British National Party (BNP), the National Front (NF), Britain First, the Britannica Party, the Scottish Unionist Party (SUP), the Respect Party and Ulster unionist parties.\n\nOther organisations\nA grass-roots campaign called \"Scotland in Union\" emerged after the 2014 independence referendum. It has encouraged anti-SNP tactical voting in elections and promoted the Union more generally. In late 2017, a new group called \"Unity UK\" was formed. Its supporters said that Unionists needed to be more supportive of Brexit and were critical of Scotland in Union's \"agnostic\" stance on the issue.\n\nThe Orange Order, a Protestant brotherhood with thousands of members in Scotland, campaigned against Scottish independence, and formed a campaign group called British Together. In September 2014, it held a march of at least 15,000 Orangemen, loyalist bands and supporters from Scotland and across the UK; described as the biggest pro-Union demonstration of the campaign.\n\nMany newspapers in Scotland also oppose independence. This includes Scottish-based newspapers The Scotsman, Scotland on Sunday, The Herald, the Sunday Post, the Daily Record, the Sunday Mail, the Scottish Daily Mail, The Scottish Daily Express, The Scottish Sunday Express, and Daily Star of Scotland; as well as UK-wide newspapers The Daily Telegraph, Sunday Telegraph, The Guardian, The Independent, The Economist, Financial Times, The Spectator, and The Sunday Times.\n\nReasons\nSee also: Scottish independence referendum, 2014 § Issues\nThere are strong historical and contemporary ties between Scotland and the rest of the UK from the Reformation and Union of Crowns, to Scottish involvement in the growth and development of the British Empire and contribution of the Scottish Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution. Contemporary popular culture is also shared, primarily through the prevalence of the English language. Almost half of the Scottish population have relatives in England. At the time of the 2011 census, approximately 700,000 adults who were born in Scotland lived in the rest of the UK, while about 470,000 adults who were born elsewhere in the UK had moved to live in Scotland. There are also significant economic links with the Scottish military-industrial complex as well as close links within the financial sector.\n\nReasons cited in favour of maintaining the Union include:\n\nStrong cultural, economic, and family links with the UK.\nScotland is economically stronger as a part of the UK economy and better able to prosper in a globalised economy with the international influence and perceived stability derived from being part of a larger state.\nScotland's levels of public spending would be difficult to sustain after independence without raising taxes. For example, David Maddox, writing for The Scotsman in 2008, pointed to a future decline in North Sea oil revenue. Some, such as Ruth Davidson of the Scottish Conservatives, wish to reduce public spending and devolve more fiscal powers to the Scottish Parliament in order to address this issue within the broader framework of the Union.\nScotland has more influence on international affairs and diplomacy, both politically and militarily, as part of NATO, the G8 and as a permanent member of the UN Security Council.[citation needed] Opponents of further integration of the European Union claim that independence, within Europe but outside the EU three, would mean that Scotland would be more marginalised because, as a relatively small independent country, Scotland would be unable to resist the demands of larger member nations.\nUncertainty could be brought in the immediate aftermath of independence, particularly disagreement as to how Scotland would be treated in relation to the European Union, and the unlikelihood of the UK accepting a currency union with an independent Scotland. The chairman of HSBC, Douglas Flint, warned in August 2014 of uncertainty if there was an independent-Scottish currency, or if Scotland joined the Eurozone, which could result in capital flight.\nOutlying regions such as Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles will be disadvantaged or deserve a greater share of oil revenue.\nPublic opinion\nMain articles: Opinion polling on Scottish independence; Opinion polling for the Scottish independence referendum, 2014; and Proposed second Scottish independence referendum § Opinion polling\nMany opinion polls were conducted about Scottish independence before the 2014 referendum. Professor John Curtice stated in January 2012 that polling had shown support for independence at between 32% and 38% of the Scottish population. This had fallen somewhat since the SNP were first elected to become the Scottish Government in 2007. The research also showed, however, that the proportion of the population strongly opposed to independence had also declined. Curtice stated in April 2014 that support for independence had increased since December 2013, although there was disagreement between the polling companies as to the true state of public opinion. Polls in the run-up to the referendum vote showed a closing of the gap, with one poll giving the Yes campaign a 51–49 lead. In the referendum Scotland voted against independence by 55.3% to 44.7%, with an overall turnout of 84.5%.\n\nSince the referendum, opinion polls have asked how people would vote in a hypothetical second referendum. These polls have been carried out since six weeks after the referendum. Twenty-five opinion polls were conducted in the year after the referendum, with seventeen of them having \"No\" as the predominant answer, seven having \"Yes\", and one having an equal proportion of respondents for each opinion.", "date": "2018-04-03"}}
{"topic_id": "116", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Russian reaction to Maduro-Guaidó dispute", "topic_description": "What is the position of Russia concerning the Venezuelan presidential crisis between Maduro and Guaidó?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Реакция России на спор Мадуро-Гуайдо", "topic_description": "Какую позицию заняла Россия в отношении президентского кризиса Венесуэлы между Мадуро и Гуайдо?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "واکنش روسیه به اختلاف مدورو Guaidó", "topic_description": "موضع روسیه در مورد بحران ریاست جمهوری ونزوئلا بین مادورو و گوایدو چیست ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "俄罗斯对Maduro-Guo ó的反应", "topic_description": "什么是俄罗斯认可Venezuelan季前赛在马杜罗和Guiso之间的位置？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Реакция России на спор Мадуро-Гуайдо", "topic_description": "Какова позиция России по поводу президентского кризиса Венесуэлы между Мадуро и Гуайдо?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "Two articles detailed actions Russia has taken to reinforce Maduro's presidency, to include sending military troops on grounds they are conducting exercises, Putin advocating that Venezuela needed to deal with its own internal issues, revelations about Russian-Venezuelan military, technical, and economic (particularly in oil) partnerships, deliveries of military equipment and aircraft, specific Russian investment in Venezuela. But also information on Russia investigating how strong Guaido's position is. ", "somewhat_valuable": "Any articles (except for two in the first 10 that were vague on detail) that detailed any action Russia is taking to support Maduro, not just claims that Russia supports Maduro as the legitimate president: Whether or not to grant Maduro asylum in Russia should he need it; any details about a phone call between Maduro and Putin, with Putin expressing support for Maduro and urging Maduro to seek a peaceful solution; also Russia asking the opposition that supports Guaido to remain peaceful; discussion about how an oil embargo would negatively impact the countries; Russia's statement at the UN Security Council about the issue; and lastly Russia's comments about the US interference in the election. Also, articles that revealed any motives Russia had for supporting Maduro, such as the fact that Russia is heavily invested in the Venezuelan economy, particularly in the oil sector; also specific projects in trade, economic and investment cooperation; and not least, Venezuela's $17 billion debt to Russia", "not_that_valuable": "Various statements that Russia supporting Maduro without any details; Guaido’s assessment that Russia is protecting its interests, not Maduro necessarily; Russian assessment of US activities supporting Guaido; Putin expressing support for Maduro without details; Maduro briefing Putin on the domestic situation in Ven, thanking Putin for Russia’s support; Russia expressing hope that the situation can be resolved peacefully and through legal means; Russia indirectly criticizing US's interference in the situation; Russian claims that Guaido is usurping power. ", "non_relevant": "The Maduro/Guaido conflict in general; the US position on M/G and actions US has taken; EU position on M/G,;Venezuelan demonstrations; Guaido proclaiming he’s president; US humanitarian aid to Venezuela; mention of the Putin-Maduro phone call without any details; claims by Guaido that he is more beneficial to Russia than Maduro; proposal to hold parliamentarian elections; Some Russian press statements such as the Ambassador to Russia: Venezuela's legal authorities are trying to find a way out of the crisis; Maduro to visit Moscow; Russian-Venezuelan relations without mention of the presidential crisis; various other news about Venezuela; An opinion piece by a Russian that Russia should not get involved in Venezuela; articles about Syria"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuelan_presidential_crisis&oldid=879467793", "text": "In the May 2018 elections, the incumbent President Nicolás Maduro was re-elected among various irregularities, which led many to believe that the elections were invalid. Paired with views of Maduro's leadership being an ineffective dictatorship, many politicians both internally and internationally did not believe Maduro was legitimately elected. In the months leading up to his inauguration on 10 January 2019, Maduro was encouraged to not continue as president by nations and bodies including the Lima Group (excluding Mexico), the United States, and the OAS, with this pressure being increased as the new National Assembly of Venezuela was sworn in on 5 January 2019. The National Assembly was disavowed by Maduro in 2017 and is seen as \"the only democratically elected institution left in the country\".\n\nMinutes after Maduro took oath, the Organization of American States approved a resolution in a special session of its Permanent Council in which Maduro was declared illegitimate as President of Venezuela, urging that new elections be summoned.. Maduro's election was supported by Russia, China, and the ALBA. Internally, Maduro has received the support of the pro-government Constituent Assembly, while Guaidó is backed by the pro-opposition National Assembly.", "date": "2019-01-21"}}
{"topic_id": "117", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Europen political response to Maduro-Guaidó dispute", "topic_description": "What political pressure was been applied by Eurpean Union member countries in response to the Venezuelan presidential crisis between Maduro and Guaidó?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "对马杜洛-瓜伊多争端的欧洲政治回应", "topic_description": "为应对马杜洛与瓜伊多之间的委内瑞拉總統選舉危机，欧盟成员国施加了什么政治压力？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "واکنش سیاسی یوروپن به مناقشه مادرو-گوایدو", "topic_description": "چه فشار سیاسی توسط کشورهای عضو اتحادیه اروپا در پاسخ به بحران ریاست جمهوری ونزوئلا بین مادورو و گوایدو اعمال شده است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Europen poll反应to Maduro-Guo ó dispute", "topic_description": "什么波利斯压was been applied Eurpean Union countries in the Venezelan prescrisis is between Maduro and Guo ó?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Политический ответ Европена на спор Мадуро-Гуайдо", "topic_description": "Какое политическое давление оказывали страны - члены Евросоюза в ответ на президентский кризис Венесуэлы между Мадуро и Гуайдо?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "Information on political statements of support or ultimatums given by specific European countries on Venezuelan governmental standoff between Maduro and Guaido. ", "somewhat_valuable": "Vague information on European Union calls for action in Venezuelan presidential standoff. Either countries were unnamed or political actions were vague. ", "not_that_valuable": "Very vague information implying political action by an EU nation (non-specified) or allied nation (USA); very brief information or not substantial. ", "non_relevant": "Information on other countries' political actions regarding the Venezuelan presidential standoff. "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuelan_presidential_crisis&oldid=879678759", "text": "Following Guaidó's speech, the National Assembly initially released a press statement saying that Guaidó had taken the role of acting president. A later statement replaced this one and the position of Guaidó was clarified, reinforcing that he was recognized as acting president but that the legislature also needed to re-assume their power. This motion was not considered a coup d'état based on the acknowledged \"illegitimacy\" of Maduro by many governments, and the constitutional processes that the National Assembly were following. Specifically, they invoked Articles 233, 333, and 350. On this day, Guaidó received a letter from the President of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile, which is based in Panama, requesting him to become acting president of Venezuela.\n\nGuaidó announced change, and nationwide protests to be held on 23 January, inciting a slogan chant of ¡Sí, se puede! This date is the same day as the removal of Marcos Pérez Jiménez in 1958. The National Assembly worked with the Venezuelan Liberation Front to create a plan for the protests and marches, organizing a unified national force. It was also revealed on 11 January that plans involved offering incentives for the armed forces to disavow Maduro.\n\nThe Organization of American States was the first to give official support to this action, stating that \"[they] welcome the assumption of Juan Guaidó as interim President of Venezuela in accordance with Article 233 of the Political Constitution. You have our support, that of the international community and of the people of Venezuela\". Later on that day, Brazil and Colombia gave their support to Guaidó as acting president of Venezuela.\n\nVenezuelan political experts, like David Smilde from the Washington Office on Latin America, suggested that it would enrage Maduro, who already called the National Assembly traitors for not attending his inauguration, and who might arrest or attack more of its members. A friend of Guaidó, in response, said that they were aware of the risks but believed it needed to be done to allow democracy to reappear in Venezuela.", "date": "2019-01-22"}}
{"topic_id": "118", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Qatari OPEC withdrawal", "topic_description": "Why did Qatar decide to withdraw from OPEC?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "卡塔尔退出石油输出国组织", "topic_description": "卡塔尔为什么决定了推出石油输出国组织？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "خروج قطری اوپک", "topic_description": "چرا قطر تصمیم به عقب نشینی از اوپک گرفت ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "卡塔尔OPEC with drawal", "topic_description": "为什么要从OPEC中提取Qatar？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Выход Катарской ОПЕК", "topic_description": "Почему Катар решил уйти из ОПЕК?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "These articles directly discussed Qatar leaving OPEC and the reasons for it.", "somewhat_valuable": "These articles mentioned that Qatar had left OPEC and the impact it would have, but didn't discuss why it left.", "not_that_valuable": "None - all other articles were completely unrelated.", "non_relevant": "Information that discussed Qatar's membership and history in OPEC, but did not discuss why it withdrew."}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPEC&oldid=871308933", "text": "OPEC often has difficulty agreeing on policy decisions because its member countries differ widely in their oil export capacities, production costs, reserves, geological features, population, economic development, budgetary situations, and political circumstances. Indeed, over the course of market cycles, oil reserves can themselves become a source of serious conflict, instability and imbalances, in what economists call the \"natural resource curse\". A further complication is that religion-linked conflicts in the Middle East are recurring features of the geopolitical landscape for this oil-rich region. Internationally important conflicts in OPEC's history have included the Six-Day War (1967), Yom Kippur War (1973), a hostage siege directed by Palestinian militants (1975), the Iranian Revolution (1979), Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988), Iraqi occupation of Kuwait (1990–1991), September 11 attacks by mostly Saudi hijackers (2001), American occupation of Iraq (2003–2011), Conflict in the Niger Delta (2004–present), Arab Spring (2010–2012), Libyan Crisis (2011–present), and international Embargo against Iran (2012–2016). Although events such as these can temporarily disrupt oil supplies and elevate prices, the frequent disputes and instabilities tend to limit OPEC's long-term cohesion and effectiveness.", "date": "2018-11-30"}}
{"topic_id": "119", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Economic effects of MLB on Cuba", "topic_description": "What are the projected effects of Major League Baseball's Cuban agreement on poverty in Cuba?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "美国职棒大联盟对古巴经济的影响", "topic_description": "美国职棒大联盟和古巴的协议对古巴的贫困有什么预计的影响?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "اثرات اقتصادی MLB در کوبا", "topic_description": "اثرات پیش ‌ بینی ‌ شده توافق ‌ نامه کوبایی لیگ برتر در مورد فقر در کوبا چیست ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "MLB对库巴的经济影响", "topic_description": "Major League Baseball's Cuban agreement on poverty in Cuba的预期效果是什么？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Экономические последствия MLB для Кубы", "topic_description": "Каковы прогнозируемые последствия кубинского соглашения о борьбе с нищетой на Кубе, заключенного Высшей лигой бейсбола?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "Information about the agreement MLB made with the Cuban Baseball Federation and at least a clue as to what impact the agreement may possibly have on poverty in Cuba.", "somewhat_valuable": "Information about the agreement MLB made with the Cuban Baseball Federation, but no information about the possible impact on poverty in Cuba.\nInformation about how Trump overturned the agreement, but no information about the possible impact on poverty in Cuba.\n", "not_that_valuable": "N/A", "non_relevant": "Information about baseball agreements between MLB and Taiwan.\nInformation about the U.S. government resuming normal relations with Cuba."}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_baseball_players_who_defected_from_Cuba&diff=862064424&oldid=862002491", "text": "This is a list of notable Cuban baseball players who have defected since the beginning of Fidel Castro's presidency. Prior to the Cuban Revolution, which saw Castro rise to power in 1959, Cuban-born players often played in the American Negro Leagues and in Major League Baseball (MLB). Following the revolution, U.S.-Cuba relations became strained, and Castro ended professional baseball in Cuba and forbade Cuban players to play abroad.\n\nSome players defected during the Cold War. Rogelio Álvarez, who debuted in MLB in 1960, was barred from continuing his professional career in the United States, and defected from Cuba through Mexico in 1963. Bárbaro Garbey left Cuba in the Mariel boatlift in 1980. After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Cuba's economy struggled badly and faced severe repercussions from the Embargo. Baseball players began to seek careers in MLB due to the high salaries. In 1991, René Arocha defected. He was followed by Rey Ordóñez in 1993. Rolando Arrojo defected during the 1996 Summer Olympics, which were held in the United States. The Cuban government treats attempted defectors as disloyal, which led to increased defections. Orlando Hernández was loyal to Cuba, until they banned him from the national team following the defection of his half-brother, Liván.\n\nPlayers attempting to play in MLB often choose not to defect to the United States, because establishing residency in the United States means they must enter the MLB Draft. If they defect to another nation, they can become free agents, allowing them to choose their offer. The largest contract given to a Cuban defector is outfielder Rusney Castillo's seven-year contract with the Boston Red Sox, signed in 2014, worth $72.5 million. First baseman José Dariel Abreu signed a six-year contract worth $68 million with the Chicago White Sox in 2013. The largest contract given to a pitcher was the $32 million the New York Yankees gave to José Contreras in 2002, while the Cincinnati Reds signed Aroldis Chapman for $30.25 million in 2010.\n\nWhile some players who defect succeed in obtaining multimillion-dollar contracts to play in MLB, many receive only minor league contracts and do not reach MLB. Players are often separated from their families, as Cuba often denies exit visas to the families of players who defected. This can lead to severed relationships, such as between Jorge Toca and the mother of his son.", "date": "2018-10-01"}}
{"topic_id": "120", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Spanish government after Rajoy Ouster", "topic_description": "Describe the government formed immediately following the Rajoy's no-confidence vote."}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "拉霍伊被罢免后的西班牙政府", "topic_description": "描述拉霍伊的不信任投票以后的新成立的政府"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "دولت اسپانیا پس از Rajoy Ouster", "topic_description": "توضيح بده که دولت بلافاصله بعد از راي عدم اعتماد راجوي شکل گرفت"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "西班牙政府after Rajoy Ouster", "topic_description": "”《明史》（卷112）：“太守太守太守，太守太守。"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Испанское правительство после Рахоя Устера", "topic_description": "Опишите правительство, сформированное сразу после вотума недоверия Рахоя."}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "Make up of the new cabinet; key players in new government ", "somewhat_valuable": "economic policy of new government, new government's policy on Franco's remains, information about the actual  no-confidence vote", "not_that_valuable": "Catalonia issues, visits by foreign leaders  ", "non_relevant": "Player for Manchester United named Sanchez; Brexit Gibraltar issue; policy about Franco's remains before the change in government "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariano_Rajoy&diff=842926596&oldid=842922851", "text": "First term (2011–15)\n\nPrime Minister Rajoy meets with U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry\nIn November 2011, Rajoy’s right-wing People's Party won its biggest majority since the country’s return to representative democracy in the 1970s, securing 186 out of the 350 seats in the lower house of Parliament. Voters turned to him in hopes of alleviating the pain of Europe’s debt crisis.[citation needed] Following the general election held in 2011, Rajoy was elected Prime Minister by the Congress of Deputies on 20 December 2011.\n\nInauguration\nRajoy, designated candidate for Prime Minister of the government of King Juan Carlos I, appeared before the Congress of Deputies on 19 December 2011. He stated that to achieve the objective of a deficit of 4.4% of GDP in 2012, an investment of €16,500,000,000 would be needed. He added that his only increased public spending would be the revaluation of pensions, beginning 1 January 2012, and that he would not create any new jobs in the public sector, except for security forces. He stated an intention \"to reduce the size of the public sector\" and also wanted to reform public holidays so as to avoid encouragement of popular four-day weekends. This would be accomplished by incorporating the use of the nearest Monday for most public holidays. He also announced his desire to end the practice of early retirement.\n\nRajoy was chosen by Parliament two days later with 187 votes in favor, 149 votes against and 14 abstentions, receiving the support of the People's Party, the Forum of Asturias (FAC) and the Navarrese People's Union (UPN), with Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), Convergence and Union (CiU), the United Left (IU) and Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) dissenting. The Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), the coalition Amaiur and the Canary Coalition (CC) abstained. He was appointed a few hours later as Prime Minister by Juan Carlos I and sworn in the next day at the Zarzuela Palace, before the King and Queen, Zapatero, the outgoing Prime Minister, and the Presidents of the Cortes Generales, and others.\n\nFirst days\nRajoy's government was formed on 21 December 2011 with thirteen ministers—the lowest number in Spanish democratic history. Soraya Saenz de Santamaria, Vice President of the Government, Minister of the Presidency, and government spokesperson, and Ana Pastor Julián, Minister of Equipment, were appointed. The Ministries of Culture, Science, and Territorial Policy were ended, and the Ministry of Economy and Finance was split into two new ministries. The Ministry of Agriculture and Environment was kept intact, despite statements made by Rajoy speech before Congress that indicated the opposite intention. Among the ministers, Cristóbal Montoro Romero, Minister of Finance, and Miguel Arias Cañete, Minister of Agriculture, Food and Environment, had been members of the previous Aznar government and continued to occupy the same posts.\n\nSpending cuts\n[icon]\t\nThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2017)\nOn 30 December 2011, the Council of Ministers approved a cuts plan (called an austerity plan) amounting to €8,900,000,000 in savings and €6,200,000,000 in new revenues. Salaries of public workers were frozen, the workweek in public administration was reduced to 37.5 hours, and recruitment of new public employees was halted, except in the areas of security, health and education. A programme which provided rent assistance for young people was abolished, and the minimum wage was frozen—something that had not happened since 1966. The income tax and tax on real estate was also increased for 2012 and 2013. Pensions were adjusted up 1%, however, and the tax deduction for the purchase of homes was reinstated. The premium of €400 for the long-term unemployed (due to a lack of industry) at the end of law was maintained but only for those registered as jobseekers with the public employment service for at least twelve months out of the previous eighteen and whose income amounts were less than three quarters of the net minimum wage. A 4% value-added tax was expanded to include new home purchases.\n\nLawsuit\nOn 4 January 2013 the association Democracia Real Ya (DRY), created after the 15 May 2011 protest movement, brought charges against Mariano Rajoy and another 62 deputies (including four ministers) before the Supreme Court, accusing them of diversion of public funds and misappropriation. Mariano Rajoy was accused of receiving a subsistence allowance despite the fact that he was living in the Moncloa Palace in Madrid. The lawsuit before the Supreme Court was a consequence of the data which had appeared in the media providing information about several deputies who had houses in Madrid but at the same time were receiving extra funds for lodging. According to the association DRY, these representatives, who could be lodged at no cost to the public purse, were paid a monthly subsistence allowance valued at €1,823.36. Furthermore, if they had been elected by the constituency of Madrid and had a house in this city, they were allowed €870 a month to cover accommodation and food expenses resulting from the exercise of their functions that, with respect to Rajoy, were already covered – from the state budget – in the Moncloa Palace. DRY therefore accused them of diversion of public funds and misappropriation. Additionally, DRY demanded that they return all the money that didn't belong to them, particularly bearing in mind that \"the cuts are making most Spaniards' life a misery\".\n\nOn 24 April 2013, having found no irregularity in the existing regulation and discarding the existence of constituents elements of offense, the Supreme Court rejected the lawsuit.\n\nEbola crisis\nSee also: Ebola virus disease in Spain\nOn 5 August 2014, the Brothers Hospitallers of St. John of God confirmed that Brother Miguel Pajares, who had been volunteering in Liberia, had become infected. He was evacuated to Spain on 6 August 2014, and subsequently died on 12 August.\n\nOn 21 September it was announced that Brother Manuel García Viejo, another Spanish citizen who was medical director at the San Juan de Dios Hospital in Lunsar, had been evacuated to Spain from Sierra Leone after being infected with the virus. His death was announced on 25 September. Both of these cases were treated at the Hospital Carlos III in Madrid.\n\nIn October 2014, María Teresa Romero Ramos, an auxiliary nurse who had cared for Manuel García Viejo at the Hospital Carlos III had become unwell and on 6 October tested positive for Ebola at her local hospital in Alcorcón, the Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón. A second test confirmed the diagnosis, making this the first confirmed case of Ebola transmission outside Africa. Following testing, she was transferred to the Hospital Carlos III in Madrid for treatment.\n\nOn October 20 it was announced that Teresa Romero had tested negative for the Ebola virus, suggesting she may have cleared the virus from her system. On November 1, it was announced that she was Ebola-free, and had been moved out of the isolation ward into a normal hospital bed to finish the process of recuperation from her illness. The WHO declared Spain Ebola-free on 2 December, 42 days after Teresa Romero was shown to be free of Ebola on 21 October.\n\nCorruption scandals\nSee also: Bárcenas affair and Gürtel case\n\nDemonstration in front of the People's Party headquarters protesting against the Barcenas' affair (2 February 2013).\nThe newspaper El País published in its 30 January 2013 edition a series of documents, under the title of \"Bárcenas' secret papers\", referring to the accounts of the conservative party from 1999 to 2009. According to those hand-written documents, Mariano Rajoy and María Dolores de Cospedal had received extra payments in \"black\" money from the former treasurer of the People's Party, Luis Bárcenas. These documents state that both Bárcenas and his predecessor, Álvaro Lapuerta, managed cash donations from businessmen and private builders (three of whom are additionally accused in the Gürtel case), cited as sources of undeclared income of the PP. Expenditure included, apart from allocations for the effective functioning of the party, payments made to members of the leadership of the party during those years with no explicitly stated purpose. Barcenas' accounts show yearly payments of 25,200 euros for 11 years to the President, in addition to smaller amounts for a total estimated at 33,207 with purposes such as \"Mariano's suits\", \"Mariano's ties\", or \"M.R.'s suits\". PP Secretary-General María Dolores de Cospedal also appears in the papers of these payments, as well as other leaders, such as former ministers Javier Arenas, Jaime Mayor Oreja and Francisco Álvarez-Cascos.\n\nBy 7 February, just one week after publication of the documents, one million people had signed a petition launched by the organization Change.org asking for the immediate resignation of Mariano Rajoy.\n\nOn 8 July, the center-right newspaper El Mundo, usually a support of the Popular Party, published a four-hour interview with Luis Bárcenas, which had taken place a few days before he was put behind bars on 27 June, in which the former party treasurer revealed that the People's Party had been illegally financed for 20 years. The following day, the same newspaper published the originals of Barcenas' papers which reflected overpayments to Mariano Rajoy in 1997, 1998 and 1999, when he was a minister in the Aznar cabinet. These payments violated the Incompatibilities Act of 1995. On 14 July, El Mundo published several text messages between Rajoy and Bárcenas, the latest dating from early 2013, after the discovery of Bárcenas' bank accounts in Switzerland and after some media had pointed to illegal payments within the PP. In those messages, Rajoy expressed his support to Bárcenas and asked him to keep quiet.\n\n\nAnti-corruption rally in Madrid, 5 October 2013\nIn light of these new revelations, High Court judge Pablo Ruz summoned Bárcenas to appear before him on 15 July. In this new appearance, Bárcenas admitted the payment of 50,000 euros in 2010 to Rajoy and Dolores de Cospedal. As a result of the scandal, all the opposition parties urged Rajoy to give an explanation to parliament, with the opposition Spanish Socialist Workers' Party threatening him with a censure motion should he refuse to come out and explain himself, and demanding his immediate resignation.\n\nIn his appearance before Congress, on 1 August, Rajoy admitted that he had made \"a mistake\" in trusting Bárcenas and criticised the opposition for trying to \"criminalize\" him by believing the word of an \"offender\", stating that he wasn't resigning nor calling new elections. Rajoy also stated that Bárcenas was no longer a member of the PP when he, Rajoy, was appointed prime minister (in December 2011). However, in 11 August, El Mundo published a paysheet, dated May 2012, issued by the PP for the ex-treasurer, as well as a letter sent by Bárcenas himself to Rajoy in April 2010 (just a few days after he [Bárcenas] had been officially \"removed\" from his duties as treasurer) informing Rajoy of his \"re-incorporation\" in the party. On 26 November 2014, Ana Mato, Minister of Health, resigned due to the involvement of herself and her husband Jesús Sepúlveda in the Gürtel case. \n\nHe testified in Audiencia Nacional as a witness in the framework of the investigation into the Gürtel corruption scandal, of the illegal financing of his party. He is the first PM in Spain in service to attend a trial. Although he benefited from this corruption scheme, he denied any knowledge. This situation prompted a no-confidence motion against Rajoy's government, which was debated on 13 June and defeated as expected on 14 June. . Pío García-Escudero, the President of the Senate also testified as a witness in the same investigation.  On 26 April 2018, his former Minister of Justice, Alberto Ruiz Gallardón, was imputed by the judge for his involvement in the corruption scandal Case Lezo, which involves leaders of the PP in the Community of Madrid . \n\n2015 general election and deadlock\nThe 2015 general election was held on 20 December, the latest possible day. The result was that the People's Party remained the most voted-for party, but it lost 64 of its 187 seats and thus its majority. The election produced a fragmented parliament and an uncertain political situation that led to another election in 2016, as neither Rajoy nor the left-wing opposition could form a coalition government.\n\n\nRajoy during a ceremony to mark the 60th anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Rome on 25 March 2017\nSecond term (2016–present)\n2016 general election\nIn the general election of 26 June 2016, the PP increased its number of seats in parliament, while still falling short of an overall majority. Eventually on 29 October Rajoy was re-appointed as prime minister, after the majority of the PSOE members abstained in the parliamentary vote rather than oppose him.\n\nIn February 2016, Rajoy was declared 'persona non grata' of Pontevedra, his adopted city, because of his cabinet's decision to extend the operating license of a controversial cellulose factory by 60 years (see List of people declared persona non grata).\n\n2017 witness and no confidence-motion\nOn 26 July, Rajoy was due to appear as a witness in the Gürtel corruption case. This situation prompted a no-confidence motion against Rajoy's government, which was debated on 13 June and defeated as expected on 14 June.\n\n\nRajoy, Spanish King Felipe and Catalan President Carles Puigdemont attended the Barcelona rally in response to terror attacks in August 2017\nCatalan independence referendum\nSee also: Catalan independence referendum, 2017\n\nSupporters of Catalan independence\nRajoy also oversaw the 2017-18 Spanish constitutional crisis marked by the Catalan independence referendum of 2017 and the Catalan unilateral declaration of independence that led to the imposition of direct rule in Catalonia.", "date": "2018-05-25"}}
{"topic_id": "121", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Centenarian Veterans", "topic_description": "Documents should report on the life and death of military veterans who live to over one hundred years old."}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "百岁荣民", "topic_description": "文件应该描述一百岁以上荣民的生死情况。"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "ایثارگران سنتاریان", "topic_description": "اسناد باید در مورد زندگی و مرگ جانبازان نظامی که بیش از صد ساله زندگی می کنند گزارش دهند."}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "塞滕納里亞維泰蘭", "topic_description": "对于那些活到一百岁以上的军人的生命和死亡，人们应该重新审视他们的生命和死亡。"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Ветераны Centenarian", "topic_description": "Документы должны сообщать о жизни и смерти военных ветеранов, которые живут более ста лет."}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "Articles that talked about a specific person who was a military veteran who was over 100 years old ", "somewhat_valuable": "NA", "not_that_valuable": "Articles that talked about delivering cakes or local government funds going to the military veteran who was over 100 years old but didn't describe their life were considered not that valuable.", "non_relevant": "Articles that mentioned \"veterans\" mentioned but not the \"over 100 years old\", or conversely, mentioned 100 years old but not \"veterans\", articles that had absolutely nothing to do with the topic    "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_centenarians_(military_commanders_and_soldiers)&diff=873550528&oldid=870478724", "text": "The following is a list of centenarians – specifically, people who became famous as military commanders or soldiers – known for reasons other than their longevity. Living people are listed bolded and italicized. For more lists, see lists of centenarians.\n\nName\tLifespan\tAge\tNotability\nSusan Ahn Cuddy\t1915–2015\t100\tAmerican Navy Officer; first female gunnery officer in U.S. Navy\nHassan Alavikia\t1910–2013\t102\tIranian Army General\nMariano Álvarez\t1818–1924\t106\tFilipino General and President of the Magdiwang\nKurt Andersen\t1898–2003\t104\tGerman Luftwaffe General\nWalter Stratton Anderson\t1881–1981\t100\tAmerican Vice Admiral of the Navy\nStuart Archer\t1915–2015\t100\tBritish Army Officer; recipient of the George Cross\nAaron Bank\t1902–2004\t101\tAmerican Army Officer; founder of the Special Forces\nBill Bell\t1912–2012\t100\tBritish Army Officer\nBir Protik Noorjahan Kakon Bibi\t1915–2018\t102/103\tBangladeshi spy and freedom fighter.\nSir Clarence Bird\t1885–1986\t101\tBritish Army General \nAubrey J. Bourgeois\t1907–2011\t103\tAmerican Navy Officer\nWaldemar Levy Cardoso\t1900–2009\t108\tLast surviving Brazilian Field Marshal\nRobert Carter\t1910–2012\t102\tBritish Royal Air Force Officer\nSir Philip Christison\t1893–1993\t100\tBritish Army General\nLewis Combs\t1895–1996\t101\tAmerican Navy Admiral\nMichael Lindsay Coulton Crawford\t1917–2017\t100\tBritish Royal Navy officer and submariner\nAaron S. Daggett\t1837–1938\t100\tLast surviving Union Army General of the American Civil War\nDai Zijin\t1916–2017\t101\tChinese Air Force Major\nEmma Didlake\t1904–2015\t111\tAmerican soldier (Women's Army Auxiliary Corps)\nJames W. Downing\t1913–2018\t104\tAmerican Navy Lieutenant\nWilliam J. Ely\t1911–2017\t105\tAmerican Army Officer\nWilliam A. Enemark\t1913–2016\t102\tAmerican Army Officer\nHenry St John Fancourt\t1900–2004\t103\tBritish Royal Navy Officer\nJohn William Finn\t1909–2010\t100\tAmerican Navy Officer\nJames Flint\t1913–2013\t100\tBritish Royal Air Force Officer and businessman\nDorothy Frooks\t1896–1997\t101\tAmerican author, publisher, military officer, and military lawyer\nRobert B. Fulton\t1910–2015\t104\tAmerican Navy Officer\nHarry E. Goldsworthy\t1914–\t107\tAmerican Air Force Officer\nAmedeo Guillet\t1909–2010\t101\tItalian Army Officer\nJulia E. Hamblet\t1916–2017\t100\tAmerican military officer; Director of the Marine Corps Women's Reserve (1946–48) and Director of Women Marines (1953–59)\nReinhard Hardegen\t1913–2018\t108\tGerman U-boat commander\nSir Cosmo Haskard\t1916–2017\t100\tBritish Army Officer\nCharles D. Herron\t1877–1977\t100\tAmerican Army Lieutenant-General\nSir George Higginson\t1826–1927\t100\tBritish Army General\nDame Felicity Hill\t1915–\t103\tBritish Royal Air Force officer; Director of the Women's Royal Air Force (WRAF; 1966–69)\nJohn L. Hines\t1868–1968\t100\tAmerican General and Chief of Staff of the United States Army \nOlivia Hooker\t1915–2018\t103\tAmerican psychologist, professor, soldier (yeoman, first African-American woman in the U.S. Coast Guard) and the last known survivor of the Tulsa race riots of 1921.\nFrederick Augustus Irving\t1894–1995\t101\tAmerican Army General and West Point Military Academy Superintendent\nAlbin F. Irzyk\t1917–2018\t101\tAmerican Brigadier General\nRichard H. Jackson\t1866–1971\t105\tAmerican Navy Admiral\nWacław Jędrzejewicz\t1893–1993\t100\tPolish Land Forces Officer, diplomat and college professor\nEd Keats\t1915–\t106\tAmerican Navy Officer\nHedley Kett\t1913–2014\t100\tBritish Royal Navy Officer\nDame Marion Kettlewell\t1914–2016\t102\tBritish Naval Officer; Director of the Wrens (1966–1970)\nBill King\t1910–2012\t102\tBritish Navy Officer, yachtsman and author\nFranciszek Kornicki\t1916–2017\t100\tPolish fighter pilot\nHermann von Kuhl\t1856–1958\t102\tGerman Army General\nReidar Kvaal\t1916–2016\t100\tNorwegian Army Officer\nLiu Zhonghua\t1917–2018\t101\tChinese Navy Admiral\nLu Zhengcao\t1905–2009\t104\tChinese Army General\nBill Lucas\t1917–2018\t104\tBritish RAF officer and Olympic long-distance runner (1948)\nStanisław Maczek\t1892–1994\t102\tPolish Army General\nRoy Matsumoto\t1913–2014\t101\tAmerican Army Officer\nKenneth Mayhew\t1917–\t104\tBritish Army Officer; recipient of the Military Order of William\nSeth J. McKee\t1916–2016\t100\tAmerican Air Force Officer\nJames Megellas\t1917–\t101\tAmerican Army Officer\nMasaichi Niimi\t1887–1993\t106\tJapanese Navy Admiral\nPaul R. Norby\t1913–2015\t102\tAmerican Navy Officer\nSir Henry Oliver\t1865–1965\t100\tBritish Admiral of the Fleet\nStylianos Pattakos\t1912–2016\t103\tGreek military officer and politician\nFrederick R. Payne Jr.\t1911–2015\t104\tAmerican Marine Corps Officer\nErich Priebke\t1913–2013\t100\tGerman Nazi SS captain and war criminal\nYitzhak Pundak\t1913–2017\t107\tIsraeli General (also diplomat and politician)\nMary Louise Rasmuson\t1911–2012\t101\tAmerican Army Officer; director, Women's Army Corps\nDavid C. Richardson\t1914–2015\t101\tAmerican Navy Officer\nEdward Rowny\t1917–2017\t100\tAmerican Army officer\nPaul Royle\t1914–2015\t101\tAustralian Royal Air Force pilot\nHeinrich Ruhl\t1915–2015\t100\tGerman Army Officer\nMary Rundle\t1907–2010\t103\tEnglish superintendent of the Women's Royal Naval Service\nDu Runsheng\t1913–2015\t102\tChinese military officer and agricultural reformer\nMiguel Ángel Sanz Bocos\t1918–2018\t100\tSpanish Army officer and aviator\nHelmuth Schlömer\t1893–1995\t102\tGerman Army General\nDawn Seymour\t1917–2017\t100\tAmerican Women Airforce Service Pilot and activist\nRalph C. Smith\t1893–1998\t104\tAmerican Major-General\nSergey Leonidovich Sokolov\t1911–2012\t101\tRussian Marshal of the Soviet Union and Soviet Minister of Defence\nDeryck Stapleton\t1918–2018\t100\tBritish Royal Air Force Air Marshal\nDorothy C. Stratton\t1899–2006\t107\tAmerican SPARS director\nElliott B. Strauss\t1903–2003\t100\tAmerican Navy Rear Admiral\nSun Yuanliang\t1904–2007\t103\tChinese National Revolutionary Army General\nTeiichi Suzuki\t1888–1989\t100\tJapanese Lieutenant General\nZbigniew Ścibor-Rylski\t1917–2018\t101\tPolish Brigadier General\nArsène Tchakarian\t1916–2018\t101\tArmenian-born French resistance fighter (FTP-MOI) and historian\nConnell Thode\t1911–2014\t103\tNew Zealand Naval Officer\nJames Van Fleet\t1892–1992\t100\tAmerican Army General\nNeil D. Van Sickle\t1915–\t105\tAmerican Air Force general\nTelmo Vargas\t1912–2013\t100\tEcuadorian General (Chief of Staff)\nEugene Vielle\t1913–2015\t101\tBritish Royal Air Force Officer\nVõ Nguyên Giáp\t1911–2013\t102\tVietnamese General and Minister of Defence\nSir Hereward Wake, 14th Baronet\t1916–2017\t101\tBritish Army officer\nSir Provo Wallis\t1791–1892\t100\tBritish Admiral of the Fleet\nNeville Wigram, 2nd Baron Wigram\t1915–2017\t101\tBritish Army Major\nD. B. H. Wildish\t1914–2017\t106\tBritish Royal Navy officer\nGus Winckel\t1912–2013\t100\tDutch military officer and pilot\nXiao Ke\t1907–2008\t101\tChinese General\nXue Yue\t1896–1998\t101\tChinese General\nDov Yermiya\t1914–2016\t101\tIsraeli lieutenant-colonel in the Israeli Defence Forces\nZhang Xueliang\t1901–2001\t100\tChinese General\nZhang Zhen\t1914–2015\t100\tChinese General\nNikolai Zhugan\t1917–2017\t100\tSoviet Air Force Major General", "date": "2018-12-13"}}
{"topic_id": "122", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Combatting child marriage", "topic_description": "Describe efforts to reduce or eliminate child marriage."}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "打击童婚", "topic_description": "描述减少或消除童婚的措施。"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "مبارزه با ازدواج کودکان", "topic_description": "تلاش برای کاهش یا از بین بردن ازدواج کودکان را شرح دهید."}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Combatting chmarriage", "topic_description": "将其用于抑制或eliminate chmarriage。"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Борьба с детскими браками", "topic_description": "Опишите усилия по сокращению или ликвидации детских браков."}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "Information regarding ongoing or proposed, specific efforts to combat child marriage.", "somewhat_valuable": "Information regarding people hoping to combat child marriage, but not actively engaged in it. ", "not_that_valuable": "Information on child marriage statistics, but nothing regarding efforts to reduce it. ", "non_relevant": "Information mentioning child marriage, but nothing about elimination or reduction or background. "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&oldid=786452772#International_initiatives_to_prevent_child_marriage", "text": "In December 2011 a resolution adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (A/RES/66/170) designated October 11 as the International Day of the Girl Child. On October 11, 2012 the first International Day of the Girl Child was held, the theme of which was ending child marriage.\n\nIn 2013 the first United Nations Human Rights Council resolution against child, early, and forced marriages was adopted; it recognizes child marriage as a human rights violation and pledges to eliminate the practice as part of the U.N.'s post-2015 global development agenda.\n\nIn 2014 the UN's Commission on the Status of Women issued a document in which they agreed, among other things, to eliminate child marriage.\n\nThe World Health Organization recommends increased educational attainment among girls, increased enforcement structures for existing minimum marriage age laws, and informing parents in practicing communities of the risks associated as primary methods to prevent child marriages.\n\nPrograms to prevent child marriage have taken several different approaches. Various initiatives have aimed to empower young girls, educate parents on the associated risks, change community perceptions, support girls' education, and provide economic opportunities for girls and their families through means other than marriage. A survey of a variety of prevention programs found that initiatives were most effect when they combined efforts to address financial constraints, education, and limited employment of women.\n\nGirls in families participating in an unconditional cash transfer program in Malawi aimed at incentivizing girls' education got married and had children later than their peers who had not participated in the program. The program's effects on rates of child marriage were greater for unconditional cast transfer programs than those with conditions. Evaluators believe this demonstrated that the economic needs of the family heavily influenced the appeal of child marriage in this community. Therefore, reducing financial pressures on the family decreased the economic motivations to marry daughters off at a young age.\n\nThe Haryana state government in India operated a program in which poor families were given a financial incentive if they kept their daughters in school and unmarried until age 18. Girls in families who were eligible for the program were less likely to be married before age 18 than their peers.\n\nA similar program was operated in 2004 by the Population Council and the regional government in Ethiopia's rural Amhara region. Families received cash if their daughters remained in school and unmarried during the two years of the program. They also instituted mentorship programs, livelihood training, community conversations about girls' education and child marriage, and gave school supplies for girls. After the two-year program, girls in families eligible for the program were three times more likely to be in school and one tenth as likely to be married compared to their peers.\n\nOther programs have addressed child marriage less directly through a variety of programming related to girls' empowerment, education, sexual and reproductive health, financial literacy, life skills, communication skills, and community mobilization.\n\nTipping Point Analysis\nResearchers at the International Center for Research on Women found that in some communities rates of child marriage increase significantly when girls are a particular age. This \"tipping point\", or age at which rates of marriage increase dramatically, may occur years before the median age of marriage. Therefore, the researchers argue prevention programs should focus their programming on girls who are pre-tipping point age rather than only girls who are married before they reach the median age for marriage.", "date": "2017-06-19"}}
{"topic_id": "123", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Nun community involvement", "topic_description": "Provide examples of nuns contributing to the social welfare of their local communities."}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "修女参与社区服务", "topic_description": "提供一些修女为当地社区社会福利做出贡献的例子。"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "مشارکت جامعه راهبه", "topic_description": "ارائه نمونه هایی از راهبه کمک به رفاه اجتماعی جوامع محلی خود را."}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Nun Community involvement", "topic_description": "这就是他们所在的地方。"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Участие монахинь в жизни общины", "topic_description": "Приведите примеры монахинь, способствующих социальному обеспечению их местных общин."}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "No such information was found in the evaluated documents.", "somewhat_valuable": "Several articles contain reports of nuns of foreign nationalities contributing to the local communities in Taiwan by establishing hospitals that taking care pregnant women or elderly people with Alzheimer's disease.  The articles not only provided the backgrounds of these hospitals, but described the types of services and their impacts to the communities.       ", "not_that_valuable": "Several articles reported that nuns of foreign nationalities were awarded and given ROC citizenship for their contributions to the local communities such as serving at hospitals or providing cares to problem teen age girls including runaways, child abuse victims, early pregnancy, sexual assaults, etc.    ", "non_relevant": "Many articles reported that nuns of foreign nationalities were awarded ROC citizenship for their contributions to the local communities.  However, the articles contain no elaborations regarding details of these services and contributions.  There were also many articles talk about the priests contributions and community services instead of nuns.  "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nun&diff=792544919&oldid=791825919", "text": "Nuns and sisters played a major role in American religion, education, nursing and social work since the early 19th century. In Catholic Europe, convents were heavily endowed over the centuries, and were sponsored by the aristocracy. There were very few rich American Catholics, and no aristocrats. Religious orders were founded by entrepreneurial women who saw a need and an opportunity, and were staffed by devout women from poor families. The numbers grew rapidly, from 900 sisters in 15 communities in 1840, 50,000 in 170 orders in 1900, and 135,000 in 300 different orders by 1930. Starting in 1820, the sisters always outnumbered the priests and brothers. Their numbers peaked in 1965 at 180,000 then plunged to 56,000 in 2010. Many women left their orders, and few new members were added.\n\nCanada\nMain article: Catholic sisters and nuns in Canada\nNuns have played an important role in Canada, especially in heavily Catholic Quebec. Outside the home, Canadian women had few domains which they controlled. An important exception came with Roman Catholic nuns, especially in Québec. Stimulated by the influence in France, the popular religiosity of the Counter Reformation, new orders for women began appearing in the seventeenth century. In the next three centuries women opened dozens of independent religious orders, funded in part by dowries provided by the parents of young nuns. The orders specialized in charitable works, including hospitals, orphanages, homes for unwed mothers, and schools.", "date": "2017-07-27"}}
{"topic_id": "124", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho", "fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Russian military exercises in Belarus", "topic_description": "How is Russia using military exercises in Belarus to prepare for a European conflict?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "俄将在白俄举行军演", "topic_description": "俄罗斯如何利用在白俄罗斯的军事演习为欧洲冲突做准备？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "تمرینات نظامی روسیه در بلاروس", "topic_description": "چگونه روسیه از تمرین های نظامی در بلاروس برای آماده سازی برای جنگ در اروپا استفاده می کند؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "تمرینات نظامی روسیه در بلاروس", "topic_description": "چگونه روسیه با استفاده از تمرینات نظامی در بلاروس برای آماده شدن برای یک درگیری اروپا ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "俄罗斯军队在Belarus", "topic_description": "俄罗斯如何在Belarus使用军事手段来准备欧洲的conflict？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Российские военные учения в Беларуси", "topic_description": "Как Россия использует военные учения в Беларуси для подготовки к европейскому конфликту?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "Russian military exercises in Belarus ", "somewhat_valuable": "large-scale Russian military exercises tied to Crimea, location unclear", "not_that_valuable": "NATO reaction to other Russian military exercises", "non_relevant": "other issues related to Russia "}, "fas": {"very_valuable": "NATO officials stated that the Zapad operations in 2017 readied Russian bellicose strategies and tactics for a possible war against Western countries. ", "somewhat_valuable": "It is probable that the purpose behind  Zapad 2017 was to prepare Russian bellicose strategies and tactics for a possible war against Western countries. ", "not_that_valuable": "During Zapad 2017 operations a big number of Russian troops were deployed to Brussels for military exercises.   ", "non_relevant": "Russia criticized an important NATO military exercise in Eastern Europe. "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zapad_2017_exercise&oldid=800497611", "text": "Zapad 2017 (Russian: «Запад-2017», Belarusian: Захад-2017) is a planned joint strategic military exercise of the armed forces of the Russian Federation and Belarus (the Union State) scheduled for 14—20 September 2017, to be held in Belarus as well as in Russia′s Kaliningrad Oblast and other north-western areas. According to the information made public by the Defence Ministry of Belarus prior to the exercise, fewer than 13,000 personnel of the Union State are to take part in the military maneuvers, a number that does not trigger mandatory formal notification and invitation of observers under the OSCE′s Vienna Document. Western analysts, however, believed in July 2017 that the total number of Russian troops, security personnel and civilian officials to be involved in the broader war-games will range from 60,000 to 100,000, which would make them Russia′s largest since the Cold War. Since 2016, concerns have been voiced in a number of NATO countries over Russia′s suspected ulterior motives and objectives in connection with the exercise. In early September 2017, the Warsaw-based Centre for Eastern Studies judged Zapad 2017 to have become ″the core of an information war between Russia and NATO″.\n\n\nContents\n1\tAdvance information about the drills and invitation of monitors\n2\tExpert opinions and speculations prior to the drills\n3\tReactions of NATO and Ukraine prior to the drills\n4\tProtests in Minsk prior to the drills\n5\tPreparatory drills and logistical preparations\n6\tSee also\n7\tReferences\n8\tExternal links\nAdvance information about the drills and invitation of monitors\nSee also: Exercise Zapad-81 and Zapad-99 exercise\nBelarus is a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), a Eurasian military alliance of some of the former USSR republics led by Russia; Belarus chairs the bloc in 2017. The Belarusian–Russian strategic Zapad and operative Shchit Soyuza (Russian: «Щит Союза») exercises are scheduled events that are meant to be held on alternate years, in Belarus and Russia respectively, pursuant to the agreement reached by presidents of Russia and Belarus in September 2009. Zapad 2017 is the first Zapad exercise since 2013.\n\nThe plan of the exercise was approved by Belarus president Alexander Lukashenko on 20 March 2017: it envisaged two stages and its theme was defined as ″the use of groupings of troops (forces) in the interests of ensuring the military security of the Union State″. The number of troops to be involved, according to Belarusian Defense Minister Andrei Ravkov, would not to exceed the threshold stipulated by the 2011 Vienna Document — no more than 13,000 personnel; geographically, it would span from multiple locations in Belarus to the Kola Peninsula within Russia′s Arctic Circle. It was expected that some units of Russia′s 1st Guards Tank Army, which was reconstituted in 2014, as well as 25 Russian aircraft would take part in the exercise in Belarus. According to Western media reports in July 2017, the tank army′s task would be to establish a forward command post in western Belarus, and to hold exercises in training areas near the city of Brest. On 13 July 2017, the NATO-Russia Council convened in Brussels, in the course of which the two sides briefed each other on their upcoming drills: Zapad 2017 and NATO′s Exercise Trident Javelin 2017. At the end of August 2017, Russian defence ministry said that the exercise would rehearse an anti-terrorist and purely defensive scenario that is not specific to any particular region and ″may emerge in any location of the world″. The plan of the exercise envisaged a conflict between the alliance of Russia and Belarus and the coalition of fictional Lubenia, Vesbaria, and Veyshnoria, the latter within the borders of Belarus.\n\nObservers from NATO were invited to Zapad-2017 by both Belarus and Russia. The Belarusian foreign ministry said in mid-July 2017 that they had notified all the OSCE countries and intended to invite observers from a number of international organisations as well as from Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, Estonia (NATO contact state in Belarus in 2017), Sweden, and Norway. Also, Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko invited the U.S. delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.On 12 July 2017, in Vienna, Major-General Pavel Muraveiko, Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Belarus, gave a detailed briefing on Zapad-2017 to the participants of the OSCE conference.\n\nIn mid-August, Lithuania said that it would send its military observers to the Zapad 2017 drills, in Belarus and Leningrad Oblast. Latvia, who previously, on 14 August, said it was still awaiting the relevant invitation from Russia, said it would send 3 observers, including its military attaché in Moscow, who was invited as an observer by Moscow. On 22 August, the Belarusian defence ministry said that observers from the UN, OSCE, NATO, Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), and International Committee of the Red Cross as well as from Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, Estonia, Sweden, and Norway had been invited to Zapad 2017.\n\nOn 24 August, NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg said that the military alliance would send two experts to attend the war games, after Minsk extended invitation; he said that Belarus had invited NATO to attend five distinguished visitors′ days during the drills, and Russia had invited NATO to one such visitors’ day; Stoltenberg said attending distinguished visitors’ days did not constitute real monitoring and that NATO was seeking ″a more thorough way of observing″ Zapad 2017. The following day, the Russian foreign ministry issued a statement that dismissed NATO′s complaints about alleged lack of transparency as ungrounded; the statement reiterated that the exercise would involve up to 12,700 servicepersons, namely 7,200 from the armed forces of Belarus and 5,500 from the Russian forces, including 3,000 persons on the territory of Belarus.\n\nOn the eve of the exercise, the Belarusian foreign ministry said it had received an ″unprecedented number″ of accreditation requests from foreign news media (about 270).\n\nExpert opinions and speculations prior to the drills\nSee also: Russo-Georgian War and Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation\nMonths prior to the Zapad 2017 exercise, NATO officials and Western military analysts began to speculate about the true number of troops to be involved as well as Russia′s possible objectives other than those publicly announced. Such speculations were based on what was perceived as Russia′s record of unannounced snap military exercises, and use of drills as a cover for military incursions, as well as a development of Russia′s military posture in the country′s western regions undertaken in 2016 that suggested plans for a protracted large-scale war. The theories mainly focused on Russia′s putative schemes to attack Ukraine and/or reinforce Russia′s military presence in Belarus with a view to further threatening Poland and Lithuania, or the Suwałki gap (the Lithuania–Poland border area) that is perceived by NATO strategists as vulnerable because of the geography. It was also suggested that the Union State created by Russia and Belarus in 1999 could be used by Russia as a legal cover to absorb Belarus.\n\nOn the other hand, Igor Sutyagin, a Research Fellow at the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies in London, suggested in August 2017 that the Zapad 2017 exercise was primarily meant as ″a show of force″, with the main rational purpose to ensure Moscow is capable of moving its troops around quickly through the vast terrain; he also noted that Russia′s military efforts were ″already overstretched″. Similar assessments were made by Andrzej Wilk, a Senior Fellow of the Centre for Eastern Studies, in his article published in early September 2017, as well as by some other Western experts.\n\nReactions of NATO and Ukraine prior to the drills\nSee also: NATO–Russia relations and Enlargement of NATO\nIn the run-up to Zapad 2017, NATO and NATO member countries′ officials sounded their concern and called on Russia to allow inspections of the drills for the purposes of transparency. In July and August 2017, a number of NATO countries′ senior military officials such as U.S. general Raymond A. Thomas, commander of the United States Special Operations Command, Poland’s Deputy Defence Minister Michał Dworczyk, and Ben Hodges, commanding general, United States Army Europe, expressed their suspicion that the maneuvers might be used as a pretext to increase Russia’s military presence in Belarus and permanently deploy its troops there in a bid to counterbalance NATO's eastern reinforcement. On their part, Russia and Belarus maintained that Zapad 2017 was a scheduled event of strictly defensive nature, its scale being significantly smaller than NATO′s analogous drills. Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov in June 2017 emphasised the significance of Russia and Belarus being in the Union State and dismissed any speculations about Russia′s ulterior goals as nonsense.\n\nOn 20 June 2017, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg answering a question about the exercise said: ″We are going to follow and monitor the Zapad exercise area here closely, and all nations have the right to exercise their forces but it is important that nations, be it Belarus or Russia, exercise their forces that they do that in accordance with well established guidelines and agreements and international obligations and we have something called the Vienna document which outlines how exercises have to be notified and be subject to international inspections and we call on Russia and also Belarus to do that in accordance with the Vienna document so that we have transparency, predictability related to Zapad 2017. We are also working in the framework of the NATO-Russia Council to have more transparency, predictability, connected to military posture but also exercises, and that is always important but especially important now when we see more military presence along our borders in this region. It’s even more important to have transparency, international observation of exercises like Zapad.″\n\nOn 7 September, Germany′s defence minister Ursula von der Leyen told reporters at EU defense ministers’ meeting in Tallinn, Estonia: “It is undisputed that we are seeing a demonstration of capabilities and power of the Russians. Anyone who doubts that only has to look at the high numbers of participating forces in the Zapad exercise: more than one hundred thousand.”\n\nOn 16 August 2017, the Ukrainian Defense Minister Stepan Poltorak told journalists: ″We are monitoring the situation. We are aware of all the movements of Russian troops along our border. We realize which threats may arise, and we are going to adequately respond to both the existing threats and the threats posed by the war game.” On 1 September, Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine Viktor Muzhenko said that \"for the purposes of adequate reaction to external threats, in particular, those related to the Zapad 2017 exercise\", Ukraine had modify the plan of its military training, namely it would conduct strategic command and control drills between 12 September and 15 September. In his annual address to parliament on 7 September 2017, Ukraine′s president Poroshenko, referring to Zapad 2017, said that there was ″more and more evidence for [Russia′s] preparations for an offensive war of continental proportions.”\n\nProtests in Minsk prior to the drills\nOn 8 September 2017, in Minsk, Belarus, an unauthorised protest rally against the Zapad exercise took place, in which about 200 people took part. Among the slogans at the rally were: ″Russia, go home!″ and ″This is our country, there will be no Russia here!″. The Associated Press report on the rally noted: ″Although police in the authoritarian former Soviet republic often harshly break up unsanctioned demonstrations, there were no arrests at [the] gathering.″ Russia′s state-owned news agency RIA Novosti additionally reported on another, authorised rally in Minsk the same day, held by the opposition Belarusian Conservative Christian Party – BPF, at which anti-Zapad slogans were voiced as well.\n\nPreparatory drills and logistical preparations\nAccording to the Russian defence ministry′s statement, the practical preparation for Zapad 2017 began with command and control training in Moscow in March 2017.\n\nOn 7 August 2017, Russia’s Northern Fleet, the most powerful of its four fleets, began special large-scale drills that were announced by Russian official media as a preparatory phase of the Zapad 2017 exercise; it was commanded directly by the commander-in-chief of the Russian Navy, Admiral Vladimir Korolev.\n\nOn 15 August 2017, Russia′s military logistics units were announced to have started arriving in Belarus to make preparations for a joint special exercise scheduled for 21–25 August that involved military units and logistics support organizations of the two countries′ armed forces as part of the preparation for Zapad 2017.\n\nOfficially billed by the Belarusian Defence Ministry as part of preparations for Zapad 2017, on 23–25 August 2017, Russia and Belarus carried out joint tactical aviation drills that involved redeployment of aircraft and helicopters of the Russian Aerospace Forces to Belarusian military airfields; among other things, landing on a motorway was practised.\n\nOn 12 September, the Belarus defence ministry announced that the aircraft from Russia′s Western Military District had been re-deployed to Belarus′ airfields for the exercise; the Russian pilots ″were warmly and cordially welcomed on Belarusian soil″ (in Machulishchy).", "date": "2017-09-13"}}
{"topic_id": "125", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Humanitarian aid after Yemen ceasefire", "topic_description": "How did the UN-brokered ceasefire in Al Hudaydah, Yemen affect humanitarian aid in the area?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "也门停火后的人道援助", "topic_description": "联合国在也门与荷代达间协调的停火协议如何影响该地区的人道主义援助？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "کمک های بشردوستانه پس از آتش بس یمن", "topic_description": "آتش بس سازمان ملل متحد در الحدیثه ، یمن چگونه بر کمک های بشردوستانه در این منطقه تاثیر گذاشت ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Humanian ceaid after Yemen asefire", "topic_description": "在Al Hudaydah，Yen是如何在该地区感染humanemian援助的？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Гуманитарная помощь после прекращения огня в Йемене", "topic_description": "Как соглашение о прекращении огня, достигнутое при посредничестве Организации Объединенных Наций в Эль-Худайде, Йемен, повлияло на гуманитарную помощь в этом районе?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "No such information was found among the evaluated documents. ", "somewhat_valuable": "Several articles reported that various U.N. organizations took the opportunities to transport humanitarian aid supplies during the period of ceasefire.  Among them, several mentioned the cost of the supplies and referenced Hodeida, a key port near the Red Sea that was used for the transportation of the supplies.   ", "not_that_valuable": "Several articles briefly mentioned U.N. and other international organizations provided humanitarian aid after the ceasefire agreement.  ", "non_relevant": "Several articles articles stated that humanitarian aid was seriously in need in Yemen after the ceasefire agreement was reached.  However, no details were provided.  "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yemeni_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)&diff=873444861&oldid=873218228", "text": "CNN reported on 8 April 2015 that almost 10,160,000 Yemenis were deprived of water, food, and electricity as a result of the conflict. The report also added per sources from UNICEF officials in Yemen that within 15 days, some 100,000 people across the country were dislocated, while Oxfam said that more than 10 million Yemenis did not have enough food to eat, in addition to 850,000 half-starved children. Over 13 million civilians were without access to clean water.\n\nA medical aid boat brought 2.5 tonnes of medicine to Aden on 8 April 2015. A UNICEF plane loaded with 16 tonnes of supplies landed in Sana'a on 10 April. The United Nations announced on 19 April 2015 that Saudi Arabia promised to provide $273.7 million in emergency humanitarian aid to Yemen. The UN appealed for the aid, saying 7.5 million people had been affected by the conflict and many were in need of medical supplies, potable water, food, shelter, and other forms of support.\n\nOn 12 May 2015, Oxfam warned that the five days a humanitarian ceasefire was scheduled to last would not be sufficient to fully address Yemen's humanitarian crisis. It has also been said that the Houthis are collecting a war tax on goods. The political analyst Abdulghani al-Iryani affirmed that this tax is: \"an illegal levy, mostly extortion that is not determined by law and the amount is at the discretion of the field commanders\".\n\nAs the war dragged on through the summer and into the fall, things were made far worse when Cyclone Chapala, the equivalent of a category 2 Hurricane, made landfall on 3 November 2015. According to the NGO Save the Children, the destruction of healthcare facilities and a healthcare system on the brink of collapse as a result of the war will cause an estimated 10,000 preventable child deaths annually. Some 1,219 children have died as a direct result of the conflict thus far. Edward Santiago, the NGO's Yemen director, asserted in December 2016:\n\nEven before the war tens of thousands of Yemeni children were dying of preventable causes. But now, the situation is much worse and an estimated 1,000 children are dying every week from preventable killers like diarrhoea, malnutrition and respiratory tract infections.\n\nOn March 2017, the World Food Program reported that while Yemen is not yet in a full-blown famine, 60% of Yemenis, or 17 million people, are in \"crisis\" or \"emergency\" food situations.\n\nIn June 2017 a cholera epidemic resurfaced which was reported to be killing a person an hour in Yemen by mid June. News reports in mid June stated that there had been 124,000 cases and 900 deaths and that 20 of the 22 provinces in Yemen were affected at that time. UNICEF and WHO estimated that, by 24 June 2017, the total cases in the country exceeded 200,000, with 1,300 deaths.\n\nOn 7 June 2018, it was reported that the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has pulled 71 of its international staff out of Yemen, and moved the rest of them to Djibouti, with some 450 ICRC employees remaining in the country. The partial evacuation measure comes on the eve of an ICRC worker, a Lebanese national, being killed on 21 April by unknown gunmen in the southwestern city of Taiz. The ICRC stated \"our current activities have been blocked, threatened and directly targeted in recent weeks, and we see a vigorous attempt to instrumentalise our organisation as a pawn in the conflict.\" In light of the serious security deterioration for ICRC personnel, the international organisation has called for all parties of the conflict \"to provide it with concrete, solid and actionable guarantees so that it can continue working in Yemen.\" Since the beginning of the conflict, more than 10,000 people have been killed and at least 40,000 wounded, mostly from air raids.\n\nWar crime accusations\n\nDestroyed house in the south of Sanaa, 13 June 2015\nAccording to Farea Al-Muslim, direct war crimes have been committed during the conflict; for example, an IDP camp was hit by a Saudi airstrike, while Houthis have sometimes prevented aid workers from giving aid. The UN and several major human rights groups discussed the possibility that war crimes may have been committed by Saudi Arabia during the air campaign.\n\nHuman Rights Watch (HRW) wrote that the Saudi-led air campaign that began on 26 March 2015, had \"conducted airstrikes in apparent violation of the laws of war, such as the March 30 attack on a displaced persons camp in Mazraq, northern Yemen, that struck a medical facility and a market\". HRW also said that the Houthis had \"unlawfully deployed forces in densely populated areas and used excessive force against peaceful protesters and journalists\". In addition, HRW said that by providing logistical and intelligence assistance to coalition forces, \"the United States may have become a party to the conflict, creating obligations under the laws of war\". Other incidents noted by HRW that had been deemed as \"indiscriminate or disproportionate\" or \"in violation of the laws of war\" were: a strike on a dairy factory outside the Red Sea port of Hodaida (31 civilian deaths); a strike that destroyed a humanitarian aid warehouse of the international aid organization Oxfam in Saada; the Saudi Arabia-led coalition's blockade of Yemen which kept out fuel desperately needed for the Yemeni population's survival.\n\nAmnesty International said that several Saudi Arabian–led airstrikes, documented by it, hit five densely populated areas (Sa'dah, Sana'a, Hodeidah, Hajjah and Ibb), and \"raise concerns about compliance with the rules of international humanitarian law\". Amnesty International added, that according to its research, at least 139 people, including at least 97 civilians (33 of whom were children) were killed during these strikes, and 460 individuals were injured (at least 157 whom are civilians). HRW also said that pro-Houthi fighters may have committed war crimes when two women were killed in Yemen and aid workers were arrested for two weeks.\n\nU.N. Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen, Johannes van der Klaauw, said that air strikes by the Saudi-led coalition on Sa'ada city in Yemen, where many civilians were trapped, were in breach of international humanitarian law, despite calls for civilians to leave the area. Scores of civilians were reportedly killed and thousands forced to flee their homes after the Saudi-led coalition declared the entire governorate a military target, he said. Van der Klaauw also said that coalition strikes had targeted schools and hospitals, in breach of international law,\n\n\nYemeni capital Sanaa after airstrikes, 9 October 2015\nA group of 17 aid agencies working in Yemen condemned the growing intensity of airstrikes in the north of Yemen on 8 and 9 May 2015. Save the Children's Country Director in Yemen, Edward Santiago, said that the \"indiscriminate attacks after the dropping of leaflets urging civilians to leave Sa'ada raises concerns about the possible pattern being established in breach of International Humanitarian Law\". Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor has claimed that Houthi militias in alliance with the militants of exiled former president Ali Abdullah Saleh killed purposely at least 22 civilians in Taiz. According to eyewitnesses, the militants launched Katyusha rockets targeting the markets and residential neighbourhoods in the center of Taiz. As a result, many civilians were killed and wounded. On the other hand, local media belonging to Houthi militias have denied such accusation, accusing Saudi and ISIS for committing these attacks.\n\nIn December 2015, HRW claimed that six \"unlawful airstrikes\" were carried out in the capital by the Saudi-led coalition in September and October, which killed 60 civilians. They also criticized the United States, a party to the conflict, for refusing to investigate the attacks. In January 2016, local sources in the Yemeni capital of Sana'a reported that a Saudi-led coalition airstrike targeted the Noor Center for the Blind. On 8 October 2016, a Saudi-led airstrike on a funeral ceremony that killed roughly 100 people and injured 500, including children. HRW is calling the attack an apparent war crime.\n\nIn November 2017, U.S. Senator Chris Murphy accused the United States of complicity in war crimes and the humanitarian crisis on the Senate floor, stating \"there is a humanitarian catastrophe inside this country – that very few people in this nation can locate on a map – of absolutely epic proportion. This humanitarian catastrophe – this famine … is caused, in part, by the actions of the United States of America.\"\n\nOn 28 August 2018, at a Pentagon news conference in Washington, US Defense Secretary Jim Mattis said that the US would continue to support the Saudi-led coalition. In spite of a commitment by Saudi that \"everything humanly possible\" would be done and no damage to innocent lives would be caused, the increased civilian casualties in Yemen war remain unexplained. UN's first report after the coalition claims this to be the world's worst humanitarian crisis, where more than 10,000 have been killed. The report also claims that the governments of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen, may be responsible for war crimes, such as rape, torture and use of child soldiers.\n\nRefugees\nDjibouti, a small country in the Horn of Africa across the Bab-el-Mandeb strait from Yemen, has received an influx of refugees since the start of the campaign. Refugees also fled from Yemen to Somalia, arriving by sea in Somaliland and Puntland starting 28 March. On 16 April 2015, 2,695 refugees of 48 nationalities were reported to have fled to Oman in the past two weeks.\n\nAccording to Asyam Hafizh, an Indonesian student who was studying in Yemen, Al-Qaeda of Yemen has rescued at least 89 Indonesian civilians which trapped in the conflict. Later on he arrived in Indonesia and he told his story to local Media. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reported in August 2015 that a total of almost 100,000 people fled Yemen, especially to regional countries, like Saudi Arabia and Djibouti. In September 2016, UNHCR estimated displacement of 2.4 million Yemenis within the country and 120,000 seeking asylum.\n\nEvacuation of foreign nationals from Yemen\nSee also: Evacuation of Pakistani citizens during the Yemeni Civil War (2015) and Operation Raahat (India)\n\nRegistration of Indian citizens evacuating from Yemen in March, 2015\nThe Royal Saudi Navy evacuated diplomats and United Nations staff from Aden to Jeddah on 28 March 2015.\n\nPakistan dispatched two special PIA flights to evacuate some 500 stranded Pakistanis on 29 March 2015. Several UN staff members and Arab diplomats were also evacuated following the airstrikes.\n\nThe Indian government responded by deploying ships and planes to Yemen to evacuate stranded Indians. India began evacuating its citizens on 2 April by sea. An air evacuation of Indian nationals from Sana'a to Djibouti started on 3 April, after the Indian government obtained permission to land two Airbus A320s at the airport. The Indian Armed Forces carried out rescue operation codenamed Operation Raahat and evacuated more than 4640 overseas Indians in Yemen along with 960 foreign nationals of 41 countries. The air evacuation ended on 9 April 2015 while the evacuation by sea ended on 11 April 2015. The United States has assets in the region, but through its Yemen diplomatic mission website, instructed its citizens to evacuate using Indian assistance.\n\nA Chinese missile frigate docked in Aden on 29 March to evacuate Chinese nationals from Yemen. The ship reportedly deployed soldiers ashore on 2 April to guard the evacuation of civilians from the city. Hundreds of Chinese and other foreign nationals were safely evacuated aboard the frigate in the first operation of its kind carried out by the Chinese military. The Philippines have announced that 240 Filipinos were evacuated across the Saudi border to Jizan, before boarding flights to Riyadh and then to Manila.\n\nThe Malaysian government have deployed two Royal Malaysian Air Force C-130 aircraft to evacuate their citizens. On 15 April, around 600 people have been evacuated by Malaysia which also comprising other Southeast Asian countries citizens such as 85 Indonesians, 9 Cambodians, 3 Thais and 2 Vietnamese. The Indonesian Air Force also sent a Boeing 737-400 and a chartered aircraft to evacuate Indonesian citizens.\n\nThe Ethiopian Foreign Ministry said it would airlift its citizens out of Yemen if they requested to be evacuated. There were reportedly more than 50,000 Ethiopian nationals living and working in Yemen at the outbreak of hostilities. More than 3,000 Ethiopians registered to evacuate from Yemen, and as of 17 April, the Ethiopian Foreign Ministry had confirmed 200 evacuees to date.\n\nThroughout April, Russian military forces evacuated more than 1,000 people of various nationalities, including Russian citizens, to the Chkalovsky Airport, a military air base.\n\nImpact on citizens\nChildren and women\n\nAnti-war activists protest U.S. Senators supporting Saudi-U.S. arms deals, December 2017\nYemeni refugee female and children are extremely susceptible to smuggling and human trafficking. NGOs report that vulnerable populations in Yemen were at increased risk for human trafficking in 2015 because of ongoing armed conflict, civil unrest, and lawlessness. Migrant workers from the Somalia who remained in Yemen during this period suffered from increased violence, and women and children became most vulnerable to human trafficking. Prostitution on women and child sex workers is social issue in Yemen. Citizens of other gulf states are beginning to be drawn into the sex tourism industry. The poorest people in Yemen work locally and children are commonly sold as sex slaves abroad. While this issue is worsening, the plight of Somali's in Yemen has been ignored by the government. Children are recruited between the ages of 13 and 17, and as young as 10 years old into armed forces despite a law against it in 1991. The rate of militant recruitment in Yemen increases exponentially. According to an international organization, between 26 March and 24 April 2015, armed groups recruited at least 140 children. According to the New York Times report, 1.8 million children in Yemen are extremely subject to malnutrition in 2018.\n\nBoth the Saudi-led coalition and the Houthis were blacklisted by the UN over the deaths of children during the war. In 2016 Saudi Arabia was removed from the list after alleged pressure from Gulf countries who threatened to withdraw hundreds of millions of dollars in assistance to the UN, the decision was criticized by Human rights groups and the coalition added again in 2017 and was accused of killing or injuring 683 children, and attacking many of schools and hospitals in 38 confirmed attacks, while the Houthis were accused of being responsible for 414 child casualties in 2016.\n\nEducation\nThe civil war in Yemen severely impacted and degraded the country's education system. The number of children who are out of school increased to 1.8 million in 2015–2016 out of more than 5 million registered students according to the 2013 statistics released by the Ministry of Education. Moreover, 3600 schools are directly affected; 68 schools are occupied by armed groups, 248 schools have severe structural damage, and 270 are used to house refugees. The Yemen government has not been able to improve this situation due to limited authority and manpower. Some of the education system's problems include: not enough financial resources to operate schools and salaries of the teachers, not enough materials to reconstruct damaged schools, and lack of machinery to print textbooks and provide school supplies. These are caused by the unstable government that cannot offer enough financial support since many schools are either damaged or used for other purposes. Due to warfare and destruction of schools, the education ministry, fortunately, was able to send teams to oversee primary and secondary schools' final exam in order to give students 15-16 school year certificates. Currently, the UNICEF is raising money to support students and fix schools damaged by armed conflicts.\n\nResidential condition\nThe Yemeni quality of life is affected by the civil war and people have suffered enormous hardships. Although mines are banned by the government, the Houthi forces have placed anti-personnel mines in many parts of Yemen including Aden. Thousands of civilians are injured when they accidentally step on mines; many lose their legs and injure their eyes. It is estimated that more than half a million mines have been laid by the rebels during the conflict. The Yemen army was able to remove 300,000 mines planted by the Houthi militia in liberated areas, including 40,000 mines on the outskirts of Marib province, according to official sources. In addition, the nine-country coalition led by Saudi Arabia launched many airstrikes against the Houthi forces; between 2015 and 2016 more than 1920 civilians have been killed and much of the civilian infrastructure for goods and food production, storage, and distribution has been destroyed. Factories have ceased production and thousands of people have lost their jobs. Due to decreased production, food, medicines, and other consumer staples have become scarce. The prices of these goods have gone up and civilians can no longer afford them for sustenance.\n\nUnited Nations response\nThe United Nations representative Baroness Amos, Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, said on 2 April that she was \"extremely concerned\" about the fate of civilians trapped in fierce fighting, after aid agencies reported 519 people killed and 1,700 injured in two weeks. The UN children's agency reported 62 children killed and 30 injured and also children being recruited as soldiers.\n\nRussia called for \"humanitarian pauses\" in the coalition bombing campaign, bringing the idea before the United Nations Security Council in a 4 April emergency meeting. However, Saudi Arabia's ambassador to the United Nations questioned whether humanitarian pauses would be the best way of delivering humanitarian assistance.\n\nOn 14 April 2015, the United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution placing sanctions on Abdul-Malik al-Houthi and Ahmed Ali Saleh, establishing an arms embargo on the Houthis, and calling on the Houthis to quit Sana'a and other areas they seized. The Houthis condemned the UN resolution and called for mass protests.\n\nJamal Benomar, the UN envoy to Yemen who brokered the deal that ended Ali Abdullah Saleh's presidency during the 2011–12 revolution, resigned on 15 April. Mauritanian diplomat Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed, formerly the head of the UN's Ebola response mission, was confirmed as the new UN Envoy to Yemen on 25 April. The Panel of Experts on Yemen mandated by the Security Council, UN submitted a 329-page report to the latter's President on 26 January 2018 denouncing the UAE, the Yemeni government and the Houthi Rebels for torturing civilians in the Yemeni conflict.\n\nIn December 2018, UN-sponsored talks between the rebels and the Saudi-backed government are expected to start. The UN has also started using its jets to carry wounded Houthi rebels out of the Yemeni capital, Sanaa, for Oman, paving the way for planned peace talks after nearly four years of civil war. \n\nOther calls for ceasefire\nMain article: Yemeni crisis reconciliation attempts\nOn 4 April 2015, the International Committee of the Red Cross called for a 24-hour ceasefire to deliver aid and supplies after the Saudi-led coalition blocked three aid shipments to Yemen. On 5 April, Reuters quoted a Houthi leader as saying the group would be willing to sit down for peace talks if the airstrikes stopped and a neutral party acted as mediator. On 7 April, China added its support of a ceasefire in Yemen, following an appeal by the ICRC and Russia for a humanitarian pause.\n\nDespite Saudi Arabia asking for Pakistan's support to join the coalition, the Pakistan government has also called for a ceasefire in order to help negotiate a diplomatic solution. Alongside Turkey, Pakistan has taken initiatives to arrange a ceasefire in Yemen. According to analysis written in U.S. News, Pakistan's strategic calculations firmly believes that if the Saudis enter into a ground war in Yemen– with or without Pakistani military– it will become a stalemate; therefore, Pakistan is increasing its efforts to potentially help engineer a face-saving solution to achieve a ceasefire and end the war.\n\nOn 12 April, Saudi Arabia rejected Iran's request about a ceasefire in Yemen. Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud al-Faisal said in the Saudi capital, Riyadh, at a news conference with his French counterpart Laurent Fabius, that \"Saudi Arabia is a responsible for establishing legitimate government in Yemen and Iran should not interfere.\" Australia called for the ceasefire in Yemen, because of the civilian casualties numbers. On 16 April, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon requested an immediate ceasefire in Yemen. Also he said all parties must stop war as soon as possible.\n\nIranian foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif submitted four-point Yemen peace plan to United Nations. In this letter he pointed to enormous civilian casualties and destruction of civilian infrastructure. He said the only way to stop the war is to require that Yemeni parties form a national unity government without any foreign military intervention. Furthermore, since 21 April 2016, peace talks have started in Kuwait at the Bayan Palace. In June 2015, a solution to ending the Saudi intervention in Yemen sought the participation of a Yemeni delegation to the Geneva peace talks; the delegation came under attack in the Geneva peace talks.\n\nIn 10 April 2016, cease fire agreement reached in Yemen, after months of negotiation, but peace talks were suspended on 6 August.\n\nSecond Yemeni ceasefire attempt on 21 November 2016, collapsed within 48 hours.\n\nThe U.S. and U.K. have put immense pressure on Saudi Arabia following the bombing campaign in Yemen and the brutal killing of Jamal Khashoggi, a Washington Post journalist. On 30 October 2018, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said “It is time to end this conflict, replace conflict with compromise, and allow the Yemeni people to heal through peace and reconstruction.” Pompeo emphasized that the Houthi rebels must stop firing missiles at Saudi and the UAE, but he also added that “subsequently, coalition airstrikes must cease in all populated areas in Yemen,” aiming at Saudi Arabia. Defense Secretary Jim Mattis said all the parties involved in the war need to take part in peace talks initiated by the UN within 30 days. On November 10, 2018, the U.S. announced it would no longer refuel coalition aircraft operating over Yemen. The Saudi-led coalition issued a statement confirming the decision, saying the cessation of aerial refueling was made at the request of the coalition due to improvements in their own refueling capabilities. The move is expected to have minimal impact on the Saudi effort. The U.S. still provides support for the Saudi-led intervention via weapons sales and intelligence sharing.\n\nMany US Senators are upset with Trump’s response on the murder of Khashoggi. The disapproval on Trump administration’s support has now taken another turn as US senators have advanced a motion to withdraw American support from the Saudi-led coalition fighting in Yemen. The senators voted 63-37 to take forward the bipartisan motion, giving a severe blow to Trump administration, which is apparently in favour of Saudi Arabia.\n\nOther developments\nArmed Houthis ransacked Al Jazeera's news bureau in Sana'a on 27 March 2015, amid Qatar's participation in the military intervention against the group. The Qatar-based news channel condemned the attack on its bureau. On 28 March, Ali Abdullah Saleh stated neither he nor anyone in his family would run for president, despite recent campaigning by his supporters for his son Ahmed to seek the presidency. He also called on Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi to step down as president and said new elections should be held.\n\nRumours about Saleh's whereabouts have swirled during the conflict. Foreign Minister Riyad Yassin, a Hadi loyalist, claimed on 4 April that Saleh left Yemen aboard a Russian aircraft evacuating foreign nationals from Sana'a International Airport. Later in the month, Saleh reportedly asked the Saudi-led coalition for a \"safe exit\" for himself and his family, but the request was turned down.\n\nKing Salman reshuffled the Saudi cabinet on 28 April, removing Prince Muqrin as his designated successor. The Saudi royal palace said Muqrin had asked to step down, without giving a reason, but media speculation was that Muqrin did not demonstrate sufficient support for the Saudi-led military campaign in Yemen. A spokesman for Yemen's exiled government told Reuters on 29 April that the country would officially seek membership in the Gulf Cooperation Council. Media reports have noted that the civil war has reached nearly all of Yemen, with one notable exception being the remote Indian Ocean archipelago of Socotra, where the war spread due to the South Yemeni insurgency in 2017.\n\nEnvironmental impacts\nWater\nWater availability in Yemen has decreased. Water scarcity with an intrinsic geographical formation in highlands and limited capital to build water infrastructures and provision service caused a catastrophic water shortage in Yemen. In a vicious circulation of dehydration between climate change, the water recharge into aquifers is decreasing and salt water intrusion is increasing. After the civil war began in 2015, the water buckets were destroyed significantly and price of water highly increased. Storing water has demolished by war and supply chains have been occupied by military personnel, which makes the delivery of water far more difficult. In 2015, over 15 million people need healthcare and over 20 million need clean water and sanitation—an increase of 52 percent since the intervention, but the government agencies can not afford to deliver clean water to displaced Yemeni citizens.\n\nAgriculture\nThe Yemen civil war resulted in a severe lack of food and vegetation. Agricultural production in the country has suffered substantially leaving Yemen to face the threat of famine. Yemen is currently under blockade by land, sea and air which has disrupted the delivery of many of the countries resources. In a country where 90% of the food requirements are met through imports, this blockade has had serious consequences concerning the availability of food to its citizens. It is reported that out of the population of 24 million in Yemen, everyday 13 million are going hungry and 6 million are at risk of starvation. According to reports there is strong evidence suggesting that Yemen's already limited agricultural sector is being deliberately destroyed by warring factions, exacerbating the food shortage and leaving the country dependent solely on imports to meet the food requirements of its citizens.", "date": "2018-12-13"}}
{"topic_id": "126", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus", "zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Notre Dame restoration technology", "topic_description": "What roles are technology playing in the restoration of the Notre Dame cathedral?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "технология реставрации Нотр-Дама", "topic_description": "Какие роли играет технология в реставрации собора Нотр-Дама?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "巴黎圣母院修复技术", "topic_description": "科技在巴黎圣母院修复中扮演什么角色?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "تکنولوژی ترمیم نوتردام", "topic_description": "نقش فناوری در بازسازی کلیسای نوتردام چیست ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Nottre Dame转售技术", "topic_description": "什么罗尔斯是技术在Nottre Dame的转台玩?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Технология восстановления Нотр-Дам", "topic_description": "Какую роль играет технология в восстановлении собора Нотр-Дам?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "A couple articles detailed how a gaming company will use its laser scanned images to help restore the cathedral, along with how the 3D printing will be part of it. ", "somewhat_valuable": "The use of 3D printing and laser scanning, but without much detail nor whether they will be used. ", "not_that_valuable": "N/A", "non_relevant": "details about the fire itself without discussing restoration, who and who is not donating funds and how much, how long restoration will take, other stories about 3D printing, other stories about gaming companies"}, "zho": {"very_valuable": "technology used in the restoration or engineering issues that must be dealt with  ", "somewhat_valuable": "general plans for restoration ", "not_that_valuable": "clean up; raising money", "non_relevant": "stories about the fire"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&oldid=991441944#Stabilization_of_building_and_reconstruction", "text": "Stabilization of building and reconstruction\nOngoing stabilization of Notre Dame (29 February 2020)\nStabilization of Notre Dame and removal of roof debris and scaffolding (29 February 2020)\n\nImmediately after the fire, President Macron promised that Notre-Dame would be restored, and called for the work to be completed within five years. An international architectural competition was also announced to redesign the spire and roof. The hasty spire competition announcement drew immediate criticism in the international press from heritage academics and professionals who faulted the French government for being too narrowly focused on quickly building a new spire, and neglecting to frame its response more holistically as an inclusive social process encompassing the whole building and its long-term users. A new law was immediately drafted to make Notre Dame exempt from existing heritage laws and procedures, which prompted an open letter to President Macron signed by over 1,170 heritage experts urging respect for existing regulations. The law, which passed on 11 May 2019, was hotly debated in the French National Assembly, with opponents accusing Macron's administration of using Notre-Dame self-servingly for political grandstanding, and defenders arguing the need for expediency and tax breaks to encourage philanthropic giving.\n\nPresident Macron suggested he was open to a \"contemporary architectural gesture\". Even before the competition rules were announced, architects around the world offered suggestions: the proposals included a 100 meter spire made of carbon fibre, covered with gold leaf; a roof built of stained glass; a greenhouse; a garden with trees, open to the sky; and a column of light pointed upwards. A poll published in the French newspaper Le Figaro on 8 May 2019 showed that 55% of French respondents wanted a spire identical to the original. French culture minister Franck Riester promised that the restoration \"will not be hasty.\" On 29 July 2019, the French National Assembly enacted a law requiring that the restoration must \"preserve the historic, artistic and architectural interest of the monument\".\n\nIn October 2019, the French government announced that the first stage of reconstruction, the stabilising of the structure against collapse, would take until the end of 2020. Reconstruction could not begin before early 2021. President Macron announced that he hoped the reconstructed Cathedral could be finished by Spring 2024, in time for the opening of the 2024 Summer Olympics. In December 2019, Monsignor Patrick Chauvet, the rector of the cathedral, said there was still a 50% chance that Notre-Dame cannot be saved due to the risk of the remaining scaffolding falling onto the three damaged vaults.\n\nThe first task of the restoration is the removal of 250–300 tonnes of melted metal tubes, the remains of the scaffolding, which remained on the top after the fire, and could still fall onto the vaults and cause the collapse of the structure. This stage began in February 2020 and continued through April 2020. A large crane, eighty-four metres high, was put in place next to the cathedral to help remove the scaffolding. The stained glass windows have been removed from the nave, and the flying buttresses have been reinforced with wooden arches to stabilise the structure.\n\nOn 15 March 2020, the dismantling and removal of the melted scaffolding from the cathedral roof and interior was halted, due to the health and safety restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Reconstruction resumed, with social distancing, on 27 April 2020.\n\nOn 10 April 2020, the Archbishop of Paris, Michel Aupetit, and a handful of participants, all in protective clothing, performed a Good Friday service inside the cathedral. Music was provided by the violinist Renaud Capuçon; the lectors were the actors Philippe Torreton and Judith Chemla. Chemla gave an a cappella rendition of Ave Maria.\n\nA new phase of the restoration commenced on 8 June 2020. Two teams of workers began descending into the roof to remove the tangle of tubes of the old scaffolding melted by the fire. The workers will use saws to cut up the forty thousand pieces of scaffolding, weighing altogether two hundred tons, which will be carefully lifted out of the roof by an eighty-meter tall crane. ", "date": "2019-08-31"}}
{"topic_id": "127", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus", "zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Brumadinho dam collapse cause", "topic_description": "What caused the collapse of the dam at the Córrego do Feijão iron ore mine owned by Vale in Brumadinho, Brazil?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Причина обрушения плотины Брумадиньо", "topic_description": "Что стало причиной обрушения плотины на железорудном руднике Коррего-ду-Фейхао, принадлежащем Vale в Брумадиньо, Бразилия?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "巴西布鲁马迪纽尾矿坝事故的原因", "topic_description": "是什么导致巴西布鲁马迪纽淡水河谷公司所拥有的铁矿尾矿坝溃决？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "سقوط سد Brumadinho علت", "topic_description": "چه چیزی باعث فروپاشی سد در معدن سنگ آهن Feijão Feijão در Brumadinho برزیل شد ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Brumadinho dam collapse cause", "topic_description": "在巴西Brumadinho的淡水河谷，是什么原因导致了Cr ó rrego的大坝的碰撞？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Причина обрушения плотины Брумадиньо", "topic_description": "Что вызвало обрушение плотины на руднике железной руды Коррего-ду-Фейяу, принадлежащей Вале в Брумадинью, Бразилия?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "states reason and provides responsible party", "somewhat_valuable": "company may have known about failures", "not_that_valuable": "people were arrested", "non_relevant": "mentions victims or unrelated topics (gas trade, cars)"}, "zho": {"very_valuable": "Information about the cause of the dam collapse", "somewhat_valuable": "Details about what happened; number of deaths and injuries ", "not_that_valuable": "Mention of the accident ", "non_relevant": "reports about the impact on ore prices "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brumadinho_dam_disaster&oldid=tml", "text": "Background\nBento Rodrigues Village right after the similar Mariana dam disaster of 2015\n\nThe Brumadinho dam failure happened three years and two months after the Mariana dam disaster, which killed 19 people and destroyed the village of Bento Rodrigues. The Mariana disaster is considered the worst environmental disaster in Brazil's history and is still under investigation.\n\nExperts say that Brazil's weak regulatory structures and regulatory gaps allowed the dam's failure. Three years after the Mariana dam collapse, the companies involved in that environmental disaster have paid only 3.4% of R$785 million in fines.\n\nAt the time of the Mariana dam disaster in November 2015, the department in charge of inspecting mining operations in the state of Minas Gerais, the National Department of Mineral Production (DNPM), was worried about the retirement of another 40% of public employees over the course of the next two years.\n\nAccording to the national registry of the National Mining Agency, the Córrego do Feijão dam, built in 1976 by the Ferteco Mineração (acquired by Vale in 2001), was classified as a small structure with low risk of high potential damage. In a statement, the State Department of Environment and Sustainable Development reported that the venture was duly licensed. In December 2018, Vale obtained a license to reuse waste from the dam (about 11.7 million cubic meters) and to close down activities. The dam had not received tailings since 2014 and, according to the company, underwent bi-weekly field inspections. ", "date": "2019-02-10"}}
{"topic_id": "128", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus", "zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "White Rhinoceros Extinction", "topic_description": "Which white rhinoceros subspecies are extinct or almost extinct?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Вымирание белых носорогов", "topic_description": "Какие подвиды белых носорогов вымерли или почти вымерли?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "白犀牛灭绝", "topic_description": "哪些白犀牛亚种已灭绝或濒临灭绝？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "انقراض Rhinoceros سفید", "topic_description": "کدام زیرگونه ‌ های کرگدن سفید منقرض شده ‌ اند یا تقریباً منقرض شده ‌ اند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "White Rhinocction Extinction", "topic_description": "Which which white rhinococsubspecies are extinct或ost extinct?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Белый носорог Extinction", "topic_description": "Какие подвиды белых носорогов вымерли или почти вымерли?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "Northern white rhino males are extinct. The last male northern white rhino died in Kenya due to being old and being sick. White rhinos are in danger of being extinct, but there have been a few born in captivity. ", "somewhat_valuable": "Before the Northern white rhino male died, which made them (the males of that species) extinct, they were able to collect genetic material in the hopes of repopulating the northern white rhino species. ", "not_that_valuable": "n/a", "non_relevant": "Other types of rhinos (black, Sumatran, etc) are in danger of becoming extinct. Rhino day celebrations. How zoos are trying to save animals from becoming extinct. "}, "zho": {"very_valuable": "Details about exactly what kinds of rhinos are in danger of extinction (Northern White Rhino), numbers of living animals ", "somewhat_valuable": "general information about the extinction of rhinos", "not_that_valuable": "documents that mention rhinos going extinct with no details ", "non_relevant": "other stories about rhinos, documents about trade in rhino horns that do not mention extinction "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_rhinoceros&oldid=828960680#Taxonomy_and_evolution", "text": "There are two subspecies of white rhino; the southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) and the northern white rhinoceros. As of 31 December 2007, there were an estimated 17,460 southern white rhino in the wild (IUCN 2008), making them by far the most abundant subspecies of rhino in the world; the number of southern white rhinos outnumbers all other rhino subspecies combined. South Africa is the stronghold for this subspecies (93.0%), conserving 16,255 individuals in the wild in 2007 (IUCN 2008). There are smaller reintroduced populations within the historical range of the species in Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Uganda and Swaziland, while a small population survives in Mozambique. Populations have also been introduced outside of the former range of the species to Kenya and Zambia.\nWhite rhinos in Taman Safari, Indonesia\n\nWild-caught southern whites will readily breed in captivity given appropriate amounts of space and food, as well as the presence of other female rhinos of breeding age. For instance, 93 calves have been born at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park since 1972.[citation needed] However, for reasons that are not currently understood, the rate of reproduction is extremely low among captive-born southern white females.\nNorthern white rhinoceros\nMain article: Northern white rhinoceros\nA northern white rhinoceros crosses the equator during translocation to Ol Pejeta Conservancy\n\nThe northern white rhinoceros, or northern square-lipped rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) is considered Critically Endangered or Extinct in the Wild. Formerly found in several countries in East and Central Africa south of the Sahara, this subspecies is a grazer in grasslands and savanna woodlands. In the world, there are currently three that have been returned to a conservancy in Kenya.\n\nInitially, six northern white rhinoceros lived in the Dvůr Králové Zoo in the Czech Republic. Four of the six rhinos (which are also the only reproductive animals of this subspecies) were transported to Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya, where scientists hope they will successfully breed and save this species from extinction. One of two remaining in the Czech Republic died in late May 2011. Both of the last two males capable of natural mating died in 2014 (one in Kenya on 18 October and one in San Diego on 15 December). In 2015, the Kenyan government placed the last remaining male of the species at Ol Pejeta under 24-hour armed guard to deter poachers.\n\nFollowing the phylogenetic species concept, recent research has found that the northern white rhinoceros is probably an altogether different species, rather than a subspecies of white rhinoceros as was previously thought, in which case the correct scientific name for the former is Ceratotherium cottoni. Distinct morphological and genetic differences suggest the two proposed species have been separated for at least a million years. ", "date": "2018-03-20"}}
{"topic_id": "129", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Terrorist groups targeting Iran’s IRG", "topic_description": "What groups are conducting terrorist attacks against the Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "针对伊朗伊斯兰革命卫队的恐怖组织", "topic_description": "哪些组织正对伊朗的伊斯兰革命卫队进行恐怖袭击 ？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "گروه های تروریستی جمهوری اسلامی ایران را هدف قرار دادند", "topic_description": "چه گروه ‌ هایی در حال انجام حملات تروریستی علیه سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی هستند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "₩orist groups targeting Iran’s IRG", "topic_description": "什么腹股沟是conducting或ist attacks against Iran's amic Revoluitionary Guard Corps?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Террористические группы, нацеленные на ИРГ Ирана", "topic_description": "Какие группы осуществляют террористические нападения на иранский корпус Исламской революционной гвардии?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "Articles that clearly stated the name of the terrorist group that attacked the IRG were marked as very valuable.", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles that said that Iran called US a terrorist government or threat to Iran were listed as somewhat valuable because there were other articles that talked about the US possibly setting up for an attack.", "not_that_valuable": "None", "non_relevant": "Articles that were completely unrelated or said that IRG launched attacks at other groups, articles about oil tankers, embargoes, "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salafi_jihadism&oldid=879332833", "text": "Salafi jihadism or jihadist-Salafism is a transnational religious-political ideology based on a belief in \"physical\" jihadism and the Salafi movement of returning to what adherents believe to be true Sunni Islam.\n\nThe terms \"Salafist jihadist\" and \"jihadist-Salafism\" were coined by scholar Gilles Kepel in 2002 to describe \"a hybrid Islamist ideology\" developed by international Islamist volunteers in the Afghan anti-Soviet jihad who had become isolated from their national and social class origins. The concept was described by Martin Kramer as an academic term that \"will inevitably be [simplified to] jihadism or the jihadist movement in popular usage.\" (emphasis supplied)\n\nPractitioners are referred to as \"Salafi jihadis\" or \"Salafi jihadists\". They are sometimes described as a variety of Salafi, and sometimes as separate from \"good Salafis\" whose movement eschews any political and organisational allegiances as potentially divisive for the Muslim community and a distraction from the study of religion.\n\nIn the 1990s, extremist jihadists of the al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya were active in the attacks on police, government officials and tourists in Egypt, and Armed Islamic Group of Algeria was a principal group in the Algerian Civil War. The most famous jihadist-Salafist attack is the September 11, 2001 attacks against the United States by al-Qaeda. While Salafism had next-to-no presence in Europe in the 1980s, Salafist jihadists had by the mid-2000s acquired \"a burgeoning presence in Europe, having attempted more than 30 terrorist attacks among E.U. countries since 2001.\" While many see the influence and activities of Salafi jihadists as in decline after 2000 (at least in the United States), others see the movement as growing, in the wake of the Arab Spring and the breakdown of state control in Libya and Syria.", "date": "2019-01-20"}}
{"topic_id": "130", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "China-India dispute over Doklam", "topic_description": "What events have exacerbated tensions between China and India in the disputed territory of Doklam?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "中印在多克拉姆地区的争端", "topic_description": "哪些事件加剧了中印在多克拉姆地区的紧张关系？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "چین و هند اختلاف بیش از Doklam", "topic_description": "‏ چه رویدادهایی تنش ‌ های بین چین و هند را در قلمرو دوکلم تشدید کرده است ؟ ‏"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "中国-印度对Doklam的争论", "topic_description": "在中国和印度之间的矛盾中，有什么异想天开的？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Спор между Китаем и Индией по поводу Доклама", "topic_description": "Какие события усугубили напряженность в отношениях между Китаем и Индией на спорной территории Доклам?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "There are several articles provided information regarding the treaties signed between the British, Chinese, and Indian government, which the Chinese government based their claim of the broader on.  There are several other articles provide the timeline of the events and information regarding actions taken by the Chinese and Indian government as well as the reactions of the neighboring counties.  In addition, these articles also provided the historical background of the issue.    ", "somewhat_valuable": "Several articles provided short updates on the event, such as number of personnel and troop presented, number of days the event lasted, statements made by the Chinese, Indian, and Bhutanese government, etc. ", "not_that_valuable": "Several articles contained assessments and predictions of the Chinese and Indian media and scholars on possible outcomes of the event as well as the possible actions the various parties would take.", "non_relevant": "There are multiple articles on topics such as economics, sports, China's \"one belt and one road\" initiative, etc., which are unrelated to the topic.  There are also several articles on China and India boarder disputes but not related to the territory of Doklam."}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&oldid=784834679#Later_conflicts", "text": "A three-week standoff between Indian and Chinese troops in close proximity to each other and the Line of Actual Control between Jammu and Kashmir's Ladakh region and Aksai Chin was defused on 5 May 2013, days before a trip by Indian Foreign Minister Salman Khurshid to China; Khurshid said that both countries had a shared interest in not having the border issue exacerbate or \"destroy\" long-term progress in relations. The Chinese agreed to withdraw their troops in exchange for an Indian agreement to demolish several \"live-in bunkers\" 250 km to the south in the disputed Chumar sector.\n\nChinese Premier Li Keqiang made his first foreign visit to India on 18 May 2013 in a bid to increase diplomatic co-operation, to cement trade relations, and formulate border dispute solutions.\n\nIndian President Pranab Mukherjee’s visit to Arunachal Pradesh, a northeast Indian state that China recognizes as \"South Tibet\", in late November, 2013 and in his speech calling the area an \"integral and important part of India\" generated an angry response from Beijing. Foreign ministry spokesman Qin Gang's statement in response to Mukherjee's two-day visit to Arunachal Pradesh was \"China's stance on the disputed area on the eastern part of the China-India border is consistent and clear.\n\nIn September, 2014 the relationship took a sting as troops of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) have reportedly entered two kilometres inside the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in Chumar sector. The next month, V. K. Singh said that China and India had come to a \"convergence of views\" on the threat of terrorism emanating from Pakistan.\n\nIn more modern times, China and India have been working together to produce films together, such as Kung Fu Yoga starring Jackie Chan. However, disruptions have risen again due to China building trade routes with Pakistan on disputed Kashmir territory.", "date": "2017-06-10"}}
{"topic_id": "131", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Criminal transmission of HIV", "topic_description": "Are there examples of individuals who have been criminally prosecuted for deliberately infected others with HIV?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "犯罪性艾滋病传播", "topic_description": "是否有因故意传染将艾滋病传染给他人而受到刑事起诉的例子？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "انتقال جنایی HIV", "topic_description": "آیا نمونه هایی از افرادی که برای افراد مبتلا به اچ آی وی عمدا تحت پیگرد قانونی قرار گرفته اند وجود دارد ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "V的cripminal transmission", "topic_description": "你是指那些曾经为脱离母体而被指责为脱离母体的人吗？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Преступная передача ВИЧ", "topic_description": "Существуют ли примеры лиц, которые были привлечены к уголовной ответственности за умышленное заражение других лиц ВИЧ?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "There were several articles contained clear description of the cases where individuals were deliberately infected others with HIV and the punishments they received through criminal prosecutions.  The valuable information included names and gender of the persons involved, time and locations, as well as amount of fines and jail time, etc.  ", "somewhat_valuable": "There were two articles mentioned cases in which individuals were prosecuted for deliberately infected others with HIV, yet the articles provided no details of these cases.  ", "not_that_valuable": "There were multiple articles with details of cases that individuals were arrested by the police for intentionally infected others with HIV through prostitution.  But the articles did not mention how these individuals were criminally prosecuted.  ", "non_relevant": "There were several articles reported that the local government encouraged individual solicited prostitutes who deliberately transmit HIV to come forward for HIV tests.    "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_transmission_of_HIV&oldid=832614359", "text": "Legal situation\n\nIn many English-speaking countries and in most of the states who have signed the European Convention of Human Rights, knowingly infecting others with HIV can lead to criminal prosecution.\n\nIn a 2004 survey of the latter group, the Global Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS found that at least one prosecution had occurred in about half of these countries, and that in Finland, Sweden and Slovakia, about 0.5% to 1% of all people reported to be living with HIV/AIDS had been prosecuted for alleged intentional or \"negligent\" transmission of HIV. In many developing countries such as Thailand where the HIV/AIDS pandemic has been much more serious, laws regarding criminalisation of intentional transmission have been either weak or non-existent.\n\nFrom a global perspective, the U.S. and Canada account for the vast majority of reported prosecutions. ", "date": "2018-03-27"}}
{"topic_id": "132", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho", "fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Proposals for arming U.S. teachers", "topic_description": "What legislative proposals are being considered that advocate permitting or encouraging teachers to carry firearms as a response to school shootings in the U.S.?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "对美国教师武装的提案", "topic_description": "有哪些被讨论的立法提案倡导允许教师携带枪支以应对美国的学校枪击事件？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "پیشنهاداتی برای اجازه اسلحه به معلمان در ایالات متحده", "topic_description": "چه پیشنهادهای قانونی در نظر گرفته شده است که طرفداران اجازه یا تشویق معلمان را برای حمل اسلحه گرم به عنوان واکنش به تیراندازی در مدارس در ایالات متحده می دانند؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "پیشنهادات برای مسلح کردن معلمان ایالات متحده", "topic_description": "چه طرح ‌ های قانونگذاری در نظر گرفته می ‌ شود که مدافع اجازه دادن یا تشویق معلمان برای حمل سلاح گرم به عنوان پاسخ به تیراندازی ‌ های مدرسه در ایالات متحده است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "武装美国教师的反对意见", "topic_description": "在美国，有什么法律上的说明性的说明性的说明性的说明性的说明性的说明性的说明性的说明性的说明性的说明性的说明性的说明性的说明性的说明性的说明性的说明性的说明性说明性的说明性"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Предложения по вооружению учителей США", "topic_description": "Какие законодательные предложения рассматриваются в качестве мер, направленных на разрешение или поощрение учителей носить огнестрельное оружие в ответ на стрельбу в школах в США?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "information about proposals permitting teachers to carry firearms", "somewhat_valuable": "documents that just mention the idea of letting teachers carrying firearms", "not_that_valuable": "na", "non_relevant": "school shootings, gun control "}, "fas": {"very_valuable": "A new legislation will allow teachers to carry guns at school .", "somewhat_valuable": "The President discussed the possibility of passing a Bill to allow teachers to carry firearms. ", "not_that_valuable": "An active shooter opened fire with a semi-automatic rifle at a school in Florida, killing 17 people and injuring 17 others.", "non_relevant": "Religious organizations disagree with the new legislation."}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_shooting&oldid=825234121#Armed_classrooms", "text": "There has been considerable policy discussion about how to help prevent school and other types of mass shootings. One suggestion that has come up is the idea to allow firearms in the classroom. \"Since the issue of arming teachers is a relatively new topic, it has received little empirical study. Therefore, most of the literature does not come from peer reviewed sources but rather published news reports. In addition, most of these reports are not objective and clearly appear to support a specific side of the debate.\" So far, data has been inconclusive as to whether or not arming teachers would have any sort of benefit for schools. For years, some areas in the US have allowed \"armed classrooms\" to deter (or truncate) future attacks by changing helpless victims into armed defenders. Advocates of arming teachers claim that it will reduce fatalities in school shootings, but many others disagree.\n\nMany teachers have had their concerns with the idea of armed classrooms. \"One teacher stated that although she is pro-gun, she does not feel as though she could maintain gun safety on school grounds (Reuters, 2012). Teachers expressed the fear that bigger students could overpower them, take the weapon, and then use it against the teacher or other students.\" Some members of the armed forces have also had concerns with armed classrooms. Police forces in Texas brought up the potential for teachers to leave a gun where a student could retrieve and use it. \"They are further concerned that if every teacher had a gun, there would be an unnecessarily large number of guns in schools (even including elementary schools). This large number of guns could lead to accidental shootings, especially those involving younger children who do not understand what guns do.\"\n\nOn the other hand, there are some teachers who want to carry a firearm to protect their students. Kasey Hansen, a special needs teacher in Utah thinks that every teacher should carry. She says, \"We are the first line of defense. Someone is going to call the cops and they are going to be informed, but how long is it going to take for them to get to the school? And in that time how many students are going to be affected by the gunman roaming the halls?\"\n\nIn a 2013 research report published by the Center for Homicide Research, they find that many also reject the idea of having armed classrooms due to what is termed the \"weapons effect,\" which is the phenomenon in which simply being in the presence of a weapon can increase feelings of aggression. \"In Berkowitz & LaPage's (1967) examination of this effect, students who were in the presence of a gun reported higher levels of aggressive feelings towards other students and gave more violent evaluations of other students' performance on a simple task in the form of electric shocks. This finding points to possible negative outcomes for students exposed to guns in the classroom (Simons & Turner, 1974; Turner & Simons, 1976).\" \n\nIn 2008, Harrold Independent School District in Texas became the first public school district in the U.S. to allow teachers with state-issued firearm-carry permits to carry their arms in the classroom; special additional training and ricochet-resistant ammunition were required for participating teachers. Students at the University of Utah have been allowed to carry concealed pistols (so long as they possess the appropriate state license) since a State Supreme Court decision in 2006. In addition to Utah, Wisconsin and Mississippi each have legislation that allow students, faculty and employees with the proper permit, to carry concealed weapons on their public university's campuses. Colorado and Oregon state courts have ruled in favor of Campus Carry laws by denying University's proposals to ban guns on campus. Ruling that the UC Board of Regents and the Oregon University System did not have the authority to ban weapons on campus. A selective ban was then re-instated, wherein Oregon state universities enacted a ban on guns in school building and sporting events or by anyone contracted with the university in question. A commentary in the conservative National Review Online argues that the armed school approach for preventing school attacks, while new in the US, has been used successfully for many years in Israel and Thailand. Teachers and school officials in Israel are allowed and encouraged to carry firearms if they have former military experience in the IDF, which almost all do. Statistics on what percentage of teachers are actually armed are unavailable and in Israel, for example, the intent is to counter politically motivated terrorist attacks on high value, soft targets, not personal defense against, or protection from, unbalanced individual students.\n\nThe National Rifle Association has explicitly called for placing armed guards in all American schools. However, Steven Strauss, a faculty member at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, offered a preliminary calculation that placing armed guards in every American school might cost as much as $15 billion/year, and perhaps only save 10 lives per year (at a cost of $1.5 billion/life saved).", "date": "2018-02-12"}}
{"topic_id": "133", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus", "zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Foreign student espionage charges in UAE", "topic_description": "What information is available about foreign students being charged with espionage or cleared of charges in the United Arab Emirates?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Обвинения в шпионаже иностранных студентов в ОАЭ", "topic_description": "Какая информация есть о том, что иностранные студенты обвиняются в шпионаже или освобождаются от обвинений в Объединенных Арабских Эмиратах?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "外国学生在阿联的间谍控罪", "topic_description": "有什么关于外国学生在阿拉伯联合大公国被控怀疑间谍或无罪的信息？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "اتهامات جاسوسی دانشجویان خارجی در امارات متحده عربی", "topic_description": "چه اطلاعاتی در مورد دانش آموزان خارجی که به جاسوسی متهم شده اند و یا از اتهامات در امارات متحده عربی تبرئه شده اند ، موجود است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "在UAE的外国学生", "topic_description": "关于外国学生在阿拉伯联合酋长国被指控或被指控的情况，有哪些信息？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Штраф за шпионаж иностранных студентов в ОАЭ", "topic_description": "Какую информацию можно получить о том, что иностранные студенты обвиняются в шпионаже или освобождаются от обвинений в Объединенных Арабских Эмиратах?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "References foreign students who have been detained for espionage within UAE", "somewhat_valuable": "NA", "not_that_valuable": "NA", "non_relevant": "People suspected of espionage who aren't students, no mention of espionage, soccer players"}, "zho": {"very_valuable": "UK postdoc Hedges being arrested and sentenced in UAE for espionage charges. ", "somewhat_valuable": "None", "not_that_valuable": "None", "non_relevant": "Not close to central at all: monthly import statistics, Chinese articles with passing mention of UAE or Arab states, Japanese and US people charged with espionage in China, flights from Taipei to Dubai, general diplomatic articles that included UAE or other Arab states, Huawei 5G deployment in UAE... "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arrest_of_Matthew_Hedges&oldid=870608680", "text": "In April 2018, Hedges travelled to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) as part of a research trip for his PhD. He was conducting interviews for his thesis. At the end of his two week visit, Hedges was arrested at Dubai International Airport on suspicion of spying on behalf of the British government, despite not being able to understand Arabic. He was held for almost six months, mostly in solitary confinement.\n\nAccording to his wife, in the first month of being detained, Hedges slept on the floor and had no access to a shower. However, the Emirates News Agency have said that Hedges has had access to medical care and that his detainment is compliant with Emirati law. According to Tejada, Hedges has been suffering from panic attacks whilst in jail.\n\nIn October 2018, a local report said that a foreign national, believed to be Hedges, had been accused of \"seeking confidential information about the UAE\", and said that the suspect had confessed to the charges. In the same month, Hedges was released on bail prior to the trial. In November 2018, Abu Dhabi court sentenced Hedges to life imprisonment in the UAE on charges of spying and providing confidential information to outside sources. According to The National newspaper, a life sentence in the UAE consists of a maximum of 25 years in jail, followed by deportation for non-Emiratis. In accordance with Emirati law, Hedges has been given 30 days to appeal the court ruling. According to Sulaiman Hamid al-Mazroui, the UAE ambassador to the United Kingdom, Hedges' family have pleaded for a pardon.", "date": "2018-11-25"}}
{"topic_id": "134", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Iran Transports Explosives to France in 2018", "topic_description": "Is there evidence that Iranian-sponsored groups have attempted to bring in explosives to France in 2018?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Иран перевозит взрывчатые вещества во Францию в 2018", "topic_description": "Есть ли доказательства того, что группы, спонсируемые Ираном, пытались ввезти взрывчатку во Францию в 2018 году?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "ایران حمل و نقل مواد منفجره به فرانسه در سال 2018", "topic_description": "آیا شواهدی وجود دارد که گروه ‌ های حامی ایرانی در سال ۲۰۱۸ اقدام به آوردن مواد منفجره به فرانسه کرده ‌ اند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Iran Transports Exives-法国2018年", "topic_description": "这是否意味着伊朗-spsored groups于2018年在法国进行了bring到bring？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Иран транспортирует взрывчатые вещества во Францию в 2018 году", "topic_description": "Есть ли доказательства того, что спонсируемые Ираном группы пытались доставить во Францию взрывчатые вещества в 2018 году?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "Information about explosives involved in a terror attack plot to bomb a 2018 rally of National Council of Resistance of Iran", "somewhat_valuable": "Information about the suspects in the plot to bomb a 2018 rally of National Council of Resistance of Iran, but no mention of explosives", "not_that_valuable": "Information about Iranian support to terror attacks", "non_relevant": "articles with no relation to Iran or Europe"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism&oldid=901571439#France", "text": "In October 2018, France froze Iranian financial assets in response to an alleged bomb plot to be carried out against an opposition group at a rally in Paris. The plot was said to be against the National Council of Resistance of Iran, which styles itself as Iran’s government-in-exile. Assadollah Assadi, an Iranian diplomat in the Vienna embassy, was arrested in Germany in connection with the alleged plot to blow up a meeting of Iranian dissidents in Paris in June.", "date": "2019-06-12"}}
{"topic_id": "135", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Viability of UK Spaceport", "topic_description": "What plans are being developed to ensure the commercial or strategic viability of the UK Sutherland spaceport?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Жизнеспособность Великобританского космодрома", "topic_description": "Какие планы развиваются для гарантии коммерческой или стратегической жизнеспособности космодрома Сазерленд в Великобритании?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "زنده ماندن از بندر فضایی بریتانیا", "topic_description": "چه برنامه هایی برای اطمینان از زنده ماندن تجاری یا استراتژیک بندر فضایی سوترلند انگلستان توسعه داده شده است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "英国Spaceport的可行性", "topic_description": "正在开发哪些计划来确保英国萨瑟兰空间港的商业或stric可移植性？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Жизненность космодрома Великобритании", "topic_description": "Какие планы разрабатываются для обеспечения коммерческой или стратегической жизнеспособности космического порта Сазерленд в Великобритании?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "N/A", "somewhat_valuable": "Three articles focused on the Sutherland spaceport plans, why the location was ideal, to be used for both public and commercial launches, ability to launch both vertically and horizontally (runway), how much the UK was spending on the facility", "not_that_valuable": "One article that mentioned the three different locations the UK was considering for the spaceport, with Scotland as the ideal location. No mention of Sutherland.", "non_relevant": "Russian and Chinese space news, Virgin Galactic’s endeavor with Italians, Ukraine's offer to Australia to build a launchpad, Canada to launch Ukrainian rockets, Ukraine's plan to build a water-based launch facility, Greek tourism, Scotland as the most alcoholic country, Scottish sports, Altai tourism, Russian tourism laws, EU space news, Russian/Greece Econ cooperation, debates over Scottish  independence, fight over Scottish oil, cost of living in Scotland"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_commercial_spaceport_competition&oldid=846848009", "text": "The British commercial spaceport competition was a plan by the UK government announced in early 2014 to select a site, build a commercial spaceport, and have it in operation by 2018. Although six sites were shortlisted for possible selection by 2015, the competition was ended without a selection in May 2016 and replaced by a statement from the UK government regulatory agency that they would support rules that would allow a commercial spaceport to be built at any suitable location.\n\nThe UK-sponsored spaceport envisioned in the competition was intended to be used to launch both human-carrying flights and commercial satellite missions.", "date": "2018-06-21"}}
{"topic_id": "136", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus", "fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Greenland's climate change-induced geologic activity", "topic_description": "Has climate change contributed to an increase in earthquakes, tsunamis, or other geological activity in Greenland?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Геологическая активность Гренландии, вызванная изменением климата", "topic_description": "Способствовало ли изменение климата увеличению числа землетрясений, цунами или другой геологической активности в Гренландии?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "فعالیت های زمین شناسی ناشی از تغییرات اقلیمی گرینلند", "topic_description": "آیا تغییرات آب و هوایی به افزایش زمین لرزه ها ، سونامی ها یا سایر فعالیت های زمین شناسی در گرینلند اضافه کرده است؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "فعالیت زمین ‌ شناسی ناشی از تغییرات اقلیمی گرینلند", "topic_description": "آیا تغییرات آب و هوایی باعث افزایش زمین لرزه ها ، سونامی ها یا سایر فعالیت های زمین شناسی در گرینلند شده است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "绿地的脉动变化诱发的地质活动", "topic_description": "在绿地的地震学、tsunamis或其他地震学中，有什么变化呢？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Геологическая активность Гренландии, вызванная изменением климата", "topic_description": "Способствует ли изменение климата увеличению числа землетрясений, цунами или другой геологической активности в Гренландии?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "Relates Greenland Geologic activity and Climate change", "somewhat_valuable": "relates climate change to world effects", "not_that_valuable": "mentions Greenland ice breakoff or world climate change ", "non_relevant": "antartica ice breaking, USA climate change"}, "fas": {"very_valuable": "Description explains how the changing of the ice shelf is of concern to the region in Greenland and how that will affect residents in geologically areas that are vulnerable. ", "somewhat_valuable": "Description provides researchers estimates on future consequences of climate change in Greenland.", "not_that_valuable": "Information provides minor details on how climate change contributes to geological activity in Greenland.", "non_relevant": "Information is regarding climate change effects in other regions. Some information is regarding Trump's intent to purchase Greenland, which is unrelated to the central description."}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Greenland&oldid=785036683#Environment_%E2%80%93_current_issues", "text": "There is concern about sea level rise caused by ice loss (melt and glaciers falling into the sea) on Greenland. Between 1997 and 2003 ice loss was 68–92 km3/a (16–22 cu mi/a), compared to about 60 km3/a (14 cu mi/a) for 1993/4-1998/9. Half of the increase was from higher summer melting, with the rest caused by velocities of some glaciers exceeding those needed to balance upstream snow accumulation (Krabill et al., L24402, GRL 2004). A complete loss of ice on Greenland would cause a sea level rise of as much as 6.40 meters (21.0 ft).\n\nResearchers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the University of Kansas reported in February 2006 that the glaciers are melting twice as fast as they were five years ago. By 2005, Greenland was beginning to lose more ice volume than anyone expected – an annual loss of up to 52 cubic miles or 217 cubic kilometres per year, according to more recent satellite gravity measurements released by JPL. The increased ice loss may be partially offset by increased snow accumulation due to increased precipitation.\n\nBetween 1991 and 2006, monitoring of the weather at one location (Swiss Camp) found that the average winter temperature had risen almost 10 °F (5.6 °C).\n\nRecently, Greenland's three largest outlet glaciers have started moving faster, satellite data show. These are the Jakobshavn Isbræ at Ilulissat on the western edge of Greenland, and the Kangerdlugssuaq and Helheim glaciers on the eastern edge of Greenland. The two latter accelerated greatly during the years 2004–2005, but returned to pre-2004 velocities in 2006. The accelerating ice flow has been accompanied by a dramatic increase in seismic activity. In March 2006, researchers at Harvard University and the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University reported that the glaciers now generate swarms of earthquakes up to magnitude 5.0.\n\nThe retreat of Greenland's ice is revealing islands that were thought to be part of the mainland. In September 2005 Dennis Schmitt discovered an island 400 miles (644 km) north of the Arctic Circle in eastern Greenland which he named Uunartoq Qeqertaq, Inuit for \"warming island\".", "date": "2017-06-11"}}
{"topic_id": "137", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Chiapas and Puebla earthquakes causal relationship", "topic_description": "Is there evidence of a causal relationship between the major earthquakes that rocked the Mexician states of Chiapas and Puebla just days apart in 2017?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Причинно-следственная связь землетрясений в Чьяпасе и Пуэбле", "topic_description": "Есть ли доказательства причинно-следственной связи между крупными землетрясениями, которые потрясли мексиканские штаты Чьяпас и Пуэбла с разницей всего в несколько дней в 2017 году?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Chiapas و Puebla زمین لرزه رابطه علّی", "topic_description": "آیا شواهدی از رابطه علّی بین زمین لرزه های بزرگ وجود دارد که باعث تکان دادن ایالت های چیاپاس و پوئبلا در روزهای جدا از هم در 2017 می شود ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Chiapas and Puebla earthquakes causal relationship", "topic_description": "在2017年的日子里，在恰帕斯州和普埃布拉州的墨西哥大陆之间，有什么原因呢？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Причинно-следственная связь землетрясений Чьяпас и Пуэбла", "topic_description": "Есть ли доказательства причинно-следственной связи между крупными землетрясениями, которые потрясли мексиканские штаты Чьяпас и Пуэбла всего за несколько дней в 2017 году?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "Relationship between the earthquake between both cities described in the artcle", "somewhat_valuable": "Mention of both cities and injuries between those", "not_that_valuable": "mention of one or the other city but no connection mentioned  ", "non_relevant": "A mention of crisis in other cities "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Puebla_earthquake&diff=801489689&oldid=801489678", "text": "The 2017 Puebla earthquake struck at 13:14 CDT (18:14 UTC) on 19 September 2017 with a magnitude estimated to be Mw7.1 approximately 55 km (34 mi) south of the city of Puebla. It has caused damage in the Mexican states of Puebla, Morelos and the Greater Mexico City area, including the collapse of over twenty buildings. At least 119 people have been killed by the earthquake.\n\nThe quake occurred on the 32nd anniversary of the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, which killed about 10,000 people. The 1985 quake was commemorated on its anniversary with a national earthquake drill at 11 a.m. local time, two hours before the earthquake struck. The event followed a large earthquake near Chiapas state 12 days earlier.\nMexico is one of the world's most seismically active regions, sitting atop several intersecting tectonic plates. The border between the Cocos Plate and North American Plate, along the Pacific Coast of Mexico, creates as subduction zone that is able to generate large seismic events. Additionally, the intersections of the nearby Rivera and Carribbean plates make the country experience about 40 earthquakes each day on average.\n\nLess than two weeks before the Puebla earthquake, Mexico had been struck by the 2017 Chiapas earthquake on 7 September, which killed almost 100 people. Despite its close timing, the Puebla earthquake was not an aftershock of the Chiapas event, as the epicenters were 650 km (400 mi) apart.\n\n19 September is designated as a day of remembrance for the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, which killed at least 20,000 residents. Every year at 11 a.m., a national earthquake drill is conducted by the government through the use of public loudspeakers located throughout Mexico City. The 2017 drill took place as scheduled, at 11 a.m., around two hours before the Puebla earthquake.\n\nEarthquake\nAccording to the National Seismological Service (SSN) of Mexico, the epicenter was located 12 km (7.5 mi) southeast of Axochiapan, Morelos, and 120 km (75 mi) from Mexico City. The earthquake was measured at a magnitude of 7.1, occurring at 13:14:40 Central Daylight Time, at a depth of 51 km (32 mi). The United States Geological Survey (USGS) reported a measurement of VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale, which measured the effects of the earthquake; SSN reported a peak ground acceleration of 112 cm/s2 (0.114 g0) at the Popocatépetl reporting station in Tlamacas, Estado de Mexico. According to the USGS, the earthquake appears to have occurred on a moderately dipping normal fault.\n\nAt least 44 buildings collapsed in Mexico City from the earthquake. Within hours of the earthquake, 119 people had been reported killed. At least 54 deaths occurred in the state of Morelos, along with 30 in Mexico City, 26 in Puebla, and 8 in the State of Mexico. Gas leaks were reported, along with \"piles\" of rubble from collapsed buildings. Comisión Federal de Electricidad, the national electric utility, reported 3.8 million customers lost power.\n\nMexico City International Airport suspended operations while damage assessments took place, but reopened at 4:00 p.m. local time. 180 flights were cancelled or diverted during the closure. The plane carrying President Enrique Peña Nieto, returning from touring damage in Oaxaca from the earlier Chiapas earthquake, was diverted to Santa Lucía Air Force Base. Mexico City Metro service was temporarily cancelled on several subway lines due to a power failure, but restored by 17:30, offering free service to stranded passengers. Building evacuations also caused delays to Metrobús service in the city.\n\nEstadio Azteca, the national football venue, was severely damaged by the earthquake, with visible fractures forming in the upper deck. All matches of the Copa MX competition's Round of 16 were suspended until further notice.", "date": "2017-09-19"}}
{"topic_id": "138", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Vaquita porpoise conservation efforts", "topic_description": "What actions are being taken by governments and private organizations to save the endangered Vaquita porpoise?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Усилия по сохранению морских свиней вакита", "topic_description": "Какие действия предпринимаются правительствами и частными организациями для спасения находящихся под угрозой исчезновения морских свиней Вакита?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "تلاش های حفاظت از گراز ماهی Vaquita", "topic_description": "دولت ها و سازمان های خصوصی چه اقداماتی را برای نجات گراز ماهی Vaquita در معرض خطر انجام می دهند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "₩quita porpoise conservation efforts", "topic_description": "政府和私人组织正在被政府和私人组织所吸引，以拯救内坦·奎塔海豚？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Усилия по сохранению порций Vaquita", "topic_description": "Какие меры принимаются правительствами и частными организациями для спасения находящейся под угрозой исчезновения порпуазы Vaquita?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "Use of Navy trained dolphins to herd vaquita's into a sanctuary area. Specialized breeding program to try to increase their numbers", "somewhat_valuable": "General information about the Vaquita - how many are left, where they live, etc. ", "not_that_valuable": "n/a", "non_relevant": "Exotic islands in Thailand closed to tourists during certain times of the year to help preserve/restore the island's flora and fauna. "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaquita&oldid=784543777", "text": "A protective housing/captive breeding program, unprecedented for a marine mammal, has been developed and is undergoing feasibility testing, being now viewed as necessary to rescue the species. However, the sea pen housing needed to implement this strategy is not expected to be available until October 2017, which is feared may be too late. Additionally, the ability of the vaquita to survive and reproduce while confined to a sanctuary is uncertain. The Mexican government approved the plan on 3 April 2017, with commencement projected to begin in October 2017.\n\nBecause vaquitas are indigenous to the Gulf of California, Mexico is leading conservation efforts with the creation of the International Committee for the Recovery of the Vaquita (CIRVA), which has tried to prevent the accidental deaths of vaquitas by outlawing the use of fishing nets within the vaquita's habitat. CIRVA has worked with the CITES, the ESA, and the Marine Mammal Protection Act to make a plan to nurse the vaquita population back to a point at which they can sustain themselves. CIRVA concluded in 2000 that between 39 and 84 individuals are killed each year by such gillnets. To try to prevent extinction, the Mexican government has created a nature reserve covering the upper part of the Gulf of California and the Colorado River delta. CIRVA recommends that this reserve be extended southwards to cover the full known area of the vaquita's range and that trawlers be completely banned from the reserve area.\n\nOn 28 October 2008, Canada, Mexico, and the United States launched the North American Conservation Action Plan (NACAP) for the vaquita, under the jurisdiction of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, a NAFTA environmental organization. The NACAP is a strategy to support Mexico's efforts to recover the vaquita. Also in 2008, Mexico launched the program PACE-VAQUITA, another effort to help preserve the species. PACE-VAQUITA compensates fishermen who choose one of three alternatives: rent-out, switch-out, and buy-out.", "date": "2017-06-08"}}
{"topic_id": "139", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho", "fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Worldwide Ransomware Attacks on  Municipal Governments", "topic_description": "Which municipal governments globally have the victims of ransomware attacks?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "勒索软件对全球地方政府的攻击", "topic_description": "全球哪些地方政府曾是勒索软件攻击的受害者？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "حملات باج افزار در سراسر جهان به دولت های شهرداری", "topic_description": "کدام دولت های شهری در سطح جهانی قربانی حملات باج افزار هستند"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "حملات باج افزار در سراسر جهان به دولت های شهرداری", "topic_description": "کدام دولت های شهرداری در سطح جهان قربانی حملات باج افزاری هستند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "世界范围内的赎金在市政政府中的作用", "topic_description": "在全球范围内，哪一个城市的政府都有赎金袭击的受害者？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Нападения на муниципальные органы власти во всем мире", "topic_description": "Какие муниципальные органы власти по всему миру стали жертвами нападений вымогателей?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "Detailed, specific information on ransomware attacks of government systems/networks, such as (Keelong Municipal government hacked with ransomware).", "somewhat_valuable": "Information on government systems being hacked, but no information on what type of hack it was. Also, ransomware attacks on municipal government related entities, but not specifically the municipal government network.", "not_that_valuable": "Information on ransomware attacks of other organizations that are not government-related.", "non_relevant": "Information on hacking of organizations, but no specific mention of ransomware."}, "fas": {"very_valuable": "Describes ransomware (what is is/what it does/efforts to prevent it) as well as discussing its effects on a municipal government", "somewhat_valuable": "Less descriptive, may mention some municipalities involved but largely focuses on countries/still discusses ransomware", "not_that_valuable": "Discusses ransomware but not in regards to the victims of attacks", "non_relevant": "Discusses cyber attacks but not specifically ransomware/Or it has nothing to do with the topic"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_security_hacking_incidents&oldid=778340206", "text": "    June: the records of 21.5 million people, including social security numbers, dates of birth, addresses, fingerprints, and security-clearance-related information, are stolen from the United States Office of Personnel Management. Most of the victims are employees of the United States government and unsuccessful applicants to it. The Wall Street Journal and the Washington Post report that government sources believe the hacker is the government of China.\n\n    July: The hacker group \"Impact Team\" breached the servers of extramaritial affairs website Ashley Madison.\n\n2016\n\n    February: A hacker has reportedly dumped a list of more than 20,000 agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and 9,000 Department of Homeland Security officers online. The stated motive appears to be related to that of Israeli–Palestinian conflict.\n    February: The 2016 Bangladesh Bank heist attempted to take US$951 million from Bangladesh Bank, and succeeded in getting $101 million - although some of this was later recovered.\n    March: A teenage hacker whose pseudonym is \"Cyber Anakin\" had hacked numerous Russian websites as a response to the MAS 17 tragedy.\n    July 22: Wikileaks published the documents from the 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak.\n    July 29: a group suspected coming from China launched hacker attacks on the website of Vietnam Airlines.\n    September: Hacker Ardit Ferizi is sentenced to 20 years in prison after being arrested for hacking U.S. servers and passing the leaked information to members of ISIL terrorist group back in 2015.\n    October: The 2016 Dyn cyberattack is being conducted with a botnet consisting of IOTs infected with Mirai by the hacktivist groups SpainSquad, Anonymous, and New World Hackers, reportedly in retaliation for Ecuador's rescinding Internet access to WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange at their embassy in London, where he has been granted asylum.\n    November: Liberia's internet is hit by a DDOS attack.\n    December: Hacker \"Kapustkiy\" announced that he has breached the Russian Visa Center's systems via an SQL injection. \n\n2017\n\n    January: After ESEA League ignored a ransom notice from hackers, the latter decided to post the data leaks from the former's database online. \n\n    February: The Cloudbleed bug was discovered by Google Project Zero team.", "date": "2017-05-02"}}
{"topic_id": "141", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Terror incidents at UK airports", "topic_description": "What terrorist incidents have occurred at UK airports?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "حوادث ترور در فرودگاه های انگلستان", "topic_description": "چه حوادث تروریستی در فرودگاه های انگلستان رخ داده است؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "حوادث تروریستی در فرودگاه ‌ های بریتانیا", "topic_description": "چه حوادث تروریستی در فرودگاه های انگلستان رخ داده است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "英国机场的恐怖骚乱", "topic_description": "在英国的机场里，有什么东西是乱七八糟的？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Террористические инциденты в аэропортах Великобритании", "topic_description": "Какие террористические инциденты произошли в аэропортах Великобритании?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Articles which explicitly described incidents which had occurred as terrorist incidents, such as one talking about a bomb that went off at Heathrow airport", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles which did not describe terrorist incidents which occurred, but rather terrorists being hired at airports, or apprehended at airports, or attacks that could be terrorist in nature such as suspicious bags", "not_that_valuable": "Articles which described terrorist attacks but not at airports, and instead at train stations", "non_relevant": "Articles about terrorist attacks in France, America, articles about additions to Iranian airports"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glasgow_Airport_attack&oldid=876759280", "text": "The 2007 Glasgow Airport attack was a terrorist ramming attack which occurred on 30 June 2007, at 15:11 BST, when a dark green Jeep Cherokee loaded with propane canisters was driven at the glass doors of the Glasgow Airport terminal and set ablaze. It was the first terrorist attack to take place in Scotland since the Lockerbie bombing in 1988. The attack took place three days after the appointment of Scottish MP Gordon Brown as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, but Downing Street dismissed suggestions of a connection. A close link was quickly established to the 2007 London car bombs the previous day. Although the doors were damaged, security bollards outside the entrance stopped the car from entering the terminal, where there were 4,000 people, with the potential for many fatalities.", "date": "2019-01-04"}}
{"topic_id": "142", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus", "zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "U.S. troop levels in Afghanistan", "topic_description": "What changes has the United States announced regarding its troop levels in Afghanistan?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Численность войск США в Афганистане", "topic_description": "Какие изменения объявили Соединенные Штаты в отношении численности своих войск в Афганистане?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "美国阿富汗驻军数量", "topic_description": "美国宣布其在阿富汗的部队人数有哪些变化？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "سطح نیروهای ایالات متحده در افغانستان", "topic_description": "ایالات متحده آمریکا در مورد سطح نیروهای نظامی خود در افغانستان چه تغییراتی را اعلام کرده است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "美国在Afghanistan的troop levels", "topic_description": "美国宣布对其在阿富汗斯坦的troop级进行重新调整是什么变化？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Численность войск США в Афганистане", "topic_description": "Какие изменения объявили Соединенные Штаты в отношении численности войск в Афганистане?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "Announcement regarding troop levels made from a representative of the USA", "somewhat_valuable": "Announcement regarding troop levels citing a representative of the USA", "not_that_valuable": "referencing troops in Afghanistan, lacking evidence of USA officiality", "non_relevant": "referencing different conflicts, opinions"}, "zho": {"very_valuable": "Information that gave specific numbers of change in troop levels, directly quoted from US officials or reliable sources.", "somewhat_valuable": "Information on changes in troop levels, but did not give specific numbers or was not directly quoting US officials. ", "not_that_valuable": "Information that was peripheral to changes in troop levels, such as allusions to possible changes in troop levels that were not specific or central.", "non_relevant": "Peripheral information regarding US troops in Afghanistan and the background of the conflict, including numbers of troops that were initially stationed there."}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Afghanistan&oldid=788718173", "text": "The withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan describes the draw down of United States Armed Forces in the Afghanistan war and the plans after its post-2014 presence when most combat troops had left Afghanistan at the end of 2014.\n\nNATO had planned on maintaining 13,000 troops including 9,800 Americans in an advisory and counter-terrorism capacity in Afghanistan during the 2015 phase of the War in Afghanistan and they were expected to maintain a presence inside Afghanistan until well after the end of 2016. In July 2016, in light of the deteriorating security conditions, the US postponed the withdrawal until December 2016 and decided to maintain a force of 8,400 troops in 4 garrisons (Kabul, Kandahar, Bagram and Jalalabad) indefinitely due to Taliban resurgence attempt after the Battle of Kunduz. The withdrawal was completed in December 2016 leaving behind 8,400 troops.\n\n2009 U.S. troops increase under the Obama Administration\nTroop levels remained roughly constant under U.S. president Barack Obama's predecessor, former president George W. Bush, with around 30,000 American troops deployed in Afghanistan. In January, about 3,000 U.S. soldiers from the 3rd Brigade Combat Team of the 10th Mountain Division moved into the provinces of Logar and Wardak. The troops were the first wave of an expected surge of reinforcements originally ordered by George W. Bush and increased by Barack Obama.\n\nOn 17 February 2009, Barack Obama ordered 17,000 extra US troops be sent to Afghanistan to bolster security in the country and thereby boosted the 36,000 US troops already there by 50%. \"This increase is necessary to stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan, which has not received the strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires,\" Obama said in a written statement. \"The Taliban is resurgent in Afghanistan, and Al-Qaeda supports the insurgency and threatens America from its safe haven along the Pakistani border,\" Obama also said. He recognised \"the extraordinary strain this deployment places on our troops and military families\", but the deteriorating security situation in the region required \"urgent attention and swift action\". The new troop deployment was expected to include 8,000 U.S. Marines from Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, 4,000 U.S. Army troops from Fort Lewis, Washington and another 5,000 troops from an unspecified branch of the U.S. Armed Forces. Obama also said he was \"absolutely convinced that you cannot solve the problem of Afghanistan, the Taliban, the spread of extremism in that region solely through military means.\"\n\nA further decision on sending more troops came after the administration completed a broader review of Afghanistan policy. On 27 March 2009, Obama announced after an intense 60-day White House policy review, in which military commanders and diplomats, regional governments, partners, Nato allies, NGOs and aid organisations were consulted, a new strategy for Afghanistan and Pakistan. \"So I want the American people to understand that we have a clear and focused goal: to disrupt, dismantle, and defeat al-Qaida in Pakistan and Afghanistan, and to prevent their return to either country in the future. That is the goal that must be achieved. That is a cause that could not be more just. And to the terrorists who oppose us, my message is the same: we will defeat you,\" Obama said. For this purpose Obama announced that he plans to further bolster American forces in Afghanistan, increase aid to Pakistan, and set strict standards – like levels of violence and casualties in Afghanistan, Pakistani attacks against insurgents and accounting for U.S. aid – for measuring progress in fighting Al Qaeda and the Taliban in both countries. Part of his strategy was the deployment of 4,000 U.S. troops – beyond the additional 17,000 he authorized in February—to work as trainers and advisers to the Afghan army and police. The move was accompanied by a \"surge\" in US civilians to Afghanistan to help rebuild the country's infrastructure. In addition to the renewed focus on Afghanistan, the Obama administration was to step up pressure on Pakistan to tackle the al-Qaida and Taliban safe havens in the tribal areas along its border with Afghanistan. US military and civilian aid was to be increased. The last element of the policy was to try to engage Afghanistan's regional neighbours, including Russia and Iran, in helping to pacify Afghanistan.\n\n\"There is no imminent threat of the government being overthrown, but the Taliban has gained momentum,\" Obama said with respect to the 2009 situation in Afghanistan. \"Al Qaeda has not reemerged in Afghanistan in the same numbers as before 9/11, but they retain their safe-havens along the border. And our forces lack the full support they need to effectively train and partner with Afghan Security Forces and better secure the population.\" On 1 December 2009, Obama therefore announced at The United States Military Academy in West Point that the U.S. will be sending 30,000 more troops to Afghanistan and set July 2011 as the date to begin pulling U.S. forces out of the country. Promising that he could \"bring this war to a successful conclusion,\" Obama set out a strategy that would seek to reverse Taliban gains in large parts of Afghanistan, better protect the Afghan people, increase the pressure on Afghanistan to build its own military capacity and a more effective government and step up attacks on Al Qaeda in Pakistan. The president said the three core elements to the new strategy are \"a military effort to create the conditions for a transition; a civilian surge that reinforces positive action; and an effective partnership with Pakistan.\" The overarching goal was to \"disrupt, dismantle, and defeat al Qaeda in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and to prevent its capacity to threaten America and our allies in the future.\" The West Point Speech concluded a three-month review of war strategy. During the review, Obama asked for province-by-province assessments of the Taliban's strength, the effectiveness of provincial Afghan leaders and the overall security outlook to determine how quickly U.S. forces could leave certain regions. In the months leading up to his West Point speech, more precisely at a meeting with the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 30 Oct. 2009 to discuss his troops surge plan, Obama stated that the Afghanistan War is an American war, but he doesn’t want to it make an open-ended commitment. Obama also was livid that details of the 3 month Afghanistan War Review discussions were leaking out according to the New York Times. \"What I’m not going to tolerate is you talking to the press outside of this room,\" he scolded his advisers. \"It’s a disservice to the process, to the country and to the men and women of the military.\" In addition to the 30,000 additional U.S. troops that Obama announced to deploy to Afghanistan Obama sent an additional 22,000 forces (which were earlier announced in 2009 (compare section above)) along with 11,000 troops that were authorized by his predecessor to Afghanistan.\n\n2010 London Conference on Afghanistan and 2010 Afghanistan War Review\nDuring the London Conference on Afghanistan Afghanistan announced on 28 January 2010 its intention of taking charge of the \"majority of operations in the insecure areas of Afghanistan within three years and taking responsibility for physical security within five years\". This combined with the increase of Afghan military strength to 171,600 and police numbers to 134,000 by October 2011 would enable the United States could begin to transition U.S. troops out of Afghanistan in July 2011 according to US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. \"It's not an exit strategy, it's about assisting the Afghans\" in taking responsibility for their own security, she explained.\n\nDeclaring significant progress in disrupting al-Qaeda and combatting the Taliban, Obama said on 16 December 2010 that the United States will start withdrawing U.S. troops from Afghanistan in July 2011. Obama said \"we are on track to achieve our goals\" in the Afghan war and to \"start reducing our forces next July.\" He added the drawdown will \"conclude in 2014.\" Obama appeared before reporters to announce the results of the Afghanistan war review, which was compiled from reports submitted by military, diplomatic and intelligence officials since mid-October 2010. The president had directed his national security staff to perform a \"diagnostic\" assessment of the December 2009 West point strategy after one year. They convened eight working-group and deputy-level meetings from 16 Nov. through 1 Dec.. An interagency team also visited Afghanistan and Pakistan from 25 October through 4 November to discuss the situation with key leaders first-hand. The summary document of the review included no specifics as to the potential size or pace of withdrawal, making no assessment as to whether any milestones have been reached and leaving substantial wiggle room for future decisions. \"As a result of our integrated efforts in 2010,\" the report said, \"we are setting the conditions to begin transition to Afghan security lead in early 2011 and to begin a responsible, conditions-based U.S. troop reduction in July 2011.\" The review concluded that the military surge of 30,000 troops has been a success, saying it \"reduced overall Taliban influence and arrested the momentum they had achieved in recent years in key parts of the country.\" It added, however, that successes remain \"fragile and reversible.\"\n\n2011 Drawdown Speech\nOn 22 June 2011, Obama addressed the nation from the White House and announced that 10,000 troops would be withdrawn by the end of 2011 and an additional 23,000 troops will leave the country by the summer of 2012. He said the drawdown would continue \"at a steady pace\" until the United States handed over security to the Afghan authorities in 2014. \"We are starting this drawdown from a position of strength,\" Obama said. \"Al Qaeda is under more pressure than at any time since 9/11.\" Asserting that the country that served as a base for 11 September 2001 attacks no longer represented a terrorist threat to the United States, Obama declared that the \"tide of war is receding.\" The announced drawdown will leave approximately 68,000 U.S. troops in Afghanistan by the autumn of 2012 according to The Huffington Post, but Gen. John R. Allen, commander of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), said that 23,000 of the 88,000 U.S. troops currently in Afghanistan will be home by 30 September 2012 and thus 65,000 U.S. troops will remain in Afghanistan after the so-called Phase 2 drawdown.\n\n2011 Drawdown beginning and Plans for Ending the Afghanistan War\nFurther information: U.S.-Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement\nThe U.S. drawdown in Afghanistan began 13 July 2011 when the first 650 U.S. troops left Afghanistan as part of Obama's planned drawdown. The units that left were two Army National Guard cavalry squadrons: the 1st Squadron, 134th Cavalry Regiment, based in Kabul, and the 1st Squadron, 113th Cavalry Regiment, which had been in neighboring Parwan province.\n\nThe United States and its NATO allies finalized agreements on 18 April 2012 to wind down the war in Afghanistan by formalizing three commitments: to move the Afghans gradually into a lead combat role; to keep some international troops in Afghanistan beyond 2014, and to pay billions of dollars a year to help support the Afghan security forces.\n\nOn 2 May 2012, Afghan president Hamid Karzai and U.S. president Barack Obama signed a strategic partnership agreement between the two countries, after the U.S. president had arrived in Kabul as part of unannounced trip to Afghanistan on the first anniversary of Osama bin Laden's death. The U.S.-Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement, officially titled the \"Enduring Strategic Partnership Agreement between the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the United States of America\", provides the long-term framework for the relationship between Afghanistan and the United States of America after the drawdown of U.S. forces in the Afghanistan war. The agreement went into effect on 4 July 2012.\n\nAfter the signing of the strategic partnership agreement Obama laid out his plans to end the war in Afghanistan responsibly. The plans call for 1) the removal of 23,000 US troops at the summer end of 2012, i.e. at the end of September 2012; 2) Afghan security forces to take the lead in combat operations by the end of 2013 while ISAF forces train, advise and assist the Afghans and fight alongside them when needed; and 3) the complete removal of all U.S. troops by the end of 2014, except for trainers who will assist Afghan forces and a small contingent of troops with a specific mission to combat al-Qaeda through counterterrorism operations.\n\nNATO Chicago Summit: Troops withdrawal and longterm presence\nFurther information: 2012 Chicago Summit and 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan\nOn 21 May 2012 the leaders of the NATO-member countries endorsed an exit strategy during the 2012 NATO Summit in Chicago. The NATO-led ISAF Forces will hand over command of all combat missions to Afghan forces by the middle of 2013, while shifting at the same time from combat to a support role of advising, training and assisting the Afghan security forces and then withdraw most of the 130,000 foreign troops by the end of December 2014. A new and different NATO mission will then advise, train and assist the Afghan security forces including the Afghan Special Operations Forces.\n\nTokyo Conference on Afghanistan\nThe Tokyo Conference on Afghanistan, held on 8 July 2012 was the civilian-diplomatic bookend to NATO’s 2012 May summit in Chicago, where the alliance confirmed plans to withdraw foreign combat troops by the end of 2014 and pledged about $4 billion a year to pay for ongoing training, equipment and financial support for Afghanistan’s security forces. In exchange for pledges from the Afghan government to combat corruption $16 billion over the next four years for civilian projects such as roads to schools or projects aimed to strengthen the rule of law were pledged by the some 70 nations attending the conference. The reconstruction and development aid was pledged for the timeframe through 2015, but under the condition that the Afghan government reduce corruption before receiving all of the money. In the so-called Tokyo Framework of Mutual Accountability foreign governments will assure Afghanistan a steady stream of financing in exchange for stronger anticorruption measures and the establishment of the rule of law. Up to 20 percent of the money would depend on the government meeting governance standards according to the Tokyo Framework of Mutual Accountability.\n\n\"We will fight corruption with strong resolve wherever it occurs, and ask the same of our international partners,\" Karzai told the donors. \"Together we must stop the practices that feed corruption or undermine the legitimacy and effectiveness of national institutions.\" The international aid is tied to a mechanism that will regularly review how it is being spent, and to guarantees from Kabul that it will seriously take on its deep-rooted corruption problems – what the conference called a roadmap of accountability. Kabul must also demonstrate efforts to improve governance and finance management, and safeguard the democratic process, rule of law and human rights – especially those of women. US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stressed the need for reform to safeguard changes achieved in Afghanistan. \"That must include fighting corruption, improving governance, strengthening the rule of law, increasing access to economic opportunity for all Afghans, especially for women,\" she said. A follow-up conference will be hold in Britain in 2014. The meeting in Britain in 2014 will check progress toward \"mutual accountability\" and a review and monitoring process to assure that development aid is not diverted by corrupt officials or mismanaged – both of which have been major hurdles in putting aid projects into practice thus far.\n\nSecurity handover and U.S. Suspension of Afghan Local Police forces training\nThe U.S. is set to hand over responsibility for security to local Afghans by 2014, and efforts are underway to draw down U.S. forces, but Obama has not specified a date for the withdrawal of all American troops from the country. Obama said on 1 September 2012 that he had a \"specific plan to bring our troops home from Afghanistan by the end of 2014.\"  On 2 September 2012 White House press secretary Jay Carney then clarified Obama's statement by saying that Obama had \"never said that all the troops would be out.\" Carney noted while the United States would transfer security to Afghan troops by the end of 2014, all U.S. troops would not be out of the country by that date. \"Everyone understands what the president's policy is, which is a full transition to Afghan security lead by 2014,\" said Carney. \"We have been abundantly clear about the stages of the implementation of that policy. And as in Iraq, that means that while not all U.S. troops will have withdrawn necessarily by then, the Afghan Security Forces will be in full security transition, I mean, will be in full security lead, and U.S. forces will continue to be drawn down.\"\n\n\"Green-on-blue\" attacks hampering handover\nThe effort to handover security to Afghans has been hampered by a spike in attacks by local forces supposed to be working with American and NATO personnel. United States military officials suspended temporarily on 2 September 2012 the training of Afghan Local Police (ALP) in the wake of a deadly series of so-called ‘green on blue’ attacks by Afghan soldiers and police on their international allies. The training has been put on hold in order to carry out intensified vetting procedures on new recruits, and 16,000 existing ALP recruits will be re-vetted. ALP training is a U.S. mission, carried out by Special Forces teams who work with Afghan elders and government officials in remote villages to help villagers defend themselves against insurgent attacks and intimidation. Training of uniformed police and army personnel is done under the banner of the NATO operation. The suspension affects not only Afghan Local Police, but also Afghan special operations and commando forces. Special Operations officials said that they anticipate it will take about two months to rescreen all of the Afghan forces and that the training of new recruits could stall for as long as a month.\n\nThe Washington Post reported many ‘green on blue’ attacks might have been prevented if existing security measures had been applied correctly, but according to NATO officials numerous military guidelines were not followed — by Afghans or Americans — because of concerns that they might slow the growth of the Afghan army and police. Despite that the current process for vetting recruits is effective, a lack of follow-up has allowed Afghan troops who fell under the sway of the insurgency or grew disillusioned with the Afghan government to remain in the force. In other instances the vetting process for Afghan soldiers and police was never properly implemented. NATO officials knew it according to the Washington Post, but they looked the other way, worried that extensive background checks could hinder the recruitment process. Also ignored were requirements that Afghans display proper credentials while on base. Many Afghans, even those who were vetted, were never issued official badges, making it impossible to tell who was supposed to have access to any particular facility. Measures specifically designed to curtail attacks (American and NATO service members should for example always carry a loaded magazine in their weapons to save precious moments if attacked by Afghan forces) were also inconsistently applied. The \"Guardian Angel\" program (The programm calls for one or two soldiers to monitor the Afghans during every mission or meeting. These soldiers, \"angels\" called and whose identities are not disclosed to the Afghans, must be prepared to fire on anyone who tries to kill a coalition service member.) was often seen as a distraction from NATO’s mission. Calls to minimize off-duty time spent with Afghan troops were similarly thought by NATO officials to undermine the goal of relationship-building, but according to a directive from NATO leaders troops are now being advised to stay away from Afghan soldiers and police officers during vulnerable moments, such as when they are sleeping, bathing or exercising. Additional security measures include improved training for counterintelligence agents, a more intense vetting system for new recruits, establishing an anonymous reporting system for soldiers to report suspicious activity; increasing the presence of Afghan counterintelligence teams among Afghan troops; banning the sale of Afghan army and police uniforms to help stop infiltrators posing as soldiers and policemen; and revetting soldiers when they return home from leave.\n\nThe Afghan army has detained or sacked hundreds of soldiers for having links to insurgents, the Defence Ministry said on 5 September 2012 as it tried to stem the rising number of so-called insider attacks. \"Hundreds were sacked or detained after showing links with insurgents. In some cases we had evidence against them, in others we were simply suspicious,\" Defence Ministry spokesman Zahir Azimi told reporters in Kabul. \"Using an army uniform against foreign forces is a serious point of concern not only for the Defence Ministry but for the whole Afghan government,\" Azimi said, adding that Karzai had ordered Afghan forces to devise ways to stop insider attacks. Azimi declined to say whether the detained and fired soldiers were from Taliban strongholds in the south and east, saying they were from all over the country. He said his ministry started an investigation into the attacks, called green-on-blue attacks, within the 195,000-strong Afghan army six months ago.\n\nOn 18 September 2012 General John Allen suspended all joint combat operations between Afghanistan and American ground units in Afghanistan. Under orders from the General interaction between coalition and Afghan forces would take place only at the battalion level. Allen made the move, along with suspending American-led Afghan training missions, due to growing concern over \"insider attacks\" against U.S. troops by members of the Afghan National Security Forces. Less than a week after the order U.S. and NATO combat troops resumed joint operations with Afghan forces.\n\n2013-06-18 Security handover from NATO to Afghan forces\nOn 18 June 2013, the handover of security from NATO to Afghan forces was completed. The International Security Assistance Force formally handed over control of the last 95 districts to Afghan forces at a ceremony attended by Karzai and NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen at a military academy outside Kabul. Following the handover, Afghan forces will have the lead for security in all 403 districts of Afghanistan's 34 provinces. Before the handover they were responsible for 312 districts nationwide, where 80 percent of Afghanistan's population of nearly 30 million lives. \"Our security and defense forces will now be in the lead,\" Karzai said. \"From here, all security responsibility and all security leadership will be taken by our brave forces. When people see security has been transferred to Afghans, they support the army and police more than before.\" Rasmussen said that by taking the lead in security on Tuesday, Afghan forces were completing a five-stage transition process that began in March 2011. \"They are doing so with remarkable resolve,\" he said. \"Ten years ago, there were no Afghan national security forces... now you have 350,000 Afghan troops and police, a formidable force.\" he security transition signaled an important shift. The U.S.-led International Security Assistance Force is slated to end its mission by the end of 2014, and coalition forces are in the process of closing bases and shipping out equipment. Rasmussen stated that the focus of ISAF forces will shift from combat to support and that by the end of 2014 Afghanistan will be fully secured by Afghans. After the handover, 100,000 NATO forces will play a supporting and training role, as Afghan soldiers and police take the lead in the fight against armed groups. \"We will continue to help Afghan troops in operations if needed, but we will no longer plan, execute or lead those operations, and by the end of 2014 our combat mission will be completed,\" Rasmussen added.\n\n2013-06-19 Negotiations suspension of the Bilateral Security Agreement\nPlans by the US to engage in peace talks with the Taliban have resulted in suspension of bilateral security discussions between the US and Afghanistan on 13 June 2013. \"In a special meeting chaired by President Hamid Karzai, the president has decided to suspend talks about a security pact with the U.S. because of their inconsistent statements and actions in regard to the peace process,\" spokesman Aimal Faizi told Reuters. Secretary of State John Kerry discussed the flare-up with Karzai in phone calls on 19 June 2013, Afghan and U.S. officials said, part of the latest round of crisis diplomacy between Washington and Afghanistan's mercurial leader. Negotiations on the Bilateral Security Agreement (BSA) began earlier 2013 and, if completed, will define the shape of the U.S. military presence in Afghanistan for years to come. The security discussions between the U.S. and Afghanistan would provide for a limited number of military trainers and counterterrorism forces to remain in the country. The talks have been complicated by several disagreements, including over the immunity that U.S. troops would enjoy from Afghan laws. Speaking to reporters days before the suspension, U.S. Marine Corps General Joseph Dunford, the commander of the U.S.-led coalition, said, \"The bilateral security agreement is critical to any post-2014 presence. So it needs to be taken seriously on both sides.\" It was not clear how long Karzai would withdraw from the security talks with the US, meant to finalise arrangements for keeping a small US presence in the country after the last of the NATO troops leave 2014. Karzai has said the negotiations would not resume until the Taliban met directly with representatives of the Afghan government, essentially linking the security negotiations to a faltering peace process and making the United States responsible for persuading the Taliban to talk to the Afghan government.\n\n2013-11-20 Agreement on Bilateral Security Agreement draft\nThe United States and Afghanistan reached an agreement on the final language of the bilateral security agreement, which according to State Department spokeswoman Jen Psaki wasn't the final document and which U.S. officials were still reviewing it, on 20 November 2013. A letter written by Obama said U.S. forces will be \"cooperating in training, advising, and assisting\" Afghan forces \"in a targeted, smaller, counterterrorism mission.\" There is no limit on how long U.S. forces would remain in Afghanistan The accord also has no expiration date. The agreement says that \"unless mutually agreed, United States forces shall not conduct combat operations in Afghanistan.\" It states the parties’ \"intention of protecting U.S. and Afghan national interests without U.S. military counter-terrorism operations\" but does not specifically prohibit such operations. United States Special Operations forces will retain leeway to conduct antiterrorism raids on private Afghan homes American counterterrorism operations will be intended to \"complement and support\" Afghan missions and that US forces will not conduct military operations in Afghanistan \"unless mutually agreed\" the text says. It underscores that Afghan forces will be in the lead and that any American military operations will be carried out \"with full respect for Afghan sovereignty and full regard for the safety and security of the Afghan people, including in their homes.\" It also notes that \"U.S. forces shall not target Afghan civilians, including in their homes, consistent with Afghan law and United States forces’ rules of engagement.\" Obama wrote in a letter to his Afghan counterpart: \"US forces shall not enter Afghan homes for the purposes of military operations, except under extraordinary circumstances involving urgent risk to life and limb of US nationals. We will continue to make every effort to respect the sanctity and dignity of Afghans in their homes and in their daily lives, just as we do for our own citizens.\"\n\nThe agreement does not spell out the number of U.S. forces who will remain, but Karzai said on 21 November 2013 that he envisions up to 15,000 NATO troops being based in the country. According to several estimates, the United States plans to maintain a force of no more than 10,000 troops in Afghanistan after 2014. The draft agreement allows an indefinite U.S. presence, but Karzai said on 21 November 2013 it would be in place for 10 years. The agreement also includes language on the U.S. government's continued funding for Afghan security forces, funneling such contributions through the Kabul-based government.\n\nThe agreement text grants the United States full legal jurisdiction over U.S. troops and Defense Department civilians working in Afghanistan. On troop immunity, it says that Afghanistan agrees \"that the United States shall have the exclusive right to exercise jurisdiction\" over members of the force and its civilian component \"in respect of any criminal or civil offenses committed in the territory of Afghanistan.\", and that \"Afghanistan authorises the United States to hold [civil and criminal] trial in such cases, or take other disciplinary action, as appropriate, in the territory of Afghanistan.\", but Afghan authorities can ask that anyone be taken out of the country. Afghan authorities are prohibited from detaining American troops or U.S. civilians working with them. In the event that happens \"for any reason,\" however, those personnel \"shall be immediately handed over to United States forces authorities.\" The agreement also specifies that American troops and civilians cannot be surrendered to any \"international tribunal or any other entity or state\" without express U.S. consent. Afghanistan, it says, retains legal jurisdiction over civilian contractors, and contractors are prohibited from wearing military uniforms and \"may only carry weapons in accordance with Afghan laws and regulations.\"\n\nThe document has a clause committing the United States to consulting with the Afghan government in the event of external threats, but not the sort of NATO-style mutual defense pact the Afghans originally wanted. \"The United States shall regard with grave concern any external aggression or threat of external aggression against the sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity of Afghanistan,\" the proposed agreement states. There is a later clause saying they would \"consult urgently\" in the event of such aggression. Obama added in a letter to his Afghan counterpart: \"The US commitment to Afghanistan's independence, territorial integrity, and national unity, as enshrined in our Strategic Partnership Agreement, is enduring, as is our respect for Afghan sovereignty.\"\n\nIn a preamble, the draft specifies that \"the United States does not seek permanent military facilities in Afghanistan, or a presence that is a threat to Afghanistan’s neighbors, and has pledged not to use Afghan territory or facilities as a launching point for attacks on other countries.\" It says that \"unless otherwise mutually agreed, United States forces shall not conduct combat operations in Afghanistan\" and makes no promise of U.S. military support in the event of an attack or other security threat to Afghanistan. If there is such a threat, it says, the United States will regard it with \"grave concern,\" consult and \"shall urgently determine support it is prepared to provide.\" But the United States stated the U.S. will regard any external aggression with \"grave concern\" and will \"strongly oppose\" military threats or force against Afghanistan after 2014.\n\nThe draft agreement says that U.S. military and Defense Department civilian personnel are exempt from visa requirements and taxation. Afghan taxes and other fees will not be imposed on the entry or exit of goods specifically for the use of U.S. forces. An annex to the draft lists locations where Afghanistan agrees to provide facilities for U.S. forces, including Kabul; Bagram, north of the capital, where the United States has its largest current base; Mazar-e Sharif in northern Afghanistan; Herat in the west; Kandahar in the south; Shindand in Herat province; Sharab in Helmand province; Gardez, south of Kabul; and Jalalabad, to the east. The draft document gives the U.S. the right to deploy American forces on nine bases, including the two biggest, the airfields in Bagram and Kandahar. It also allows U.S. military planes to fly in and out of Afghanistan from seven air bases, including Kabul International Airport. U.S. forces would be permitted under the document to transport supplies from five border crossings, described along with the air bases as \"official points of embarkation and debarkation.\" All bases in Afghanistan would revert to Afghan ownership and sovereignty after 2014, according to the draft.\n\nThe draft of the agreement was finalized early on 19 November 2013 after Obama wrote Karzai a letter assuring him that U.S. forces will continue to respect the \"sanctity and dignity of the Afghan people.\" The agreement must as of 21 November 2013 be ratified by an Afghan grand council of elders and by ratified by the parliaments of Afghanistan and the United States. The agreement, according to the draft wording, takes effect 1 January 2015 and then \"it shall remain in force until the end of 2024 and beyond\" unless terminated with two years’ advance notice. Karzai said that the agreement would not be signed until after 2014 elections in Afghanistan, but U.S. officials have said unequivocally that the agreement must be signed by the end of the year 2013, if not sooner, to allow the Pentagon to prepare for its role after the American combat mission ends. White House Press secretary Jay Carney said the agreement under consideration by the loya jirga is the Obama administration’s \"final offer.\" If not enacted by the end of the year, Carney said, it \"would be impossible for the United States and our allies to plan for a presence post-2014.\" Karzai, who earlier stated he would sign what he had agreed to sign, stated later, after the announcement of the Bilatereal Security Agreement (BSA) draft textthat, he wouldn’t sign it until 2014, after a presidential election to choose his successor, but before he leaves office. Aimal Faizi, a spokesman for Karzai, stated that Karzai wanted to wait until after the election in April 2014 to test further conditions: whether American forces would stop raids on Afghan homes, whether the Obama Administration will help stabilize security in Afghanistan, help promote peace talks and not interfere in the election. Officials of the Obama Administration consider the signing date to be nonnegotiable, citing the need for at least a year to plan future deployments and to allow coalition partners, including Germany and Italy, to plan for a residual troop presence that they have offered.\n\nThe text of the BSA was approved by the delegates at the Loya Jirga on 24 November 2013 and must now be signed by the Afghanistan president, who rejected the final recommendation of the Loya Jirga promptly to sign the BSA with the United States, and sent to the parliament for final ratification. If approved, the agreement would allow the U.S. to deploy military advisors to train and equip Afghan security forces, along with U.S. special-operations troops for anti-terrorism missions against Al Qaeda and other terrorist groups. Obama will determine the size of the force. The jirga set a few conditions before expressing approval for the agreement among them a 10-year time limit on the post-2014 troop presence and reparations for damages caused by U.S. troops deployed in Afghanistan. It also voted attach a letter by Obama; pledging that U.S. troops would enter Afghan homes only in \"extraordinary\" circumstances and only if American lives were at direct risk, to the BSA. The elder assembly also demanded the release of 19 Afghans from the U.S. detention center at Guantanamo Bay and a stronger U.S. pledge to defend Afghanistan from any incursion from it neighbors, particularly Pakistan. The loya jirga also voted to request that the U.S. military add a base to the nine bases that would be occupied by U.S. troops under the proposed security pact after combat forces depart Afghanistan by the end of 2014. The base is in Bamian Province in central Afghanistan, where the NATO-led military coalition has maintained a presence. Bamian is a population center for Hazaras, a Shiite minority whose members were massacred by the Taliban prior to the U.S.-led invasion that toppled the militant group. Afghan analysts said Hazara delegates proposed the additional base. At least five of the 50 jirga committees raised objections to the article addressing \"status of personnel\" which \"authorises the United States to hold [civil and criminal] trial ... or take other disciplinary action, as appropriate, in the territory of Afghanistan\" when a US soldier is accused of criminal activity. Spokespeople from at least two committees directly stated that Afghanistan should have jurisdiction over any US soldiers accused of crimes on Afghan soil. Several committees also stated that if trials are held in the United States, families of victims should have access to and presence in US-held trials at the expense of Washington.\n\nUS withdrawal from Afghanistan: The plan for 2012, 2013, and 2014\n2012 drawdown\nThe 2012 pullout of 23,000 American troops from Afghanistan was on 22 July 2012 at the halfway mark according to U.S. Gen. John Allen, the top commander of U.S. and NATO forces in Afghanistan and would accelerate in the coming months. \"August will be the heaviest month,\" Allen said. \"A lot is coming out now and a great deal will come out in August and early September. We'll be done probably around mid-September or so.\" Up to one half of the 23,000 troops being pulled out 2012 are combat forces, he said. Small numbers are being pulled from the relatively stable northern and western parts of the country. Some will be withdrawn from the east and the south \"and a good bit in the southwest,\" he said. U.S. Defense Secretary Leon Panetta announced on 21 September 2012 that the 33,000 additional U.S. troops that Obama had sent to Afghanistan in 2010 to counter the Taliban attacks have left the country. A phased withdrawal plan was developed where 10,000 troops would leave Afghanistan by July 2011 and the remaining 23,000 would leave Afghanistan by the end of September 2012. The removal of the 23,000 U.S. troops began in July 2012. In a statement announcing an end to the surge Panetta stated:\n\n\"As we reflect on this moment, it is an opportunity to recognize that the surge accomplished its objectives of reversing Taliban momentum on the battlefield, and dramatically increased the size and capability of the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF). This growth has allowed us and our ISAF Coalition partners to begin the process of transition to Afghan security lead, which will soon extend across every province and more than 75 percent of the Afghan population. At the same time, we have struck enormous blows against al Qaeda’s leadership, consistent with our core goal of disrupting, dismantling and defeating al Qaeda and denying it a safe-haven.\"\n\nOnce the United States and its allies agreed on the timing for the shift in the Afghanistan mission — under which American troops would step away from the lead combat role to a supporting mission focused primarily on counterterrorism and training Afghan security forces (according to the 2012 NATO Chicago Summit this shift is planned for the middle of 2013 (see section above)) — the Obama administration must decide exactly when the remaining 68,000 troops will come home according to the New York Times. In September 2012 the United States withdrew then the last of the 33,000 \"surge\" forces from Afghanistan that Obama ordered in West Point 2009 to try to bring the Afghanistan war under control. With the reduction over the next two years of the remaining 68,000 American troops, the top American and NATO commander in Afghanistan would lead a force that is to operate from fewer bases and will train Afghan forces to take the lead in combat.\n\n2013 drawdown plans\nThe number of US troops to remain in Afghanistan during 2013 was still being decided as of March 2012, but it appeared that three options were considered. These three options were:\n\nA drawdown from 68,000 to 58,000 troops by the end of 2012, with a further drawdown to between 38,000 and 48,000 by June 2013. This would be a continuation of the current policy of gradual drawdown. Obama has stated that he prefers a gradual drawdown.\nMaintaining 68,000 troops through the end of 2013. This is the US military commanders' preferred option since it maintains US force levels through the summer fighting season in 2013.\nA large and rapid drawdown, perhaps to 20,000 troops, by the end of 2013. This would leave only Special Operations Forces, counterterrorism forces, military trainers, and some support and security staff in Afghanistan. This is Vice President Biden's preferred option.\nAccording to two American officials who are involved in Afghan issues said that the senior American commander in Afghanistan, General John Allen wanted to keep a significant military capability through the fighting season ending in fall 2013, which could translate to a force of more than 60,000 troops until the end of that period. The United States has not \"begun considering any specific recommendations for troop numbers in 2013 and 2014,\" said George Little, the Pentagon spokesman. \"What is true is that in June 2011 the president made clear that our forces would continue to come home at a steady pace as we transition to an Afghan lead for security. That it still the case.\"\n\nDuring the 2013 State of the Union Address, Obama said that the U.S. military will reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 US troops by February 2014. According to an unnamed U.S. official Obama made his decision \"based on the recommendations of the military and his national security team,\" consultations with Karzai and \"international coalition partners.\" The United States has adopted a withdrawal schedule which U.S. General John. R. Allen called a \"phased approach.\" According to the new withdrawal schedule, as reported by the New York Times, the number of troops is to go down from 66,000 troops to 60,500 by the end of May 2013. By the end of November 2013, the number will be down to 52,000. By the end of February 2014, the troop level is to be around 32,000. The Washington Post reported a slightly different withdrawal plan which calls for the U.S. forces figure of 68,000 troops to drop to about 60,000 by May 2013 and 52,500 by November 2013. The largest exodus will occur in December 2013 and January 2014, when about 18,500 troops will leave Afghanistan. The White House intended to allow the military to determine the pace at which the 34,000 troops are withdrawn over the 12 months until February 2013. Top U.S. military officers have said they hope to keep as many forces as possible in Afghanistan through summer 2013, when combat with the Taliban is usually at its highest. \"Commanders will have discretion on pace of this drawdown which will allow them to maintain the force they need through the fighting season,\" according to one U.S. official. The drawdown announcement generated mixed reactions in Afghanistan: While Afghan officials like Karzai and the Taliban welcomed Obama's decision, many Afghans worried that a quick drawdown will destabilize the country. Afghans also expressed their concern that Afghan security forces were not ready to take the lead for security.\n\nAs of September 2013 the U.S. military is flying out a large amount of gear instead of using cheaper overland and sea routes, while U.S. officials declined to elaborate on the reasons for their heavy reliance on the more expensive methods of transport.\n\n2014 drawdown plans\nThe US force level will drop to between 10,000 and 20,000 troops according to the Long War Journal. They will consist of Special Forces, counterterrorism forces, and military training personnel. They will be deployed to a small number of bases around the country. US/ISAF troops will continue their training of Afghan National Security Forces soldiers. Counterterrorism forces will concentrate mostly on high-value targets. U.S. Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta stated on 12 November 2012 that the Obama Administration will cease combat operations by the end of 2014, but it is still refining its timeline for withdrawing the remaining 68,000 U.S. troops in Afghanistan. The administration was also debating how many trainers, Special Operations forces and military assets it will keep in the country after that to support Afghanistan’s army and police.\n\nDuring a surprise trip to Afghanistan in May 2014 Obama stated that the United States wanted to sign a bilateral security agreement with Afghanistan for the purpose of continuing training/advising Afghan forces and assisting in specific counterterrorism missions. The winner of Afghanistan’s presidential runoff election — between former Afghan foreign minister Abdullah Abdullah and onetime World Bank economist Ashraf Ghani — will be asked immediately to sign the security agreement that will help determine how many U.S. forces, as of May 2014 numbering 32,000, will remain in Afghanistan after the end of the year 2014. U.S. officials said the security agreement must be endorsed as soon as possible to give U.S. military planners time to complete drawdown schedules — including decisions on what bases to close — and make arrangements for the next phase of the U.S. military presence after nearly 13 years of war. Pentagon general counsel Stephen Preston said in May 2014 before the U.S. Senate that the 2014 drawdown planning and the post 2014 presence planning will concentrate on \"what the circumstances, the mission and presence in Afghanistan will be.\"\n\nOn 27 May 2014, Obama announced that U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan would end in December 2014 and that the troops levels will be reduced to 9,800 troops by this time.\n\nOn 5 August 2014, a gunman dressed in an Afghan military uniform opened fire on a number of U.S., foreign and Afghan soldiers, killing Major General Harold J. Greene and wounding about 15 officers and soldiers including a German brigadier general and eight U.S. soldiers. For the U.S. Armed Forces, it was the first death of a general on foreign battlefields in 44 years.\n\nAfter 13 years Britain, the United States and the remaining Australians officially ended their combat operation in Afghanistan on 28 October 2014. On that day Britain handed over its last base in Afghanistan, Camp Bastion in the southern province of Helmand, to Afghanistan, while the United States handed over its last base, Camp Leatherneck in the southern province of Helmand.\n\nPost-2014 presence plans\nDuring the 2012 Chicago Summit NATO and its partners agreed to withdraw its combat troops from Afghanistan by the end of 2014. A new and different NATO mission will then advise, train and assist the Afghan security forces including the Afghan Special Operations Forces. Final decisions on the size of the American and NATO presence after 2014 and its precise configuration have not been made by the United States or its NATO allies as of 26 November 2012, but one option calls for about 10,000 American and several thousand non-American NATO troops according to the United States. The presence shall include a small American counterterrorism force consisting of fewer than 1,000 American troops, while in a parallel effort, NATO forces would advise Afghan forces at major regional military and police headquarters. According to the New York Times, NATO forces would most likely have a minimal battlefield role, with the exception of some special operations advisers.\n\nAn important question for the NATO mission after 2014 was what level of the Afghan military hierarchy they would advise. It was generally expected that they would advise seven regional Afghan Army corps and several regional Afghan police headquarters. The arrangement would largely insulate the NATO advisers from the battlefield, though officials said advisers might accompany Afghan brigades on major operations. It was unlikely that NATO officers would advise Afghan battalions on the battlefield, because that would require many more advisers than NATO was likely to muster and would entail more risk than most nations seem prepared to assume, though some American experts believed it would make the Afghan military more effective. Still, NATO special operations advisers would be likely to accompany Afghan Army commandos and police SWAT-type units on the battlefield.\n\nA major challenge was that Afghanistan would not have an effective air force before 2017, if then. As a consequence American officials said that NATO airpower would remain in Afghanistan after 2014 but will likely only be used on behalf of NATO and American troops and perhaps Afghan units that are accompanied by NATO advisers. NATO forces relied heavily on airpower for airstrikes, supply and medical evacuation since Afghanistan’s roads are in poor condition and often seeded with bombs. To compensate for Afghanistan’s limited airpower, the United States was working on a number of fixes, including providing Afghan forces with armored vehicles that would be equipped with mortars and assault guns. The United States was looking into expanding the purchase of turboprop planes for the Afghans. In addition the U.S. was also trying to help Afghan pilots learn to fly at night. Equally troubling was according to the New York Times the problem of medical evacuations. Because after 2014 the Afghans would almost certainly need to rely on a system that depended more on ground transportation than helicopters the United States wanted to help Afghanistan forces develop more field hospitals.\n\nPlans for the follow-on military presence are being formulated in the Pentagon, where the largest of several preliminary options calls for about 10,000 troops, with several other NATO governments penciled in for several hundred each. According to these preliminary plans, ISAF’s successor would be based in Kabul, with most U.S. training and counterterrorism troops probably stationed in Kandahar and at the air base at Bagram. Both locations are to be converted to Afghan ownership. Smaller counterterrorism units of the Joint Special Operations Command would be positioned primarily in the eastern part of the country, where most of their activities take place. Italy, in charge of the ISAF mission in Herat in western Afghanistan, would remain there to train Afghans. Germany would do the same in Mazar-e Sharif in the north. It is unclear what would happen at Camp Bastion, the British headquarters in Helmand province.\n\nThe size of the American military presence after 2014 will help determine the size of the American civilian footprint. As of December 2012 the United States are reducing its plans for large civilian force in post-2014 Afghanistan, because the U.S. military is certain to curtail or stop the security and other services it provides U.S. government civilians in Afghanistan. Firm decisions on civilian numbers and locations cannot be made \"until we resolve exactly what the military follow-on numbers are going to be,\" one unnamed U.S. official said. \"That will determine . . . where we locate, what kind of security, medical and other support we might be able to get.\" According to the New York Times the U.S. military wants to retain 9,000 U.S. troops in Afghanistan, while the Obama administration wants a force of 3,000 to 9,000 troops in Afghanistan after 2014.\n\nDuring a meeting with Karzai on 11 January 2013, Obama stated that he will determine the pace of U.S. combat troops drawdown and their withdrawal from Afghanistan by the end of 2014 after consultations with commanders on the ground. He also said any U.S. mission in Afghanistan beyond 2014 would focus solely on counterterrorism operations and training Afghan security forces. According to Obama any agreement on troop withdrawals must include an immunity agreement in which US troops are not subjected to Afghan law. \"I can go to the Afghan people and argue for immunity for U.S. troops in Afghanistan in a way that Afghan sovereignty will not be compromised, in a way that Afghan law will not be compromised,\" Karzai replied.\n\nDuring his 2013 State of the Union Address Barack Obama announced that 34,000 US troops will leave Afghanistan by February 2014, but did not specify what the post-2014 troop levels would be. \"Beyond 2014, America's commitment to a unified and sovereign Afghanistan will endure, but the nature of our commitment will change,\" Obama said. \"We're negotiating an agreement with the Afghan government that focuses on two missions – training and equipping Afghan forces so that the country does not again slip into chaos, and counter-terrorism efforts that allow us to pursue the remnants of al-Qaeda and their affiliates,\" he added. As of 12 February 2013, Barack Obama has not made a decision on the post-2014 U.S. force. The Obama Administration intends to keep some troops in the country in 2015 and beyond, but the number is still being debated at the White House and must be approved by the Afghan government. Unnamed U.S. officials said there was a reluctance to go public with a final number of troops and a description of their missions while still in the early stage of negotiating a security agreement with the Afghans over retaining a U.S. military presence after 2014. The New York Times reported that the post-2014 force is likely to number no more than 9,000 or so troops and then get progressively smaller. The Washington Post reported that the Pentagon is pushing a plan that would keep about 8,000 U.S. troops in Afghanistan in 2015, but significantly shrink the contingent over the following two years, perhaps to fewer than 1,000 by 2017, according to senior U.S. government officials and military officers. As the result of the suspension of the bilateral security agreement discussions and increasingly frustrated by his dealings with Karzai, Obama was giving in early July 2013 serious consideration to speeding up the withdrawal of United States forces from Afghanistan and to a \"zero option\" that would leave no American troops there after 2014. At the end of 2013 the United States backed away from its threat to initiate a complete American withdrawal from Afghanistan by the end of 2014, if Karzai refuses to sign the Bilateral Security Agreement by the end of 2013. However the United States stood by its warning that a total military withdrawal is still possible if delays continue. The U.S. Department of Defense proposed to Obama to leave behind 10,000 US troops when their combat mission and that of their allies end there at the end of 2014, or none at all. Caitlin M. Hayden, a spokeswoman for the National Security Council, said that absent an agreement with respect to the B.S.A. between the America and Afghanistan the U.S.A. \"will initiate planning for a post-2014 future in which there would be no U.S. or NATO troop presence in Afghanistan.\", while the British Ministry of Defense said that until the pact is signed, no decision will be made on the contribution from other nations.\n\nBy May 2014 no agreement on the bilateral security agreement had been reached. Obama on a trip to Afghanistan in late May 2014 said he was about to make decisions on the transition and was in the country to meet with Afghanistan's leaders prior to making those decisions final. On 27 May 2014, Obama announced that U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan would end in December 2014. A residual force of 9,800 troops would remain in the country which includes a group of troops to train and advise Afghan security forces and a separate group of Special Operations forces to continue counterterrorism missions against remnants of al-Qaeda. These forces would be halved by the end of 2015, and consolidated at Bagram Air Base and in Kabul. Obama also announced that all U.S. forces, with the exception of a \"normal embassy presence,\" would be removed from Afghanistan by the end of 2016. These remaining forces would be a regular armed forces assistance group, largely to handle military sales under the authority of the U.S. ambassador, but also guard the US embassy, train Afghan forces and support counter-terrorism operations. These troop will not exceed 1,000 troops, akin to the security presence that is currently as of May 2014 in Iraq. The president's plans were subject to the approval of the incoming Afghan government and its willingness to sign the bilateral security agreement providing immunity for U.S. troops serving in the country, which outgoing president Karzai had refused to sign. The U.S. post 2014 presence plans were welcomed by outgoing Afghanistan president Hamid Karzai saying that Afghanistan was ready to take responsibility for its own security and the move could pave the way for Taliban peace talks. While Afghanistan military forces reacted to Obama's plans with skepticism arguing among other things that Afghan military’s lack of air support and heavy artillery couldn't be overcome by 2016 or 2017 and NATO welcomed the announcement, U.S. politicians split along party lines to Obama's drawdown and post 2014 presence plans, Afghanistan lawmakers consired those plans a blow to Afghan morale and American think tanks questioned the post presence limitation to the end of 2016 pointing out to experience in Germany, Britain, Korea and Japan, where U.S. forces remain long after wars have ended but the need to support strong allies remains.\n\nAfghanistan and the United States signed the bilateral security agreement through U.S. Ambassador James B. Cunningham and Afghan national security adviser Mohammad Hanif the bilateral security agreement on 30 September 2014 in a cordial ceremony at the presidential palace in Kabul, Afghanistan. On that day the NATO Status of Forces Agreement was also signed, giving forces from Allied and partner countries the legal protections necessary to carry out the NATO Resolute Support Mission when International Security Assistance Force comes to an end in 2014. Under both agreements 9,800 American and at least 2,000 NATO troops are allowed to remain in Afghanistan after the international combat mission formally ends on 31 December 2014 while also enabling the continued training and advising of Afghan security forces, as well as counterterrorism operations against remnants of al-Qaeda. Most of the troops will help train and assist the struggling Afghan security forces, although some American Special Operations forces will remain to conduct counterterrorism missions. The Nato-led ISAF mission will transition to a training mission headquartered in Kabul with six bases around the country. Under the BSA the United States are allowed to have bases at nine separate locations across Afghanistan. A base in Jalalabad, in eastern Afghanistan, could also remain a launching point for armed drone missions in Afghanistan and across the border in Pakistan. The agreement also prevents U.S. military personnel from being prosecuted under Afghan laws for any crimes they may commit; instead, the United States has jurisdiction over any criminal proceedings or disciplinary action involving its troops inside the country. The provision does not apply to civilian contractors. The troop number of 9.800 Americans is to be cut in half by 2016, with American forces thereafter based only in Kabul and at Bagram air base. By the end of 2017, the U.S. force is to be further reduced in size to what U.S. officials have called a \"normal\" military advisory component at the U.S. Embassy in Kabul, most likely numbering several hundred. The BSA goes into force on 1 January 2015 and remains in force \"until the end of 2024 and beyond\" unless it is terminated by either side with two years' notice.\n\nIn November 2014 U.S. President Obama expanded the original role of U.S. Armed Forces in Afghanistan for 2015. Originally they were supposed to advise, train and assist the Afghan Forces and to hunt the remnants of Al Qaeda. Under the president’s order U.S. forces can carry out missions against the Taliban and other militant groups threatening American troops or the Afghan government while American jets, bombers and drones can support Afghan troops on combat missions. By the end of 2015, half of the 9,800 American troops would leave Afghanistan. The rest would be consolidated in Kabul and Bagram, and then leave by the end of 2016, allowing Obama to say he ended the Afghan war before leaving office. The United States could still have military advisers in Kabul after 2016 who would work out of an office of security cooperation at the United States Embassy. But the Obama administration has not said how large that contingent might be and what its exact mission would be.\n\nDuring his last trip to Afghanistan U.S. Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel announced on 6 December 2014 the end of the U.S original plan to withdraw its troops form Afghanistan. Under a plan announced in May 2014 the number of American troops was supposed to fall to 9,800 by 1 January 2015. Instead the U.S. will keep up to 10,800 troops for the first few months of 2015 and then restart the drawdown, which is scheduled to reach 5,500 troops by the end of 2015. Besides partaking in NATO's Resolute Support Mission consisting of 12,500 soldiers some U.S. troops will take part in a separate counterterrorism mission focused on al-Qaeda. By the time U.S. President Obama leaves office in 2017 only a small force attached to the U.S. Embassy in Kabul is to remain in Afghanistan. The reason for the United States to keep additional forces in the country temporarily was that planned troop commitments by US allies for the Nato train-and-assist mission starting in January 2015 have been slow to materialize. President Barack Obama \"has provided US military commanders the flexibility to manage any temporary force shortfall that we might experience for a few months as we allow for coalition troops to arrive in theater,\" Hagel said in a news conference with President Ashraf Ghani in Kabul. \"But the president’s authorization will not change our troops’ missions, or the long-term timeline for our drawdown,\" he added.\n\nAt the end of March 2015 U.S. President Obama announced to slow the pace of the U.S. troop withdrawal by maintaining the current force levels of 9,800 troops through at least the end of 2015. This announcement came after a request by the Afghan government under its new president Ashraf Ghani. Obama and Ghani stated the troops were needed to train and advise Afghan forces. According to U.S. official keeping the current force in place would allow American special operations troops and the Central Intelligence Agency to operate in southern and eastern Afghanistan, where the insurgents are strongest and where Al Qaeda’s presence is concentrated. Obama also stated to close the remaining U.S. bases in Afghanistan, to withdraw all but about 1,000 troops by the time he leaves office at the beginning of 2017 consolidate the remaining U.S. forces in Kabul. Those forces would operate largely in Kabul and protect embassy personnel and other American officials there. NATO has maintained 13,000 troops including 9,800 Americans in an advisory and counter-terrorism capacity in Afghanistan during the 2015 phase of the War in Afghanistan.\n\nIn the wake of the Taliban's capture of Kundus during the Battle of Kunduz and following a US review of its troop presence in Afghanistan U.S. President Obama stated on 15 October 2015 that Afghan security forces are not as strong as they should be and that the security situation in Afghanistan is still very fragile with risks to detoriate in some parts of the country. For these reasons Obama announced a new $15 billion-a-year plan: The U.S. will maintain its current force of 9,800 through most of 2016, then begin drawing down to 5,500 late in the year or in early 2017. The US forces will be stationed in four garrisons: Kabul, Bagram, Jalalabad and Kandahar. The post-2016 force will still be focused on training and advising the Afghan army, with a special emphasis on its elite counterterrorism forces. The United States will also maintain a significant counterterrorism capability of drones and Special Operations forces to strike al-Qaeda, forces of the Islamic State, and other militants who may be plotting attacks against the United States. U.S. counterterrorism forces deployed at bases in Kandahar and Jalalabad and the Bagram air base outside Kabul will be able to target al-Qaeda forces and forces of the Islamic State, while U.S. advisers can continue to work with key Afghan units, such as air and Special Operations forces, to blunt Taliban attacks.\n\nDuring a press conference on 6 July 2016 U.S. President Obama said he would draw down troops to 8,400 by the end of his administration in December 2016. He said the troops remaining in Afghanistan would continue to be focused on training and advising the Afghan military and engaging in counterterrorism efforts. The president warned that a deteriorating security situation in Afghanistan could overwhelm Afghan government partners without further assistance. \"It’s in our national interest – after all the blood and treasure we have invested – that we give our Afghan partners the support to succeed,\" said Obama. \"This is where al-Qaida is trying to regroup, where Isil is trying to expand its presence,\" he added. \"If they succeed, they will attempt more attacks against us.\"", "date": "2017-07-03"}}
{"topic_id": "143", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho", "fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Military Force against Venezuelan protesters", "topic_description": "What examples are there of military force being used against anti-Maduro protesters in Venezuela?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "军队对委内瑞拉反政府示威者的镇压", "topic_description": "委内瑞拉政府使用了哪些军事力量来对付反马杜罗抗议者？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "نیروی نظامی علیه معترضان ونزوئلا", "topic_description": "چه نمونه هایی از استفاده از نیروی نظامی علیه معترضان ضد مادورو در ونزوئلا وجود دارد"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "نیروهای نظامی در برابر معترضان ونزوئلا", "topic_description": "چه نمونه هایی از نیروی نظامی در برابر معترضان ضد مادورو در ونزوئلا استفاده می شود ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Military Force against Venezuelan proters", "topic_description": "什么是被武力再次使用的反马杜罗protesters在威尼斯?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Военные силы против протестующих в Венесуэле", "topic_description": "Какие примеры применения военной силы против протестующих против Мадуро в Венесуэле?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "There were four articles found that contain information regarding the use of military forces against anti-Maduro protesters, including actions taken by the military and the protectors during the clashes, types of weapons used, number casualty, and locations of incident.  ", "somewhat_valuable": "There were three articles found with reports of incidents that military forces were used against anti-Maduro protesters with brief mention of locations, types of weapons, and casualty.  ", "not_that_valuable": "Multiple reports reported clashes between the military troops and the anti-Maduro protecters, but no details were provided.  ", "non_relevant": "Multiple reports on the protests against Maduro and his government.  But no mention of using military forces.  "}, "fas": {"very_valuable": "#20: This article listed number of deaths during anti government protests and strongly suggested that military forces were responsible. \"The Venezuelan capital, Caracas, witnessed violent demonstrations on Thursday night that killed 11 people, the Venezuelan Ministry of Justice said.\n  The Associated Press reports that the number is twelve. Reuters also claims that eight of these people were killed by electric shock, but did not provide further details.\"", "somewhat_valuable": "This article also insinuates that government forces were behind the deaths of anti-Maduro protesters who were arrested, although the article does not explicitly state that protesters were among those injured and killed or how they were killed. \"A source close to the Venezuelan prosecutor's office said 29 people were killed and 19 others were injured in a clash at a detention center in Caracas.\"", "not_that_valuable": "No details provided on who, how or where. \"Three killed in Venezuelan anti-government protests.\"", "non_relevant": "Article did not pertain to protests in Venezuela: \"Protests swept across France / One killed and 50 injured.\""}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuelan_protests_(2014%E2%80%93present)&oldid=781167756", "text": "Militant groups known as \"colectivos\" attacked protesters and opposition TV staff, sent death threats to journalists, and tear-gassed the Vatican envoy after Hugo Chávez accused these groups of intervening with his government. Colectivos helped assist the government during the protests. Human Rights Watch said that \"the government of Venezuela has tolerated and promoted groups of armed civilians,\" which HRW claims have \"intimidated protesters and initiated violent incidents\". Socialist International also condemned the impunity that irregular groups have had while attacking protesters. President Maduro has thanked certain groups of motorcyclists for their help against what he views as a \"fascist coup d'etat... being waged by the extreme right\", but also distanced himself from armed groups, stating that they \"had no place in the revolution\". On a later occasion, President Maduro issued a condemnation of all violent groups and said a government supporter would go to jail if he performed a crime, just as an opposition supporter would. He said that someone who is violent has no place as a government supporter and thus should leave the pro-government movement immediately.\n\nSome \"colectivos\" have acted violently against the opposition without impediment from Venezuelan government forces. Colectivos in several trucks allegedly attacked an apartment complex known for protesting damaging 5 vehicles, leaving 2 burnt, and fired several shots into the apartments leaving one person injured from a gunshot wound. According to a correspondent from Televen, armed groups attempted to kidnap and rape individuals in an apartment complex in Maracaibo without intervention from the National Guard. Vice President of Venezuela, Jorge Arreaza, praised colectivos saying, \"If there has been exemplary behavior it has been the behavior of the motorcycle colectivos that are with the Bolivarian revolution.\" However, on 28 March 2014, Arreaza promised that the government would disarm all irregular armed groups in Veneuela. Colectivos have also been called a \"fundamental pillar in the defense of the homeland\" by the Venezuelan Prison Minister, Iris Varela.\n\nIn March 2014, paramilitary groups acted violently in 437 protests, about 31% of total protests in March, where gunshot wounds were reported in most protests they were involved in. Armed colectivos allegedly attacked and burnt down Universidad Fermín Toro after intimidating student protesters and shooting one.\n\nHuman Rights Watch reported that government forces \"repeatedly allowed\" colectivos \"to attack protesters, journalists, students, or people they believed to be opponents of the government with security forces just meters away\" and that \"in some cases, the security forces openly collaborated with the pro-government attackers\". Human Rights Watch also stated that they \"found compelling evidence of uniformed security forces and pro-government gangs attacking protesters side by side. One report said that government forces aided pro-government civilians that shot protesters with live ammunition.\n\nHuman Rights Watch stated that \"Despite credible evidence of crimes carried out by these armed pro-government gangs, high-ranking officials called directly on groups to confront protesters through speeches, interviews, and tweets\", further noting that President Nicolas Maduro \"on multiple occasions called on civilian groups loyal to the government to 'extinguish the flame' of what he characterized as 'fascist' protesters\". The governor of the state of Carabobo, Francisco Ameliach, called on Units of Battle Hugo Chávez (UBCh), a government created civilian group that according to the government is a “tool of the people to defend its conquests, to continue fighting for the expansion of the Venezuelan Revolution”. In a tweet, Ameliach asked UBCh to launch a rapid counterattack against protesters saying, \"Gringos (Americans) and fascists beware\" and that the order would come from the President of the National Assembly, Diosdado Cabello.\n\nGovernment forces\nGovernment authorities have used \"unlawful force against unarmed protesters and other people in the vicinity of demonstrations\". Government agencies involved in the use of unlawful force include the National Guard, the National Police, the Guard of the People, and other government agencies. Some common abuses included \"severely beating unarmed individuals, firing live ammunition, rubber bullets, and teargas canisters indiscriminately into crowds, and firing rubber bullets deliberately, at point-blank range, at unarmed individuals, including, in some cases, individuals already in custody\". Human Rights Watch said that \"Venezuelan security forces repeatedly resorted to force—including lethal force—in situations in which it was wholly unjustified\" and that \"the use of force occurred in the context of protests that were peaceful, according to victims, eyewitnesses, lawyers, and journalists, who in many instances shared video footage and photographs corroborating their accounts\".\n\nUse of firearms\n\nLilian Tintori alongside Brazilian senators presenting a photo of Geraldine Moreno, who was killed after being shot in the face multiple times by Venezuelan authorities armed with birdshot.\nGovernment forces have used firearms to control protests. Amnesty International reported that they had \"received reports of the use of pellet guns and tear gas shot directly at protesters at short range and without warning\" and that \"Such practices violate international standards and have resulted in the death of at least one protester.\" They also said that \"Demonstrators detained by government forces at times have been denied medical care and access to lawyers\".\n\nThe New York Times reported that a protester was \"shot at such close range by a soldier at a protest that his surgeon said he had to remove pieces of the plastic shotgun shell buried in his leg, along with the shards of keys\" that were in their pocket at the time. Venezuelan authorities have also been accused of shooting shotguns with \"hard plastic buckshot at point-blank range\" which allegedly injured a great number of protesters and killed a woman. The woman who was killed was banging a pot outside of her house in protest when her father reported that \"soldiers rode up on motorcycles\" and that the woman then fell while trying to seek shelter in her home. Witnesses of the incident then said that \"a soldier got off his motorcycle, pointed his shotgun at her head and fired\". The shot that was fired by the policeman \"slammed through her eye socket into her brain\". The woman died days before her birthday. Her father said that the soldier who killed her was not arrested. There has also been claims by the Venezuelan Penal Forum accusing authorities that have allegedly attempted to tamper with evidence, covering up that they had shot students.\n\nEl Nacional claimed that the objective of those attacking opposition protesters is to kill since many of the protesters that were killed were shot in vulnerable areas like the head and that, \"9 of the 15 dead people were from the 12F demonstrators, who were injured by state security forces or paramilitaries linked to the ruling party.\" El Universal has claimed that Melvin Collazos of SEBIN, and Jonathan Rodríquez, a bodyguard of the Minister of the Interior and Justice Miguel Rodríguez Torres, are in custody after shooting unarmed, fleeing, protesters several times in violation of protocol. The article 68 of the Venezuelan Constitution states that \"the use of firearms and toxic substances to control peaceful demonstrations is prohibited\", and that \"the law shall regulate the actions of the police and security control of public order.\"\n\nUse of chemical agents\n\nMultiple tear gas canisters on display following a 2014 protest\nSome violent demonstrations have been controlled with tear gas and water cannons.\n\nSome mysterious chemical agents were used in Venezuela as well. On 20 March 2014, the appearance of \"red gas\" first occurred when it was used in San Cristóbal against protesters, with reports that it was CN gas. The first reported use of \"green gas\" was on 15 February 2014 against demonstrations in Altamira. On 25 April 2014, \"green gas\" was reportedly used again on protesters in Mérida. Venezuelan-American Ricardo Hausmann, director of the Center for International Development at Harvard made statements that this gas caused protestors to vomit. Some reported that the chemical used was adamsite, a yellow-green arsenical chemical weapon that can cause respiratory distress, nausea and vomiting.\n\n\nImage of a tear gas canister that expired in 2002, used during the protests\nIn April 2014, Amnesty International worried about \"the use of chemical toxins in high concentrations” by government forces and recommended better training for them. During the months of protest in 2014, the heavy use of tear gas by authorities in Chacao affected surrounding residents and forced them to wear gas masks to \"survive\" in their homes. Regional human rights groups also denounced the usage of \"green gas\", stating that its usage is \"internationally banned\".\n\nA study by Mónica Krauter, a chemist and professor, involved the collection of thousands of tear gas canisters fired by Venezuelan authorities in 2014. She stated that the majority of canisters used the main component CS gas, supplied by Cóndor of Brazil, which meets Geneva Convention requirements. However, 72% of the tear gas used was expired and other canisters produced in Venezuela by Cavim did not show adequate labels or expiration dates. Following the expiration of tear gas, Krauter notes that it \"breaks down into cyanide oxide, phosgenes and nitrogens that are extremely dangerous\".\n\nIn 2017, Amnesty International once again criticized the Bolivarian government's usage of chemical agents, expressing concern of a \"red gas\" used to suppress protesters in Chacao on 8 April 2017, demanding \"clarification of the components of the red tear gas used by state security forces against the opposition demonstrations\". Experts stated that all tear gas used by authorities should originally be colorless, noting that the color may be added to provoke or \"color\" protesters so they can easily be identified and arrested. On 10 April 2017, Venezuelan police fired tear gas at protesters from helicopters flying overhead, resulting with demonstrators running from projectiles to avoid being hit by the canisters.\n\nAbuse of protesters and detainees\n\nVenezuelan National Guardsman holding a protester in a headlock.\nAccording to Amnesty International, \"torture is commonplace\" against protesters by Venezuelan authorities despite Article 46 of the Venezuelan Constitution prohibiting \"punishment, torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment\". During the protests, there were hundreds of reported cases of torture. In a report titled Punished for Protesting following a March investigation of conduct during the protests, Human Rights Watch said that those who were detained by government authorities were subjected to \"severe physical abuse\" with some abuses including being beaten \"with fists, helmets, and firearms; electric shocks or burns; being forced to squat or kneel, without moving, for hours at a time; being handcuffed to other detainees, sometimes in pairs and others in human chains of dozens of people, for hours at a time; and extended periods of extreme cold or heat.\" It was also reported that \"many victims and family members we spoke with said they believed they might face reprisals if they reported abuses by police, guardsmen, or armed pro-government gangs\".\n\nAmnesty International \"received reports from detainees who were forced to spend hours on their knees or feet in detention centers\". Amnesty International also reported that a student was forced at gunpoint by plainclothes officers to sign a confession to acts he did not commit where his mother explained that “They told him that they would kill him if he didn’t sign it, ... He started to cry, but he wouldn’t sign it. They then wrapped him in foam sheets and started to hit him with rods and a fire extinguisher. Later, they doused him with gasoline, stating that they would then have evidence to charge him.” Amnesty International said that the Human Rights Center at the Andres Bello Catholic University had reported that, “There are two cases that involved electric shocks, two cases that involved pepper gas and another two cases where they were doused with gasoline,” she said. “We’ve found there to be systematic conduct on the part of the state to inflict inhumane treatment on detainees because of similar reports from different days and detention centers.”\n\nThe New York Times reported that the Penal Forum said that abuses are \"continuous and systematic\" and that Venezuelan authorities were \"widely accused of beating detainees, often severely, with many people saying the security forces then robbed them, stealing cellphones, money and jewelry\". In one case, a group of men said that when they were leaving a protest since it turned violent, \"soldiers surrounded the car, broke the windows and tossed a tear gas canister inside\". A man then said that a soldier \"fired a shotgun at him at close range\" while in the vehicle. The men were then \"pulled from the car and beaten viciously\" then one soldier \"smashed their hands with the butt of his shotgun, telling them it was punishment for protesters’ throwing rocks.\" The vehicle was then set on fire. One protester said that while detained, soldiers \"kicked him over and over again.\" The protesters he was with \"were handcuffed together, threatened with an attack dog, made to crouch for long periods, pepper sprayed and beaten.\" The protester then said that he was \"hit so hard on the head with a soldier’s helmet that he heard it crack\". A woman also said she was with her daughter when \"they were swept up by National Guard soldiers, taken with six other women to a military post and handed over to female soldiers\". The women then said that \"soldiers beat them, kicked them and threatened to kill them\". The women also said that soldiers threatened to rape them, cut their hair and \"were released only after being made to sign a paper stating that they had not been mistreated.\"\n\nHuman Rights Watch reported that a man was going home and was attacked by National Guardsman dispersing a group of protesters. He was then hit by rubber bullets the National Guardsmen shot, beat by the National Guardsmen, and then shot in the groin. Another man was detained, shot repeatedly with rubber bullets, beat with rifles and helmets by three National Guardsman and was asked \"Who's your president?\" Some individuals that were arrested innocently were beaten and forced to repeat that Nicolas Maduro was president.\n\nFile:2017 Venezuelan protests beat and shot.webm\nVenezuelan authorities beating and shooting protesters on 10 May 2017\nNTN24 reported from a lawyer that National Guardsmen and individuals with \"Cuban accents\" in Mérida forced three arrested adolescents to confess to crimes they did not commit and then the adolescents \"kneeled and were forced to raise their arms then shot with buckshot throughout their body\" during an alleged \"target practice\". NTN24 reported that some protesters were allegedly tortured and raped by government forces who detained them during the protests. El Nuevo Herald reported that student protesters had been tortured by government forces in an attempt for the government to make them admit they are part of a plan of foreign individuals to overthrow the Venezuelan government. In Valencia, protesters were dispersed by the National Guard in El Trigál where four students (three men and one woman) were attacked inside of a car while trying to leave the perimeter; the three men were imprisoned and one of them was allegedly sodomized by one of the officers with a rifle.\n\nIn an El Nacional article sharing interviews with protesters who were arrested, individuals explained their experiences in jail. One protester explained how he was placed into a 3 by 2 meter cell with 30 other prisoners where the inmates had to defecate in a bag behind a single curtain. The protester continued explaining how prisoners dealt punishments toward one another and the punishment for \"guarimberos\" was to be tied and gagged, which would allegedly occur without intervention from the authorities. Other arrested protesters interviewed also explained their fears of being imprisoned with violent criminals.\n\nThe director of the Venezuelan Penal Forum, Alfredo Romero, called for both the opposition and the Venezuelan government to listen to the claims of the alleged human rights violations that have not been heard. He also reported that a woman was tortured with electric shocks to her breasts. The Venezuelan Penal Forum also reported students being tortured with electric shocks, being beaten, and being threatened of being set on fire after they were doused in gasoline after they were arrested.\n\nHuman Rights Watch reported that, \"not all of the security force members or justice officials encountered by the victims in these cases participated in the abusive practices. Indeed, in some of the cases ... security officials and doctors in public hospitals had surreptitiously intervened to help them or to ease their suffering\". Some National Guardsman assisted detainees that were being held in \"incommunicado\". It was also reported that \"[i]n several cases, doctors and nurses in public hospitals—and even those serving in military clinics—stood up to armed security forces, who wanted to deny medical care to seriously wounded detainees. They insisted detainees receive urgent medical care, in spite of direct threats—interventions that may have saved victims’ lives\".\n\nGovernment's response to abuses\nThe Venezuelan Attorney General's office reported it was conducting, as of the Human Rights Watch report, 145 investigations into alleged human rights abuses, and that 17 security officials had been detained in connection to them. President Maduro and other government officials have acknowledged human rights abuses, but said they were isolated incidents and not part of a larger pattern. When opposition parties asked for a debate about torture in the National Assembly, the Venezuelan government refused, blaming the violence on the opposition saying, \"The violent are not us, the violent are in a group of opposition\".\n\nEl Universal stated that Melvin Collazos of SEBIN, and Jonathan Rodríquez a bodyguard of the Minister of the Interior and Justice Miguel Rodríguez Torres, were in custody after shooting unarmed, fleeing, protesters several times in violation of protocol. President Maduro announced that the personnel who fired at protesters were arrested for their actions.\n\nInnocent individuals arrested\nAccording to Human Rights Watch, Venezuelan government authorities arrested many innocent people. They stated that \"the government routinely failed to present credible evidence that these protesters were committing crimes at the time they were arrested, which is a requirement under Venezuelan law when detaining someone without an arrest warrant\". They also explained that \"Some of the people detained, moreover, were simply in the vicinity of protests but not participating in them. This group of detainees included people who were passing through areas where protests were taking place, or were in public places nearby. Others were detained on private property such as apartment buildings. In every case in which individuals were detained on private property, security forces entered buildings without search orders, often forcing their way in by breaking down doors.\" One man was in his apartment when government forces fired tear gas into the building. The man went to the courtyard for fresh air and was arrested for no reason after police broke into the apartments.\n\nViolent protests\n\nSome protests have included incidents of arson, vandalism and other cases of violence.\nApart from peaceful demonstrations, an element in some protests includes burning trash, creating barricades and have resulted in violent clashes between the opposition and state authorities. Human Rights Watch said that protesters \"who committed acts of violence at protests were a very small minority—usually less than a dozen people out of scores or hundreds of people present\". It was reported that barricades were the most common form of protest and that occasional attacks on authorities with Molotov cocktails, rocks and slingshots occurred. In rare instances, homemade mortars were used by protesters. The use of Molotov Cocktails in some cases caught authorities and some government vehicles on fire. President Maduro has stated that some protests \"have included arson attacks on government buildings, universities and bus stations.\"\n\nThe National Guard alleged that they had prevented some violent students from the University of the Andes (ULA) from entering a premises. The governor of Aragua state, Tarek El Aissami, claimed that six opposition protesters were arrested for having firearms with one of the arrested being accused of allegedly shooting an officer with El Aissami saying, \"He's a fascist. We ordered the Public Ministry and the entire judiciary application of all penalties\" The article 68 of the constitution also states that \"citizens have the right to demonstrate\" as long as it is \"peacefully and without weapons\".\n\nBarricades\nThroughout the protests, a common tactic that has divided opinions among Venezuelans and the anti-government opposition has been erecting burning street barricades, colloquially known as guarimbas. Street barricades, which stop vehicles from passing, violate the 50th article of the constitution of Venezuela, which grants the right of free transit. Initially, these barricades consisted of piles of trash and cardboard set on fire at night, and were easily removed by Venezuelan security forces. Guarimbas have since evolved into \"fortress-like structures\" of bricks, mattresses, wooden planks and barbed wire guarded by protestors, who \"have to resort to guerrilla-style tactics to get a response from the government of President Nicolas Maduro\". However, their use is controversial. Critics claim guarimbas, which are primarily erected in residential areas, victimize local residents and businesses and have little political impact.\n\n\nA wall painting criticizing \"guarimbas\"\n\nA barricade built by protestors blocking a street.\nPresident Maduro and poor sectors in some cities criticized barricades, with Maduro denouncing that “thousands of people are affected by a small group of ten or twenty persons”, and that “some of them don’t have access to health care, including children and elders”, although many opposition protesters argue that guarimbas are also used as a protection against armed groups, and not only as a form of protest. At some barricades, \"guayas\" or wires are placed near them. These wires are difficult for motorists to see and have reportedly killed a man on a motorcycle. Those who were protesting at the barricades claimed that the guayas were used for defense against Tupamaros and colectivos groups that had been allegedly \"instilling terror\" among the protesters. However, the government alleges that the guayas are placed groups of \"fascists\" saying that have \"the sole intention of destabilizing\". Contested statements claim that at least thirteen deaths had been attributed to opposition supporters at these barricades. It has also been reported that protesters have used homemade caltrops made of hose pieces and nails, colloquially known in Spanish as “miguelitos” or \"chinas\", to deflate motorbike tires. The government has also condemned their usage. Some protestors have cited videos of protests in Ukraine and Egypt as inspiration for their tactics in defending barricades and repelling government forces, such as using common items such as beer bottles, metal tubing, and gasoline to construct fire bombs and mortars, while using bottles filled with paint to block the views of tank and armored riot vehicle drivers. Common protective gear for protestors include motorcycle helmets, construction dust masks, and gloves. President Maduro claimed that barricades had resulted in more than 50 deaths.\n\nAttacks on public property\nPublic property has been a frequent target of protestor violence. Attacks have been reported by Attorney General Luisa Ortega Diaz on the Ministerio Publico's headquarters; by Minister for Science, Technology and Innovation Manuel Fernandez on the headquarters of the nationalized telephone service CANTV in Barquisimeto; and by Mayor Ramón Muchacho on the Bank of Venezuela and BBVA Provincial. Many government officials have used social media to announce attacks and document damage. Carabobo state governor Francisco Ameliach used Twitter to report attacks by the \"fascist right\" on the United Socialist Party of Venezuela's headquarters in Valencia, as did José David Cabello after an attack by \"armed opposition\" on the headquarters of the National Integrated Service for the Administration of Customs Duties and Taxes. The wife of the Tachira´s governor Karla Jimenez de Vielma said the headquarters of the Fundacion de la Familia Tachirense had been attacked by \"hooligans\" and posted photographs of the damage on her Facebook page.\n\nIn some attacks, institutions have suffered severe damage. In anger over Maria Corina Machado being teargassed for trying to enter the National Assembly after having been expelled, some protestors attacked the headquarters of the Ministry of Public Works & Housing. President Maduro said the attack forced the evacuation of workers and about 89 children from the building after it had become \"engulfed in flames\" with much of the building's equipment destroyed and its windows shattered. Two weeks earlier, the Tachira state campus of the National Experimental University of the Armed Forces, a military university that was converted by government decree to a public university, was attacked with petrol bombs and largely destroyed. The dean, who blamed far-right groups, highlighted damage to the university's library, technology labs, offices, and buses. A National Guard officer stationed at the university was shot dead days later during a second attack on the campus.\n\nMany vehicles have been destroyed, including those belonging to the national food distribution companies PDVAL and Bicentenario. Electricity Minister Jesse Chacon said 22 vehicles of the company Corpoelec had been burned and that some public property electricity distribution wires were cut down, the result of alleged \"fascist vandalism.\" The Land Transport Minister, Haiman El Troudi, reported attacks on the transport system. President Maduro showed a video of \"fascist groups\" damaging transportation vehicles and reported that 50 damaged units will have to be replaced. Vehicles affected by the attacks on land transportation belong to various organizations and bus lines including BusCaracas, BusGuarenas-Guatire, Metrobus and the Caracas subway, with the consequence of the temporary closure of some transport routes and the closing down of stations of the Caracas subway to prevent damage.\n\nTimeline of events\nMain articles: Timeline of the 2014 Venezuelan protests, Timeline of the 2015 Venezuelan protests, Timeline of the 2016 Venezuelan protests, and Timeline of the 2017 Venezuelan protests\nAccording to the Venezuelan Observatory of Social Conflict (OVCS), 9,286 protests occurred in 2014, the greatest number of protests occurring in Venezuela in decades. The majority of protests, 6,369 demonstrations, occurred during the first six months of 2014 with an average of 35 protests per day. SVCO estimated that 445 protests occurred in January; 2,248 in February; 1,423 in March; 1,131 in April; 633 in May; and 489 in June. The main reason of protest was against President Maduro and the Venezuelan government with 52% of demonstrations and the remaining 42% of protests were due to other difficulties such as labor, utilities, insecurity, education and shortages. Most protesting began in the first week of February, reaching peak numbers in the middle of that month following the call of students and opposition leaders to protest.\n\nThe number of protests then declined into mid-2014 only to increase slightly in late 2014 into 2015 following the drop in the price of oil and due to the shortages in Venezuela; with protests denouncing shortages increasing nearly fourfold, from 41 demonstrations in July 2014 to 147 in January 2015. In January 2015, there were 518 protests compared to the 445 in January 2014, with the majority of these protests involving shortages in the country. In the first half of 2015, there were 2,836 protests, with the number of protests dropping from 6,369 in the first half of 2014. Of the 2,836 protests that occurred in the first half of 2015, a little more than 1 of 6 events were demonstrations against shortages. The drop in numbers participating in protests was attributed by analysts to the fear of a government crackdown and Venezuelans being preoccupied with trying to find food due to the shortages.\n\nIn the first two months of 2016, over 1,000 protests occurred along with dozens of lootings, with the SVCO stating that the number of protests were increasing throughout Venezuela. From January to October 2016, 5,772 protests occurred throughout Venezuela with protests for political rights increasing in late 2016.\n\nFollowing the 2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis, and the push to ban potential opposition presidential candidate Henrique Capriles from politics for 15 years, protests grew to their most \"combative\" since they began in 2014.\n\nDomestic reactions\nGovernment\nGovernment allegations\n\nPolicemen from the Bolivarian National Police watching protesters in Maracaibo.\nIn March 2014, the Venezuelan government suggested that the protesters wanted to repeat the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt. President Maduro also calls the opposition \"fascists\".\n\nPresident Maduro has said: \"Beginning February 12, we have entered a new period in which the extreme right, unable to win democratically, seeks to win by fear, violence, subterfuge and media manipulation. They are more confident because the US government has always supported them despite their violence.\" The Venezuelan government claimed that the United States government is actively supporting the opposition and has been accused of meddling with Venezuelan affairs by trying to destabilize President Maduro through its \"soft coup\" tactic. In an op-ed in The New York Times, President Maduro said that the protesters actions had caused several millions of dollars' worth of damage to public property. He continued, saying that the protesters have an undemocratic agenda to overthrow a democratically elected government, and that they are supported by the wealthy while receiving no support from the poor. He also added that crimes by government supporters will never be tolerated and that all perpetrators, no matter who they support, will be held accountable for their actions, and that the government has opened a Human Rights Council to investigate any issues, as \"every victim deserves justice\". In an interview with The Guardian, President Maduro pointed to the United States' history of backing coups, citing examples such as the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état, 1973 Chilean coup d'état, and 2004 Haitian coup d'état. President Maduro also highlighted whistleblower Edward Snowden's revelations, U.S. state department documents, and 2006 WikiLeaks cables from the U.S.'s ambassador to Venezuela outlining plans to \"'divide', 'isolate' and 'penetrate' the Chávez government\" and revealing opposition group funding, some through USAid and the Office of Transition Initiatives, including $5 million earmarked for overt support of opposition political groups in 2014. The United States has denied all involvement in the Venezuelan protests with President Barack Obama saying, \"Rather than trying to distract from protests by making false accusations against U.S. diplomats, Venezuela's government should address the people's legitimate grievances\".\n\nPresident Maduro also claimed that the government of Panama was interfering with the Venezuelan government. At the same time the Venezuelan government supporters commemorated the first year since the death of President Chávez, the Venezuelan government severed diplomatic relations with Panama. Three days following, the government declared cessation of economic ties with Panama.\n\nDuring a news conference on 21 February, Maduro once again accused the United States and NATO of trying to overthrow his government through media and claimed that Elias Jaua will be able to prove it. President Maduro asked United States president Barack Obama for help with negotiations. On 22 February during a public speech at the Miraflores Palace, President Maduro spoke out against the media, international artists, and criticized the President of the United States saying, \"I invoke Obama and his African American spirit, to give the order to respect Venezuela.\"\n\nDuring a press conference on 18 March 2014, President of the National Assembly Diosdado Cabello said that the government accused María Corina Machado of 29 counts of murder due to the deaths resulting from the protests. María Corina Machado was briefly detained when she arrived at Maiquetia Airport on 22 March and was later released that day.\n\nThe New York Times editorial board stated that such fears of a coup by President Maduro \"appear to be a diversion strategy by a maniacal statesman who is unable to deal with the dismal state of his country’s economy and the rapidly deteriorating quality of life despite having the world’s largest oil reserves\". The allegations made by the government were called by David Smilde of the Washington Office on Latin America as a form of unity, with Smilde saying, \"When you talk about conspiracies, it's basically a way of rallying the troops. It's a way of saying 'this is no time for dissent'\".\n\nArrests\n\nVN-4s belonging to the Bolivarian National Guard on the street.\nOn 15 February, the father of Leopoldo Lopez said \"They are looking for Leopoldo, my son, but in a very civilized way\" after his house was searched through by the government. The next day, Popular Will leader Leopoldo Lopez announced that he would turn himself in to the Venezuelan government after one more protest saying, \"I haven't committed any crime. If there is a decision to legally throw me in jail I'll submit myself to this persecution.\" On 17 February, armed government intelligence personnel illegally forced their way into the headquarters of Popular Will in Caracas and held individuals that were inside at gunpoint. On 18 February, Lopez explained during his speech how he could have left the country, but \"stayed to fight for the oppressed people in Venezuela\". Lopez surrendered to police after giving his speech and was transferred to the Palacio de Justicia in Caracas where his hearing was postponed until the next day.\n\nHuman Rights Watch demanded the immediate release of Leopoldo Lopez after his arrest saying, \"The arrest of Leopoldo López is an atrocious violation of one of the most basic principles of due process: you cannot imprison someone without evidence linking him with a crime\".\n\nDuring the last few weeks of March, the government began making more accusations and arresting opposition leaders. Opposition mayor Vicencio Scarano Spisso was tried and sentenced to ten and a half months of jail for failing to comply with a court order to take down barricades in his municipality which resulted in various deaths and injuries in the previous days. Adán Chávez, older brother of Hugo Chávez, joined the government's effort of criticizing opposition mayors who have supported the protest actions, stating that they \"could end up like Scarano and Ceballos\" by being charged for various cases. On 27 February, the government issued an arrest warrant for Carlos Vecchio, a leader of Popular Will on various charges.\n\nOn 25 March, President Maduro announced that three Venezuelan Air Force generals were arrested for allegedly planning a \"coup\" against the government and in support for the protests and will be charged accordingly. On 29 April, Captain Juan Carlos Caguaripano Scott of the Bolivarian National Guard criticized the Venezuelan government in a YouTube video. He said that \"As a national guard member who loves this country and is worried about our future and our children\". He continued saying that, “There are sufficient reasons to demand the resignation of the president, to free the political prisoners” and said that the government conducted a \"fratricidal war\". This video was posted days after Scott was accused of plotting a coup against the government \"joining three generals from the air force and another captain of the national guard already accused of plotting against the state\".\n\n225 Venezuelan military officers rejected the allegations against the three air force generals stating that to bring them before a military court \"would be violating their constitutional rights, as it is essential first to submit a preliminary hearing\" and asked the National Guard \"to be limited to fulfill its functions under articles 320, 328 and 329 of the Constitution and cease their illegal activities repression of public order\". The allegations against the air force generals were also seen by former Venezuelan officials and commanders as a \"media maneuver\" to gain support from UNASUR since President Maduro timed it for the meeting and was not able to give details.\n\nLaw enforcement actions\n\nTear gas being used against opposition protesters in Altamira, Caracas.\n\nProtesters responding to tear gas on 12 March 2014.\nSukhoi fighter jets of the Venezuelan Air Force were seen flying over San Cristóbal, Táchira, Venezuela on 20 February and President Nicolas Maduro ordered paratroopers of the 41st Airborne Brigade, 4th Armored Division, Venezuelan Army on standby on recommendations from the Minister of Interior and Justice, Lieutenant General Miguel Rodríguez Torres.\n\nPersonnel from the Bolivarian National Police and the Venezuelan National Guard were also seen firing weapons and bombs on buildings where opposition protesters were gathered. During a press conference, Minister of the Interior and Justice Miguel Rodriguez Torres denied allegations of Cuban special forces known as the \"Black Wasps\" of the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces assisting the Venezuelan government with protests saying that the only Cubans in Venezuela were helping with medicine and sports.\n\nThe allegations that members of the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces were in Venezuela began when many people reported images of a military transport plane deploying uniformed soldiers alleged to be Cuban. On 23 February, about 30 military units arrived at the residence of retired brigadier general Ángel Vivas to arrest him for allegedly \"training\" protestors to place barbed wire over the roads to injure government forces and pro-government protestors, resulting in one fatality in the process and many more wounded. According to CBC, Vivas \"rose to prominence in 2007 when he resigned as head of the Defence Ministry's engineering department rather than order his subalterns to swear to the Cuban-inspired oath 'Socialist Fatherland or death'.\" Vivas reported that \"Cubans and thugs\" were attacking his house and moments later appeared atop the roof of his house wearing a flak jacket along with an assault rifle saying \"Come find me Maduro!\". National Guardsmen made a barricade in front of Vivas' house but neighbors and supporters defended Vivas by placing a barricade of vehicles in front of the troops. The troops retreated without arresting Vivas after the citizens refused to leave the area. Vivas later explained why he thought Venezuelans needed to defend the country from foreigners, saying \"Cubans are in all structures of the Venezuelan state\" and also explained that he told protesters to set up barricades in order to defend themselves against attacks from the National Guard.\n\nOn 25 February, the military set up a field hospital at Juan Vicente Gómez International Airport in San Antonio del Táchira to treat casualties of the protest actions.\n\nIn late March 2017, three officers from the National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela requested political asylum in Colombia becoming the first documented case of desertion since Maduro came to power.\n\nResolution 8610\nOn 27 January 2015, the Venezuelan Minister of Defense, Vladimir Padrino López, signed Resolution 8610 which stated that the \"use of potentially lethal force, along with the firearm or an other potentially lethal weapon\" could be used as a last resort by the Venezuelan armed forces \"to prevent disorders, support the legitimately constituted authority and reject any aggression, facing it immediately and the necessary means\". The resolution conflicted with Article 68 of the Venezuelan Constitution that states, \"the use of firearms and toxic substances to control peaceful demonstrations is prohibited. The law shall regulate the actions of the police and security in the control of public order\".\n\nThe resolution caused outrage among some Venezuelans which resulted in protests against Resolution 8610, especially after the death of 14-year-old Kluiberth Roa Nunez, which had protests days after his death numbering in the thousands. Students, academics and human rights groups condemned the resolution. International entities had expressed concern with Resolution 8610 as well, including the Government of Canada which stated that it was \"concerned by the decision of the Government of Venezuela to authorize the use of deadly force against demonstrators\" while the European Parliament demanded the repeal of the resolution entirely.\n\nDays after the introduction of the resolution, Padrino López stated that critics \"decontextualized\" the decree calling it \"the most beautiful document of profound respect for human rights to life and even the protesters\". On 7 March 2015, Padrino López later announced that the Venezuelan government was expanding on Resolution 8610 to give more detailed explanations and that the decree \"should be regulated and reviewed\".\n\nOpposition\nOpposition allegations\n\nMaría Corina Machado and Lilian Tintori at an opposition gathering\nIn an op-ed for the New York Times titled “Venezuela’s Failing State,\" Lopez lamented “from the Ramo Verde military prison outside Caracas\" that for the past fifteen years, “the definition of ‘intolerable’ in this country has declined by degrees until, to our dismay, we found ourselves with one of the highest murder rates in the Western Hemisphere, a 57 percent inflation rate and a scarcity of basic goods unprecedented outside of wartime.” The economic devastation, he added, “is matched by an equally oppressive political climate. Since student protests began on Feb. 4, more than 1,500 protesters have been detained, more than 30 have been killed, and more than 50 people have reported that they were tortured while in police custody,” thus exposing “the depth of this government's criminalization of dissent.” Addressing his incarceration, López recounted that on 12 February, he had “urged Venezuelans to exercise their legal rights to protest and free speech – but to do so peacefully and without violence. Three people were shot and killed that day. An analysis of video by the news organization Últimas Noticias determined that shots were fired from the direction of plainclothes military troops.” Yet after the protest, “President Nicolás Maduro personally ordered my arrest on charges of murder, arson and terrorism….To this day, no evidence of any kind has been presented.”\n\nThe student leader at University of the Andes marched with protesters and delivered a document to the Cuban Embassy saying, \"Let's go to the Cuban Embassy to ask them to stop Cuban interference in Venezuela. We know for a fact that Cubans are in the barracks' and Miraflores giving instructions to suppress the people.\"\n\n\nOpposition medic tending to a protester\n\nA female protester wearing a Guy Fawkes mask\nThe opposition demonstrations that followed have been called by some as \"Middle Class Protests\". However, some lower class Venezuelans told student protesters visiting them that they also want to protest against the \"worsening food shortages, crippling inflation and unchecked violent crime\" but are afraid to since pro-government groups known as \"colectivos\" had \"violently suppressed\" demonstrations and had allegedly killed some opposition protesters too.\n\nOn 19 February, the MUD leader Henrique Capriles came from his silence about the occurring protests and confronted Francisco Ameliach, government officials and denounced the violence the government was using on the protesters. Henrique Capriles said he did not attend the National Peace Conference on 26 February because he did not want dialogue until he saw \"results\" from the government saying that, \"it is the government that has to listen to our people, not the people listen to the government\". Juan Requesens, leader of a student movement, called on the Catholic Church to mediate the situation in the country and help guarantee that human rights of Venezuelans will not be violated in the future.\n\nOn January 4, 2015, in response to US requests to free Leopoldo López, Maduro had offered Washington to exchange him \"man to man\" by the Puerto Rican independence activist Oscar López Rivera, who was one of the leaders of the FALN. A fugitive since 1976 and indicted in 1977 and 1979, López Rivera was arrested on May 29, 1980 and tried by the United States government for seditious conspiracy, use of force to commit robbery, interstate transportation of firearms, and conspiracy to transport explosives with intent to destroy government property. López Rivera maintained that according to international law he was an anticolonial combatant and could not be prosecuted by the United States government. On August 11, 1981, López Rivera was convicted and sentenced to 55 years in federal prison. On February 26, 1988 he was sentenced to an additional 15 years in prison for conspiring to allegedly escape from the Leavenworth federal prison.the nationalist portorican leader put in jail since 1982.\n\nPublic opinion\nPublic support of protests\nSince the outset of the protests, peaceful daytime demonstrations advocating for policy changes and \"redress of misgovernment\" have received widespread support among the public. However, calls for regime change have been met with minimal backing while opposition leaders have struggled to win over politically-unaffiliated Venezuelans and members of the lower classes.\n\nSupport by the poor\nProtests like this by the poor are really new. The opposition always claimed they existed before, but when you talked to the demonstrators, they were all middle class. But now, it is the poorest who are suffering the most.\nDavid Smilde of WOLA, May 2016\nThe majority of protests were originally limited to more affluent areas of major cities with many working-class citizens thinking that the protests were unrepresentative of them and not working in their interests. This was especially evident in the capital Caracas, where in the wealthier east side of the city, protests widely disrupted daily activities, while life in the poorer west side of the city—hit especially hard by the country's economic struggles— largely continued as normal. The New York Times describes this \"split personality\" as representative of a long-standing class divide within the country and a potentially crippling fault within the anti-government movement, recognized both by opposition leaders and President Maduro. Later in the protests, however, many in Venezuela's slums that are seen as \"bulwarks of [government] support\" thanks to social welfare programs, supported the protesters due to frustrations over crime, shortages, and inflation and increasingly began to protest and loot as the situation in Venezuela continuously deteriorated.\n\nIn some poor neighborhoods like Petare in western Caracas, residents that had benefitted from such government programs, joined protests against inflation, high murder rates and shortages. Demonstrations in some poor communities remain rare, partially out of fear of armed colectivos acting as community enforcers and distrust of opposition leaders. An Associated Press investigation that followed two students encouraging anti-government support in poor districts found much discontent among the lower classes, but those Venezuelans were generally more worried about possibly losing pensions, subsidies, education, and healthcare if the opposition were to gain power, and many stated they felt leaders on both sides were only concerned with their own interests and ambitions. The Guardian has also sought out viewpoints from the Venezuelan public. Respondents reiterated many of the core protest themes for their protester support: struggles with shortages in basic goods; crime; mismanagement of oil revenue; international travel struggles caused by difficulties in buying airline tickets and the \"bureaucratic nightmare\" of buying foreign currency; and frustration over the government's rhetoric regarding the alleged \"far-right\" nature of the opposition. Others offered a variety of reasons for not joining the protests, including: support for the government due to improvements in education, healthcare, and public transportation; pessimism over whether Maduro's ouster would lead to meaningful changes; and the belief that a capitalist model would be no more effective than a socialist model in a corrupt government system.\n\nProtest coverage\nPublic support for the protests has also been affected by media coverage. Some outlets have downplayed, and sometimes ignored, the larger daytime protests, allowing the protest movement to be defined by its \"tiny, violent guarimbero clique,\" whose radicalism undermines support for the mainline opposition and seemingly reinforces the government's narrative of \"fascists\" working to overthrow the government in what Maduro described as a \"slow motion coup.\" An activist belonging to the Justice First party said, \"Media censorship means people here only know the government version that spoiled rich kids are burning down wealthy parts of Caracas to foment a coup,\" creating a disconnect between opposition leaders and working-class Venezuelans that keeps protest support from spreading.\n\nAnalysis of support\nSome Venezuelans contend that the protests—seen as \"rich people trying to get back lost economic perks\"—have only served to unite the poor in defense of the revolution. Analysts such as Steve Ellner, a political science professor at the University of the East in Puerto La Cruz, have expressed doubt over the protests' ultimate effectiveness if the opposition cannot create broader social mobilization. Eric Olson, associate director for Latin America at the Woodrow Wilson International Center, said disruption caused by protestors had allowed Maduro to use the \"greedy economic class\" as a scapegoat, which has been an effective narrative for gaining support because people \"are more inclined to believe conspiracy theories of price gouging than the intricacies of underlining economic policies.\"\n\nPoll and survey data\n\nApproval rating of President Nicolas Maduro.\nSources: Datanálisis\nLuis Vicente León, the president of Datanálisis, announced on 6 April his findings that 70% who supported the protests at their start turned to 63% of Venezuelan rejecting the form of protests. He also announced that the results of his latest opinion studies showed President Maduro at between 42% and 45% popularity, while no opposition leader surpassed 40%. Another Datanálisis poll released on 5 May found that 79.5% of Venezuelans evaluated the country's situation as \"negative\". Maduro's disapproval rating had risen to 59.2%, up from 44.6% on November 2013. It also found that only 9.6% of the population would support the re-election of Maduro in 2019. The poll revealed that the Democratic Unity Roundtable had an approval rating of 39.6% compared to 50% of those who disapproved it; while the ruling United Socialist Party of Venezuela had a 37.4% approval rating, and a disapproval rating of 55%.\n\nIn a poll released on 5 May 2015, Datanálisis found that 77% of respondents did not intend to participate in peaceful protests, while 88% would not participate in protests involving barricades. León attributed this to the criminalization of the protests, fears of government repression, and frustration over the protests' goals not being achieved. The poll also found that 70% would participate in upcoming parliamentary elections—a possible \"exhaust valve\" for channeling popular discontent—but León noted this represented weakened participation and that Venezuelans were preoccupied with economic and social issues.\n\nMedia\nDomestic media\n\nProtester holding a sign criticizing what the Venezuelan state media tells its citizens.\nThe Inter American Press Association protested against the \"official censorship\" of media by the government in Venezuela which included blocking the internet, banning channels, revoking foreign media credentials, harassing reporters and limiting resources for newspapers. The Association of Foreign News Correspondents in Venezuela also accused the government of assault, abuse, harassment, threats and robberies of reporters. The National Union of Journalists (SNTP) in Venezuela has said there has been at least 181 attacks on journalists and that there has been \"82 cases of harassment, 40 physical assaults, 35 robberies or destruction of the work material, 23 arrests and a bullet wound\" and that at least 20 attacks were performed by \"colectivos\". In response to the newspaper shortages and closing of 13 Venezuelan newspapers, the Colombian newspaper organization Andiarios has sent a caravan of trucks carrying 52 tons of resources to El Nacional, El Impulso and El Nuevo País as part of the \"We are all Venezuela. No press freedom, no democracy\" movement to help defend \"press freedom and the right to information\". Newspaper organizations in Puerto Rico, Panama and Trinidad and Tobago have also shipped newspaper to Venezuela to help ease newspaper shortages caused by price restrictions set by the Venezuelan government.\n\nMedia coverage in Venezuela has been limited by the government; \"anti-government television stations such as RCTV and Globovision had their licenses revoked and were forced to undergo changes in ownership, respectively.\" The government has, according to the opposition, \"a powerful structure of radio stations, television stations and newspapers to have a communicational hegemony with their public funds\" and does not provide reliable information from the Central Bank about the economy or any statistics about crime to journalists.\n\nA group of Venezuelan artists have joined a group called \"Eco\", to speak out against violations and crimes that have happened in Venezuela during the protests. VTV made a satirical parody of the videos made by the Eco group.\n\nOn 15 March, President of the National Assembly Diosdado Cabello announced a new commission called the \"Truth Commission\" whose establishment was ordered by the president in order to show videos and images of \"where fascism is.\"\n\nAttacks on reporters\nThe Association of Foreign News Correspondents in Venezuela accused the government of assaulting reporters. The National Union of Journalists (SNTP) states that in the first few months of protests, 205 attacks have been made on 152 press workers. The National Institute of Journalists (CNP) stated that 262 attacks on the press occurred between February to June 2014. According to El Nacional, the Bolivarian National Intelligence Service (SEBIN) had raided facilities of reporters and human rights defenders several times. It was also stated that SEBIN occasionally intimidated reporters by following them in unmarked vehicles where SEBIN personnel would \"watch their homes and offices, the public places like bakeries and restaurants, and would send them text messages to their cell phones\". On 22 April, reporters from La Patilla that were covering events in Santa Fe were retained by the National Guard. The team of reporters were accused of being \"fake journalists\", had to show their ID's to the National Guardsmen and had their pictures taken. They were later released without further complications. In another incident, a photojournalist from La Patilla was assaulted by National Police who tried to take his camera and hit him in the head with the butt of a shotgun while he covering protests in Las Mercedes. A week after being attacked in Las Mercedes, the same photojournalist for La Patilla was assaulted by the National Police again who tried to take his camera while covering protests in the Las Minitas neighborhood in Baruta. While covering protests on 14 May, a group of reporters said they were assaulted by the National Guard saying they were fired at and that the National Guard attempted to arrest a reporter. On 27 May 2014, a reporter for La Patilla was attacked for the third time while covering clashes when he was shot by the National Guard. Two reporters were injured on 5 June after being shot with buckshot coming from a National Guard vehicle and reported it to Lieutenant Colonel Rafael Quero Silva of the National Guard, who denied their accounts. On 3 July 2014, during a protest near the Catholic University of Táchira, an NTN24 reporter said he was arrested, beaten and had his passport and ID taken by National Police officers.\n\nResignations\nThere were 34 resignations and 17 dismissals of journalists during the protests. The head of investigative journalists at Últimas Noticias resigned after being told not to do a story on guarimbas and after the manager tried to force her to say that the guarimbas were funded, that they were not protesters and to conclude the story by condemning them. While on air, Reimy Chávez, a news anchor for Globovision also resigned and was directed out of the studio by security guards. A cameraman who resigned from Globovisión shared images that were censored by the news agency showing National Guard troops and colectivos working together during the protests. A journalist for Globovision, Carlos Arturo Albino, resigned saying it was because \"I do not want to be complicit silence. I'm not trained to be silent.\"\n\nForeign media\nAccording to The Washington Post, the Venezuelan protests in 2014 were overlooked by the United States media by the crisis in Ukraine. The Post performed LexisNexis searches of the topics in Venezuela and Ukraine within news stories from The Washington Post and The New York Times and found that the Ukrainian topics were nearly doubled compared to the Venezuelan topics.\n\nThe Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights also said that, \"Documenting the protests has been a challenge for members of the media and NGO's as the government has stifled the flow of information\" and that \"Journalists have been threatened and arrested, and had their equipment confiscated or had materials erased from their equipment.\" Equipment belonging to CNN was \"stolen at gunpoint\" and possibly destroyed by government forces. Those reporting the protests feel threatened by President Maduro who has created \"an increasingly asphyxiating climate\" for them. Television stations in Venezuela have hardly displayed live coverage of protests and had resulted in many opposition viewers moving to CNN.\n\nPresident Maduro threatened to force CNN out of Venezuela saying, \"I've asked the (information) minister to tell CNN we have started the administrative process to remove them from Venezuela if they don't rectify (their behavior). Enough! I won't accept war propaganda against Venezuela.\" On 21 February 2014, the government revoked press credentials of seven CNN journalists with CNN responding to the government by saying, \"CNN has reported both sides of the tense situation in Venezuela, even with very limited access to government officials ... We hope the government will reconsider its decision. Meanwhile, we will continue reporting on Venezuela in the fair, accurate and balanced manner we are known for.\"\n\nYears later on 14 February 2017, President Maduro ordered cable providers to take CNN en Español off the air, days after CNN aired an investigation into the alleged fraudulent issuing of Venezuelan passports and visas. The news story revealed a confidential intelligence document that links Venezuelan Vice President Tareck El Aissami to 173 Venezuelan passports and IDs issued to individuals from the Middle East, including people connected to the terrorist group Hezbollah.\n\nCensorship\nMain article: Censorship in Venezuela\n\nA sign reading, \"Why do the Venezuelans protest? Insecurity, injustice, shortages, censorship, violence, corruption. Protesting is not a crime; it's a right\".\nThe secretary general of Reporters Without Borders said in a letter to President Maduro condemning the censorship by the Venezuelan government and responding to Delcy Rodríguez who denied attacks on journalists by saying, \"I can assure you that the cases documented by Reporters Without Borders and other NGOs such as Espacio Público, IPYS and Human Rights Watch were not imagined.\" According to Spanish newspaper El País, National Telecommunications Commission of Venezuela (Conatel) warned Internet service providers in Venezuela that they, \"must comply without delay with orders to block websites with content contrary to the interests of the Government\" in order to prevent \"destabilization and unrest\". It was also reported by El País that there will be possible automations of DirecTV, CANTV, Movistar and possible regulation of YouTube and Twitter.\n\nInternet censorship\nImages on Twitter were reported to be unavailable for at least some users in Venezuela for 3 days (12–15 February) after allegedly being blocked by the government. Twitter spokesman Nu Wexler stated that, \"I can confirm that the images are now blocked Twitter in Venezuela\" adding that \"[w]e believe it the government that is blocking\". However, the Venezuelan government published a statement saying that they did not block Twitter or images on Twitter, and implied that it was a technical problem.\n\nIt was reported that Internet access was unavailable in San Cristóbal, Táchira for up to about half a million citizens from an alleged blockage of service by the government. This happened after President Maduro threatened Táchira that he would \"go all in\" and that citizens \"would be surprised\". Internet access was reported to be available again one day and a half later.\n\nAccording to the Huffington Post, the alleged internet blockage by the government seems to have been directed at the opposition since it prevented live coverage of government crackdowns with Zello announcing that CANTV blocked the use of its walkie-talkie app that was used by opposition protesters. In an interview with La Patilla, Chief Technology Officer of Zello, Alexey Gavrilov, said that after they opened four new servers for Venezuela, it still appeared that the same direct blocking from CANTV is the cause of the Zello outage. The Venezuelan government said Zello was blocked due to \"terrorist acts\" and statements by TeleSUR about radical opposition after the government monitored staged messages from \"internet trolls\" that used a Honeypot trap against authorities.\n\nState media censorship\nDuring her speech at the National Assembly, María Corina Machado had the camera taken off of her while she was presenting those who were killed and while criticizing Luisa Ortega Díaz saying, \"I heard the testimony of Juan Manuel Carrasco who was raped and tortured and the Attorney General of this country has the inhuman condition to deny and even mock\".\n\nCensoring of domestic media\nOne threat a journalist faced was a note placed on her car by someone belonging to the Tupamaros. The note was titled, \"Operation Defense of the Socialist Revolution, Anti-Imperialist, and Madurista Chavista\" said that her actions \"promote destabilizing actions of fascist groups and stateless persons who seek to overthrow the legitimate government of President Nicolas Maduro, probably financed and paid by the squalid and bourgeois right have burned the country\". They gave the reporter and ultimatum saying they knew where she and her family stayed telling her to \"immediately stop communication\" or she would suffer consequences in order to \"enforce the Constitution and keep alive the legacy of our supreme commander and eternal Hugo Chavez\".\n\nA cameraman who resigned from Globovisión shared images that were censored by the news agency showing National Guard troops and colectivos working together during the protests.\n\nCensoring of foreign media\nThe Colombian news channel NTN24 was taken off the air by CONATEL (the Venezuelan government agency appointed for the regulation, supervision and control over telecommunications) for \"promoting violence\". President Maduro also denounced the Agence France-Presse (AFP) for manipulating information about the protests. CNN teams covering the protests had their equipment taken by government security forces and possibly even destroyed. On 25 February, President Maduro proposed taking CNN off the cable grid and replacing it with Zum TV, a \"Venezuelan youth channel\" saying about CNN, \"There is a case against the illegal practices of sponsoring violence and terrorism ... you replace the CNN channel that wants terrorist violence, lying about Venezuela, bringing the civil war and justifying foreign intervention and would rather give the world a peaceful channel like Zum TV \".\n\nOn 19 April 2017 during the Mother of All Marches, TN's satellite signal was censored after showing live coverage of the protests. El Tiempo of Colombia was also censored in the country during the day's protests.\n\nSocial media\n\nA communication from General Director of CONATEL, William Castillo Bolle, giving the IP addresses and other information of Venezuelan Twitter users to SEBIN General Commissioner Gustavo González López.\nSocial media is an essential tool for Venezuelans to show the news in the streets, which contradicts most official news from the government and most stories have to be compiled together from cell phone videos on small websites. The popularity of social media to some Venezuelans is due to a lack of trust, supposed propaganda from state owned media and alleged \"self-censorship\" that private media now uses in order to please the government. According to Mashable, Twitter is very popular in Venezuela and according to an opposition figure, \"Venezuela is a dictatorship, and the only free media is Twitter,\" Protesters use Twitter since \"traditional media\" has been unable to cover the protests and so that, \"the international community can notice what's happening and help us spread the word in every corner,\" However, the government has been accused of using Twitter as a propaganda tool when it allegedly \"purchased followers, created fake accounts to boost pro-government hashtags, and hired a group of users to harass critics\" and claiming protesters were \"fascists\" that were trying to commit a \"coup d'état\".\n\nFalse media\n\"The social networks have come to be an alternative media,\" states Tarek Yorde, a Caracas-based political analyst. \"But both sides, the government and opposition, use them to broadcast false information.\" Some photographs, often outdated or from protests in various countries around the world including Syria, Chile and Singapore, have been circulated by the opposition through social media to foment dissent. In an interview with The Nation, Venezuelan writer and member of the Venezuelan Council of State Luis Britto García referenced such photographs as evidence of the opposition's campaign to falsely portray the protests as having widespread student support when the protests instead involve, as he claimed, only a few hundred students in a country with 9.5 million of them.\n\nUsage of false media also applies to the government when President of the National Assembly, Diosdado Cabello, shared a photo on a VTV program showing an alleged \"gun collection\" at the home of Ángel Vivas, when it was really a photo taken from an airsoft gun website. Minister of Tourism, Andrés Izarra, also used old images of crowded ferries from August 2013 trying to indicate that life is back to normal in Venezuela and a massive mobilization of ferries are on their way to Margarita Island. Student protesters contested the statement, saying there is no Carnaval celebrations on the island and that \"here there is nothing to celebrate; Venezuela is mourning\". President Maduro allegedly played a video, edited specifically in order to accuse mayor of Chacao of promoting barricades.", "date": "2017-05-19"}}
{"topic_id": "144", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Thermonuclear fusion advancements", "topic_description": "What advancements in thermonuclear fusion technology are being reported?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "热核聚变的进展", "topic_description": "热核聚变技术有哪些被报道的进展？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "پیشرفت های همجوشی هسته ای", "topic_description": "چه پیشرفتی در تکنولوژی همجوشی هسته ‌ ای گزارش شده است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Thermonduction的前进方向", "topic_description": "本文报道了在热蒙混技术方面有哪些进展？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Достижения в области термоядерного синтеза", "topic_description": "О каких достижениях в технологии термоядерного синтеза сообщается?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "There were three reports found detailed the advancement in thermonuclear fusion technology made by a research institute of a PRC state-own enterprise.  The reports provide the name of the new device, the location of the device, and the maximum temperature the device reached, etc.  ", "somewhat_valuable": "One report found also mentioned the new thermonuclear fusion device developed by the same research institute of a PRC state-own enterprise mentioned above.  But the report contains limited details of the device. ", "not_that_valuable": "There were several reports with brief mentions of the new thermonuclear fusion device developed by the same research institute of a PRC state-own enterprise mentioned above.", "non_relevant": "Multiple reports on initiation of projects for the development of thermonuclear fusion technology by different countries, such as the U.K., China, and Japan.  But no additional details on these project in regarding any advancements made.     "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermonuclear_fusion&oldid=857962699", "text": "Thermonuclear fusion is a way to achieve nuclear fusion by using extremely high temperatures. There are two forms of thermonuclear fusion: uncontrolled, in which the resulting energy is released in an uncontrolled manner, as it is in thermonuclear weapons (\"hydrogen bombs\") and in most stars; and controlled, where the fusion reactions take place in an environment allowing some or all of the energy released to be harnessed for constructive purposes. This article focuses on the latter.\n\nTemperature requirements\nTemperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles, so by heating the material it will gain energy. After reaching sufficient temperature, given by the Lawson criterion, the energy of accidental collisions within the plasma is high enough to overcome the Coulomb barrier and the particles may fuse together.\n\nIn a deuterium–tritium fusion reaction, for example, the energy necessary to overcome the Coulomb barrier is 0.1 MeV. Converting between energy and temperature shows that the 0.1 MeV barrier would be overcome at a temperature in excess of 1.2 billion kelvins.\n\nThere are two effects that lower the actual temperature needed. One is the fact that temperature is the average kinetic energy, implying that some nuclei at this temperature would actually have much higher energy than 0.1 MeV, while others would be much lower. It is the nuclei in the high-energy tail of the velocity distribution that account for most of the fusion reactions. The other effect is quantum tunnelling. The nuclei do not actually have to have enough energy to overcome the Coulomb barrier completely. If they have nearly enough energy, they can tunnel through the remaining barrier. For these reasons fuel at lower temperatures will still undergo fusion events, at a lower rate.\n\nThermonuclear fusion is one of the methods being researched in the attempts to produce fusion power. If Thermonuclear fusion becomes favorable to use, it would significantly reduce the world's carbon footprint.\n\nConfinement\nThe key problem in achieving thermonuclear fusion is how to confine the hot plasma. Due to the high temperature, the plasma can not be in direct contact with any solid material, so it has to be located in a vacuum. Also, high temperatures imply high pressures. The plasma tends to expand immediately and some force is necessary to act against it. This force can take one of three forms: gravitation in stars, magnetic forces in magnetic confinement fusion reactors, or inertial as the fusion reaction may occur before the plasma starts to expand, so the plasma's inertia is keeping the material together.\n\nGravitational confinement\nMain article: Stellar nucleosynthesis\nOne force capable of confining the fuel well enough to satisfy the Lawson criterion is gravity. The mass needed, however, is so great that gravitational confinement is only found in stars—the least massive stars capable of sustained fusion are red dwarfs, while brown dwarfs are able to fuse deuterium and lithium if they are of sufficient mass. In stars heavy enough, after the supply of hydrogen is exhausted in their cores, their cores (or a shell around the core) start fusing helium to carbon. In the most massive stars (at least 8–11 solar masses), the process is continued until some of their energy is produced by fusing lighter elements to iron. As iron has one of the highest binding energies, reactions producing heavier elements are generally endothermic. Therefore significant amounts of heavier elements are not formed during stable periods of massive star evolution, but are formed in supernova explosions. Some lighter stars also form these elements in the outer parts of the stars over long periods of time, by absorbing energy from fusion in the inside of the star, by absorbing neutrons that are emitted from the fusion process.\n\nAll of the elements heavier than iron have some potential energy to release, in theory. At the extremely heavy end of element production, these heavier elements can produce energy in the process of being split again back toward the size of iron, in the process of nuclear fission. Nuclear fission thus releases energy which has been stored, sometimes billions of years before, during stellar nucleosynthesis.\n\nMagnetic confinement\nMain article: Magnetic confinement fusion\nElectrically charged particles (such as fuel ions) will follow magnetic field lines (see Guiding centre). The fusion fuel can therefore be trapped using a strong magnetic field. A variety of magnetic configurations exist, including the toroidal geometries of tokamaks and stellarators and open-ended mirror confinement systems.\n\nInertial confinement\nMain article: Inertial confinement fusion\nA third confinement principle is to apply a rapid pulse of energy to a large part of the surface of a pellet of fusion fuel, causing it to simultaneously \"implode\" and heat to very high pressure and temperature. If the fuel is dense enough and hot enough, the fusion reaction rate will be high enough to burn a significant fraction of the fuel before it has dissipated. To achieve these extreme conditions, the initially cold fuel must be explosively compressed. Inertial confinement is used in the hydrogen bomb, where the driver is x-rays created by a fission bomb. Inertial confinement is also attempted in \"controlled\" nuclear fusion, where the driver is a laser, ion, or electron beam, or a Z-pinch. Another method is to use conventional high explosive material to compress a fuel to fusion conditions. The UTIAS explosive-driven-implosion facility was used to produce stable, centred and focused hemispherical implosions to generate neutrons from D-D reactions. The simplest and most direct method proved to be in a predetonated stoichiometric mixture of deuterium-oxygen. The other successful method was using a miniature Voitenko compressor, where a plane diaphragm was driven by the implosion wave into a secondary small spherical cavity that contained pure deuterium gas at one atmosphere.\n\nElectrostatic confinement\nMain article: Inertial electrostatic confinement\nThere are also electrostatic confinement fusion devices. These devices confine ions using electrostatic fields. The best known is the Fusor. This device has a cathode inside an anode wire cage. Positive ions fly towards the negative inner cage, and are heated by the electric field in the process. If they miss the inner cage they can collide and fuse. Ions typically hit the cathode, however, creating prohibitory high conduction losses. Also, fusion rates in fusors are very low due to competing physical effects, such as energy loss in the form of light radiation. Designs have been proposed to avoid the problems associated with the cage, by generating the field using a non-neutral cloud. These include a plasma oscillating device, a penning trap and the polywell. The technology is relatively immature, however, and many scientific and engineering questions remain.", "date": "2018-09-04"}}
{"topic_id": "145", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "IRA terrorist attack in Londonderry", "topic_description": "What terrorist attack have the Real Irish Republican Army carried out in the area around Londonderry since the Good Friday Agreement?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "爱尔兰共和军在伦敦德里的恐怖袭击", "topic_description": "自《受难日协定》以来，真爱尔兰共和军在伦敦德里附近地区进行了哪些恐怖袭击？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "حمله تروریستی ارتش جمهوری اسلامی ایران به لندن", "topic_description": "چه حمله تروریستی ارتش جمهوری خواه ایرلند واقعی در منطقه اطراف لندن پس از توافق جمعه خوب انجام شده است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "IRAA在海鸥中的攻击", "topic_description": "在Good和Friday Agreement周围的区域里，有谁会看到真正的爱尔兰人Army Carmy？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Террористическое нападение ИРА в Лондондерри", "topic_description": "Какое террористическое нападение осуществила настоящая ирландская республиканская армия в районе Лондондерри со времени соглашения Страстной пятницы?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "No article with such information was found.  ", "somewhat_valuable": "I found three reports that contained some details of terrorist attacks of the Real IRA in Londonderry, included the type of attack and casualties.  ", "not_that_valuable": "There were multiple reports with brief mentions of terrorist attacks conducted by the Real IRA, but provided not details.  ", "non_relevant": "There were multiple reports on terrorist attacks in Londonderry, but did not clarify whether these attacks were conducted by the Real IRA.  "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real_Irish_Republican_Army&diff=879478648&oldid=879377269", "text": "Renewed campaign in Northern Ireland\n\nThe damage caused by 30 June 2000 bomb\nThe successful attack on Hammersmith Bridge encouraged the RIRA leadership to launch further attacks in Northern Ireland.:340 On 19 June 2000 a bomb was found in the grounds of Hillsborough Castle, home of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Peter Mandelson.:340 On 30 June a bomb exploded on the Dublin-to-Belfast railway line near the village of Meigh in County Armagh. The explosion damaged the tracks, and caused disruption to train services. On 9 July a car bomb damaged buildings in Stewartstown, County Tyrone including an RUC station,:361 and on 10 August an attack in Derry was thwarted by the RUC after a van containing a 500 lb bomb failed to stop at a police checkpoint. Following a car chase the bombers escaped across the Irish border, and the Irish Army carried out a controlled explosion on the bomb after the van was found abandoned in County Donegal.:347–348\n\nOn 13 September 2000, two 80 lb bombs were planted at the Magilligan army camp in County Londonderry, one of which was planted in a wooden hut and partially exploded when a soldier opened the door to the hut.:347–348 The second bomb was found during a follow-up search and made safe by bomb disposal experts. On 11 November the RUC and British Army prevented a mortar attack after stopping a van near Derrylin, County Fermanagh, and the RUC prevented a further attack on 13 January 2001 when an 1100 lb bomb was found in Armagh — the largest bomb found in several years according to the RUC.:374\n\nOn 23 January the RIRA attacked Ebrington Army Barracks in Derry for a second time, firing a mortar over a perimeter fence.:375–376 A mortar similar to the one used in the attack was found by Gardaí near Newtowncunningham on 13 February, and British army bomb disposal experts made safe another mortar found between Dungannon and Carrickmore on 12 April.:375–376 On 1 August a 40 lb bomb was discovered in a car at the long-stay car park of Belfast International Airport following a telephone warning, and was made safe with two controlled explosions by bomb disposal experts. In December a six-day security operation ended when a 70 lb bomb found under railway tracks at Killeen Bridge near Newry was defused. The operation began following telephone warnings, and the road and railway line connecting Newry to Dundalk were closed due to security alerts.\n\nA pipe bomb was discovered at a police officer's home in Annalong, County Down on 3 January 2002, and two teenage boys were injured in County Armagh on 2 March when a bomb hidden in a traffic cone exploded. On 29 March 2002 the RIRA targeted a former member of the Royal Irish Regiment from Sion Mills, County Tyrone, with a bomb attached to his car that failed to explode. On 1 August 2002 a civilian worker was killed by an explosion at a Territorial Army base in Derry. The man, a 51-year-old former member of the Ulster Defence Regiment, was the thirtieth person killed by the RIRA.\n\nArrests\nDespite the RIRA's renewed activity, the organisation was weakened by the arrest of key members and continued infiltration by informers. McKevitt was arrested on 29 March 2001 and charged with membership of an illegal organisation and directing terrorism, and remanded into custody.:378–381 In July 2001, following the arrests of McKevitt and other RIRA members, British and Irish government sources hinted that the organisation was now in disarray. Other key figures were jailed, including the RIRA's Director of Operations, Liam Campbell, who was convicted of membership of an illegal organisation, and Colm Murphy who was convicted of conspiring to cause the Omagh bombing, although this conviction was overturned on appeal.\n\nOn 10 April 2002 Ruairi Convey, from Donaghmede, Dublin, was jailed for three years for membership of the RIRA. During a search of his home a list of names and home addresses of members of the Gardaí's Emergency Response Unit was found. Five RIRA members were also convicted in connection with the 2001 bombing campaign in England, and received sentences varying from 16 years to 22 years' imprisonment. In October 2002, McKevitt and other RIRA members imprisoned in Portlaoise Prison issued a statement calling for the organisation to stand down.:410–411 After a two-month trial, McKevitt was sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment in August 2003 after being convicted of directing terrorism.\n\n2002–2007\nAfter McKevitt's imprisonment, the RIRA regrouped. The RIRA claimed responsibility for a series of firebomb attacks against premises in Belfast in November 2004, and an attack on a Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) patrol in Ballymena during March 2006 was attributed to the RIRA by the Independent Monitoring Commission (IMC). On 9 August 2006, fire bomb attacks by the RIRA hit businesses in Newry, County Down. Buildings belonging to JJB Sports and Carpetright were destroyed, and ones belonging to MFI and TK Maxx were badly damaged. On 27 October 2006, a large amount of explosives was found in Kilbranish, Mount Leinster, County Carlow by police, who believe the RIRA were trying to derail the peace process with a bomb attack. The IMC believe the RIRA were also responsible for a failed mortar attack on Craigavon PSNI Station on 4 December 2006. The IMC's October 2006 report stated that the RIRA remains \"active and dangerous\" and that it seeks to \"sustain its position as a terrorist organisation\". The RIRA has stated it has no intention of calling a ceasefire unless a declaration of intent to withdraw from Northern Ireland is made by the British Government.\n\nIn a lengthy interview with An Phoblacht newspaper in 2003, the leadership of the Provisional IRA said that the RIRA had \"no coherent strategy\".\n\nThe Real IRA were suspected of complicity in the murder in December 2006 of drug-dealer Martin 'Marlo' Hyland. Hyland was shot dead at his Dublin home, along with a plumber, Anthony Campbell, who was carrying out work at the house. The organisation was embroiled in a feud with Hyland's gang at the time.\n\n2007–2011\n\nReal IRA graffiti in Bogside, Derry\nOn 8 November 2007 two RIRA members shot an off-duty PSNI officer as he sat in his car on Bishop Street in Derry, causing injuries to his face and arm. On 12 November another PSNI member was shot by RIRA members in Dungannon, County Tyrone. On 7 February 2008, the RIRA stated that, after experiencing a three-year period of reorganisation, it intended to \"go back to war\" by launching a new offensive against \"legitimate targets\". It also, despite having apologised for the Omagh bombing, denied any large scale involvement with the attack and said that their part had only gone as far as their codeword being used. On 12 May 2008 the RIRA seriously injured a member of the PSNI when a booby trap bomb exploded underneath his car near Spamount, County Tyrone. On 25 September 2008 the RIRA shot a man in the neck in St Johnston, near the Derry border. The same man was targeted in a pipe bomb attack on his home on 25 October, the RIRA did not claim responsibility for the attack, but security forces believe they were responsible for it.\n\nOn 7 March 2009 the RIRA claimed responsibility for the 2009 Massereene Barracks shooting. This shooting occurred outside the Massereene Barracks as four soldiers were receiving a pizza delivery. Two soldiers were killed, and the other two soldiers and two deliverymen were injured. On 3 April 2009 the RIRA in Derry claimed responsibility for carrying out a punishment shooting of a man who was awaiting sentencing for raping a 15-year-old girl. The RIRA were also blamed for orchestrating rioting in the Ardoyne area of Belfast on 13 July 2009 as an Apprentice Boys parade was passing. Several PSNI officers were injured in the rioting and at least one shot was fired at police. In early November, the Independent Monitoring Commission released a report stating that the threat from the RIRA and other dissident republicans was at its most serious level since the 1998 Good Friday Agreement.\n\nWhen drug dealer Sean Winters was shot dead in Portmarnock, north Dublin in September 2010, the Real IRA \"emerged as the chief suspects\". They were also suspected of shooting dead drugs gang leader Michael Kelly in Coolock in September 2011.\n\nOn 5 October 2010, a car bomb exploded outside a branch of the Ulster Bank on Culmore Road in Derry. Two police officers were slightly injured in the blast, which also damaged a hotel and other businesses. Several telephone warnings were received an hour prior to the blast allowing police to cordon off the area. The RIRA later claimed responsibility in a telephone call to the Derry Journal.\n\nA large Real IRA explosives dump and arms cache were discovered in Dunleer, County Louth by Gardaí in October 2010, following a weekend of searches and arrests in the east of the country. In addition, two Real IRA men were charged in Dublin's non-jury Special Criminal Court of membership of an illegal organisation. The Real IRA claimed responsibility for kidnapping and shooting dead of one of their members, Kieran Doherty, for alleged drug dealing.\n\nFurther significant seizures of the groups arms and explosives would be make made by the Gardaí during 2012 and 2013, leading to the arrest of over a dozen persons. In 2011 Michael Campbell, brother of Liam, was found guilty in Vilnius, Lithuania, of trying to purchase arms and explosives and was sentenced to twelve years in prison. In October 2013 Campbell was freed on appeal, only to have the Supreme Court of Lithuania order a retrial in June 2014. Campbell has maintained his innocence, accusing British intelligence of attempting to frame him.\n\n2012–present: Since the merger (\"New IRA\")\n\nReal IRA graffiti on a road sign in Derry, 2012\nOn 26 July 2012, it was reported that Republican Action Against Drugs (RAAD) and other small republican militant groups were merging with the Real IRA. As before, the group would continue to refer to itself as \"the Irish Republican Army\", though some media began to refer to the group as a \"new IRA\".\n\nAs well as RAAD, the alliance includes an east Tyrone group thought to be responsible for killing PSNI officer Ronan Kerr in 2011, and a Belfast group who badly wounded PSNI officer Peadar Heffron in 2010. The Continuity IRA, and the group often referred to as Óglaigh na hÉireann (ONH), remain independent. The PSNI reckoned that the new group has a membership of \"between 250 and 300 military activists, backed up by associates\". In November 2012 it claimed responsibility for shooting dead a Prison Officer near Lurgan, the first prison officer to be killed since 1993.\n\nOn 3 September 2012 prominent New IRA (former RIRA) member Alan Ryan was shot dead in Dublin. Gardaí believed he had been involved in a feud with major crime gangs from whom he was trying to extort money. Following Ryan's death an internal feud developed in the Real IRA section of the NIRA. Ryan's replacement as leader and another associate were shot and wounded in November 2012, allegedly on the orders of the Northern leadership. In March 2013, another prominent former Real IRA member, Peter Butterly from Dunleer, was shot dead; three Dublin men, allegedly from the Alan Ryan faction, were charged with his murder and IRA membership.\n\nIn June 2013 Gardaí arrested eight people after a New IRA meeting and uncovered a massive haul of the plastic explosive Semtex in two raids in Dublin.[citation needed] In October 2013 the New IRA claimed responsibility for \"executing\" an alleged leading cocaine dealer in north Belfast.[citation needed]\n\nIn February 2014 the group sent seven letter bombs to British Army recruitment offices in south-east England; the first time republicans had struck in Britain since 2001. The following month, a PSNI landrover was hit by an explosively formed projectile in Belfast. A civilian car was also hit by debris, but there were no injuries. The Real IRA claimed responsibility. In November 2014, a PSNI armoured jeep was hit by another 'horizontal mortar' in Derry, and in Belfast a PSNI landrover was attacked with a homemade rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) launcher.\n\nIn April–May 2015, there were two New IRA bomb attacks in Derry. One exploded at the Probation Board offices, and two partially exploded at the perimeter fence of a British Army Reserve base. Later in May, four men, one an alleged associate of Real IRA leader Michael McKevitt, were reportedly arrested during an explosives seizure by police in Northern Ireland. In August, a firebomb exploded in a post van parked inside Palace Barracks, Holywood, a British military base which is home to MI5 in Northern Ireland. The firebomb destroyed the van and set nearby vehicles and garages on fire. On Halloween morning, three men were arrested and charged with IRA membership in addition to firearm offences. In November, a PSNI vehicle in Belfast was riddled with automatic gunfire, fired from an AK-47. On Christmas Day in North Belfast, police came under fire again but were not injured. The attacker was charged with attempted murder. Days later, on 27 November 2015, police in West Belfast came under heavy fire yet again. No officers were wounded because of the armour-plating and bullet-proof glass. The Real IRA or another dissident Republican group was suspected to be behind the attack.\n\nOn 4 March 2016, a prison officer (Adrian Ismay) had a heart attack and died in a hospital. He had received serious wounds following a booby-trap bomb detonating under his van on Hillsborough Drive, East Belfast 11 days earlier. The wounds he received from the bombing were directly responsible for the heart attack that killed him. The New IRA claimed responsibility and said it was a response to the alleged mistreatment of republican prisoners at Maghaberry Prison. It added that the officer was targeted because he trained prison officers at Maghaberry.\n\nIn April 2016, Gardaí arrested two significant members of the New IRA and seized €10,000. In April 2016, explosives linked to the Real IRA were found in Dublin and several people were questioned by police. The Real IRA declared that all criminals were legitimate targets after Alan Ryan's brother, Vincent Ryan, was shot dead. In April 2016, the Real IRA were blamed for badly injuring a man in a punishment shooting in Derry, shortly after a man had been killed by a dissident Republican attack in Ardoyne. In May 2016 three men were shot in paramilitary style attacks in republican areas of Belfast during a 24-hour period, leaving two injured and one dead. On 25 April a Real IRA member, Michael Barr was shot dead in west Dublin. Gardaí suspected Barr was shot dead because it was believed by the Kinahan cartel he provided a \"safe house\" to one of the gunmen in the Regency Hotel attack. Fifteen people were arrested in Northern Ireland following a paramilitary funeral for him.\n\nOn 16 May 2016 a 'terrorist hide' was found by civilians in Capanagh Forest near Larne, Antrim, possibly belonging to the dissident republicans. It was a very substantial cache.\n\nIn June 2016 it was revealed that a five-man IRA hit team were in Dublin's north inner city looking to murder two leading gangsters after one of their associates was shot dead in a gangland feud. Sources said the murder squad from the North spent several days and nights looking for their targets in the streets. In September 2016 a close associate of Alan Ryan, who had been arrested and imprisoned following the Stamullen raid, was sentenced to nine years' imprisonment in Belfast for possession of a sub-machine gun and ammunition, after getting off a bus from Dublin.\n\nIn Cork City at 5pm on 7 December 2016, former Chief of Staff of the RIRA southern command, Aidan \"The Beast\" O'Driscoll, was shot and killed in the street by two masked gunmen. O'Driscoll had been shot in the leg in June 2013 in what the RIRA claimed was a punishment-style shooting for \"unrepublican conduct\" before he had stepped-down from command in 2012.\n\nOn 7 June 2017, Gardaí foiled a serious IRA bomb plot after discovering six kilos of Semtex, \"enough to blow up a street\".\n\nOn 1 September 2017, the Police Service of Northern Ireland warned that the group had developed a new type of bomb.[citation needed]\n\nIn December 2017, MI5 said that Northern Ireland has the highest level of terrorist activity of anywhere in Europe with attacks being disrupted weekly. Over 250 seizures, thwarted attacks, and counter-terrorist operations are reported to have been undertaken by British security services.\n\nThe group remain active in 2018, with it and the Continuity IRA claiming they have no plans to announce a ceasefire along the lines of that of the ONH. However, both groups have suffered major setbacks and inactivity due to feuding and heavy police intervention, and have likewise often failed to commit successful attacks due to antiquated equipment and member inexperience.\n\nIn July 2018 the New IRA claimed responsibility for a spate of gun and bomb attacks at police officers during the riots in Derry.\n\nOn 19 January 2019 there was a car bomb attack at a courthouse in Derry, for which the New IRA are the \"main line of enquiry\". \n\nOn 20 January 2019, a van was hijacked by masked men in Derry, a package was placed into the back and the driver was instructed to park the vehicle in the city centre. The van was later abandoned in a housing estate and homes were evacuated. In a seperate incident in the city a Royal Mail van was stolen and abandoned. Authorities blamed the incidents on the New IRA.", "date": "2019-01-20"}}
{"topic_id": "146", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Prehistoric human discoveries in South America", "topic_description": "What have recent discoveries of prehistoric remains in the South America revealed about the history of the human species?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Древниe человеческие открытия в Южной Америке", "topic_description": "Что показали недавние открытия доисторических останков в Южной Америке об истории человеческого вида?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "اکتشافات انسان ماقبل تاریخ در آمریکای جنوبی", "topic_description": "چه اکتشافات اخیر از بقایای ماقبل تاریخ در آمریکای جنوبی در مورد تاریخ گونه بشر آشکار شده است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "南美洲的前human迪斯科舞厅", "topic_description": "在南美洲，关于人类的历史的历史上，有什么新的分裂？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Доисторические человеческие открытия в Южной Америке", "topic_description": "Что показали недавние открытия доисторических останков в Южной Америке об истории человечества?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "References human remains from South America and makes inferences and hypothesis regarding human history", "somewhat_valuable": "References human remains from South America and makes one inference or hypothesis regarding human history", "not_that_valuable": "Notes the discovery of human remains in South America with little or no information", "non_relevant": "out of specified region, lacks information regarding prehistoric remains"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huaca_Prieta&oldid=795925640", "text": "Huaca Prieta is the site of a prehistoric settlement beside the Pacific Ocean in the Chicama Valley , just north of Trujillo, La Libertad Province, Peru. It is a part of the El Brujo Archaeological Complex, which also includes Moche (culture) sites.\n\nHuaca Prieta was occupied as early as 4700 BC, before the ceramics were introduced. It consisted of a huge mound of ash, stones, textiles, plants and shells, with some burials and constructions.\n\nIt was first excavated by Junius B. Bird in 1946–1947 who excavated three large test pits in or beside it. The remains, now at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, include many examples of complex textiles made with twining techniques which incorporated intricate designs of mythological humans, condors, snakes and crabs. The many stone artifacts were not fancy—fish net weights, flakes and simple pebble tools; there were no projectile points. In the upper part of the mound there were many underground structures of unknown function, some with burials. They were made of cobblestones cemented with an ash-water mixture. The inhabitants fished, gathered shellfish, and grew fruit, gourds, squash, peppers, beans, tubers and, importantly, cotton.\n\nThere is a low mound 70–170 m to the north (now called Monticulo Cupisnique) where Bird excavated three test pits. He found many ruins and much refuse, including ceramics of the Guañape, Early Cupisnique and Cupisnique cultures. The last is linked to the highland Chavín culture. A large tsunami damaged both mounds leaving a thick layer of cobblestones just north of the preceramic mound, at about 850 BCE, between the two Cupisnique phases.\n\nEarly maize found\nUntil recently, it was believed that maize was introduced to the region rather late, after the tsunami.\n\nIn 2012, it was reported that corncobs found at two ancient sites in Peru (Paredones and Huaca Prieta) may date from as early as 4700 B.C. This suggests that people living along the coast of northern Peru were already eating corn by that time.\n\nThese results were reported by Dolores Piperno, and other scientists from Washington's National Museum of Natural History This is the earliest maize discovered so far in South America.\n\nEarliest Evidence of Avocado\nA team of scientists excavating Huaca Prieta between 2007 and 2013 also discovered evidence of the avocado dating back perhaps 15,000 years. It had been thought prviously that the avocado originated in the area of Puebla, Mexico, some 8,000 years ago.\n\nEarly use of indigo dye\n\nCotton cloth fragment from Huaca Prieta, 2500 BC - American Museum of Natural History, New York\nIn 2016, 6000-year-old dyed cotton fabric was discovered at the Preceramic site of Huaca Prieta. Analysis of the pigment identified it as indigotin, an indigoid dye. This marks the earliest recorded use of indigo dye to date, predating the use of indigo in Egypt's Fifth Dynasty by about 1,500 years.", "date": "2017-08-17"}}
{"topic_id": "147", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Paris Agreement implementation actions", "topic_description": "What actions have been taken by nations and organizations to support the implementation of the Paris Agreement?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "《巴黎协定》的执行", "topic_description": "国家和组织采取了哪些行动来支持《巴黎协定》的执行？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "اقدامات اجرای توافق نامه پاریس", "topic_description": "ملل و سازمان ‌ ها برای حمایت از اجرای توافق نامه پاریس چه اقداماتی را انجام داده ‌ اند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Paris Agreement implementation actions", "topic_description": "为了支持巴黎协定的不完善，各组织和组织已经提出了哪些建议？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Меры по осуществлению Парижского соглашения", "topic_description": "Какие меры были приняты странами и организациями в поддержку осуществления Парижского соглашения?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "There were nine articles stated the specific goals established by the Paris Agreement and reported on the specific actions taken or laws passed by the governments of the PRC, Vietnam, and countries of the EU. ", "somewhat_valuable": "There were multiple articles reported that top officials of the PRC and EU have made statements in support of the implementation of the Paris Agreement, yet the reports did not provide any specifics on the actions that these governments taken.  ", "not_that_valuable": "There were multiple articles reported that top officials of the PRC and EU have issued statements to criticize President Trump's decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement.  But the articles did not state the actions the PRC and EU governments taken on their parts.  ", "non_relevant": "There were multiple articles reported that conferences held by the EU countries regarding climate change but do not contain information about the any action these countries taken to support the Paris Agreement.  There were also several articles criticized the government of Hong Kong in their slow acting in implementing plans for cutting green house gas emissions.  "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_Agreement&oldid=871120577#Implementation", "text": "The process of translating the Paris Agreement into national agendas and implementation has started. One example is the commitment of the least developed countries (LDCs). The LDC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Initiative for Sustainable Development, known as LDC REEEI, is set to bring sustainable, clean energy to millions of energy-starved people in LDCs, facilitating improved energy access, the creation of jobs and contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.\n\nPer analysis from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) a carbon \"budget\" based upon total carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere (versus the rate of annual emission) to limit global warming to 1.5°C was estimated to be 2.25 trillion tonnes of overall emitted carbon dioxide from the period since 1870. This number is a notable increase from the number estimated by the original Paris Climate accord estimates (of around 2 trillion tonnes total) total carbon emission limit to meet the 1.5°C global warming target, a target that would be met in the year 2020 at current rates of emission. Additionally, the annual emission of carbon is estimated to be currently at 40 billion tonnes emitted per year. The revised IPCC budget for this was based upon CMIP5 climate model. Estimate models using different base-years also provide other slightly adjusted estimates of a carbon \"budget\".\n\nParties and signatories\nMain article: List of parties to the Paris Agreement\nAs of November 2018, 194 states and the European Union have signed the Agreement. 183 states and the EU, representing more than 87% of global greenhouse gas emissions, have ratified or acceded to the Agreement, including China, the United States and India, the countries with three of the four largest greenhouse gas emissions of the UNFCC members total (about 42% together).\n\nWithdrawal from Agreement\nFurther information: United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement\nArticle 28 of the agreement enables parties to withdraw from the agreement after sending a withdrawal notification to the depositary, but notice can be given no earlier than three years after the agreement goes into force for the country. Withdrawal is effective one year after the depositary is notified. Alternatively, the Agreement stipulates that withdrawal from the UNFCCC, under which the Paris Agreement was adopted, would also withdraw the state from the Paris Agreement. The conditions for withdrawal from the UNFCCC are the same as for the Paris Agreement. The agreement does not specify provisions for noncompliance.\n\nOn August 4, 2017, the Trump administration delivered an official notice to the United Nations that the U.S. intends to withdraw from the Paris Agreement as soon as it is legally eligible to do so. The formal notice of withdrawal cannot be submitted until the agreement is in force for 3 years for the US, in 2019. In accordance with Article 28, as the agreement entered into force in the United States on 4 November 2016, the earliest possible effective withdrawal date for the United States is 4 November 2019. If it chooses to withdraw by way of withdrawing from the UNFCCC, notice could be given immediately (the UNFCCC entered into force for the US in 1994), and be effective one year later.\n\nCriticism\nJust not enough\n\nParis climate accord emission reduction targets and current real-life reductions offered\nA pair of studies in Nature have said that as of 2017, none of the major industrialized nations were implementing the policies they had envisioned and have not met their pledged emission reduction targets, and even if they had, the sum of all member pledges (as of 2016) would not keep global temperature rise \"well below 2 °C\". According to UNEP the emission cut targets in November 2016 will result in temperature rise by 3 °C above preindustrial levels, far above the 2 °C of the Paris climate agreement.\n\nIn addition, an MIT News article written on April 22, 2016 discussed recent MIT studies on the true impact that the Paris Agreement had on global temperature increase. Using their Integrated Global System Modeling (IGSM) to predict temperature increase results in 2100, they used a wide range of scenarios that included no effort towards climate change past 2030, and full extension of the Paris Agreement past 2030. They concluded that the Paris Agreement would cause temperature decrease by about 0.6 to 1.1 degrees Celsius, with only a 0.1 C change in 2050 for all scenarios. They concluded that, although beneficial, there was strong evidence that the goal provided by the Paris Agreement could not be met in the future under the current circumstances.\n\nA 2018 published study points at a threshold at which temperatures could rise to 4 or 5 degrees compared to the pre-industrial levels, through self-reinforcing feedbacks in the climate system, suggesting this threshold is below the 2 degree temperature target, agreed upon by the Paris climate deal. Study author Katherine Richardson stresses, \"We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions. This implies not only reducing emissions but much more.”\n\nAt the same time, another 2018 published study notes that even at a 1.5C level of warming, important increases in the occurrence of high river flows would be expected in India, South and Southeast Asia. Yet, the same study points out that under a 2.0C of warming various areas in South America, central Africa, western Europe, and the Mississippi area in the United States would see more high flows; thus increasing flood risks.\n\nLack of binding enforcement mechanism\nAlthough the agreement was lauded by many, including French President François Hollande and UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, criticism has also surfaced. For example, James Hansen, a former NASA scientist and a climate change expert, voiced anger that most of the agreement consists of \"promises\" or aims and not firm commitments. He called the Paris talks a fraud with 'no action, just promises' and feels that only an across the board tax on CO2 emissions, something not part of the Paris Agreement, would force CO2 emissions down fast enough to avoid the worst effects of global warming.\n\nInstitutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly \"predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Japan, Brazil, Canada, Russia, Indonesia and Australia, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO\n2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour.\"", "date": "2018-11-29"}}
{"topic_id": "148", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho", "fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Marijuana decriminalization in U.S. states", "topic_description": "Which U.S. states have decriminalized the recreational use of marijuana?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "美国各州大麻合法化", "topic_description": "哪些美国州将大麻的娱乐性使用合法化？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "جرم زدایی ماری جوانا در ایالات متحده", "topic_description": "کدام ایالات در ایالات متحده استفاده تفریحی از ماری جوانا را جرم زدایی کردند؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "جرم زدایی ماری جوانا در ایالات متحده", "topic_description": "کدام ایالت های ایالات متحده استفاده تفریحی از ماری جوانا را غیرقانونی کرده اند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Maruana decriminalization in U.S.states", "topic_description": "Which U.S.states have decriminalized recreational use of maruana?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Декриминализация марихуаны в США", "topic_description": "Какие штаты США декриминализировали рекреационное употребление марихуаны?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "There were seven articles contain lists of the U.S. states that have legalized the recreational use of marijuana and also provided the specific descriptions of the laws.   ", "somewhat_valuable": "There were three articles that reported specific states in the U.S. such as Oregon, California, Illinois that have pass laws for the legalization of recreational marijuana.     ", "not_that_valuable": "There were multiple articles reported on the effects of the legalization of recreational marijuana in specific U.S. states.  ", "non_relevant": "There were multiple articles reported on the legalization of recreational marijuana in Canada.  "}, "fas": {"very_valuable": "Gave specific state and date of legalization", "somewhat_valuable": "NA", "not_that_valuable": "NA", "non_relevant": "Legalization in other countries"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction&oldid=816735714", "text": "Individual state laws do not always conform to the federal standard. State-level proposals for the rescheduling of cannabis have met with mixed success. As of November 9, 2016, the use of both recreational and medicinal marijuana has been legalized in the states of Alaska, California, Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. The District of Columbia has fully legalized recreational and medical marijuana, but recreational commercial sale is currently blocked by Congress. Twelve states have both medical marijuana and decriminalization laws (three of them being CBD only[clarification needed]). Thirteen states, Guam, and Puerto Rico have legalized psychoactive medical marijuana, while another thirteen have only legalized non-psychoactive medical marijuana. One state and the U.S. Virgin Islands have only decriminalized possession laws. In the remaining three states and two inhabited territories, marijuana possession and sales for any use are illegal and prohibited entirely.", "date": "2017-12-23"}}
{"topic_id": "149", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Legalization of same-sex marriage", "topic_description": "Which countries have recently legalized same-sex marriages?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "قانونی شدن ازدواج همجنسگرایان", "topic_description": "کدام کشورها اخیراً ازدواج همجنسگرایان را قانونی کرده اند؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "قانونی کردن ازدواج همجنسگرایان", "topic_description": "کدام کشورها اخیراً ازدواج همجنس ‌ گرایان را قانونی کرده ‌ اند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "同性婚姻合法化", "topic_description": "Which countries have recently legalized same-sex marriages?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Легализация однополых браков", "topic_description": "В каких странах в последнее время легализованы однополые браки?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Named countries that recently legalized gay marriage", "somewhat_valuable": "NA", "not_that_valuable": "NA", "non_relevant": "Article was basically a \"one year later\" review after Germany legalized gay marriage; article was mostly about the history of it in Germany and where other countries stood on the issue currently. Because it was a year after, I did not include it as central."}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legal_status_of_same-sex_marriage&oldid=790039107", "text": "The Netherlands[nb 1] was the first country to legalize same-sex marriages, with the first marriages performed in the Amsterdam city hall on 1 April 2001. Since then, same-sex marriages have been performed legally in Belgium (2003), Spain (2005), Canada (2005), South Africa (2006), Norway (2009), Sweden (2009), Portugal (2010), Iceland (2010), Argentina (2010), Denmark[nb 2] (2012), Brazil (2013), France (2013), Uruguay (2013), New Zealand[nb 3] (2013), the United Kingdom[nb 4] (2014), Luxembourg (2015), the United States[nb 5] (2015), Ireland (2015), Colombia (2016) and Finland (2017).", "date": "2017-07-11"}}
{"topic_id": "150", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus", "zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "2018 Papua New Guinea Earthquake", "topic_description": "How many people were injured or killed by earthquakes in Papua New Guinea in 2018?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Землетрясение в Папуа-Новой Гвинее в 2018 году", "topic_description": "Сколько человек пострадало или погибло в результате землетрясений в Папуа-Новой Гвинее в 2018 году?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "2018年巴布亚新几内亚地震", "topic_description": "多少人因2018年巴布亚新几内亚地震而伤亡？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "2018 زمین لرزه پاپوآ گینه نو", "topic_description": "در سال ۲۰۱۸ چند نفر در اثر زلزله در پاپوآ گینه نو زخمی یا کشته شدند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "2018年Papua新的Guinea Earthquake", "topic_description": "2018年，在帕普瓦新的Guinea，有多少人受到了土石的伤害或折磨？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Землетрясение в Папуа — Новой Гвинее в 2018 году", "topic_description": "Сколько людей было ранено или убито в результате землетрясений в Папуа — Новой Гвинее в 2018 году?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "specific number of dead or injured as result of earthquakes in Papua New Guinea in 2018", "somewhat_valuable": "approximate number for number of dead or injured as result of earthquakes in Papua New Guinea in 2018", "not_that_valuable": "mentions earthquakes in Papua New Guinea in 2018", "non_relevant": "discuses political events, other countries, or earthquakes outside specified region or time"}, "zho": {"very_valuable": "Contained verified statistics of the number of people injured or killed in earthquakes in Papua New Guinea in 2018.", "somewhat_valuable": "Contained estimates of the number of people injured or killed in earthquakes in Papua New Guinea in 2018.", "not_that_valuable": "N/A", "non_relevant": "Articles about political events that were not related to the number of people injured or killed in earthquakes in Papua New Guinea in 2018."}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Papua_New_Guinea_earthquake&diff=827651300&oldid=827649458", "text": "The 2018 Papua New Guinea earthquake was an earthquake of 7.5 moment magnitude that struck the Southern Highlands Province, 89 km south southwest of Porgera, at 17:44 UTC on 25 February 2018. At 17:53 UTC, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center issued a message, indicating that there was no danger of a tsunami.\nThe mainshock struck at a depth of 35 km, and was followed by a 5.7 moment magnitude aftershock less than 30 minutes later.\n\nOn the morning of February 26, ExxonMobil announced they will temporarily shut down the Hides gas field conditioning plant in order to assess for potential damage.", "date": "2018-02-25"}}
{"topic_id": "151", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Chinese Government Response to Landslides", "topic_description": "How is the Chinese government responding to the frequent landslides within its borders?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Реакция правительства Китая на оползни", "topic_description": "Как китайское правительство реагирует на частые оползни в пределах своих границ?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "پاسخ دولت چین به زمین لغزش", "topic_description": "چگونه دولت چین به لغزش های مکرر در مرزهای خود پاسخ می دهد ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "中国政府对山体滑坡的反应", "topic_description": "中国政府如何应对山体中的自由山体滑坡？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Ответ правительства Китая на оползни", "topic_description": "Как китайское правительство реагирует на частые оползни в пределах своих границ?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "Representative of People's Republic of China states their actions and an action", "somewhat_valuable": "actions by police or Rep of PRC makes a statement", "not_that_valuable": "notes rescue operations, article doesn't tie to government", "non_relevant": "other country, other event, or different disaster"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landslide&oldid=787114672", "text": "Landslide hazard analysis and mapping can provide useful information for catastrophic loss reduction, and assist in the development of guidelines for sustainable land use planning. The analysis is used to identify the factors that are related to landslides, estimate the relative contribution of factors causing slope failures, establish a relation between the factors and landslides, and to predict the landslide hazard in the future based on such a relationship. The factors that have been used for landslide hazard analysis can usually be grouped into geomorphology, geology, land use/land cover, and hydrogeology. Since many factors are considered for landslide hazard mapping, GIS is an appropriate tool because it has functions of collection, storage, manipulation, display, and analysis of large amounts of spatially referenced data which can be handled fast and effectively. Cardenas reported evidence on the exhaustive use of GIS in conjunction of uncertainty modelling tools for landslide mapping. Remote sensing techniques are also highly employed for landslide hazard assessment and analysis. Before and after aerial photographs and satellite imagery are used to gather landslide characteristics, like distribution and classification, and factors like slope, lithology, and land use/land cover to be used to help predict future events. Before and after imagery also helps to reveal how the landscape changed after an event, what may have triggered the landslide, and shows the process of regeneration and recovery.\n\nUsing satellite imagery in combination with GIS and on-the-ground studies, it is possible to generate maps of likely occurrences of future landslides. Such maps should show the locations of previous events as well as clearly indicate the probable locations of future events. In general, to predict landslides, one must assume that their occurrence is determined by certain geologic factors, and that future landslides will occur under the same conditions as past events. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a relationship between the geomorphologic conditions in which the past events took place and the expected future conditions.\n\nNatural disasters are a dramatic example of people living in conflict with the environment. Early predictions and warnings are essential for the reduction of property damage and loss of life. Because landslides occur frequently and can represent some of the most destructive forces on earth, it is imperative to have a good understanding as to what causes them and how people can either help prevent them from occurring or simply avoid them when they do occur. Sustainable land management and development is also an essential key to reducing the negative impacts felt by landslides.\n\n\nA Wireline extensometer monitoring slope displacement and transmitting data remotely via radio or Wi-Fi. In situ or strategically deployed extensometers may be used to provide early warning of a potential landslide.\nGIS offers a superior method for landslide analysis because it allows one to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and display large amounts of data quickly and effectively. Because so many variables are involved, it is important to be able to overlay the many layers of data to develop a full and accurate portrayal of what is taking place on the Earth's surface. Researchers need to know which variables are the most important factors that trigger landslides in any given location. Using GIS, extremely detailed maps can be generated to show past events and likely future events which have the potential to save lives, property, and money.", "date": "2017-06-23"}}
{"topic_id": "152", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Chinese Government Response to Landslides", "topic_description": "How is the Chinese provincial and national government responding to the frequent landslides within mainland China?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "中国政府对山崩的应对", "topic_description": "中国国家级和省级政府怎么应付境内频发的山崩？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "پاسخ دولت چین به زمین لغزش", "topic_description": "چگونه دولت استانی و ملی چین به لغزش ‌ های مکرر در سرزمین اصلی چین پاسخ می ‌ دهد ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "中国政府对山体滑坡的反应", "topic_description": "中国人如何应对中国内地的山体滑坡？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Ответ правительства Китая на оползни", "topic_description": "Как китайское провинциальное и национальное правительство реагирует на частые оползни в материковом Китае?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "Responses and specific measures taken by provincial and national level organizations to address landslides in mainland China such as sending funding, search and rescue personnel and dogs, etc...", "somewhat_valuable": "Non-specific measures taken by provincial and national level organizations and officials responded to landslides in mainland China like official statements, and sending aid when the type of aid is not specified.", "not_that_valuable": "xi Jinping saying to rescue and care for the wounded without specific outlines of his intentions.", "non_relevant": "Articles detailing landslides or other natural disasters in Taiwan, Singapore, and other countries outside mainland China, articles that talk about disasters unrelated to landslides like fires and explosions, collapsing buildings, etc."}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2008_Sichuan_earthquake&diff=786240836&oldid=783586197", "text": "The State Council declared a three-day period of national mourning for the quake victims starting from May 19, 2008; the PRC's National Flag and Regional Flags of Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions flown at half mast. It was the first time that a national mourning period had been declared for something other than the death of a state leader, and many have called it the biggest display of mourning since the death of Mao Zedong. At 14:28 CST on May 19, 2008, a week after the earthquake, the Chinese public held a moment of silence. People stood silent for three minutes while air defense, police and fire sirens, and the horns of vehicles, vessels and trains sounded. Cars and trucks on Beijing's roads also came to a halt. People spontaneously burst into cheering \"Zhongguo jiayou!\" (Let's go, China!) and \"Sichuan jiayou\" (Let's go, Sichuan!) afterwards.\n\nThe Ningbo Organizing Committee of the Beijing Olympic torch relay announced that the relay, scheduled to take place in Ningbo during national morning, would be suspended for the duration of the mourning period. The route of the torch through the country was scaled down, and there was a minute of silence when the next leg started in city of Ruijin, Jiangxi on the Wednesday after the quake.\n\nMany websites converted their home page to black and white; Sina.com and Sohu, major internet portals, limited their homepages to news items and removed all advertisements. Chinese video sharing websites Youku and Tudou displayed a black background and placed multiple videos showing earthquake footage and news reports. The Chinese version of MSN, cn.msn.com, also displayed banner ads about the earthquake and the relief efforts. Other entertainment websites, including various gaming sites, such as the Chinese servers for World of Warcraft, had shut down altogether, or had corresponding links to earthquake donations. After the moments of silence, in Tiananmen Square, crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans, including \"Long Live China\". Casinos in Macau closed down.\n\nAll Mainland Chinese television stations (along with some stations in Hong Kong and expatriate communities) cancelled all regularly-scheduled programming, displayed their logo in grayscale, and replaced their cancelled programmes with live earthquake footage from CCTV-1 for multiple days after the quake. Even pay television channels (such as Channel V) had their programmes suspended.\n\nOn the evening of May 18, CCTV-1 hosted a special four-hour program called The Giving of Love (simplified Chinese: 爱的奉献; traditional Chinese: 愛的奉獻), hosted by regulars from the CCTV New Year's Gala and round-the-clock coverage anchor Bai Yansong. It was attended by a wide range of entertainment, literary, business and political figures from mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan. Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan (~US$208 million). Of the donations, CCTV gave the biggest corporate contribution at ¥50 million. Almost at the same time in Taiwan, a similarly themed programme was on air hosted by the sitting president Ma Ying-jeou. In June, Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan, who donated $1.57 million to the victims, made a music video alongside other artists entitled \"Promise\"; the song was composed by Andy Lau. The Artistes 512 Fund Raising Campaign, an 8-hour fundraising marathon, was held on June 1 in Hong Kong; it was attended by some 200 Sinosphere musicians and celebrities. In Singapore, MediaCorp Channel 8 hosted a 'live' programme 让爱川流不息 to raise funds for the victims.\n\nAlthough the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake (especially in comparison to Myanmar's ruling military junta's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis), it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal.\n\nThe central government estimates that over 7,000 inadequately engineered schoolrooms collapsed in the earthquake. Chinese citizens have since invented a catch phrase: \"tofu-dregs schoolhouses\" (Chinese: 豆腐渣校舍), to mock both the quality and the quantity of these inferior constructions that killed so many school children. Due to the one-child policy, many families lost their only child when schools in the region collapsed during the earthquake. Consequently, Sichuan provincial and local officials have lifted the restriction for families whose only child was either killed or severely injured in the disaster. So-called \"illegal children\" under 18 years of age may be registered as legal replacements for their dead siblings; if the dead child was illegal, no further outstanding fines would apply. Reimbursement would not, however, be offered for fines that were already levied.\n\nOn May 29, 2008, government officials began inspecting the ruins of thousands of schools that collapsed, searching for clues about why they crumbled. Thousands of parents around the province have accused local officials and builders of cutting corners in school construction, citing that after the quake other nearby buildings were little damaged. In the aftermath of the quake, many local governments promised to formally investigate the school collapses, but as of July 17, 2008, across Sichuan, parents of children lost in collapsed schools complained they had yet to receive any reports. Local officials urged them not to protest but the parents demonstrated and demanded an investigation. Furthermore, censors discouraged stories of poorly built schools from being published in the media and there was an incident where police drove the protestors away.\n\nIn the China Digital Times an article reports a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer known online as “Book Blade” (书剑子), who stated:\n\n\"...because of our nation’s particular brand of education, our children are fed 20 years of Marxist philosophy with Chinese characteristics—a philosophy that has nothing to say about saving lives...School construction is the worst. First, there’s not enough capital. Schools in poor areas have small budgets and, unlike schools in the cities, they can’t collect huge fees, so they’re pressed for money. With construction, add in exploitation by government officials, education officials, school managers, etc. and you can imagine what’s left over for the actual building of schools. When earthquake prevention standards are raised, government departments, major businesses, etc. will all appraise and reinforce their buildings. But these schools with their 70s-era buildings, no-one pays attention to them. Because of this, the older school buildings suffer from inadequate protection while the new buildings have been shoddily constructed.\"\n\nOn Children's Day, June 1, 2008, many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children. The surviving children, who were mostly living in relief centres, performed ceremonies marking the special day, but also acknowledging the earthquake.\n\nYe Zhiping, the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao, one of the largest in An County, has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened. During a three-year period that ended in 2007, he oversaw a major overhaul of his school. During that time he obtained more than 400,000 yuan (US$60,000) from the county education department, money used to widen and strengthen concrete pillars and the balcony railing of all four storeys of his school, as well as secure its concrete floors.\n\nThe AP reported that \"The state-controlled media has largely ignored the issue, apparently under the propaganda bureau's instructions. Parents and volunteers who have questioned authorities have been detained and threatened.\"\n\nHowever, Reuters reported in June that, to date, Chinese prosecutors have joined an official inquiry into ten collapsed schools during May's devastating earthquake to gain first-hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools, launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into professional crime. It was also reported that safety checks were to be carried out at schools across China after last month's earthquake.\n\nThe New York Times reported that \"government officials in Beijing and Sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses. In an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside, the National Development and Reform Commission said on May 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas. Experts are reviewing the draft, the commission said.\" To limit protests, officials pushed parents to sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money, but some who refused to sign were threatened. The payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same. In Hanwang, parents were offered a package valued at 8,800 USD in cash and a per-parent pension of nearly 5,600 USD. Furthermore, officials used other methods of silencing: riot police officers broke up protests by parents; the authorities set up cordons around the schools; and officials ordered the Chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses.\n\nBesides parents, Liu Shaokun (刘绍坤), a Sichuan school teacher, was detained on June 25, 2008, for \"disseminating rumors and destroying social order\" about the Sichuan earthquake. Liu’s family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion. Liu had travelled to the Shifang, taken photos of collapsed school buildings, and put them online. He had also expressed his anger at “the shoddy tofu-dregs buildings” (豆腐渣工程) in a media interview. He was ordered to serve one year of re-education through labor (RTL). According to the organization Human Rights in China, Liu has been released to serve his RTL sentence outside of the labor camp.\n\nOn May 15, 2008 Geoffery York of the Globeandmail.com reported that the shoddily constructed buildings are commonly called \"tofu buildings\" because builders cut corners by replacing steel rods with thin iron wires for concrete re-inforcement; using inferior grade cement, if any at all; and using fewer bricks than they should. One local was quoted in the article as saying that \"the supervising agencies did not check to see if it met the national standards.\"\n\nIn January 2010, Hong Kong-based English newspaper The Standard reported that writer Tan Zuoren attempted to document shoddy construction that may have led to massive casualties in schools, was sentenced to in prison ostensibly for his writing an article in 2007 in support of the pro-democracy movement in 1989.\n\nBy May 14, the Ministry of Civil Affairs stated that 10.7 billion yuan (approximately US$1.5 billion) had been donated by the Chinese public. Houston Rockets center Yao Ming, one of the country's most popular sports icons, gave $214,000 and $71,000 to the Red Cross Society of China. The association has also collected a total of $26 million in donations so far. Other multinational firms located in China have also announced large amounts of donations.\n\nThe Red Cross Society of China flew 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan (US$113,000) to Wenchuan County. The Amity Foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked US$143,000 for disaster relief. The Sichuan Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless.\n\nCentral State-owned enterprises have accumulatively donated more than $48.6 million. China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area.\n\nFollowing the earthquake, donations were made by people from all over mainland China, with booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations. People also donated blood, resulting in according to Xinhua long line-ups in most major Chinese cities. Many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile By May 16, the Chinese government had allocated a total of $772 million for earthquake relief so far, up sharply from $159 million from May 14.\n\nOn May 16 China stated it had also received $457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far, including $83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations. Saudi Arabia was the largest aid donor to China, providing close to €40,000,000 in financial assistance, and an additional €8,000,000 worth of relief materials.\n\nFirst anniversary\nOn May 12, 2009, China marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across the nation remembered the dead. The government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat for three days, after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum, to remind people of the terrible disaster. There were also several concerts across the country to raise money for the survivors of the quake.\n\nHowever questions still remain, as some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice, while the many families who lost their only child, are still seeking compensation and justice to what had happened. According to the Times, many parents were warned by the government not to stage a protest under the threat of arrest.\n\nCompletion of works\nIn 2008, State Council established a counterpart support plan (《汶川地震灾后恢复重建对口支援方案》). The plan is to arrange 19 eastern and central provinces and municipalities to help 18 counties, on \"one province to one affected county\" basis. The plan spanned 3 years, and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality's budget.\n\nIn 2012, vice governor Wei Hong announced that the restoration and reconstruction are completed:\n\nWei said that 99.5 percent of the budget, or 865.8 billion yuan (137.5 billion U.S. dollars), has been invested in post-quake reconstruction efforts, and 99 percent of 29,692 related projects have been completed. . . . Local governments have successfully helped more than 12 million people in rural and urban areas repair their houses, and have relocated 200,000 farmers who lost their farmlands, the vice governor added.\n\nPrecursors and postmortems\nSee also: Earthquake prediction\nThe earthquake was the worst to strike the Sichuan area in over 30 years. Following the quake, experts and the general public sought information on whether or not the earthquake could have been predicted in advance, and whether or not studying statistics related to the quake could result in better prediction of earthquakes in the future. Earthquake prediction is not yet established science; there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake \"prediction\" is possible.\n\nIn 2002, Chinese geologist Chen Xuezhong published a Seismic Risk Analysis study in which he came to the conclusion that beginning with 2003, attention should be paid to the possibility of an earthquake with a magnitude of over 7.0 occurring in Sichuan region. He based his study on statistical correlation. That Sichuan is a seismically active area has been discussed for years prior to the quake, though few studies point to a specific date and time.\n\nIn a press conference held by the State Council Information Office the day after the earthquake, geologist Zhang Xiaodong, deputy director of CEA's Seismic Monitoring Network Center, restated that earthquake prediction was a global issue, in the sense that no proven methods exist, and that no prediction notification was received before the earthquake. Seismologist Gary Gibson of Monash University in Australia told Deutsche Presse-Agentur that he also did not see anything that could be regarded as having 'predicted' the earthquake's occurrence.\n\nThe earthquake also provided opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake predictions. Using data from the Intermagnet Lanzhou geomagnetic observatory, geologists Lazo Pekevski from the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje in Macedonia and Strachimir Mavrodiev from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences attempted to establish a \"time prediction method\" through collecting statistics on geomagnetism with tidal gravitational potential. Using this method, they were said to have predicted the time of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake with an accuracy of ±1 day. The same study, however, acknowledges the limitation of earthquake prediction models, and does not mention that the location of the quake could be accurately predicted.\n\nAn article in Science suggested that the construction and filling of the Zipingpu Dam may have triggered the earthquake. The chief engineer of the Sichuan Geology and Mineral Bureau said that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault, allowing them to move apart, and could have increased the direct pressure on it, causing a violent rupture. The effect was \"25 times more\" than a year's worth of natural stress from tectonic movement. The government had disregarded warnings about so many large-scale dam projects in a seismically active area. Researchers have been denied access to seismological and geological data to examine the cause of the quake further.\n\nMalaysia-based Yazhou Zhoukan conducted an interview with former researcher at the China Seismological Bureau Geng Qingguo (耿庆国), in which Geng claimed that a confidential written report was sent to the State Seismological Bureau on April 30, 2008, warning about the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture region of Sichuan around May 8, with a range of 10 days before or after the quake. Geng, while acknowledging that earthquake prediction was broadly considered problematic by the scientific community, believed that \"the bigger the earthquake, the easier it is to predict.\" Geng had long attempted to establish a correlation between the occurrence of droughts and earthquakes; Premier Zhou Enlai reportedly took an interest in Geng's work. Geng's drought-earthquake correlation theory was first released in 1972, and said to have successfully predicted the 1975 Haicheng and 1976 Tangshan earthquakes. The same Yazhou Zhoukan article pointed out the inherent difficulties associated with predicting earthquakes. In response, an official with the Seismological Bureau stated that \"earthquake prediction is widely acknowledged around the world to be difficult from a scientific standpoint.\" The official also denied that the Seismological Bureau had received reports predicting the earthquake.", "date": "2017-06-18"}}
{"topic_id": "153", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Drug Usage in the Philippines", "topic_description": "Find articles about illegal drug use in the Philippines."}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "菲律宾的毒品滥用情况", "topic_description": "查找关于菲律宾非法毒品滥用的文章"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "استفاده از مواد مخدر در فیلیپین", "topic_description": "یافتن مقالات در مورد استفاده از مواد مخدر غیر قانونی در فیلیپین."}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "菲律宾的药桶使用情况", "topic_description": "查找关于菲律宾非法药物使用的文章。"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Использование наркотиков на Филиппинах", "topic_description": "Найти статьи о незаконном употреблении наркотиков на Филиппинах."}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "Described drug use, giving details about most used drugs, drugs used, etc.", "somewhat_valuable": "Described drug use in vague detail, but mostly focused on the drug war and drug suspect killings.", "not_that_valuable": "Focused only on drug suspect killings, police actions, but not really anything that gave descriptions of drug use", "non_relevant": "Peripheral details about drug wars and political actions about the drug war, but nothing about drug use. "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines&oldid=792134916", "text": "The prevalence of drug use in the Philippines is lower than the global average, according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Two of the most used and valuable illegal drugs in the country are methamphetamine hydrochloride (shabu) and marijuana. Ephedrine and methylenedioxy methamphetamine are also among the list of illegal drugs that are of great concern to the authorities. According to Reuters, the then President-elect of the Philippines and now president Rodrigo Duterte has predicted the country could become a 'narco-state' if the country's tide of drug addiction is not pushed back. In 2012, the United Nations said the Philippines had the highest rate of methamphetamine use in East Asia, and according to a U.S. State Department report, 2.1 percent of Filipinos aged 16 to 64 use the drug, which is known locally as Shabu . On Metro Manila, most barangays are being affected by illegal drugs. According to the 2011 UN Drug Report, the Philippines has the highest methamphetamine hydrochloride abuse rate in East Asia.\n\n", "date": "2017-07-24"}}
{"topic_id": "154", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Kerch Strait Russia Ukraine conflict", "topic_description": "What actions has Russian taken in the Kerch Strait with the intent of destabilizing Ukraine?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "俄罗斯与乌克兰在刻赤海峡的冲突", "topic_description": "俄罗斯在刻赤海峡采取了什麼意图在破坏乌克兰稳定的行动？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Kerch تنگه روسیه جنگ اوکراین", "topic_description": "چه اقداماتی روسیه در تنگه کرچ با هدف بی ثبات کردن اوکراین انجام داده است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Kerch Strucks俄罗斯conflict", "topic_description": "俄罗斯人在Kerch Strucks中提到了什么，而这正是乌克兰的意图？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Керченский пролив Россия Украина конфликт", "topic_description": "Какие действия Россия предприняла в Керченском проливе с намерением дестабилизировать Украину?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "Details about Russian actions such as amassing troops or intercepting ships in or around the Kerch Strait", "somewhat_valuable": "Documents that discuss Russian actions in the immediate vicinity of the Kerch Strait, descriptions of going from the Sea of Azov to the Black Sea", "not_that_valuable": "Russian actions in the Black Sea and other areas ", "non_relevant": "general discussion about the Russia-Ukraine conflict "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerch_Strait_incident&oldid=870616481", "text": "The 2018 Kerch Strait incident occurred on 25 November 2018 when a Russian cargo ship stopped three Ukrainian Navy vessels from passing under the Kerch Strait Bridge. Russia fired on and seized three Ukrainian vessels off the coast of annexed Crimea. Two gunboats and a tug were captured by Russian special forces after a chase.\n\nUkraine has accused Russia of illegally seizing three of its ships in the Kerch Strait after opening fire on them. The vessels are the Gyurza-M class gunboats Berdyansk and Nikopol and the tugboat Yana Kapa.\n\n", "date": "2018-11-25"}}
{"topic_id": "155", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "National anthem protests by athletes", "topic_description": "How have US politicians reacted to professional athletes protesting during the singing of the national anthem by kneeling?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "运动员在唱国歌时的抗议", "topic_description": "美国政客对在唱国歌中以单膝下跪来抗议的专业运动员有何反应？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "تظاهرات سرود ملی توسط ورزشکاران", "topic_description": "چگونه سیاستمداران ایالات متحده نسبت به ورزشکاران حرفه ای که در هنگام آواز سرود ملی با زانو زدن اعتراض می کنند ، واکنش نشان داده اند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "由athletes制作的国家安神", "topic_description": "美国的政治人物如何对专业的运动员进行抨击，他们以跪下的方式来抗议国家的安神的歌声？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Народный гимн протеста спортсменов", "topic_description": "Как американские политики отреагировали на профессиональных спортсменов, протестующих во время пения национального гимна, вставая на колени?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "Articles that discussed Trump or Obama expressing their views about the professional athletes protesting were deemed very valuable.", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles that discussed Trump rescinding his offer for Football players to come to the white house after many of them said they wouldn't come or it articles saying Obama and Trump had an opinion on the kneeling but the opinion was not expressed were deemed Somewhat Valuable.", "not_that_valuable": "Articles where a coach talked about the kneeling or some other person not necessarily a politician were considered not that valuable.", "non_relevant": "Articles that had nothing to do with US response or a different topic  were not central."}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Star-Spangled_Banner&diff=736853072&oldid=736852948", "text": "United States Code, 36 U.S.C. § 301, states that during a rendition of the national anthem, when the flag is displayed, all present except those in uniform should stand at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart; Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are present and not in uniform may render the military salute; men not in uniform should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold the headdress at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart; and individuals in uniform should give the military salute at the first note of the anthem and maintain that position until the last note; and when the flag is not displayed, all present should face toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag were displayed. Military law requires all vehicles on the installation to stop when the song is played and all individuals outside to stand at attention and face the direction of the music and either salute, in uniform, or place the right hand over the heart, if out of uniform. A law passed in 2008 allows military veterans to salute out of uniform, as well.\n\nHowever, this statutory suggestion does not have any penalty associated with violations. 36 U.S.C. § 301 This behavioral requirement for the national anthem is subject to the same First Amendment controversies that surround the Pledge of Allegiance. For example, Jehovah's Witnesses do not sing the national anthem, though they are taught that standing is an \"ethical decision\" that individual believers must make based on their \"conscience.\"", "date": "2016-08-30"}}
{"topic_id": "156", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Bill Cosby's influence on #Metoo", "topic_description": "How did the sexual assault conviction of Bill Cosby influence the rise of the #metoo movement?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "比尔科斯比对#Metoo的影响", "topic_description": "比尔科斯比的性侵有罪判决如何影响#metoo运动的兴起？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "نفوذ بیل کازبی در # Metoo", "topic_description": "چگونه محکومیت تجاوز جنسی بیل کازبی بر افزایش جنبش # metoo تأثیر گذاشت ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Bill Cosby在#Metoo上的位置", "topic_description": "Bill Cosby的性侵犯是如何被定罪的？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Влияние Билла Косби на # Metoo", "topic_description": "Как осуждение Билла Косби за сексуальное нападение повлияло на рост движения # metoo?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "Documents that directly link the Cosby conviction to the rise of the #Metoo movement ", "somewhat_valuable": "discussions of how Cosby's conviction help more women come forward ", "not_that_valuable": "Documents focused on the Cosby trial ", "non_relevant": "documents just about #Metoo"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weinstein_effect&oldid=819728693#Impact", "text": "American journalists in conversation at NPR spoke of the series of allegations feeling like a tipping point for societal treatment of sexual misconduct. They distinguished the moment from prior sexual misconduct public debates by the public trust in the accusers, who in this case were celebrities familiar to the public, rather than the accusers in prior cases, in which the accusers were unknown and became famous for their testimony. Social media provides a platform for women to share their experiences and encouragement at a scale that had not existed during prior public debates. The state of California is considering legislation to ban secret sexual harassment settlements.\n\nTwo columnists of the USA Today expressed doubt that the trend of public opinion would hold, citing open, public cases with few consequences: R. Kelly, Bill Cosby, and Donald Trump. The Weinstein effect also caused multiple sources to question the place of Bill Clinton within the Democratic Party due to the sexual assault allegations against him.", "date": "2018-01-10"}}
{"topic_id": "157", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Slowing the anthropogenic extinction", "topic_description": "What approaches have been proposed to slow the anthropogenic extinction?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Замедлить антропогенное вымирание", "topic_description": "Какие подходы были предложены, чтобы замедлить антропогенное вымирание?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "کاهش سرعت انقراض انسان ‌ زا", "topic_description": "چه روش ‌ هایی برای کاهش سرعت انقراض انسان ‌ زایی پیشنهاد شده ‌ است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "慢化无源性外泌物", "topic_description": "有什么异丙酸被用来减缓无源性外泌物？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Замедление антропогенного вымирания", "topic_description": "Какие подходы были предложены для замедления антропогенного вымирания?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "Two articles had very detailed proposals from official bodies such as the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) that included policy changes and the scale at which the changes needed to be made, but also discussed dietary habits, changes in agricultural practices, land conservation, bringing renewable energy systems on board, banning plastics. They also emphasized that these things needed to be done all at the same time, that there needed to be public-private cooperation and radical changes to technological, economic, and other issues. ", "somewhat_valuable": "Primarily articles that called for international cooperation under various agreements, examples of conservation efforts that have succeeded on small scales, insistence on sticking with measures agreed on in the Paris Climate Agreement, the Convention on Biological Diversity. Also mentions of specific solutions such as keeping current wild lands wild, changing consumption practices, changing agricultural practices, population control. ", "not_that_valuable": "One line mentions of various conservation or climate change agreements, mention of Russia's concern and work on the \"Red Book\" (Sounds like an endangered animals list), calling for new agreements but without specific mentions of what those agreements would include, claims or descriptions about conservation efforts on a small scale that have not shown results yet. Articles that included one line from IPBES about a fundamental social reorganization concerning technological, economic and social factors.", "non_relevant": "Articles about the Permian extinction, and the Cambrian explosion; protests against the sixth extinction, article that was just the title. Articles solely about predicting the extinction but without discussing any solutions. Announcement of a panel discussion on the extinction; about cats killing birds and lizards; claims that hunting was the cause of animal decline; animal rights in general; history and consistency of biodiversity; habitat studies outside of climate change; poaching; naming species after famous people; \nThe World Wildlife Fund (WWF) calls for turning off the lights for one hour as a sign of concern for the future of the planet "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocene_extinction&oldid=788947444", "text": "The abundance of species extinctions considered anthropogenic, or due to human activity, have sometimes (especially when referring to hypothesized future events) been collectively called the \"Anthropocene extinction\". \"Anthropocene\" is a term introduced in 2000. It is now posited by some that a new geological epoch has begun, characterised by the most abrupt and widespread extinction of species since the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago.\n\nThe term \"anthropocene\" is being used more frequently by scientists, and some commentators may refer to the current and projected future extinctions as part of a longer Holocene extinction. The Holocene–Anthropocene boundary is contested, with some commentators asserting significant human influence on climate for much of what is normally regarded as the Holocene Epoch. Other commentators place the Holocene–Anthropocene boundary at the industrial revolution while also saying that, \"[f]ormal adoption of this term in the near future will largely depend on its utility, particularly to earth scientists working on late Holocene successions.\"\n\nIt has been suggested that human activity has made the period following the mid-20th century different enough from the rest of the Holocene to consider it a new geological epoch, known as the Anthropocene, which was considered for implementation into the timeline of Earth's history by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in 2016. In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels at a global scale and when these alterations caused changes to global climate. Employing chemical proxies from Antarctic ice cores, researchers have estimated the fluctuations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane gases (CH4) in the earth’s atmosphere for the late Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. Based on studies that estimated fluctuations of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere using chemical proxies from Antarctic ice cores, general argumentation of when the peak of the Anthropocene occurred pertains to the timeframe within the previous two centuries; typically beginning with the Industrial Revolution, when greenhouse gas levels were recorded by contemporary methods at its highest.", "date": "2017-07-04"}}
{"topic_id": "158", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Turkey's response to Kurdish independence referendum", "topic_description": "How did Turkey react to the 2017 Kurdish referendum on independence from Iraq?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Реакция Турции на референдум о независимости Kурдов", "topic_description": "Как Турция отреагирует на 2017 Kурдской референдум о независимости от Ирака?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "واکنش ترکیه به رفراندوم استقلال کردستان", "topic_description": "واکنش ترکیه به رفراندوم کرد ۲۰۱۷ در مورد استقلال از عراق چه بود ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "土耳其对Kindish endum的反应", "topic_description": "土耳其是如何从Iraq到2017年的呢？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Ответ Турции на референдум по вопросу о независимости курдов", "topic_description": "Как Турция отреагировала на курдский референдум 2017 года о независимости от Ирака?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "N/A", "somewhat_valuable": "Any article that described Turkey threatening to shut off the oil pipeline and what the economic implications of that shut off would be; any economic sanctions particularly those articles that detailed the amount of financial loss; closing commercial air space and canceling commercial flights; immediate military operations in response to the referendum (not the long term military operations in Iraq that was taking place anyway); closing the Turkish border to the Kurdish section of Iraq", "not_that_valuable": "Turkey/Russia assessing the referendum; Turkish promise to coordinate with Iraq on control over Iraqi borders; Turkey assessing the referendum as a mistake; Turkey coming out against the referendum; mention of economic sanctions or other repercussions without details; calls by Turkey to cancel the referendum; Turkey calling the referendum a national security issue.\n", "non_relevant": "US reaction, Saudi reaction, Iraqi reponse, Israel reaction to referendum; Mattis visit to Iraq and Turkey; Kurdish announcement of the referendum; the referendum itself; the various Turkish military operations in Iraq that took place long after the referendum; mention of the referendum on Turkey's part as a mistake; but no details; Oil as Art; Kurdish consultations with Russia; articles on Rosneft; Turkish rels with Syria; Ukraine oil transit Belarus; Kurdish history, Russian assessment what referendum will do in the region overall; Turkey blaming US on the situation; Article about curfews; Russian/Turkish relations; Turkish/Iraqi relations"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(2015%E2%80%93present)&oldid=796657711", "text": "On January 11, 2016, more than 1000 scholars and academics from 90 Turkish Universities and abroad signed a petition entitled \"We won’t be a party to this crime,\" calling for an end to the government's crackdown on the Kurdish activists and politicians, and a resumption of the peace process. They also criticized the use of tanks in urban centers calling it a deliberate massacre of Kurdish people. On January 12, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan sharply criticized the dissident academics which included David Harvey, Immanuel Wallerstein, Slavoj Žižek and Noam Chomsky and accused them of being a fifth column of foreign powers. He also called on the Turkish judiciary to move against the \"treachery\". All 1,228 Turkish signatories were subsequently placed under investigation. Erdoğan invited Chomsky to visit the area in a televised speech to a conference of Turkish ambassadors in Ankara. However Chomsky rejected the offer and said: \"If I decide to go to Turkey, it will not be on his invitation, but as frequently before at the invitation of the many courageous dissidents, including Kurds who have been under severe attack for many years.\" He also accused Erdoğan of aiding ISIS and the al-Nusra Front. On January 14, Düzce University in northwest Turkey dismissed an associate sociology professor after she signed the declaration and On January 15, Erdogan attacked the signatories again, accusing them of supporting the Kurdish rebels and said \" having a PhD title doesn't necessarily make you an intellectual. These are people in the dark. They are cruel and despicable.\" That same day, Turkish authorities arrested 14 signatories, including 12 academics from Kocaeli University, accusing them of spreading \"terrorism propaganda\" and of insulting the state. U.S. Ambassador John Bass released a statement expressing his concern regarding the arrests. He also said \"Expressions of concern about violence do not equal support for terrorism. Criticism of government does not equal treason.\" On January 16, main opposition leader Kemal Killicdaroglu sharply criticized Erdoğan over detention of dissident academics and called him a dictator. Two days later, lawyers for Turkish President filed a lawsuit against him and a prosecutor from the Ankara prosecutors' office also launched an investigation into his comments on charges of \"openly insulting the president\", a crime punishable by up to four years in jail.\n\nOn May 25, 2016, the noted Turkish author and poet Zülfü Livaneli resigned as Turkey’s only UNESCO goodwill ambassador. In his post on Twitter, he noted \"UNESCO’s silence on human rights violations and lack of fundamental freedoms.\" and he also refused to take part in the World Humanitarian Summit in Istanbul. He highlighted destruction of historical Sur district of Diyarbakir as his main reason for resignation.\n\nWhen [Kurdish region] Sur’s historical heritage is being destroyed, I can’t with a straight face urge people to protect the historical heritage of Istanbul\n\nOn March 31, 2016, during a public speech by Erdoğan at the Brookings Institution, his supporters and opponents clashed outside the venue. His security guards assaulted Brooking's employees and ordered a well-known Turkish journalist, Amberin Zaman, to leave, calling her a \"P.K.K. whore\". Security staff members had to stop the guards from removing other journalists from inside the auditorium. Some Turkish guards were restrained by police officers. National Press Club released a statement and expressed alarm at the events.\n\nTurkey's leader and his security team are guests in the United States. They have no right to lay their hands on reporters or protesters or anyone else for that matter, when the people they are apparently roughing up seemed to be merely doing their jobs or exercising the rights they have in this country.\n\n", "date": "2017-08-22"}}
{"topic_id": "159", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Migration challenges in UN Migration Compact", "topic_description": "What migration challenges did the United Nation's Global Compact for Migration address?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "چالش های مهاجرت در پیمان مهاجرت سازمان ملل متحد", "topic_description": "قرارداد جهانی مهاجرت سازمان ملل متحد به کدام چالش های مهاجرت رسیدگی کرده است؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "چالش های مهاجرت در سازمان ملل متحد", "topic_description": "پیمان جهانی سازمان ملل متحد برای رسیدگی به مهاجرت چه چالش ‌ هایی را به دنبال داشت ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Migration在联合国Migration Compact中的挑战", "topic_description": "是什么迁移挑战了联合Nation的全球Compact的Migration地址？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Миграционные проблемы в Миграционном договоре ООН", "topic_description": "Какие проблемы в области миграции были решены в Глобальном договоре Организации Объединенных Наций по вопросам миграции?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "unbalanced flow of migration, human rights concerns of migrants, safety of migrants, receiving countries cooperating with each other, safety of children", "somewhat_valuable": "reasons for migration, general characteristics of countries involved, length of time until compact approval", "not_that_valuable": "N/A", "non_relevant": "patriotism vs nationalism, status of troops in Yemen, development in Afghanistan, US exit from Iran nuclear deal, resolving political standstill in Libya, US defense treaty with Japan, resistance to US immigration laws, reaction to US exit from Paris Accord, immigration statistics in Germany"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Compact_for_Migration&oldid=869860258", "text": "The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM) is a non-binding \"intergovernmentally negotiated agreement, prepared under the auspices of the United Nations, [that covers] all dimensions of international migration in a holistic and comprehensive manner\"", "date": "2018-11-20"}}
{"topic_id": "160", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho", "fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Nobel Laureate Liu Xiaobo’s death", "topic_description": "What were the circumstances of the death of Nobel Peace Prize recipient Liu Xiaobo?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "诺贝尔奖得主刘晓波去世", "topic_description": "诺贝尔和平奖获得者刘晓波去世的情况是什么？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "مرگ برنده نوبل لیو شیائوبو", "topic_description": "شرایط درگذشت برنده جایزه صلح نوبل لیو شیائوبو چگونه بود؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "برنده جایزه نوبل مرگ لیو Xiaobo", "topic_description": "شرایط مرگ برنده جایزه صلح نوبل لیو شوبو چه بود ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "刘晓波的遗愿", "topic_description": "刘晓思的后遗症是什么？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Смерть Нобелевского лауреата Лю Сяобо", "topic_description": "Каковы обстоятельства смерти лауреата Нобелевской премии мира Лю Сяобо?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "Lui’s medical issues, treatment Chinese government's handling of issue", "somewhat_valuable": "details about date of death", "not_that_valuable": "documents about Lui’s life", "non_relevant": "documents about Lui’s wife "}, "fas": {"very_valuable": "-Calls by Xiaobo's family for the Chinese government to release Xiaobo to seek western medical treatment were initially denied\n-Chinese government eventually allowed foreign medical experts into to country to work Xiaobo's case but his cancer had already spread\n-Once transferred to hospital, Xiaobo was under constant security surveillance and was not permitted to see family\n-Western countries criticized China and held the government responsible for not allowing Xiaobo to seek outside treatment\n-Western countries including the US offered medical help for Xiaobo, but China criticized foreign reactions and called it interference in China's domestic affairs", "somewhat_valuable": "-Reports on Xiaobo's life as a political activist in China and his 11 year jail sentence, which informs the reader about the reason for China's lack of quick action with regard to his medical care\n-Reports that some Chinese media portrayed Xiaobo as a criminal after his death\n-Initial reports about Xiaobo's cancer and eventual hospitalization\n-Reports that only after Xiaobo was cremated was his wife permitted to leave house\n-Reports on hostilities between Xiaobo and Chine, and hasty sea burial arranged by Chinese government so that followers would not have a gathering place/memorial to visit", "not_that_valuable": "-Reports focused on Xiaobo's wife finally being granted permission to leave China and entry into Germany after years of house arrest due to association with Xiaobo's activities, with brief references to Xiaobo's own case and fate", "non_relevant": "-Reports only focusing on Xiaobo's sickness and medical release from prison but reported prior to his death\n-Reports informing about Xiaobo’s activism more than his death"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liu_Xiaobo&oldid=787642069", "text": "Liu Xiaobo (Chinese: 刘晓波; pinyin: Liú Xiǎobō) (born 28 December 1955) is a Chinese literary critic, writer, professor, and human rights activist who called for political reforms and the end of communist single-party rule. He was incarcerated as a political prisoner in Jinzhou, Liaoning. On June 26, 2017, he was granted medical parole after being diagnosed with terminal liver cancer.", "date": "2017-06-26"}}
{"topic_id": "161", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus", "zho", "fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Event Horizon Telescope blackhole images", "topic_description": "What do the images of blackholes obtained by the Event Horizon Telescope reveal about Albert Einstein's theories?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Изображения черной дыры телескопа Event Horizon", "topic_description": "Что изображения черных дыр, полученные телескопом Event Horizon, говорят о теориях Альберта Эйнштейна?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "事件视界望远镜 黑洞照片", "topic_description": "事件视界望远镜获取的黑洞照片揭示了什么关于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的理论？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "تصاویر سیاهچاله از تلسکوپ افق رویداد", "topic_description": "تصاویر سیاه چاله های گرفته شده توسط تلسکوپ افق رویداد چه چیزی در مورد نظریه های آلبرت اینشتین نشان داد؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "تصاویر سیاه چاله تلسکوپ افق رویداد", "topic_description": "تصاویر سیاه ‌ چاله ‌ های به دست آمده توسط تلسکوپ افق رویداد چه چیزی را در مورد نظریه ‌ های آلبرت اینشتین نشان می ‌ دهد ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "事件及事件Telescope blackhole images", "topic_description": "关于Albert Einsus的理论，黑斑的图像是什么？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Event Horizon телескоп черных дыр изображения", "topic_description": "Что показывают изображения черных дыр, полученные телескопом Event Horizon о теориях Альберта Эйнштейна?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "One article went into detail how the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) project confirmed Einstein's theory of how black holes would behave and how they would appear. His theory of relativity predicted that the shadow of a black hole would look like a dark circle surrounded by a crescent of bright light. The EHT observations helped to confirm his theories. The article explained that by combining the power of telescopes, scientists were able to achieve a resolution that exceeded that of the Hubble by a thousand times.  ", "somewhat_valuable": "A very few number of articles discussed how the EHT proved or disproved Einstein's theory. These articles explained what his theories were about black holes, quantum gravity, and how the EHT was able to prove them, but didn't provide as much detail as the one highly valuable article.  ", "not_that_valuable": "Articles that explained that the EHT could prove or refute Einstein's theory, or stating that his theories about gravity, black holes were proven, but no details were included. I also included a couple articles that discussed the Hubble and its limitations about viewing black holes and how there was hope for future telescopes to be powerful enough to view black holes and prove or refute Einstein's theories. ", "non_relevant": "Articles about other endeavors such as the Very Large Telescope (VLT) array, articles that only focused on EHT's image of the black hole. Articles that focused on the achievements of the EHT in being able to photograph the black hole, the technicalities behind how it was worked, what a black hole is with no mention of Einstein. Articles focusing on scientists proving Einstein’s theories but not through the EHT, or those who disagreed with his theories. Observations about black holes in general, how they “eat” gas, how they collapse, what they emit, the discovery of supermassive black holes, remaining mysteries of the universe. Criticism of the black hole photograph"}, "zho": {"very_valuable": "documents that tie Event Horizon Telescope photos of blackholes to Einstein's theories", "somewhat_valuable": "documents about Event Horizon Telescope and blackholes ", "not_that_valuable": "Visual China Group falsely claimed ownership of the image of blackhole", "non_relevant": "general documents about blackholes or telescopes "}, "fas": {"very_valuable": "One article about satellite imaged of the collision of two black holes which bore out the truth of Albert Einstein's general relativity", "somewhat_valuable": "A few articles either only about images of blackholes, or about Einstein's theories about black holes, plus a few articles about other scientific breakthroughs related to images of black holes", "not_that_valuable": "Articles about images of celestial bodies and various scientific breakthroughs resulted from them", "non_relevant": "Articles about nature, famous women in science, saplings, asteroids, the moon"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Event_Horizon_Telescope&diff=891688439&oldid=891688413", "text": "The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a project to create a large telescope array consisting of a global network of radio telescopes and combining data from several very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) stations around the Earth. The aim is to observe the immediate environment of the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the center of the Milky Way, as well as the even larger black hole in the supergiant elliptical galaxy Messier 87, with angular resolution comparable to the black hole's event horizon.\n\nThe EHT is composed of many radio observatories or radio telescope facilities around the world to produce a high-sensitivity, high-angular-resolution telescope. Through the technique of very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI), many independent radio antennae separated by hundreds or thousands of miles can be used in concert to create a virtual telescope with an effective diameter of the entire planet. The effort includes development and deployment of submillimeter dual polarization receivers, highly stable frequency standards to enable very-long-baseline interferometry at 230–450 GHz, higher-bandwidth VLBI backends and recorders, as well as commissioning of new submillimeter VLBI sites.\n\nEach year since its first data capture in 2006, the EHT array has moved to add more observatories to its global network of radio telescopes. The first image of the Milky Way's supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*, was expected to be produced in April 2017, but owing to the South Pole Telescope being closed during winter (April to October) the data shipment delayed the processing to December 2017, when the shipment arrived. The first image is now expected to be released on April 10, 2019. The image will also test Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity at the extreme.\n\nData collected on hard drives are transported by airplane (a so-called sneakernet) from the various telescopes to the MIT Haystack Observatory in Massachusetts, USA, and the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Bonn, Germany, where the data are cross-correlated and analyzed on a grid computer made from about 800 CPUs all connected through a 40 Gbit/s network.", "date": "2019-04-09"}}
{"topic_id": "162", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Kavanaugh Sexual allegation impact on Republican Party", "topic_description": "What are the political effects of the Kavanaugh sexual misconduct allegations on the Republican Party?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "卡瓦诺性指控对共和党的影响", "topic_description": "共和党因卡瓦诺性丑闻指控受到了什么政治影响？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Kavanaugh اتهامات جنسی بر حزب جمهوری خواه تاثیر می گذارد", "topic_description": "اثرات سیاسی اتهامات سوء رفتار جنسی کاوانا بر حزب جمهوری خواه چیست ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "🚙impact on sexual allegican party", "topic_description": "什么是波尔塔效应在报复党?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Kavanaugh Влияние сексуального утверждения на Республиканскую партию", "topic_description": "Каковы политические последствия утверждений о сексуальных проступках Кавано для Республиканской партии?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "One articles with very valuable information was found.  The article states that the winning of the Kavanaugh case by the Republican Party has several political effects.  It helped to strengthen the conservatives' position in the Supreme Court.  It also helped to promote the Republicans' participation and support in elections.  In addition, more conservative judges in the court likely promote conservative ideas in the future court decisions.       ", "somewhat_valuable": "Three articles state that the winning of the Judge Kavanaugh's confirmation likely will strengthen the Republican conservatives' position and ideology in the Supreme Court.  However, the articles did not elaborate on these statements.   ", "not_that_valuable": "N/A", "non_relevant": "There are multiple reports on the Kavanaugh case, but did not state the political effect of the case on the Republic Party.  "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&oldid=849726022", "text": "President Donald Trump selected Judge Brett Kavanaugh to become an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States with an announcement on July 9, 2018, filling the vacancy left by the retirement of Anthony Kennedy. Kavanaugh's nomination needs to be confirmed by the United States Senate before he can join the Supreme Court. When nominated, Kavanaugh was a sitting judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, to which he had been appointed by George W. Bush.\n\nKavanaugh was officially announced as the nominee for Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States on July 9, 2018, selected as the Supreme Court nominee from among a list of \"25 highly qualified potential nominees\" considered by the Trump Administration. Reasons cited by President Trump for the nomination of Kavanaugh included his \"impeccable credentials, unsurpassed qualifications, and a proven commitment to equal justice under the law\" with the emphasis that \"what matters is not a judge’s political views, but whether they can set aside those views to do what the law and the Constitution require.\"\n\nKavanaugh's nomination must be confirmed by the United States Senate before his approval to the Supreme Court. Kavanaugh has stated that if he is confirmed by the Senate, he will \"keep an open mind in every case\" and that he \"will always strive to preserve the Constitution of the United States and the American Rule of Law\".\n\nSenate confirmation process\nOn July 10, 2018, Kavanaugh's nomination was officially sent to the Senate. His nomination is currently pending before the Senate Judiciary Committee.\n\nSupport\nSenate Republicans have expressed support for Kavanaugh's nomination. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell has stated his intent to support the nomination, referring to Kavanaugh as \"highly regarded throughout the legal community.\" The Republican Party currently holds a 51-49 majority in the Senate.\n\nLiberal professor Akhil Reed Amar from Yale Law School called the nomination of Kavanaugh Trump's \"finest hour, his classiest move.\" Amar also remarked that Kavanaugh \"commands wide and deep respect among scholars, lawyers and jurists.\"\n\nMembers of the United States Senate who have expressed support for the Kavanaugh nomination include the following:\n\nSenate Judiciary Committee Chairman Chuck Grassley (IA)\nSenate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (KY)\nSen. Ben Sasse (NE)\nSen. Bill Cassidy (LA)\nSen. Cindy Hyde-Smith (MS)\nSen. Dan Sullivan (AK)\nSen. David Perdue (GA)\nSen. Dean Heller (NV)\nSen. James Lankford (OK)\nSen. Jerry Moran (KS)\nSen. Jim Inhofe (OK)\nSen. John Barrasso (WY)\nSen. John Boozman (AR)\nSen. John Hoeven (ND)\nSen. John McCain (AZ)\nSen. John Thune (SD)\nSen. Johnny Isakson (GA)\nSen. Joni Ernst (IA)\nSen. Lamar Alexander (TN)\nSen. Lindsey Graham (SC)\nSen. Marco Rubio (FL)\nSen. Mike Crapo (ID)\nSen. Mike Lee (UT)\nSen. Orrin Hatch (UT)\nSen. Richard Burr (NC)\nSen. Richard Shelby (AL)\nSen. Roger Wicker (MS)\nSen. Ron Johnson (WI)\nSen. Roy Blunt (MO)\nSen. Shelley Moore Capito (WV)\nSen. Ted Cruz (TX)\nSen. Thom Tillis (NC)\nSen. Tim Scott (SC)\nOpposition\nA number of notable Senate members, including Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D) have stated intent to oppose Kavanaugh's confirmation.", "date": "2018-07-10"}}
{"topic_id": "163", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Dealing with homelessness drug issues", "topic_description": "What actions are being taken by government agencies and non-profit organizations to deal with the illegal drug issues associated with homelessness?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "处理流浪者的毒品问题", "topic_description": "政府机构和非营利组织正在采取哪些行动来处理流浪者的非法毒品问题？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "مقابله با بی خانمانی مسائل مربوط به مواد مخدر", "topic_description": "سازمان های دولتی و سازمان های غیر انتفاعی چه اقداماتی را برای مقابله با مسائل غیرقانونی مواد مخدر مرتبط با بی خانمانی انجام می دهند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "处理家庭毒品问题", "topic_description": "政府机构和非牟利组织为处理非法毒品问题而采取的行动是什么？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Решение проблемы бездомных наркотиков", "topic_description": "Какие меры принимаются правительственными учреждениями и некоммерческими организациями для решения проблемы незаконных наркотиков, связанных с бездомностью?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "There were three articles found with very valuable information detailed Hong Kong police anti-drug raids in a homeless dense area.  The information including names and nationalities of the persons arrested, types and amount of illegal drugs found, etc. ", "somewhat_valuable": "There were two articles reported on the joint government agency tearing down of illegal tents used in illegal drug trades in a homeless dense area of Hong Kong.  But no details about these operations.  ", "not_that_valuable": "N/A", "non_relevant": "There were multiple reports on police anti-drug raids and other operations in areas of Hong Kong that not known for high dense of homeless population.  "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homelessness&diff=863608901&oldid=863303800", "text": "Australia\nMain article: Homelessness in Australia\n\nA homeless person's shelter under a fallen willow tree in Australia\n\nAbandoned homeless shelter in Mawson, ACT\nIn Australia the Supported Accommodation Assistance Program (SAAP) is a joint Commonwealth and state government program which provides funding for more than 1,200 organisations which are aimed to assist homeless people or those in danger of becoming homeless, as well as women and children escaping domestic violence. They provide accommodation such as refuges, shelters, and half-way houses, and offer a range of supported services. The Commonwealth has assigned over $800 million between 2000 and 2005 for the continuation of SAAP. The current program, governed by the Supported Assistance Act 1994, specifies that \"the overall aim of SAAP is to provide transitional supported accommodation and related support services, in order to help people who are homeless to achieve the maximum possible degree of self-reliance and independence. This legislation has been established to help the homeless people of the nation and help rebuild the lives of those in need. The cooperation of the states also helps enhance the meaning of the legislation and demonstrates their desire to improve the nation as best they can.\" In 2011, the Specialist Homelessness Services (SHS) program replaced the SAAP program.\n\nUnited States\nMain article: Homelessness in the United States\n\nA woman giving a homeless man food in New York City (2008)\nIn the United States, the number of homeless people grew in the 1980s, as welfare cuts increased.\n\nHousing First is an initiative to help homeless people reintegrate into society, and out of homeless shelters. It was initiated by the federal government's Interagency Council on Homelessness. It asks cities to come up with a plan to end chronic homelessness. In this direction, there is the belief that if homeless people are given independent housing to start, with some proper social supports, then there would be no need for emergency homeless shelters, which it considers a good outcome. However this is a controversial position.\n\nMiami, Florida's Community Partnership for Homeless launched a national outreach program in 2008 to help other communities throughout the United States address homelessness. Since its inception in 1993, CPH has served nearly 76,000 residents with a successful outplacement rate of nearly 62 percent in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The number of homeless people in the county has declined by 83 percent. The national program shares CPH's model of Homeless Assistance Centers, job training programs, on-site childcare, housing assistance and more. The organization also provides background on its unique funding structure and partnerships within the community. Homelessness has increased rapidly in the past decade. Domestic violence, substance abuse, losing jobs, unaffordable rent and issues with family are significant contributing factors.\n\n\nA homeless man sleeping in the Bowery neighborhood\nIn the Bowery, homelessness used to be common, but has declined since the 1970s. The area began revitalization in the 1990s and now is an upscale Manhattan neighborhood.\n\nCarrfour Supportive Housing, a nonprofit organization established in 1993 by the Homeless Committee of the Greater Miami Chamber of Commerce – develops, operates and manages innovative housing communities for individuals and families in need through a unique approach combining affordable housing with comprehensive, on-site supportive services. As the leading not-for-profit provider of supportive housing in Florida, Carrfour has supplied homes for more than 10,000 formerly homeless men, women and children since its founding.\n\nIn Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 2007, a non-profit organization named Back on My Feet was created by runner Anne Mahlum as a running club for homeless men and women in the area, to help overcome homelessness through a multi-step self-help program centered on running three days a week, plus sponsored running events. Participants, drawn from local homeless shelters partnered with the organization, are assigned to different teams within each chapter and monitored by a nonresident member, and are required to commit to punctuality, endurance, self-optimism, team spirit, and sobriety. The members earn incentives through continued participation and progress, culminating in educational scholarships and assistance in finding permanent housing and employment. Back on My Feet counted a total of 400 homeless runners in nine cities after five years, and by the beginning of 2013 counted 10 different city chapters in the United States, with four more chapters planned by the end of the year.\n\nIn Boston, Massachusetts, in September 2007, an outreach to homeless people was established in the Boston Common, after some arrests and shootings, and in anticipation of the cold winter ahead. This outreach targets homeless people who would normally spend their sleeping time on the Boston Common, and tries to get them into housing, trying to skip the step of an emergency shelter. Applications for Boston Housing Authority were being handed out and filled out and submitted. This is an attempt to enact by outreach the Housing First initiative, federally mandated. Boston's Mayor, Thomas Menino, was quoted as saying \"The solution to homelessness is permanent housing\". Still, this is a very controversial strategy, especially if the people are not able to sustain a house with a proper community, health, substance counseling, and mental health supportive programs.\n\nIn October 2009, as part of the city's Leading the Way initiative, Mayor Thomas M. Menino of Boston dedicated and opened the Weintraub Day Center which is the first city-operated day center for chronically homeless persons. It is a multi-service center, providing shelter, counseling, healthcare, housing assistance, and other support services. It is a 3,400-square-foot (320 m2) facility located in the Woods Mullen Shelter. It is also meant to reduce the strain on the city's hospital emergency rooms by providing services and identifying health problems before they escalate into emergencies. It was funded by $3 million in grants from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Massachusetts Department of Housing and Community Development (DHCD), the Massachusetts Medical Society and Alliance Charitable Foundation, and the United States Department of Health and Human Services Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).\n\nIn 2010 in New York City, where there were over 36,000 homeless people in 2009, there was a mobile video exhibit in the streets showing a homeless person on a screen and asking onlookers and passersby to text with their cellphones a message for him, and they also could donate money by cellphones to the organization Pathways to Housing. In September 2010, it was reported that the Housing First Initiative had significantly reduced the chronic homeless single person population in Boston, Massachusetts, although homeless families were still increasing in number. Some shelters were reducing the number of beds due to lowered numbers of homeless, and some emergency shelter facilities were closing, especially the emergency Boston Night Center. In 2011, the Department of Veterans Affairs Supportive Services for Veterans Families Initiative, SSVF, began funding private non-profit organizations and consumer cooperatives to provide supportive services to very low-income veteran families living in or transitioning to permanent housing.\n\nEnhanced data collection and evaluation\nHomeless enumeration counts are mandated by HUD for all jurisdictions participating in HUD Continuum of Care grant programs. These occur as frequently as every two years. More recently, organizations such as Common Ground have compiled Vulnerability Indexes which prioritize homeless persons. The factors include the existence of late stage terminal disease, HIV-AIDS, kidney or liver disease, frequent hospitalizations and frequent emergency room visits. The data which is compiled which exceeds the BUD mandate is retained and held confidential by Common Ground. Advocates of the system claim high rates of success in placing the most vulnerable persons, but skeptics remain concerned with confidentiality and security issues.[citation needed]\n\nUnited Kingdom\nMain articles: Homelessness in the United Kingdom, Homelessness in England, and Homelessness in Scotland\n\nNumber of homeless in England per 100,000 people, 1998–2014\nSince the late 1990s, housing policy has been a devolved matter, and state support for the homeless, together with legal rights in housing, have therefore diverged to a certain degree. A national service, called Streetlink, was established in 2012 to help members of the public obtain near-immediate assistance for specific rough sleepers, with the support of the Government (as housing is a devolved matter, the service currently only extends to England). Currently, the service does not operate on a statutory basis, and the involvement of local authorities is merely due to political pressure from the government and charities, with funding being provided by the government (and others) on an ad-hoc basis.[citation needed]\n\nA member of the public who is concerned that someone is sleeping on the streets can report the individual's details via the Street Link website or by calling the referral line number on 0300 500 0914. Someone who finds themselves sleeping on the streets can also report their situation using the same methods. It is important to note that the Streetlink service is for those who are genuinely sleeping on the streets, and not those who may merely be begging, or ostensibly living their life on the streets despite a place to sleep elsewhere (such as a hostel or supported accommodation).\n\nThe annual number of homeless households in England peaked in 2003–04 at 135,420 before falling to a low of 40,020 in 2009–10. In 2014–15, there were 54,430 homeless households, which was 60 per cent below the 2003–04 peak. The UK has more than 80,000 children in temporary accommodation, a number which increases every year. In 2007 the official figures for England were that an average of 498 people slept rough each night, with 248 of those in London. It is important to note that many individuals may spend only a few days or weeks sleeping rough, and so any number for rough sleepers on a given night hides the total number of people actually affected in any one year.\n\nHomelessness in England since 2010 has been rising. By 2016 it is estimated the numbers sleeping rough had more than doubled since 2010. The National Audit Office say in relation to homelessness in England 2010-17 there has been a 60% rise in households living in temporary accommodation and a rise of 134% in rough sleepers. It is estimated 4,751 people bedded down outside overnight in England in 2017, up 15% on previous year. The housing charity Shelter used data from four sets of official 2016 statistics and calculated 254,514 people in England were homeless.\n\nThe Homelessness Reduction Act 2017 places a new duty on local authorities in England to assist people threatened with homelessness within 56 days and to assess, prevent and relieve homelessness for all eligible applicants including single homeless people from April 2018. In short, no one should be turned away.\n\nSouth Africa\nMain article: Homelessness in South Africa\nIn South Africa, there are an estimated 200,000 homeless people from a diverse range of backgrounds. Most South African municipalities preimarily view homelessness as a social dependency issue, responding with social interventions.\n\nSweden\nIn Sweden, municipalities are required to provide a home to any citizen who does not have one. However, landlords and lessors have the right to select guests among applicants. Owners, including municipalities themselves, avoid homeless people, unemployed people or people with a bad credit score. People who cannot pay their rent will be evicted, including families with small children. In 2009, 618 children were evicted. In cities with a lack of housing, the only options for homeless are usually shelters; usually privately owned, often of bad quality, for which municipalities pay.\n\nFinland\nIn Finland the municipalities are required by law to offer apartments or shelters to every Finnish citizen who does not have a residence. In 2007 the centre-right government of Matti Vanhanen began a special program of four wise men modeled after a US-originated Housing First policy to eliminate homelessness in Finland by 2015.\n\nRussia and the USSR\nMain article: Homelessness in Russia\nAfter the abolition of serfdom in Russia in 1861, major cities experienced a large influx of former peasants who sought jobs as industrial workers in rapidly developing Russian industry. These people often lived in harsh conditions, sometimes renting a room shared between several families. There also was a large number of shelterless homeless. Immediately after the October Revolution a special program of \"compression\" (\"уплотнение\") was enabled: people who had no shelter were settled in flats of those who had large (4, 5 or 6 room) flats with only one room left to previous owners. The flat was declared state property. This led to a large number of shared flats where several families lived simultaneously. Nevertheless, the problem of complete homelessness was mostly solved as anybody could apply for a room or a place in dormitory (the number of shared flats steadily decreased after large-scale residential building program was implemented starting in the 1960s).\n\nBy 1922 there were at least 7 million homeless children in Russia as a result of nearly a decade of devastation from World War I and the Russian Civil War. This led to the creation of a large number of orphanages. By the 1930s the USSR declared the abolition of homelessness and any citizen was obliged to have a propiska – a place of permanent residency. Nobody could be stripped of propiska without substitution or refuse it without a confirmed permission (called \"order\") to register in another place. If someone wanted to move to another city or expand their living area, he had to find a partner who wanted to mutually exchange the flats. The right for shelter was secured in the Soviet constitution. Not having permanent residency was legally considered a crime.\n\nAfter the breakup of the USSR, the problem of homelessness sharpened dramatically, partially because of the legal vacuum of the early 1990s with some laws contradicting each other and partially because of a high rate of frauds in the realty market. In 1991 articles 198 and 209 of Russian criminal code which instituted a criminal penalty for not having permanent residence were abolished. In Moscow, the first overnight shelter for homeless was opened in 1992. In the late 1990s, certain amendments in law were implemented to reduce the rise in homelessness, such as the prohibition of selling last flat with registered children.\n\nNevertheless, the state is still obliged to give permanent shelter for free to anybody who needs better living conditions or has no permanent registration, because the right to shelter is still included in the constitution. Several projects of special cheap 'social' flats for those who failed to repay mortgages were proposed to facilitate mortgage market.\n\nPuerto Rico\nAccording to the most recent count by the Puerto Rico Department of Family, in January 2017 there were 3,501 homeless persons in the country. The study shows that 26.2% of this population live in the capital, San Juan. Other municipalities percentage of this population was Ponce with 6.3%, Arecibo with 6%, Caguas with 5.3%, and Mayagüez with 4.7%. Results from the study determined that 76% of the homeless population were men and 24% were women and that both men and women populations, were on average age, 40 years old. This steadily increasing population, might have increased more drastically as a result of Hurricane María which caused over 90 billion dollars in damage to the island of Puerto Rico.\n\nData provided by the Department of Community Social Development of San Juan, indicates that in 1988 the number of homeless in the municipality was of 368, while in 2017 there are about 877 persons without a home. While the average age for the overall homeless population is 40 years old for both women and men, in San Juan the median is 48 years for men and 43 years for women. Other data obtained showed that more than 50% have university level education. Also it revealed that 35% of men and 25% of women have relapsed more than four times after unsuccessful attempts to reinsert themselves socially. Reasons given to wander are varied with the most common causes being drug abuse (30.6%), family problems (22.4%), financial or economic problems (15.0%), and others such as unemployment, mental health problems, domestic violence, evictions, or lack of support when released from prison.\n\nHungary\nThere are estimated to be 15,000 homeless persons in Hungary of which about 6,500 live in Budapest (2016). There have been repeated attempts at criminalising homelessness in Hungary by the Fidesz government and homeless people face severe restrictions in many cities. 131 homeless people died of cold exposure in Budapest between 2006 and 2010.\n\nMost countries provide a variety of services to assist homeless people. They often provide food, shelter and clothing and may be organized and run by community organizations (often with the help of volunteers) or by government departments. These programs may be supported by a government, charities, churches and individual donors. In 1998, a study by Koegel and Schoeni of a homeless population in Los Angeles, California, reported that a significant number of homeless do not participate in government assistance programs, and the authors reported being puzzled as to why that was, with the only possible suggestion from the evidence being that transaction costs were perhaps too high. The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development and Veterans Administration have a special Section 8 housing voucher program called VASH (Veterans Administration Supported Housing), or HUD-VASH, which gives out a certain number of Section 8 subsidized housing vouchers to eligible homeless and otherwise vulnerable US armed forces veterans. The HUD-VASH program has shown success in housing many homeless veterans.\n\nNon-governmental organizations also house, and/or redirect homeless veterans to care facilities. Social Security Income/Social Security Disability Income, Access, Outreach, Recovery Program (SOAR) is a national project funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. It is designed to increase access to SSI/SSDI for eligible adults who are homeless or at risk of becoming homelessness and have a mental illness and/or a co-occurring substance use disorder. Using a three-pronged approach of Strategic Planning, Training, and Technical Assistance (TA), the SOAR TA Center coordinates this effort at the state and community level.\n\nSocial supports\nSee also: Wall of kindness\nWhile some homeless people are known to have a community with one another, providing each other various types of support, people who are not homeless also may provide them friendship, food, relational care, and other forms of assistance. Such social supports may be done through a formal process, such as under the auspices of a non-governmental organization, religious organization, or homeless ministry, or may be done on an individual basis. In Los Angeles, a collaboration between the Ostrow School of Dentistry of the University of Southern California and the Union Rescue Mission shelter offer homeless people in the Skid Row area free dental services.\n\nIncome sources\nMany non-profit organizations such as Goodwill Industries \"provide skill development and work opportunities to people with barriers to employment\", though most of these organizations are not primarily geared toward homeless individuals. Many cities also have street newspapers or magazines: publications designed to provide employment opportunity to homeless people or others in need by street sale. While some homeless have paying jobs, some must seek other methods to make money. Begging or panhandling is one option, but is becoming increasingly illegal in many cities. Despite the stereotype, not all homeless people panhandle, and not all panhandlers are homeless. Another option is busking: performing tricks, playing music, drawing on the sidewalk, or offering some other form of entertainment in exchange for donations. In cities where plasmapheresis (blood donation) centers still exist, homeless people may generate income through visits to these centers.\n\nHomeless people can also provide waste management services to earn money. Some homeless people find returnable bottles and cans and bring them to recycling centres to earn money. For example, they can sort out organic trash from other trash, and/or separate out trash made of the same material (for example, different types of plastics, and different types of metal). Especially in Brazil, many people are already engaged in such activities. In addition, rather than sorting waste at landfills, ... they can also collect litter found on/beside the road to earn an income. Homeless people have been known to commit crimes just to be sent to jail or prison for food and shelter.[citation needed]\n\nInvented in 2005, in Seattle, Bumvertising, an informal system of hiring homeless people to advertise by a young entrepreneur is providing food, money, and bottles of water to sign-holding homeless in the Northwest. Homeless advocates accuse the founder, Ben Rogovy, and the process, of exploiting the poor and take particular offense to the use of the word \"bum\" which is generally considered pejorative. In October 2009, The Boston Globe carried a story on so-called cyberbegging, or Internet begging, which was reported to be a new trend worldwide.\n\nEmployment\nThe United States Department of Labor has sought to address one of the main causes of homelessness, a lack of meaningful and sustainable employment, through targeted training programs and an increase in access to employment opportunities that can help homeless people to develop sustainable lifestyles. This has included the development of the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness, which addresses homelessness on the federal level in addition to connecting homeless individuals to resources at the state level. All individuals who are in need of assistance are able, in theory, to access employment and training services under the Workforce Investment Act (WIA), although this is contingent upon funding and program support by the government, with veterans also being able to use the Veterans Workforce Investment Program.\n\nUnder the Department of Labor, the Veterans' Employment and Training Service (VETS) offers a variety of programs targeted at ending homelessness among veterans. The Homeless Veterans' Reintegration Program (HVRP) is the only national program that is exclusively focused on assisting veterans as they reenter the workforce. In addition, the VETS program also has an Incarcerated Veterans' Transition Program as well as services that are unique to female Veterans. Mainstream programs initiated by the Department of Labor have included the Workforce Investment Act, One-Stop Career Centers, and a Community Voice Mail system that helps to connect homeless individuals around the United States with local resources. In addition, targeted labor programs have included the Homeless Veterans' Reintegration Project, the Disability Program Navigator Initiative, efforts to end chronic homelessness through providing employment and housing projects, Job Corps, and the Veterans Workforce Investment Program (VWIP).\n\nStreet newspapers\nMain article: street newspaper\nStreet newspapers are a tool for allowing homeless individuals to work. In New York City, in 1989, a street newspaper was created called Street News which put some homeless to work, some writing, producing, and mostly selling the paper on streets and trains. Street News is written pro bono by a combination of homeless, celebrities, and established writers. In 1991, in England, a street newspaper, following the New York model was established, called The Big Issue and is published weekly. Its circulation has grown to 300,000.\n\nChicago has StreetWise which has the second largest circulation of its kind in the United States, 30,000. Boston has a Spare Change News newspaper, founded in 1992 by a small group of homeless people in Boston, built on the same model as the others: homeless helping themselves. San Francisco, California has a twice monthly Street Sheet newspaper, founded in 1989, with a distribution of 32,000 per month. In central and southern Florida, The Homeless Voice works to spread awareness of homelessness and provide aid to victims through its street paper. The publication is the oldest continuously published street newspaper, operates advertising free, contains poverty-related news stories, artwork, poetry, and is provided to street vendors free of charge.\n\nSeattle has Real Change, a $1 newsletter that aims to benefit directly homeless people and also reports on economic issues in the area. Portland, Oregon has Street Roots, with articles and poetry by homeless writers, sold on the street for a dollar. More recently, Street Sense, in Washington, D.C. has gained a lot of popularity and helped many make the move out of homelessness. Students in Baltimore, MD have opened a satellite office for that street paper as well. The Challenger Street Newspaper is written and run by people experiencing homelessness and their allies in Austin, Texas – one of the most economically segregated cities in America. Sacramento, California has Homeward Street Journal, published bimonthly, with a circulation of about 11,000 per issue.\n\nHousing\nCommunity organization housing initiative\nMany housing initiatives involve homeless people in the process of building and maintaining affordable shared housing. This process works as a double impact by not only providing housing but also giving homeless people employment income and work experience. One example of this type of initiative is the nonprofit organization Living Solutions, which is located in downtown San Diego, CA. This community initiative provides the homeless population with a source of housing as well as giving them jobs building affordable homes. The initiative also builds community empowerment by asking formerly homeless residents to help to maintain and repair these homes. Residents are responsible for all household duties, including menu planning, budgeting, shopping, cooking, cleaning, yard work, and home maintenance. The environment of responsibility over a living space fosters a sense of ownership as well as involvement in all parts of the decision-making process.\n\n\nPhoto of housing initiative for the homeless\nOrganizing in homeless shelters\nHomeless shelters can become grounds for community organization and the recruitment of homeless individuals into social movements for their own cause. Cooperation between the shelter and an elected representative from the homeless community at each shelter can serve as the backbone of this form of initiative. The representative presents and forwards problems, raises concerns and provides new ideas to the director and staff of the shelters. A few examples of possible problems are ways to deal with drug and alcohol use by certain shelter users and resolve interpersonal conflicts. SAND, the Danish National Organization for Homeless People, is one example of an organization that uses this empowerment approach. Issues reported at the homeless shelters are then addressed by SAND at the regional or national level. To open further dialogue, SAND organizes regional discussion forums where staff and leaders from the shelters, homeless representatives, and local authorities meet to discuss issues and good practices at the shelters.\n\nPolitical action: voting\nVoting for elected officials is important for the homeless population to have a \"voice\" in the democratic process. Equal access to the right to vote is a crucial part of maintaining a democracy. However, in some jurisdictions, it may be hard for homeless people to vote, if they do not have identification, a fixed address, or a place to receive mail. Voting enables homeless people to play a part in deciding the direction of their communities by voicing their opinions on local, regional and national issues that are important and relevant to their lives. With each election, low income and homeless individuals vote at a lower rate than people with higher incomes, despite the fact that many policy decisions directly impact people who are economically disadvantaged. Currently, issues such as raising the minimum wage and funding certain social welfare and housing programs are being debated in the U.S. Congress and in communities around the country. In order for the government to represent the people, citizens must vote—especially those who are economically disadvantaged.\n\nAn example of how to overcome these obstacles and encourage greater voter participation among low income and homeless citizens was done by the National Coalition for the Homeless and other national advocacy and grassroots social movement groups. These groups collaborated to create a manual that promotes voting access for low income and homeless persons to ensure that those who are economically disadvantaged maintain an active role and voice in shaping their futures. The manual is designed to provide ideas to help overcome the many obstacles that prevent people experiencing homelessness from becoming registered, active voters. By working together with homeless persons, low-income individuals, and advocates around the country, grassroots social movement organizations can work alongside homeless and low-income persons to make their voices heard on Election Day.\n\nLegislation and legal pro bono efforts\nIn 1979, a New York City lawyer, Robert Hayes, brought a class action suit before the courts, Callahan v. Carey, against the City and State, arguing for a person's state constitutional \"right to shelter\". It was settled as a consent decree in August 1981. The City and State agreed to provide board and shelter to all homeless men who met the need standard for welfare or who were homeless by certain other standards. By 1983 this right was extended to homeless women.\n\nBy the mid-1980s, there was also a dramatic increase in family homelessness. Tied into this was an increasing number of impoverished and runaway children, teenagers, and young adults, which created a new sub-stratum of the homeless population (street children or street youth). Also, in the 1980s, in the United States, some federal legislation was introduced on homelessness as a result of the work of Congressman Stewart B. McKinney. In 1987, the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act was enacted.\n\nServices\nMain article: Homelessness services\nFurther information: List of homelessness organizations\nThere are many community organizations and social movements around the world which are taking action to reduce homelessness. They have sought to counteract the causes and reduce the consequences by starting initiatives that help homeless people to transition to self-sufficiency. Social movements and initiatives tend to follow a grassroots, community-based model of organization. This form of movement is generally characterized by a loose, informal and decentralized structure, with an emphasis on radical protest politics. An interest group gives more of an emphasis on influencing government policies and relies on more of a formal organization structure. These different groups share a common element: they are both made up of and run by a mix of allies of the homeless population and former or current members of the homeless population. Both grassroots groups and interest groups aim to break stereotyped images of the homeless as being weak, criminals, drug addicts and excluded and to ensure that the voice of homeless people and their representatives is clearly heard by policymakers.\n", "date": "2018-10-11"}}
{"topic_id": "164", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "OPCW report Douma chemical attack", "topic_description": "What conclusions did the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons draw in their report regarding the April 7, 2018 chemical attack in Douma, Syria?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Доклад ОЗХО о химической атаке в Думе", "topic_description": "К каким выводам пришла Организация по Запрещению Химического Оружия в своем докладе о химической атаке 7 апреля 2018 года в Думе, Сирии?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "گزارش OPCW حمله شیمیایی دوما", "topic_description": "سازمان منع سلاح ‌ های شیمیایی در گزارش خود در مورد حمله شیمیایی ۷ آوریل ۲۰۱۸ در دوما سوریه چه نتیجه ‌ گیری ‌ هایی انجام داد ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "OPCW重新移植Douma化学攻击", "topic_description": "在2018年4月7日，在Syria的Douma举行的化学攻击中，化学Weapons的组织是什么？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "ОЗХО сообщила о химическом нападении на Думу", "topic_description": "Какие выводы сделала Организация по запрещению химического оружия в своем докладе относительно химического нападения 7 апреля 2018 года в Думе, Сирия?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "N/A", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles that gave details the OPCW report on Douma produced, such as the chemical agent was chlorine, and that the barrel bombs exploded due to impact on the ground. Also, articles that included how the OPCW representatives gathered the evidence in Douma", "not_that_valuable": "Initial or vague reports that the OPCW had come to a conclusion that chlorine was used in the attack on Douma, or short, one-liner reports on the OPCW's report on Douma", "non_relevant": "OPCW reports on other attacks in Syria such as Idlib; Russia calling the OPCW reports into question; the US, France, or other countries' position on what happened in Syria; announcements of the OPCW getting ready to travel to Syria to conduct investigation; Russia accusing the OPCW of either bias or claiming that the OPCW was in crisis."}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Douma_chemical_attack&oldid=884891374", "text": "On 10 April, the Syrian and Russian governments invited the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons to send a team to investigate the attacks. The investigators arrived in Douma on April 14; however, their access to the site was blocked by Russia and Syria who cited security concerns.\n\nOn 17 April, the OPCW was promised access to the site, but had not entered Douma and was unable to carry out the inspection because a large crowd gathered at one site, while their reconnaissance teams came under fire during a reconnaissance to visit the other site of the purported chemical weapons attack. According to OPCW director, “On arrival at site one, a large crowd gathered and the advice provided by the UNDSS was that the reconnaissance team should withdraw,” and “at site two, the team came under small arms fire and an explosive was detonated. The reconnaissance team returned to Damascus.” However, the OPCW statement did not lay blame on any party for the incident. The United States believes the Syrian government is stalling the OPCW to give itself time to remove evidence.\n\nOn 19 April, OPCW still was unable to access the sites. According to a US State Department spokeswoman, there was \"credible information\" that \"Russian officials are working with the Syrian regime to deny and to delay these inspectors from gaining access to Douma,\" and \"to sanitize the locations of the suspected attacks and remove incriminating evidence of chemical weapons use.\"\n\nOPCW inspectors visited the site and collected samples on April 21 and April 25. The organization said that it would submit to its member states a report \"based on analysis of the sample results, as well other information and materials collected by the team.\"\n\nAt the warehouse and the facility suspected by the authorities of the Syrian Arab Republic of producing chemical weapons in Douma, information was gathered to assess whether these facilities were associated with the production of chemical weapons or toxic chemicals that could be used as weapons. From the information gathered during the two on-site visits to these locations, there was no indication of either facility being involved in the production of chemical warfare agents or toxic chemicals for use as weapons. During the visit to Location 2 (cylinder on the roof), Syrian Arab Republic representatives did not provide the access requested by the FFM team to some apartments within the building, which were closed at the time. The Syrian Arab Republic representatives stated that they did not have the authority to force entry into the locked apartments.\n\nOn 6 July 2018 the Fact-Finding Mission (FFM) of the OPCW published their interim report. The report stated that:\n\nThe results show that no organophosphorous nerve agents or their degradation products were detected in the environmental samples or in the plasma samples taken from alleged casualties. Along with explosive residues, various chlorinated organic chemicals were found in samples from two sites, for which there is full chain of custody.", "date": "2019-02-24"}}
{"topic_id": "165", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho", "fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Political reaction to McCain's death", "topic_description": "How did politicians react to the death of John McCain and how did his death impact US politics?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "麦凯恩去世的政治反应", "topic_description": "政客对约翰麦凯恩辞世有何反应及他的离世对美国政治有何影响?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "واکنش سیاسی به مرگ مک کین", "topic_description": "واکنش سیاستمداران به مرگ جان مک کین چگونه بود و مرگ وی چه تاثیری بر سیاست آمریکا داشت؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "واکنش سياسي به مرگ مک کين", "topic_description": "واکنش سیاستمداران نسبت به مرگ جان مک کین چه بود و مرگ او چه تأثیری بر سیاست آمریکا داشت ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "对McCain死亡的政治反应", "topic_description": "对于约翰·麦凯恩的死亡，他是如何反应的，他的死亡对美国的政治影响是怎样的？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Политическая реакция на смерть Маккейна", "topic_description": "Как политики отреагировали на смерть Джона Маккейна и как его смерть повлияла на политику США?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "Describe the political tensions at play at the time of McCain's death and explain how his death impacted that dynamic  ", "somewhat_valuable": "Documents detailing specific politicians' reaction to McCain's death", "not_that_valuable": "standard obituaries ", "non_relevant": "documents about McCain's life"}, "fas": {"very_valuable": "Articles which explained reactions to Mccain's death, by Obama, George bush, Trump, and stated its effect on current politics, such as Trump not responding appropriately or not being invited to the Funeral", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles which showed reactions by various politicians, and general but not specific impacts on US politics", "not_that_valuable": "Articles which showed reactions by various politicians, but did not delve too deeply into its impact on US politics", "non_relevant": "Articles about McCain criticizing Trump or making comments about Afghanistan but not about his death"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_McCain&oldid=852827418", "text": "McCain's personal character has been a dominant feature of his public image. This image includes the military service of both himself and his family, the circumstances and tensions surrounding the end of his first marriage and beginning of second, his maverick political persona, his temper, his admitted problem of occasional ill-considered remarks, and his close ties to his children from both his marriages.\n\nMcCain's political appeal has been more nonpartisan and less ideological compared to many other national politicians. His stature and reputation stem partly from his service in the Vietnam War. He also carries physical vestiges of his war wounds, as well as his melanoma surgery. When campaigning, he quips: \"I am older than dirt and have more scars than Frankenstein.\"\n\nWriters often extolled McCain for his courage not just in war but in politics, and wrote sympathetically about him. McCain's shift of political stances and attitudes during and especially after the 2008 presidential campaign, including his self-repudiation of the maverick label, left many writers expressing sadness and wondering what had happened to the McCain they thought they had known. By 2013, some aspects of the older McCain had returned, and his image became that of a kaleidoscope of contradictory tendencies, including, as one writer listed, \"the maverick, the former maverick, the curmudgeon, the bridge builder, the war hero bent on transcending the call of self-interest to serve a cause greater than himself, the sore loser, old bull, last lion, loose cannon, happy warrior, elder statesman, lion in winter....\"\n\nIn his own estimation, the Arizona senator is straightforward and direct, but impatient. Other traits include a penchant for lucky charms, a fondness for hiking, and a sense of humor that has sometimes backfired spectacularly, as when he made a joke in 1998 about the Clintons widely deemed not fit to print in newspapers: \"Do you know why Chelsea Clinton is so ugly? – Because Janet Reno is her father.\" McCain subsequently apologized profusely, and the Clinton White House accepted his apology. McCain has not shied away from addressing his shortcomings, and apologizing for them. He is known for sometimes being prickly and hot-tempered with Senate colleagues, but his relations with his own Senate staff have been more cordial, and have inspired loyalty towards him. He formed a strong bond with two senators, Joe Lieberman and Lindsey Graham, over hawkish foreign policy and overseas travel, and they became dubbed the \"Three Amigos\".\n\nMcCain acknowledges having said intemperate things in years past, though he also says that many stories have been exaggerated. One psychoanalytic comparison suggests that McCain was not the first presidential candidate to have a temper, and cultural critic Julia Keller argues that voters want leaders who are passionate, engaged, fiery, and feisty. McCain has employed both profanity and shouting on occasion, although such incidents have become less frequent over the years. Lieberman has made this observation: \"It is not the kind of anger that is a loss of control. He is a very controlled person.\" Senator Thad Cochran, who has known McCain for decades and has battled him over earmarks, expressed concern about a McCain presidency: \"He is erratic. He is hotheaded. He loses his temper and he worries me.\" Ultimately Cochran decided to support McCain for president, after it was clear he would win the nomination.\n\nAll of McCain's family members are on good terms with him, and he has defended them against some of the negative consequences of his high-profile political lifestyle. His family's military tradition extends to the latest generation: son John Sidney IV (\"Jack\") graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 2009, becoming the fourth generation John S. McCain to do so, and is a helicopter pilot; son James served two tours with the Marines in the Iraq War; and son Doug flew jets in the navy. His daughter Meghan became a blogging and twittering presence in the debate about the future of the Republican Party following the 2008 elections, and showed some of his maverick tendencies.\n\nVarious advocacy groups have given McCain scores or grades as to how well his votes align with the positions of each group. The American Conservative Union has awarded McCain a lifetime rating of 82 percent through 2015, while McCain has an average lifetime 12 percent \"Liberal Quotient\" from Americans for Democratic Action through 2015. CrowdPac, which rates politicians based on donations made and received, has given Senator McCain a score of 4.3C with 10C being the most conservative and 10L being the most liberal.\n\nThe non-partisan National Journal rates a Senator's votes by what percentage of the Senate voted more liberally than he or she, and what percentage more conservatively, in three policy areas: economic, social, and foreign. For 2005–2006 (as reported in the 2008 Almanac of American Politics), McCain's average ratings were as follows: economic policy: 59 percent conservative and 41 percent liberal; social policy: 54 percent conservative and 38 percent liberal; and foreign policy: 56 percent conservative and 43 percent liberal. In 2012, the National Journal gave McCain a composite score of 73% conservative and 27% liberal, while in 2013 he received a composite score of 60% conservative and 40% liberal.\n\nColumnists such as Robert Robb and Matthew Continetti have used a formulation devised by William F. Buckley Jr. to describe McCain as \"conservative\" but not \"a conservative\", meaning that while McCain usually tends towards conservative positions, he is not \"anchored by the philosophical tenets of modern American conservatism.\" Following his 2008 presidential election loss, McCain began adopting more orthodox conservative views; the magazine National Journal rated McCain along with seven of his colleagues as the \"most conservative\" Senators for 2010 and he achieved his first 100 percent rating from the American Conservative Union for that year. During Barack Obama's presidency, McCain was one of the top five Republicans most likely to vote with Obama's position on significant votes; McCain voted with Obama's position on such votes more than half the time in 2013 and was \"censured by the Arizona Republican party for a so-called 'liberal' voting record.\"\n\nFrom the late 1990s until 2008, McCain was a board member of Project Vote Smart which was set up by Richard Kimball, his 1986 Senate opponent. The project provides non-partisan information about the political positions of McCain and other candidates for political office. Additionally, McCain uses his Senate website to describe his political positions.", "date": "2018-07-31"}}
{"topic_id": "166", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "China national railway investment", "topic_description": "What investments are being made for national railway projects in China?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "中国国家级的铁路投资", "topic_description": "中国国家级的铁路项受到哪些投资？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "سرمایه گذاری راه آهن ملی چین", "topic_description": "چه سرمایه گذاری هایی برای پروژه های راه آهن ملی در چین انجام می شود ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "中国国家铁路投资", "topic_description": "在中国，国家铁路项目正在进行哪些投资？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Китайские национальные железнодорожные инвестиции", "topic_description": "Какие инвестиции вкладываются в национальные железнодорожные проекты в Китае?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "Articles where the national budget is revealed and the amount of rail to be built is detailed.", "somewhat_valuable": "NA", "not_that_valuable": "Articles where the amount of money to be invested was detailed, but not how much rail was to be built.", "non_relevant": "Articles that didn't mention railway investments. Some dealt with criminal investigations, infrastructure projects, provincial or municipal railway projects, macro economic analyses, the amount of rail to be built but not the monetary investment, articles surrounding financial reform, housing reform, etc..."}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&oldid=824099344#Operations", "text": "China's large cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou recognize rail transit lines as the framework and bus lines as the main body to their metropolitan transportation systems\n\nIn 2014, total rail spending by China was $130 billion and is likely to remain at a similar rate for the rest of the country's next Five Year Period (2016–2020).", "date": "2018-02-05"}}
{"topic_id": "167", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Notre Dame post-fire restoration", "topic_description": "What restoration efforts are being done at the Notre Dame Cathedral after the 2019 fire?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "مرمت نوتردام پس از آتش سوزی", "topic_description": "پس از آتش سوزی سال ۲۰۱۹ ، چه تلاش هایی برای مرمت در کلیسای نوتردام انجام شده است؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "ترمیم بعد از آتش سوزی نوتردام", "topic_description": "پس از آتش سوزی 2019 در کلیسای نوتردام چه تلاش های ترمیم انجام می شود ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Nottre Dame-fire restoration", "topic_description": "在2019年的火灾中，在Nottre Dame大教堂举行了什么重组？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Восстановление после пожара в Нотр-Даме", "topic_description": "Какие восстановительные работы предпринимаются в соборе Нотр-Дам после пожара 2019 года?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Specifics about what is being done to restore or preserve church and its artifacts", "somewhat_valuable": "Article was mostly about the fire itself with a brief mention about the moving of some artifacts from the cathedral to begin restorations", "not_that_valuable": " Macron promise to rebuild ND, but no specific details on restoration efforts; parliament rules that rebuilding will keep ND looking the same, but no details", "non_relevant": "NA"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris_fire&oldid=892650775", "text": "On 15 April 2019, shortly before 18:40 CEST, a fire broke out in the roof of Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, France, causing considerable damage to the building. The cathedral's spire and roof collapsed, and significant damage was done to the interior of the church. However, the stone ceiling vault beneath the roof prevented most of the fire falling into the body of the cathedral below. President Emmanuel Macron has promised to rebuild the cathedral.\n\n", "date": "2019-04-15"}}
{"topic_id": "168", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Russian Olympic Athletes Doping", "topic_description": "Which Russian athletes have been banned from participating in the summer or winter Olympics due to doping?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "دوپینگ ورزشکاران المپیک روسیه", "topic_description": "کدام ورزشکاران روسی به دلیل دوپینگ از حضور در بازی های المپیک تابستانی یا زمستانی منع شده اند؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "روسیه المپیک ورزشکاران دوپینگ", "topic_description": "کدام ورزشکاران روسی به دلیل دوپینگ از شرکت در بازی ‌ های المپیک تابستانی یا زمستانی منع شده ‌ اند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "俄罗斯奥林匹克运动员Doping", "topic_description": "谁是俄罗斯运动员，从参加沉睡或绞车的奥运比赛中被绞死了？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Допинг олимпийских спортсменов России", "topic_description": "Какие российские спортсмены были запрещены к участию в летних или зимних Олимпийских играх из-за допинга?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Named Russians banned from participating in the Olympics due to doping", "somewhat_valuable": "Talk of Russian athletes' ban continuing from winter Olympics, but no one named", "not_that_valuable": "NA", "non_relevant": "Russia banned from participating in the Paralympics due to doping"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doping_at_the_Olympic_Games&oldid=827725579", "text": "Russian Darya Pishchalnikova participated in the 2012 Olympics and was awarded a silver medal. However, she tested positive for the anabolic steroid oxandrolone in the samples taken in May 2012. In December 2012, she sent an email to WADA containing details on an alleged state-run doping program in Russia. According to The New York Times, the email reached three top WADA officials but the agency decided not to open an inquiry and instead sent her email to Russian sports officials. On April, 2013 Pishchalnikova was banned by the Russian Athletics Federation for ten years, and her results from May 2012 were annulled, meaning she was set on track to lose her Olympic medal. Her ban by the Russian Athletics Federation was likely in retaliation.\n\nSix cross-country skiers were suspended from competition on the basis of the McLaren Report: Evgeniy Belov, Alexander Legkov, Alexey Petukhov, Maxim Vylegzhanin, Yulia Ivanova and Evgenia Shapovalova. Legkov won a gold and silver medals, and Vylegzhanin won three silver medals. The IOC disqualified all six from Sochi, imposed lifetime bans and, in the process, stripped Legkov's and Vylegzhanin's of the medals they had won in four events\n\nThe International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation suspended four Russian skeleton sliders. They were Alexander Tretyakov, Elena Nikitina, Maria Orlova and Olga Potylitsina. Tretyakov won a gold medal, and Nikitina won a bronze. On November 22, 2017, the IOC stripped these medals and imposed lifetime Olympic bans on all four. Skeleton racer Sergei Chudinov was sanctioned on 28 November 2017.\n\nOn November, 24 2017, the IOC imposed life bans on bobsledder Alexandr Zubkov and speed skater Olga Fatkulina who won a combined 3 medals (2 gold, 1 silver). All their results were disqualified, meaning that Russia lost its first place in the medal standings. Bobsledders Aleksei Negodaylo and Dmitry Trunenkov were disqualified 3 days later. 3 other Russian athletes who didn't win medals were banned on 29 November 2017. Biathlete Olga Zaitseva and 2 other Russian athletes were banned on December 1, 2017\n\n", "date": "2018-02-26"}}
{"topic_id": "169", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Yemen ceasefire violations impact on population", "topic_description": "How have ceasefire violations in Yemen affected the Yemeni people?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "تأثیر نقض آتش بس در یمن بر جمعیت", "topic_description": "نقض آتش بس در یمن چه تاثیری بر مردم یمن گذاشته است؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "تاثیر نقض آتش ‌ بس یمن بر جمعیت", "topic_description": "نقض آتش بس در یمن چه تأثیری بر مردم یمن داشته است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Yemen ceasefire volations对人口的影响", "topic_description": "耶门的ceasefire volations如何影响耶门人？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Последствия нарушений режима прекращения огня для населения Йемена", "topic_description": "Как нарушения режима прекращения огня в Йемене повлияли на йеменский народ?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Yemeni women and children in need of immediate humanitarian assistance but all UN efforts to enforce a ceasefire so far have failed. (directly tied ceasefire failures to lack of humanitarian aid)", "somewhat_valuable": "Discussion of ceasefire violations, and the need for humanitarian aid in Yemen but didn't directly tie the two together (though it was implied)", "not_that_valuable": "NA", "non_relevant": "NA"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yemeni_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)&oldid=873218228", "text": "On the fourth day of the truce, the fragile peace unraveled as fighting broke out in multiple southern governorates. At least three civilians in Aden and 12 in Taiz were killed on 16 May, despite the ceasefire. Agence France-Presse reported that \"dozens\" were killed in southern Yemen by the clashes, including 26 Houthi and 12 pro-Hadi fighters.\n\nSecond Yemeni ceasefire attempt on 21 November 2016, collapsed within 48 hours.\n\nThe U.S. and U.K. have put immense pressure on Saudi Arabia following the bombing campaign in Yemen and the brutal killing of Jamal Khashoggi, a Washington Post journalist. On 30 October 2018, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said \"It is time to end this conflict, replace conflict with compromise, and allow the Yemeni people to heal through peace and reconstruction.\" Pompeo emphasized that the Houthi rebels must stop firing missiles at Saudi and the UAE, but he also added that \"subsequently, coalition airstrikes must cease in all populated areas in Yemen,\" aiming at Saudi Arabia. Defense Secretary Jim Mattis said all the parties involved in the war need to take part in peace talks initiated by the UN within 30 days. On November 10, 2018, the U.S. announced it would no longer refuel coalition aircraft operating over Yemen. The Saudi-led coalition issued a statement confirming the decision, saying the cessation of aerial refueling was made at the request of the coalition due to improvements in their own refueling capabilities. The move is expected to have minimal impact on the Saudi effort. The U.S. still provides support for the Saudi-led intervention via weapons sales and intelligence sharing.\n\nMany US Senators are upset with Trump's response on the murder of Khashoggi. The disapproval on Trump administration's support has now taken another turn as US senators have advanced a motion to withdraw American support from the Saudi-led coalition fighting in Yemen. The senators voted 63–37 to take forward the bipartisan motion, giving a severe blow to Trump administration, which is apparently in favour of Saudi Arabia.\n", "date": "2018-12-11"}}
{"topic_id": "171", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Nigeria's 2019 election conditions", "topic_description": "What were the conditions in Nigeria during the run-up to the 2019 general election and how did they impact the results?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "شرایط انتخابات ۲۰۱۹ نیجریه", "topic_description": "شرایط نیجریه در آستانه انتخابات عمومی ۲۰۱۹ چگونه بود و چگونه بر نتایج تأثیر داشتند؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "شرایط انتخابات ۲۰۱۹ نیجریه", "topic_description": "شرایط در نیجریه در طول انتخابات عمومی 2019 چه بود و چگونه نتایج را تحت تاثیر قرار دادند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "尼日利亚2019年的选举条件", "topic_description": "尼日利亚的条件是什么？在2019年的大选中，尼日利亚的情况如何？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Условия выборов в Нигерии в 2019 году", "topic_description": "Каковы были условия в Нигерии в преддверии всеобщих выборов 2019 года и как они повлияли на результаты?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Covers both parts of proposed topic in great detail", "somewhat_valuable": "Covers at least one topic (conditions or impact) with some detail", "not_that_valuable": "May mention topic but doesn't focus on it or provide much in the way of details", "non_relevant": "Unrelated, or focuses on either just the country or Nigeria or elections in general"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Nigerian_general_election&oldid=884779231", "text": "General elections were held in Nigeria on 23 February 2019, postponed from 16 February 2019, to elect the President, Vice President and the National Assembly. They were the sixth quadrennial elections since the end of military rule in 1999. Presidential primaries were held during the last six months of 2018.", "date": "2019-02-23"}}
{"topic_id": "172", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus", "fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Sex and Gender Rights in Germany", "topic_description": "To what extent are sexual and gender identity rights protected in Germany?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Половые и гендерные права в Германии", "topic_description": "Насколько защищены права на сексуальную и гендерную идентичность в Германии?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "حقوق جنسی و جنسیت در آلمان", "topic_description": "حقوق هویت جنسی و جنسیتی تا چه اندازه در آلمان محافظت می شود؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "حقوق جنسی و جنسیت در آلمان", "topic_description": "حقوق هویت جنسی و جنسیتی در آلمان تا چه حد محافظت می ‌ شود ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "德国的性别和性别权利", "topic_description": "在德国，性欲和性欲的权利是什么？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Сексуальные и гендерные права в Германии", "topic_description": "В какой степени обеспечивается защита прав на половую и гендерную идентичность в Германии?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "Column \"other\" was introduced in German passports", "somewhat_valuable": "The Austrian Constitutional Court allowed registering the \"third sex\" in the registry offices", "not_that_valuable": "Intersexuals: who are they", "non_relevant": "Instagram has tightened rules for posting photos"}, "fas": {"very_valuable": "Covers topic in great detail, including reasoning for decision and reactions from other countries/individuals", "somewhat_valuable": "Covers topic with a few details", "not_that_valuable": "Mentions topic with no details", "non_relevant": "Completely unrelated - either not about Germany or sex and gender rights"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LGBT_rights_in_Germany&oldid=875749765", "text": "Same-sex marriage has been legal since 1 October 2017, after the Bundestag passed legislation giving same-sex couples full marital and adoption rights on 30 June 2017. Prior to that, registered partnerships were available to same-sex couples, having been legalised in 2001. These partnerships provided most though not all of the same rights as marriages, and they ceased to be available after the introduction of same-sex marriage. Same-sex stepchild adoption first became legal in 2005 and was expanded in 2013 to allow someone in a same-sex relationship to adopt a child already adopted by their partner. Discrimination protections on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity vary across Germany, but discrimination in employment and the provision of goods and services is banned countrywide. Transgender people have been allowed to change their legal gender since 1980. The law initially required them to undergo surgical alteration of their genitals in order to have key identity documents changed. This has since been declared unconstitutional.", "date": "2018-12-28"}}
{"topic_id": "173", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Improving China-Japan trade relations", "topic_description": "How is the Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe trying to overcome animosity over historical issues to improve trade relations with China?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "بهبود روابط تجاری چین و ژاپن", "topic_description": "نخست وزیر ژاپن ، شینزو آبه ، چگونه سعی میکند بر خصومت درباره مسائل تاریخی غلبه کند تا روابط تجاری با چین را بهبود بخشد؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "بهبود روابط تجاری چین و ژاپن", "topic_description": "شینزو آبه ، نخست وزیر ژاپن در تلاش برای غلبه بر دشمنی بر مسائل تاریخی برای بهبود روابط تجاری با چین است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Iming China-Japan trade relations", "topic_description": "日本首相阿贝如何试图克服对historical问题的敌意，以促进与中国的关系？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Улучшение китайско-японских торговых отношений", "topic_description": "Как премьер-министр Японии Синдзо Абэ пытается преодолеть вражду по историческим вопросам, чтобы улучшить торговые отношения с Китаем?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Covers topic in detail, mentioning where the animosity comes from", "somewhat_valuable": "Covers topic in little detail", "not_that_valuable": "Mentions Japan, China, trade, but without connecting the two; discusses topic with a different Japanese Prime Minister", "non_relevant": "Completely unrelated to topic"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Japan_relations&oldid=864255896", "text": " Sino-Japanese relations warmed considerably after Shinzo Abe became the Prime Minister of Japan in September 2006\n\nChinese President Xi Jinping and Japanese Prime Minister Abe Shinzo have met several times face to face to try to build a cordial relationship between the two countries (Fuhrmann, 2016). The main argument among observers and commentators is whether the relationship between China and Japan would remain stable due to their strong bilateral trades or the relationship would collapse due to the historical rivalry and enmity (Xing, 2011).\n\nn 2018, the two countries pledged to further deepen ties and shares a common ground on the trade war, with Shinzō Abe saying that \"Japan-China relations have been moving in the direction of great improvement\".[\n\n", "date": "2018-10-16"}}
{"topic_id": "174", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Rise of Chinese aircraft industry", "topic_description": "What milestones has the Chinese aircraft industry reached to be competitive with Western companies?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "توسعه صنعت هواپیمایی چین", "topic_description": "صنعت هواپیمایی چین چه مرحله های برجسته دستیابی کرده است برای اینکه با شرکت های غربی رقابت کند؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "ظهور صنعت هواپیما چینی", "topic_description": "چه نقطه عطف است صنعت هواپیما چینی رسیده است به رقابت با شرکت های غربی ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "中国飞机工业的崛起", "topic_description": "中国飞机工业与西方公司的竞争达到了什么里程碑？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Подъем китайской авиационной промышленности", "topic_description": "Какие вехи достигла китайская авиационная промышленность, чтобы быть конкурентоспособной с западными компаниями?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "-The Chinese C919 and ARJ21 models were important steps for bringing China onto the aircraft manufacturing scene \n-Chinese company Comak was developing the C919, with the goal of ending US domination and respond to the duopoly in the airline industry by Boeing and Airbus. Also competes with Embraer, Bombardier \n-Details about the C919: Millions of dollars cheaper than Airbus and Boeing models, details about the motor and other parts, flight capacity, timeline for production and market release\n-2017 China developed and successfully tested the AG600, the world's largest amphibious aircraft to be used for emergency rescue and aid operations\n-China has tested a supersonic jet model that could fly from Beijing to NY in 2 hours", "somewhat_valuable": "-Iran considered use of Chinese models ARJ 21 and C919 after US sanctions created a need in Iran's air industry\n-China reached trade deal with France to purchase 300 Airbus planes and expand China's aviation industry", "not_that_valuable": "-US officials claimed that Russia and China were more advanced in the field of aerospace and aviation than the United States", "non_relevant": "N/A"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_aviation_in_China&oldid=767153403", "text": "Statistics\nPassenger throughput\n\nIn 2009, passenger throughputs of all nationwide airports reached 486.063 million, up by 19.8% over the last year; cargo and mail throughputs were 9.456 million tons, up by 7.0%.\n\nIn 2009, the number of airports with passenger throughput over 1 million person-trips was 51, an increase of 4 over the last year; and the number of airports with cargo and mail throughput that is over 10 thousand ton was 45, an increase of 1 over 2008. 51 airports had over 10 thousand takeoffs and landings annually, increased by 4 as compared with the last year. All the above indicated that China's airports had increasingly strong operation capability.\n\nThe International Civil Aviation Organization reported that between 2009 and 2013 the number of air passengers carried in China increased over 32% from 266,293,020 to 352,795,296.\nIndustrial clusters\n\nIn China, Beijing, Xi'an, Chengdu, Shanghai, Shenyang and Nanchang are major research and manufacture centers of aerospace industry. China has developed extensive capability to design, test and produce military aircraft, missiles and space vehicles. However, despite the experimental model of Y-10, which was abolished in 1984, China is still developing its civil aerospace industry.\nAerospace and aircraft\n\n    Further information: List of airlines of China\n\nIn 2007, China predicted that over the next twenty years its air transportation passenger volume will grow annually by 11%. It will become the world's second largest aviation market and will require an additional 1,790 aircraft to handle the increased volume. Expansion of airport infrastructure continues, with the Eleventh Five-Year Plan planning the construction of 49 new airports and 701 airport expansion projects. Furthermore, a new system of regional control centers and full conversion from program- to radar-based air traffic control will be introduced over the next 5–10 years.\n\nThe Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) has been making efforts to nationalize the country's airlines. It has completed mergers with the \"Big 3\" (Air China, China Eastern and China Southern) and China's smaller, less profitable airlines. The CAAC is concentrating on expanding the number of smaller, single aisle aircraft while phasing out additional wide-body, twin aisle aircraft in the Chinese fleet. CAAC expects the new airlines to improve operating efficiencies and concentrate on developing a modern \"hub-and-spoke\" air routing system.\n\nAt present, CAAC is drafting the 11th Five-Year Plan and 2020 Vision for the aviation industry. It is expected that the annual growth rate will be 14%. By 2010, the total turnover will be 10 billion ton/km; the annual growth rate for general flight will be 10% and the total general flight volume will be 140,000 hours. ", "date": "2017-02-04"}}
{"topic_id": "175", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Israel disrupts Iranian bomb plot in France", "topic_description": "What was Israel's role in uncovering evidence that Iranian-sponsored groups attempted to bring in explosives to France in 2018?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "اسرائیل توطئه بمب ایرانی در فرانسه را خنثی می کند", "topic_description": "نقش اسرائیل در کشف شواهدی مبنی بر تلاش گروه های تحت حمایت ایران برای آوردن مواد منفجره به فرانسه در سال ۲۰۱۸ چه بود؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "اسرائیل طرح بمب گذاری ایران را در فرانسه مختل می کند", "topic_description": "نقش اسرائیل در کشف شواهد مبنی بر اینکه گروه ‌ های حامی ایرانی در سال ۲۰۱۸ اقدام به آوردن مواد منفجره به فرانسه کرده ‌ اند ، چه بود ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "在法国，以色列人在法国的布施布施布施布施布施布施布施布施布施布施布", "topic_description": "在2018年，以色列人在不合作的情况下扮演了什么角色？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Израиль сорвал иранский заговор с бомбой во Франции", "topic_description": "Какова была роль Израиля в обнаружении доказательств того, что спонсируемые Ираном группы пытались доставить во Францию взрывчатые вещества в 2018 году?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Details of Mossad's role in uncovering and thwarting the plot to bomb MEK assembly in France", "somewhat_valuable": "NA", "not_that_valuable": "NA", "non_relevant": "NA"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism&oldid=901571439#Alleged_activities_in_other_countries", "text": "In October 2018, France froze Iranian financial assets in response to an alleged bomb plot to be carried out against an opposition group at a rally in Paris. The plot was said to be against the National Council of Resistance of Iran, which styles itself as Iran’s government-in-exile. Assadollah Assadi, an Iranian diplomat in the Vienna embassy, was arrested in Germany in connection with the alleged plot to blow up a meeting of Iranian dissidents in Paris in June.", "date": "2019-06-12"}}
{"topic_id": "176", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Greco-Turkish Aegean Sea Tensions", "topic_description": "Find information about the tensions between Greece and Turkey related to border disputes in the Aegean Sea."}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "تنش های دریای اژه بین یونان و ترکیه", "topic_description": "اطلاعاتی درباره تنش های بین یونان و ترکیه در رابطه با اختلافات مرزی در دریای اژه پیدا کنید"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "تنش های دریای اژه یونان و ترکیه", "topic_description": "اطلاعات در مورد تنش های بین یونان و ترکیه مربوط به اختلافات مرزی در دریای اژه را پیدا کنید."}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "希腊-土耳其海紧张局势", "topic_description": "在希腊和土耳其之间的紧张关系中，寻找有关希腊和土耳其之间的紧张关系的信息。"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Натяжения греко-турецкого Эгейского моря", "topic_description": "Найдите информацию о напряженности между Грецией и Турцией, связанной с пограничными спорами в Эгейском море."}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Discusses dispute in detail, with additional history and perhaps speculation", "somewhat_valuable": "Discusses the dispute to an extent, with little detail", "not_that_valuable": "Mentions the dispute but only in passing, or discusses tensions between Greece and Turkey but with no mention of the Aegean Sea", "non_relevant": "Completely unrelated, perhaps about ships crashing in the Aegean Sea or regarding Iranian Oil tankers"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aegean_dispute&oldid=787760627", "text": "Maritime and aerial zones of influence\n\nSeveral of the Aegean issues deal with the delimitation of both countries' zones of influence in the air and on the sea around their respective territories. These issues owe their virulence to a geographical peculiarity of the Aegean sea and its territories. While the mainland coasts of Greece and Turkey bordering the Aegean Sea on both sides represent roughly equal shares of its total coastline, the overwhelming number of the many Aegean islands belong to Greece. In particular, there is a chain of Greek islands lined up along the Turkish west coast (Lesbos, Chios, Samos, and the Dodecanese islands), partly in very close proximity to the mainland. Their existence blocks Turkey from extending any of its zones of influence beyond a few nautical miles off its coastline. As the breadth of maritime and areal zones of influence, such as the territorial waters and national airspace, are measured from the nearest territory of the state in question, including its islands, any possible extension of such zones would necessarily benefit Greece much more than Turkey proportionally.\n\nAccording to a popular perception of these issues in the two countries, Turkey is concerned that Greece might be trying to extend its zones of influence to such a degree that it would turn the Aegean effectively into a \"Greek lake\". Conversely, Greece is concerned that Turkey might try to \"occupy half of the Aegean\", i.e. establish Turkish zones of influence towards the middle of the Aegean, beyond the chain of outlying Greek islands, turning these into a kind of exclave surrounded by Turkish waters, and thus cutting them off from their motherland. ", "date": "2017-06-27"}}
{"topic_id": "177", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "US-Cuba Relations During Obama Administration", "topic_description": "What steps did U.S. President Barack Obama and Cuban President Raúl Castro take toward beginning of the process of normalizing relations between Cuba and the United States?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "روابط ایالات متحده و کوبا در زمان دولت اوباما", "topic_description": "باراک اوباما ، رئیس جمهور آمریكا و رائول كاسترو ، رئیس جمهور كوبا چه اقداماتی را در جهت آغاز روند عادی سازی روابط كوبا و ایالات متحده انجام دادند؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "روابط آمریکا و کوبا در طول دولت اوباما", "topic_description": "باراک اوباما ، رئیس ‌ جمهور آمریکا و رئیس ‌ جمهور کوبا ، رائول کاسترو ، در آغاز روند عادی ‌ سازی روابط بین کوبا و ایالات متحده گام ‌ هایی برداشته ‌ اند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "USuba Relations During Obama Administration", "topic_description": "美国总统巴拉克·奥巴马和库班总统拉乌尔·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·卡斯蒂·"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Отношения США и Кубы во время администрации Обамы", "topic_description": "Какие шаги предприняли президент США Барак Обама и президент Кубы Рауль Кастро для начала процесса нормализации отношений между Кубой и Соединенными Штатами?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Discusses the topic including details regarding issues the countries face as well as some historical context", "somewhat_valuable": "Discusses topic with less details, less about issues, may mention context", "not_that_valuable": "May mention Cuba and America in the same passage, but not exactly improvement of relations ", "non_relevant": "Unrelated/ Discusses Cuban relations with America either before or after Obama"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations&oldid=264080361", "text": "In the new millennium, hopes were raised in both countries for a new period of greater understanding. At the United Nations Millennium Summit in September 2000, Fidel Castro and US President Bill Clinton spoke briefly at a group photo session and shook hands. U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan commented afterwards, “For a U.S. president and a Cuban president to shake hands for the first time in over 40 years—I think it is a major symbolic achievement\". While Castro said it was a gesture of “dignity and courtesy,” the White House denied the encounter was of any significance. In November 2001 US companies began selling food to the country for the first time since Washington imposed the trade embargo after the revolution. In 2002, former U.S. President Jimmy Carter became the first former or sitting U.S. president to visit Cuba since 1928.\n\n\nThe Capitolio Nacional in Havana, built in 1929 and said to be a modelled on the Capitol building in Washington, D.C.\nRelations deteriorated again following the election of George W. Bush. During his campaign Bush attracted the support of Miami Cubans with anti-Castro rhetoric and ideas of tighter embargo restrictions  Cuban-Americans -who generally vote republican, expected effective policies and greater participation in the formation of policies regarding Cuba-US relations.  Approximately three months after his inauguration, the Bush administration began expanding travel restrictions. The United States Department of the Treasury issued greater efforts to deter American citizens from illegally travelling to the island. Enforcement first came in the form of sanctions that can demand up to fifty-five thousand dollars and are mailed to American citizens who are caught illegally travelling to Cuba. In a 2004 meeting with members of the Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba, President Bush stated “We're not waiting for the day of Cuban freedom; we are working for the day of freedom in Cuba.”. The President reaffirmed his commitment to Cuban-Americans just in time for his 2004 reelection with promises to “work” rather than wait for freedom in Cuba. Following his 2005 re-election George W. Bush declared Cuba to be one of the few \"outposts of tyranny\" remaining in the world. Tensions heightened as the Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, John R. Bolton, accused Cuba of maintaining a biological weapons program.. Many in the US, including ex-president Carter, expressed doubts about the claim. Later, Bolton was criticised for pressuring subordinates who questioned the quality of the intelligence John Bolton had used as the basis for the assertion. Bolton identified the Castro government as part of America's 'axis of evil', highlighting the fact that the Cuban leader visited several US foes, including Libya, Iran and Syria. Cuba was also identified as a State Sponsor of Terror by the United States Department of State. The Cuban government denies the claim, and in turn has accused the U.S. of engaging in state sponsored terrorism against Cuba. Historian of Cuba, Wayne Smith and Anya K. Landau, write that \"none of the reasons given by the Bush administration for maintaining Cuba on the terrorist list withstand the most superficial examination\", and that domestic political calculations at the root of the U.S. government's position.\n\nIn January 2006, United States Interests Section in Havana began displaying messages on a scrolling \"electronic billboard\" in the windows of their top floor. Following a protest march, the Cuban government erected a large number of poles, carrying black flags with single white stars, obscuring the messages.\n\nOn September 8, 2006, it was revealed that at least ten South Florida journalists received regular payments from the U.S. government for programs on Radio Martí and TV Martí, two broadcasters aimed at undermining the Cuban government. The payments totaled thousands of dollars over several years. Those who were paid the most were veteran reporters and a freelance contributor for El Nuevo Herald, the Spanish-language newspaper published by the corporate parent of The Miami Herald. The Cuban government has long contended that some South Florida Spanish-language journalists were on the federal payroll.\n\nOn September 12, 2006, the United States announced that it had created five inter agency working groups to monitor Cuba and carry out U.S. policies. The groups, some of which operate in a war-room-like setting, were quietly set up after the July 31 announcement that the ailing Cuban leader had temporarily ceded power to a collective leadership headed by his brother Raúl. U.S. officials say three of the newly created groups are headed by the State Department: diplomatic actions; strategic communications and democratic promotion. Another that coordinated humanitarian aid to Cuba is run by the Commerce Department, and a fifth, on migration issues, is run jointly by the National Security Council and the Department of Homeland Security.\n\nRecently, US Congressional auditors have accused the development agency USAID of failing properly to administer its program to allegedly promote democracy in Cuba. They said USAID had channelled tens of millions of dollars through exile groups in Miami, which were sometimes wasteful or kept questionable accounts. The report said the organizations had sent items such as chocolate and cashmere jerseys to Cuba. Their report concludes that 30% of the exile groups who received USAID grants showed questionable expenditures. \n\nFabio Leite, director of the Radio communications Office of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), has condemned radio and television transmissions to Cuba from the United States as illegal and inadmissible and more so when they are designed to foment internal subversion on the island. The director emphasized that this constant U.S. attack is in violation of ITU regulations, which stipulate that radio transmissions within commercial broadcasting on medium wave, modulated frequency or television must be conceived of as a good quality national service within the limits of the country concerned. \n\nCurrent Trade relations\nUnder the Trade Sanctions Reform and Enhancement Act of 2000, exports from the United States to Cuba in the industries of food and medical products is permitted with the proper licensing and permissions from the U.S. Department of Commerce and the United States Department of the Treasury. The U.S. embargo on Cuba will remain in place despite Fidel Castro's announcement that he's resigning as Cuba's leader, Deputy Secretary of State John Negroponte said February 19 2008.\n\nIn 2003 the United States Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba was formed to \"explore ways the U.S. can help hasten and ease a democratic transition in Cuba.\" The commission immediately announced a series of measures which included a tightening of the travel embargo to the island, a crackdown on illegal cash transfers, and a more robust information campaign aimed at Cuba. Since 2005 the commission has been chaired by Condoleezza Rice and seeks to integrate the administration's Cuba policies with all the agencies of the federal government. Castro has insisted that, in spite of the formation of the Commission, Cuba is itself \"in transition: to socialism [and] to communism\" and that it is \"ridiculous for the U.S. to threaten Cuba now\".\n\nIn April 2006, the Bush administration appointed Caleb McCarry \"transition coordinator\" for Cuba, providing a budget of $59 million, with the task of promoting the governmental shift to democracy after Castro's death. Official Cuban news service Granma alleges that these transition plans were created at the behest of Cuban exile groups in Miami, and that McCarry was responsible for engineering the overthrow of the Aristide government in Haiti. On the establishment of McCarry as post-Castro transition coordinator, Organization of American States Secretary General José Miguel Insulza said, \"There's no transition and it's not your country.\"\n\nIn 2006, The Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba released a 93-page report. The report included a plan that suggested the United States spend $80 million to overthrow the Cuban Government and ensure that Cuba's Communist system does not continue after the death of President Fidel Castro. The plan also includes a classified annex which Cuban officials claim could be a plot to assassinate Fidel Castro or a United States military invasion of Cuba. Shortly after, The United States named a special \"manager\" for its intelligence operations against Cuba and Venezuela. Iran and North Korea are the only other countries that have been assigned so-called \"mission managers,\" who supervise intelligence operations against them.\n\nFollowing the temporary transfer of presidential duties in July 2006 to Raúl Castro, brother of Fidel, U.S. government figures have made a series of statements reiterating the desire for political change in Cuba. Raúl Castro responded to these statements saying: \"They should be very clear that it is not possible to achieve anything in Cuba with impositions and threats. On the contrary, we have always been disposed to normalize relations on an equal plane. What we do not accept is the arrogant and interventionist policy frequently assumed by the current administration of that country.\"\n\nDuring a military parade on December 2, 2006, Raúl Castro stated; \"We take this opportunity to once again state that we are willing to resolve at the negotiating table the long-standing dispute between the United States and Cuba.\" He said talks were only possible if the U.S. government respected Cuba's independence and did not interfere in its internal affairs. The United States, however, rejected the offer of talks, stating that \"it saw no point in a dialogue with what it called the Caribbean island's \"dictator-in-waiting.\"  ", "date": "2009-01-14"}}
{"topic_id": "178", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Russia Blames UK for poisoning", "topic_description": "How has Russia attempted to blame the United Kingdom of for the Novichok poisonings of Sergei and Yulia Skripal?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "روسیه انگلستان را مسئول مسمومیت می داند", "topic_description": "به چه روشی روسیه انگلستان را مسئول مسمومیت های نوویچوک سرگئی و یولیا اسکریپال دانسته است؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "روسیه انگلستان را به خاطر مسمومیت سرزنش می کند", "topic_description": "روسیه چگونه تلاش کرده ‌ است که انگلستان را به خاطر مسمومیت ‌ های سرگئی و یولیا اسکریپ مقصر بداند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "俄罗斯指责英国为“poisoning”", "topic_description": "俄罗斯是如何指责英国对谢尔盖和尤利亚·斯克里普尔的Novichok诗词的呢？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Россия обвиняет Великобританию в отравлении", "topic_description": "Как Россия пыталась обвинить Соединенное Королевство в ядах Новичка Сергея и Юлии Скрипаль?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Articles which directly had Russia stating that the UK used nerve agents to poison Sergei and Yulia", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles which had Russia merely suggesting that the UK may be responsible", "not_that_valuable": "Articles which alluded to the possibility that it was the UK without directly stating it, stating that Sergei was on British soil and worked with British intelligence services and so they may have something to do with it", "non_relevant": "Articles which made no allusion to Russian blame being thrown on the UK and merely contained Russian denials"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reactions_to_the_poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal&oldid=833502301", "text": "On the 14th, Presidential spokesman Dmitry Peskov stated:\"Moscow has nothing to do with the accident in Britain and Moscow does not accept unfounded accusations that are not based on evidence and a language of ultimatums.\" Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov referred to the statement made by the British Parliament that the Russian government explain the attack as \"an ultimatum from London\". While Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov had denied that either the Soviet Union or Russia ever had a programme to create the Novichok nerve agent identified as having been used.\n\nChair of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Federation Council and Senator from the Mari El Konstantin Kosachev said \"this is not our choice, definitely. We have not raised any tensions in our relations, it was the decision by the British side without evidence. I believe sooner or later we will learn the truth and this truth will be definitely very unpleasant for the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\" and others who he says \"have absolutely blindly supported this theory of Russian involvement.\"\n\nOn 17 March, Russia announced it was kicking out 23 British diplomats and ordered the closure of the UK's consulate in St Petersburg and the British Council office in Moscow, stopping all British Council activities in the Russian Federation.\n\nIn March 2018, the Deputy of the State Duma Vitaly Milonov said that Britain was responsible for the attack. Comparing the Prime Minister Theresa May to Adolf Hitler, Milonov claimed that \"it's a behaviour of Hitler when he blamed someone for the burning of the Reichstag.\" The extraordinary claims to BBC Radio 4 led to him being taken off air.\n\nRussian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova said on 25 March 2018 that Russia's ambassador in London had received from the UK Foreign Office only poorly worded formal replies to the Russian side's inquiries and notes on the case, with a quality of work of the British side she described as \"hasty actions and complete lack of in-house coordination.\"\n\nAlso on 25 March 2018, Igor Rybalchenko, head of the laboratory for chemical and analytical control at the Russian defense ministry said the Russian side cannot make any conclusions as it still hasn't received the samples from the UK that Moscow had requested. \"All that we know is that all substances of this class are very difficult to overcome in case of injuries, and the antidote therapy will hardly bring about the desired effect.\"", "date": "2018-03-31"}}
{"topic_id": "179", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Iranian international transactions in euros", "topic_description": "How will Iran's decision to base its international transactions on the euros rather than the U.S. dollars impact US-Iranian relations?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Иранские международные транзакции в евро", "topic_description": "Как повлияет на американо-иранские отношения решение Ирана основывать свои международные транзакции на евро, а не на долларах США?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "معاملات بین المللی ایران به یورو", "topic_description": "ایران چگونه تصمیم می ‌ گیرد معاملات بین ‌ المللی خود را به جای دلار آمریکا بر روابط آمریکا و ایران پایه ‌ گذاری کند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "伊朗在欧洲的国际交易", "topic_description": "伊朗将如何决定其国际交易的基础，以欧元为基础，而美国则影响了美国与伊朗的关系？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Иранские международные сделки в евро", "topic_description": "Как решение Ирана основывать свои международные сделки на евро, а не на долларах США повлияет на отношения между США и Ираном?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "Mentions sanctions in connection to the title event", "somewhat_valuable": "Speculates relations with US and area, notes build up to titled event", "not_that_valuable": "NA", "non_relevant": "No mention of Iran changing oil currencies"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations&oldid=835383703#Economic_relations", "text": "Trade between Iran and the United States reached $623 million in 2008. According to the United States Census Bureau, American exports to Iran reached $93 million in 2007 and $537 million in 2008. American imports from Iran decreased from $148 million in 2007 to $86 million in 2008. This data does not include trade conducted through third countries to circumvent the trade embargo. It has been reported that the United States Treasury Department has granted nearly 10,000 special licenses to American companies over the past decade to conduct business with Iran.\n\nU.S. exports to Iran include[when?] cigarettes (US$73 million), corn (US$68 million); chemical wood pulp, soda or sulfate (US$64 million); soybeans (US$43 million); medical equipment (US$27 million); vitamins (US$18 million); and vegetable seeds (US$12 million). In 2010, U.S. exports to Iran dropped by 50% to $281.8 million.\n\nIn May 2013, U.S. President Barack Obama lifted a trade embargo of communications equipment and software to non-government Iranians. In June 2013, the Obama administration expanded its sanctions against Iran, targeting its auto industry and, for the first time, its currency.\n\nAs of January 2014, the successful conclusion and implementation of an interim diplomatic agreement restricting Iranian nuclear development, negotiated between Iran and major world powers in Geneva, has led to the release of some of Iran's frozen overseas assets as well as a partial lifting of sanctions previously placed upon Iranian trade in automotive parts, petrochemicals, and precious metals. The United States government has also pledged to continue renewing the exemptions to oil sanctions currently enjoyed by states such as India and South Korea, key customers of the Iranian oil sector. Restrictions placed upon the insurance against loss of Iranian seagoing vessels have also been waived at the completion of the 2013 agreements in Geneva.\n\nAccording to a 2014-study by NIAC, sanctions cost U.S. over $175b in lost trade and 279,000 lost job opportunities.\n\nAccording to Business Monitor International:\n\nThe tentative rapprochement between Iran and the US, which began in the second half of 2013, has the potential to become a world-changing development, and unleash tremendous geopolitical and economic opportunities, if it is sustained. Tehran and Washington have been bitter enemies since 1979, when the Iranian Revolution overthrew the pro-American Shah and replaced him with a virulently anti-American Islamist regime. Since then, Iran has been at the vanguard of countries actively challenging the US-led world order. This has led to instability in the Middle East, and Iran's relative isolation in international affairs. Yet, if Iran and the US were to achieve a diplomatic breakthrough, geopolitical tensions in the Middle East could decline sharply, and Iran could come to be perceived as a promising emerging market in its own right.\n\n— Business Monitor International (January 2014)", "date": "2018-04-08"}}
{"topic_id": "180", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "China-India border disputes", "topic_description": "What events have exacerbated tensions between China and India in disputed border areas?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "اختلافات مرزی چین و هند", "topic_description": "چه حوادثی باعث تشدید تنش بین چین و هند در مناطق مرزی مورد مناقشه شده است؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "اختلافات مرزی چین و هند", "topic_description": "چه حوادثی تنش ‌ های بین چین و هند را در مناطق مرزی مورد مناقشه تشدید کرده ‌ است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "中国-印度边界争端", "topic_description": "中国和印度之间的紧张关系在被否认的边界地区有什么影响？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Китайско-индийские пограничные споры", "topic_description": "Какие события усугубили напряженность в отношениях между Китаем и Индией в спорных пограничных районах?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Articles discussed specific events done by either country along the border which escalated tensions", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles either provided limited information on escalated border tensions, or only spoke to how certain events *might* make tensions worse.", "not_that_valuable": "NA", "non_relevant": "Articles that discussed increased tensions without providing the specifics on what caused them."}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&oldid=784440302", "text": "Relations between contemporary China and India have been characterised by border disputes, resulting in three military conflicts — the Sino-Indian War of 1962, the Chola incident in 1967, and the 1987 Sino-Indian skirmish. However, since the late 1980s, both countries have successfully rebuilt diplomatic and economic ties. In 2008, China became India's largest trading partner and the two countries have also extended their 2000s\n\nIndian and Chinese officers at Nathu La. Nathu La was re-opened in 2006 following numerous bilateral trade agreements. The opening of the pass is expected to bolster the economy of the region and play a key role in the growing Sino-Indian trade.\nIn a major embarrassment for China, the 17th Karmapa, Urgyen Trinley Dorje, who was proclaimed by China, made a dramatic escape from Tibet to the Rumtek Monastery in Sikkim. Chinese officials were in a quandary on this issue as any protest to India on the issue would mean an explicit endorsement on India's governance of Sikkim, which the Chinese still hadn't recognised. In 2003, China officially recognised Indian sovereignty over Sikkim as the two countries moved towards resolving their border disputes.\n\nIn 2004, the two countries proposed opening up the Nathula and Jelepla Passes in Sikkim. 2004 was a milestone in Sino-Indian bilateral trade, surpassing the US$10 billion mark for the first time. In April 2005, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao visited Bangalore to push for increased Sino-Indian cooperation in high-tech industries. Wen stated that the 21st century will be \"the Asian century of the IT industry.\"Regarding the issue of India gaining a permanent seat on the UN Security Council, Wen Jiabao initially seemed to support the idea, but had returned to a neutral position.\n\nIn the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Summit in 2005, China was granted an observer status. While other countries in the region are ready to consider China for permanent membership in the SAARC, India seemed reluctant.\n\nIssues surrounding energy has risen in significance. Both countries have growing energy demand to support economic growth. Both countries signed an agreement in 2006 to envisage ONGC Videsh Ltd (OVL) and the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) to placing joint bids for promising projects.\n\nIn 2006, China and India re-opened Nathula pass for trading. Nathula was closed 44 years prior to 2006. Re-opening of border trade will help ease the economic isolation of the region. In November 2006, China and India had a verbal spat over claim of the north-east Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. India claimed that China was occupying 38,000 square kilometres of its territory in Kashmir, while China claimed the whole of Arunachal Pradesh as its own.\n\nIn 2007, China denied the application for visa from an Indian Administrative Service officer in Arunachal Pradesh. According to China, since Arunachal Pradesh is a territory of China, he would not need a visa to visit his own country. Later in December 2007, China reversed its policy by granting a visa to Marpe Sora, an Arunachal born professor in computer science. In January 2008, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited China to discuss trade, commerce, defence, military, and various other issues.\n\nUntil 2008 the British Government's position remained the same as had been since the Simla Accord of 1913: that China held suzerainty over Tibet but not sovereignty. Britain revised this view on 29 October 2008, when it recognized Chinese sovereignty over Tibet through its website. The Economist stated that although the British Foreign Office's website does not use the word sovereignty, officials at the Foreign Office said \"it means that, as far as Britain is concerned, 'Tibet is part of China. Full stop.'\" This change in Britain's position affects India's claim to its North Eastern territories which rely on the same Simla Accord that Britain's prior position on Tibet's sovereignty was based upon.\n\nIn October 2009, Asian Development Bank formally acknowledging Arunachal Pradesh as part of India, approved a loan to India for a development project there. Earlier China had exercised pressure on the bank to cease the loan, however India succeeded in securing the loan with the help of the United States and Japan. China expressed displeasure at ADB.\n\n2010s\n\nPrime Minister Narendra Modi meeting with the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China Zhang Dejiang\nChinese Premier Wen Jiabao paid an official visit to India from 15–17 December 2010 at the invitation of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. He was accompanied by 400 Chinese business leaders, who wished to sign business deals with Indian companies.\n\nIndia and China are two very populous countries with ancient civilisations, friendship between the two countries has a time-honoured history, which can be dated back 2,000 years, and since the establishment of diplomatic ties between our two countries, in particular the last ten years, friendship and cooperation has made significant progress.\n\nPremier Wen Jiabao at the Tagore International School, 15th December 2010\nIn April 2011, during the BRICS summit in Sanya, Hainan, China the two countries agreed to restore defence co-operation and China had hinted that it may reverse its policy of administering stapled visas to residents of Jammu and Kashmir. This practice was later stopped, and as a result, defence ties were resumed between the two countries and joint military drills were expected.\n\nIt was reported in February 2012 that India will reach US$100 billion trade with China by 2015. Bilateral trade between the two countries reached US$73 billion in 2011, making China India's largest trade partner, but slipped to US$66 billion in 2012.\n\nIn the 2012 BRICS summit in New Delhi, India, Chinese President Hu Jintao told Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh that \"it is China's unswerving policy to develop Sino-Indian friendship, deepen strategic cooperation and seek common development\" and \"China hopes to see a peaceful, prosperous and continually developing India and is committed to building more dynamic China-India relationship\". Other topics were discussed, including border dispute problems and a unified BRICS central bank.\n\nIn response to India's test of a missile capable of carrying a nuclear warhead to Beijing, the PRC called for the two countries to \"cherish the hard-earned momentum of co-operation\".\n\nA three-week standoff between Indian and Chinese troops in close proximity to each other and the Line of Actual Control between Jammu and Kashmir's Ladakh region and Aksai Chin was defused on 5 May 2013, days before a trip by Indian Foreign Minister Salman Khurshid to China; Khurshid said that both countries had a shared interest in not having the border issue exacerbate or \"destroy\" long-term progress in relations. The Chinese agreed to withdraw their troops in exchange for an Indian agreement to demolish several \"live-in bunkers\" 250 km to the south in the disputed Chumar sector.\n\n\nThe BRICS leaders in China, 2016\nChinese Premier Li Keqiang made his first foreign visit to India on 18 May 2013 in a bid to increase diplomatic co-operation, to cement trade relations, and formulate border dispute solutions.\n\nIndian President Pranab Mukherjee’s visit to Arunachal Pradesh, a northeast Indian state that China recognizes as \"South Tibet\", in late November, 2013 and in his speech calling the area an \"integral and important part of India\" generated an angry response from Beijing. Foreign ministry spokesman Qin Gang's statement in response to Mukherjee's two-day visit to Arunachal Pradesh was \"China's stance on the disputed area on the eastern part of the China-India border is consistent and clear.\n\nIn September, 2014 the relationship took a sting as troops of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) have reportedly entered two kilometres inside the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in Chumar sector. The next month, V. K. Singh said that China and India had come to a \"convergence of views\" on the threat of terrorism emanating from Pakistan.\n\nIn more modern times, China and India have been working together to produce films together, such as Kung Fu Yoga starring Jackie Chan. However, disruptions have risen again due to China building trade routes with Pakistan on disputed Kashmir territory.strategic and military relations.", "date": "2017-06-08"}}
{"topic_id": "181", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Discoveries about Neanderthal brains", "topic_description": "What discoveries have been made about Neanderthal brains?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "اكتشافات  در رابطه با مغز های نئاندرتال", "topic_description": "چه اكتشافات در رابطه با مغزهای نئاندرتال شده اند؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "کشف در مورد مغز نئاندرتال", "topic_description": "چه اکتشافات در مورد مغز نئاندرتال ها انجام شده است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "有关Neanderthal Brains的评论", "topic_description": "关于尼安德特人的大脑，什么迪斯科舞厅已经过时了？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Открытия о неандертальских мозгах", "topic_description": "Какие открытия были сделаны о неандертальских мозгах?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "students use genome technology to grow neanderthal brain for research, discoveries show some neanderthals were vegetarian while others were carnivores, may have used precursors to modern medicine to treat ailments", "somewhat_valuable": "details of history of neanderthal findings and research, genetic connections found between neanderthals and modern humans, discussion of similarities between neanderthals and modern humans", "not_that_valuable": "human bone discovered and analyzed from Stone Age in Iran, discovery proves neanderthals lived in Iran, transfer of neanderthal tooth to National Museum of Iran, neanderthals migrated from Africa to Europe, research begins on Stone Age fossils, neanderthal research to commence at different site", "non_relevant": "Egyptian tomb found, primitive fossil found in China, study of optimum number of work hours per week, conviction of criminal in Iran, relationship between smoke and fetuses, researchers’ attempts to control genetic illnesses, new exhibit at National Museum of Iran, why the human body finally stops fighting the aging process, the effect of mental stress on the brain, doctors find new network system in the body, complaints from vegetarian restaurant customer, human brains could be connected to internet in future, new treatment for asthma, parasitic infection can change human decision-making, researchers discovered process for regrowing teeth, relationship between oral health and deadly illness, causes of tooth decay, »second brain« discovered in human gut, necessity of pulling wisdom teeth, UK scientists conduct DNA revision"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archaic_humans&oldid=796998336", "text": "A number of varieties of Homo are grouped into the broad category of archaic humans in the period beginning 500,000 years ago (or 500ka). It typically includes Homo neanderthalensis (40ka–250ka), Homo rhodesiensis (125ka-300ka), Homo heidelbergensis (200ka-600ka), and may also include Homo antecessor (800ka-1200ka). This category is contrasted with anatomically modern humans, which include the subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens and Homo sapiens idaltu.\n\nModern humans are theorized to have evolved from archaic humans, who in turn evolved from Homo erectus. Varieties of archaic humans are sometimes included under the binomial name \"Homo sapiens\" (Latin: \"wise man\") because their brain size is very similar to that of modern humans. Archaic humans had a brain size averaging 1200 to 1400 cubic centimeters, which overlaps with the range of modern humans. Archaics are distinguished from anatomically modern humans by having a thick skull, prominent supraorbital ridges (brow ridges) and the lack of a prominent chin.\n\nAnatomically modern humans appear from about 200,000 years ago and after 70,000 years ago (see Toba catastrophe theory), gradually supplanting the \"archaic\" human varieties. Non-modern varieties of Homo are certain to have survived until after 30,000 years ago, and perhaps until as recent as 10,000 years ago. Which of these, if any, are included under the term \"archaic human\" is a matter of definition and varies among authors. Nonetheless, according to recent genetic studies, modern humans may have bred with \"at least two groups\" of ancient humans: Neanderthals and Denisovans. Other studies have cast doubt on admixture being the source of the shared genetic markers between archaic and modern humans, pointing to an ancestral origin of the traits originating 500,000–800,000 years ago.\n\nNew evidence suggests another group may also have been extant as recently as 11,500 years ago, the Red Deer Cave people of China. Chris Stringer of the Natural History Museum in London has suggested that these people could be a result of mating between Denisovans and modern humans. Other scientists remain skeptical, suggesting that the unique features are within the variations expected for modern human populations.", "date": "2017-08-24"}}
{"topic_id": "182", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Incidents at US Embassy in Cuba", "topic_description": "Describe incidents at the US Embassy in Cuba where workers have reported unusual medical complaints and how this has impacted US-Cuba relations."}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "حوادث در سفارت آمریکا در کوبا", "topic_description": "حوادثی را در سفارت ایالات متحده در کوبا شرح دهید که کارگران شکایات پزشکی غیرمعمول را گزارش داده اند و این امر چگونه بر روابط ایالات متحده و کوبا تأثیر گذاشته است."}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "حوادث سفارت آمریکا در کوبا", "topic_description": "حوادث در سفارت ایالات متحده در کوبا را توصیف کنید که در آن کارگران شکایت های پزشکی غیر معمول را گزارش کرده اند و این که چگونه روابط ایالات متحده و کوبا را تحت تاثیر قرار داده است."}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "在美国驻库巴大使馆的idents", "topic_description": "在美国驻库巴大使馆，工人们报告说，在那里，工人们报告了不正常的医疗设施，这影响了美国的关系。"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Инциденты в посольстве США на Кубе", "topic_description": "Опишите инциденты в посольстве США на Кубе, где работники сообщали о необычных медицинских жалобах и о том, как это повлияло на отношения между США и Кубой."}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Specific information about the reduced footprint at US embassy in Cuba and strained relations between two countries being a result of U.S. officials experiencing deafness/dizziness", "somewhat_valuable": "\"Sound\" incident described, but was not explicitly stated as the reasoning behind the U.S.' cooling of relations with Cuba", "not_that_valuable": "NA", "non_relevant": "Information about the auditory attacks but not about the strained relations between Cuba and the U.S. (or vice versa)"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Havana&oldid=792375414", "text": "The embassy was designed in the Modernist—Brutalist style by the architectural firm Harrison & Abramovitz. It is a long and six-story concrete and glass building, completed in 1953. The gardens were designed by Californian landscape architect Thomas Dolliver Church. The contractor for the building was Jaime Alberto Mitrani, PE, also a professor of civil engineering at the University of Havana. The embassy complex is located directly on the Bay of Havana and the José Martí Anti-Imperialist Platform, in proximity to the Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n\nAfter the U.S. diplomatic mission became defunct in 1961, the building was not used by American personnel until the opening of the interests section on September 1, 1977. In 1963, Prime Minister of Cuba Fidel Castro ordered the confiscation of the complex, but action was never taken by the Cuban government, though it still claimed right to the property in 2012.\n\nDuring the period that the complex served as an interests section, the U.S. was represented by Switzerland, and the Swiss maintained both the embassy complex and its effects. Renovations were completed on the complex in 1997. The building was upgraded from an interests section, and returned to its original role as the American embassy in Cuba on July 20, 2015.\n\nOn August 14, 2015, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry reopened the American embassy in Havana. Eight congressional lawmakers involved in the policy change also attended. The three Marines (Larry C. Morris, Mike East, and Jim Tracy) who lowered the United States flag at the U.S. Embassy in Cuba 54 years before presented another flag which was raised by the Marines assigned to the post.", "date": "2017-07-26"}}
{"topic_id": "183", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "U.S. response to Kerch Strait crisis", "topic_description": "How has the United States responded to the Russia-Ukraine crisis in the Kerch Strait?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "پاسخ آمریکا به بحران تنگه کرچ", "topic_description": "آمریکا چگونه به بحران روسیه و اوکراین در تنگه کرچ پاسخ داده است؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "واکنش آمریکا به بحران تنگه کرچ", "topic_description": "ایالات متحده چگونه به بحران روسیه و اوکراین در تنگه کرچ واکنش نشان داده است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "美国对Kerch Strucks的反应", "topic_description": "美国是如何被排斥到俄罗斯-乌克兰的Kerch Strisis？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Реакция США на кризис в Керченском проливе", "topic_description": "Как США отреагировали на российско-украинский кризис в Керченском проливе?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "U.S. Senate condemning actions and calling on international community to respond; U.S. warships going to the area in response", "somewhat_valuable": "Intent of U.S. action that hadn't happened yet.", "not_that_valuable": "NA", "non_relevant": "NA"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Azov&oldid=866477594#Modern_era", "text": "The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limit of the Sea of Azov in the Kertch Strait [sic] as \"The limit of the Black Sea\", which is itself defined as \"A line joining Cape Takil and Cape Panaghia (45°02'N)\".\n\nThe sea is considered an internal sea of Russia and Ukraine, and its use is governed by an agreement between these countries ratified in 2003. The sea is 360 kilometres (220 mi) long and 180 kilometres (110 mi) wide and has an area of 39,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi); it is the smallest sea within the countries of the former Soviet Union. The main rivers flowing into it are the Don and Kuban; they ensure that the waters of the sea have comparatively low salinity and are almost fresh in places, and also bring in huge volumes of silt and sand. Accumulation of sand and shells results in a smooth and low coastline, as well as in numerous spits and sandbanks.\n\nThe Sea of Azov is the shallowest sea in the world with an average depth of 7 metres (23 ft) and maximum depth of 14 metres (46 ft); in the bays, where silt has built up, the average depth is about 1 metre (3 ft). The sea bottom is also relatively flat with the depth gradually increasing from the coast to the centre. The Sea of Azov is an internal sea with passage to the Atlantic Ocean going through the Black, Marmara, Aegean and Mediterranean seas. It is connected to the Black Sea by the Strait of Kerch, which at its narrowest has a width of 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) and a maximum depth of 15 metres (49 ft). The narrowness of the Kerch Strait limits the water exchange with the Black Sea. As a result, the salinity of the Sea of Azov is low; in the open sea it is 10–12 psu, about one third of the salinity of the oceans; it is even lower (2–7 psu) in the Taganrog Bay at the northeast end of the Sea. The long-term variations of salinity are within a few psu and are mostly caused by changes in humidity and precipitation.\n\nAlthough more than 20 rivers flow into the sea, mostly from the north, two of them, the Don and Kuban rivers, account for more than 90% of water inflow. The contribution of the Don is about twice that of the Kuban. The Kuban delta is located at the southeast, on the east side of the Kerch Strait. It is over 100 km long and covers a vast flooded area with numerous channels. Because of the spread, the delta has low contrast in satellite images, and is hardly visible in the map. The Don flows from the north into the large Taganrog Bay. The depth there varies between 2 and 9 metres, while the maximum depth is observed in the middle of the sea.\n\nTypical values of the annual inflow and outflow of water to the sea, averaged over the period from 1923 to 1985, are as follows: river inflow 38.6 km3, precipitation 15.5 km3, evaporation 34.6 km3, inflow from the Black Sea 36–38 km3, outflow 53–55 km3. Thus, about 17 km3 of fresh water is outflowing from the Azov Sea to the Black Sea. The depth of Azov Sea is decreasing, mostly due to the river-induced deposits. Whereas the past hydrological expeditions recorded depths of up to 16 metres, more recent ones could not find places deeper than 13.5–14 metres. This might explain the variation in the maximum depths among different sources. The water level fluctuates by some 20 cm over the year due to the snow melts in spring.\n\nThe Taman Peninsula has about 25 mud volcanoes, most of which are active. Their eruptions are usually quiet, spilling out mud, and such gases as methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, but are sometimes violent and resemble regular volcanic eruptions. Some of those volcanoes are under water, near the shores of the peninsula. A major eruption on 6 September 1799, near stanitsa Golubitskaya, lasted about 2 hours and formed a mud island 100 metres in diameter and 2 metres in height; the island was then washed away by the sea. Similar eruptions occurred in 1862, 1906, 1924, 1950 and 1952.\n\nThe current vertical profile of the Sea of Azov exhibits oxygenated surface waters and anoxic bottom waters, with the anoxic waters forming in a layer 0.5 to 4 metres (1.6–13.1 ft) in thickness. The occurrence of the anoxic layer is attributed to seasonal eutrophication events associated with increased sedimentary input from the Don and Kuban Rivers. This sedimentary input stimulates biotic activity in the surface layers, in which organisms photosynthesise under aerobic conditions. Once the organisms expire, the dead organic matter sinks to the bottom of the sea where bacteria and microorganisms, using all available oxygen, consume the organic matter, leading to anoxic conditions. Studies have shown that in the Sea of Azov, the exact vertical structure is dependent on wind strength and sea surface temperature, but typically a 'stagnation zone' lies between the oxic and anoxic layers.", "date": "2018-10-30"}}
{"topic_id": "184", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "U.S. protest response to anti-immigration", "topic_description": "What mass protests in the United States resulted from Trump's 2017 anti-immigration order?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "اعتراضات آمریكا در واکنش به دستور ضد مهاجرتی", "topic_description": "در واکنش به دستور ضد مهاجرتی ترامپ ، چه اعتراضات گسترده ای در آمریکا رخ داد؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "واکنش اعتراضی ایالات متحده به ضد مهاجرت", "topic_description": "چه اعتراضات گسترده ‌ ای در ایالات متحده به دستور ترامپ در سال ۲۰۱۷ منجر شد ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "美国对反移民的回应", "topic_description": "美国有哪些大规模的移民从Trump2017年的反移民命令中被驳回？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Реакция протеста США на антииммиграцию", "topic_description": "Какие массовые протесты в США были вызваны антииммиграционным приказом Трампа 2017 года?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Articles whose main subject was the mass protests that erupted across America, in cities such as New York, San Francisco, D.C., as well as at airports across the country such as JFK, O'Hare and Dulles", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles whose main subject was not protests but various other responses to the anti-immigration order, but which mentioned the phrase \"wide spread protests\" or \"protests at airports\"", "not_that_valuable": "Articles about protests which would not be deemed mass protests due to the number of people involved, such as protests attended by a handful of immigration activists in front of the white house", "non_relevant": "Articles about writers' unions and celebrities, nobel laureates, attorneys general and their response to the anti-immigration order"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanctuary_city&oldid=795042741", "text": "The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 addressed the relationship between the federal government and local governments. Minor crimes, such as shoplifting, became grounds for possible deportation. Additionally, the legislation outlawed cities' bans against municipal workers reporting a person's immigration status to federal authorities.\n\nSection 287(g) makes it possible for state and local law enforcement personnel to enter into agreements with the federal government to be trained in immigration enforcement and, subsequent to such training, to enforce immigration law. However, it provides no general power for immigration enforcement by state and local authorities. This provision was implemented by local and state authorities in five states, California, Arizona, Alabama, Florida and North Carolina by the end of 2006. On June 16, 2007 the United States House of Representatives passed an amendment to a United States Department of Homeland Security spending bill that would withhold federal emergency services funds from sanctuary cities. Congressman Tom Tancredo (R-Colo.) was the sponsor of this amendment. 50 Democrats joined Republicans to support the amendment. The amendment would have to pass the United States Senate to become effective.\n\nIn 2007, Republican representatives introduced legislation targeting sanctuary cities. Reps. Brian Bilbray, R-Calif., Ginny Brown-Waite, R-Fla., Thelma Drake, R-Va., Jeff Miller, R-Fla., and Tom Tancredo introduced the bill. The legislation would make undocumented immigrant status a felony, instead of a civil offense. Also, the bill targets sanctuary cities by withholding up to 50 percent of Department of Homeland Security funds from the cities.\n\nOn September 5, 2007, Department of Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff told a House committee that he certainly wouldn't tolerate interference by sanctuary cities that would block his \"Basic Pilot Program\" that requires employers to validate the legal status of their workers. \"We're exploring our legal options. I intend to take as vigorous legal action as the law allows to prevent that from happening, prevent that kind of interference.\"\n\nOn January 25, 2017 President Donald Trump signed an executive order directing the Secretary of Homeland Security and Attorney General to defund sanctuary jurisdictions that refuse to comply with federal immigration law. He also ordered the Department of Homeland Security to begin issuing weekly public reports that include \"a comprehensive list of criminal actions committed by aliens and any jurisdiction that ignored or otherwise failed to honor any detainers with respect to such aliens.\" Ilya Somin, Professor of Law at George Mason University, has argued that Trump's withholding of federal funding would be unconstitutional: \"Trump and future presidents could use [the executive order] to seriously undermine constitutional federalism by forcing dissenting cities and states to obey presidential dictates, even without authorization from Congress. The circumvention of Congress makes the order a threat to separation of powers, as well.\" On April 25, 2017, U.S. District Judge William Orrick issued a nationwide preliminary injunction halting this executive order.", "date": "2017-08-11"}}
{"topic_id": "185", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus", "fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Kuwait's role in Qatar diplomatic crisis", "topic_description": "What role did Kuwait have in mediating the 2017 diplomatic crisis when several nations severed diplomatic relations with Qatar?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Роль Кувейта в Катарском Дипломатическом Кризисе", "topic_description": "Какую роль сыграл Кувейт в посредничестве дипломатического кризиса 2017 года, когда несколько стран разорвали дипломатические отношения с Катаром?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "نقش کویت در بحران دیپلماتیک قطر", "topic_description": "وقتی چندین کشور روابط دیپلماتیک با قطر پایان دادند ، نقش کویت در حل بحران چه بود؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "نقش کویت در بحران دیپلماتیک قطر", "topic_description": "کویت در میانجی ‌ گری بحران دیپلماتیک ۲۰۱۷ چه نقشی داشت وقتی چندین کشور روابط دیپلماتیک خود را با قطر قطع کردند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "庫瓦的角色在Qatar dimomatic crisis", "topic_description": "库瓦在调解2017年的二重性危机中扮演了什么角色，而这是与Qatar的二重性关系？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Роль Кувейта в дипломатическом кризисе в Катаре", "topic_description": "Какую роль сыграл Кувейт в посредничестве в дипломатическом кризисе 2017 года, когда несколько государств разорвали дипломатические отношения с Катаром?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "N/A", "somewhat_valuable": "Any articles that had details of how Kuwait acted as a mediator between Qatar and the Arab states that severed diplomatic ties, whether it was shuttle diplomacy showing Kuwaiti officials traveling to the Arab states or Qatar for this purpose. Being a communications go-between, handling messages from the Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and the other countries to Qatar, and bringing Qatar's messages back to those states. Also, any info on Kuwait reaching out to other countries for support, like the US, or sharing in press conferences. Also, Kuwait's attempt to hold a summit to bring these countries together for discussions, or convincing the Arab states to give Qatar more time to respond to messages. Also, convincing Qatari officials to hold off any press conferences or statements until Kuwaiti officials could visit and discuss the situation with the officials of the Arab states. ", "not_that_valuable": "A number of articles merely mentioned that Kuwait was attempting to mediate. There was several mentions of Kuwait failing to mediate. Kuwait, along with other countries, calling on Qatar and the four Arab states to resolve their differences. US, Turkey and other heads of states traveling to Kuwait to discuss the crisis, but no details being shared. EU, Russia and other countries praising or offering support for Kuwait's attempts to mediate the crisis. Kuwait cracking down on social media users criticizing the crisis.", "non_relevant": "Any article that describes the initial severing of diplomatic relations between Qatar and Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain and Egypt; the exile of Qatari diplomats from those countries; and subsequent blockade. Attempts of other countries such as Russia, the US, UK, and Turkey to mediate the crisis. The opinion of other countries on the crisis. Qatar's and Kuwait's foreign relations issues not including this particular crisis. Description of what the four states demand without mentioning how Kuwait is involved. Bio of Kuwait, Sheikh Ahmed al-Jaber al-Sabah, and articles about his birthday. Qatar's position on the Syrian conflict. Kuwait to become a financial and cultural center of the world by 2030. "}, "fas": {"very_valuable": "Articles which delved into how Kuwait acted as a mediator, such as hosting Qatar and the aggrieved nations for diplomatic talks", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles which showed that Kuwait passively acted as a gobetween and relayed messages from Qatar to the other parties and vice versa", "not_that_valuable": "Articles which alluded to the fact that Kuwait was acting as a mediator with no further details", "non_relevant": "Articles which were not about the Qatar crisis at all"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qatar&oldid=783018209#Politics", "text": "Qatar is either a constitutional or an absolute monarchy ruled by the Al Thani family. The Al Thani dynasty has been ruling Qatar since the family house was established in 1825. In 2003, Qatar adopted a constitution that provided for the direct election of 30 of the 45 members of the Legislative Council. The constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum, with almost 98% in favour.\n\nThe eighth Emir of Qatar is Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, whose father Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani handed power to him on 25 June 2013. The supreme chancellor has the exclusive power to appoint and remove the prime minister and cabinet ministers who, together, constitute the Council of Ministers, which is the supreme executive authority in the country. The Council of Ministers also initiates legislation. Laws and decrees proposed by the Council of Ministers are referred to the Advisory Council (Majilis Al Shura) for discussion after which they are submitted to the Emir for ratification. A Consultative Assembly has limited legislative authority to draft and approve laws, but the Emir has final say on all matters. The current Council is composed entirely of members appointed by the Emir, as no legislative elections have been held since 1970 when there were partial elections to the body. Legislative elections have been postponed until at least 2019.\n\nQatari law does not permit the establishment of political bodies or trade unions.", "date": "2017-05-30"}}
{"topic_id": "186", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Differences between NAFTA and USMCA", "topic_description": "How does the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) trade agreement differ from the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "تفاوت های نفتا و یو اس ام سی ای", "topic_description": "توافق نامه تجارت ایالات متحده ، مکزیک و کانادا (یو اس ام سی ای) با قرارداد تجارت آزاد آمریکای شمالی (نفتا) چه تفاوتی دارد؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "تفاوت NAFTA و USMCA", "topic_description": "توافقنامه تجاری ایالات متحده آمریکا (USMCA) چگونه با توافقنامه تجارت آزاد آمریکای شمالی (NAFTA) متفاوت است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "🚙NAFTA与USMCA之间的联系", "topic_description": "美国-墨西哥-加拿大代理（USMCA）如何脱离北美自由代理（NAFTA）？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Различия между NAFTA и USMCA", "topic_description": "Каким образом торговое соглашение между Соединенными Штатами и Мексикой и Канадой (USMCA) отличается от Североамериканского соглашения о свободной торговле (НАФТА)?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Articles that provided details on what the new USMCA trade agreement entailed", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles with either vague references to the changes being made to NAFTA or articles about proposed changes to the trade agreement that were not officially signed yet. ", "not_that_valuable": "NA", "non_relevant": "Articles about NAFTA revision discussions where there was no resolution"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement&oldid=870914672", "text": "The United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA; Spanish: Tratado entre México, Estados Unidos y Canadá, T-MEC; French: Accord États-Unis-Mexique-Canada, AÉUMC) is a pending free trade agreement between Canada, Mexico, and the United States of which negotiations have been concluded, but which has not been signed or ratified. It is also referred to as \"NAFTA 2.0\", in order to distinguish it from its intended current predecessor North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It is the result of the 2017–2018 renegotiation of NAFTA by its member states, which informally agreed to the terms on September 30, 2018, and formally on October 1. Signature, ratification and implementation is pending.\n\nCompared to NAFTA, the agreement gives the U.S. more access to Canada's $19 billion dairy market, incentivizes more domestic production of cars and trucks, increases environmental and labor regulations, and introduces updated intellectual property protections.\n\nThe United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement is based on the North American Free Trade Agreement which originally came into effect on January 1, 1994. The present agreement was the result of more than a year of negotiations including threats of tariffs by the United States against Canada in addition to the possibility of separate bilateral deals instead.\n\nDuring the 2016 US presidential election, Donald Trump's campaign included the promise to re-negotiate, or cancel if re-negotiations fail, the North American Free Trade Agreement. Upon election, President Trump proceeded to make a number of changes affecting trade relations with other countries. Withdrawing from the Paris Agreement, ceasing to be part of negotiations for the Trans-Pacific Partnership, and significantly increasing tariffs with China were some of the steps he implemented, reinforcing that he was serious about seeking changes to NAFTA.", "date": "2018-11-27"}}
{"topic_id": "187", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Mosque attacks against Islamic minorities", "topic_description": "What attacks causing significant casualties that targeted Islamic mosques have occurred in regions where Islam is not the majority religion?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "حمله به مساجد علیه اقلیت های اسلامی", "topic_description": "در مناطقی که اسلام دین اکثریت نیست ، چه حملاتی به مساجد تلفات قابل توجهی داشته است؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "حملات مسجد علیه اقلیت های اسلامی", "topic_description": "چه حملاتی باعث تلفات قابل توجهی شده است که مساجد اسلامی را هدف قرار داده است در مناطقی که اسلام دین اکثریت نیست ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "清真寺attacks against", "topic_description": "什么attacks causing that targekurcurred的清真寺有occurred in region where am am not the majorigion?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Нападения мечетей на исламские меньшинства", "topic_description": "Какие нападения, повлекшие за собой значительные потери в результате нападения на исламские мечети, имели место в тех районах, где ислам не является религией большинства?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Articles concerning the christchurch shooting, listing the high numbers of casualties and the motivations of the attacker confirming that a mosque was explicitly targetted, articles confirming each of the previous tenets but for the shooting in Quebec", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles concerning mosque shootings that confirmed a high number of casualties but not the explicit motivations confirming that the mosque was intentionally targetted. Examples again include the attack in New Zealand and in Quebec", "not_that_valuable": "Articles that mentioned mosque attacks with significant casualties, such as those in Quebec and New Zealand, but whose main subject was about arraignments of statements from politicians, and not the attacks themselves", "non_relevant": "Articles which did not contain mosque attacks with significant casualties, such as that in Norway, or mosque attacks that occurred in Muslim majority regions"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Islamophobic_incidents&oldid=883583500", "text": "10 April 2010\tArson\t0\t0\tBulgaria Karlovo, Bulgaria\tA mosque was burned down. Members of the Muslim community in Karlovo and the Chief Mufti’s office in Bulgaria believe the incident was a hate crime.\tUnknown\n\n31 December 2013\tBomb threat\t0\t0\tBritish Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia\tA bomb threat was made against a Vancouver mosque and the building was evacuated by the RCMP.\tUnknown\n\n26 November 2014\tBomb threat\t0\t0\tQuebec Montreal, Quebec\tA bomb threat was made against a Montreal mosque and the police found a suspicious package. 12 buildings in the area were evacuated until the police neutralized the package.\tUnknown\n\n20 May 2014\tAttempted arson\t0\t0\tQuebec Montreal, Quebec\tA man tried to throw a Molotov cocktail through the window of a mosque in, but was stopped by the police. The police had been watching the mosque because it had already been the target of multiple attacks.\tUnnamed man\n\n14 November 2015\tArson\t0\t0\tOntario Peterborough, Ontario\tA day after the Paris attacks, the only mosque in Peterborough was set on fire. Police deemed the arson a hate crime.\tUnknown\n\n27 November 2016\tVandalism\t0\t0\tQuebec Sept-Îles, Quebec\tThe mosque of Sept-Îles was vandalized. The mosque had previously been vandalized in 2014. Police suspect it was a hate crime.\tUnknown\n\n29 January 2017\tShooting\t6\t19\tQuebec Quebec City, Quebec\tQuebec City mosque shooting: A mass shooting occurred at the Islamic Cultural Centre of Quebec City. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and Premier Philippe Couillard called the shooting a terrorist attack, but the perpetrator was not charged with terrorism. The incident was classified as a hate crime and an Islamophobic attack.\tAlexandre Bissonnette\n\n10-24 March 2008\tAttacks\t18\t383\tChina Tibet, China\t2008 Tibetan unrest: The main Mosque in Lhasa was burned down by Tibetans and Chinese Hui Muslims were violently assaulted by Tibetan rioters.\tTibetan mobs\n\n11 October 2017\tShooting\t25\t0\tCentral African Republic Kembe, Central African Republic\tRebels killed at least 25 Muslims inside a mosque in the town of Kembe in south-central Central African Republic.\tAnti-balaka\n\n", "date": "2019-02-16"}}
{"topic_id": "188", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Casualties from Brumadinho dam collapse", "topic_description": "How many people were injured, killed, or missing following the collapse of the dam in Brumadinho, Brazil?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "تلفات ناشی از ریزش سد در برومادینیو", "topic_description": "چند نفر به دلیل ریزش سد در برومادینیو کشته ، زخمی یا مفقود شده اند؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "تلفات ناشی از سقوط سد برومدینیو", "topic_description": "چند نفر پس از فروپاشی سد در Brumadinho ، برزیل زخمی ، کشته یا مفقود شدند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Casties from Brumadinho dam collapse", "topic_description": "在巴西Brumadinho的大坝上，有多少人受伤、被杀或被抚摸？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Ущерб от обрушения плотины Брумадиньо", "topic_description": "Сколько людей было ранено, убито или пропало без вести после обрушения плотины в Брумадинью, Бразилия?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Articles which were explicit about and mentioned numbers of missing, injured and killed by the collapse of the dam", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles which mentioned various parts of the prompt, such as injuries, missing or killed, but not all of them.", "not_that_valuable": "I did not rate any as not valuable", "non_relevant": "Articles not about Brazil, but mudslides in other places, dam collapses in other places, countries other than Brazil"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tailings_dam&oldid=880225923#Environmental_damage", "text": "Tailings dam failures involving significant ecological damage include:\n\nthe Brumadinho dam breach, Brazil, January 25, 2019, where as many as 200 people are unaccounted for.", "date": "2019-01-26"}}
{"topic_id": "189", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Miltias in Kashmir's border disputes", "topic_description": "How have militias been involved in border disputes due to Kashmir's loss of autonomy?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "درگیری شبه نظامیان در اختلافات مرزی در کشمیر", "topic_description": "به دلیل از دست دادن خودمختاری کشمیر ، شبه نظامیان چه مشارکتی در اختلافات مرزی داشته اند؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "ميلتياس در اختلافات مرزي کشمير", "topic_description": "چگونه شبه نظامیان در اختلافات مرزی به دلیل از دست دادن استقلال کشمیر درگیر شده ‌ اند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "卡什米尔边界的米蒂亚斯", "topic_description": "militias是如何卷入与Kashmir的自鸣得意的争论中的呢？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Мильтиас в пограничных спорах Кашмира", "topic_description": "Как ополченцы участвовали в пограничных спорах из-за утраты Кашмира автономии?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Articles with explicit mentions of clashes between militias due to the revocation of autonomy", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles which referenced India feeling threatened by Pakistan's militias and using it as a justification for troop presences in India, as well as articles which referenced clashes between Indian security forces and Pakistanis, or articles that mentioned paramilitaries", "not_that_valuable": "Articles which spoke about clashes between protestors and Indian security forces in which there were casualties", "non_relevant": "Articles not about clashes between groups, or about the opposing militaries, or about the peace process"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts&oldid=884683430", "text": "2008 India Pakistan standoff: a stand-off between the two nations following the 2008 Mumbai attacks which was defused by diplomatic efforts. Following ten coordinated shooting and bombing attacks across Mumbai, India's largest city, tensions heightened between the two countries since India claimed interrogation results alleging Pakistan's ISI supporting the attackers while Pakistan denied it. Pakistan placed its air force on alert and moved troops to the Indian border, voicing concerns about proactive movements of the Indian Army and the Indian government's possible plans to launch attacks on Pakistani soil. The tension defused in short time and Pakistan moved its troops away from border.\n\n2016 India–Pakistan military confrontation: On 18 September 2016, militants attacked the Indian Army's brigade headquarters at Uri, killing 19 soldiers. The attack came after two months of extreme unrest in Kashmir, caused due to the killing of Hizbul Mujahideen commander Burhan Wani in an encounter with Indian security forces. Amid high tensions and risk of escalation along the Line of Control, ten days after the attack, on 29 September 2016, the Indian Army carried out a military raid in Pakistan-Administered-Kashmir, targeting launchpads along the LoC, the de facto border between India and Pakistan.[disputed – discuss][citation needed] An Indian soldier was captured by the Pakistan Army the very next day, but it was claimed that he had inadvertently crossed the border and that his capture was unrelated to the 'surgical strikes' conducted the night before. The soldier was eventually released as a goodwill gesture from the Pakistani side, and ceasefire violations stopped on either side as tensions were defused and normalcy returned to the Kashmir valley.[disputed – discuss][citation needed]\n\nAtlantique Incident: Pakistan Navy's Naval Air Arm Breguet Atlantique patrol plane, carrying 16 people on board, was shot down by the Indian Air Force for alleged violation of airspace. The episode took place in the Rann of Kutch on 10 August 1999, just a month after the Kargil War, creating a tense atmosphere between India and Pakistan. Foreign diplomats noted that the plane fell inside Pakistani territory, although it may have crossed the border. However, they also believe that India's reaction was unjustified. Pakistan later lodged a compensation claim at the International Court of Justice, accusing India for the incident, but the Court dismissed the case in a split decision ruling the Court did not have jurisdiction.\nThe 2011 India–Pakistan border shooting incident took place between 30 August and 1 September 2011 across the Line of Control in Kupwara District/Neelam Valley, resulting in five Indian soldiers and three Pakistani soldiers being killed. Both countries gave different accounts of the incident, each accusing the other of initiating the hostilities.\n2013 India–Pakistan border incident in the Mendhar sector of Jammu & Kashmir, due to the beheading of an Indian soldier. A total of 22 soldiers (12 Indian and 10 Pakistani) died.\n2014–16 India–Pakistan border skirmishes in Arnia sector of Jammu & Kashmir due to killing of 1 soldier of Border Security Force and injured 3 soldiers and 4 civilians by Pakistan Rangers.\nIndia–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)", "date": "2019-02-23"}}
{"topic_id": "190", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Hurricane Maria's impact on Puerto Rico", "topic_description": "How was Puerto Rico affected by Hurricane Maria?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "تأثیر طوفان ماریا بر پورتوریکو", "topic_description": "طوفان ماریا چه تاثیری بر پورتوریکو داشت؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "تأثیر طوفان ماریا بر پورتوریکو", "topic_description": "چگونه پورتوریکو تحت تأثیر طوفان ماریا قرار گرفت ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Hicane Maria对波多黎各的影响", "topic_description": "Hicane Maria是如何影响波多黎各的？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Последствия урагана « Мария » для Пуэрто-Рико", "topic_description": "Как Пуэрто-Рико пострадало от урагана « Мария »?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Articles which described the number of casualties and amounts of property damage/power outages incurred as a result of Hurricane Maria", "somewhat_valuable": "Short articles which had small mentions of power outages and casualties but no specifics, as well as other articles which only tangentially mentioned the ramifications of Maria on Puerto Rico", "not_that_valuable": "Did not rate any articles as not valuable", "non_relevant": "Articles about helicopters crashing, puerto rican politics, Bernie Sanders and various completely unrelated things"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Maria&oldid=801649411", "text": "A sustained wind of 64 mph (103 km/h) with a gust to 113 mph (182 km/h) was reported in San Juan, Puerto Rico immediately prior to the hurricane making landfall on the island. After landfall, wind gusts of 109 mph (175 km/h) were reported at Yabucoa Harbor and 118 mph (190 km/h) at Camp Santiago. The hurricane severely damaged the island's power grid and left all 3.5 million people in the island without electricity.", "date": "2017-09-20"}}
{"topic_id": "191", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Reasons for Ryanair pilots strike", "topic_description": "Why did pilots from Irish airline Ryanair go on strike in 2018?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "دلایل اعتصاب خلبانان رایان‌ایر", "topic_description": "چرا خلبانان شرکت هواپیمایی ایرلندی رایان‌ایر در سال ۲۰۱۸ اعتصاب کردند؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "دلایل اعتصاب خلبانان Ryanair", "topic_description": "چرا خلبانهاي خطوط هوايي ايرلند ريانير در سال 2018 اعتصاب کردن ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Reasons for Ryanair pilots", "topic_description": "為什麼來自愛爾蘭航空的did pilots在2018年登陸？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Причины забастовки пилотов Ryanair", "topic_description": "Почему пилоты ирландской авиакомпании Ryanair начали забастовку в 2018 году?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "news about the Irish airline strike, how the strike impacted flights, the wages and issues that caused the strike", "somewhat_valuable": "how other strikes or issues impacted UK airports", "not_that_valuable": "NA", "non_relevant": "Strikes in other countries, flight issues in countries outside of the UK"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryanair&oldid=800940946#Employment_relations", "text": "Employment relations\nIn the early years, when Ryanair had a total of 450 employees who each had shares in the company, there was an agreement that staff would not join a union on the basis that they would have influence on how the company was run. The treatment of employees has changed considerably since then and new employees no longer get shares in the company. However, Ryanair still refuses to recognise or negotiate with any union, be it for pilots or for cabin crew. In 2011, a former Ryanair captain was awarded financial compensation by an employment tribunal in London after being fired for handing out a union form to a cabin crew member while on duty. In 2012 the Ryanair Pilot Group (RPG) was formed, but to date has not been successful in its aim to represent the pilots flying for Ryanair as a collective bargaining unit.[citation needed]\n\nRyanair faced criticism for allegedly forcing pilots to pay tens of thousands of euro for training, then establish limited companies in Ireland and work for Ryanair through an agency, as well as forcing ground staff in Spain to open bank accounts in Gibraltar in which to receive their wages.\n\nIn May 2014, Ryanair's office in Marseille was raided by French police investigating complaints that the company was failing to follow French employment law. Ryanair protested about the raid.\n\nIn May 2015, the Mayor of Copenhagen announced a boycott of Ryanair. This came in the wake of protests from Danish unions regarding employment conditions. After a court trial confirmed the unions' right to strike, Ryanair moved its bases out of Denmark.", "date": "2017-09-16"}}
{"topic_id": "192", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus", "fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Criteria for Hosting Summer Olympics", "topic_description": "What conditions do cities need to meet in order to be considered for hosting the international Summer Olympic games?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Критерии проведения летних Олимпийских игр", "topic_description": "Каким условиям должны соответствовать города, чтобы быть рассмотренными для проведения международных летних Олимпийских игр?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "شرایط مورد نیاز برای برگزاری مسابقات المپیک تابستانی", "topic_description": "شهرها باید چه شرایطی داشته باشند تا واجد شرایط  میزبانی المپیک تابستانی باشند؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "معیارهای میزبانی المپیک تابستانی", "topic_description": "چه شرایطی شهرها باید برای میزبانی بازی های المپیک تابستانی بین المللی در نظر گرفته شوند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Cris for Hosting夏季奧運會", "topic_description": "为了配合举办国际夏季奥运会，城市需要什么条件？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Критерии проведения летних Олимпийских игр", "topic_description": "Какие условия необходимо соблюдать городам для того, чтобы рассмотреть возможность проведения международных летних Олимпийских игр?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "N/A", "somewhat_valuable": "The only requirement that was mentioned in any of the articles was the new agreement between the IOC and IPC to make the Paralympic Games a prerequisite for cities that want to host the Olympics.", "not_that_valuable": "N/A", "non_relevant": "Articles on LA and Paris getting the games in 28 and 24 respectively; Russian members disqualifying and removed from the 2016 games, and reinstatement of the Russian Paralympic Committee and subsequently, the admission of Russian athletes to the 2018 Paralympics; Debate when to hold the Paralympic; The change in IPC leadership; IOC’s finances; North and South Korea’s joint bid for 2032 olympics, bids of other countries’ to host the games"}, "fas": {"very_valuable": "Articles which drew a comparison of the infrastructure between Paris and Los Angeles and said this was the reason that Paris was chosen", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles which did not state things as explicit criteria, but did make statements about infrastructure and arenas and other things that are needed for sports, as well as articles which stated the infrastructure spending needed to host the olympics", "not_that_valuable": "Articles which merely described that Paris had been chosen over Los Angeles for 2024 without going into the details of why", "non_relevant": "Articles not about criteria for hosting, such as criteria for joining the olympics, articles about the Iran deal, articles about Paris climate deal"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympic_Games&oldid=799342004#Cost_of_the_Games", "text": "Cost of the Games\nThe Oxford Olympics Study 2016 found that sports-related costs for the Summer Games since 1960 is on average USD 5.2 billion and for the Winter Games USD 3.1 billion. This does not include wider infrastructure costs like roads, urban rail, and airports, which often cost as much or more than the sports-related costs. The most expensive Summer Games are London 2012 at USD 15 billion and the most expensive Winter Games are Sochi 2014 at USD 21.9 billion. Costs per athlete is on average USD 0.6 million for the Summer Games and USD 1.3 million for the Winter Games. For London 2012, cost per athlete was USD 1.4 million; for Sochi 2014, USD 7.9 million.\n\nWhere ambitious construction for the 1976 games in Montreal and 1980 games in Moscow had saddled organizers with expenses greatly in excess of revenues, Los Angeles strictly controlled expenses by using existing facilities except a swim stadium and a velodrome that were paid for by corporate sponsors. The Olympic Committee led by Peter Ueberroth used some of the profits to endow the LA84 Foundation to promote youth sports in Southern California, educate coaches and maintain a sports library. The 1984 Summer Olympics are often considered the most financially successful modern Olympics.\n\nBudget overruns are common for the Games. Average overrun for Games since 1960 is 156% in real terms, which means that actual costs turned out to be on average 2.56 times higher than the budget that was estimated at the time of winning the bid to host the Games. Montreal 1976 had the highest cost overrun for Summer Games, and for any Games, at 720%; Lake Placid 1980 had the highest cost overrun for Winter Games, at 324%. London 2012 had a cost overrun of 76%, Sochi 2014 of 289%.\n\nEconomic and social impact on host cities and countries\nMany economists are sceptical about the economic benefits of hosting the Olympic Games, emphasising that such \"mega-events\" often have large costs while yielding relatively few tangible benefits in the long run. Conversely hosting (or even bidding for) the Olympics appears to increase the host country's exports, as the host or candidate country sends a signal about trade openness when bidding to host the Games. Moreover, research suggests that hosting the Summer Olympics has a strong positive effect on the philanthropic contributions of corporations headquartered in the host city, which seems to benefit the local nonprofit sector. This positive effect begins in the years leading up to the Games and might persist for several years afterwards, although not permanently. This finding suggests that hosting the Olympics might create opportunities for cities to influence local corporations in ways that benefit the local nonprofit sector and civil society.\n\nThe Games have also had significant negative effects on host communities; for example, the Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions reports that the Olympics displaced more than two million people over two decades, often disproportionately affecting disadvantaged groups. The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi were the most expensive Olympic Games in history, costing in excess of US$50 billion. According to a report by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development that was released at the time of the games, this cost will not boost Russia's national economy, but may attract business to Sochi and the southern Krasnodar region of Russia in the future as a result of improved services. But by December 2014, The Guardian stated that Sochi \"now feels like a ghost town\", citing the spread-out nature of the stadiums and arenas, the still-unfinished construction, and the overall effects Russia's political and economic turmoil. Furthermore, at least four cities withdrew their bids for the 2022 Winter Olympics, citing the high costs or the lack of local support, resulting in only a two-city race between Almaty, Kazakhstan and Beijing, China. Thus in July 2016, The Guardian stated that the biggest threat to the future of the Olympics is that very few cities want to host them.", "date": "2017-09-07"}}
{"topic_id": "193", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Political response to Chemnitz riots", "topic_description": "How did German politicians respond to the anti-immigrant riots in Chemnitz?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "پاسخ سیاسی به شورش های کمنیتس", "topic_description": "سیاستمداران آلمانی چگونه به شورش های ضد مهاجر در کمنیتس واکنش نشان دادند؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "واکنش سیاسی به شورش های شیمیتز", "topic_description": "واکنش سیاستمداران آلمان نسبت به شورش ‌ های ضد مهاجرتی در چمنیتز چه بود ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "对Chemnitz的政治反应", "topic_description": "在Chemnitz的反移民骚乱中，德国的政策是如何应对的？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Политическая реакция на беспорядки в Хемнице", "topic_description": "Как немецкие политики отреагировали на антииммигрантские беспорядки в Хемнице?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Articles which had politicians responses as their main subject, with reactions from Angela Merkel, as well as the leaders of the opposition parties", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles which were primarily about the riots and counter riots themselves, which included small quotes from politicians often near the end", "not_that_valuable": "Articles about the riot without any reactions by politicians", "non_relevant": "Articles about the general immigrant climate in Germany, about german attitudes towards immigrants, about asylum and deportation in Germany"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Germany&oldid=853757753", "text": "In 2014 more than 276,000 people entered illegally into the European Union, an increase of 138% from 2013. The numbers of asylum applications and illegal immigration to Europe and especially Germany rose from 2013 onwards, the refugee camps became overcrowded.\n\nOn March 20, 2015 the Federal Minister of the Interior of Germany stated that the average duration an asylum application procedure was about 5+1⁄2 months. Because there are often problems with the identification of refugees, finger print scans will be introduced, and individuals will be checked in more detail to identify their true place of origin.[needs update] Due to the high burden for the several German States, the Federal Minister of the Interior also claims to deport illegals more quicly and individuals with denied asylum applications.[needs update]\n\nThe original prediction of about 450,000 asylum seekers for 2015 in Germany rose to over 800,000 people, which is almost double the number of the previous prediction for this year and four times the amount of the prior year.[needs update] In a letter written by the Vice-Chancellor of Germany to his fellow party members, the possible number of 800,000 refugees was raised again to over 1,000,000 refugees in Germany.\n\nThe Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs said that alleged refugees and illegals, especially from the Western Balkans area who have quite no chance to stay in Germany must be sent back to their country of origin as soon as possible. The number of asylum seekers from the Western Balkans area has dramatically increased during the last year.[when?] Migrants from the Western Balkans area especially from Kosovo see that as an opportunity, since they can stay longer and make most of their time, as the application needs longer to be processed.EU Asylum Policy 0.pdf Furthermore, the deportation of illegal residents in Germany has almost doubled in the first 6 month in comparison to the same period in the prior year.[when?]\n\nIn 2017 the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees in Germany reported that of the 340 000 migrants who participated German language courses during 2016, less than half at 113 050 received a passing grade. The authority had no idea why.\n\nIn April 2018 more than half, at 55%, of the recipients of unemployment benefits had a migration background. According to the Federal Employment Agency (German: Bundesagentur für Arbeit) this was due to the migrants lacking either employable skills or knowledge of the language.\n\nThe 2018 Ellwangen police raid, in which residents of a migrant shelter rioted to prevent police from deporting an asylum seeker who claim had been deemed invalid, sparked a significant political debate.", "date": "2018-08-06"}}
{"topic_id": "194", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Preventative Treatments for HIV", "topic_description": "What treatments have been effective in preventing HIV?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "درمان هایی برای جلوگیری  از اچ‌آی‌وی", "topic_description": "چه روش های درمانی در پیشگیری از اچ‌آی‌وی موثر است؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "درمان پیشگیرانه برای HIV", "topic_description": "چه درمان هایی در جلوگیری از اچ آی وی موثر بوده است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "用于V的ventative Treatments", "topic_description": "在前venting V中，有哪些论文有效果？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Профилактические методы лечения ВИЧ", "topic_description": "Какие методы лечения эффективны в профилактике ВИЧ?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Articles describing vaccines, truvada, prophylaxis and other drugs which have had a verifiable impact in preventing HIV in large populations and in clinical trials", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles detailing drugs still in trials that show some promise, such as a vaccine which was 30% effective or various antibodies, but which have not been definitively proven effective yet", "not_that_valuable": "Articles about HIV prevention and drugs but with no numbers to verify effectiveness, and articles about public health campaigns", "non_relevant": "Articles simply detailing HIV outbreaks or conferences, in Eastern Europe, Iran and various other localities"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Management_of_HIV/AIDS&oldid=830115239", "text": "A separate argument for starting antiretroviral therapy that has gained more prominence is its effect on HIV transmission. ART reduces the amount of virus in the blood and genital secretions. This has been shown to lead to dramatically reduced transmission of HIV when one partner with a suppressed viral load (<50 copies/ml) has sex with a partner who is HIV negative. In clinical trial HPTN 052, 1763 serodiscordant heterosexual couples in 9 countries were planned to be followed for at least 10 years, with both groups receiving education on preventing HIV transmission and condoms, but only one group getting ART. The study was stopped early (after 1.7 years) for ethical reasons when it became clear that antiviral treatment provided significant protection. Of the 28 couples where cross-infection had occurred, all but one had taken place in the control group consistent with a 96% reduction in risk of transmission while on ART. The single transmission in the control group occurred early after starting ART before viral load was likely to be suppressed. The term \"Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)\" refers to the concept of providing HIV- individuals with medication—in conjunction with safer-sex education and regular HIV/STI screenings—in order to reduce the risk of acquiring HIV. In 2011, the journal Science gave the Breakthrough of the Year award to treatment as prevention.\n\nIn July 2016 a consensus document was created by the Prevention Access Campaign which has been endorsed by over 400 organisations in 58 countries. The consensus document states that the risk of HIV transmission from a person living with HIV who has been undetectable for a minimum of 6 months is negligible to non-existent, with negligible being defined as 'so small or unimportant to be not worth considering'. The Chair of the British HIV Association (BHIVA), Chloe Orkin, stated in July 2017 that 'there should be no doubt about the clear and simple message that a person with sustained, undetectable levels of HIV virus in their blood cannot transmit HIV to their sexual partners.'\n\nFurthermore, the PARTNER study, which ran from 2010–2014, enrolled 1166 serodiscordant couples (where one partner is HIV positive and the other is negative) in a study that found that the estimated rate of transmission through any condomless sex with the HIV-positive partner taking ART with an HIV load less than 200 copies/mL was zero.\n\nIn summary, as the WHO HIV treatment guidelines state, \"The ARV regimens now available, even in the poorest countries, are safer, simpler, more efficacious and more affordable than ever before.\"\n\nThere is a consensus among experts that, once initiated, antiretroviral therapy should never be stopped. This is because the selection pressure of incomplete suppression of viral replication in the presence of drug therapy causes the more drug sensitive strains to be selectively inhibited. This allows the drug resistant strains to become dominant. This in turn makes it harder to treat the infected individual as well as anyone else they infect. One trial where ART therapy was periodically stopped had higher rates of opportunistic infections, cancers, heart attacks and death in patients who interrupted their ART.", "date": "2018-03-12"}}
{"topic_id": "195", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "European storm casualties", "topic_description": "Which European storms have led to significant casualties?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "تلفات طوفان اروپا", "topic_description": "کدام طوفان ها در اروپا تلفات قابل توجهی به بار آورده است؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "تلفات طوفان اروپا", "topic_description": "کدام طوفان های اروپایی باعث تلفات قابل توجهی شده اند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "涓�涓���������", "topic_description": "Which Europe storms has led to signant casants?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Европейские потери от шторма", "topic_description": "Какие европейские штормы привели к значительным жертвам?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Articles detailing storms, such as those in germany, oslo, luxembourg, france, that led to more than 5 casualties", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles detailing those same events but with much less detail", "not_that_valuable": "Articles about european storms but principally concerned with property damage and no mention of casualties", "non_relevant": "Articles about storms not in Europe, such as in America, India, Iran or china"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_European_floods&oldid=865513550", "text": "On 9 October, Mallorca was severely struck, leaving 12 dead, including six foreign tourists: three from Germany, two from the United Kingdom and one from the Netherlands.\nSpanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez has said it will take months to return the disaster-hit towns to normality. More than 300 rescue workers were actively, including 200 that were searching for a missing boy, that was found dead days later, bringing the final death toll to 13.\n\nOn 11th October, Rafael Nadal opened his tennis academy centre to the flood victims.\n\n\tFrance was also struck by the floods, causing damage.\nTwo people died when their vehicle was swept away by floodwater in Sainte-Maxime on 10 October.\n\nOn 15 October, at least 14 people died after floods affected the Aude region. A bridge also collapse in the locality of Villegailhenc, while all roads were inaccessible in Carcassonne. Damage in the region were about €200 million.", "date": "2018-10-24"}}
{"topic_id": "196", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Sri Lankan Presidential power struggle with Parliament", "topic_description": "Find information about events surrounding the violent power struggle between the Sri Lakan Presidency and Parliament in 2018 and 2019."}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "جنگ قدرت رئیس جمهور سری لانکا علیه پارلمان", "topic_description": "اطلاعات مربوط به وقایع جنگ خشونت آمیز بین رئیس جمهور سریلانکا و پارلمان در سال های ۲۰۱۸ و ۲۰۱۹ را پیدا کنید."}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "مبارزه قدرت ریاست جمهوری سریلانکا با پارلمان", "topic_description": "اطلاعات در مورد وقایع مربوط به مبارزه خشونت آمیز بین ریاست جمهوری سریلانکا و پارلمان در سال های 2018 و 2019 را پیدا کنید."}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "斯里·普雷塞权力struggle with ament", "topic_description": "在2018年和2019年，查找有关events rounding the violent power struggle between the Sri Lakan Presidency and the surament的信息。"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Борьба президента Шри-Ланки за власть с парламентом", "topic_description": "Найдите информацию о событиях, связанных с насильственной борьбой за власть между Президентом Шри Лакан и Парламентом в 2018 и 2019 годах."}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "descriptions of fighting related to governmental crisis in Sri Lanka", "somewhat_valuable": "NA", "not_that_valuable": "NA", "non_relevant": "violence related to terror attacks in Sri Lanka in 2019, political issues in foreign nations"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Sri_Lankan_constitutional_crisis&oldid=868536076", "text": "The Speaker of Parliament, Karu Jayasuriya has requested the President to reconvene parliament following consultations with party leaders of the UNP, ITAK, JVP and the SLMC on 30 October. While the Attorney General Jayantha Jayasuriya stated that it is inappropriate for him to expressing an opinion on the matter, in response to a request by the Speaker.\n\nUPFA MP Susil Premajayantha stated that Parliament would reconvene on November 16 as per the Gazette and not on November 5 as said by Rajapaksa the day before.\n\nOn 2 November, 119 MPs from several parties met and passed a resolution calling for immediate convention of Parliament claiming that the removal of the Prime Minister and the appointment of another unconstitutional. The Speaker has informed that President as agreed to convene Parliament on 7 November. However if the President fails to issue the gazette notification today to convene Parliament, the Speaker has stated that he will convene Parliament on 7 November under the powers vested in him. Speaker Jayasuriya later in a statement announced that he will not accept any changes had happened in Sri Lanka after October 26th until it is verified in parliament. \n\nOn the 7 November UPFA MP Lakshman Yapa Abeywardena said that only item on Parliamentary agenda on November 14 is the policy statement by President Sirisena.\n\nPresident Sirisena meets with a Tamil National Alliance (TNA) delegation whom he asks to abstain from a vote of no confidence if it were moved. The TNA told Sirisena it had taken a decision to vote against the appointment of Mahinda Rajapaksa as the Prime Minister. The President in response is reported to have said that he will not reappoint Ranil Wickremesinghe as the Prime Minister, even if his party secured a majority in Parliament. While making an address on the 8 November the SLFP executive committee meeting Sirisena said that \"he had used only one trump card and there were more trump cards still in his hand\", and that he would not go back on any decisions that he had taken already, during this crisis. Sirisena said he was going to make a request to the UNP to support the government’s work plan when Parliament reconvenes on the 14th.\n\nThe UNP said it would explore the possibility of removing President Sirisena in conformity with Article 38 (2) of the Constitution. The Tamil Progressive Alliance (TPA) responded it would not support any impeachment move as \"they are not in favour of adding more fire to the current crisis\".", "date": "2018-11-12"}}
{"topic_id": "197", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "NATO reaction to U.S. in Afghanistan", "topic_description": "How has NATO reacted to the changes in U.S. troop deployments in Afghanistan?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "واکنش ناتو به آمریکا در افغانستان", "topic_description": "واکنش ناتو به تغییرات استقرار نیروهای آمریکا در افغانستان چگونه بوده است؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "واکنش ناتو به آمریکا در افغانستان", "topic_description": "ناتو چه عکس العملی نسبت به تغییرات استقرار نیروهای آمریکایی در افغانستان نشان داده است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "NATO对美国在阿富汗的反应", "topic_description": "NATO如何应对美国在阿富汗斯坦的部队派遣的变化？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Реакция НАТО на США в Афганистане", "topic_description": "Как НАТО отреагировала на изменения в размещении войск США в Афганистане?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "NATO reactions to US leaving AF, NATO troop increases based on US increases", "somewhat_valuable": "NATO and US discussions on troops", "not_that_valuable": "na", "non_relevant": "non nato countries, non troop changes"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Afghanistan&oldid=788718173", "text": "The withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan describes the draw down of United States Armed Forces in the Afghanistan war and the plans after its post-2014 presence when most combat troops had left Afghanistan at the end of 2014.\n\nNATO had planned on maintaining 13,000 troops including 9,800 Americans in an advisory and counter-terrorism capacity in Afghanistan during the 2015 phase of the War in Afghanistan and they were expected to maintain a presence inside Afghanistan until well after the end of 2016. In July 2016, in light of the deteriorating security conditions, the US postponed the withdrawal until December 2016 and decided to maintain a force of 8,400 troops in 4 garrisons (Kabul, Kandahar, Bagram and Jalalabad) indefinitely due to Taliban resurgence attempt after the Battle of Kunduz. The withdrawal was completed in December 2016 leaving behind 8,400 troops.\nThe U.S. is set to hand over responsibility for security to local Afghans by 2014, and efforts are underway to draw down U.S. forces, but Obama has not specified a date for the withdrawal of all American troops from the country. Obama said on 1 September 2012 that he had a \"specific plan to bring our troops home from Afghanistan by the end of 2014.\"  On 2 September 2012 White House press secretary Jay Carney then clarified Obama's statement by saying that Obama had \"never said that all the troops would be out.\" Carney noted while the United States would transfer security to Afghan troops by the end of 2014, all U.S. troops would not be out of the country by that date. \"Everyone understands what the president's policy is, which is a full transition to Afghan security lead by 2014,\" said Carney. \"We have been abundantly clear about the stages of the implementation of that policy. And as in Iraq, that means that while not all U.S. troops will have withdrawn necessarily by then, the Afghan Security Forces will be in full security transition, I mean, will be in full security lead, and U.S. forces will continue to be drawn down.\"\n\n\"Green-on-blue\" attacks hampering handover\nThe effort to handover security to Afghans has been hampered by a spike in attacks by local forces supposed to be working with American and NATO personnel. United States military officials suspended temporarily on 2 September 2012 the training of Afghan Local Police (ALP) in the wake of a deadly series of so-called ‘green on blue’ attacks by Afghan soldiers and police on their international allies. The training has been put on hold in order to carry out intensified vetting procedures on new recruits, and 16,000 existing ALP recruits will be re-vetted. ALP training is a U.S. mission, carried out by Special Forces teams who work with Afghan elders and government officials in remote villages to help villagers defend themselves against insurgent attacks and intimidation. Training of uniformed police and army personnel is done under the banner of the NATO operation. The suspension affects not only Afghan Local Police, but also Afghan special operations and commando forces. Special Operations officials said that they anticipate it will take about two months to rescreen all of the Afghan forces and that the training of new recruits could stall for as long as a month.\n\nThe Washington Post reported many ‘green on blue’ attacks might have been prevented if existing security measures had been applied correctly, but according to NATO officials numerous military guidelines were not followed — by Afghans or Americans — because of concerns that they might slow the growth of the Afghan army and police. Despite that the current process for vetting recruits is effective, a lack of follow-up has allowed Afghan troops who fell under the sway of the insurgency or grew disillusioned with the Afghan government to remain in the force. In other instances the vetting process for Afghan soldiers and police was never properly implemented. NATO officials knew it according to the Washington Post, but they looked the other way, worried that extensive background checks could hinder the recruitment process. Also ignored were requirements that Afghans display proper credentials while on base. Many Afghans, even those who were vetted, were never issued official badges, making it impossible to tell who was supposed to have access to any particular facility. Measures specifically designed to curtail attacks (American and NATO service members should for example always carry a loaded magazine in their weapons to save precious moments if attacked by Afghan forces) were also inconsistently applied. The \"Guardian Angel\" program (The programm calls for one or two soldiers to monitor the Afghans during every mission or meeting. These soldiers, \"angels\" called and whose identities are not disclosed to the Afghans, must be prepared to fire on anyone who tries to kill a coalition service member.) was often seen as a distraction from NATO’s mission. Calls to minimize off-duty time spent with Afghan troops were similarly thought by NATO officials to undermine the goal of relationship-building, but according to a directive from NATO leaders troops are now being advised to stay away from Afghan soldiers and police officers during vulnerable moments, such as when they are sleeping, bathing or exercising. Additional security measures include improved training for counterintelligence agents, a more intense vetting system for new recruits, establishing an anonymous reporting system for soldiers to report suspicious activity; increasing the presence of Afghan counterintelligence teams among Afghan troops; banning the sale of Afghan army and police uniforms to help stop infiltrators posing as soldiers and policemen; and revetting soldiers when they return home from leave.\n\nThe Afghan army has detained or sacked hundreds of soldiers for having links to insurgents, the Defence Ministry said on 5 September 2012 as it tried to stem the rising number of so-called insider attacks. \"Hundreds were sacked or detained after showing links with insurgents. In some cases we had evidence against them, in others we were simply suspicious,\" Defence Ministry spokesman Zahir Azimi told reporters in Kabul. \"Using an army uniform against foreign forces is a serious point of concern not only for the Defence Ministry but for the whole Afghan government,\" Azimi said, adding that Karzai had ordered Afghan forces to devise ways to stop insider attacks. Azimi declined to say whether the detained and fired soldiers were from Taliban strongholds in the south and east, saying they were from all over the country. He said his ministry started an investigation into the attacks, called green-on-blue attacks, within the 195,000-strong Afghan army six months ago.\n\nOn 18 September 2012 General John Allen suspended all joint combat operations between Afghanistan and American ground units in Afghanistan. Under orders from the General interaction between coalition and Afghan forces would take place only at the battalion level. Allen made the move, along with suspending American-led Afghan training missions, due to growing concern over \"insider attacks\" against U.S. troops by members of the Afghan National Security Forces. Less than a week after the order U.S. and NATO combat troops resumed joint operations with Afghan forces.[82", "date": "2017-07-03"}}
{"topic_id": "198", "languages_with_qrels": ["fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Response to Trump ending DACA", "topic_description": "What was the domestic political response  to President Donald Trump’s decision to end the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "پاسخ به پایان دادن داکا توسط ترامپ", "topic_description": "پاسخ سیاسی داخلی به تصمیم دونالد ترامپ ، رئیس جمهور آمریکا برای پایان دادن به برنامه اقدام معوق برای ورود به دوران کودکی (داکا) چه بود؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "پاسخ به مغلوب ساختن پیشی جستن پایان دادن به DACA", "topic_description": "پاسخ سیاسی داخلی به تصمیم رئیس جمهور دونالد ترامپ برای پایان دادن به برنامه تأخیر برای ورود کودکان (DACA) چه بود ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "对王牌结束DACA的回应", "topic_description": "什么was the estimic policy反应to domward Trump’s decision to end the Delerred Action for Childhood Arrivals(DACA)program?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Ответ на Трампа, заканчивающийся DACA", "topic_description": "Каков был внутренний политический ответ на решение президента Дональда Трампа прекратить программу отсроченных действий по прибытию детей (DACA)?"}], "narratives": {"fas": {"very_valuable": "Various courts overturning decision to end DACA; politicians taking a specific stance about DACA ending", "somewhat_valuable": "Politicians opposing immigrant bill which included DACA ending ", "not_that_valuable": "NA", "non_relevant": "Reference to DACA in gov't shutdown negotiations, but no real showing about political response"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals&oldid=799147194", "text": "State-level government officials are also divided on the issue. Although state governments cannot affect DACA itself, they can control the state benefits available to individuals under deferred action.\n\nCalifornia\nTo assist those eligible under the program, the state of California has agreed to support those who receive a DACA grant by allowing access to a state driver's license, provided that such individuals participate in specific state guidelines (such as paying income taxes). The state of California also allows DACA holding individuals to qualify for Medi-Cal.\n\nArizona\nArizona became the first state to oppose President Obama's order for DACA when Governor Jan Brewer issued a counter-order that prevents those with deferred status from receiving any state benefits. This caused controversy, as eligible and approved applicants would still be unable to obtain a driver's license. In May 2013, a federal district court held that this policy was likely unconstitutional. In 2014, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals issued a preliminary injunction against Brewer's ban, and in November 2014 held this ban was in violation of the law.\n\nMaryland\nThen-mayor of Baltimore, Stephanie Rawlings-Blake, in 2016 stated that Baltimore's city police would not check the citizenship status of people with whom they interact.\n\nMaryland residents are eligible for in-state public tuition rates regardless of immigration status under certain conditions. A Maryland resident is eligible if they attended Maryland high schools for at least three of the previous twelve years and they graduated from a Maryland high school or received a Maryland GED within the previous ten years. They must have registered at a Maryland public college within four years of high school graduation or receiving a Maryland GED. They must have registered for Selective Service if male, and they must have filed Maryland income tax returns.\n\nIllinois\nIn a New York Times interview, Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel stated that he wants to make Chicago the \"most immigrant-friendly city in the country\". In addition to offering in-state tuition for illegal immigrants, he has also made plans for an ordinance that would prevent illegal immigrants with no criminal background from being turned over to immigration enforcement agencies.\n\nTexas\nAlthough in-state tuition is still offered, Governor Rick Perry announced his opposition to DACA by distributing a letter to all state agencies, meant \"to ensure that all Texas agencies understand that Secretary Napolitano's guidelines confer absolutely no legal status whatsoever to any illegal immigrant who qualifies for the federal 'deferred action' designation.”\n\nNebraska\nGovernor Dave Heineman, also joined in the opposition against DACA, confirming that the state, will continue its practice of not issuing driver's licenses, welfare benefits, or other public benefits to illegal immigrants \"regardless of deferred status. Since then, however, Nebraska legislature has made it legal for these people to acquire driver's licenses.\n\nMichigan\nIn October 2012, the Michigan Secretary of State, Ruth Johnson, announced that Michigan will not issue drivers licenses or state identification of any kind to beneficiaries of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals. In making this decision, it was clear that the Secretary of State erroneously conflated the notion of \"lawful presence,\" which is required under Michigan Law to issue a driver's license, and \"lawful status,\" a different legal concept entirely. USCIS has made it clear that DACA beneficiaries do not possess legal status, but does not state that DACA beneficiaries are unlawfully present; in fact, it states that DACA beneficiaries will not accrue unlawful presence time here while they are in this deferred action status. The Secretary of State relied upon USCIS' own explanation, which discusses legal status, not lawful presence. In response to this policy, the ACLU filed a lawsuit against Johnson, alleging that the policy violated both Michigan law and the U.S. Constitution. On January 18, 2013, USCIS updated their \"Frequently Asked Questions\" page about DACA, clarifying, among other things, that DACA beneficiaries are, in fact, lawfully present in the United States. On 1 February 2013, Johnson reversed her policy and began issuing drivers licenses to DACA beneficiaries on February 19, 2013.\n\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Carolina briefly suspended giving out driver's licenses to DACA grantees while waiting for the state attorney general’s opinion. The attorney general decided that even without formal immigration status the DACA grantees were to be granted legal presence. After that, the state once again continued to give out drivers licenses and allowed the DACA grantees to become legal members of North Carolina.\n\nVirginia\nOn April 29, 2014, Virginia Attorney General Mark Herring sent a letter to the director of the State Council of Higher Education for Virginia (SCHEV), the presidents of Virginia public colleges and universities, and the chancellor of the Virginia Community College System, in response to inquiries from public institutions of higher education on whether DACA students are eligible for in-state tuition. The attorney general advised these institutions that under Virginia law, DACA students who meet Virginia's domicile requirements are eligible for in-state tuition.", "date": "2017-09-05"}}
{"topic_id": "199", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus", "fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Impeachment of South Korean President Park", "topic_description": "What events led to the impeachment of South Korean President Park Geun-hye?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Импичмент президента Южной Кореи Пак", "topic_description": "Какие события привели к импичменту президента Южной Кореи Пак Кын Хе?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "استیضاح پارک رئیس جمهور کره جنوبی", "topic_description": "چه اتفاقاتی منجر به استیضاح رئیس جمهور کره جنوبی پارک گئون هی شد؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "استیضاح پارک رئیس جمهور کره جنوبی", "topic_description": "چه وقایعی منجر به استیضاح پارک یون هی رئیس جمهور کره جنوبی شد ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "南Korean总统公园的破坏", "topic_description": "是什么原因导致了南Korean总统Park Geun-hye的渗透？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Импичмент Южнокорейского президента Парка", "topic_description": "Какие события привели к импичменту президента Южной Кореи Пак Гын Хе?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "N/A", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles that went into detail of what transpired up to the impeachment such as details about finding the tablet in the trash with classified documents; specifics about how President Park's friend Choi influenced her and vice verse; specifics about Choi's obtaining funds from rich individuals such as Samsung officials such as exact figures, what sort of favors could be expected (helping with a merger), etc; numbers of Park's speeches that Choi was privy to and may have influenced; drawing up a blacklist of individuals who criticized the S. Korean government; and key to the fact that Park knew all this activity was not legal was using a burner phone to communicate with Choi. ", "not_that_valuable": "Articles about the impeachment and subsequent court case that provided a vague summary of charges of \"corruption, bribery, abuse of power\" but no specifics; articles that focused on Park's friend and Samsung's VP being charged that included information about Park, but did not focus on Park; articles about the ripple out effect of the impeachment that included information about Park; Park's apology for leaking texts; vague claims about how many companies were forced to give campaign donations to Park", "non_relevant": "Articles about the mechanics of impeachment and court case; the election of a new S. Korean president; S. Korea's relationship with N. Korea, US and other countries; President Park's sentencing and possibly additional years in prison; follow-on appeals or prison sentence extensions; commentary on leniency or stringency of the prison sentence; possible additional evidence against Park, which I assessed that while it may be relevant to her conviction did not answer the question of what events led to the impeachment; Protests and demonstrations during and after the impeachment and sentencing; Articles focusing exclusively on the arrest and conviction of Samsung officials; the arrest and conviction of Choi when there was little to no mention of Park"}, "fas": {"very_valuable": "Article listed in detail all events leading up to Park's impeachment in chronological order up to her impeachment trial in the Parliament, to include the news break that Park had allowed a non-government affiliated woman access to privileged and confidential state affairs, details on the relation and discovery of bribery and graft, subsequent protest following the news breaks, ensuing conflict and state upheaval resulting from prolonged mass protests, Park's controversial public address which was not effective in quelling the protests, and the ROK parliaments decision to hold impeachment hearing.  ", "somewhat_valuable": "This article detailed the charges levied against Park in the final ROK Supreme Court hearing that would determine if the ROK Parliament's vote to impeach the President would be upheld. The article focused mainly on the discovery and detailed nature of Park's crimes including colluding with friend to pressure the large private companies into supporting Park's presidency and capitalizing financially from her position in power. Marked somewhat valuable because article did not detail the public pressure and initial discovery that initiated the impeachment trial, but focused specifically on discovery of crimes committed that were revealed during her impeachment trial. ", "not_that_valuable": "While this article was relevant, it did not provide much detail and only hit wave tops of events that led to her impeachment: \"The financial and political scandal erupted after Ms. Park was accused of allowing her close friend access to confidential documents, or of being able to transfer money from Samsung in cases backed by the president.\" ", "non_relevant": "Article focus was on US and ROK relations in context of security issues related to North Korea. "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Park_Geun-hye&oldid=731067291", "text": "Just a week before the presidential election date, the opposing party has alleged that the public servants from National Intelligence Service (NIS) have organized to promote Park's election campaign by way of posting articles favorable to Park and slanderous to the opposing candidates online[citation needed]. This political behavior by public servants is strictly prohibited by Korean Constitution. To prove their allegation, the opposing Democratic Party, along with the police and Central Election Assistance Commission, swooped in the house where the alleged agent of NIS has resided[citation needed]. From there, the 29-year-old female agent, later known as Ha-Young Kim, who was running an illegal online election campaign operation such as spreading slanderous postings about the opposing candidate had locked herself in[citation needed]. The police could not force to enter the house and the standoff lasted for three days, which provoked a tense political standoff[citation needed]. The opposition accused the intelligence service of blocking an investigation[citation needed]. Park and her party accused the opposition of harassing the woman. Park even said the standoff of the self lock-in was a violation against a female right in the presidential candidate debate that took place three days before the election[citation needed]\n\nLater that night of the presidential debate, Kim Yong-pan, then the chief of Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency, publicly announced there was no evidence of illegal online postings from the collected laptop of the female agent[citation needed]. This announcement, which took place three days before the election, was believed to have significantly affected the outcome of the presidential election according to the opposing party[citation needed]. After months of probe into the alleged election meddling, the prosecution concluded in mid-June 2013 that Won Sei-hoon, then NIS chief who headed the intelligence agency for around four years under former President Lee Myung-bak, ordered agents to conduct online smear campaign against opposition presidential candidates[citation needed]. The special investigation drew a conclusion that the agents systemically intervened in domestic politics by writing thousands of postings on politics in cyberspace through hundreds of different user IDs[citation needed]. Kim Yong-pan, then chief of the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency (SMPA), was prosecuted without physical detention on charges of abusing his authority to hamper police investigation into the case. CCTV conversation between the computer analysts who was analyzing the laptop at police revealed that the police already knew there were illegal online postings against the opposing party's candidates, but the chief of SMPA publicly announced otherwise, which indicates intentional meddling into the presidential election[citation needed].\n\nThe investigation and the trial at court is on-going, and Park faces a political blow[citation needed]. However, the leading Saenuri party along with government leaders has attempted to dodge its political fall-out[citation needed]. Their effort has involved tipping a rumor to a major conservative media, Chosun Ilbo, about extramarital child of the Chae Dong-wook, former Prosecutor General, who has approved the prosecution of Won Se-hoon and Kim Yong-pan, which eventually led to his resignation. Yoon Suk-ryul, the director of special investigation team, which was leading the probe into the election meddling, was fired and returned to his original position, head of Yeoju branch Supreme Prosecutors Office. The investigation of his team has further revealed that the NIS is suspected of having posted 55,689 messages on Twitter for three months until the presidential election.\n\nWhether or not the election meddling of the NIS by way of online posts has actually affected the outcome of the presidential election is controversial[citation needed]. However, the false announcement by Kim Yong-pan, then chief of the SMPA, has appeared to do so[citation needed]. Had the police announced honestly, 13.8% of the electorate who voted for Park said they would have voted for Moon Jae-In, the first runner-up of the election.", "date": "2016-07-22"}}
{"topic_id": "208", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus", "fas"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Bird reintroduction to wild", "topic_description": "Which species of birds of prey have been successfully reintroduced into the wild?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Возвращение Птиц в Природу", "topic_description": "Какие виды хищных птиц были успешно возвращены в дикую природу?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "معرفی مجدد پرندگان به طبیعت", "topic_description": "کدام گونه از پرندگان شکاری با موفقیت دوباره در طبیعت وارد شده اند؟"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "معرفی مجدد پرنده به وحشی", "topic_description": "کدام گونه از پرندگان شکاری با موفقیت در حیات وحش معرفی شده ‌ اند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "鸟类重新引入野生", "topic_description": "Which species of birds of prey have been sucfully reined into the wild?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Реинтродукция птиц в дикую природу", "topic_description": "Какие виды хищных птиц были успешно возвращены в дикую природу?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "N/A", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles about the successful results of releasing falcons, owls and other birds of prey into the wild in Russia, after they were bred in a wildlife center or other human controlled environment. Articles about placing bred chicks into the nests of wild raptors to be raised by wild parents under the observation and assistance of humans, who remained well out of sight. Any articles that cited the success of reintroducing birds of prey into the wild. Articles about the numbers of released hawks and falcons in Kazakhstan. One article about birds of prey actually using nest boxes that were built by humans in order help increase their numbers. ", "not_that_valuable": "Articles that described the process the ornithologists and other experts were using in order to introduce birds of prey back into the wild, but did not have information about the level of success. Articles that cited the lack of success of the reintroduction or ceasing the effort. Articles about the beginnings of bird conservation efforts in certain regions in Russia. Owls settling in and being monitored in nests provided by humans with the intent of reintroducing the owls into the wild. Various events, such as Earth Hour, that include releasing birds of prey into the wild. ", "non_relevant": "Articles focused exclusively on poaching or wild bird trafficking, or prosecuting these individuals; the release of animals into the wild other than birds of prey; events at the Moscow Zoo; political officials instructing their staff to consider conservation centers; which animals are listed as endangered in Russia's \"red book;\" utility repairs; tagging and observing birds in the wild as well as in urban areas; stories about owls that were held for photographic props and released after being rehabilitated; description of the sport of falconry "}, "fas": {"very_valuable": "Articles which specified specific species, such as the Golden Eagle, or the Horned Owl, and further specified them as birds of prey, and spoke about injuries they had suffered causing them to need rehab, and then being reintroduced to the wild. ", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles which specified general species, such as eagles and owls and raptors, but did not specify specific species, then went on to talk about their rehab and reintroduction to the wild", "not_that_valuable": "Articles which spoke of birds of prey being reintroduced to the wild, but spoke of neither general nor specific species", "non_relevant": "Articles about Eagles, poachers catching birds, the reintroduction of foxes and squirrels into the wild and various other animal topics that were close but not central"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Species_reintroduction&oldid=869254157", "text": "North African ostrich in Morocco, Nigeria, Niger and Tunisia (ongoing)\n\nSarus cranes in Thailand (ongoing)\n\nShort-tailed albatross in Japan (successful)\n\nBlack grouse to Derbyshire, England – (ongoing)\n\nCommon crane to Somerset, England – (ongoing)\n\nCorncrake to Cambridgeshire, England – (ongoing)\n\nEuropean black vulture in the Massif Central in France - (successful)\n\nGolden eagle in Ireland (ongoing)\n\nGreat bustard to Salisbury Plain, England – (ongoing)", "date": "2018-11-17"}}
{"topic_id": "215", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Terror incidents at UK airports", "topic_description": "What terrorist incidents have occurred at UK airports?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "英国机场的恐怖事件", "topic_description": "英国机场发生过什么恐怖事件？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "حوادث تروریستی در فرودگاه ‌ های بریتانیا", "topic_description": "چه حوادث تروریستی در فرودگاه های انگلستان رخ داده است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "英国机场的恐怖骚乱", "topic_description": "在英国的机场里，有什么东西是乱七八糟的？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Террористические инциденты в аэропортах Великобритании", "topic_description": "Какие террористические инциденты произошли в аэропортах Великобритании?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "Drone flying near UK airports forcing flights to be grounded ", "somewhat_valuable": "airport drone stories focused on other countries mentioning the UK", "not_that_valuable": "vague mention of UK drone incident ", "non_relevant": "drones in other countries "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glasgow_Airport_attack&oldid=876759280", "text": "The 2007 Glasgow Airport attack was a terrorist ramming attack which occurred on 30 June 2007, at 15:11 BST, when a dark green Jeep Cherokee loaded with propane canisters was driven at the glass doors of the Glasgow Airport terminal and set ablaze. It was the first terrorist attack to take place in Scotland since the Lockerbie bombing in 1988. The attack took place three days after the appointment of Scottish MP Gordon Brown as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, but Downing Street dismissed suggestions of a connection. A close link was quickly established to the 2007 London car bombs the previous day. Although the doors were damaged, security bollards outside the entrance stopped the car from entering the terminal, where there were 4,000 people, with the potential for many fatalities.\n\nThe car's driver was severely burnt in the ensuing fire, and five members of the public were injured, none seriously. Some injuries were sustained by those assisting the police in detaining the occupants.\n\nBoth of the car's occupants were apprehended at the scene, and all those injured were taken to the Royal Alexandra Hospital in nearby Paisley. Within three days, Scotland Yard had confirmed that eight people had been taken into custody in connection with this incident and that in London.\n\nPolice identified the two men as Bilal Abdullah, a British-born, Muslim doctor of Iraqi descent working at the Royal Alexandra Hospital, and Kafeel Ahmed, also known as Khalid Ahmed, an engineer and the driver, who was treated for fatal burns at the same hospital. The newspaper The Australian alleged that a suicide note indicated that the two had intended to die in the attack. Kafeel Ahmed died from his injuries on 2 August. Bilal Abdullah was later found guilty of conspiracy to commit murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum of 32 years.", "date": "2019-03-04"}}
{"topic_id": "228", "languages_with_qrels": ["zho"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "2016 Chicago Cubs accomplishments", "topic_description": "How did the Chicago Cubs do during the 2016 MLB baseball season?"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "2016年芝加哥小熊队成绩", "topic_description": "在 2016 年 MLB 棒球赛季期间，芝加哥小熊队个人和团队取得了哪些成就？"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "2016 دستاوردهای باشگاه های شیکاگو", "topic_description": "باشگاه ‌ های شیکاگو در فصل بیس ‌ بال سال ۲۰۱۶ چگونه بودند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "2016年芝加哥Cubs accomplishment", "topic_description": "芝加哥的Cubs是如何在2016年的MLB基础上做的？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Достижения Chicago Cubs 2016", "topic_description": "Как дела у Chicago Cubs во время бейсбольного сезона 2016 года?"}], "narratives": {"zho": {"very_valuable": "details about Cubs regular season, the playoffs or winning the World Series; individual accomplishments of Cubs players  ", "somewhat_valuable": "documents focused on the 2017 season that mention the Cubs 2016 accomplishments ", "not_that_valuable": "passing mention of 2016 World Series", "non_relevant": "Other Cubs seasons "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_Chicago_Cubs_season&oldid=736895533", "text": "The 2016 Chicago Cubs season is the 145th season of the Chicago Cubs franchise, the 141st in the National League and the Cubs 101st season at Wrigley Field. To celebrate their 100 years at Wrigley, the Cubs wore a patch on their home uniforms and wore 1916 throwback uniforms on July 6.\n\nThey began the season on the road against the Los Angeles Angels on April 4, 2016 and will finish the regular season on October 2, 2016 at the Cincinnati Reds.\n\nJune\nThe Cubs began June with the best run differential, plus 129, and a record of 35–15, also the best. Cubs starting pitchers began the month with a combined earned run average of 2.38.\nJune 1 – Major League Baseball announces results of early All Star Game voting. The Cubs have five players in starting positions: Kris Bryant, Addison Russell, Ben Zobrist, Anthony Rizzo, and Dexter Fowler.\nJune 1 – Jon Lester pitches a complete game four-hitter as the Cubs beat the Dodgers 2–1.\nJune 8 – Major League baseball releases update of All Star Game voting. The Cubs have received the four highest amount of votes among NL teams: Anthony Rizzo, Kris Bryant, Dexter Fowler, and Ben Zobrist. Addison Russell is also leading at SS.\nJune 11 – Jake Arrieta's 8–2 victory in Atlanta gives him a record of 7–0 in road starts and 10–1 overall.\nJune 13 – Jon Lester is named National League Player of the Week.\nJune 18 – Dexter Fowler leaves game after first inning with hamstring discomfort.\nJune 19 – Willson Contreras hits a home run on the first pitch of his first major-league at-bat becoming the 30th player in the Modern MLB Era to do so and the eighth player in Cubs history to homer in his first at-bat.\nJune 22 – Miguel Montero leaves game after play at the plate with apparent right knee injury. The Cubs are swept by the Cardinals at Wrigley Field for the first time since 1988.\nJune 27 – Kris Bryant becomes first player in MLB history to hit three home runs and two doubles in one game, going 5–5 in the game with six RBI's. His 16 total bases set a franchise record and he becomes the youngest player in club history to hit three home runs in the same game.\nJune 28 – A game at Cincinnati went into extra innings as a 2–2 tie. By the end of the 12th inning, both teams had used up all their position players. The Cubs used three pitchers to play left field. Travis Wood entered the game in left in the 14th with Spencer Patton beginning the inning at pitcher. He retired the first batter and was sent to left field and Wood replaced him on the mound. Following a groundout, the two players switched positions again. After the Cubs took the lead in the 15th inning, Pedro Strop replaced Patton and played left field with Wood returning to pitch. Wood finished the game with 1 1/3 innings pitched, allowing one hit and striking out three. It was the first time since 1961 that three pitchers moved from the mound to outfield and back in the same game. The last time two pitchers did so was in 1986, when the visiting Mets switched Jesse Orosco and Roger McDowell against Cincinnati. In the 15th, Javier Baez hit a grand slam, his first career grand slam, which is the latest grand slam, by inning, in Cubs history.\nJune 30 – Jon Lester is named National League Pitcher of the Month for June.\n\nJuly\nThe Cubs began July with the best record in baseball, 51–27, the best run differential at plus 169 and having a run of 10 consecutive months of at least .500 play. The pitching staff had the lowest ERA, the fewest hits allowed, runs allowed, earned runs allowed, and the lowest batting average by opponents in MLB. The Cubs offense when compared to all teams was second in on base percentage, second in base runners who eventually score, second in the number of RBI's and first in walks. Kris Bryant was tied with Todd Frazier of the Chicago White Sox and Mark Trumbo of the Baltimore Orioles for the Major League Home Run lead with 23 and was 4th with 61 RBI's. Anthony Rizzo had 60.\nThe July 12th All-Star game in San Diego will begin with the entire Cubs infield (Bryant, Rizzo, Russell, and Zobrist) as starters. Rizzo led all National League players in votes. Zobrist beat out Daniel Murphy by 88 votes. Fowler, though injured, was the top vote getter for National League outfielders. Lester and Arrieta were also named to the team.\nJuly 3 – The Cubs are swept by the New York Mets. Cubs begin July 0–3 and losers of 10 of their last 14 games.\nJuly 10 – The Cubs enter the All-Star break at 53–35 having lost 15 out of their last 21 games. However, the Cubs' lead of seven games over St. Louis in the division is the largest lead in baseball.\nJuly 20 – The Mets and Cubs wear throwback uniforms in the series finale ahead of the weekend’s Hall of Fame inductions. Six other teams are also wearing vintage uniforms.\nJuly 20 – Rizzo homers twice in Cubs 6–2 win over the Mets giving him 24 on the season, one behind the National League lead of 25 by teammate Bryant. Kyle Hendricks' ERA is 2.27 which is third best in MLB behind Clayton Kershaw and Madison Bumgarner.\nJuly 22 – Dexter Fowler returns from the disabled list and leads off the game with a home run and drives in three runs as the Cubs beat the Milwaukee Brewers 5–2.\nJuly 27 – Addison Russell hits his first career grand slam as part of a five-run eighth inning as the Cubs defeat the Chicago White Sox 8–1. Javier Baez and Kris Bryant also homer as the Cubs snap a two-game losing streak. Bryant's homer, his 26th, ties his total home runs from last season. Newly acquired Aroldis Chapman pitches a perfect ninth inning.\nJuly 31 – The Cubs beat the Seattle Mariners 7–6 in 12 innings. In a game started by Brian Matusz, who departed after giving up six runs in three innings, the Cubs bullpen pitches nine innings of scoreless relief. Trailing 3–6 in the bottom of the ninth, the Cubs rallied to tie the game and force extra innings. Travis Wood again played left field after pitching in the sixth inning. He made a catch up against the wall in the seventh and returned to pitch in the eighth inning. Having exhausted all position players and bullpen pitchers, the Cubs were forced to have Jon Lester pinch hit in the bottom of the 12th after Jason Heyward doubled and moved to third on a Willson Contreras sacrifice fly. With two strikes, Lester executed a safety squeeze bunt and Heyward scored to win the game.\nThe Cubs had a record of 12–14 for the month marking the first time in manager Joe Maddon's tenure that the Cubs had a record under .500 in a single month.\n\nAugust\nThe Cubs began August with the best MLB record of 63–41. The pitching staff once again had the lowest ERA, the fewest hits allowed, fewest runs allowed, fewest earned runs allowed, the lowest batting average by opponents in MLB and were among the leaders in fewest home runs allowed and in striking out opponent batters. The Cubs offense, when compared to all major league teams, was among the leaders in on-base percentage, base runners who eventually score, RBI's and drawing walks. Bryant and Rizzo were among the major league leaders in home runs and RBI's.\nAugust 1 – Kyle Hendricks throws a complete game shutout and lowers his ERA to 2.22, third best in the National League. His ERA at Wrigley Field this season is 1.19.\nAugust 3 – Cubs complete sweep of Miami Marlins with three-run ninth inning for the win.\nAugust 7 – Cubs beat Oakland A's 3–1 to sweep series and extend current winning streak to seven games. The win also puts the Cubs at a season-high 28 games over .500.\nAugust 8 – Kyle Hendricks is named National League Player of the Week for the first week of August.\nAugust 9 – Cubs defeat Angels 5–1, their eighth straight win, to become the first team to win 70 games. Bryant homers and drives in his 70th run becoming the first Cubs player ever to drive in 70 runs in each of his first two seasons.\nAugust 11 – Cubs defeat Cardinals 4–3 in 11 innings, their 10th straight win, on a walk-off walk. The win moved the Cubs to a season-high 13 game lead over the Cardinals in the NL Central.\nAugust 12 – Cubs defeat Cardinals 13–2, hitting five home runs and winning their 11th straight game. The lead in the NL Central increases to 14 games. The Cubs magic number to win the division stands at 34.\nAugust 18 – Cubs defeat the Brewers 9–6, completing a four-game sweep and move to a season-high 34 games over .500. Kris Bryant goes 5–5 with two home runs and five RBIs in the win.\nAugust 22 – Kyle Hendricks leads the Majors in ERA for pitchers with over 140 innings at 2.16. Jake Arrieta is fourth at 2.75 and Jon Lester is fifth at 2.81. Kris Bryant is the first player to score 100 runs this season.\nAugust 23 – With the Cubs 5–3 victory over the San Diego Padres, the Cubs moved to a season-high 35 games over .500 at 80–45. Their magic number to win the division moved 25. Jake Arrieta won his league-leading 16th game of the season and lowered his ERA to 2.62. Addison Russell hit his fifth home run in the last five games. The Cubs hit multiple home runs in their last seven games, the longest streak since the Cubs hit multiple home runs in an eight-game stretch from June 25 through July 2, 1961.\nAugust 26 – The Cubs defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers 6–3 to move to a season-high 37 games over .500 and moved to season-high 14-game lead in the division.\nAugust 29 – Following back-to-back road losses to the Los Angeles Dodgers, the Cubs returned home with a 14 game lead in the division and a 14.5 game lead over the Pittsburgh Pirates. The Cubs jumped out to a 3–0 lead early, but Jake Arrieta gave up the lead and trailed 6–3 in the eighth. Willson Contreras hit a two-run homer in the eighth and Jorge Soler tied with a homer in the ninth to send the game into extra innings. The Cubs won it in the 13th inning after giving up the go-ahead run in the top of 13th. They scored twice in the bottom of the 13th with a game-winning single by Miguel Montero. The Cubs magic number to win the division moved to 19 and their magic number to secure home-field advantage in the National League playoffs moved to 25.", "date": "2016-08-30"}}
{"topic_id": "229", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Media industry mergers effects stock prices", "topic_description": "How are media industry mergers effecting stock prices?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Слияния медиаиндустрии влияют на цены акций", "topic_description": "Как слияния медиаиндустрии влияют на цены акций?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "ادغام صنعت رسانه قیمت سهام را تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد", "topic_description": "چگونه ادغام صنعت رسانه قیمت سهام را تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "媒体行业兼并影响股价", "topic_description": "媒体行业的兼并如何影响股价?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Слияния медиа-индустрии влияют на цены акций", "topic_description": "Как слияния медиа-индустрии влияют на цены акций?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "NA", "somewhat_valuable": "notes the change in value of one stock", "not_that_valuable": "discusses mergers but lacks information on stock prices", "non_relevant": "disney parks, Fox news, mergers of non-media companies"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WarnerMedia&oldid=852109667", "text": "Warner Media, LLC (formerly Time Warner Inc.), doing business as WarnerMedia, is an American multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, owned by AT&T and headquartered in New York City. The company has film, television, cable networks, and publishing operations.\n\nThe company was formed in 1990 as Time Warner, from the merger of Time Inc. and Warner Communications. The current company consists largely of the assets of the former Warner Communications, HBO (a Time Inc. subsidiary until the merger), and the company's acquisition Turner Broadcasting's assets in 1996. Its assets include HBO, Turner, The CW, Warner Bros., CNN, DC Comics, and a 10% stake in Hulu.\n\nDespite spinning off Time Inc. in 2014 (which Meredith Corporation later acquired), the company retained the Time Warner name until AT&T's acquisition in 2018. Before the spinoff, the company's assets also included Time Inc., AOL, Time Warner Cable, Warner Books, and Warner Music Group; these operations were either sold to others or spun off as independent companies.\n\nOn October 22, 2016, AT&T announced an offer to acquire Time Warner for $108.7 billion (including assumed Time Warner debt). The proposed merger was confirmed on June 12, 2018, after AT&T won an antitrust lawsuit that the U.S. Justice Department filed in 2017 to attempt to block the acquisition. The merger closed two days later, with the company becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of AT&T.\n\nHowever, the growth and profitability of the AOL division stalled due to advertising and loss of market share to the growth of high speed broadband providers. The value of the America Online division dropped significantly, not unlike the market valuation of similar independent internet companies that drastically fell, and forced a goodwill write-off, causing AOL Time Warner to report a loss of $99 billion in 2002 — at the time, the largest loss ever reported by a company. The total value of AOL stock subsequently went from $226 billion to about $20 billion.\n\n", "date": "2018-07-26"}}
{"topic_id": "230", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Tongan Damage from Cyclone Gita", "topic_description": "Aside from damage to buildings, what other infrastructure in Tonga has been impacted by Cyclone Gita?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Повреждения Тонги от циклона Гита", "topic_description": "Помимо повреждений зданий, какие другие инфраструктуры Тонги пострадали от циклона Гита?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "خسارت تونگان از سیکلون گیتا", "topic_description": "به غیر از آسیب به ساختمان ها ، چه زیرساخت های دیگری در تونگا توسط سیکلون گیتا تحت تاثیر قرار گرفته است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "来自一个Gita的Tongan Damage", "topic_description": "从damage到ings，在Tonga的其他infructure中，有什么被一个Gita击碎了？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Тонганский урон от циклона Гита", "topic_description": "Помимо ущерба зданиям, какая другая инфраструктура в Тонге пострадала от циклона Гита?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "N/A", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles that not only mentioned the destruction of buildings, but Cyclone Gita's impact on potable water and the power grid", "not_that_valuable": "N/A", "non_relevant": "Many articles were not related to Cyclone Gita and were way off topic. They covered prep/warning for the hurricane, impact on NZ, Fiji, article specifically on Gita destroying the parliament building in Tonga, articles on earthquakes in Tonga and other countries, article on music associated with the name Gita, other cyclones in other countries, predictions of cyclones in Indonesia and other countries, soccer, Tonga in the Olympics, Articles on GIT (State Labor Inspection), flooding in Canada, and Expo-2017 "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Ron&oldid=818600714", "text": "Severe Tropical Cyclone Ron was one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record in the South Pacific. The system was first noted as a tropical depression, to the northeast of Samoa on January 1, 1998. Over the next day the system gradually developed further and was named Ron as it developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale during the next day. The system subsequently continued to move south-westwards and became a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone, as it passed near Swains Island during January 3.\n\nintensification proceeded at a fairly rapid rate. Ron reached the peak intensity of 145 mph (225 km/h) on January 5, becoming one of the most intense cyclones in the Southern hemisphere in that decade, when Ron was at north-northwest of Apia, Samoa, three days after initial development. The cyclone maintained this strength for about 36 hours, while re-curving to the south-southeast. Then, Ron started weakening while passing between central Tonga and Niue on January 7. Finally, by January 9, Ron was absorbed by the much larger circulation of Severe Tropical Cyclone Susan.\n\nTonga\n\nAfter affecting both Wallis and Futuna and Swains Island, the system became the strongest tropical cyclone on record in Tonga, as it passed near Niuafo'ou at peak intensity. The system was the third tropical cyclone to affect the island nation in 10 months, after Cyclone's Hina and Keli affected the islands during March and June 1997. Ahead of the system affecting the islands tropical cyclone alerts and warnings were issued for the whole nation by the Tonga Meteorological Department. The worst affected Tongan island was Niuafo'ou where considerable damage occurred, while some damage was reported on other islands including Niuatoputapu, Tafahi, and Vava'u.\n\nOn the island of Niuafo'ou sustained winds of 110 km/h (70 mph) were reported, while it was estimated that winds on the island had peaked at between 125–145 km/h (80–90 mph). During the system's aftermath, a survey team was sent to Niuafoou, Niuatoputapu and Tafahi to assess the damage and the impact of the cyclone on the inhabitants. According to the report made by them, the cyclone left 99 families without home and 43 ones in need of tarpaulins to repair damages, most of them in the Niuafo'ou island. Also, Ron's winds caused extensive damage to agriculture and vegetation of the islands, in which includes total loss of fruit and breadfruit trees and severe damage to cassava and banana crops.\n\nAftermath and records\n\nRon's destructive winds caused severe damage in Tonga's sanitation systems, increasing the danger of an outbreak of infectious diseases. Approximately 30% of the water tanks and 95% of the catchment covers had been damaged, leading to a water shortage. Also, according to Tonga's National Disaster Relief Committee, the great loss of plantations and vegetation led to a six-month food shortage. Replanting programmes took up to 6–8 months to restore all the lost vegetation. governments and organizations assisted the people affected by Ron. The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs as allocated an Emergency Cash Grant of US$20,000 of relief items and coverage of transportation costs. The Government of New Zealand has provided temporary shelters and assistance with repairs to Government and public health buildings, as well as assistance with replanting with a total value of NZ$36,500 (approximately US$21,340). The United Kingdom provided supplies for the repair of water and sanitary systems of a total value of approximately £15,000 (US$25,000). The South Pacific Forum Secretariat in Fiji also helped Tonga, releasing US$10,000 from a special disaster fund.", "date": "2018-01-04"}}
{"topic_id": "231", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Economic impact of Saudi women's rights", "topic_description": "What economic changes are happening in Saudi Arabia as more laws supporting women's rights are passed?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Экономическое влияние прав саудовских женщин", "topic_description": "Какие экономические изменения происходят в Саудовской Аравии по мере принятия большего числа законов, поддерживающих права женщин?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "تأثیر اقتصادی حقوق زنان سعودی", "topic_description": "با تصویب قوانین حمایت از حقوق زنان در عربستان سعودی چه تغییرات اقتصادی در عربستان سعودی رخ می ‌ دهد ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Saawomen的经济影响", "topic_description": "随着更多的法律规定，阿拉伯国家的权利受到了影响，什么经济变化是什么？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Экономическое воздействие прав саудовских женщин", "topic_description": "Какие экономические изменения происходят в Саудовской Аравии по мере принятия большего числа законов, поддерживающих права женщин?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "New initiatives in Saudi Arabia which given women more rights, such as driving, going out in public alone- to sporting events, movies, shopping, opening their own businesses, all which will benefit the economy of Saudi Arabia because now women are spending more money in the economy than before. Belgium declined to send a trade delegation, which would have benefited the economy with trade agreements, to Saudi Arabia due to women there not having enough rights and Belgium intends to petition EU countries to do the same. ", "somewhat_valuable": "n/a", "not_that_valuable": "n/a", "non_relevant": "Saudi Arabian women now allowed to travel alone abroad, will receive text messages if their husbands file divorce, soccer game scores, etc. "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Vision_2030&oldid=826971714", "text": "Saudi Vision 2030 is a plan to reduce Saudi Arabia's dependence on oil, diversify its economy, and develop public service sectors such as health, education, infrastructure, recreation and tourism. Goals include reinforcing economic and investment activities, increasing non-oil industry trade between countries through goods and consumer products, and increasing government spending on the military, manufacturing equipment and ammunition.\n\nSaudi Arabia Vision 2030 lays out targets for diversification and improving competitiveness. It is built around three main themes which set out specific objectives that are to be achieved by the year of 2030.\n\nA vibrant society: urbanism, culture and entertainment, sports, Umrah, UNESCO heritage sites, life expectancy.\nA thriving economy: Employment, women in the workforce, international competitiveness, Public Investment Fund, Foreign direct investment, private sector, non-oil exports\nAn ambitious nation: Non-oil revenues, government effectiveness and e-government, household savings and income, non-profits and volunteering.\nIn January 2013, women were announced as members of the nation’s Consultative Assembly. In 2015, they were allowed to run for office in municipal elections.\n\nIn early 2017, Saudi state schools announced offering physical education classes to both boys and girls starting in the fall of 2017. Later that same year, the state announced allowing men and women to attend sporting events, including inside sports stadiums. On September 26, 2017, a royal decree granted women the right to drive vehicles, a move which would take effect in June 2018.\nAccording to Hilal Khashan from the American conservative think tank Middle East Forum, to have the 2030 plan succeed ignoring the relationship between economic and political development is no longer a viable option, the developments required to increase the GDP as planned will encourage the breakage of the tribal system taking place. Another aspect is the “zero tolerance to corruption” that may be very difficult to achieve with a “society where family, tribal, and regional ties are stronger than the nebulous conception of state identity”.", "date": "2018-02-22"}}
{"topic_id": "232", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Pilots strike causes Ryanair flight cancelation", "topic_description": "Which Ryanair flights were canceled as a result of the pilots' strike of Irish airline Ryanair in 2018?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Забастовка пилотов привела к отмене рейса Ryanair", "topic_description": "Какие рейсы Ryanair были отменены в результате забастовки пилотов ирландской авиакомпании Ryanair в 2018 году?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "اعتصاب خلبانان موجب لغو پرواز رایانایر می ‌ شود", "topic_description": "که Ryanair پرواز به عنوان یک نتیجه از اعتصاب خلبانان از خطوط هوایی Ryanair ایرلندی در 2018 لغو شد ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Pilots stright causes Ryanair cancelation", "topic_description": "Which Ryanair flowere canceled as a result of the pilots'strust of Irish airline Ryanair in2018?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Удар пилотов вызывает отмену рейса Ryanair", "topic_description": "Какие рейсы Ryanair были отменены в результате забастовки пилотов ирландской авиакомпании Ryanair в 2018 году?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "Ryanair cancelled up to 600 flights in 6 European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, etc) because of pilot strike. ", "somewhat_valuable": "n/a", "not_that_valuable": "n/a", "non_relevant": "other airlines, such as Luftansa, British Airways had crew members striking; Ryanair to start servicing Estonia."}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryanair&oldid=800759317#Employment_relations", "text": "In the last three months of 2010, Ryanair made a loss of €10.3 million, compared with a loss of €10.9 million in the same period the previous year. In this time, more than 3,000 flights were cancelled. Ryanair blamed the losses on strikes and flight cancellations due to severe weather.\n\nEmployment relations\n\nIn the early years, when Ryanair had a total of 450 employees who each had shares in the company, there was an agreement that staff would not join a union on the basis that they would have influence on how the company was run. The treatment of employees has changed considerably since then and new employees no longer get shares in the company. However, Ryanair still refuses to recognise or negotiate with any union, be it for pilots or for cabin crew. In 2011, a former Ryanair captain was awarded financial compensation by an employment tribunal in London after being fired for handing out a union form to a cabin crew member while on duty. In 2012 the Ryanair Pilot Group (RPG) was formed, but to date has not been successful in its aim to represent the pilots flying for Ryanair as a collective bargaining unit.[citation needed]\n\nRyanair faced criticism for allegedly forcing pilots to pay tens of thousands of euro for training, then establish limited companies in Ireland and work for Ryanair through an agency, as well as forcing ground staff in Spain to open bank accounts in Gibraltar in which to receive their wages.[7\n\nIn May 2014, Ryanair's office in Marseille was raided by French police investigating complaints that the company was failing to follow French employment law. Ryanair protested about the raid.\n\nIn May 2015, the Mayor of Copenhagen announced a boycott of Ryanair. This came in the wake of protests from Danish unions regarding employment conditions. After a court trial confirmed the unions' right to strike, Ryanair moved its bases out of Denmark.", "date": "2017-09-15"}}
{"topic_id": "233", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Weinstein sexual misconduct impact", "topic_description": "How will being sued for sexual harassment and assault impact Harvey Weinstein’s finances and social standing?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Вайнштейн сексуальная проступка влияния", "topic_description": "Как судебный иск за сексуальные домогательства и нападения повлияет на финансы и социальное положение Харви Вайнштейна?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "تاثیر سوء رفتار جنسی واینستین", "topic_description": "چگونه برای آزار و اذیت جنسی و تجاوز تحت تاثیر قرار مالی هاروی واینستین و جایگاه اجتماعی قرار خواهد گرفت ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Weinsimpact", "topic_description": "受到性侵犯和性侵犯的起诉将如何影响哈维·魏斯的财务和standing？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Влияние сексуального проступка Вайнштейна", "topic_description": "Как судебное преследование за сексуальные домогательства и нападение повлияет на финансовое и социальное положение Харви Вайнштейна?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "Described scandal associated with Harvey Weinstein and how the Weinstein Company declared bankrupt, was purchased by another company, and how Harvey Weinstein owed money to many different actors. ", "somewhat_valuable": "Weinstein company declares bankruptcy and info about how much the company was in debt for and how much it was worth.", "not_that_valuable": "n/a", "non_relevant": "Harvey Weinstein out on bail, when his trail started, closing arguments, etc. Russian movie company (not related to Weinstein) filed for bankruptcy. "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Weinstein_Company&oldid=831316112#Sexual_abuse_allegations_against_Harvey_Weinstein", "text": "Efforts to sell the company\n\nBob Weinstein stated on October 13 that media reports that his brother's sexual misconduct scandal had forced the company to explore either a sale or shutting down operations were inaccurate. Bob released an emailed statement claiming \"our banks, partners and shareholders are fully supportive of our company and it is untrue that the company or board is exploring a sale or shutdown of the company” and that “business is continuing as usual as the company moves ahead.” This was contradicted by TWC president and COO David Glasser and a spokesman for company investor Goldman Sachs. Glasser and the other two remaining members of the company's board of directors also did not join Bob in signing this statement either.\n\nOn October 17, The Mist producer Amanda Segel accused Bob Weinstein of sexual harassment. His lawyer Bert Fields has denied the accusations.\n\n\"It is absolutely not true,\" Bert Fields said. \"What she is claiming is bogus.\" Fields said that after Bob Weinstein and Segel had dinner together, they concluded they would stay friends, and even though they continued to have dinner occasionally, they maintained a professional relationship. \"There was nothing that came anywhere near sexual harassment,\" he said.\"That's not Bob Weinstein. It's Harvey Weinstein, but it sure as hell isn't Bob Weinstein,\" Fields said. \"I've known him for many years.\" Fields suggested that Segel is making her claim because of the publicity surrounding Harvey Weinstein. \"It's all because of what Harvey's done,\" Fields went on to say, \"and this lady is going to come out and get a little bit of this publicity and it's awful. He didn't do a thing.\" \n\nBert Fields and colleague Charles Shephard petitioned a court to leave a rights dispute in which Greenberg Glusker Fields was representing The Weinstein Company due to unpaid bills on December 14, 2017. The firm underscored that it is not involved in the ongoing sexual scandals.\n\n\"TWC has failed to pay Greenberg Glusker for its legal services in this matter and has stated that it will be unable to pay for its services as the cases [sic] progresses,\" writes Shephard in a Wednesday filing. The attorneys also note that TWC has been a Greenberg Glusker client for a long time. So, when the firm was asked to handle this matter, it agreed – even though, at that time, TWC already owed the firm substantial money for prior services.\n\n\"Because of the manner in which plaintiff was pursuing the case, because of the size of Greenberg Glusker's receivable, and because of some new and significant issues unrelated to this litigation which had arisen and with which TWC was required to deal (issues that have received a lot of national press and issues which do not involve Greenberg Glusker in any way, and in which Greenberg Glusker played no role whatsoever), Greenberg Glusker became concerned about being paid for its services,\" states the filing.\n\nBob Weinstein told Greenberg Glusker TWC would make a substantial payment on November 20, but it never came, according to the filing, and TWC executive vice president Sarah Sobel later told the firm TWC wouldn't be able to pay. \n\nBert Fields and several other attorneys at the Greenberg Glusker Fields law firm represented The Weinstein Company from 2005 to December 2017.\n\nReuters reported on October 16, 2017 that TWC had entered talks with private equity firm Colony Capital for sale of its assets. On November 7, 2017, Colony Capital pulled out of acquiring The Weinstein Company. Other persons and companies that have expressed interest in acquiring TWC include rapper Jay-Z,, Yucaipa Companies, Viacom (owner of Paramount Pictures), Lionsgate (which Viacom is in talks to acquire;the current home video distributor of TWC and Miramax), Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (the former U.S theatrical distributor of TWC), A&E Networks (owned 50% by Disney, the former owner of Miramax), Administrator of the Small Business Administration Maria Contreras-Sweet, Killer Content, Shamrock Holdings, Vine Alternative Investments, Anchorage Capital Group, MSD Capital, beIN Media Group (the current owner of Miramax), Sony Pictures Television, and Versa. Contreras-Sweet has proposed turning TWC into a studio run by women, while Killer Content would donate the studio's profits to assault victims. If anyone acquires The Weinstein Company, the studio will change its name, and Bob Weinstein has agreed to leave the company; he is expected to retain the Dimension Films label. All the interested parties had to submit their first-round bids by December 20, 2017. On January 4, 2018, The Weinstein Company narrowed its bids down to six parties, with a sales price of below $500 million. The studio's owners will not receive any cash from the sale.\n\nAs of November 8, 2017, The Weinstein Company had a debt load of $520 million, including $220 million from its film and TV credit facilities, $150 million from production loans, $50 million in corporate debt and $100 million owed to performers. The studio expected to find a buyer without declaring for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, against the expectations of most of the interested parties. After it appeared that talks collapsed, the company announced it would file for bankruptcy. However, after continued negotiations in which New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman played a role, the TWC board reached a deal in which TWC will sell all of its assets for $500 million; after the sales has been finalized, the company will be renamed and get a new board of directors of which a majority will be women. However, after an additional $50 million in debt was revealed, the deal collapsed again.\n\nIn order to raise funds, TWC has sold the rights to two of its films, Paddington 2 and The Six Billion Dollar Man, to Warner Bros. On January 19, 2018, TWC indefinitely postponed the releases of three of its films (The War with Grandpa, The Upside, Mary Magdalene).\n\nAs of February 2018, several companies had sued TWC, including American Express ($1.4 million), chocolatier Lindt & Sprüngli ($133,333), and Canadian film distributor Entertainment One ($7.2 million for Paddington 2). ", "date": "2018-03-19"}}
{"topic_id": "234", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Preventing illicitly tapped pipelines in Mexico", "topic_description": "What steps does the Mexican government propose to take to stop the illegal tapping of fuel pipelines in an effort to prevent the disasters in Mexico?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Предотвращение незаконного прослушивания трубопроводов в Мексике", "topic_description": "Какие шаги предлагает предпринять мексиканское правительство, чтобы остановить незаконные врезки в топливные трубопроводы, чтобы предотвратить катастрофы в Мексике?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "جلوگیری از خطوط لوله به طور غیرقانونی در مکزیک", "topic_description": "دولت مکزیک در تلاش برای جلوگیری از فاجعه در مکزیک ، چه اقداماتی را برای متوقف کردن بهره برداری غیرقانونی از خطوط لوله سوخت انجام می دهد ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "在墨西哥进行斜纹管的预浸料", "topic_description": "为了阻止墨西哥的混乱局面，墨西哥政府提出了什么措施来阻止在墨西哥的混乱局面？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Предотвращение незаконного прохода трубопроводов в Мексике", "topic_description": "Какие шаги планирует предпринять мексиканское правительство, чтобы остановить незаконное прослушивание топливных трубопроводов в попытке предотвратить катастрофы в Мексике?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "Except for the first one I marked as very valuable, because it had specific numbers and programs in order to combat the fuel theft, the ones I marked as very valuable focused exclusively on steps the government was taking or planning to take. Steps such as implementing social and welfare programs, supporting municipalities, opening up investigations into organized groups, gangs, and even high level executives planning and executing fuel theft, and making such action a felony so that the government could prosecute. Results of those investigations. also, specific information on the government sending the military to protect pumping stations with figures and names of the locations. The military checking on employees entering such facilities, banning the use of mobile phones in the facility. ", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles that, while did not focus exclusively on steps the government planned to take or was taking, had substantial details on the programs the government implemented, shutting down pipelines and transporting the fuel by truck, especially if the articles contained details of any results of such steps. Articles that multi-step effort of the government to prevent this theft, such as increasing security at the facilities while at the same time creating more opportunities for citizens such as employment", "not_that_valuable": "Articles that mention the Mexican government planned to take some actions to prevent fuel line theft, but only mention one or two details such as shutting off the pipeline or sending the military to guard the pump stations. ", "non_relevant": "Articles about the fuel theft, explosions, fires, people harmed, which do not mention any preventative measures. Protests about rising fuel costs. Articles about Mexico not related to this topic, such as the presidential elections, foreign policy, etc.; the El Paso, TX shooting; fuel thefts outside of Mexico; Mexican migrants heading to the US; info on gas companies in Mexico purchasing fuel, the stock market information on the fuel, etc.; tax breaks for Mexican oil companies; fuel issues in other countries; renegotiating NAFTA"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pipeline_and_Hazardous_Materials_Safety_Administration&oldid=844044044", "text": "Office of Hazardous Materials Safety (OHMS)\nOHMS oversees the transportation of hazardous materials by air, rail, highway, and water, with the exception of bulk transportation of hazmat by vessel. OHMS promulgates a national safety program, which consists of: evaluating safety risks, developing and enforcing standards for transporting hazardous materials, educating shippers and carriers, investigating hazmat incidents and failures, conducting research, providing grants to improve emergency response to incidents.\n\nOffice of Pipeline Safety (OPS)\nOPS oversees the 2.3 million miles of the natural gas pipeline system in the United States and its hazardous liquid pipelines. As of May 2014 about 80 percent of the funds states spend on pipeline safety comes from PHMSA.\n\n\nThe Pipeline Risk Management Information System (PRIMIS) consists of integrity management programs originally created for transmission pipelines and has led to a reduced amount of pipeline accidents. In 2001 the Liquid Integrity Management Program (LIMP)came into law, followed by the 2003 Transmission Integrity Management Program (TIMP) and the 2008 Distribution Integrity Management Program (DIMP).[citation needed]\n\nThe 'Accountable Pipeline Safety and Partnership Act of 1996' requires that OPS adopt rules requiring interstate gas pipeline operators to provide maps of their facilities to the governing body of each municipality, in which the pipeline is located. The National Pipeline Mapping System (NPMS) was removed for a number of months from public use after September 11, due to security concerns. In 2012, it returned with restriction of use. National Pipeline Maps can still be bought from PennWell Corporation.\n\nPipeline safety record\nIn the years 1996-2015, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) reported a total of 11,199 pipeline incidents[a] in a system that includes a total of 2,509,667 miles (4,038,918 km) of gas pipelines and 208,494 miles (335,539 km) of hazardous liquids pipelines in the United States as of 2015. 856 of those were considered \"serious incidents\",[b] 86 were serious incidents involving hazardous liquids pipelines. This is an average of approximately 560 incidents per year in the last 20 years for all types of pipelines. These incidents caused a total of 360 fatalities and 1,376 injuries. More recent data however reveals that pipeline incidents as well as the total number of releases has decreased by over 50% since PHMSA was created and pipelines now safely deliver over 99.999% of all shipments, the highest safety percentage of any transportation system.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "date": "2018-06-02"}}
{"topic_id": "245", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "China-Germany partnership battling climate change", "topic_description": "How have China and Germany agreed to expand their partnership to battle climate change?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Китайско-германское партнерство в борьбе с изменением климата", "topic_description": "Как Китай и Германия согласились расширить свое партнерство в борьбе с изменением климата?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "مشارکت چین و آلمان در مبارزه با تغییرات آب و هوایی", "topic_description": "چین و آلمان چگونه توافق کرده اند که همکاری خود را برای مبارزه با تغییرات آب و هوایی گسترش دهند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "中国-德国船舶碰撞碰撞", "topic_description": "中国和德国是如何同意将他们的船赶出去的呢？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Китайско-германское партнерство в борьбе с изменением климата", "topic_description": "Как Китай и Германия согласились расширить свое партнерство в борьбе с изменением климата?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "Germany and China send a signal to Trump", "somewhat_valuable": "EU and China consider US decision to withdraw from climate agreement a mistake", "not_that_valuable": "EU continues to adhere to the Paris climate agreement", "non_relevant": "China and EU agree to consult on cybersecurity issues"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Climate_Action_Plan_2050&oldid=772439629", "text": "The German Climate Action Plan 2050 (German: Klimaschutzplan 2050) is a climate protection policy document approved by the German government on 14 November 2016. The plan outlines measures by which Germany can meet its various national greenhouse gas emissions reduction goals through to 2050 (see table) and service its international commitments under the 2016 Paris Climate Agreement. The Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB), under minister Barbara Hendricks, led the development of the plan. The plan was progressively watered down since a draft was first leaked in early-May 2016. Projections from the environment ministry in September 2016 indicate that Germany will likely miss its 2020 climate target.\n\nThe Climate Action Plan 2050 should not be confused with an earlier document, the Climate Action Programme 2020 (Aktionsprogramm Klimaschutz 2020), approved in December 2014 and which only covers the period until 2020.", "date": "2017-03-27"}}
{"topic_id": "246", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Sri Lankan Court overturns suspension of Parliament", "topic_description": "Did the Sri Lankan Supreme Court's decision in December 2018 resolve the political crisis caused when President Sirisena attempted to suspend Parliament?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Суд Шри-Ланки отменил приостановление работы парламента", "topic_description": "Решило ли решение Верховного суда Шри-Ланки от декабря 2018 года политический кризис, вызванный попыткой президента Сирисены приостановить деятельность парламента?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "دادگاه سریلانکا تعلیق پارلمان را لغو می کند", "topic_description": "آیا تصمیم دادگاه عالی سریلانکا در دسامبر ۲۰۱۸ بحران سیاسی ناشی از تلاش رئیس ‌ جمهور سیریسنا برای تعلیق پارلمان را حل کرد ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "斯里库斯·斯里库斯·斯里库斯·斯·斯·斯·斯·斯·斯·", "topic_description": "2018年12月，斯里兰卡最高法院的裁决被推翻了。"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Суд Шри-Ланки отменил приостановление работы парламента", "topic_description": "Решает ли решение Верховного суда Шри-Ланки в декабре 2018 года политический кризис, вызванный попыткой президента Сирисены приостановить работу парламента?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "Sri Lanka was left without a Premiere ", "somewhat_valuable": "Sri Lanka's Supreme Court suspends presidential decree to dissolve parliament", "not_that_valuable": "Sri Lankan President Suspends Parliament", "non_relevant": "The guest gave Yanukovych an idea of where else to look for oil"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Sri_Lankan_constitutional_crisis&oldid=868536076", "text": "The Speaker of Parliament, Karu Jayasuriya has requested the President to reconvene parliament following consultations with party leaders of the UNP, ITAK, JVP and the SLMC on 30 October. While the Attorney General Jayantha Jayasuriya stated that it is inappropriate for him to expressing an opinion on the matter, in response to a request by the Speaker.\n\nUPFA MP Susil Premajayantha stated that Parliament would reconvene on November 16 as per the Gazette and not on November 5 as said by Rajapaksa the day before.\n\nOn 2 November, 119 MPs from several parties met and passed a resolution calling for immediate convention of Parliament claiming that the removal of the Prime Minister and the appointment of another unconstitutional. The Speaker has informed that President as agreed to convene Parliament on 7 November. However if the President fails to issue the gazette notification today to convene Parliament, the Speaker has stated that he will convene Parliament on 7 November under the powers vested in him. Speaker Jayasuriya later in a statement announced that he will not accept any changes had happened in Sri Lanka after October 26th until it is verified in parliament. \n\nOn the 7 November UPFA MP Lakshman Yapa Abeywardena said that only item on Parliamentary agenda on November 14 is the policy statement by President Sirisena.\n\nPresident Sirisena meets with a Tamil National Alliance (TNA) delegation whom he asks to abstain from a vote of no confidence if it were moved. The TNA told Sirisena it had taken a decision to vote against the appointment of Mahinda Rajapaksa as the Prime Minister. The President in response is reported to have said that he will not reappoint Ranil Wickremesinghe as the Prime Minister, even if his party secured a majority in Parliament. While making an address on the 8 November the SLFP executive committee meeting Sirisena said that \"he had used only one trump card and there were more trump cards still in his hand\", and that he would not go back on any decisions that he had taken already, during this crisis. Sirisena said he was going to make a request to the UNP to support the government’s work plan when Parliament reconvenes on the 14th.\n\nThe UNP said it would explore the possibility of removing President Sirisena in conformity with Article 38 (2) of the Constitution. The Tamil Progressive Alliance (TPA) responded it would not support any impeachment move as \"they are not in favour of adding more fire to the current crisis\".", "date": "2018-11-12"}}
{"topic_id": "247", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "China railway investment", "topic_description": "What investments are being made for railway projects in China?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Инвестиции в Китайскую железную дорогу", "topic_description": "Какие инвестиции вкладываются в Китайские железнодорожные проекты?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "سرمایه گذاری راه آهن چین", "topic_description": "چه سرمایه گذاری هایی برای پروژه های راه آهن در چین انجام می شود ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "中国铁路投资", "topic_description": "在中国，铁路项目的投资是什么？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Инвестиции в железные дороги Китая", "topic_description": "Какие инвестиции вкладываются в железнодорожные проекты в Китае?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "N/A", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles with Putin meeting with Chinese officials to discuss the financing or joint ventures on infrastructure projects that included railways, particularly how the Moscow-Kazan' leg would join up with Moscow-Beijing high speed railway (HSR); Also mentions of Russian companies like Gazprom meeting with Chinese official about investing in this railway; articles about infrastructure bonds to finance the HSR railway, along with mention of Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF), the BRICS New Development Bank, the Eurasian Development Bank, the Silk Road Fund and the Russia-China Investment Fund; details of what the cost of the HSR railway and what percentage the Chinese will fund; joint ventures between the Russian Sinara Group, Germany's Siemens the Chinese corporation CRRC to produce HSR traincars and other equipment; Putin coming out in support of China's \"Belt and Road\" initiative, whichChina has already laid two financial and investment structures in the trillions of dollars.", "not_that_valuable": "Any articles that discussed the Belt and Road initiative or the Eurasian HSR project in uncertain terms or discussions to consider these projects. Articles that argued how such a HSR project would benefit Russia and with a caution that China could bypass Russia and go through Kazakhstan and Iran, but no mention of cost or investment; Intentions to invest in Russia's section on the part of China; Updates on the Moscow-Kazan' section of the railway without mentioning how it connected to the greater picture; earlier mention of Siemens plan to invest or establish a railcar plant, but no details or conclusions; early negotiations between Russia and China on the HSR railway and some agreement signings; some projections of what the entire railway would cost", "non_relevant": "Articles that discussed Russian infrastructure, some with Putin discussing infrastructure with Chinese officials in general, with little to no details about railways; Any articles about the Northern Latitude Railway (solely a Russian project); Chinese innovation on railcars and railway systems with no discussion of investment; Plans for Russian and Chinese officials to meet but no mention of rr systems; Belorussian, Czech railways systems"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China_Railway_High-speed&oldid=826396110", "text": "\nTechnology introduction\nOn April 9, 2004, the Chinese government held a conference on modern railway equipment and rolling stock, in which they drafted the current Chinese plan to modernize the country's railway infrastructure with advanced technologies.\n\nOn June 17, 2004, the Ministry of Railways launched the first round of bidding on the high-speed rail technology, but the company must be:\n\nlegally registered in the PRC, with rail EMU manufacturing capacity\nable to manufacture trains with the ability to reach 200 km/h\nHigh-speed EMU design and manufacturing technology companies, including Siemens, Alstom, Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Bombardier, initially had hoped to enter into a joint venture in China, but was rejected by the Ministry of Railways. The MOR set these guidelines for joint ventures to be acceptable:\n\ncomprehensive transfer of key technologies\nlowest price in the world\nuse of a Chinese brand\nA comprehensive transfer of technology to Chinese enterprises (especially in systems integration, AC drive and other core technologies) was necessary to allow domestic enterprises to master the core technology. While foreign partners might provide technical services and training, the Chinese companies must ultimately be able to function without the partnership. Railway equipment manufacturers in China were free to choose foreign partners, but foreign firms must pre-bid and sign the technology transfer agreement with China's domestic manufacturers, so the Chinese rolling stock manufacturers could comprehensively and systematically learn advanced foreign technology.\n\nIn the first round of bidding, 140 rolling stock orders were divided into seven packages of twenty orders each. After extensive review and negotiation, three consortiums won the bid:\n\nChangchun Railway Vehicles Co., Ltd. (owned by CNR) with France's Alstom\nSifang Locomotive (owned by CSR) with Japan's Kawasaki Heavy Industries\nSifang Locomotive (owned by CSR) with Canada's Bombardier\nThese three consortiums were each given three, three, and one twenty order packages respectively. Germany's Siemens, as a result of an expensive technology bid — the prototype vehicle cost was 350 million yuan each column, technology transfer fee 390 million euros — did not get any orders in the first round. EMU tendered 22.7 billion yuan for technology transfer payments in the first payment, accounting for 51 per cent of the amount of the tender.\n\nIn November 2005, the Chinese Ministry of Railways and Siemens reached an agreement, and Siemens in a joint venture with Changchun Railway Vehicles and Tangshan Railway Vehicle (both owned by CNR) was awarded sixty 300 km/h high-speed train orders.\n\nInnovation\nThe introduction of high-speed trains, a foreign advanced technology, was required in order to implement China's \"Long-term Scientific and Technological Development (2006–2020)\". The core technology innovations necessary for a high-speed rail system to meet the needs of China's railway development resulted in the Ministry of Science and Ministry of Railways signing the \"independent innovation of Chinese high-speed train cooperation agreement Joint Action Plan\" on February 26, 2008. Academicians and researchers from CAS, Tsinghua University, Zhejiang University, Southwest Jiaotong University, and Beijing Jiaotong University have committed to working together on basic research into improving China's scientific and industrial resources into developing a high-speed train system.\n\nUnder the agreement, China's joint action plan for improvement of train service and infrastructure has four components:\n\nDevelop key technologies to create a network capable of supporting trains' speeds of 350 km/hr and higher\nEstablish intellectual property rights and international competitiveness\nMinistry of Science and the Ministry of Railways will work together to enhance industry research alliances, and innovation capability\nPromote China-related material and equipment capacity\nThe Chinese Ministry of Science has invested nearly 10 billion yuan in this science and technology plan, which is by far the largest investment program. The project has brought together a total of 25 universities, 11 research institutes, and national laboratories, and 51 engineering research centers. The Ministry of Science hopes to develop basic research sufficient to produce key technologies necessary to develop trains capable of 500 km per hour through the \"863 Project\" and \"973 Project\".\n\nTechnology export\nOn 2009-07-27, Chinese Ministry deputy chief engineer Zhang Shuguang stated that America, Saudi Arabia and Brazil are interested in Chinese high-speed railway technology. July 28. The Federal Railroad Administration and the US government are negotiating on the introduction of Chinese railway technology. On 14 October 2009, Prime minister of Russia Vladimir Putin and the Russian Railroad Administration signed an Organizing and developing railway in Russia memo with Ministry of Railways of China, planning to build a high-speed railway from Vladivostok to Khabarovsk.", "date": "2018-02-18"}}
{"topic_id": "248", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "States Response to Trump ending DACA", "topic_description": "How did the State governments react to President Donald Trump’s decision to end the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Ответ штатов на то, что Трамп прекратил DACA", "topic_description": "Как правительства штатов отреагировали на решение президента Дональда Трампа прекратить действие программы Отсроченные действия для прибывающих детей (DACA)?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "پاسخ ایالات متحده به پایان دادن به ترامپ DACA", "topic_description": "دولت های دولتی چگونه به تصمیم رئیس جمهور دونالد ترامپ برای پایان دادن به برنامه تأخیر برای ورود کودکان (DACA) واکنش نشان دادند ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "各国对结束DACA的反应", "topic_description": "州政府如何回应总统的裁断，以结束推迟的儿童饥饿行动（DACA）计划？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Ответ государств на Трампа, заканчивающийся DACA", "topic_description": "Как правительства штатов отреагировали на решение президента Дональда Трампа прекратить программу отсроченных действий по прибытию детей (DACA)?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "US court ordered the government to resume the child protection program for illegal immigrants", "somewhat_valuable": "Trump administration begins to tighten immigration rules", "not_that_valuable": "US President Donald Trump recommended canceling the deal under the DACA", "non_relevant": "US plans to protest against the cancellation of the DACA "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals&oldid=799147194#Impact", "text": "State-level government officials are also divided on the issue. Although state governments cannot affect DACA itself, they can control the state benefits available to individuals under deferred action.\n\nCalifornia\nTo assist those eligible under the program, the state of California has agreed to support those who receive a DACA grant by allowing access to a state driver's license, provided that such individuals participate in specific state guidelines (such as paying income taxes). The state of California also allows DACA holding individuals to qualify for Medi-Cal.\n\nArizona\nArizona became the first state to oppose President Obama's order for DACA when Governor Jan Brewer issued a counter-order that prevents those with deferred status from receiving any state benefits. This caused controversy, as eligible and approved applicants would still be unable to obtain a driver's license. In May 2013, a federal district court held that this policy was likely unconstitutional. In 2014, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals issued a preliminary injunction against Brewer's ban, and in November 2014 held this ban was in violation of the law.\n\nMaryland\nThen-mayor of Baltimore, Stephanie Rawlings-Blake, in 2016 stated that Baltimore's city police would not check the citizenship status of people with whom they interact.\n\nMaryland residents are eligible for in-state public tuition rates regardless of immigration status under certain conditions. A Maryland resident is eligible if they attended Maryland high schools for at least three of the previous twelve years and they graduated from a Maryland high school or received a Maryland GED within the previous ten years. They must have registered at a Maryland public college within four years of high school graduation or receiving a Maryland GED. They must have registered for Selective Service if male, and they must have filed Maryland income tax returns.\n\nIllinois\nIn a New York Times interview, Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel stated that he wants to make Chicago the \"most immigrant-friendly city in the country\". In addition to offering in-state tuition for illegal immigrants, he has also made plans for an ordinance that would prevent illegal immigrants with no criminal background from being turned over to immigration enforcement agencies.\n\nTexas\nAlthough in-state tuition is still offered, Governor Rick Perry announced his opposition to DACA by distributing a letter to all state agencies, meant \"to ensure that all Texas agencies understand that Secretary Napolitano's guidelines confer absolutely no legal status whatsoever to any illegal immigrant who qualifies for the federal 'deferred action' designation.”\n\nNebraska\nGovernor Dave Heineman, also joined in the opposition against DACA, confirming that the state, will continue its practice of not issuing driver's licenses, welfare benefits, or other public benefits to illegal immigrants \"regardless of deferred status. Since then, however, Nebraska legislature has made it legal for these people to acquire driver's licenses.\n\nMichigan\nIn October 2012, the Michigan Secretary of State, Ruth Johnson, announced that Michigan will not issue drivers licenses or state identification of any kind to beneficiaries of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals. In making this decision, it was clear that the Secretary of State erroneously conflated the notion of \"lawful presence,\" which is required under Michigan Law to issue a driver's license, and \"lawful status,\" a different legal concept entirely. USCIS has made it clear that DACA beneficiaries do not possess legal status, but does not state that DACA beneficiaries are unlawfully present; in fact, it states that DACA beneficiaries will not accrue unlawful presence time here while they are in this deferred action status. The Secretary of State relied upon USCIS' own explanation, which discusses legal status, not lawful presence. In response to this policy, the ACLU filed a lawsuit against Johnson, alleging that the policy violated both Michigan law and the U.S. Constitution. On January 18, 2013, USCIS updated their \"Frequently Asked Questions\" page about DACA, clarifying, among other things, that DACA beneficiaries are, in fact, lawfully present in the United States. On 1 February 2013, Johnson reversed her policy and began issuing drivers licenses to DACA beneficiaries on February 19, 2013.\n\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Carolina briefly suspended giving out driver's licenses to DACA grantees while waiting for the state attorney general’s opinion. The attorney general decided that even without formal immigration status the DACA grantees were to be granted legal presence. After that, the state once again continued to give out drivers licenses and allowed the DACA grantees to become legal members of North Carolina.\n\nVirginia\nOn April 29, 2014, Virginia Attorney General Mark Herring sent a letter to the director of the State Council of Higher Education for Virginia (SCHEV), the presidents of Virginia public colleges and universities, and the chancellor of the Virginia Community College System, in response to inquiries from public institutions of higher education on whether DACA students are eligible for in-state tuition. The attorney general advised these institutions that under Virginia law, DACA students who meet Virginia's domicile requirements are eligible for in-state tuition.", "date": "2017-04-13"}}
{"topic_id": "249", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "#metoo Movement in Russia", "topic_description": "What actions have been identified with the #metoo movement in Russia?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Движение #MeToo в России", "topic_description": "Какие действия были связаны с движением #MeToo в России?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "جنبش # metoo در روسیه", "topic_description": "چه اقداماتی با جنبش # metoo در روسیه شناسایی شده است ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "#metoo移动在俄罗斯", "topic_description": "在俄罗斯的#metoo运动中，有什么作用呢？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "# metoo Движение в России", "topic_description": "Какие действия были идентифицированы с движением # metoo в России?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "One detailed article that questioned why a situation like the journalists accusing Slutsky (Slutsky-gate) of sexual harassment did not become as big a movement as #MeToo. Reasons given were that submissions for demonstrations were repeatedly denied, Slutsky was not representative to Russia the way Weinstein was to the US, the lack of platforms for those who experienced harassment to explain their positions, the culture of Russia being patriarchal and generations behind the west. ", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles that described how Ukraine and subsequently Russia started the #NotAfraidtoSpeak campaign(the equivalent of #MeToo), urging women to share their experiences as well as urging changes in the law, the need to good sex education; pointing out that this started a year before #MeToo, disappointment that it did not change much, pointing out that a law on domestic violence is being sought in Russia, but does not exist currently. Article pointing out that while many women and even men experience sexual harassment, most are unwilling to report it, but how young women in Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union have been exposed to more western culture and are no longer willing to tolerate the abuse. A deep dive into the Slutsky case and what it reveals about Russia's sexual and gender culture, and the parallels to the Weinstein case given that they happened about the same time. An article about consent in Russia and comparing various cases to Weinstein and Spacey cases, as well as how different sectors of the Russian population view these situations", "not_that_valuable": "Articles on statistics and surveys about percentages of people who have endured sexual harassment; articles on sexual harassment stories in Russia emerging from the surveys, but no mention of campaigns or protests; Putin repealing domestic violences laws; articles discussing various Russian cultural norms such as patriarchy; women who endure harassment in order to be elevated at work; the unwillingness of those experiencing harassment or assault to speak out, victim blaming, ", "non_relevant": "Articles about #MeToo and sexual harassment issues in US and countries other than Russia; editorial about sexual harassment in Kyrgyzstan; Kazakhstan holding the record for rape cases; abortion issues in Russia, birthrates, child care, list of professions prohibited for women; Russia having highest divorce rate; sex education or lack of it in Russia; Women’s rights in Russia, claim that they had equal rights during the Soviet period; public reaction to parliament’s acquittal of Slutsky’s behavior, discussion about power politics; opinion polls and their lack of popularity in Russia; interview with opposition politician Dmitry Gudkov; the different stages and forms of feminism; Initial announcement that some journalists accused Slutsky of sexual harassment; The development of feminism in Ukraine; Student sexual harassment and child sexual assault cases in Russia; Battling pedophilia; Article on how women need to behave with men in order to be happy themselves; Domestic violence in Armenia "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MeToo_movement&oldid=819621522#International_response", "text": " Russia: #Ятоже (en: MeToo)", "date": "2018-01-10"}}
{"topic_id": "250", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Sibrian Wildfires Causes", "topic_description": "What is the primary cause of the wildfires in Siberia?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Причины Сибирских лесных пожаров", "topic_description": "Что является основной причиной лесных пожаров в Сибири?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "دلایل آتش سوزی سیبریان", "topic_description": "علت اصلی آتش سوزی در سیبری چیست ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "₩rian Wildfire Causes", "topic_description": "什么是flowmary的pricause in eria?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Сибрийские лесные пожары Причины", "topic_description": "Какова основная причина лесных пожаров в Сибири?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "One article that subtly pushed back against the government's assertion that arson surrounding illegal logging was the primary cause of the wildfires in Siberia. while it did not openly state climate change was an issue, it discussed drought and heat. The article also accused the government of deflecting the blame of its own culpability to the illegal loggers. Specifically, the article cited how as soon as PM Medvedev asked to have people investigate illegal logging, the investigating committee within a week started announcing that this was the cause. However, the article also raised attention to the fact that fire has been historically used to maintain forests and abandoning this practice was part of the problem, since the government reduced the number of forest management employees from 70,000 to 12,000. ", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles that cited specific evidence that illegal logging caused the fires, or if an official stated it as being proved, or gave specific areas. There were many articles that were almost identical to each other, and I marked many \"essentially the same\" as the previous articles. It is likely these articles were all from one source. I also marked a few articles (there were very few) that asserted the cause of the fires were from unusually high temperatures and extended drought, and even dry lighting in remote areas. There was one or two articles that mentioned something called an anti-cyclone that causes an extended high pressure system. ", "not_that_valuable": "Articles that suggested that illegal logging and arson could have caused the fires, or if this was being investigated. If the assertion was caveated as \"apparently\" or \"possibly\" or undetermined, or few to no details, then I marked it as not that valuable. There were a lot of them and many of them were again \"essentially the same\" as previous articles. ", "non_relevant": "Articles solely about where the fires are and fighting the fires without mentioning cause; Artificial meat; \nIllegal logging with no mention of arson or wildfires; stats on illegal logging; forest management inspections; criticism of forest management; arrests of those illegally felling trees; confiscation of equipment used for illegal logging; Russia to ban exporting trees to China; Voter fraud in Russia; Criminal arrests that have nothing to do with arson or illegal logging; Accusations about regional entities skewing the data about fire so that federal entities did not have time to respond; Illegal logging leading to floods"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Russian_wildfires&oldid=860852071", "text": "Dry, warm conditions in the spring set the stage for fires in Siberia. By May, more fires per month were seen in Amur Oblast than any year since 2008.", "date": "2018-09-23"}}
{"topic_id": "251", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Recovery from Kilauea eruption", "topic_description": "What is the cost of economic recovery from Hawaii's volcano Kilauea erupting, to include lost revenue from reduction in tourism, rebuilding homes and infrastructure?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Восстановление после извержения Килауэа", "topic_description": "Какова стоимость восстановления экономики после извержения вулкана Килауэа на Гавайях, включая упущенную выгоду от сокращения туризма, восстановления домов и инфраструктуры?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "بازیابی از فوران Kilauea", "topic_description": "هزینه بازیابی اقتصادی از فوران آتشفشان هاوایی کیلائا چقدر است ، که شامل درآمد از دست رفته از کاهش گردشگری ، بازسازی خانه ‌ ها و زیرساخت ‌ ها می ‌ شود ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "从Kilauea eruption恢复", "topic_description": "从夏威夷的volaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Восстановление после извержения Килауэи", "topic_description": "Какова стоимость экономического восстановления после извержения вулкана Килауэа на Гавайях, включая потерю доходов от сокращения туризма, восстановления домов и инфраструктуры?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "An estimate of the amount of money needed to repair the damage done by the natural disaster.", "somewhat_valuable": "Donald Trump has authorized federal aid to assist the areas affected by the volcano in their economic recovery.", "not_that_valuable": "The number of houses destroyed or people evacuated due to the lava flows.", "non_relevant": "Hurricane Irma caused damage to several states."}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_lower_Puna_eruption&oldid=845066734#Eruption", "text": "The 2018 lower Puna eruption is an ongoing volcanic event on the island of Hawaiʻi on Kīlauea volcano's East Rift Zone that began on May 3, 2018. It is also part of the larger eruption of Kīlauea that began January 3, 1983, though some volcanologists and USGS scientists are considering whether to call it a new eruption. Outbreaks of lava fountains up to 300 feet (90 m) high, lava flows and volcanic gas in the Leilani Estates subdivision were preceded by earthquakes and ground deformation that created cracks in the roads. The next day, May 4, a 6.9 magnitude earthquake hit Puna. After the initial outbreak, additional outbreaks of lava from new fissures in the Puna area occurred.\n\nBy May 25, 2018, over 20 fissures had erupted lava in or near the Leilani Estates and Lanipuna Gardens subdivisions, resulting in the destruction of at least 82 structures in lower Puna. The eruption forced the evacuation of approximately two thousand residents. The fissures had sent lava rivers that on May 19 buried part of Hawaii Route 137 and began flowing into the ocean.\n\nOn May 29, lava from a new northeastern flow overran Hawaii Route 132, cutting the access between Kapoho and Pāhoa. The massive lava flow reached the Pacific Ocean at Kapoho Bay on June 4. On June 4 the number of houses destroyed by the lower Puna eruption was 117, according to Hawaii County Civil Defense. Lava entered the Kapoho Crater and evaporated Green Lake, the largest natural freshwater lake in Hawai'i.\n\nOn the night of June 4-5, the northeastern flow of lava speedily moved forward and \"almost completely destroyed\" the subdivision of Vacationland Hawaii according to a Hawaii County Civil Defense spokeswoman. By June 5, over 8.6 square miles (22 km2) of land had been covered by lava flows and Kapoho Bay had been filled in with lava now forming a point where the bay had been. On June 7, Hawai‘i island Mayor Harry Kim announced that approximately 600 houses had been covered by lava since the lower Puna eruption had begun. The still-ongoing volcanic activity was the most destructive in the USA since the Mount St. Helens eruption of 1980. ", "date": "2018-06-09"}}
{"topic_id": "252", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Haitian armed forces reinstatement", "topic_description": "Why did Haiti reinstate its armed forces?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Восстановление вооруженных сил Гаити", "topic_description": "Почему Гаити восстановило свои вооруженные силы?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "بازگشت نیروهای مسلح هائیتی", "topic_description": "چرا هائیتی نیروهای مسلح خود را دوباره برقرار کرد ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "海一项armed forces reinstatement", "topic_description": "为什么迪迪·海蒂恢复了它的盔甲？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Восстановление вооруженных сил Гаити", "topic_description": "Почему Гаити восстановила свои вооруженные силы?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "Haiti plans to reinstate their military after it was disbanded over 20 years ago; their mission will primarily be border patrol and keeping the peace. ", "somewhat_valuable": "n/a", "not_that_valuable": "n/a", "non_relevant": "earthquakes in Haiti, military personnel arrested in Ukraine, and soccer scores. "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_of_Haiti&diff=775337436&oldid=775322810", "text": "Disbandment\nFurther information: Operation Uphold Democracy\nAfter years of military interference in politics, including dozens of military coups (from two Duvalier-period attempts in the 1950s and 1960s to the last one staged in 1991), Haiti disbanded its military in 1995. Haiti's National Assembly created new civilian law enforcement, with the heavily armed Haitian National Police, and the Haitian Coast Guard, with the help of the United States and the United Nations. Yet, to date there has been no official constitutional amendment to abolish the military. The United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) has been authorized to complete the disarmament and demobilization of any remaining militias.\n\nWithout its own military, Haiti relies heavily on United Nations (UN) peacekeeping forces. The multinational force has been responsible for quelling riots and preparing for democratic elections. Before UN forces arrived, a multilateral force made up of troops from Canada, Chile, France, and the United States helped stabilize the country under the interim leadership of President Boniface Alexandre.\n\nHaiti has no obvious external threats. Tensions have long existed between Haiti and the Dominican Republic, but the current border has been fixed since 1936.\n\nHaitian National Police\nMain article: Haitian National Police\n\nA Haitian SWAT officer with a U.S. Marine\nThe Haitian National Police is tasked with providing law enforcement and security for Haiti. The force currently numbers more than 8,500 police officers, and is expected to reach 14,000. The force consists of the General and Administrative Services, the Administrative Police, the Judicial Police, the SWAT team, and the Presidential Protection Unit. The Police also has several paramilitary units for defense.\n\nThe Haitian police uses the following weapons:\n\nIMI Galil\nR4 assault rifle\nM16 rifle\nHeckler & Koch G3\nFN MAG\nM1918 Browning automatic rifle\nT65 assault rifle\nHaitian Coast Guard\nMain article: Haitian Coast Guard\nThe Haitian Coast Guard is charged with law enforcement, security, and search and rescue operations. It maintains bases in Port-au-Prince, Cap-Haïtien, and Jacmel. It is led by the Commandant of the Coast Guard, an Assistant Commandant, an Operations Manager, and a Head of Administration. The force currently has 19 vessels. Officially, it is a part of the Haitian National police.\n\nMilitary related statistics\nManpower available for military service: 2,047,083 males age 16-49, 2,047,953 females age 16-49 (2008 estimate)\nManpower fit for military service: 1,303,743 males age 16-49, 1,332,316 females age 16-49 (2008 estimate)\nManpower reaching militarily significant age annually: 105,655 males, 104,376 females (2008 estimate)\nMilitary expenditures: 0.4% of GDP in 2006\nForeign Military Forces\nIn June 2005, the United Nations Security Council authorized a reinforcement of the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH)—from 6,700 troops and 1,600 civilian police to 7,500 troops and 1,900 civilian police—to provide security during the run-up to national elections in February 2006. On June 6, 2005, the UN military force launched a coordinated series of operations against armed gangs in Port-au-Prince. By February 2006, 21 nations had contributed military personnel, and 31 nations had contributed police personnel to MINUSTAH. Brazil was the largest single contributor of military personnel with 1,200 troops. From February to May 2005, the U.S. Southern Command carried out a humanitarian mission in Haiti entitled \"New Horizons 2005.\" The task force built schools, drilled wells, provided preventative health services, and set up temporary housing for orphaned children. Troops from all branches of the U.S. armed forces participated.", "date": "2017-04-14"}}
{"topic_id": "253", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Bus Accidents in the Philippines", "topic_description": "What are the causes, severity, and trends of bus accidents in the Philippines?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Автобусные аварии на Филиппинах", "topic_description": "Какие причины, серьезность и тенденции автобусных аварий на Филиппинах?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "حوادث اتوبوس در فیلیپین", "topic_description": "علل ، شدت و روند حوادث اتوبوس در فیلیپین چیست ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "菲律賓巴士接駁站", "topic_description": "在菲律宾，巴士的原因、严重程度和痕迹是什么？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Автобусные аварии на Филиппинах", "topic_description": "Каковы причины, серьезность и тенденции дорожно-транспортных происшествий на Филиппинах?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "Gives details about causes, severity, and trends in bus accidents in Philippines. ", "somewhat_valuable": "Provides some information about bus accidents in Philippines, such as possible causes, how many injured, etc.", "not_that_valuable": "n/a", "non_relevant": "bus/car accidents in other countries, weather reports, a daily horoscope (with a title directly related to the topic), and earthquakes."}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_traffic_collisions_(2000%E2%80%93present)&oldid=831271534", "text": "2013\nOctober 19 – Philippines – 2013 Atimonan road crash, Atimonan, Quezon. Three buses and four trucks collided, 20 killed and 54 injured.\nDecember 16 – Philippines – 2013 Manila Skyway bus accident, between Parañaque and Taguig. A bus fell off the Metro Manila Skyway, killing 18 and injuring 20.\n\n2017\nFebruary 20 – Philippines – 2017 Tanay bus accident, Tanay, Rizal. A tourist bus carrying more than 50 passengers crashed on a curved road after the vehicle apparently lost control and hit an electric post in Barangay Sampaloc in Tanay, Rizal. 15 people were killed and 40 were injured.\nApril 18 – Philippines – 2017 Nueva Ecija bus accident, Carranglan, Nueva Ecija. A minibus carrying 77 passengers lost its brakes and fell off a ravine in Carranglan, Nueva Ecija. It is recorded as one of the deadliest road accidents in recent Philippine history, leaving 31 dead and 46 injured.\nDecember 25 – Philippines – Agoo. A small bus taking an extended family to a dawn church service crashed into a larger bus in the town of Agoo killing 20.\n", "date": "2018-03-19"}}
{"topic_id": "254", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Russian Social media companies growth", "topic_description": "What are the reasons for record user engagement with Russian social media companies?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Рост российских компаний социальных сетей", "topic_description": "Какие причины рекордного взаимодействия пользователей с российскими  компаниями социальных сетей?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "رشد شرکت های رسانه های اجتماعی روسیه", "topic_description": "دلایل ثبت تعامل کاربر با شرکت های رسانه های اجتماعی روسیه چیست ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "俄罗斯社交媒体compgrowth", "topic_description": "什么是reasons与俄罗斯suser compensement?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Рост российских компаний в социальных сетях", "topic_description": "Каковы причины для регистрации взаимодействия пользователей с российскими компаниями в социальных сетях?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "Record number of Ukrainian users of Russian social media after Ukrainian govt bans Russian social media use inside Ukraine. ", "somewhat_valuable": "Russian social media sites like VK and Odnoklassniki provide Ukrainian users with work around to access sites after ban. ", "not_that_valuable": "n/a", "non_relevant": "Pictures of a chicken egg was the most popular thing on Instagram.. "}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&oldid=787518039", "text": "While the popularity of social networking consistently rises, new uses for the technology are frequently being observed. At the forefront of emerging trends in social networking sites is the concept of \"real-time web\" and \"location-based.\" Real-time allows users to contribute contents, which is then broadcast as it is being uploaded - the concept is analogous to live radio and television broadcasts. Twitter set the trend for \"real-time\" services, wherein users can broadcast to the world what they are doing, or what is on their minds within a 140-character limit. Facebook followed suit with their \"Live Feed\" where users' activities are streamed as soon as it happens. While Twitter focuses on words, Clixtr, another real-time service, focuses on group photo sharing wherein users can update their photo streams with photos while at an event. Facebook, however, remains the largest photo sharing site - Facebook application and photo aggregator Pixable estimates that Facebook will have 100 billion photos by Summer 2012 . In April, 2012, the image-based social media network Pinterest had become the third largest social network in the United States.\n\nCompanies have begun to merge business technologies and solutions, such as cloud computing, with social networking concepts. Instead of connecting individuals based on social interest, companies are developing interactive communities that connect individuals based on shared business needs or experiences. Many provide specialized networking tools and applications that can be accessed via their websites, such as LinkedIn. Others companies, such as Monster.com, have been steadily developing a more \"socialized\" feel to their career center sites to harness some of the power of social networking sites. These more business related sites have their own nomenclature for the most part but the most common naming conventions are \"Vocational Networking Sites\" or \"Vocational Media Networks\", with the former more closely tied to individual networking relationships based on social networking principles.\n\nFoursquare gained popularity as it allowed for users to check into places that they are frequenting at that moment. Gowalla is another such service that functions in much the same way that Foursquare does, leveraging the GPS in phones to create a location-based user experience. Clixtr, though in the real-time space, is also a location-based social networking site, since events created by users are automatically geotagged, and users can view events occurring nearby through the Clixtr iPhone app. Recently, Yelp announced its entrance into the location-based social networking space through check-ins with their mobile app; whether or not this becomes detrimental to Foursquare or Gowalla is yet to be seen, as it is still considered a new space in the Internet technology industry.\n\nOne popular use for this new technology is social networking between businesses. Companies have found that social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter are great ways to build their brand image. According to Jody Nimetz, author of Marketing Jive, there are five major uses for businesses and social media: to create brand awareness, as an online reputation management tool, for recruiting, to learn about new technologies and competitors, and as a lead generation tool to intercept potential prospects. These companies are able to drive traffic to their own online sites while encouraging their consumers and clients to have discussions on how to improve or change products or services. As of September 2013, 71% of online adults use Facebook, 17% use Instagram, 21% use Pinterest, and 22% use LinkedIn.\n\nNiche networks\nIn 2012, it was reported that in the past few years, the niche social network has steadily grown in popularity, thanks to better levels of user interaction and engagement. In 2012, a survey by Reuters and research firm Ipsos found that one in three users were getting bored with Facebook and in 2014 the GlobalWebIndex found that this figured had risen to almost 50%. The niche social network offers a specialized space that's designed to appeal to a very specific market with a clearly defined set of needs. Where once the streams of social minutia on networks such as Facebook and Twitter were the ultimate in online voyeurism, now users are looking for connections, community and shared experiences. Social networks that tap directly into specific activities, hobbies, tastes and lifestyles are seeing a consistent rise in popularity. Niche social networks such as Fishbrain for fishing and Strava for cycling. These social platforms offer brands a rich space in which to engage with their target market and build awareness.\n\nScience\nOne other use that is being discussed is the use of social networks in the science communities. Julia Porter Liebeskind et al. have published a study on how new biotechnology firms are using social networking sites to share exchanges in scientific knowledge. They state in their study that by sharing information and knowledge with one another, they are able to \"increase both their learning and their flexibility in ways that would not be possible within a self-contained hierarchical organization.\" Social networking is allowing scientific groups to expand their knowledge base and share ideas, and without these new means of communicating their theories might become \"isolated and irrelevant\". Researchers use social networks frequently to maintain and develop professional relationships. They are interested in consolidating social ties and professional contact, keeping in touch with friends and colleagues and seeing what their own contacts are doing. This can be related to their need to keep updated on the activities and events of their friends and colleagues in order to establish collaborations on common fields of interest and knowledge sharing. Social Networks are used also to communicate scientists research results and as a public communication tool and to connect people who share the same professional interests, their benefits can vary according to the discipline. The most interesting aspects of social networks for professional purposes are their potentialities in terms of dissemination of information and the ability to reach and multiply professional contacts exponentially. Social networks like Academia.edu, LinkedIn, Facebook, and ResearchGate give the possibility to join professional groups and pages, to share papers and results, publicize events, to discuss issues and create debates. Academia.edu is extensively used by researchers, where they follow a combination of social networking and scholarly norms. ResearchGate is also widely used by researchers, especially to disseminate and discuss their publications, where it seems to attract an audience that it wider than just other scientists.\n\nEducation\n\nThe European Southern Observatory uses social networks to engage people in astronomical observations.\nThe advent of social networking platforms may also be impacting the way(s) in which learners engage with technology in general. For a number of years, Prensky's (2001) dichotomy between Digital Natives and Digital Immigrants has been considered a relatively accurate representation of the ease with which people of a certain age range—in particular those born before and after 1980—use technology. Prensky's theory has been largely disproved, however, and not least on account of the burgeoning popularity of social networking sites and other metaphors such as White and Le Cornu's \"Visitors\" and \"Residents\" (2011) are greater currency. The use of online social networks by school libraries is also increasingly prevalent and they are being used to communicate with potential library users, as well as extending the services provided by individual school libraries. Social networks and their educational uses are of interest to many researchers. According to Livingstone and Brake (2010), \"Social networking sites, like much else on the Internet, represent a moving target for researchers and policy makers.\" Pew Research Center project, called Pew Internet, did a USA-wide survey in 2009 and in 2010 February published that 47% of American adults use a social networking website. Same survey found that 73% of online teenagers use SNS, which is an increase from 65% in 2008, 55% in 2006. Recent studies have shown that social network services provide opportunities within professional education, curriculum education, and learning. However, there are constraints in this area. Researches, especially in Africa, have disclosed that the use of social networks among students have been known to negatively affect their academic life. This is buttressed by the fact that their use constitutes distractions, as well as that the students tend to invest a good deal of time in the use of such technologies.\n\nAlbayrak and Yildirim (2015) examined the educational use of social networking sites. They investigated students' involvement in Facebook as a Course Management System (CMS) and the findings of their study support that Facebook as a CMS has the potential to increase student involvement in discussions and out-of-class communication among instructors and students.\n\nProfessional use\nProfessional use of social networking services refers to the employment of a network site to connect with other professionals within a given field of interest. SNSs like LinkedIn, a social networking website geared towards companies and industry professionals looking to make new business contacts or keep in touch with previous co-workers, affiliates, and clients. Not only does LinkedIn provide a professional social use, but it also encourages people to inject their personality into their profile–making it more personal than a resume. Other network sites are now being used in this manner, Twitter has become [a] mainstay for professional development as well as promotion and online SNSs support both the maintenance of existing social ties and the formation of new connections. Much of the early research on online communities assume that individuals using these systems would be connecting with others outside their preexisting social group or location, liberating them to form communities around shared interests, as opposed to shared geography. Other researchers have suggested that the professional use of network sites produce \"social capital.\" For individuals, social capital allows a person to draw on resources from other members of the networks to which he or she belongs. These resources can take the form of useful information, personal relationships, or the capacity to organize groups. As well, networks within these services also can be established or built by joining special interest groups that others have made, or creating one and asking others to join.\n\nCurriculum use\nAccording to Doering, Beach and O'Brien, a future English curriculum needs to recognize a major shift in how adolescents are communicating with each other. Curriculum uses of social networking services also can include sharing curriculum-related resources. Educators tap into user-generated content to find and discuss curriculum-related content for students. Responding to the popularity of social networking services among many students, teachers are increasingly using social networks to supplement teaching and learning in traditional classroom environments as they can provide new opportunities for enriching existing curriculum through creative, authentic and flexible, non-linear learning experiences. Some social networks, such as English, baby! and LiveMocha, are explicitly education-focused and couple instructional content with an educational peer environment. The new Web 2.0 technologies built into most social networking services promote conferencing, interaction, creation, research on a global scale, enabling educators to share, remix, and repurpose curriculum resources. In short, social networking services can become research networks as well as learning networks.\n\nLearning use\nEducators and advocates of new digital literacies are confident that social networking encourages the development of transferable, technical, and social skills of value in formal and informal learning. In a formal learning environment, goals or objectives are determined by an outside department or agency. Tweeting, instant messaging, or blogging enhances student involvement. Students who would not normally participate in class are more apt to partake through social network services. Networking allows participants the opportunity for just-in-time learning and higher levels of engagement. The use of SNSs allow educators to enhance the prescribed curriculum. When learning experiences are infused into a website students utilize everyday for fun, students realize that learning can and should be a part of everyday life.[citation needed] It does not have to be separate and unattached. Informal learning consists of the learner setting the goals and objectives. It has been claimed that media no longer just influence human culture; they are human culture. With such a high number of users between the ages of 13–18, a number of skills are developed. Participants hone technical skills in choosing to navigate through social networking services. This includes elementary items such as sending an instant message or updating a status. The development of new media skills are paramount in helping youth navigate the digital world with confidence. Social networking services foster learning through what Jenkins (2006) describes as a \"participatory culture.\" A participatory culture consists of a space that allows engagement, sharing, mentoring, and an opportunity for social interaction. Participants of social network services avail of this opportunity. Informal learning, in the forms of participatory and social learning online, is an excellent tool for teachers to sneak in material and ideas that students will identify with and therefore, in a secondary manner, students will learn skills that would normally be taught in a formal setting in the more interesting and engaging environment of social learning. Sites like Twitter provide students with the opportunity to converse and collaborate with others in real time. Social networking services provide a virtual \"space\" for learners. James Gee (2004) suggests that affinity spaces instantiate participation, collaboration, distribution, dispersion of expertise, and relatedness. Registered users share and search for knowledge which contributes to informal learning.\n\nConstraints\nIn the past, social networking services were viewed as a distraction and offered no educational benefit. Blocking these social networks was a form of protection for students against wasting time, bullying, and invasions of privacy. In an educational setting, Facebook, for example, is seen by many instructors and educators as a frivolous, time-wasting distraction from schoolwork, and it is not uncommon to be banned in junior high or high school computer labs. Cyberbullying has become an issue of concern with social networking services. According to the UK Children Go Online survey of 9- to 19-year-olds, it was found that a third have received bullying comments online. To avoid this problem, many school districts/boards have blocked access to social networking services such as Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter within the school environment. Social networking services often include a lot of personal information posted publicly, and many believe that sharing personal information is a window into privacy theft. Schools have taken action to protect students from this. It is believed that this outpouring of identifiable information and the easy communication vehicle that social networking services opens the door to sexual predators, cyberbullying, and cyberstalking. In contrast, however, 70% of social media using teens and 85% of adults believe that people are mostly kind to one another on social network sites. Recent research suggests that there has been a shift in blocking the use of social networking services. In many cases, the opposite is occurring as the potential of online networking services is being realized. It has been suggested that if schools block them [social networking services], they're preventing students from learning the skills they need. Banning social networking […] is not only inappropriate but also borderline irresponsible when it comes to providing the best educational experiences for students. Schools and school districts have the option of educating safe media usage as well as incorporating digital media into the classroom experience, thus preparing students for the literacy they will encounter in the future.\n\nPositive correlates\nA cyberpsychology research study conducted by Australian researchers demonstrated that a number of positive psychological outcomes are related to Facebook use. These researchers established that people can derive a sense of social connectedness and belongingness in the online environment. Importantly, this online social connectedness was associated with lower levels of depression and anxiety, and greater levels of subjective well-being. These findings suggest that the nature of online social networking determines the outcomes of online social network use.\n\nGrassroots organizing\nSocial networks are being used by activists as a means of low-cost grassroots organizing. Extensive use of an array of social networking sites enabled organizers of the 2009 National Equality March to mobilize an estimated 200,000 participants to march on Washington with a cost savings of up to 85% per participant over previous methods. The August 2011 England riots were similarly considered to have escalated and been fuelled by this type of grassroots organization.\n\nEmployment\nA rise in social network use is being driven by college students using the services to network with professionals for internship and job opportunities. Many studies have been done on the effectiveness of networking online in a college setting, and one notable one is by Phipps Arabie and Yoram Wind published in Advances in Social Network Analysis. Many schools have implemented online alumni directories which serve as makeshift social networks that current and former students can turn to for career advice. However, these alumni directories tend to suffer from an oversupply of advice-seekers and an undersupply of advice providers. One new social networking service, Ask-a-peer, aims to solve this problem by enabling advice seekers to offer modest compensation to advisers for their time. LinkedIn is also another great resource. It helps alumni, students and unemployed individuals look for work. They are also able to connect with others professionally and network with companies.\n\nIn addition, employers have been found to use social network sites to screen job candidates.\n\nHosting service\nA social network hosting service is a web hosting service that specifically hosts the user creation of web-based social networking services, alongside related applications.\n\nTrading networks\nA social trade network is a service that allows traders of financial derivatives such as contracts for difference or foreign exchange contracts to share their trading activity via trading profiles online. There services are created by financial brokers.\n\nBusiness model\nFew social networks charge money for membership. In part, this may be because social networking is a relatively new service, and the value of using them has not been firmly established in customers' minds. Companies such as Myspace and Facebook sell online advertising on their site. Their business model is based upon large membership count, and charging for membership would be counterproductive. Some believe that the deeper information that the sites have on each user will allow much better targeted advertising than any other site can currently provide. In recent times, Apple has been critical of the Google and Facebook model, in which users are defined as product and a commodity, and their data being sold for marketing revenue. Social networks operate under an autonomous business model, in which a social network's members serve dual roles as both the suppliers and the consumers of content. This is in contrast to a traditional business model, where the suppliers and consumers are distinct agents. Revenue is typically gained in the autonomous business model via advertisements, but subscription-based revenue is possible when membership and content levels are sufficiently high.\n\nSocial interaction\nPeople use social networking sites for meeting new friends, finding old friends, or locating people who have the same problems or interests they have, called niche networking. More and more relationships and friendships are being formed online and then carried to an offline setting. Psychologist and University of Hamburg professor Erich H. Witte says that relationships which start online are much more likely to succeed. In this regard, there are studies which predict tie strength among the friends on social networking websites. Witte has said that in less than 10 years, online dating will be the predominant way for people to start a relationship. One online dating site claims that 2% of all marriages begin at its site, the equivalent of 236 marriages a day. Other sites claim one in five relationships begin online. Users do not necessarily share with others the content which is of most interest to them, but rather that which projects a good impression of themselves. While everyone agrees that social networking has had a significant impact on social interaction, there remains a substantial disagreement as to whether the nature of this impact is completely positive. A number of scholars have done research on the negative effects of Internet communication as well. These researchers have contended that this form of communication is an impoverished version of conventional face-to-face social interactions, and therefore produce negative outcomes such as loneliness and depression for users who rely on social networking entirely. By engaging solely in online communication, interactions between communities, families, and other social groups are weakened.", "date": "2017-06-25"}}
{"topic_id": "255", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Chinese President Term Limits removed", "topic_description": "What is the intent of Xi Jinping removing term limits from the Chinese presidency and what are the likely impacts of this move on the liberty of Chinese citizens?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Ограничение срока президента Китая снято", "topic_description": "Каковы намерения Си Цзиньпина, отменяющего ограничения сроков пребывания на посту президента Китая, и каковы вероятные последствия этого шага для свободы китайских граждан?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "محدودیت های مدت رئیس جمهور چین حذف شد", "topic_description": "هدف شی جینپینگ از بین بردن محدودیت های دوره ای از ریاست جمهوری چین چیست و اثرات احتمالی این حرکت بر آزادی شهروندان چینی چیست ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "中国总统特姆的限制被推翻", "topic_description": "Xi Jinping的意思是什么，从中国的预见性出发，这个运动对中国的软骨有什么可能影响？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Президент Китая Термин Лимиты удалены", "topic_description": "Каково намерение Си Цзиньпина снять ограничения по срокам с китайского председательства и каковы вероятные последствия этого шага для свободы китайских граждан?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "N/A", "somewhat_valuable": "Details about Xi's economic plan that he intended to implement (Belt and Road initiative), which he claimed he felt he needed more than 10 years to accomplish; Xi's desire for China to have global economic dominance; claims about fighting corruption as part of his desire for longer than 10 years; protests of Chinese citizens studying or living abroad being heavily censured; claim of wanting China to return to its communist ideology, that capitalism is not necessarily tied to democracy; Xi being only the third premier to have his thoughts included in the constitution, but there also is a question of whether the average Chinese will be happy to have their children forced to learn Xi's ideology in school; details about establishing the State Supervisory Committee into the Constitution of the PRC to provide oversight and deal with corruption", "not_that_valuable": "The mere mention of Xi's thoughts being incorporated into the constitution without mentioning details; only the mention of establishing the oversight committee; the mention of the Chinese parliament voting in the text of Xi's thought and removing the term limits; Russian assessment of the impact of removing Chinese term limits on Xi and the country, also how this impacts Russia and Xi’s relations with Russia, particularly in the realm of economic power; Russian perception of Xi’s desire to be the world power by 2049\n", "non_relevant": "Russian term limits and other Russian issues unrelated to China; Deng Xiaping’s and other Chinese history; comparison of the Soviet Union to China; China - DPRK relations; Forbes rating system on wealth; China - US trade war; Xi's battle against liberal Western democracy; argument that term limits are anti-democratic, using Putin and Xi as examples; Investors not happy with China; Russian-Chinese Econ relations; Deng Xioping’s meeting with Gorbachev; Xi’s seizure of power is a global trend, not a unique act; China’s experiment with transparency; Assessment of China’s economic development and what stage it is at;\nRussian assessment that there is an ideological vacuum growing in China\n"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xi_Jinping&oldid=827152742#Consolidation_of_power", "text": "Political observers have called Xi \"the most powerful Chinese leader since Deng Xiaoping.\" Xi has notably departed from the \"collective rule\" practices of his predecessor Hu Jintao. During his years as the party's general secretary, Hu was seen as the \"first among equals\" with his Standing Committee colleagues, an arbiter of collective opinion. In the top leadership, Hu's power was shared, mostly notably with Premier Wen Jiabao and former Political and Legal Affairs Commission Secretary Zhou Yongkang, who presided over the government bureaucracy (and thus, the economy) and the state security system, respectively. Xi, on the other hand, has unmistakably become the central figure of the new administration.\n\nBeginning in 2013, the party under Xi has created a series of new \"Central Leading Groups\", that is, supra-ministerial steering committees, to bypass existing institutions when making decisions, and ostensibly making policy-making a more efficient process. The most notable new body is the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms, which has broad jurisdiction over economic restructuring and social reforms, said to have displaced some of the power previously held by the State Council and its Premier. Xi also became the leader of the Central Leading Group for Internet Security and Informatization, in charge of cyber-security and internet policy. The Third Plenum held in 2013 also saw the creation of the National Security Commission of the Communist Party of China, another body chaired by Xi which is believed to have ultimate oversight over issues of national security such as combating terrorism, intelligence, espionage, ultimately incorporating many areas of jurisdiction formerly vested in the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission under Zhou Yongkang.\n\nXi has also been active in his participation in military affairs, taking a direct hands-on approach to military reform. In addition to being the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, and the leader of the Central Leading Group for Military Reform founded in 2014 to oversee comprehensive military reforms, Xi has delivered numerous high-profile pronouncements vowing to clean up malfeasance and complacency in the military, aiming to build a more effective fighting force. In addition, Xi held the \"New Gutian Conference\" in 2014, gathering China's top military officers, re-emphasizing the principle of \"the party has absolute control over the army\" first established by Mao at the 1929 Gutian Conference. According to a University of California, San Diego expert on Chinese military, Xi “has been able to take political control of the military to an extent that exceeds what Mao and Deng have done”.\n\nOn 21 April 2016 Xi was named as 'commander in chief' of the country's new Joint Operations Command Center of the People's Liberation Army by Xinhua news agency and the broadcaster China Central Television. Some analysts interpreted this move as an attempt to display strength and strong leadership and as being more \"political than military\". According to Ni Lexiong, a military affairs expert, Xi \"not only controls the military but also does it in an absolute manner, and that in wartime, he is ready to command personally\".\n\nThe \"Document No. 9\" is a confidential internal document widely circulated within the Communist Party of China in 2013 by the party's General Office. The document was first published in July 2012. The document warns of seven dangerous Western values: constitutional democracy, universal values of human rights, civil society, pro-market neo-liberalism, media independence, historical nihilism [criticisms of past errors], and questioning Reform and Opening. Coverage of these topics in educational materials is forbidden. The release of this internal document, which has introduced new topics that were previously not 'off-limits', was seen as Xi's recognition of the 'sacrosanct' nature of Communist Party rule over China.\n\nSince Xi Jinping became the president of the PRC censorship has been “significantly stepped up”. His administration has also overseen more internet restrictions imposed in China, and is described as being \"stricter across the board\" on speech than previous administrations. Xi's term has resulted in a further suppression of dissent from civil society. Xi's term has seen the arrest and imprisonment of activists such as Xu Zhiyong, as well as numerous others who identified with the New Citizens' Movement. Prominent legal activist Pu Zhiqiang of the Weiquan movement was also arrested and detained. The situation for users of Weibo has been described as a change from fearing that individual posts would be deleted, or at worst one's account, to fear of arrest. A law enacted in September 2013 authorized a three-year prison term for bloggers who shared more than 500 times any content considered \"defamatory\". A group of influential bloggers were summoned by the State Internet Information Department to a seminar instructing them to avoid writing about politics, the Communist Party, or making statements contradicting official narratives. Many bloggers stopped writing about controversial topics, and Weibo went into decline, with much of its readership shifting to WeChat users speaking to very limited social circles.\n\nIn July 2017, the character Winnie-the-Pooh was blocked on Chinese social media sites because bloggers had been comparing the plump bear to China's leader Xi Jinping. This follows a previous incident where Chinese authorities censored a 9 year old child for comments about Xi's weight.", "date": "2018-02-23"}}
{"topic_id": "256", "languages_with_qrels": ["rus"], "topics": [{"lang": "eng", "source": "original", "topic_title": "Causes of Mediterranean migrants drownings", "topic_description": "What are the causes of migrants drowning while attempting to cross the Mediterranean Sea?"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "human translation", "topic_title": "Причины утопления средиземноморских мигрантов", "topic_description": "По каким причинам мигранты тонут при попытке пересечь Средиземное море?"}, {"lang": "fas", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "علل غرق شدن مهاجران مدیترانه ای", "topic_description": "دلایل غرق شدن مهاجران در تلاش برای عبور از دریای مدیترانه چیست ؟"}, {"lang": "zho", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "地中海移民溺水的原因", "topic_description": "迁徙者的原因是什么？"}, {"lang": "rus", "source": "20220114-scale21-sockeye2-tm1", "topic_title": "Причины утопления средиземноморских мигрантов", "topic_description": "Каковы причины утопления мигрантов при попытке пересечь Средиземное море?"}], "narratives": {"rus": {"very_valuable": "N/A", "somewhat_valuable": "Articles that describe specifically the causes of drowning, such as smugglers overcrowding boats, as well as using rubber rafts or unseaworthy boats, also if a boat capsized due to weather. Another cause of drowning is whether rescuers, such a the Libyan Navy, have the resources to reach every immigrant. \n ", "not_that_valuable": "Articles that hint at the cause of boats capsizing, such as when a number is mentioned, or a rubber raft is mentioned. ", "non_relevant": "Articles on politicians’ views of the drownings; UN position or efforts on refugees; article on the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov; statistical information regarding refugees (country of origin, number, age); European countries’ positions or efforts regarding refugees; articles on successful rescues; immigrant situation impact on European domestic politics; reports of individual incidents without mentioning a cause; boat accidents and drownings not related to the Mediterranean crossing"}}, "report": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Europe&oldid=865282890#Illegal_immigration", "text": "Illegal immigration from Africa to Europe is significant. Many people from underdeveloped African countries embark on the dangerous journey for Europe, in hopes of a better life. In parts of Africa, particularly Mauritania and Morocco, trafficking of immigrants to Europe has become more lucrative than drug trafficking. Some migrants die during the journey. Most of those whose claim for asylum were unsuccessful are deported back to Africa. Libya is the major departure point for irregular migrants setting off for Europe.\n\nBetween October 2013 and October 2014, the Italian government ran Operation Mare Nostrum, a naval and air operation intended to reduce irregular immigration to Europe and the incidence of migratory ship wreckages off the coast of Lampedusa. The Italian government ceased the operation as it was judged to be unsustainable, involving a large proportion of the Italian navy. The operation was replaced by a more limited joint EU border protection operation, named Operation Triton managed by the EU border agency, Frontex. Some other European governments, including Britain's, argued that the operations such as Mare Nostrum and Triton serve to provide an \"unintended pull factor\" encouraging further migration.\n\nIn 2014, 170,100 irregular migrants were recorded arriving in Italy by sea (an increase from 42,925 arrivals recorded in 2013), 141,484 of them leaving from Libya. Most of them came from Syria, the Horn of Africa and West Africa.\n\nThe issue returned to international headlines with a series of migrant shipwrecks, part of the 2015 Mediterranean migration crisis. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) estimates suggest that between the start of 2015 and the middle of April, 21,000 migrants had reached the Italian coast and 900 migrants had died in the Mediterranean. Critics of European policy towards irregular migration in the Mediterranean argue that the cancellation of Operation Mare Nostrum failed to deter migrants and that its replacement with Triton \"created the conditions for the higher death toll.\"", "date": "2018-10-22"}}