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title: From Binary Thinking to Full-Spectrum Thinking
created: 2025-11-15T16:47:35
modified: 2025-11-15T16:47:35
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> _“Categories move us toward certainty, but away from clarity.” — Bob Johansen_

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# 從二極體到光譜 — 擺脫二元論的思維

二極體的特性是只有兩極，就像世間事物常被簡化為對與錯、黑與白、是與非。然而，世界並不是如此非黑即白地簡單。如果可以那倒輕鬆了些。但事實上，世事更像一條光譜。正如股癌在《灰階思考》中所提到的: 「零到一之間，有無限個數字；黑與白之間，也有無限個灰階。」

這種思考方式提醒我們，絕大多數問題其實存在更多層次與 [可能性](probabilistic-thinking.md)，值得我們跳脫二元框架，以更開放的視角探索世界的多樣性與複雜性。

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> _“There are no differences but differences of degree between different degrees of difference and no difference.” — William James_

* He’s highlighting that **all distinctions we make are relative** and lie on a **spectrum**. There’s rarely a true **binary** (either/or); most things are **more or less**, **not/not-at-all**, **slightly/somewhat/extremely** different rather than **entirely different**.
* This idea aligns with **James’ pragmatism**, where the _value_ or _truth_ of a concept comes from its practical effect, and where sharp boundaries are often illusions created by language or perception.
* In short, William James is pointing out that **apparent differences** (even between difference and no difference) are usually **quantitative, not qualitative**—and our perception of sharp boundaries is often an illusion.

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[How to Avoid Binary Thinking and Think More Clearly - LifeHack](https://www.lifehack.org/881768/binary-thinking)

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[Duality & Polarity](duality-vs-polarity.md)