{ "countries": { "world": { "data": { "name": "World", "introduction": { "background": "Globally, the 20th century was marked by: (a) two devastating world wars; (b) the Great Depression of the 1930s; (c) the end of vast colonial empires; (d) rapid advances in science and technology, from the first airplane flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina (US) to the landing on the moon; (e) the Cold War between the Western alliance and the Warsaw Pact nations; (f) a sharp rise in living standards in North America, Europe, and Japan; (g) increased concerns about environmental degradation including deforestation, energy and water shortages, declining biological diversity, and air pollution; (h) the onset of the AIDS epidemic; and (i) the ultimate emergence of the US as the only world superpower. The planet's population continues to explode: from 1 billion in 1820 to 2 billion in 1930, 3 billion in 1960, 4 billion in 1974, 5 billion in 1987, 6 billion in 1999, and 7 billion in 2012. For the 21st century, the continued exponential growth in science and technology raises both hopes (e.g., advances in medicine and agriculture) and fears (e.g., development of even more lethal weapons of war)." }, "geography": { "overview": "The surface of the earth is approximately 70.9% water and 29.1% land. The former portion is divided into large bodies termed oceans. The World Factbook recognizes and describes five oceans, which are in decreasing order of size: the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean.\nThe land portion is generally divided into several, large, discrete landmasses termed continents. Depending on the convention used, the number of continents can vary from five to seven. The most common classification recognizes seven, which are (from largest to smallest): Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. Asia and Europe are sometimes lumped together into a Eurasian continent resulting in six continents. Alternatively, North and South America are sometimes grouped as simply the Americas, resulting in a continent total of six (or five, if the Eurasia designation is used).\nNorth America is commonly understood to include the island of Greenland, the isles of the Caribbean, and to extend south all the way to the Isthmus of Panama. The easternmost extent of Europe is generally defined as being the Ural Mountains and the Ural River; on the southeast the Caspian Sea; and on the south the Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea, and the Mediterranean. Portions of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkey fall within both Europe and Asia, but in every instance the larger section is in Asia. These countries are considered part of both continents. Armenia and Cyprus, which lie completely in Western Asia, are geopolitically European countries.\nAsia usually incorporates all the islands of the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The islands of the Pacific are often lumped with Australia into a \"land mass\" termed Oceania or Australasia. Africa's northeast extremity is frequently delimited at the Isthmus of Suez, but for geopolitical purposes, the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula is often included as part of Africa.\nAlthough the above groupings are the most common, different continental dispositions are recognized or taught in certain parts of the world, with some arrangements more heavily based on cultural spheres rather than physical geographic considerations.\nBased on the seven-continent model, and grouping islands with adjacent continents, Africa has the most countries with 54. Europe contains 49 countries and Asia 48, but these two continents share five countries: Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkey. North America consists of 23 sovereign states, Oceania has 14, and South America 12.\ncountries by continent: Africa (54): Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe\nEurope (49): Albania, Andorra, Austria, Azerbaijan*, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia*, Germany, Greece, Holy See (Vatican City), Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan*, Kosovo, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia*, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey*, Ukraine, United Kingdom (* indicates part of the country is also in Asia)\nAsia (48): Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan*, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Cyprus, Georgia*, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan*, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Russia*, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Turkey*, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen (* indicates part of the country is also in Europe)\nNorth America (23): Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United States\nOceania (14): Australia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Zealand, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu\nSouth America (12): Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela", "map_references": "Physical Map of the World", "area": { "total": { "value": 510072000, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 148940000, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 361132000, "units": "sq km" }, "note": "70.9% of the world's surface is water, 29.1% is land", "comparative": "land area about 16 times the size of the US" }, "land_boundaries": { "note": "46 nations and other areas are landlocked, these include: Afghanistan, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Czech Republic, Ethiopia, Holy See (Vatican City), Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Paraguay, Rwanda, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, South Sudan, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, West Bank, Zambia, Zimbabwe; two of these, Liechtenstein and Uzbekistan, are doubly landlocked" }, "coastline": { "value": 356000, "units": "km", "note": "95 nations and other entities are islands that border no other countries, they include: American Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Baker Island, Barbados, Bermuda, Bouvet Island, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cabo Verde, Cayman Islands, Christmas Island, Clipperton Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Comoros, Cook Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, Dominica, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Faroe Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Greenland, Grenada, Guam, Guernsey, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Howland Island, Iceland, Isle of Man, Jamaica, Jan Mayen, Japan, Jarvis Island, Jersey, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Kiribati, Madagascar, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mayotte, Federated States of Micronesia, Midway Islands, Montserrat, Nauru, Navassa Island, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Palmyra Atoll, Paracel Islands, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Singapore, Sint Maarten, Solomon Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Spratly Islands, Sri Lanka, Svalbard, Taiwan, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Virgin Islands, Wake Island, Wallis and Futuna" }, "maritime_claims": "a variety of situations exist, but in general, most countries make the following claims measured from the mean low-tide baseline as described in the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea: territorial sea - 12 nm, contiguous zone - 24 nm, and exclusive economic zone - 200 nm; additional zones provide for exploitation of continental shelf resources and an exclusive fishing zone; boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many countries from extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200 nm", "climate": "a wide equatorial band of hot and humid tropical climates, bordered north and south by subtropical temperate zones that separate two large areas of cold and dry polar climates", "terrain": "tremendous variation of terrain on each of the continents; check the World 'Elevation' entry for a compilation of terrain extremes", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 840, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Bentley Subglacial Trench (Antarctica)", "elevation": { "value": -2555, "units": "m" }, "note": "in the oceanic realm, Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench is the lowest point, lying -10,924 m below the surface of the Pacific Ocean" }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mount Everest", "elevation": { "value": 8850, "units": "m" } }, "top_ten_highest_mountains_measured_from_sea_level": "Mount Everest (China-Nepal) 8,850 m; K2 (Pakistan) 8,611 m; Kanchenjunga (India-Nepal) 8,598 m; Lhotse (Nepal) 8,516 m; Makalu (China-Nepal) 8,463 m; Cho Oyu (China-Nepal) 8,201 m; Dhaulagiri (Nepal) 8,167 m; Manaslu (Nepal) 8,163 m; Nanga Parbat (Pakistan) 8,125 m; Anapurna (Nepal) 8,091 m", "note": "Mauna Kea (United States) is the world's tallest mountain as measured from base to summit; the peak of this volcanic colossus lies on the island of Hawaii, but its base begins more than 70 km offshore and at a depth of about 6,000 m; total height estimates range from 9,966 m to 10,203 m" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 3242917, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones)", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions)", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "volcanism is a fundamental driver and consequence of plate tectonics, the physical process reshaping the Earth's lithosphere; the world is home to more than 1,500 potentially active volcanoes, with over 500 of these having erupted in historical times; an estimated 500 million people live near these volcanoes; associated dangers include lava flows, lahars (mudflows), pyroclastic flows, ash clouds, ash fall, ballistic projectiles, gas emissions, landslides, earthquakes, and tsunamis; in the 1990s, the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, created a list of 16 Decade Volcanoes worthy of special study because of their great potential for destruction: Avachinsky-Koryaksky (Russia), Colima (Mexico), Etna (Italy), Galeras (Colombia), Mauna Loa (United States), Merapi (Indonesia), Nyiragongo (Democratic Republic of the Congo), Rainier (United States), Sakurajima (Japan), Santa Maria (Guatemala), Santorini (Greece), Taal (Philippines), Teide (Spain), Ulawun (Papua New Guinea), Unzen (Japan), Vesuvius (Italy)", "type": "volcanism" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "large areas subject to overpopulation", "industrial disasters", "air pollution", "water pollution", "acid rain", "toxic substances", "loss of vegetation", "overgrazing", "deforestation", "desertification", "loss of wildlife", "soil degradation", "soil depletion", "erosion", "global warming becoming a greater concern" ] }, "note": "the world is now thought to be about 4.55 billion years old, just about one-third of the 13.8-billion-year age estimated for the universe" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 7323187457, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Mandarin Chinese", "percent": 12.2 }, { "name": "Spanish", "percent": 5.8 }, { "name": "English", "percent": 4.6 }, { "name": "Arabic", "percent": 3.6 }, { "name": "Hindi", "percent": 3.6 }, { "name": "Portuguese", "percent": 2.8 }, { "name": "Bengali", "percent": 2.6 }, { "name": "Russian", "percent": 2.3 }, { "name": "Japanese", "percent": 1.7 }, { "name": "Punjabi" }, { "name": "Western", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "Javanese", "percent": 1.2 } ], "note_1": "percents are for \"first language\" speakers only; the six UN languages - Arabic, Chinese (Mandarin), English, French, Russian, and Spanish (Castilian) - are the mother tongue or second language of about half of the world's population, and are the official languages in more than half the states in the world; some 300 languages have more than a million first-language speakers", "note_2": "all told, there are an estimated 7,100 languages spoken in the world; approximately 80% of these languages are spoken by less than 100,000 people; about 130 languages are spoken by less than 10 people; communities that are isolated from each other in mountainous regions often develop multiple languages; Papua New Guinea, for example, boasts about 840 separate languages", "note_3": "approximately 2,300 languages are spoken in Asia, 2,140, in Africa, 1,310 in the Pacific, 1,060 in the Americas, and 290 in Europe (2016)", "date": "2016" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Christian", "percent": 31.4 }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 23.2 }, { "name": "Hindu", "percent": 15 }, { "name": "Buddhist", "percent": 7.1 }, { "name": "folk religions", "percent": 5.9 }, { "name": "Jewish", "percent": 0.2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.8 }, { "name": "unaffiliated", "percent": 16.4 } ], "date": "2010" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 25.44, "males": 963981944, "females": 898974458 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 16.16, "males": 611311930, "females": 572229547 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 41.12, "males": 1522999578, "females": 1488011505 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 8.6, "males": 307262939, "females": 322668546 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 8.68, "males": 283540918, "females": 352206092 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 52.3, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 39.7, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 12.6, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 7.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 30.1, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 29.4, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 30.9, "units": "years" }, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1.06, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 18.5, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 7.8, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 54, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 2.05, "units": "%" }, "ten_largest_urban_agglomerations": { "by_population": [ { "city": "Tokyo ", "country": "Japan", "population": 38001000 }, { "city": "New Delhi ", "country": "India", "population": 25703000 }, { "city": "Shanghai ", "country": "China", "population": 23741000 }, { "city": "Sao Paulo ", "country": "Brazil", "population": 21066000 }, { "city": "Mumbai ", "country": "India", "population": 21043000 }, { "city": "Mexico City ", "country": "Mexico", "population": 20999000 }, { "city": "Beijing ", "country": "China", "population": 20384000 }, { "city": "Osaka ", "country": "Japan", "population": 20238000 }, { "city": "Cairo ", "country": "Egypt", "population": 18772000 }, { "city": "New York-Newark ", "country": "US", "population": 18593000 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.07, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.07, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.02, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.95, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.805, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.015, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 216, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 34.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 36.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 32.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 69, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 67, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 71.1, "units": "years" }, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.42, "date": "2016" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 96.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 84.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 91.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 3.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 15.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 8.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 82.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 50.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 67.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 17.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 49.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 32.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.8, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 36710700, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 1107600, "date": "2015" } }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 86.1, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 89.9, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 82.2, "units": "%" }, "note": "more than three-quarters of the world's 758 million illiterate adults are found in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa; of all the illiterate adults in the world, almost two-thirds are women (2014)", "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 12, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 12, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 12, "units": "years" }, "date": "2014" } }, "government": { "legal_system": "the legal systems of nearly all countries are generally modeled upon elements of five main types: civil law (including French law, the Napoleonic Code, Roman law, Roman-Dutch law, and Spanish law); common law (including English and US law); customary law; mixed or pluralistic law; and religious law (including Islamic law); an additional type of legal system - international law - governs the conduct of independent nations in their relationships with one another", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "all members of the UN are parties to the statute that established the International Court of Justice (ICJ) or World Court", "61 countries have accepted jurisdiction of the ICJ as compulsory with reservations and 11 countries have accepted ICJ jurisdiction as compulsory without reservations", "states parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICCt) are those countries that have ratified or acceded to the Rome Statute, the treaty that established the Court", "a total of 123 (effective 2 January 2015) countries have accepted jurisdiction of the ICCt (see Appendix B for a clarification on the differing mandates of the ICJ and ICCt)" ], "flag_description": { "note": "the flags of 11 nations: Austria, Botswana, Jamaica, Japan, Laos, Latvia, Macedonia, Micronesia, Nigeria, Switzerland, and Thailand have no top or bottom and may be flown with either long edge on top without any notice being taken" } }, "economy": { "overview": "The international financial crisis of 2008-09 led to the first downturn in global output since 1946 and presented the world with a major new challenge: determining what mix of fiscal and monetary policies to follow to restore growth and jobs, while keeping inflation and debt under control. Financial stabilization and stimulus programs that started in 2009-11, combined with lower tax revenues in 2009-10, required most countries to run large budget deficits. Treasuries issued new public debt - totaling $9.1 trillion since 2008 - to pay for the additional expenditures. To keep interest rates low, most central banks monetized that debt, injecting large sums of money into their economies - between December 2008 and December 2013 the global money supply increased by more than 35%. Governments are now faced with the difficult task of spurring current growth and employment without saddling their economies with so much debt that they sacrifice long-term growth and financial stability. When economic activity picks up, central banks will confront the difficult task of containing inflation without raising interest rates so high they snuff out further growth.\n\nFiscal and monetary data for 2013 are currently available for 180 countries, which together account for 98.5% of world GDP. Of the 180 countries, 82 pursued unequivocally expansionary policies, boosting government spending while also expanding their money supply relatively rapidly - faster than the world average of 3.1%; 28 followed restrictive fiscal and monetary policies, reducing government spending and holding money growth to less than the 3.1% average; and the remaining 70 followed a mix of counterbalancing fiscal and monetary policies, either reducing government spending while accelerating money growth, or boosting spending while curtailing money growth.\n\n(For more information, see attached spreadsheet, Fiscal and Monetary Data, 2008-2012.)\n\nIn 2013, for many countries the drive for fiscal austerity that began in 2011 abated. While 5 out of 6 countries slowed spending in 2012, only 1 in 2 countries slowed spending in 2013. About 1 in 3 countries actually lowered the level of their expenditures. The global growth rate for government expenditures increased from 1.6% in 2012 to 5.1% in 2013, after falling from a 10.1% growth rate in 2011. On the other hand, nearly 2 out of 3 central banks tightened monetary policy in 2013, decelerating the rate of growth of their money supply, compared with only 1 out of 3 in 2012. Roughly 1 of 4 central banks actually withdrew money from circulation, an increase from 1 out of 7 in 2012. Growth of the global money supply, as measured by the narrowly defined M1, slowed from 8.7% in 2009 and 10.4% in 2010 to 5.2% in 2011, 4.6% in 2012, and 3.1% in 2013. Several notable shifts occurred in 2013. By cutting government expenditures and expanding money supplies, the US and Canada moved against the trend in the rest of the world. France reversed course completely. Rather than reducing expenditures and money as it had in 2012, it expanded both. Germany reversed its fiscal policy, sharply expanding federal spending, while continuing to grow the money supply. South Korea shifted monetary policy into high gear, while maintaining a strongly expansionary fiscal policy. Japan, however, continued to pursue austere fiscal and monetary policies.\n\nAustere economic policies have significantly affected economic performance. The global budget deficit narrowed to roughly $2.7 trillion in 2012 and $2.1 trillion in 2013, or 3.8% and 2.5% of World GDP, respectively. But growth of the world economy slipped from 5.1% in 2010 and 3.7% in 2011, to just 3.1% in 2012, and 2.9% in 2013.\n\nCountries with expansionary fiscal and monetary policies achieved significantly higher rates of growth, higher growth of tax revenues, and greater success reducing the public debt burden than those countries that chose contractionary policies. In 2013, the 82 countries that followed a pro-growth approach achieved a median GDP growth rate of 4.7%, compared to 1.7% for the 28 countries with restrictive fiscal and monetary policies, a difference of 3 percentage points. Among the 82, China grew 7.7%, Philippines 6.8%, Malaysia 4.7%, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia 3.6%, Argentina 3.5%, South Korea 2.8%, and Russia 1.3%, while among the 28, Brazil grew 2.3%, Japan 2.0%, South Africa 2.0%, Netherlands -0.8%, Croatia -1.0%, Iran -1.5%, Portugal -1.8%, Greece -3.8%, and Cyprus -8.7%.\n\nFaster GDP growth and lower unemployment rates translated into increased tax revenues and a less cumbersome debt burden. Revenues for the 82 expansionary countries grew at a median rate of 10.7%, whereas tax revenues fell at a median rate of 6.8% for the 28 countries that chose austere economic policies. Budget balances improved for about three-quarters of the 28, but, for most, debt grew faster than GDP, and the median level of their public debt as a share of GDP increased 9.1 percentage points, to 59.2%. On the other hand, budget balances deteriorated for most of the 82 pro-growth countries, but GDP growth outpaced increases in debt, and the median level of public debt as a share of GDP increased just 1.9%, to 39.8%.\n\nThe world recession has suppressed inflation rates - world inflation declined 1.0 percentage point in 2012 to about 4.1% and 0.2 percentage point to 3.9% in 2013. In 2013 the median inflation rate for the 82 pro-growth countries was 1.3 percentage points higher than that for the countries that followed more austere fiscal and monetary policies. Overall, the latter countries also improved their current account balances by shedding imports; as a result, current account balances deteriorated for most of the countries that pursued pro-growth policies. Slow growth of world income continued to hold import demand in check and crude oil prices fell. Consequently, the dollar value of world trade grew just 1.3% in 2013.\n\nBeyond the current global slowdown, the world faces several long standing economic challenges. The addition of 80 million people each year to an already overcrowded globe is exacerbating the problems of pollution, waste-disposal, epidemics, water-shortages, famine, over-fishing of oceans, deforestation, desertification, and depletion of non-renewable resources. The nation-state, as a bedrock economic-political institution, is steadily losing control over international flows of people, goods, services, funds, and technology. The introduction of the euro as the common currency of much of Western Europe in January 1999, while paving the way for an integrated economic powerhouse, has created economic risks because the participating nations have varying income levels and growth rates, and hence, require a different mix of monetary and fiscal policies. Governments, especially in Western Europe, face the difficult political problem of channeling resources away from welfare programs in order to increase investment and strengthen incentives to seek employment. Because of their own internal problems and priorities, the industrialized countries are unable to devote sufficient resources to deal effectively with the poorer areas of the world, which, at least from an economic point of view, are becoming further marginalized. The terrorist attacks on the US on 11 September 2001 accentuated a growing risk to global prosperity - the diversion of resources away from capital investments to counter-terrorism programs.\n\nDespite these vexing problems, the world economy also shows great promise. Technology has made possible further advances in a wide range of fields, from agriculture, to medicine, alternative energy, metallurgy, and transportation. Improved global communications have greatly reduced the costs of international trade, helping the world gain from the international division of labor, raise living standards, and reduce income disparities among nations. Much of the resilience of the world economy in the aftermath of the financial crisis resulted from government and central bank leaders around the globe working in concert to stem the financial onslaught, knowing well the lessons of past economic failures.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 119300000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 115800000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 112200000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 75270000000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3.3, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ] }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 16300, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 16000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 15800, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 57.2, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 16.4, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 25.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.8, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 28.1, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -27.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 6.3, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 30.2, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 62.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 26.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 27.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 27.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ] }, "industries": { "note": "dominated by the onrush of technology, especially in computers, robotics, telecommunications, medicines and medical equipment; most of these advances take place in OECD nations; only a small portion of non-OECD countries have succeeded in rapidly adjusting to these technological forces; the accelerated development of new technologies is complicating already grim environmental problems" }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 2.3, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 3530000000, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 31.7, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 23.6, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 44.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2013" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7.3, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 7.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 30, "units": "%", "date": "2007" } ] }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2.6, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 30.2, "units": "%" }, "date": "2008" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 37.9, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 37.9, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2005" } ] }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 19800000000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 22020000000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 26.3, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -3, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 59.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 58.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ] }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.6, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 5.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 5.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0, "units": "%" } ] }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 30970000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 27910000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ] }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 83640000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 80790000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ] }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 93950000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 88820000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ] }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 66790000000000.01, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 67470000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 67160000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ] }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 15780000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 15860000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ] }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "electrical machinery", "computers", "mineral fuels", "oil", "coal", "gas", "refined products", "nuclear reactors", "boilers", "parts", "cars", "trucks", "buses", "scientific", "precision instruments", "plastics", "iron", "steel", "organic chemicals", "pharmaceutical products", "diamonds", "pearls", "precious stones" ], "date": "2007" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 15130000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 16050000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ] }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "electrical machinery", "computers", "mineral fuels", "oil", "coal", "gas", "refined products", "nuclear reactors", "boilers", "parts", "cars", "trucks", "buses", "scientific", "precision instruments", "plastics", "iron", "steel", "organic chemicals", "pharmaceutical products", "diamonds", "pearls", "precious stones" ], "date": "2007" } }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 75890000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 74740000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "note": "this figure is the sum total of all countries' external debt, both public and private" }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 28060000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 26070000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ] }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 29560000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 27720000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ] } } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 1201000000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 83, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 95, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 70, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 23140000000000, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 21360000000000, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 624000000000, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "kWh": 679200000000, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 6301000000, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 64.2, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 6.8, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 18.4, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 10.5, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 81800000, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 46600000, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 47380000, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 1665000000000, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 87690000, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 92790000, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 27740000, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 26140000, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 3544000000000, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 3560000000000, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 1157000000000, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 1472000000000, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 193900000000000, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 33130000000.000004, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "internet": { "users": { "top_ten_countries_by_internet_usage_in_millions": 59, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "heliports": { "total": 6524, "date": "2013" } }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 1148186, "units": "km" }, "date": "2013" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 64285009, "units": "km" }, "date": "2013" }, "waterways": { "value": 2293412, "units": "km", "note": "rivers are not necessarily navigable along the entire length; if measured by volume, the Amazon is the largest river in the world", "top_ten_longest_rivers": "Nile 6,693 km; Amazon 6,436 km; Mississippi-Missouri 6,238 km; Yenisey-Angara 5,981 km; Ob-Irtysh 5,569 km; Yangtze 5,525 km; Yellow 4,671 km; Amur 4,352 km; Lena 4,345 km; Congo 4,344 km", "top_ten_largest_natural_lakes": "Caspian Sea 372,960 sq km; Lake Superior 82,414 sq km; Lake Victoria 69,490 sq km; Lake Huron 59,596 sq km; Lake Michigan 57,441 sq km; Lake Tanganyika 32,890 sq km; Great Bear Lake 31,800 sq km; Lake Baikal 31,494 sq km; Lake Nyasa 30,044 sq km; Great Slave Lake 28,400 sq km", "note_1": "the areas of the lakes are subject to seasonal variation; only the Caspian Sea is saline, the rest are fresh water", "note_2": "Lakes Huron and Michigan are technically a single lake because the flow of water between the Straits of Mackinac that connects the two lakes keeps their water levels at near-equilibrium; combined, Lake Huron-Michigan is the largest freshwater lake by surface area in the world", "date": "2017" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "top_twenty_container_ports_as_measured_by_twenty_foot_equivalent_units_throughput": "Shanghai (China) - 36,516,000; Singapore (Singapore) - 30,922,000; Shenzhen (China) - 24,142,000; Ningbo (China) - 20,636,000; Hong Kong (China) - 20,073,000; Busan (South Korea) - 19,469,000; Qingdao (China) - 17,323,000; Guangzhou (China) - 17,097,000; Dubai (UAE) - 15,585,000; - Tianjin (China) - 13,881,000; Rotterdam (Netherlands) - 12,235,000; Port Kelang (Malaysia) - 11,887,000; Kaohsiung (Taiwan) - 10,264,000; Antwerp (Belgium) - 9,654,000; Dalian (China) - 9,591,000; Xiamen (China) - 9,215,000; Hamburg (Germany) - 8,821,000; Tanjung Pelepas (Malaysia) - 8,797,000; Los Angeles (US) - 8,160,000; Long Beach (US) - 7,192,000", "date": "2015" }, "note": "the International Maritime Bureau (IMB) reports that 2014 saw a continued decrease in global pirate activities declining 7% over 2013; in 2014, pirates attacked a total of 245 ships world-wide including hijacking 21 ships, capturing 442 seafarers, and killing 4; the Horn of Africa continued to see a drop in pirate activities with only 11 incidents in 2014 compared with 15 in 2013 and 236 in 2011; the decrease in successful pirate attacks off the Horn of Africa is due, in part, to more aggressive anti-piracy operations by international naval forces, the hardening of vessels, and the increased use of armed security teams aboard merchant ships; despite these preventative measures, the assessed risk remains high; attacks in the Straits of Malacca and South China Sea accounted for 55% of ships attacked in 2014; West African piracy is a growing threat accounting for 16% of all attacks in 2014; Nigerian pirates are very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore and linked with at least four hijackings that occurred in this area; attacks in South Asian waters remain at low levels although incidents have increased each year since 2010 reaching 34 in 2014; as of October 2015, there were 190 attacks worldwide with 15 hijackings in the Straits of Malacca/South China Sea region and West African waters" }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.42, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 2.51, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" }, { "value": 2.42, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2010" } ] } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "stretching over 250,000 km, the world's 325 international land boundaries separate 195 independent states and 71 dependencies, areas of special sovereignty, and other miscellaneous entities", "ethnicity, culture, race, religion, and language have divided states into separate political entities as much as history, physical terrain, political fiat, or conquest, resulting in sometimes arbitrary and imposed boundaries", "most maritime states have claimed limits that include territorial seas and exclusive economic zones", "overlapping limits due to adjacent or opposite coasts create the potential for 430 bilateral maritime boundaries of which 209 have agreements that include contiguous and non-contiguous segments", "boundary, borderland/resource, and territorial disputes vary in intensity from managed or dormant to violent or militarized", "undemarcated, indefinite, porous, and unmanaged boundaries tend to encourage illegal cross-border activities, uncontrolled migration, and confrontation", "territorial disputes may evolve from historical and/or cultural claims, or they may be brought on by resource competition", "ethnic and cultural clashes continue to be responsible for much of the territorial fragmentation and internal displacement of the estimated 20.8 million people and cross-border displacements of approximately 12.1 million refugees and asylum seekers around the world as of mid-2013", "over half a million refugees were repatriated during 2012", "other sources of contention include access to water and mineral (especially hydrocarbon) resources, fisheries, and arable land", "armed conflict prevails not so much between the uniformed armed forces of independent states as between stateless armed entities that detract from the sustenance and welfare of local populations, leaving the community of nations to cope with resultant refugees, hunger, disease, impoverishment, and environmental degradation" ], "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "the International Labour Organization conservatively estimated that 20.9 million people in 2012 were victims of forced labor, representing the full range of human trafficking (also referred to as “modern-day slavery”) for labor and sexual exploitation; about one-third of reported cases involved crossing international borders, which is often associated with sexual exploitation; trafficking in persons is most prevalent in southeastern Europe, Eurasia, and Africa and least frequent in EU member states, Canada, the US, and other developed countries (2012)", "tier_2_watch_list": "countries that do not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but are making significant efforts to do so; (44 countries) Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Cambodia, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritius, Namibia, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan", "tier_3": "countries that neither satisfy the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking nor demonstrate a significant effort to do so; (23 countries) Algeria, Belarus, Belize, Burundi, Central African Republic, Comoros, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Iran, North Korea, Kuwait, Libya, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Russia, South Sudan, Syria, Thailand, Venezuela, Yemen, Zimbabwe (2015)" }, "illicit_drugs": { "cocaine": "worldwide coca leaf cultivation in 2013 likely amounted to 165,000 hectares, assuming a stable crop in Bolivia; Colombia produced slightly less than half of the worldwide crop, followed by Peru and Bolivia; potential pure cocaine production increased 7% to 640 metric tons in 2013; Colombia conducts an aggressive coca eradication campaign, Peru has increased its eradication efforts, but remains hesitant to eradicate coca in key growing areas", "opiates": "worldwide illicit opium poppy cultivation increased in 2013, with potential opium production reaching 6,800 metric tons; Afghanistan is world's primary opium producer, accounting for 82% of the global supply; Southeast Asia was responsible for 12% of global opium; Pakistan produced 3% of global opium; Latin America produced 4% of global opium, and most was refined into heroin destined for the US market (2015)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-30", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170630161313/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170630000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html" } }, "afghanistan": { "data": { "name": "Afghanistan", "introduction": { "background": "Ahmad Shah DURRANI unified the Pashtun tribes and founded Afghanistan in 1747. The country served as a buffer between the British and Russian Empires until it won independence from notional British control in 1919. A brief experiment in democracy ended in a 1973 coup and a 1978 communist countercoup. The Soviet Union invaded in 1979 to support the tottering Afghan communist regime, touching off a long and destructive war. The USSR withdrew in 1989 under relentless pressure by internationally supported anti-communist mujahidin rebels. A series of subsequent civil wars saw Kabul finally fall in 1996 to the Taliban, a hardline Pakistani-sponsored movement that emerged in 1994 to end the country's civil war and anarchy. Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, a US, Allied, and anti-Taliban Northern Alliance military action toppled the Taliban for sheltering Usama BIN LADIN.\nA UN-sponsored Bonn Conference in 2001 established a process for political reconstruction that included the adoption of a new constitution, a presidential election in 2004, and National Assembly elections in 2005. In December 2004, Hamid KARZAI became the first democratically elected president of Afghanistan, and the National Assembly was inaugurated the following December. KARZAI was reelected in August 2009 for a second term. The 2014 presidential election was the country's first to include a runoff, which featured the top two vote-getters from the first round, Abdullah ABDULLAH and Ashraf GHANI. Throughout the summer of 2014, their campaigns disputed the results and traded accusations of fraud, leading to a US-led diplomatic intervention that included a full vote audit as well as political negotiations between the two camps. In September 2014, GHANI and ABDULLAH agreed to form the Government of National Unity, with GHANI inaugurated as president and ABDULLAH elevated to the newly-created position of chief executive officer. The day after the inauguration, the GHANI administration signed the US-Afghan Bilateral Security Agreement and NATO Status of Forces Agreement, which provide the legal basis for the post-2014 international military presence in Afghanistan.\nDespite gains toward building a stable central government, the Taliban remains a serious challenge for the Afghan Government in almost every province. The Taliban still considers itself the rightful government of Afghanistan, and it remains a capable and confident insurgent force despite its last two spiritual leaders being killed; it continues to declare that it will pursue a peace deal with Kabul only after foreign military forces depart." }, "geography": { "location": "Southern Asia, north and west of Pakistan, east of Iran", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 33, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 65, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Asia", "area": { "total": { "value": 652230, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 652230, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 41, "comparative": "almost six times the size of Virginia; slightly smaller than Texas" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 5987, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "China", "border_length": { "value": 91, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Iran", "border_length": { "value": 921, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Pakistan", "border_length": { "value": 2670, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Tajikistan", "border_length": { "value": 1357, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Turkmenistan", "border_length": { "value": 804, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Uzbekistan", "border_length": { "value": 144, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 0, "units": "km", "note": "landlocked" }, "climate": "arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers", "terrain": "mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 1884, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Amu Darya", "elevation": { "value": 258, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Noshak", "elevation": { "value": 7485, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "natural gas", "petroleum", "coal", "copper", "chromite", "talc", "barites", "sulfur", "lead", "zinc", "iron ore", "salt", "precious", "semiprecious stones", "arable land" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 58.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 11.9, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.2, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 46, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 2.1, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 39.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 32080, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "populations tend to cluster in the foothills and periphery of the rugged Hindu Kush range; smaller groups are found in many of the country's interior valleys; in general, the east is more densely settled while the south is sparsely populated", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "flooding", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "droughts", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "limited natural freshwater resources", "inadequate supplies of potable water", "soil degradation", "overgrazing", "deforestation (much of the remaining forests are being cut down for fuel and building materials)", "desertification", "air and water pollution" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [ "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Life Conservation" ] } }, "note": "landlocked; the Hindu Kush mountains that run northeast to southwest divide the northern provinces from the rest of the country; the highest peaks are in the northern Vakhan (Wakhan Corridor)" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 33332025, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Afghan(s)", "adjective": "Afghan" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Pashtun" }, { "name": "Tajik" }, { "name": "Hazara" }, { "name": "Uzbek" }, { "name": "other", "note": "includes smaller numbers of Baloch, Turkmen, Nuristani, Pamiri, Arab, Gujar, Brahui, Qizilbash, Aimaq, Pashai, and Kyrghyz" } ], "note": "current statistical data on the sensitive subject of ethnicity in Afghanistan are not available, and ethnicity data from small samples of respondents to opinion polls are not a reliable alternative; Afghanistan's 2004 constitution recognizes 14 ethnic groups: Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, Baloch, Turkmen, Nuristani, Pamiri, Arab, Gujar, Brahui, Qizilbash, Aimaq, and Pashai", "date": "2015" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Afghan Persian or Dari", "percent": 50, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Pashto", "percent": 35, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Turkic languages", "percent": 11, "note": "primarily Uzbek and Turkmen" }, { "name": "minor languages", "percent": 4, "note": "primarily Balochi and Pashai" }, { "name": "much bilingualism" }, { "name": "but Dari functions as the lingua franca" } ], "note": "the Turkic languages Uzbek and Turkmen, as well as Balochi, Pashai, Nuristani, and Pamiri are the third official languages in areas where the majority speaks them" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 99.7, "breakdown": [ { "name": "Sunni", "percent": 84.7 }, { "name": "Shia", "percent": 10 } ] }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.3 } ], "date": "2009" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 41.03, "males": 6947939, "females": 6728983 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 22.49, "males": 3816369, "females": 3678657 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 30.01, "males": 5095905, "females": 4907019 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 3.9, "males": 640813, "females": 660121 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 2.57, "males": 396124, "females": 460095 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 87, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 82.3, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 4.6, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 21.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 18.6, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 18.5, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 18.6, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 208, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 2.34, "global_rank": 33, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 38.3, "global_rank": 11, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 13.7, "global_rank": 8, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -1.2, "global_rank": 147, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "populations tend to cluster in the foothills and periphery of the rugged Hindu Kush range; smaller groups are found in many of the country's interior valleys; in general, the east is more densely settled while the south is sparsely populated", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 26.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 3.96, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Kabul", "population": 4635000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.97, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.86, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 19.9, "date": "2015" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 396, "global_rank": 22, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 112.8, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 120.3, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 105, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 1, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 51.3, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 49.9, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 52.7, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 222, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 5.22, "global_rank": 10, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 21.2, "units": "%", "date": "2010" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 8.2, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.3, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 0.5, "date": "2012" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 78.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 47, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 55.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 21.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 53, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 44.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 45.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 27, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 31.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 54.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 73, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 68.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.04, "global_rank": 122, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 6900, "global_rank": 105, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 300, "global_rank": 97, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "intermediate", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "malaria" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 2.4, "global_rank": 182, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 3.4, "date": "2015" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 38.2, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 52, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 24.2, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 11, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 8, "units": "years" }, "date": "2014" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 2082722, "percentage": { "value": 25.3, "units": "%" }, "note": "data on child labor in Afghanistan is uncertain and may be higher than the estimated 25.3% of children ages 5-14 derived from 2010-11 survey results; UNICEF estimated that 30% of children ages 5-14 in 2011 were engaged in child labor", "date": "2010" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "conventional_short_form": "Afghanistan", "local_long_form": "Jamhuri-ye Islami-ye Afghanistan", "local_short_form": "Afghanistan", "former": "Republic of Afghanistan", "etymology": "the name \"Afghan\" originally referred to the Pashtun people (today it is understood to include all the country's ethnic groups), while the suffix \"-stan\" means \"place of\" or \"country\"; so Afghanistan literally means the \"Land of the Afghans\"" }, "government_type": "presidential Islamic republic", "capital": { "name": "Kabul", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 34, "minutes": 31, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 69, "minutes": 11, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 4.5, "note": "9.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1919-08-19", "note": "from UK control over Afghan foreign affairs" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "19 August", "original_year": "1919" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest drafted 14 December 2003 - 4 January 2004, signed 16 January 2004, ratified 26 January 2004", "amendments": "proposed by a commission formed by presidential decree followed by the convention of a Grand Council (Loya Jirga) decreed by the president; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Loya Jirga membership and endorsement by the president (2017)" }, "legal_system": "mixed legal system of civil, customary, and Islamic law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must have been born in - and continuously lived in - Afghanistan", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "5 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ashraf GHANI Ahmadzai (since 29 September 2014); CEO Abdullah ABDULLAH (since 29 September 2014); First Vice President Abdul Rashid DOSTAM (since 29 September 2014); Second Vice President Sarwar DANESH (since 29 September 2014); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government", "head_of_government": "President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ashraf GHANI Ahmadzai (since 29 September 2014 ); CEO Abdullah ABDULLAH (since 29 September 2014); First Vice President Abdul Rashid DOSTAM (since 29 September 2014 ); Second Vice President Sarwar DANESH (since 29 September 2014)", "cabinet": "Cabinet consists of 26 ministers appointed by the president, approved by the National Assembly", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held in 2 rounds on 5 April and 14 June 2014 (next to be held in 2019)", "election_results": "percent of vote in first round - Abdullah ABDULLAH (National Coalition of Afghanistan) 45%, Ashraf GHANI (independent) 31.6%, Zalmai RASSOUL 11.4%, other 12%; percent of vote in second round - Ashraf GHANI 56.4%, Abdullah ABDULLAH 43.6%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral National Assembly consists of the Meshrano Jirga or House of Elders (102 seats; 34 members indirectly elected by district councils to serve 3-year terms, 34 indirectly elected by provincial councils to serve 4-year terms, and 34 nominated by the president of which 17 must be women, 2 must represent the disabled, and 2 must be Kuchi nomads; members serve 5-year terms) and the Wolesi Jirga or House of People (249 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)", "note": "the constitution allows the government to convene a constitutional Loya Jirga (Grand Council) on issues of independence, national sovereignty, and territorial integrity; it can amend the provisions of the constitution and prosecute the president; it consists of members of the National Assembly and chairpersons of the provincial and district councils; no constitutional Loya Jirga has ever been held, and district councils have never been elected; the president appointed 34 members of the Meshrano Jirga that the district councils should have indirectly elected", "elections": "the Wolesi Jirga’s five-year term expired in 2015, but the president extended its term by decree until elections can be held", "election_results": "results by party - NA; seats by party - NA" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Stera Mahkama (consists of the supreme court chief and 8 justices organized into criminal, public security, civil, and commercial divisions or dewans)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "court chief and justices appointed by the president with the approval of the Wolesi Jirga; court chief and justices serve single 10-year terms", "subordinate_courts": "Appeals Courts; Primary Courts; Special Courts for issues including narcotics, security, property, family, and juveniles" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "note": "the Ministry of Justice licensed 67 political parties as of September 2015" }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "religious groups" }, { "name": "tribal leaders" }, { "name": "ethnically based groups" }, { "name": "Taliban" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ADB" }, { "organization": "CICA" }, { "organization": "CP" }, { "organization": "ECO" }, { "organization": "EITI ", "note": "candidate country" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IDB" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO ", "note": "correspondent" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OIC" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OSCE ", "note": "partner" }, { "organization": "SAARC" }, { "organization": "SACEP" }, { "organization": "SCO ", "note": "dialogue member" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNAMA" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Hamdullah MOHIB (since 17 September 2015)", "chancery": "2341 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 483-6410", "fax": "[1] (202) 483-6488", "consulates_general": "Los Angeles, New York, Washington, DC" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Special Charge d'Affaires Hugo Llorens (since December 2016)", "embassy": "Bibi Mahru, Kabul", "mailing_address": "U.S. Embassy Kabul, APO, AE 09806", "telephone": "[00 93] 0700 108 001", "fax": "[00 93] 0700 108 564" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), red, and green, with the national emblem in white centered on the red band and slightly overlapping the other two bands; the center of the emblem features a mosque with pulpit and flags on either side, below the mosque are numerals for the solar year 1298 (1919 in the Gregorian calendar, the year of Afghan independence from the UK); this central image is circled by a border consisting of sheaves of wheat on the left and right, in the upper-center is an Arabic inscription of the Shahada (Muslim creed) below which are rays of the rising sun over the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning \"God is great\"), and at bottom center is a scroll bearing the name Afghanistan; black signifies the past, red is for the blood shed for independence, and green can represent either hope for the future, agricultural prosperity, or Islam", "note": "Afghanistan had more changes to its national flag in the 20th century - 19 by one count - than any other country; the colors black, red, and green appeared on most of them" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "lion" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "green" }, { "color": "black" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Milli Surood\" (National Anthem)", "lyrics_music": "Abdul Bari JAHANI/Babrak WASA", "note": "adopted 2006; the 2004 constitution of the post-Taliban government mandated that a new national anthem should be written containing the phrase \"Allahu Akbar\" (God is Greatest) and mentioning the names of Afghanistan's ethnic groups", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/AF.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Afghanistan is gradually recovering from decades of conflict. Before 2014, the economy had sustained nearly a decade of strong growth, largely because of international assistance. Since 2014, however, the economy has slowed, in large part because of the withdrawal of nearly 100,000 foreign troops that had artificially inflated the country’s economic growth. Despite improvements in life expectancy, incomes, and literacy since 2001, Afghanistan is extremely poor, landlocked, and highly dependent on foreign aid. Much of the population continues to suffer from shortages of housing, clean water, electricity, medical care, and jobs. Corruption, insecurity, weak governance, lack of infrastructure, and the Afghan Government's difficulty in extending rule of law to all parts of the country pose challenges to future economic growth. Afghanistan's living standards are among the lowest in the world.\n\nThe international community remains committed to Afghanistan's development, pledging over $83 billion at ten donors' conferences between 2003 and 2016. In October 2016, the donors at the Brussels conference pledged an additional $3.8 billion in development aid annually from 2017 to 2020. Despite this help, the Government of Afghanistan will need to overcome a number of challenges, including low revenue collection, anemic job creation, high levels of corruption, weak government capacity, and poor public infrastructure.\n\nIn 2016 Afghanistan's growth rate was only marginally above that of 2014 and 2015. The drawdown of international security forces that started in 2012 has negatively affected economic growth, as a substantial portion of commerce, especially in the services sector, has catered to the ongoing international troop presence in the country. Afghan President Ashraf GHANI Ahmadzai is dedicated to instituting economic reforms to include improving revenue collection and fighting corruption. However, the reforms will take time to implement and Afghanistan will remain dependent on international donor support over the next several years.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 64080000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 62820000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 62350000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 104, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 18400000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.3, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 139 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 204, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 108.6, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 12.8, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 18.2, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 6.6, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -46.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2014" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 22, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 22, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 56, "units": "%" } }, "note": "data exclude opium production", "date": "2015" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 23.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 23.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 20, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 59 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "opium", "wheat", "fruits", "nuts", "wool", "mutton", "sheepskins", "lambskins", "poppies" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "small-scale production of bricks", "textiles", "soap", "furniture", "shoes", "fertilizer", "apparel", "food products", "non-alcoholic beverages", "mineral water", "cement", "handwoven carpets", "natural gas", "coal", "copper" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 2.4, "global_rank": 95, "date": "2014" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 7983000, "global_rank": 62, "date": "2013" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 78.6, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 5.7, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 15.7, "units": "%", "note": "FY08/09 est." } } } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 35, "units": "%", "date": "2008" }, { "value": 40, "units": "%", "date": "2005" } ], "global_rank": 198 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 35.8, "units": "%", "date": "2011" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 3.8, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 24, "units": "%" }, "date": "2008" }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 1992000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 6636000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 10.8, "global_rank": 212, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -25.2, "global_rank": 217, "date": "2016" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "21 December", "end": "20 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -1.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 171 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 15, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 15, "units": "%", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 42 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6644000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 6192000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 91 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6945000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 6544000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 122 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "global_rank": 192 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1337000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 564000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 41 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 658000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 2679000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 169, "note": "not including illicit exports or reexports" }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "opium", "fruits", "nuts", "handwoven carpets", "wool", "cotton", "hides", "pelts", "precious", "semi-precious gems" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "India", "percent": 43.6 }, { "name": "Pakistan", "percent": 28.3 }, { "name": "Tajikistan", "percent": 7.4 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7004000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 12190000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 108 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "other capital goods", "food", "textiles", "petroleum products" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Pakistan", "percent": 39.1 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 9 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 8.4 }, { "name": "Turkmenistan", "percent": 6.3 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 6.1 }, { "name": "Kazakhstan", "percent": 6 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6232000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 6681000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 88 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1280000000, "units": "USD" }, { "value": 2700000000, "units": "USD" } ], "global_rank": 164 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 61.14, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 61.14, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 61.14, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 57.25, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 46.45, "units": "USD", "date": "2010" } ], "note": "afghanis (AFA) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 18999254, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 43, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 83, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 32, "units": "%" }, "date": "2012" }, "production": { "kWh": 1000000000, "global_rank": 150, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 4700000000, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 103, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 3700000000, "global_rank": 48, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 600000, "global_rank": 141, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 35.4, "global_rank": 169, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 37, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 64.4, "global_rank": 33, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0.2, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 103, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 92, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 155, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 104, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 130000, "global_rank": 76, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 154, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 127200, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 159600000, "global_rank": 78, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 159600000, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 57, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 152, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 49550000000, "global_rank": 63, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 7400000, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 110000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 1, "global_rank": 145, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 19709000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 61, "global_rank": 51, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "limited fixed-line telephone service; an increasing number of Afghans utilize mobile-cellular phone networks", "domestic": "aided by the presence of multiple providers, mobile-cellular telephone service continues to improve rapidly; the Afghan Ministry of Communications and Information claims that more than 90 percent of the population live in areas with access to mobile-cellular services", "international": "country code - 93; multiple VSAT's provide international and domestic voice and data connectivity (2012)" } }, "broadcast_media": "state-owned broadcaster, Radio Television Afghanistan (RTA), operates a series of radio and television stations in Kabul and the provinces; an estimated 150 private radio stations, 50 TV stations, and about a dozen international broadcasters are available (2007)", "internet": { "country_code": ".af", "users": { "total": 2690000, "percent_of_population": 8.3, "global_rank": 100, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 4, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 20, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 1929907, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 33102038, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "YA", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 43, "global_rank": 91, "date": "2016" }, "paved": { "total": 25, "over_3047_metres": 4, "2438_to_3047_metres": 4, "1524_to_2437_metres": 14, "914_to_1523_metres": 2, "under_914_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 18, "2438_to_3047_metres": 1, "1524_to_2437_metres": 8, "914_to_1523_metres": 4, "under_914_metres": 5, "date": "2016" } }, "heliports": { "total": 9, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 466, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 42150, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 12350, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 29800, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2006" }, "waterways": { "value": 1200, "note": "chiefly Amu Darya, which handles vessels up to 500 DWT", "global_rank": 60, "date": "2011" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "river_ports": [ "Kheyrabad", "Shir Khan" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.01, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.33, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.06, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.14, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 1.78, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ] }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Afghan National Defense", "Security Forces (ANDSF)", "Afghan National Army (includes Afghan Air Force)", "Afghan National Police", "Afghan Local Police" ], "date": "2016" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription", "date": "2016" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Afghan, Coalition, and Pakistan military meet periodically to clarify the alignment of the boundary on the ground and on maps and since 2014 have met to discuss collaboration on the Taliban insurgency and counterterrorism efforts", "Afghan and Iranian commissioners have discussed boundary monument densification and resurvey", "Iran protests Afghanistan's restricting flow of dammed Helmand River tributaries during drought", "Pakistan has sent troops across and built fences along some remote tribal areas of its treaty-defined Durand Line border with Afghanistan which serve as bases for foreign terrorists and other illegal activities", "Russia remains concerned about the smuggling of poppy derivatives from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 59737, "country_of_origin": "Pakistan" } ], "date": "2016" }, "internally_displaced_persons": { "people": 1553000, "note": "mostly Pashtuns and Kuchis displaced in the south and west due to drought and political instability", "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "world's largest producer of opium; poppy cultivation increased 7 percent, to a record 211,000 hectares in 2014 from 198,000 hectares in 2013, while eradication dropped sharply; relatively low opium yields due to poor weather kept potential opium production - 6,300 metric tons - below the record set in 2007; the Taliban and other antigovernment groups participate in and profit from the opiate trade, which is a key source of revenue for the Taliban inside Afghanistan; widespread corruption and instability impede counterdrug efforts; most of the heroin consumed in Europe and Eurasia is derived from Afghan opium; Afghanistan is also struggling to respond to a burgeoning domestic opiate addiction problem; vulnerable to drug money laundering through informal financial networks; illicit cultivation of cannabis and regional source of hashish" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624100638/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html" } }, "akrotiri": { "data": { "name": "Akrotiri", "introduction": { "background": "By terms of the 1960 Treaty of Establishment that created the independent Republic of Cyprus, the UK retained full sovereignty and jurisdiction over two areas of almost 254 square kilometers - Akrotiri and Dhekelia. The southernmost and smallest of these is the Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area, which is also referred to as the Western Sovereign Base Area." }, "geography": { "location": "Eastern Mediterranean, peninsula on the southwest coast of Cyprus", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 34, "minutes": 37, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 32, "minutes": 58, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Middle East", "area": { "total": { "value": 123, "units": "sq km" }, "note": "includes a salt lake and wetlands", "global_rank": 224, "comparative": "about 0.7 times the size of Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 48, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Cyprus", "border_length": { "value": 48, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 56.3, "units": "km" }, "climate": "temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters", "environment": { "current_issues": [ "hunting around the salt lake", "note - breeding place for loggerhead and green turtles", "only remaining colony of griffon vultures is on the base" ] }, "note": "British extraterritorial rights also extended to several small off-post sites scattered across Cyprus; of the Sovereign Base Area (SBA) land, 60% is privately owned and farmed, 20% is owned by the Ministry of Defense, and 20% is SBA Crown land" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 15700 }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "English" }, { "name": "Greek" } ] } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Akrotiri", "etymology": "named for the village that lies within the Western Sovereign Base Area on Cyprus" }, "capital": { "name": "Episkopi Cantonment (base administrative center for Akrotiri and Dhekelia)", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 34, "minutes": 40, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 32, "minutes": 51, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 2, "note": "7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, "constitution": { "history": "presented 3 August 1960, effective 16 August 1960 (The Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in Council 1960 serves as a basic legal document); amended 1966 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "laws applicable to the Cypriot population are, as far as possible, the same as the laws of the Republic of Cyprus; note - the Sovereign Base Area Administration has its own court system to deal with civil and criminal matters", "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)", "head_of_government": "Administrator Air Vice-Marshal Michael WIGSTON (since 21 January 2015); note - administrator reports to the British Ministry of Defense; the chief officer is responsible for the day-to-day running of the civil government of the Sovereign Bases", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; administrator appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Ministry of Defense" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Senior Judges' Court (consists of several visiting judges from England and Wales)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "see entry for United Kingdom", "subordinate_courts": "Resident Judges' Court; Courts Martial" }, "flag_description": { "description": "the flag of the UK is used" }, "national_anthem": { "note": "as a UK area of special sovereignty, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/AX.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Economic activity is limited to providing services to the military and their families located in Akrotiri. All food and manufactured goods must be imported.", "exchange_rates": { "note": "uses the euro" } }, "communications": { "broadcast_media": "British Forces Broadcast Service (BFBS) provides multi-channel satellite TV service as well as BFBS radio broadcasts to the Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area (2009)" }, "military_and_security": { "note": "defense is the responsibility of the UK; Akrotiri has a full RAF base, headquarters for British Forces Cyprus, and Episkopi Support Unit" } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-05-15", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170515133519/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ax.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170515000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ax.html" } }, "albania": { "data": { "name": "Albania", "introduction": { "background": "Albania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, but was conquered by Italy in 1939 and occupied by Germany in 1943. Communist partisans took over the country in 1944. Albania allied itself first with the USSR (until 1960), and then with China (to 1978). In the early 1990s, Albania ended 46 years of xenophobic communist rule and established a multiparty democracy. The transition has proven challenging as successive governments have tried to deal with high unemployment, widespread corruption, dilapidated infrastructure, powerful organized crime networks, and combative political opponents.\nAlbania has made progress in its democratic development since first holding multiparty elections in 1991, but deficiencies remain. Most of Albania's post-communist elections were marred by claims of electoral fraud; however, international observers judged elections to be largely free and fair since the restoration of political stability following the collapse of pyramid schemes in 1997. Albania joined NATO in April 2009 and in June 2014 became a candidate for EU accession. Albania in November 2016 received a European Commission recommendation to open EU accession negotiations conditioned upon implementation of a judicial reform package passed earlier the same year. Although Albania's economy continues to grow, it has slowed, and the country is still one of the poorest in Europe. A large informal economy and a weak energy and transportation infrastructure remain obstacles." }, "geography": { "location": "Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea, between Greece to the south and Montenegro and Kosovo to the north", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 41, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 20, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Europe", "area": { "total": { "value": 28748, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 27398, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 1350, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 145, "comparative": "slightly smaller than Maryland" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 691, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Greece", "border_length": { "value": 212, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Kosovo", "border_length": { "value": 112, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Macedonia", "border_length": { "value": 181, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Montenegro", "border_length": { "value": 186, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 362, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "m", "note": "depth or to the depth of exploitation" } }, "climate": "mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter", "terrain": "mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 708, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Adriatic Sea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Maja e Korabit (Golem Korab)", "elevation": { "value": 2764, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "petroleum", "natural gas", "coal", "bauxite", "chromite", "copper", "iron ore", "nickel", "salt", "timber", "hydropower", "arable land" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 43.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 22.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 2.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 18.4, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 28.3, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 27.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 3310, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "a fairly even distribution, with somewhat higher concentrations of people in the western and central parts of the country", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "destructive earthquakes", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "tsunamis occur along southwestern coast", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "floods", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "drought", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "deforestation", "soil erosion", "water pollution from industrial and domestic effluents" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Air Pollution", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea)" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 3038594, "global_rank": 137, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Albanian(s)", "adjective": "Albanian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Albanian", "percent": 82.6 }, { "name": "Greek", "percent": 0.9 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1, "note": "including Vlach, Romani, Macedonian, Montenegrin, and Egyptian" }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 15.5 } ], "date": "2011" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Albanian", "percent": 98.8, "note": "official - derived from Tosk dialect" }, { "name": "Greek", "percent": 0.5 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.6, "note": "including Macedonian, Romani, Vlach, Turkish, Italian, and Serbo-Croatian" }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.1 } ], "date": "2011" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 56.7 }, { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 10 }, { "name": "Orthodox", "percent": 6.8 }, { "name": "atheist", "percent": 2.5 }, { "name": "Bektashi", "percent": 2.1, "note": "a Sufi order" }, { "name": "other", "percent": 5.7 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 16.2 } ], "note": "all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing private religious practice", "date": "2011" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 18.37, "males": 295022, "females": 263141 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 18.09, "males": 284201, "females": 265530 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 40.73, "males": 589707, "females": 648021 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 11.23, "males": 168500, "females": 172587 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 11.58, "males": 165076, "females": 186809 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 44.8, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 26.9, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 18, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 5.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 32.5, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 31.2, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 33.8, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.31, "global_rank": 175, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 13.1, "global_rank": 153, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 6.7, "global_rank": 141, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -3.3, "global_rank": 184, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "a fairly even distribution, with somewhat higher concentrations of people in the western and central parts of the country", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 57.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 2.21, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Tirana", "population": 454000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.1, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.12, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.07, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.91, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.98, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.89, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.98, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 25, "date": "2010" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 29, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 12.3, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 13.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 10.8, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 120, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 78.3, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 75.7, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 81.2, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 61, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.51, "global_rank": 197, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 69.3, "units": "%", "date": "2008" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 5.9, "global_rank": 111, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 1.29, "date": "2013" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 2.6, "date": "2012" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 84.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 81.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 83.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 15.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 18.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 16.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 95.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 90.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 93.2, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 4.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 9.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 6.8, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.04, "global_rank": 126, "date": "2013" } }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 18.1, "global_rank": 88, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 6.3, "global_rank": 80, "date": "2009" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 3.5, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2013" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 97.6, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 98.4, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 96.9, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 16, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 16, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 72818, "percentage": { "value": 12, "units": "%" }, "date": "2005" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 30.2, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 32.5, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 26.1, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2013" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Albania", "conventional_short_form": "Albania", "local_long_form": "Republika e Shqiperise", "local_short_form": "Shqiperia", "former": "People's Socialist Republic of Albania", "etymology": "the English-language country name seems to be derived from the ancient Illyrian tribe of the Albani; the native name \"Shqiperia\" is popularly interpreted to mean \"Land of the Eagles\"" }, "government_type": "parliamentary republic", "capital": { "name": "Tirana (Tirane)", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 41, "minutes": 19, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 19, "minutes": 49, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 1, "note": "6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, "independence": { "date": "1912-11-28", "note": "from the Ottoman Empire" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "28 November", "original_year": "1912", "note": "also known as Flag Day" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest approved by the Assembly 21 October 1998, adopted by referendum 22 November 1998, promulgated 28 November 1998", "amendments": "proposed by at least one-fifth of the Assembly membership; passage requires at least a two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; referendum required only if approved by two-thirds of the Assembly; amendments approved by referendum effective upon declaration by the president of the republic; amended several times, last in 2016 (2017)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system except in the northern rural areas where customary law known as the \"Code of Leke\" prevails", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Albania", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "5 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President of the Republic Bujar NISHANI (since 24 July 2012)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Edi RAMA (since 10 September 2013); Deputy Prime Minister Niko PELESHI", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, nominated by the president, and approved by the Assembly", "elections_appointments": "president indirectly elected by the Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); a candidate needs three-fifths majority vote of the Assembly in 1 of 3 rounds or a simple majority in 2 additional rounds to become president; election last held in 3 rounds during the period 19, 20, and 27 April 2017 (next election to be held in 2022) but failed; prime minister appointed by the president on the proposal of the majority party or coalition of parties in the Assembly", "election_results": "Ilir META (LSI) elected president; Assembly vote - 87 - 2 in fourth round; he takes office on 24 July 2017" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Assembly or Kuvendi (140 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 25 June 2017 (next to be held in 2021)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - PS 48.3%, PD 28.8%, LSI 14.3%, PDIU 4.8%, PSD 1.0, other 2.8%; seats by party - PS 74, PD 43, LSI 19, PDIU 3, PSD 1" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of 17 judges, including the chief justice); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges, including the chairman)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges, including the chairman, appointed by the president with the consent of the Assembly to serve single 9-year terms); Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president with the consent of the Assembly to serve single 9-year terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 3 years; chairman elected by the People's Assembly for a single 3-year term", "subordinate_courts": "Courts of Appeal; Courts of First Instance" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "PD", "leaders": [ "Lulzim BASHA" ] }, { "name": "Party for Justice, Integration and Unity", "name_alternative": "PDIU", "leaders": [ "Shpetim IDRIZI" ], "note": "formerly part of APMI" }, { "name": "Social Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "PSD", "leaders": [ "Skender GJINUSHI" ] }, { "name": "Socialist Movement for Integration", "name_alternative": "LSI", "leaders": [ "Petrit VASILI" ] }, { "name": "Socialist Party", "name_alternative": "PS", "leaders": [ "Edi RAMA" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Confederation of Trade Unions of Albania", "name_alternative": "KSSH", "leaders": [ "Kol NIKOLLAJ" ] }, { "name": "Omonia", "leaders": [ "Leonidha PAPA" ] }, { "name": "Union of Independent Trade Unions of Albania", "name_alternative": "BSPSH", "leaders": [ "Gezim KALAJA" ] } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "BSEC" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CE" }, { "organization": "CEI" }, { "organization": "EAPC" }, { "organization": "EBRD" }, { "organization": "EITI ", "note": "compliant country" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IDB" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO ", "note": "correspondent" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NATO" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OIC" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OSCE" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "SELEC" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Floreta FABER (since 18 May 2015)", "chancery": "2100 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 223-4942", "fax": "[1] (202) 628-7342", "consulates_general": "New York" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Donald LU (since 13 January 2015)", "embassy": "Rruga e Elbasanit, 103, Tirana", "mailing_address": "US Department of State, 9510 Tirana Place, Dulles, VA 20189-9510", "telephone": "[355] (4) 2247-285", "fax": "[355] (4) 2232-222" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "red with a black two-headed eagle in the center; the design is claimed to be that of 15th-century hero George Kastrioti SKANDERBEG, who led a successful uprising against the Ottoman Turks that resulted in a short-lived independence for some Albanian regions (1443-78); an unsubstantiated explanation for the eagle symbol is the tradition that Albanians see themselves as descendants of the eagle; they refer to themselves as \"Shqiptare,\" which translates as \"sons of the eagle\"" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "double-headed eagle" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "black" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Hymni i Flamurit\" (Hymn to the Flag)", "lyrics_music": "Aleksander Stavre DRENOVA/Ciprian PORUMBESCU", "note": "adopted 1912", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/AL.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Albania, a formerly closed, centrally-planned state, is a developing country with a modern open-market economy. Albania managed to weather the first waves of the global financial crisis but, the negative effects of the crisis caused a significant economic slowdown. Since 2014, Albania’s economy has steadily improved and economic growth is projected to increase to 3.8% in 2017. However, close trade, remittance, and banking sector ties with Greece and Italy make Albania vulnerable to spillover effects of possible debt crises and weak growth in the euro zone.\n\nRemittances, a significant catalyst for economic growth, declined from 12-15% of GDP before the 2008 financial crisis to 5.8% of GDP in 2015, mostly from Albanians residing in Greece and Italy. The agricultural sector, which accounts for almost half of employment but only about one-fifth of GDP, is limited primarily to small family operations and subsistence farming, because of a lack of modern equipment, unclear property rights, and the prevalence of small, inefficient plots of land. Complex tax codes and licensing requirements, a weak judicial system, endemic corruption, poor enforcement of contracts and property issues, and antiquated infrastructure contribute to Albania's poor business environment making attracting foreign investment difficult. Since 2015, Albania has launched an ambitious program to increase tax compliance and bring more businesses into the formal economy. In July 2016, Albania passed constitutional amendments reforming the judicial system in order to strengthen the rule of law and to reduce deeply entrenched corruption.\n\nAlbania’s electricity supply is uneven despite upgraded transmission capacities with neighboring countries. However, the government has recently taken steps to stem non-technical losses and has begun to upgrade the distribution grid. Better enforcement of electricity contracts has improved the financial viability of the sector, decreasing its reliance on budget support. Also, with help from international donors, the government is taking steps to improve the poor road and rail networks, a long standing barrier to sustained economic growth.\n\nInward FDI has increased significantly in recent years as the government has embarked on an ambitious program to improve the business climate through fiscal and legislative reforms. The government is focused on the simplification of licensing requirements and tax codes, and it entered into a new arrangement with the IMF for additional financial and technical support. Albania’s three-year IMF program, an extended fund facility arrangement, was successfully concluded in February 2017. Albania’s 2017 budget aims to reach a small primary surplus, which the Albanian Government plans to achieve by strengthening tax collection amid moderate public wage and pension increases. The country continues to face high public debt, exceeding its former statutory limit of 60% of GDP in 2013 and reaching 71% in 2016.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 33900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 32659999999.999996, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 31590000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 50, "units": "USD" } ], "global_rank": 124, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 12140000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.8, "units": "%", "date": "2017" }, { "value": 3.4, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.6, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 62 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11900, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 11500, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 11100, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 128, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 85.7, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 10.4, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 27.6, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 1.5, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 37.1, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -62.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 21.6, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 14.9, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 63.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 15.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 15, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 13, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 117 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "wheat", "corn", "potatoes", "vegetables", "fruits", "olives", "olive oil", "grapes", "meat", "dairy products", "sheep", "goats" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "food", "footwear", "apparel", "clothing", "lumber", "oil", "cement", "chemicals", "mining", "basic metals", "hydropower" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 2.9, "global_rank": 83, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 1179000, "global_rank": 138, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 41.8, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 11.4, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 46.8, "units": "%", "note": "December 2014 est" } } } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 16.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 159, "note": "these official rates may not include those working at near-subsistence farming" }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 14.3, "units": "%", "date": "2012" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 4.1, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 19.6, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 29, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 30, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2008" } ], "global_rank": 130 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 3203000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 3546000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 26.4, "global_rank": 104, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -2.8, "global_rank": 100, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 71, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 71.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 44 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.3, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 81 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.25, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1.75, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 122 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 8.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 91 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3508000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 3095000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 110 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 10180000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 9652000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 107 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7008000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 7166000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 113 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -1465000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -1226000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 138 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1962000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1930000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 139 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "apparel", "clothing", "footwear", "asphalt", "metals", "metallic ores", "crude oil", "cement", "construction materials", "vegetables", "fruits", "tobacco" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Italy", "percent": 43.3 }, { "name": "Kosovo", "percent": 9.8 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 7.7 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 6.2 }, { "name": "Greece", "percent": 5.3 }, { "name": "Spain", "percent": 4.8 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4667000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4322000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 126 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "equipment", "foodstuffs", "textiles", "chemicals" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Italy", "percent": 33.4 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 10 }, { "name": "Greece", "percent": 9 }, { "name": "Turkey", "percent": 6.7 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 5.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3093000000, "units": "USD" }, { "value": 3140000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 103 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7797000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 7716000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 118 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6056000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 5459000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 100 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 127.4, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 125.96, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 125.96, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 105.48, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 108.19, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "leke (ALL) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 7135000000, "global_rank": 113, "date": "2016" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 7094000000, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "kWh": 1868000000, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "kWh": 1826000000, "global_rank": 54, "date": "2016" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 1895000, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2015" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 214, "date": "2015" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 40, "date": "2015" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 100, "global_rank": 2, "date": "2015" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 151, "date": "2015" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 16500, "global_rank": 76, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 14330, "global_rank": 63, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 157, "date": "2016" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 2616000000, "global_rank": 33, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 290, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2016" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 27000, "global_rank": 125, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 16250, "global_rank": 74, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 13250, "global_rank": 135, "date": "2016" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 32000000, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 32000000, "global_rank": 112, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 58, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 154, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 821200000, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 4300000, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 226718, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 7, "global_rank": 123, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 3401000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 120, "global_rank": 133, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "fixed line, teledensity continues to decline due to heavy use of mobile-cellular telephone services; mobile-cellular telephone use is widespread and generally effective; of 3.4 million active mobile telephone users, 1.3 million use mobile broadband services (3G/4G)", "domestic": "offsetting the shortage of fixed-line capacity, mobile-cellular phone service has been available since 1996; by 2015, 4 companies were providing mobile services and mobile teledensity had reached 120 per 100 persons; Internet broadband services initiated in 2005, and the penetration rate per family reached 30% by 2015; Internet cafes are popular in major urban areas", "international": "country code - 355; submarine cable provides connectivity to Italy, Croatia, and Greece; the Trans-Balkan Line, a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system, provides additional connectivity to Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Turkey; international traffic carried by fiber-optic cable and, when necessary, by microwave radio relay from the Tirana exchange to Italy and Greece (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "Albania has more than 65 TV stations, including several that breoadcast nationally; Albanian TV broadcasts are also available to Albanian-speaking populations in neighboring countries; many viewers have access to Italian and Greek TV broadcasts via terrestrial reception; Albania's TV stations have begun a government-mandated conversion from analog to digital broadcast; the government has pledged to provide analog-to-digital converters to low-income families affected by this decision; cable TV service is available; 2 public radio networks and roughly 78 private radio stations; several international broadcasters are available (2017)", "internet": { "country_code": ".al", "users": { "total": 1916000, "percent_of_population": 63.2, "global_rank": 104, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 1, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 1, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 151632, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 0, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "ZA", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 4, "global_rank": 183, "date": "2016" }, "paved": { "total": 4, "2438_to_3047_metres": 3, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 1, "date": "2012" } }, "heliports": { "total": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "oil", "length": 249, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2015" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 677, "units": "km" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 677, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "global_rank": 104, "date": "2015" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 18000, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 7020, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 10980, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 116, "date": "2002" }, "waterways": { "value": 41, "units": "km", "note": "on the Bojana River", "global_rank": 103, "date": "2011" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 17, "by_type": [ { "type": "cargo", "count": 16 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 1 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 1, "by_country": [ { "country": "Turkey", "count": 1 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 5, "by_country": [ { "country": "Antigua and Barbuda", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Panama", "count": 4 } ] }, "global_rank": 99, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Durres", "Sarande", "Shengjin", "Vlore" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.14, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.16, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.35, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.41, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.49, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 112 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Land Forces Command", "Navy Force Command", "Air Forces Command" ], "date": "2013" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 19, "note": "19 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; 18 is the legal minimum age in case of general/partial compulsory mobilization", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "stateless_persons": { "people": 4921, "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "increasingly active transshipment point for Southwest Asian opiates, hashish, and cannabis transiting the Balkan route and - to a lesser extent - cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe; limited opium and expanding cannabis production; ethnic Albanian narcotrafficking organizations active and expanding in Europe; vulnerable to money laundering associated with regional trafficking in narcotics, arms, contraband, and illegal aliens" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102628/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/al.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/al.html" } }, "algeria": { "data": { "name": "Algeria", "introduction": { "background": "After more than a century of rule by France, Algerians fought through much of the 1950s to achieve independence in 1962. Algeria's primary political party, the National Liberation Front (FLN), was established in 1954 as part of the struggle for independence and has since largely dominated politics. The Government of Algeria in 1988 instituted a multi-party system in response to public unrest, but the surprising first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the December 1991 balloting led the Algerian army to intervene and postpone the second round of elections to prevent what the secular elite feared would be an extremist-led government from assuming power. The army began a crackdown on the FIS that spurred FIS supporters to begin attacking government targets. Fighting escalated into an insurgency, which saw intense violence from 1992-98, resulting in over 100,000 deaths - many attributed to indiscriminate massacres of villagers by extremists. The government gained the upper hand by the late-1990s, and FIS's armed wing, the Islamic Salvation Army, disbanded in January 2000.\nAbdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA, with the backing of the military, won the presidency in 1999 in an election widely viewed as fraudulent and won subsequent elections in 2004, 2009, and 2014. The government in 2011 introduced some political reforms in response to the Arab Spring, including lifting the 19-year-old state of emergency restrictions and increasing women's quotas for elected assemblies, while also increasing subsidies to the populace. Since 2014, Algeria’s reliance on hydrocarbon revenues to fund the government and finance the large subsidies for the population has fallen under stress because of declining oil prices." }, "geography": { "location": "Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Morocco and Tunisia", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 28, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 3, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Africa", "area": { "total": { "value": 2381741, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 2381741, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 10, "comparative": "slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 6734, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Libya", "border_length": { "value": 989, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Mali", "border_length": { "value": 1359, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Mauritania", "border_length": { "value": 460, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Morocco", "border_length": { "value": 1900, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Niger", "border_length": { "value": 951, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Tunisia", "border_length": { "value": 1034, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Western Sahara", "border_length": { "value": 41, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 998, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_fishing_zone": "32-52 nm" }, "climate": "arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer", "terrain": "mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow, discontinuous coastal plain", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 800, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Chott Melrhir", "elevation": { "value": -40, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Tahat", "elevation": { "value": 3003, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "petroleum", "natural gas", "iron ore", "phosphates", "uranium", "lead", "zinc" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 17.3, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 3.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.4, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 13.8, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 0.6, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 82, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 5700, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "the vast majority of the populace is found in the extreme northern part of the country along the Mediterranean Coast", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "mudslides and floods in rainy season", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "soil erosion from overgrazing and other poor farming practices", "desertification", "dumping of raw sewage", "petroleum refining wastes", "and other industrial effluents is leading to the pollution of rivers and coastal waters", "Mediterranean Sea", "in particular", "becoming polluted from oil wastes", "soil erosion", "and fertilizer runoff", "inadequate supplies of potable water" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "largest country in Africa" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 40263711, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Algerian(s)", "adjective": "Algerian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Arab-Berber", "percent": 99 }, { "name": "European less than", "percent": 1 } ], "note": "although almost all Algerians are Berber in origin (not Arab), only a minority identify themselves as Berber, about 15% of the total population; these people live mostly in the mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers; the Berbers are also Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has offered to begin sponsoring teaching Berber language in schools" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Arabic", "note": "official" }, { "name": "French", "note": "lingua franca" }, { "name": "Berber or Tamazight ; dialects include Kabyle Berber", "note": "official; Taqbaylit" }, { "name": "Shawiya Berber", "note": "Tacawit" }, { "name": "Mzab Berber" }, { "name": "Tuareg Berber", "note": "Tamahaq" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 99, "note": "official; predominantly Sunni" }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1, "note": "includes Christian and Jewish" } ], "africa": ":ALGERIA", "date": "2012" }, "demographic_profile": "For the first two-thirds of the 20th century, Algeria’s high fertility rate caused its population to grow rapidly. However, about a decade after independence from France in 1962 the total fertility rate fell dramatically from 7 children per woman in the 1970s to about 2.4 in 2000, slowing Algeria’s population growth rate by the late 1980s. The lower fertility rate was mainly the result of women’s rising age at first marriage (virtually all Algerian children being born in wedlock) and to a lesser extent the wider use of contraceptives. Later marriages and a preference for smaller families are attributed to increases in women’s education and participation in the labor market; higher unemployment; and a shortage of housing forcing multiple generations to live together. The average woman’s age at first marriage increased from about 19 in the mid-1950s to 24 in the mid-1970s to 30.5 in the late 1990s.\nAlgeria’s fertility rate experienced an unexpected upturn in the early 2000s, as the average woman’s age at first marriage dropped slightly. The reversal in fertility could represent a temporary fluctuation in marriage age or, less likely, a decrease in the steady rate of contraceptive use.\nThousands of Algerian peasants – mainly Berber men from the Kabylia region – faced with land dispossession and economic hardship under French rule migrated temporarily to France to work in manufacturing and mining during the first half of the 20th century. This movement accelerated during World War I, when Algerians filled in for French factory workers or served as soldiers. In the years following independence, low-skilled Algerian workers and Algerians who had supported the French (harkis) emigrated en masse to France. Tighter French immigration rules and Algiers’ decision to cease managing labor migration to France in the 1970s limited legal emigration largely to family reunification.\nNot until Algeria’s civil war in the 1990s did the country again experience substantial outmigration. Many Algerians legally entered Tunisia without visas claiming to be tourists and then stayed as workers. Other Algerians headed to Europe seeking asylum, although France imposed restrictions. Sub-Saharan African migrants came to Algeria after its civil war to work in agriculture and mining. In the 2000s, a wave of educated Algerians went abroad seeking skilled jobs in a wider range of destinations, increasing their presence in North America and Spain. At the same time, legal foreign workers principally from China and Egypt came to work in Algeria’s construction and oil sectors. Illegal migrants from sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Malians, Nigeriens, and Gambians, continue to come to Algeria in search of work or to use it as a stepping stone to Libya and Europe.\nSince 1975, Algeria also has been the main recipient of Sahrawi refugees from the ongoing conflict in Western Sahara. An estimated 90,000 Sahrawis live in five refugee camps in southwestern Algeria near Tindouf.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 29.06, "males": 5991164, "females": 5709616 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 15.95, "males": 3287448, "females": 3136624 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 42.88, "males": 8737944, "females": 8526137 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 6.61, "males": 1349291, "females": 1312339 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 5.5, "males": 1027126, "females": 1186022 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 52.6, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 43.6, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 9.1, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 11, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 27.8, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 27.5, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 28.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 137, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1.77, "global_rank": 64, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 23, "global_rank": 68, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 4.3, "global_rank": 205, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -0.9, "global_rank": 139, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "the vast majority of the populace is found in the extreme northern part of the country along the Mediterranean Coast", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 70.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 2.77, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Algiers", "population": 2594000, "is_capital": true }, { "place": "Oran", "population": 858000 } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.02, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.86, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 140, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 20.3, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 21.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 18.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 83, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 76.8, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 75.5, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 78.2, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 81, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.74, "global_rank": 67, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 57.1, "units": "%", "date": "2012" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 7.2, "global_rank": 135, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 1.19, "date": "2007" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 84.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 81.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 83.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 15.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 18.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 16.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 89.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 82.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 87.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 10.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 17.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 12.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.04, "global_rank": 125, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 8800, "global_rank": 92, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 100, "global_rank": 101, "date": "2015" } }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 23.6, "global_rank": 116, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 3, "global_rank": 102, "date": "2013" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.3, "global_rank": 97, "date": "2008" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 80.2, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 87.2, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 73.1, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "date": "2011" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 304358, "percentage": { "value": 5, "units": "%" }, "date": "2006" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 25.3, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 22.1, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 41.4, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 47, "date": "2014" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "People's Democratic Republic of Algeria", "conventional_short_form": "Algeria", "local_long_form": "Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza'iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash Sha'biyah", "local_short_form": "Al Jaza'ir", "etymology": "the country name derives from the capital city of Algiers" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Algiers", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 36, "minutes": 45, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 3, "minutes": 3, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 1, "note": "6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1962-07-05", "note": "from France" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Revolution Day", "day": "1 November", "original_year": "1954" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest approved by referendum 23 February 1989", "amendments": "proposed by the president of the republic or through the president with the support of three-fourths of the members of both houses of Parliament in joint session; passage requires approval by both houses, approval by referendum, and promulgation by the president; the president can forego a referendum if the Constitutional Council determines the proposed amendment does not conflict with basic constitutional principles; articles including the republican form of government, the integrity and unity of the country, and fundamental citizens’ liberties and rights cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2016 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "mixed legal system of French civil law and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials including several Supreme Court justices", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "non-party state to the ICCt" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "the mother must be a citizen of Algeria", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "7 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28 April 1999)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Abdel Madjid TEBBOUNE (since 25 May 2017)", "cabinet": "Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in two rounds if needed for a 5-year term (2-term limit reinstated by constitutional amendment in February 2016); election last held on 17 April 2014 (next to be held in April 2019); prime minister nominated by the president from the majority party in Parliament", "election_results": "Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA reelected president for a fourth term; percent of vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (FLN) 81.5%, Ali BENFLIS (FLN) 12.2%, Abdelaziz BELAID (Future Front) 3.4%, other 2.9%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Parliament consists of the Council of the Nation (upper house with 144 seats; one-third of members appointed by the president, two-thirds indirectly elected by simple majority vote by an electoral college composed of local council members; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years) and the National People's Assembly (lower house with 462 seats including 8 seats for Algerians living abroad); members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "Council of the Nation - last held on 29 December 2015 (next to be held in December 2018); National People's Assembly - last held on 4 May 2017 (next to be held in 2022)", "election_results": "Council of the Nation - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; National People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - FLN 164, RND 97, MSP-FC 33, TAJ 19, Ennahda -FJD 15, FFS 14, El Mostakbel 14, MPA 13, PT 11, RCD 9, ANR 8, MEN 4, other 33, independent 28" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of 150 judges organized into 4 divisions: civil and commercial; social security and labor; criminal; and administrative; Constitutional Council (consists of 12 members including the court chairman and deputy chairman); note - Algeria's judicial system does not include sharia courts", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the High Council of Magistracy, an administrative body presided over by the president of the republic, and includes the republic vice-president and several members; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Council members - 4 appointed by the president of the republic, 2 each by the 2 houses of Parliament, 2 by the Supreme Court, and 2 by the Council of State; Council president and members appointed for single 6-year terms with half the membership renewed every 3 years", "subordinate_courts": "appellate or wilaya courts; first instance or daira tribunals" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Algerian National Front", "name_alternative": "FNA", "leaders": [ "Moussa TOUATI" ] }, { "name": "Algerian Popular Movement", "name_alternative": "MPA", "leaders": [ "Amara BENYOUNES" ] }, { "name": "Algerian Rally", "name_alternative": "RA", "leaders": [ "Ali ZAGHDOUD" ] }, { "name": "Algeria's Hope Rally", "name_alternative": "TAJ", "leaders": [ "Amar GHOUL" ] }, { "name": "Dignity", "name_alternative": "El Karama", "leaders": [ "Mohamed BENHAMOU" ] }, { "name": "Ennour El Djazairi Party", "name_alternative": "PED", "leaders": [ "Badreddine BELBAZ" ], "note": "Algerian Radiance Party" }, { "name": "Front for Change", "name_alternative": "FC", "leaders": [ "Abdelmadjid MENASRA" ] }, { "name": "Front for Justice and Development", "name_alternative": "El Adala", "leaders": [ "Abdallah DJABALLAH" ] }, { "name": "Future Front", "name_alternative": "El Mostakbel", "leaders": [ "Abdelaziz BELAID" ] }, { "name": "Green Algeria Alliance", "name_alternative": "AAV", "note": "includes Islah, Ennahda Movement, MSP" }, { "name": "Islamic Renaissance Movement", "name_alternative": "Ennahda Movement", "leaders": [ "Mohamed DOUIBI" ] }, { "name": "Movement of National Understanding", "name_alternative": "MEN" }, { "name": "Movement for National Reform", "name_alternative": "Islah", "leaders": [ "Djilali GHOUINI" ] }, { "name": "Movement of Society for Peace", "name_alternative": "MSP", "leaders": [ "Abderrazak MOKRI" ] }, { "name": "National Democratic Rally", "name_alternative": "RND", "leaders": [ "Ahmed OUYAHIA" ], "note": "Rassemblement National Democratique" }, { "name": "National Front for Social Justice", "name_alternative": "FNJS", "leaders": [ "Khaled BOUNEDJEMA" ] }, { "name": "National Liberation Front", "name_alternative": "FLN", "leaders": [ "Djamel OULD ABBES" ] }, { "name": "National Party for Solidarity and Development", "name_alternative": "PNSD" }, { "name": "National Reform Movement", "name_alternative": "Islah", "leaders": [ "Djahid YOUNSI" ] }, { "name": "National Republican Alliance", "name_alternative": "ANR", "leaders": [ "Redha MALEK" ] }, { "name": "New Dawn Party", "name_alternative": "PFJ" }, { "name": "New Generation", "name_alternative": "Jil Jadid", "leaders": [ "Soufiane DJILALI" ] }, { "name": "Oath of 1954", "name_alternative": "Ahd 54", "leaders": [ "Ali Fawzi REBAINE" ] }, { "name": "Party of Justice and Liberty", "leaders": [ "Mohammed SAID" ] }, { "name": "Rally for Culture and Democracy", "name_alternative": "RCD", "leaders": [ "Mohcine BELABBAS" ] }, { "name": "Rally for Hope in Algeria", "name_alternative": "TAJ" }, { "name": "Socialist Forces Front", "name_alternative": "FFS", "leaders": [ "Mustafa BOUCHACHI" ] }, { "name": "Union of Democratic and Social Forces", "name_alternative": "UFDS", "leaders": [ "Noureddine BAHBOUH" ] }, { "name": "Vanguard of Freedoms", "leaders": [ "Ali BENFLIS" ] }, { "name": "Youth Party", "name_alternative": "PJ", "leaders": [ "Hamana BOUCHARMA" ] }, { "name": "Workers Party", "name_alternative": "PT", "leaders": [ "Louisa HANOUNE" ] } ], "note": "a law banning political parties based on religion was enacted in March 1997" }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Algerian League for the Defense of Human Rights", "name_alternative": "LADDH", "leaders": [ "Noureddine BENISSAD" ] }, { "name": "SOS Disparus", "leaders": [ "Nacera DUTOUR" ] }, { "name": "Youth Action Rally", "name_alternative": "RAJ" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ABEDA" }, { "organization": "AfDB" }, { "organization": "AFESD" }, { "organization": "AMF" }, { "organization": "AMU" }, { "organization": "AU" }, { "organization": "BIS" }, { "organization": "CAEU" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-15" }, { "organization": "G-24" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IDB" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "LAS" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MONUSCO" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OAPEC" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OIC" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OPEC" }, { "organization": "OSCE ", "note": "partner" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNITAR" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO ", "note": "observer" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Madjid BOUGUERRA (since 23 February 2015)", "chancery": "2118 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 265-2800", "fax": "[1] (202) 986-5906", "consulates_general": "New York" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Joan A. POLASCHIK (since 22 September 2014)", "embassy": "05 Chemin Cheikh Bachir, El Ibrahimi, El-Biar 16030 Algieria", "mailing_address": "B. P. 408, Alger-Gare, 16030 Algiers", "telephone": "[213] (0) 770-08-2000", "fax": "[213] (0) 770-08-2064" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white; a red, five-pointed star within a red crescent centered over the two-color boundary; the colors represent Islam (green), purity and peace (white), and liberty (red); the crescent and star are also Islamic symbols, but the crescent is more closed than those of other Muslim countries because Algerians believe the long crescent horns bring happiness" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "star and crescent" }, { "symbol": "fennec fox" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "green" }, { "color": "white" }, { "color": "red" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Kassaman\" (We Pledge)", "lyrics_music": "Mufdi ZAKARIAH/Mohamed FAWZI", "note": "adopted 1962; ZAKARIAH wrote \"Kassaman\" as a poem while imprisoned in Algiers by French colonial forces", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/AG.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Algeria's economy remains dominated by the state, a legacy of the country's socialist post-independence development model. In recent years the Algerian Government has halted the privatization of state-owned industries and imposed restrictions on imports and foreign involvement in its economy.\n\nHydrocarbons have long been the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 30% of GDP, 60% of budget revenues, and nearly 95% of export earnings. Algeria has the 10th-largest reserves of natural gas in the world and is the sixth-largest gas exporter. It ranks 16th in oil reserves. Hydrocarbon exports enabled Algeria to maintain macroeconomic stability and amass large foreign currency reserves while oil prices were high. In addition, Algeria's external debt is extremely low at about 2% of GDP. However, Algeria has struggled to develop non-hydrocarbon industries because of heavy regulation and an emphasis on state-driven growth. Declining oil prices since 2014 have reduced the government’s ability to use state-driven growth to distribute rents and fund generous public subsidies. Algeria’s foreign exchange reserves have declined by more than 40% since late 2013 and its oil stabilization fund has decreased from about $75 billion at the end of 2013 to about $7 billion in 2017, which is the statutory minimum.\n\nAlgiers has strengthened protectionist measures since 2015 to limit its import bill and encourage domestic production of non-oil and gas industries. Since 2015, the government has imposed additional regulatory requirements on access to foreign exchange for imports and import quotas for specific products, such as cars, to limit their importation. Meanwhile, Algeria has not increased non-hydrocarbon exports, and hydrocarbon exports have declined because of field depletion and increased domestic demand.\n\nWith declining revenues caused by falling oil prices, the government has been under pressure to reduce spending. A wave of economic protests in February and March 2011 prompted Algiers to offer more than $23 billion in public grants and retroactive salary and benefit increases, moves which continue to weigh on public finances. In 2016, the government increased taxes on electricity and fuel, resulting in a modest increase in gasoline prices, and in 2017 raised by 2% the value-added tax on nearly all products, but has refrained from directly reducing subsidies, particularly for education, healthcare, and housing programs.\n\nLong-term economic challenges include diversifying the economy away from its reliance on hydrocarbon exports, bolstering the private sector, attracting foreign investment, and providing adequate jobs for younger Algerians.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 609400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 588400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 566300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 35, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 168300000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.6, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3.8, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 70 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 15000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 14700, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 14500, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 109, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 41.5, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 22.1, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 42.1, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 6.6, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 25.1, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -37.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 13.2, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 38.4, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 48.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 32.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 34.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 43.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 17 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "wheat", "barley", "oats", "grapes", "olives", "citrus", "fruits", "sheep", "cattle" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "petroleum", "natural gas", "light industries", "mining", "electrical", "petrochemical", "food processing" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 0.5, "global_rank": 167, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 11780000, "global_rank": 50, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 30.9, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 30.9, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 58.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9.9, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 11.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 123 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 23, "units": "%", "date": "2006" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2.8, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 26.8, "units": "%" }, "date": "1995" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 35.3, "units": "gini_index", "date": "1995" } ], "global_rank": 92 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 42690000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 66450000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 25.4, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -13.3, "global_rank": 207, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 13, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 9.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 178, "note": "data cover central government debt, as well as debt issued by subnational entities and intra-governmental debt" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5.9, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 183 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" }, { "value": 4, "units": "%", "date": "2009-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 97 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 8, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 105 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 91410000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 86430000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 38 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 133600000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 127900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 51 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 100100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 61780000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 56 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -26310000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -27290000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 192 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 27500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 33000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 61 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "petroleum", "natural gas", "petroleum products" ], "date": "2009" }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Spain", "percent": 17.4 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 13.7 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 12.3 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 7.2 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 6.4 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 6 }, { "name": "Turkey", "percent": 5.2 }, { "name": "Brazil", "percent": 4.5 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 44600000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 50700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 50 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "capital goods", "foodstuffs", "consumer goods" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 15 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 10.3 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 8.8 }, { "name": "Spain", "percent": 7.2 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 6.2 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 4.9 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 113400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 145000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 22 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6301000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 126 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 25700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 25890000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 71 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2025000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1950000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 80 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 110.1, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 100.691, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 100.691, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 80.579, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 77.54, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Algerian dinars (DZD) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 400000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 99, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 97, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 60000000000, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 49000000000, "global_rank": 48, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 900000000, "global_rank": 59, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "kWh": 700000000, "global_rank": 78, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 16000000, "global_rank": 51, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 98, "global_rank": 55, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 38, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 1.8, "global_rank": 138, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0.2, "global_rank": 115, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 1370000, "global_rank": 19, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 1146000, "global_rank": 15, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 2920, "global_rank": 79, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 12000000000, "global_rank": 16, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 505900, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 430000, "global_rank": 37, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 435400, "global_rank": 18, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 108800, "global_rank": 53, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 83290000000, "global_rank": 10, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 37500000000, "global_rank": 27, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 40800000000, "global_rank": 9, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 153, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 4504000000000, "global_rank": 10, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 128000000, "global_rank": 36, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 3267592, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 8, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 45928000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 116, "global_rank": 33, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "privatization of Algeria's telecommunications sector began in 2000; three mobile cellular licenses have been issued and, in 2005, a consortium led by Egypt's Orascom Telecom won a 15-year license to build and operate a fixed-line network in Algeria", "domestic": "a limited network of fixed lines with a teledensity of less than 10 telephones per 100 persons has been offset by the rapid increase in mobile-cellular subscribership; in 2015, mobile-cellular teledensity was roughly 116 telephones per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 213; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-4 fiber-optic submarine cable system that provides links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; microwave radio relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; coaxial cable to Morocco and Tunisia (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "state-run Radio-Television Algerienne operates the broadcast media and carries programming in Arabic, Berber dialects, and French; use of satellite dishes is widespread, providing easy access to European and Arab satellite stations; state-run radio operates several national networks and roughly 40 regional radio stations (2009)", "internet": { "country_code": ".dz", "users": { "total": 15105000, "percent_of_population": 38.2, "global_rank": 55, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 4, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 74, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 5910835, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 24723377, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "7T", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 157, "global_rank": 36, "date": "2016" }, "paved": { "total": 64, "over_3047_metres": 12, "2438_to_3047_metres": 29, "1524_to_2437_metres": 17, "914_to_1523_metres": 5, "under_914_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 93, "2438_to_3047_metres": 2, "1524_to_2437_metres": 18, "914_to_1523_metres": 39, "under_914_metres": 34, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 3, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "condensate", "length": 2600, "units": "km" }, { "type": "gas", "length": 16415, "units": "km" }, { "type": "liquid petroleum gas", "length": 3447, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 7036, "units": "km" }, { "type": "refined products", "length": 144, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 3973, "units": "km" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 2888, "electrified": 283, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.432-m" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 1085, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.055-m" }, "global_rank": 45, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 113655, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 87605, "units": "km", "note": "includes 645 km of expressways" }, "unpaved": { "value": 26050, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 43, "date": "2010" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 38, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 6 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 8 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 3 }, { "type": "liquefied gas", "count": 11 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 3 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 4 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 3 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 15, "by_country": [] }, "global_rank": 78, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Algiers", "Annaba", "Arzew", "Bejaia", "Djendjene", "Jijel", "Mostaganem", "Oran", "Skikda" ], "liquid_natural_gas_terminals_export": [ "Arzew", "Bethioua", "Skikda" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6.24, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 5.56, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 4.96, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 4.46, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 8 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "People's National Army (Armee Nationale Populaire", "ANP)", "Land Forces (Forces Terrestres", "FT)", "Navy of the Republic of Algeria (Marine de la Republique Algerienne", "MRA)", "Air Force (Al-Quwwat al-Jawwiya al-Jaza'eriya", "QJJ)", "Territorial Air Defense Force" ], "date": "2016" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 17, "note": "17 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; 19-30 years of age for compulsory service; conscript service obligation is 18 months (6 months basic training, 12 months civil projects)", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Algeria and many other states reject Moroccan administration of Western Sahara", "the Polisario Front, exiled in Algeria, represents the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic", "Algeria's border with Morocco remains an irritant to bilateral relations, each nation accusing the other of harboring militants and arms smuggling", "dormant disputes include Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km still reflected on its maps of southeastern Algeria and the National Liberation Front's (FLN) assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 90000 }, { "people": "mostly living in Algerian-sponsored camps in the southwestern Algerian town of Tindouf" } ], "date": "2016" } }, "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "Algeria is a transit and, to a lesser extent, a destination and source country for women subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking and, to a lesser extent, men subjected to forced labor; criminal networks, sometimes extending to sub-Saharan Africa and to Europe, are involved in human smuggling and trafficking in Algeria; sub-Saharan adults enter Algeria voluntarily but illegally, often with the aid of smugglers, for onward travel to Europe, but some of the women are forced into prostitution, domestic service, and begging; some sub-Saharan men, mostly from Mali, are forced into domestic servitude; some Algerian women and children are also forced into prostitution domestically", "tier_rating": "Tier 3 – Algeria does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so: some officials denied the existence of human trafficking, hindering law enforcement efforts; the government reported its first conviction under its anti-trafficking law; one potential trafficking case was investigated in 2014, but no suspected offenders were arrested; no progress was made in identifying victims among vulnerable groups or referring them to NGO-run protection service, which left trafficking victims subject to arrest and detention; no anti-trafficking public awareness or educational campaigns were conducted (2015)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102720/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html" } }, "american_samoa": { "data": { "name": "American Samoa", "introduction": { "background": "Settled as early as 1000 B.C., Samoa was not reached by European explorers until the 18th century. International rivalries in the latter half of the 19th century were settled by an 1899 treaty in which Germany and the US divided the Samoan archipelago. The US formally occupied its portion - a smaller group of eastern islands with the excellent harbor of Pago Pago - the following year." }, "geography": { "location": "Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 14, "minutes": 20, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 170, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Oceania", "area": { "total": { "value": 199, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 199, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "note": "includes Rose Island and Swains Island", "global_rank": 216, "comparative": "slightly larger than Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 116, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October); little seasonal temperature variation", "terrain": "five volcanic islands with rugged peaks and limited coastal plains, two coral atolls (Rose Island, Swains Island)", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Pacific Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Lata Mountain", "elevation": { "value": 964, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "pumice", "pumicite" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 21.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 13.3, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 8.4, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 78.3, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 0, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "typhoons common from December to March", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "limited volcanic activity on the Ofu and Olosega Islands; neither has erupted since the 19th century", "type": "volcanism" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "limited natural freshwater resources", "the water division of the government has spent substantial funds in the past few years to improve water catchments and pipelines" ] }, "note": "Pago Pago has one of the best natural deepwater harbors in the South Pacific Ocean, sheltered by shape from rough seas and protected by peripheral mountains from high winds; strategic location in the South Pacific Ocean" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 54194, "global_rank": 208, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "American Samoan(s) (US nationals)", "adjective": "American Samoan" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Pacific Islander", "percent": 92.6, "breakdown": [ { "name": "includes Samoan", "percent": 88.9 }, { "name": "Tongan", "percent": 2.9 }, { "name": "other .8%" } ] }, { "name": "Asian", "percent": 3.6, "breakdown": [ { "name": "includes Filipino", "percent": 2.2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.4 } ] }, { "name": "mixed", "percent": 2.7 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.2 } ], "date": "2010" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Samoan", "percent": 88.6, "note": "closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages" }, { "name": "English", "percent": 3.9 }, { "name": "Tongan", "percent": 2.7 }, { "name": "other Pacific islander", "percent": 3 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.8 } ], "note": "most people are bilingual", "date": "2010" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Christian", "percent": 98.3 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "unaffiliated", "percent": 0.7 } ], "date": "2010" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 24.04, "males": 6381, "females": 6646 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 18.76, "males": 4983, "females": 5185 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 42.62, "males": 11907, "females": 11188 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 9.18, "males": 2438, "females": 2535 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 5.41, "males": 1342, "females": 1589 }, "date": "2016" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 29.4, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 29.9, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 28.8, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": -0.25, "global_rank": 217, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 22.9, "global_rank": 69, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 4.8, "global_rank": 196, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -20.6, "global_rank": 221, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 87.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": -0.13, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Pago Pago", "population": 48000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 0.96, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 0.96, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.96, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.85, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 8.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 10.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 148, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 75.4, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 72.4, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 78.5, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 104, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.87, "global_rank": 59, "date": "2016" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 62.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 62.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 62.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 37.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 37.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 37.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "note": "active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus", "date": "2016" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Territory of American Samoa", "conventional_short_form": "American Samoa", "abbreviation": "AS", "etymology": "the name Samoa is composed of two parts, \"sa\" meaning \"sacred\" and \"moa\" meaning \"center,\" so the name can mean Holy Center; alternatively, it can mean \"place of the sacred moa bird\" of Polynesian mythology" }, "government_type": "presidential democracy; a self-governing territory of the US", "capital": { "name": "Pago Pago", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 14, "minutes": 16, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 170, "minutes": 42, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -11, "note": "6 hours behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "note": "territory of the US" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Flag Day", "day": "17 April", "original_year": "1900" } ], "constitution": { "history": "adopted 17 October 1960; revised 1 July 1967; amended several times, last in 2013 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "mixed legal system of US common law and customary law", "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Donald J. TRUMP (since 20 January 2017); Vice President Michael R. PENCE (since 20 January 2017)", "head_of_government": "Governor Lolo Matalasi MOLIGA (since 3 January 2013)", "cabinet": "Cabinet consists of 12 department directors appointed by the governor with the consent of the Legislative Assembly", "elections_appointments": "president and vice president indirectly elected on the same ballot by an Electoral College of 'electors' chosen from each state to serve a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); under the US Constitution, residents of unincorporated territories, such as American Samoa, do not vote in elections for US president and vice president; however, they may vote in Democratic and Republican presidential primary elections; governor and lieutenant governor directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 8 November 2016 (next to be held in November 2020)", "election_results": "Lolo Matalasi MOLIGA re-elected governor; percent of vote - Lolo Matalasi MOLIGA (independent) 60.2%, Faoa Aitofele SUNIA (Democratic Party) 35.8%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Fono or Legislative Assembly consists of the Senate (18 seats; members indirectly selected by regional governing councils to serve 4-year terms) and the House of Representatives (21 seats; 20 members directly elected by simple majority vote and 1 decided by public meeting on Swains Island; members serve 2-year terms)", "elections": "House of Representatives - last held on 4 November 2014 (next to be held in November 2016); Senate - last held on 6 November 2012 (next to be held in November 2016)", "election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - independents 18; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - independents 20", "note": "American Samoa elects 1 member by simple majority vote to serve a 2-year term as a delegate to the US House of Representatives; the delegate can vote when serving on a committee and when the House meets as the Committee of the Whole House, but not when legislation is submitted for a “full floor” House vote; election of delegate last held on 4 November 2014 (next to be held on November 2016)" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "High Court of American Samoa (consists of the chief justice, associate chief justice, and 6 Samoan associate judges and organized into trial, family, drug, and appellate divisions); note - American Samoa has no US federal courts", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "chief justice and associate chief justice appointed by the US Secretary of the Interior to serve for life; Samoan associate judges appointed by the governor to serve for life", "subordinate_courts": "district and village courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Democratic Party", "leaders": [ "Oreta M. TOGAFAU" ] }, { "name": "Republican Party", "leaders": [ "Tautai A. F. FAALEVAO" ] } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "AOSIS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "Interpol ", "note": "subbureau" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "PIF ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "SPC" } ], "flag_description": { "description": "blue, with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the fly side and extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of authority, a war club known as a \"fa'alaufa'i\" (upper; left talon), and a coconut fiber fly whisk known as a \"fue\" (lower; right talon); the combination of symbols broadly mimics that seen on the US Great Seal and reflects the relationship between the US and American Samoa" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "a fue crossed with a to'oto'o ", "note": "coconut fiber fly whisk; representing wisdom; staff; representing authority" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "white" }, { "color": "blue" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Amerika Samoa\" (American Samoa)", "lyrics_music": "Mariota Tiumalu TUIASOSOPO/Napoleon Andrew TUITELELEAPAGA", "note": "local anthem adopted 1950; as a territory of the United States, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is official (see United States)" } }, "economy": { "overview": "American Samoa has a traditional Polynesian economy in which more than 90% of the land is communally owned. Economic activity is strongly linked to the US with which American Samoa conducts most of its commerce. Tuna fishing and tuna processing plants are the backbone of the private sector with canned tuna the primary export. The two tuna canneries accounted for 13.1% of employment in 2013.\n\nIn late September 2009, an earthquake and the resulting tsunami devastated American Samoa and nearby Samoa, disrupting transportation and power generation, and resulting in about 200 deaths. The US Federal Emergency Management Agency oversaw a relief program of nearly $25 million. Transfers from the US Government add substantially to American Samoa's economic well-being.\n\nAttempts by the government to develop a larger and broader economy are restrained by Samoa's remote location, its limited transportation, and its devastating hurricanes. Tourism is a promising developing sector. In 2015, a new fish processing company completed refurbishing the processing facilities left behind by one of the two canneries that closed in 2009 and opened a new cannery. With two operating canneries once again, fish processing and exports will rise in the coming years.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 711000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 718000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 647000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 207 }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 748600000, "date": "2005" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -2.4, "units": "%", "date": "2013" }, { "value": -2.7, "units": "%", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 0.6, "units": "%", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 209 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 13000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 13100, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 11700, "units": "USD", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 121 }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 54.6, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 52.8, "units": "%" }, "investment_if_fixed_capital": { "value": 2.7, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 2.3, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 54.4, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -66.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2012" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 27.4, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 12.4, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 60.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2012" } } }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "bananas", "coconuts", "vegetables", "taro", "breadfruit", "yams", "copra", "pineapples", "papayas", "dairy products", "livestock" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "tuna canneries", "largely supplied by foreign fishing vessels", "handicrafts" ] }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 16090, "global_rank": 214, "date": "2013" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "industry": { "value": 13.1, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 86.9, "units": "%" } }, "agriculture": "NA", "date": "2013" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 29.8, "units": "%", "date": "2005" } ], "global_rank": 192 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 241200000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 243700000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2013" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 32.2, "global_rank": 67, "date": "2013" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -0.3, "global_rank": 40, "date": "2013" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 October", "end": "30 September" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.1, "units": "%", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 3.5, "units": "%", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 115 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 459000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 489000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 175 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "canned tuna" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 100 } ] } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 564000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 508000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 192 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "raw materials for canneries", "food", "petroleum products", "machinery", "parts" ] } }, "exchange_rates": { "note": "the US dollar is used" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 22219, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 59, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 60, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 45, "units": "%" }, "date": "2012" }, "production": { "kWh": 200000000, "global_rank": 188, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 100000000, "global_rank": 200, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 105, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 41000, "global_rank": 196, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 100, "global_rank": 36, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 43, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 157, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 154, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 105, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 94, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 160, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 116, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 2375, "global_rank": 191, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 155, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 2346, "global_rank": 186, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 155, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 118, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 60, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 156, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 111, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 600000, "global_rank": 177, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 10000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 18, "global_rank": 199, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "good telex, telegraph, facsimile, and cellular telephone services", "domestic": "domestic satellite system with 1 Comsat earth station", "international": "country code - 1-684; satellite earth station - 1 (Intelsat-Pacific Ocean)" } }, "broadcast_media": "3 TV stations; multi-channel pay TV services are available; about a dozen radio stations, some of which are repeater stations (2009)", "internet": { "country_code": ".as", "users": { "total": 17000, "percent_of_population": 31.3, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "airports": { "total": { "airports": 3, "global_rank": 192, "date": "2016" }, "paved": { "total": 3, "over_3047_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 1, "under_914_metres": 1, "date": "2013" } } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 241, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 208, "date": "2008" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Pago Pago" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "note": "defense is the responsibility of the US" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Tokelau included American Samoa's Swains Island (Olosega) in its 2006 draft independence constitution" ] } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-22", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170622190928/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aq.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170622000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aq.html" } }, "andorra": { "data": { "name": "Andorra", "introduction": { "background": "The landlocked Principality of Andorra is one of the smallest states in Europe, nestled high in the Pyrenees between the French and Spanish borders. For 715 years, from 1278 to 1993, Andorrans lived under a unique coprincipality, ruled by French and Spanish leaders (from 1607 onward, the French chief of state and the Bishop of Urgell). In 1993, this feudal system was modified with the introduction of a modern, constitution; the co-princes remained as titular heads of state, but the government transformed into a parliamentary democracy.\nAndorra has become a popular tourist destination visited by approximately 8 million people each year drawn by the winter sports, summer climate, and duty-free shopping. Andorra has also become a wealthy international commercial center because of its mature banking sector and low taxes. As part of its effort to modernize its economy, Andorra has opened to foreign investment, and engaged in other reforms, such as advancing tax initiatives aimed at supporting a broader infrastructure. Although not a member of the EU, Andorra enjoys a special relationship with the organization and uses the euro as its national currency." }, "geography": { "location": "Southwestern Europe, Pyrenees mountains, on the border between France and Spain", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 42, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 1, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Europe", "area": { "total": { "value": 468, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 468, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 196, "comparative": "2.5 times the size of Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 118, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "France", "border_length": { "value": 55, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Spain", "border_length": { "value": 63, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 0, "units": "km", "note": "landlocked" }, "climate": "temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers", "terrain": "rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 1996, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Riu Runer", "elevation": { "value": 840, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Pic de Coma Pedrosa", "elevation": { "value": 2946, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "hydropower", "mineral water", "timber", "iron ore", "lead" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 43.4, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 5.5, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 37.9, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 34, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 22.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "population is unevenly distributed and is concentrated in the 7 urbanized valleys that make up the country's parishes (political administrative divisions)", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "avalanches", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "deforestation", "overgrazing of mountain meadows contributes to soil erosion", "air pollution", "wastewater treatment and solid waste disposal" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Desertification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Ozone Layer Protection" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "landlocked; straddles a number of important crossroads in the Pyrenees" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 85660, "global_rank": 201, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Andorran(s)", "adjective": "Andorran" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Andorran", "percent": 46.2 }, { "name": "Spanish", "percent": 26.4 }, { "name": "Portuguese", "percent": 12.8 }, { "name": "French", "percent": 5 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 9.6 } ], "date": "2016" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Catalan", "note": "official" }, { "name": "French" }, { "name": "Castilian" }, { "name": "Portuguese" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic", "note": "predominant" } ] }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 14.74, "males": 6476, "females": 6151 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 9.52, "males": 4236, "females": 3915 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 47.01, "males": 20614, "females": 19651 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 13.59, "males": 6229, "females": 5412 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 15.15, "males": 6566, "females": 6410 }, "date": "2016" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 43.7, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 43.8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 43.5, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 13, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.07, "global_rank": 193, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 7.8, "global_rank": 223, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 7.1, "global_rank": 132, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 0, "global_rank": 104, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "population is unevenly distributed and is concentrated in the 7 urbanized valleys that make up the country's parishes (political administrative divisions)", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 85.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.14, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Andorra La Vella", "population": 23000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.07, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.08, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 1.15, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 1.02, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 3.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 3.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 3.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 201, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 82.8, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 80.6, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 85.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 8, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.39, "global_rank": 212, "date": "2016" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 8.1, "global_rank": 53, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 3.69, "date": "2015" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 2.5, "date": "2009" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 32.1, "global_rank": 58, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 3.1, "date": "2014" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Principality of Andorra", "conventional_short_form": "Andorra", "local_long_form": "Principat d'Andorra", "local_short_form": "Andorra", "etymology": "the origin of the country's name is obscure; since the area served as part of the Spanish March (defensive buffer zone) against the invading Moors in the 8th century, the name may derive from the Arabic \"ad-darra\" meaning \"the forest\"" }, "government_type": "parliamentary democracy (since March 1993) that retains its chiefs of state in the form of a co-principality; the two princes are the president of France and bishop of Seu d'Urgell, Spain, who are represented in Andorra by the co-princes' representatives", "capital": { "name": "Andorra la Vella", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 42, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 1, "minutes": 31, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 1, "note": "6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, "independence": { "note": "formed under the joint sovereignty of the French Count of Foix and the Spanish Bishop of Urgell" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Our Lady of Meritxell Day", "day": "8 September", "original_year": "1278" } ], "constitution": { "history": "drafted 1991, approved by referendum 14 March 1993, effective 28 April 1993", "amendments": "proposed by the coprinces jointly or by the General Council; passage requires at least a two-thirds majority vote by the General Council, ratification in a referendum, and sanctioning by the coprinces (2016)" }, "legal_system": "mixed legal system of civil and customary law with the influence of canon law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "the mother must be an Andorran citizen or the father must have been born in Andorra and both parents maintain permanent residence in Andorra", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "25 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "French Coprince Emmanuel MACRON (since 14 May 2017) ; represented by Jean-Pierre HUGUES (since 15 June 2016) and Spanish Coprince Archbishop Joan-Enric VIVES i Sicilia (since 12 May 2003); represented by Josep Maria MAUN (since 20 July 2012)", "head_of_government": "Head of Government (or Cap de Govern) Antoni MARTI PETIT (since 12 May 2011)", "cabinet": "Executive Council designated by head of government", "elections_appointments": "head of government indirectly elected by the General Council (Andorran parliament), formally appointed by the coprinces for a 4-year term; election last held on 31 March 2015 (next to be held in April 2019); the leader of the majority party in the General Council is usually elected head of government", "election_results": "Antoni MARTI PETIT (DA) elected head of government; percent of General Council vote - 79%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral General Council of the Valleys or Consell General de les Valls (a minimum of 28 seats; 14 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies (parishes) by simple majority vote and 14 directly elected in a single national constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms); note - each voter casts two separate ballots - one for a national list and one for a parish list", "elections": "last held on 1 March 2015 (next to be held in April 2019)", "election_results": "seats by party - percent of vote by party: DA 34.5%, PLA 25.0%, PS-VA-IC-independent coalition 21.3%, SDP 9.6%, invalid votes 9.5%; seats by party: DA 15, PLA 8, PS-VA-IC-independent coalition 3, SDP 2" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Justice of Andorra or Tribunal Superior de la Justicia d'Andorra (consists of the court president and 8 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional (consists of 4 magistrates)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court president and judges appointed by the Supreme Council of Justice, a 5-member judicial policy and administrative body appointed 1 each by the coprinces, 1 by the General Council, 1 by the executive council president, and 1 by the courts; judges serve 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional magistrates appointed 2 by the coprinces and 2 by the General Council; magistrates' appointments limited to 2 consecutive 8-year terms", "subordinate_courts": "Tribunal of Judges or Tribunal de Batlles; Tribunal of the Courts or Tribunal de Corts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Citizens' Initiative", "name_alternative": "IC", "leaders": [ "Sergi RICART" ], "note": "including PS, VA, IC, independents" }, { "name": "Democrats for Andorra", "name_alternative": "DA", "leaders": [ "Antoni MARTI PETIT" ] }, { "name": "Greens of Andorra", "name_alternative": "VA", "leaders": [ "Isabel LOZANO MUNOZ", "Juli FERNANDEZ BLASI" ] }, { "name": "Liberal Party", "name_alternative": "PLA", "leaders": [ "Jordi GALLARDO" ] }, { "name": "Social Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "PS", "leaders": [ "Vincenc ALAY FERRER" ] }, { "name": "Social Democratic Progress Party", "name_alternative": "SDP", "leaders": [ "Victor NAUDI ZAMORA" ] } ], "note": "there are also several smaller parties at the parish level (one is Lauredian Union)" }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "CE" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OSCE" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "Union Latina" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WTO ", "note": "observer" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Elisenda VIVES BALMANA (since 2 March 2016)", "chancery": "2 United Nations Plaza, 27th Floor, New York, NY 10017", "telephone": "[1] (212) 750-8064", "fax": "[1] (212) 750-6630" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red, with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the latter band is slightly wider than the other two so that the ratio of band widths is 8:9:8; the coat of arms features a quartered shield with the emblems of (starting in the upper left and proceeding clockwise): Urgell, Foix, Bearn, and Catalonia; the motto reads VIRTUS UNITA FORTIOR (Strength United is Stronger); the flag combines the blue and red French colors with the red and yellow of Spain to show Franco-Spanish protection", "note": "similar to the flags of Chad and Romania, which do not have a national coat of arms in the center, and the flag of Moldova, which does bear a national emblem" }, "national_symbol": { "colors": [ { "color": "blue" }, { "color": "yellow" }, { "color": "red" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"El Gran Carlemany\" (The Great Charlemagne)", "lyrics_music": "Joan BENLLOCH i VIVO/Enric MARFANY BONS", "note": "adopted 1921; the anthem provides a brief history of Andorra in a first person narrative" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Andorra has a developed economy and a free market, with per capita income above the European average and above the level of its neighbors, Spain and France. The country has developed a sophisticated infrastructure including a one-of-a-kind micro-fiber-optic network for the entire country. Tourism, retail sales, and finance are the mainstays of Andorra's small economy, accounting for more than three-quarters of GDP. Andorra's duty-free status for some products and its summer and winter resorts attract millions of visitors annually, although the economic downturn in neighboring countries has curtailed the number of tourists. Andorra uses the euro and is effectively subject to the monetary policy of the European Central Bank. Andorra's comparative advantage as a tax haven eroded when the borders of neighboring France and Spain opened; its bank secrecy laws have been relaxed under pressure from the EU and OECD.\n\nAgricultural production is limited - only about 5% of the land is arable - and most food has to be imported, making the economy vulnerable to changes in fuel and food prices. The principal livestock is sheep. Manufacturing output and exports consist mainly of perfumes and cosmetic products, products of the printing industry, electrical machinery and equipment, clothing, tobacco products, and furniture. Andorra is a member of the EU Customs Union and is treated as an EU member for trade in manufactured goods (no tariffs) and as a non-EU member for agricultural products.\n\nAndorra is open to, and actively seeking to attract, foreign investment. The Andorran economy is undergoing a process of diversification centered largely on the sectors of tourism, trade, property, and finance. To provide incentives for growth and diversification in the economy, the Andorran government began sweeping economic reforms in 2006. The Parliament approved three laws to complement the first phase of economic openness: on Companies (October 2007), on Business Accounting (December 2007), and on Foreign Investment (April 2008 and June 2012). From 2011 to 2015, the Parliament also approved direct taxes in the form taxes on corporations, on individual incomes of residents and non-residents, and on capital gains, savings, and economic activities. These regulations aim to establish a transparent, modern, and internationally comparable regulatory framework.\n\nThe principal objectives of the economic reform are to attract investment and businesses which can contribute most to Andorra’s economic development, offering greater diversification and contributing higher added value. Prior to 2008, when the first law on investment was approved, Andorra offered limited foreign investment opportunities largely due to concerns about the impact of foreign firms on such a small economy. As a consequence, non-citizens were allowed to own no more than 33% of a company. Only after residing in the country for a minimum of 20 years were foreigners entitled to own 100%.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3327000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3363000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 3273000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 184, "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 2712000000, "date": "2012" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -1.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.4, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, { "value": -0.1, "units": "%", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 202 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 49900, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 51300, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 50300, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 25 }, "composition": { "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 11.9, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 33.6, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 54.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" } } }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "rye", "wheat", "barley", "oats", "vegetables", "tobacco", "sheep", "cattle" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "tourism particularly skiing", "banking", "timber", "furniture" ] }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 39750, "global_rank": 195, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 0.5, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 4.4, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 95.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.7, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 33 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 1872000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 2060000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 69, "global_rank": 5, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -6.9, "global_rank": 185, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 41, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 41.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 121 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -0.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": -0.1, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 7 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 78710000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 79570000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 197 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "tobacco products", "furniture" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Spain", "percent": 52.6 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 18.7 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 2.9 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1257000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1264000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 176 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "consumer goods", "food", "fuel", "electricity" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Spain", "percent": 63.6 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 15.8 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 3.1 } ] } }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" } ] }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.9214, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.885, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.885, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0.7634, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.78, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "euros (EUR) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 99480000, "global_rank": 200, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 221600000, "global_rank": 188, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "kWh": 6000, "global_rank": 99, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "kWh": 471300000, "global_rank": 82, "date": "2015" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 520000, "global_rank": 143, "date": "2010" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 61.3, "global_rank": 127, "date": "2010" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2016" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 23.3, "global_rank": 87, "date": "2010" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "date": "2016" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "date": "2016" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "date": "2016" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "date": "2016" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "date": "2016" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "date": "2016-01-01" } } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 38850, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 45, "global_rank": 168, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 71000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 83, "global_rank": 198, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "modern automatic telephone system", "domestic": "modern system with microwave radio relay connections between exchanges", "international": "country code - 376; landline circuits to France and Spain (2016)" } }, "broadcast_media": "1 public TV station and 2 public radio stations; about 10 commercial radio stations; good reception of radio and TV broadcasts from stations in France and Spain; upgraded to terrestrial digital TV broadcasting in 2007; roughly 25 international TV channels available (2016)", "internet": { "country_code": ".ad", "users": { "total": 83000, "percent_of_population": 96.9, "global_rank": 176, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "C3", "date": "2016" } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 320, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 205, "date": "2015" } }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "no regular military forces", "Police Corps of Andorra" ], "date": "2017" }, "note": "defense is the responsibility of France and Spain" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ] } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-17", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170617101344/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/an.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170617000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/an.html" } }, "angola": { "data": { "name": "Angola", "introduction": { "background": "Angola scores low on human development indexes despite using its large oil reserves to rebuild since the end of a 27-year civil war in 2002. Fighting between the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS, and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, followed independence from Portugal in 1975. Peace seemed imminent in 1992 when Angola held national elections, but fighting picked up again in 1993. Up to 1.5 million lives may have been lost - and 4 million people displaced - during the more than a quarter century of fighting. SAVIMBI's death in 2002 ended UNITA's insurgency and cemented the MPLA's hold on power. President DOS SANTOS pushed through a new constitution in 2010 and was elected to a five year term as president in 2012." }, "geography": { "location": "Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Namibia and Democratic Republic of the Congo", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 12, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 18, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Africa", "area": { "total": { "value": 1246700, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 1246700, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 23, "comparative": "about eight times the size of Georgia; slightly less than twice the size of Texas" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 5369, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "border_length": { "value": 2646, "units": "km" }, "note": "of which 225 km is the boundary of discontiguous Cabinda Province" }, { "country": "Republic of the Congo", "border_length": { "value": 231, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Namibia", "border_length": { "value": 1427, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Zambia", "border_length": { "value": 1065, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 1600, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)", "terrain": "narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 1112, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Atlantic Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Moca", "elevation": { "value": 2620, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "petroleum", "diamonds", "iron ore", "phosphates", "copper", "feldspar", "gold", "bauxite", "uranium" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 47.3, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 3.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.2, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 43.3, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 46.8, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 5.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 860, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "overuse of pastures and subsequent soil erosion attributable to population pressures", "desertification", "deforestation of tropical rain forest", "in response to both international demand for tropical timber and to domestic use as fuel", "resulting in loss of biodiversity", "soil erosion contributing to water pollution and siltation of rivers and dams", "inadequate supplies of potable water" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "the province of Cabinda is an exclave, separated from the rest of the country by the Democratic Republic of the Congo" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 20172332, "global_rank": 59, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Angolan(s)", "adjective": "Angolan" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Ovimbundu", "percent": 37 }, { "name": "Kimbundu", "percent": 25 }, { "name": "Bakongo", "percent": 13 }, { "name": "mestico", "percent": 2, "note": "mixed European and native African" }, { "name": "European", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 22 } ] }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Portuguese", "percent": 71.2, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Umbundu", "percent": 23 }, { "name": "Kikongo", "percent": 8.2 }, { "name": "Kimbundu", "percent": 7.8 }, { "name": "Chokwe", "percent": 6.5 }, { "name": "Nhaneca", "percent": 3.4 }, { "name": "Nganguela", "percent": 3.1 }, { "name": "Fiote", "percent": 2.4 }, { "name": "Kwanhama", "percent": 2.3 }, { "name": "Muhumbi", "percent": 2.1 }, { "name": "Luvale", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 3.6 } ], "note": "most widely spoken languages; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census", "date": "2014" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 41.1 }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 38.1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 8.6 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 12.3 } ], "date": "2014" }, "demographic_profile": "More than a decade after the end of Angola’s 27-year civil war, the country still faces a variety of socioeconomic problems, including poverty, high maternal and child mortality, and illiteracy. Despite the country’s rapid post-war economic growth based on oil production, more than 40 percent of Angolans live below the poverty line and unemployment is widespread, especially among the large young-adult population. Only about 70% of the population is literate, and the rate drops to around 60% for women. The youthful population – about 45% are under the age of 15 – is expected to continue growing rapidly with a fertility rate of more 5 children per woman and a low rate of contraceptive use. Fewer than half of women deliver their babies with the assistance of trained health care personnel, which contributes to Angola’s high maternal mortality rate.\nOf the estimated 550,000 Angolans who fled their homeland during its civil war, most have returned home since 2002. In 2012, the UN assessed that conditions in Angola had been stable for several years and invoked a cessation of refugee status for Angolans. Following the cessation clause, some of those still in exile returned home voluntarily through UN repatriation programs, and others integrated into host countries. As of August 2014, about 73,000 Angolans were still living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, Namibia, the Republic of the Congo, and other countries.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 42.72, "males": 4394206, "females": 4223246 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 20.72, "males": 2127140, "females": 2053363 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 29.6, "males": 3013561, "females": 2956547 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 3.97, "males": 388314, "females": 413347 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 2.99, "males": 278853, "females": 323755 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 99.9, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 95.2, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 4.6, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 21.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 18.2, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 18, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 18.3, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 213, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 2.72, "global_rank": 14, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 38.6, "global_rank": 9, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 11.3, "global_rank": 30, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -0.1, "global_rank": 105, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 44, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 4.97, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Luanda", "population": 5506000, "is_capital": true }, { "place": "Huambo", "population": 1269000 } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.02, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.94, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.86, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.02, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 19.4, "date": "2011" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 477, "global_rank": 25, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 76.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 80.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 72.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 8, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 56, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 54.8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 57.2, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 208, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 5.31, "global_rank": 9, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 17.7, "units": "%", "date": "2008" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 3.3, "global_rank": 172, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.14, "date": "2009" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 75.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 28.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 49, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 24.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 71.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 51, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 88.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 22.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 51.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 11.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 77.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 48.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 2.17, "global_rank": 25, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 315400, "global_rank": 21, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 11900, "global_rank": 20, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "very high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "protozoal diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "dengue fever", "malaria" ], "water_contact_diseases": [ "schistosomiasis" ], "animal_contact_diseases": [ "rabies" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 8.5, "global_rank": 147, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 15.6, "global_rank": 45, "date": "2007" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 3.5, "global_rank": 127, "date": "2010" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 71.1, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 82, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 60.7, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 10, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 8, "units": "years" }, "date": "2011" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 832895, "percentage": { "value": 24, "units": "%" }, "date": "2001" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Angola", "conventional_short_form": "Angola", "local_long_form": "Republica de Angola", "local_short_form": "Angola", "former": "People's Republic of Angola", "etymology": "name derived by the Portuguese from the title \"ngola\" held by kings of the Ndongo (Ndongo was a kingdom in what is now northern Angola)" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Luanda", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 8, "minutes": 50, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 13, "minutes": 13, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 1, "note": "6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1975-11-11", "note": "from Portugal" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "11 November", "original_year": "1975" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1975, 1992; latest passed by National Assembly 21 January 2010, adopted 5 February 2010 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil legal system based on Portuguese civil law; no judicial review of legislation", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "non-party state to the ICCt" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Angola", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "10 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21 September 1979); Vice President Manuel Domingos VICENTE (since 26 September 2012); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government", "head_of_government": "President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21 September 1979); Vice President Manuel Domingos VICENTE (since 26 September 2012)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president", "elections_appointments": "president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second consecutive or discontinuous term); note - according to the 2010 constitution, ballots are cast for parties rather than candidates, and the leader of the winning party becomes president", "election_results": "NA; as leader of the MPLA, Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS elected president following legislative elections on 31 August 2012, inaugurated on 26 September 2012 to serve the first of a possible two terms under the 2010 constitution" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (220 seats; members directly elected in a single national constituency and in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 31 August 2012 (next to be held on 23 August 2017)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - MPLA 71.8%, UNITA 18.7%, CASA-CE 6.0%, PRS 1.7%, FNLA 1.1%, other 0.7%; seats by party - MPLA 175, UNITA 32, CASA-CE 8, PRS 3, FNLA 2" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal de Justica (consists of the court president, vice president, and a minimum of 16 judges); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional (consists of 11 judges)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president upon recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council, an 18-member body chaired by the president; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges - 4 nominated by the president, 4 elected by National Assembly, 2 elected by Supreme National Council, 1 elected by competitive submission of curricula; judges serve single 7-year terms", "subordinate_courts": "provincial and municipal courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Broad Convergence for the Salvation of Angola Electoral Coalition", "name_alternative": "CASA-CE", "leaders": [ "Abel CHIVUKUVUKU" ] }, { "name": "National Front for the Liberation of Angola", "name_alternative": "FNLA", "note": "there are two factions of the party; one is led by Lucas NGONDA; the other is led by Ngola KABANGU" }, { "name": "National Union for the Total Independence of Angola", "name_alternative": "UNITA", "leaders": [ "Isaias SAMAKUVA" ], "note": "largest opposition party" }, { "name": "Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola", "name_alternative": "MPLA", "leaders": [ "Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS" ], "note": "ruling party in power since 1975" }, { "name": "Social Renewal Party", "name_alternative": "PRS", "leaders": [ "Eduardo KUANGANA" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Angolan Revolutionary Movement", "name_alternative": "ARM" }, { "name": "Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda", "name_alternative": "FLEC", "leaders": [ "N'zita Henriques TIAGO" ] } ], "note": "FLEC's small-scale armed struggle for the independence of Cabinda Province persists despite the signing of a peace accord with the government in August 2006; several factions of FLEC have broken off over the past 30 years, including the FLEC-PM [Rodrigues MINGAS], which was responsible for a deadly attack on the Togolese soccer team in 2010" }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AfDB" }, { "organization": "AU" }, { "organization": "CEMAC" }, { "organization": "CPLP" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO ", "note": "correspondent" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OPEC" }, { "organization": "SADC" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UN Security Council ", "note": "temporary" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "Union Latina" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Agostinho Tavares da Silva NETO (since 18 November 2014)", "chancery": "2100-2108 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009", "telephone": "[1] (202) 785-1156", "fax": "[1] (202) 822-9049", "consulates_general": "Houston, Los Angeles, New York" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Helen Meagher LA LIME (15 May 2014)", "embassy": "number 32 Rua Houari Boumedienne (in the Miramar area of Luanda), Luanda, C.P. 6468", "mailing_address": "international mail: Caixa Postal 6468, Luanda; pouch: US Embassy Luanda, US Department of State, 2550 Luanda Place, Washington, DC 20521-2550", "telephone": "[244] 946440977", "fax": "[244] (222) 64-1000" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle); red represents liberty, black the African continent, the symbols characterize workers and peasants" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "Palanca Negra Gigante ", "note": "giant black sable antelope" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "black" }, { "color": "yellow" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Angola Avante\" (Forward Angola)", "lyrics_music": "Manuel Rui Alves MONTEIRO/Rui Alberto Vieira Dias MINGAO", "note": "adopted 1975", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/AO.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Angola's economy is overwhelmingly driven by its oil sector. Oil production and its supporting activities contribute about 50% of GDP, more than 70% of government revenue, and more than 90% of the country's exports. Diamonds contribute an additional 5% to exports. Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for most of the people, but half of the country's food is still imported.\n\nIncreased oil production supported growth averaging more than 17% per year from 2004 to 2008. A postwar reconstruction boom and resettlement of displaced persons has led to high rates of growth in construction and agriculture as well. Some of the country's infrastructure is still damaged or undeveloped from the 27-year-long civil war. However, the government since 2005 has used billions of dollars in credit from China, Brazil, Portugal, Germany, Spain, and the EU to help rebuild Angola's public infrastructure. Land mines left from the war still mar the countryside, and as a result, the national military, international partners, and private Angolan firms all continue to remove them.\n\nThe global recession that started in 2008 stalled Angola’s economic growth. In particular, lower prices for oil and diamonds during the recession slowed GDP growth to 2.4% in 2009, and many construction projects stopped because Luanda accrued $9 billion in arrears to foreign construction companies when government revenue fell. Angola formally abandoned its currency peg in 2009, and in November 2009 signed onto an IMF Stand-By Arrangement loan of $1.4 billion to rebuild international reserves. Consumer inflation declined from 325% in 2000 to less than 9% in 2014, before rising again in 2015-16.\n\nFalling oil prices, the depreciation of the kwanza, and slower than expected growth in non-oil GDP have reduced growth prospects. Corruption, especially in the extractive sectors, is a major long-term challenge that poses an additional threat to the economy. Government spending in the run-up to the 2017 elections is likely to strain Luanda’s budget.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 189000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 187300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 181800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 65, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 91940000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.9, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 4.8, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 180 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6800, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 7000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 7000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 156, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 72.5, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 18.1, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 10.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 35.3, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -36.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 10.2, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 61.4, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 28.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 12.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 171 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "bananas", "sugarcane", "coffee", "sisal", "corn", "cotton", "cassava", "manioc", "tapioca", "tobacco", "vegetables", "plantains", "livestock", "forest products", "fish" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "petroleum", "diamonds", "iron ore", "phosphates", "feldspar", "bauxite", "uranium", "gold", "cement", "basic metal products", "fish processing", "food processing", "brewing", "tobacco products", "sugar", "textiles", "ship repair" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 0.9, "global_rank": 151, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 10850000, "global_rank": 52, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 85, "units": "%" }, "industry_and_services": { "value": 15, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2003" } }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 40.5, "units": "%", "date": "2006" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 0.6, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 44.7, "units": "%" }, "date": "2000" }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 27270000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 33500000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 29.7, "global_rank": 78, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -6.8, "global_rank": 184, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 57.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 57.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 74 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 26.9, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 10.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 221 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9, "units": "%", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 25, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 34 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 30, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 16.88, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 8 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 24570000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 25270000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 64 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 38850000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 42150000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 77 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12520000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 17180000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 98 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -4166000000.0000005, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -10270000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 169 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 30040000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 35550000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 59 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "crude oil", "diamonds", "refined petroleum products", "coffee", "sisal", "fish", "fish products", "timber", "cotton" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 44.5 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 8.9 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 7.8 }, { "name": "Spain", "percent": 6.3 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 4.5 }, { "name": "South Africa", "percent": 4.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 19670000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 21150000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 71 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "electrical equipment", "vehicles", "spare parts", "medicines", "food", "textiles", "military goods" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 22.4 }, { "name": "Portugal", "percent": 14 }, { "name": "South Korea", "percent": 11.2 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 7 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 4.2 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 4.1 }, { "name": "South Africa", "percent": 4.1 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 20430000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 24080000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 58 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 37700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 33830000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 71 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 13010000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 10570000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 93 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 22800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 22200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 52 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 172, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 120.061, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 120.061, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 98.303, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 95.47, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "kwanza (AOA) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 15000000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 30, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 46, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 18, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 9200000000, "global_rank": 103, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 8100000000, "global_rank": 102, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 104, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 120, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 1700000, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 50.3, "global_rank": 144, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 49.7, "global_rank": 50, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 153, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 1842000, "global_rank": 14, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 1745000, "global_rank": 7, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 159, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 8400000000, "global_rank": 19, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 46050, "global_rank": 83, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 132000, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 33600, "global_rank": 63, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 97760, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 731000000, "global_rank": 68, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 231000000, "global_rank": 102, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 500000000, "global_rank": 43, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 155, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 308000000000, "global_rank": 38, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 33000000, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 284925, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 1, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 13885000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 71, "global_rank": 69, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "limited system; state-owned telecom had monopoly for fixed lines until 2005; demand outstripped capacity, prices were high, and services poor; Telecom Namibia, through an Angolan company, became the first private licensed operator in Angola's fixed-line telephone network; by 2010, the number of fixed-line providers had expanded to 5; Angola Telecom established mobile-cellular service in Luanda in 1993 and the network has been extended to larger towns; a privately owned, mobile-cellular service provider began operations in 2001", "domestic": "only about one fixed line per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity about 71 telephones per 100 persons in 2015", "international": "country code - 244; landing point for the SAT-3/WASC fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to Europe and Asia; satellite earth stations - 29 (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "state controls all broadcast media with nationwide reach; state-owned Televisao Popular de Angola (TPA) provides terrestrial TV service on 2 channels; a third TPA channel is available via cable and satellite; TV subscription services are available; state-owned Radio Nacional de Angola (RNA) broadcasts on 5 stations; about a half-dozen private radio stations broadcast locally (2009)", "internet": { "country_code": ".ao", "users": { "total": 2434000, "percent_of_population": 12.4, "global_rank": 81, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 10, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 55, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 1244491, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 46043000, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "D2", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 176, "global_rank": 32, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 31, "over_3047_metres": 7, "2438_to_3047_metres": 8, "1524_to_2437_metres": 12, "914_to_1523_metres": 4, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 145, "over_3047_metres": 2, "2438_to_3047_metres": 3, "1524_to_2437_metres": 31, "914_to_1523_metres": 66, "under_914_metres": 43, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 352, "units": "km" }, { "type": "liquid petroleum gas", "length": 85, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 1065, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil/gas/water", "length": 5, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 2852, "units": "km" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 2729, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.067-m" }, "global_rank": 60, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 51429, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 5349, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 46080, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 77, "date": "2001" }, "waterways": { "value": 1300, "units": "km", "global_rank": 54, "date": "2011" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 7, "by_type": [ { "type": "cargo", "count": 1 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 1 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 2 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 2 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 1 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 1, "by_country": [ { "country": "Spain", "count": 1 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 17, "by_country": [ { "country": "Bahamas", "count": 6 }, { "country": "Curacao", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Cyprus", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Liberia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Malta", "count": 7 } ] }, "global_rank": 123, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Cabinda", "Lobito", "Luanda", "Namibe" ], "liquid_natural_gas_terminals_export": [ "Angola Soyo" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.52, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 5.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 4.88, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 3.59, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 3.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 13 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Angolan Armed Forces (Forcas Armadas Angolanas", "FAA)", "Army", "Navy (Marinha de Guerra Angola", "MGA)", "Angolan National Air Force (Forca Aerea Nacional Angolana", "FANA", "under operational control of the Army)" ], "date": "2012" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 20, "note": "20-45 years of age for compulsory male and 18-45 years for voluntary male military service (registration at age 18 is mandatory); 20-45 years of age for voluntary female service; 2-year conscript service obligation; Angolan citizenship required; the Navy (MGA) is entirely staffed with volunteers", "date": "2013" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Democratic Republic of Congo accuses Angola of shifting monuments" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 12944, "country_of_origin": "Democratic Republic of the Congo" } ], "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "used as a transshipment point for cocaine destined for Western Europe and other African states, particularly South Africa" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624100326/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.html" } }, "anguilla": { "data": { "name": "Anguilla", "introduction": { "background": "Colonized by English settlers from Saint Kitts in 1650, Anguilla was administered by Great Britain until the early 19th century, when the island - against the wishes of the inhabitants - was incorporated into a single British dependency along with Saint Kitts and Nevis. Several attempts at separation failed. In 1971, two years after a revolt, Anguilla was finally allowed to secede; this arrangement was formally recognized in 1980, with Anguilla becoming a separate British dependency." }, "geography": { "location": "Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, east of Puerto Rico", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 18, "minutes": 15, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 63, "minutes": 10, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Central America and the Caribbean", "area": { "total": { "value": 91, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 91, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 227, "comparative": "about one-half the size of Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 61, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 3, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_fishing_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds", "terrain": "flat and low-lying island of coral and limestone", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Caribbean Sea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Crocus Hill", "elevation": { "value": 65, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "salt", "fish", "lobster" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 61.1, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 38.9, "units": "%", "note": "mostly rock with some commercial salt ponds" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "most of the population is concentrated in The Valley in the center of the island; settlmement is fairly uniform in the southwest, but rather sparce in the northeast", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "frequent hurricanes and other tropical storms (July to October)", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "supplies of potable water sometimes cannot meet increasing demand largely because of poor distribution system" ] }, "note": "the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 16752, "global_rank": 221, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Anguillan(s)", "adjective": "Anguillan" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "African/black", "percent": 85.3 }, { "name": "hispanic", "percent": 4.9 }, { "name": "mixed", "percent": 3.8 }, { "name": "white", "percent": 3.2 }, { "name": "East Indian/Indian", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.6 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.3 } ], "date": "2011" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "English", "note": "official" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 73.2, "breakdown": [ { "name": "includes Anglican", "percent": 22.7 }, { "name": "Methodist", "percent": 19.4 }, { "name": "Pentecostal", "percent": 10.5 }, { "name": "Seventh Day Adventist", "percent": 8.3 }, { "name": "Baptist", "percent": 7.1 }, { "name": "Church of God", "percent": 4.9 }, { "name": "Presbytarian", "percent": 0.2 }, { "name": "Brethren", "percent": 0.1 } ] }, { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 6.8 }, { "name": "Jehovah's Witness", "percent": 1.1 }, { "name": "other Christian", "percent": 10.9 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 3.2 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.3 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 4.5 } ], "date": "2011" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 22.48, "males": 1924, "females": 1842 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 14.05, "males": 1176, "females": 1178 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 44.32, "males": 3340, "females": 4084 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 10.51, "males": 834, "females": 926 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 8.64, "males": 719, "females": 729 }, "date": "2016" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 34.6, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 32.7, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 36.4, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 80, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 2, "global_rank": 48, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 12.7, "global_rank": 156, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 4.6, "global_rank": 202, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 11.9, "global_rank": 7, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "most of the population is concentrated in The Valley in the center of the island; settlmement is fairly uniform in the southwest, but rather sparce in the northeast", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 100, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 1.19, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "The Valley", "population": 1000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.82, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.9, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.98, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.91, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 3.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 3.8, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 2.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 208, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 81.4, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 78.8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 84.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.75, "global_rank": 163, "date": "2016" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 94.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 94.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 5.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 5.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 97.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 97.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 2.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 2.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "note": "active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus", "date": "2016" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 2.8, "global_rank": 146, "date": "2008" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Anguilla", "etymology": "the name Anguilla means \"eel\" in various Romance languages (Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, French) and likely derives from the island's lengthy shape" }, "government_type": "parliamentary democracy (House of Assembly); self-governing overseas territory of the UK", "capital": { "name": "The Valley", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 18, "minutes": 13, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 63, "minutes": 3, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -4, "note": "1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "note": "overseas territory of the UK" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Anguilla Day", "day": "30 May", "original_year": "1967" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest 1 April 1982; amended 1990 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "common law based on the English model", "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Christina SCOTT (since 23 July 2013)", "head_of_government": "Chief Minister Hubert HUGHES (since 16 February 2010)", "cabinet": "Executive Council appointed by the governor from among elected members of the House of Assembly", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed chief minister by the governor" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral House of Assembly (11 seats; seven members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, two appointed by the governor, and two ex officio members - the attorney general and deputy governor; members serve five-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 22 April 2015 (next to be held in 2015)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - AUF 54.4%, AUM 38.3%, DOVE 1.4%, independent 5.9%; seats by party - AUF 6, independent 1" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (ECSC) is the itinerant superior court of record for the 9-member Organization of Eastern Caribbean States to include Anguilla; the ECSC - headquartered on St. Lucia - is headed by the chief justice and is comprised of the Court of Appeal with 3 justices and the High Court with 16 judges; sittings of the Court of Appeal and High Court rotate among the 9 member states; High Court judges reside in 7 member states, though none resides on Anguilla", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court chief justice appointed by Her Majesty, Queen ELIZABETH II; other justices and judges appointed by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission; Court of Appeal justices appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 65; High Court judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 62", "subordinate_courts": "Magistrate's Court; Juvenile Court" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Anguilla United Front", "name_alternative": "AUF", "leaders": [ "Victor BANKS" ], "note": "an alliance of the Anguilla Democratic Party or ADP and the Anguilla National Alliance or ANA" }, { "name": "Anguilla United Movement", "name_alternative": "AUM", "leaders": [ "Dr. Ellis WEBSTER" ] }, { "name": "Democracy, Opportunity, Vision, Empowerment Party", "name_alternative": "DOVE", "leaders": [ "Sutcliffe HODGE" ] } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "Caricom ", "note": "associate" }, { "organization": "CDB" }, { "organization": "Interpol ", "note": "subbureau" }, { "organization": "OECS" }, { "organization": "UNESCO ", "note": "associate" }, { "organization": "UPU" } ], "flag_description": { "description": "blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Anguillan coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design on a white background with a turquoise-blue field below; the white in the background represents peace; the blue base symbolizes the surrounding sea, as well as faith, youth, and hope; the three dolphins stand for endurance, unity, and strength" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "dolphin" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"God Bless Anguilla\"", "lyrics_music": "Alex RICHARDSON", "note": "local anthem adopted 1981; as a territory of the United Kingdom, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Anguilla has few natural resources, and the economy depends heavily on luxury tourism, offshore banking, lobster fishing, and remittances from emigrants. Increased activity in the tourism industry has spurred the growth of the construction sector contributing to economic growth. Anguillan officials have put substantial effort into developing the offshore financial sector, which is small but growing. In the medium term, prospects for the economy will depend largely on the tourism sector and, therefore, on revived income growth in the industrialized nations as well as on favorable weather conditions.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 175400000, "units": "USD", "date": "2009" }, { "value": 191700000, "units": "USD", "date": "2008" }, { "value": 108900000, "units": "USD", "date": "2004" } ], "global_rank": 222 }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 175400000, "date": "2009" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -8.5, "units": "%", "date": "2009" } ], "global_rank": 220 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12200, "units": "USD", "date": "2008" } ], "global_rank": 124 }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 69.8, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 14.9, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 20.4, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 43.1, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -48.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 2.3, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 21, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 76.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "tobacco", "vegetables", "cattle" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "tourism", "boat building", "offshore financial services" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 2, "global_rank": 105, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 6049, "global_rank": 219, "date": "2001" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture_fishing_forestry_mining": { "value": 4, "units": "%" }, "manufacturing": { "value": 3, "units": "%" }, "construction": { "value": 18, "units": "%" }, "transportation_and_utilities": { "value": 10, "units": "%" }, "commerce": { "value": 36, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 29, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2000" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8, "units": "%", "date": "2002" } ], "global_rank": 97 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 23, "units": "%", "date": "2002" }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 95070000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 86630000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 54.2, "global_rank": 1, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.8, "global_rank": 1, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 20.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 20.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 169 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 April", "end": "31 March" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -0.3, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 22 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.5, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" }, { "value": 6.5, "units": "%", "date": "2009-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 52 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 9.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 93 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 28380000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 25980000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 191 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 409600000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 397800000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 187 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 427700000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 422500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 177 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -50100000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": -46900000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 69 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5600000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 218 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "lobster", "fish", "livestock", "salt", "concrete blocks", "rum" ] } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 128300000.00000001, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 128600000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 214 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "fuels", "foodstuffs", "manufactures", "chemicals", "trucks", "textiles" ] } }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8800000, "units": "USD", "date": "1998" }, { "value": 41040000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 201 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 2.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 2.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "East Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 6000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 37, "global_rank": 206, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 26000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 158, "global_rank": 209, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "modern internal telephone system", "domestic": "fixed-line teledensity is about 35 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity is roughly 160 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 1-264; landing point for the East Caribbean Fiber System submarine cable with links to 13 other islands in the eastern Caribbean extending from the British Virgin Islands to Trinidad; microwave radio relay to island of Saint Martin/Sint Maarten (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "1 private TV station; multi-channel cable TV subscription services are available; about 10 radio stations, one of which is government-owned (2009)", "internet": { "country_code": ".ai", "users": { "total": 12000, "percent_of_population": 76, "global_rank": 208, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 2, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 3, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "VP-A", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 2, "global_rank": 197, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 1, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 1, "under_914_metres": 1, "date": "2013" } } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 175, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 82, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 93, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 211, "date": "2004" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Blowing Point", "Road Bay" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "note": "defense is the responsibility of the UK" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ], "illicit_drugs": { "note": "transshipment point for South American narcotics destined for the US and Europe" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624200948/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/av.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/av.html" } }, "antarctica": { "data": { "name": "Antarctica", "introduction": { "background": "Speculation over the existence of a \"southern land\" was not confirmed until the early 1820s when British and American commercial operators and British and Russian national expeditions began exploring the Antarctic Peninsula region and other areas south of the Antarctic Circle. Not until 1840 was it established that Antarctica was indeed a continent and not merely a group of islands or an area of ocean. Several exploration \"firsts\" were achieved in the early 20th century, but generally the area saw little human activity. Following World War II, however, the continent experienced an upsurge in scientific research. A number of countries have set up a range of year-round and seasonal stations, camps, and refuges to support scientific research in Antarctica. Seven have made territorial claims, but not all countries recognize these claims. In order to form a legal framework for the activities of nations on the continent, an Antarctic Treaty was negotiated that neither denies nor gives recognition to existing territorial claims; signed in 1959, it entered into force in 1961." }, "geography": { "location": "continent mostly south of the Antarctic Circle", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 90, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 0, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Antarctic Region", "area": { "total": { "value": 14000000, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 14000000, "units": "sq km", "note": "280,000 sq km ice-free, 13.72 million sq km ice-covered est." }, "note": "fifth-largest continent, following Asia, Africa, North America, and South America, but larger than Australia and the subcontinent of Europe", "comparative": "slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US" }, "land_boundaries": { "note": "see entry on Disputes - international" }, "coastline": { "value": 17968, "units": "km" }, "climate": "severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing", "terrain": "about 98% thick continental ice sheet and 2% barren rock, with average elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 m; mountain ranges up to nearly 5,000 m; ice-free coastal areas include parts of southern Victoria Land, Wilkes Land, the Antarctic Peninsula area, and parts of Ross Island on McMurdo Sound; glaciers form ice shelves along about half of the coastline, and floating ice shelves constitute 11% of the area of the continent", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 2300, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Bentley Subglacial Trench", "elevation": { "value": -2540, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Vinson Massif", "elevation": { "value": 4897, "units": "m" } }, "note": "the lowest known land point in Antarctica is hidden in the Bentley Subglacial Trench; at its surface is the deepest ice yet discovered and the world's lowest elevation not under seawater" }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "iron ore", "chromium", "copper", "gold", "nickel", "platinum", "other minerals", "coal", "hydrocarbons have been found in small noncommercial quantities; none presently exploited", "krill", "finfish", "crab" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 100, "units": "%", "note": "ice 98%, barren rock 2%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from the high interior", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise along the coast", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "other seismic activity rare and weak", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "large icebergs may calve from ice shelf", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "the discovery of a large Antarctic ozone hole in the earth's stratosphere (the ozone layer) - first announced in 1985 - spurred the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987", "an international agreement phasing out the use of ozone-depleting chemicals", "the ozone layer prevents most harmful wavelengths of ultra-violet (UV) light from passing through the earth's atmosphere", "ozone depletion has been shown to harm a variety of Antarctic marine plants and animals (plankton)", "in 2002", "significant areas of ice shelves disintegrated in response to regional warming", "in 2016", "a very gradual trend toward \"healing\" of the ozone hole was reported" ] }, "note": "the coldest, windiest, highest (on average), and driest continent; during summer, more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period; mostly uninhabitable, 98% of the land area is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, the largest single mass of ice on earth" }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Antarctica", "etymology": "name derived from two Greek words meaning \"opposite to the Arctic\" or \"opposite to the north\"" }, "government_type": "Antarctic Treaty Summary - the Antarctic region is governed by a system known as the Antarctic Treaty System; the system includes: 1. the Antarctic Treaty, signed on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23 June 1961, which establishes the legal framework for the management of Antarctica, 2. Recommendations and Measures adopted at meetings of Antarctic Treaty countries, 3. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972), 4. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (1980), and 5. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991); the 38th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting was held in Sofia, Bulgaria in May 2015; at these annual meetings, decisions are made by consensus (not by vote) of all consultative member nations; by January 2016, there were 53 treaty member nations: 29 consultative and 24 non-consultative; consultative (decision-making) members include the seven nations that claim portions of Antarctica as national territory (some claims overlap) and 21 non-claimant nations; the US and Russia have reserved the right to make claims; the US does not recognize the claims of others;\nAntarctica is administered through meetings of the consultative member nations; decisions from these meetings are carried out by these member nations (with respect to their own nationals and operations) in accordance with their own national laws; the years in parentheses indicate when a consultative member-nation acceded to the Treaty and when it was accepted as a consultative member, while no date indicates the country was an original 1959 treaty signatory; claimant nations are - Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and the UK; nonclaimant consultative nations are - Belgium, Brazil (1975/1983), Bulgaria (1978/1998), China (1983/1985), Czech Republic (1962/2017), Ecuador (1987/1990), Finland (1984/1989), Germany (1979/1981), India (1983/1983), Italy (1981/1987), Japan, South Korea (1986/1989), Netherlands (1967/1990), Peru (1981/1989), Poland (1961/1977), Russia, South Africa, Spain (1982/1988), Sweden (1984/1988), Ukraine (1992/2004), Uruguay (1980/1985), and the US; non-consultative members, with year of accession in parentheses, are - Austria (1987), Belarus (2006), Canada (1988), Colombia (1989), Cuba (1984), Denmark (1965), Estonia (2001), Greece (1987), Guatemala (1991), Hungary (1984), Iceland (2015), Kazakhstan (2015), North Korea (1987), Malaysia (2011), Monaco (2008), Mongolia (2015), Pakistan (2012), Papua New Guinea (1981), Portugal (2010), Romania (1971), Slovakia (1962/1993), Switzerland (1990), Turkey (1996), and Venezuela (1999); note - Czechoslovakia acceded to the Treaty in 1962 and separated into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993;\nArticle 1 - area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military activity, such as weapons testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment may be used for scientific research or any other peaceful purpose; Article 2 - freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue; Article 3 - free exchange of information and personnel, cooperation with the UN and other international agencies; Article 4 - does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial claims and no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force; Article 5 - prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes; Article 6 - includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees 00 minutes south and reserves high seas rights;\nArticle 7 - treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment; advance notice of all expeditions and of the introduction of military personnel must be given; Article 8 - allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own states; Article 9 - frequent consultative meetings take place among member nations; Article 10 - treaty states will discourage activities by any country in Antarctica that are contrary to the treaty; Article 11 - disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately, by the ICJ; Articles 12, 13, 14 - deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved nations;\nother agreements - some 200 recommendations adopted at treaty consultative meetings and ratified by governments; a mineral resources agreement was signed in 1988 but remains unratified; the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed 4 October 1991 and entered into force 14 January 1998; this agreement provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment through six specific annexes: 1) environmental impact assessment, 2) conservation of Antarctic fauna and flora, 3) waste disposal and waste management, 4) prevention of marine pollution, 5) area protection and management and 6) liability arising from environmental emergencies; it prohibits all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific research; a permanent Antarctic Treaty Secretariat was established in 2004 in Buenos Aires, Argentina", "legal_system": "Antarctica is administered through annual meetings - known as Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings - which include consultative member nations, non-consultative member nations, observer organizations, and expert organizations; decisions from these meetings are carried out by these member nations (with respect to their own nationals and operations) in accordance with their own national laws; more generally, access to the Antarctic Treaty area, that is to all areas between 60 and 90 degrees south latitude, is subject to a number of relevant legal instruments and authorization procedures adopted by the states party to the Antarctic Treaty; note - US law, including certain criminal offenses by or against US nationals, such as murder, may apply extraterritorially; some US laws directly apply to Antarctica; for example, the Antarctic Conservation Act, 16 U.S.C. section 2401 et seq., provides civil and criminal penalties for the following activities unless authorized by regulation of statute: the taking of native mammals or birds; the introduction of nonindigenous plants and animals; entry into specially protected areas; the discharge or disposal of pollutants; and the importation into the US of certain items from Antarctica; violation of the Antarctic Conservation Act carries penalties of up to $10,000 in fines and one year in prison; the National Science Foundation and Department of Justice share enforcement responsibilities; Public Law 95-541, the US Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, as amended in 1996, requires expeditions from the US to Antarctica to notify, in advance, the Office of Oceans, Room 5805, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520, which reports such plans to other nations as required by the Antarctic Treaty; for more information, contact Permit Office, Office of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia 22230; telephone: (703) 292-8030, or visit its website at www.nsf.gov" }, "economy": { "overview": "Scientific undertakings rather than commercial pursuits are the predominant human activity in Antarctica. Offshore fishing and tourism, both based abroad, account for Antarctica's limited economic activity.\n\nAntarctic fisheries, targeting three main species - Patagonian and Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides and D. mawsoni), mackerel icefish (Champsocephalus gunnari), and krill (Euphausia superba) – reported landing 295,000 metric tons in 2013-14 (estimated fishing is from the area covered by the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), which extends slightly beyond the Antarctic Treaty area). Unregulated fishing, particularly of Patagonian toothfish (also known as Chilean sea bass), is an ongoing problem. The CCAMLR determines the recommended catch limits for marine species.\n\nA total of 36,702 tourists visited the Antarctic Treaty area in the 2014-15 Antarctic summer, slightly lower than the 37,405 visitors in 2013-14. These estimates were provided to the Antarctic Treaty by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) and do not include passengers on overflights. Nearly all of them were passengers on commercial (nongovernmental) ships and several yachts that make trips during the summer." }, "communications": { "telephones": { "system": { "general_assessment": "local systems at some research stations", "domestic": "commercial cellular networks operating in a small number of locations", "international": "country code - none allocated; via satellite (including mobile Inmarsat and Iridium systems) to and from all research stations, ships, aircraft, and most field parties (2015)" } }, "internet": { "country_code": ".aq", "users": { "total": 4400, "percent_of_population": 100, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "airports": { "total": { "airports": 23, "global_rank": 134, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 23, "over_3047_metres": 3, "2438_to_3047_metres": 5, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 8, "under_914_metres": 6, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 53, "date": "2012" } }, "note": "US coastal stations include McMurdo (77 51 S, 166 40 E) and Palmer (64 43 S, 64 03 W); government use only except by permit (see Permit Office under \"Legal System\"); all ships at port are subject to inspection in accordance with Article 7, Antarctic Treaty; relevant legal instruments and authorization procedures adopted by the states parties to the Antarctic Treaty regulating access to the Antarctic Treaty area to all areas between 60 and 90 degrees of latitude south have to be complied with (see \"Legal System\"); The Hydrographic Commission on Antarctica (HCA), a commission of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), is responsible for hydrographic surveying and nautical charting matters in Antarctic Treaty area; it coordinates and facilitates provision of accurate and appropriate charts and other aids to navigation in support of safety of navigation in region; membership of HCA is open to any IHO Member State whose government has acceded to the Antarctic Treaty and which contributes resources or data to IHO Chart coverage of the area" }, "military_and_security": { "note": "the Antarctic Treaty prohibits any measures of a military nature, such as the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the carrying out of military maneuvers, or the testing of any type of weapon; it permits the use of military personnel or equipment for scientific research or for any other peaceful purposes" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "the Antarctic Treaty freezes, and most states do not recognize, the land and maritime territorial claims made by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the UK (some overlapping) for three-fourths of the continent", "the US and Russia reserve the right to make claims", "no formal claims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west", "the International Whaling Commission created a sanctuary around the entire continent to deter catches by countries claiming to conduct scientific whaling", "Australia has established a similar preserve in the waters around its territorial claim" ] } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-27", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170627020401/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ay.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170627000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ay.html" } }, "antigua_and_barbuda": { "data": { "name": "Antigua And Barbuda", "introduction": { "background": "The Siboney were the first people to inhabit the islands of Antigua and Barbuda in 2400 B.C., but Arawak Indians populated the islands when COLUMBUS landed on his second voyage in 1493. Early Spanish and French settlements were succeeded by an English colony in 1667. Slavery, established to run the sugar plantations on Antigua, was abolished in 1834. The islands became an independent state within the British Commonwealth of Nations in 1981." }, "geography": { "location": "Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east-southeast of Puerto Rico", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 17, "minutes": 3, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 61, "minutes": 48, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Central America and the Caribbean", "area": { "total": { "value": 442.6, "units": "sq km", "note": "Antigua 280 sq km; Barbuda 161 sq km" }, "land": { "value": 442.6, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "note": "includes Redonda, 1.6 sq km", "global_rank": 201, "comparative": "2.5 times the size of Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 153, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "nm", "note": "or to the edge of the continental margin" } }, "climate": "tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation", "terrain": "mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands, with some higher volcanic areas", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Caribbean Sea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mount Obama", "elevation": { "value": 402, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "NEGL", "pleasant climate fosters tourism" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 20.5, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 9.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 2.3, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 9.1, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 22.3, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 57.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 1.3, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "the island of Antigua is home to approximately 97% of the population; nearly the entire population of Barbuda lives in Codrington", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October)", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "periodic droughts", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "water management - a major concern because of limited natural freshwater resources - is further hampered by the clearing of trees to increase crop production", "causing rainfall to run off quickly" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "Antigua has a deeply indented shoreline with many natural harbors and beaches; Barbuda has a large western harbor" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 93581, "global_rank": 198, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Antiguan(s), Barbudan(s)", "adjective": "Antiguan, Barbudan" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "black", "percent": 87.3 }, { "name": "mixed", "percent": 4.7 }, { "name": "hispanic", "percent": 2.7 }, { "name": "white", "percent": 1.6 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 2.7 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.9 } ], "date": "2011" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "English", "note": "official" }, { "name": "Antiguan creole" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 68.3, "breakdown": [ { "name": "Anglican", "percent": 17.6 }, { "name": "Seventh Day Adventist", "percent": 12.4 }, { "name": "Pentecostal", "percent": 12.2 }, { "name": "Moravian", "percent": 8.3 }, { "name": "Methodist", "percent": 5.6 }, { "name": "Wesleyan Holiness", "percent": 4.5 }, { "name": "Church of God", "percent": 4.1 }, { "name": "Baptist", "percent": 3.6 } ] }, { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 8.2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 12.2 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 5.5 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 5.9 } ], "date": "2011" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 23.36, "males": 11107, "females": 10754 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 17, "males": 7918, "females": 7992 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 42.31, "males": 18085, "females": 21509 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 9.53, "males": 4021, "females": 4894 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 7.8, "males": 3136, "females": 4165 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 45.7, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 35.2, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 10.4, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 9.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 31.6, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 29.8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 33.2, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 103, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1.23, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 15.8, "global_rank": 120, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 5.7, "global_rank": 172, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 2.2, "global_rank": 47, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "the island of Antigua is home to approximately 97% of the population; nearly the entire population of Barbuda lives in Codrington", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 23.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": -0.95, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Saint John'S", "population": 22000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.84, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.82, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.76, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.9, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 12.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 14.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 10.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 76.5, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 74.4, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 78.8, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.01, "global_rank": 118, "date": "2016" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 5.5, "global_rank": 134, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 2.1, "date": "2011" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 97.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 97.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 97.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 2.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 2.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 2.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 91.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 91.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 91.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 8.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 8.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 8.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2011" }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "note": "active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus", "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 31, "global_rank": 52, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 2.6, "global_rank": 159, "date": "2009" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over has completed five or more years of schooling", "total_population": { "value": 99, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 98.4, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 99.4, "units": "%" }, "date": "2012" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "date": "2012" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Antigua and Barbuda", "etymology": "\"antiguo\" is Spanish for \"ancient\" or \"old\"; the island was discovered by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1493 and, according to tradition, named by him after the church of Santa Maria la Antigua (Old Saint Mary's) in Seville; \"barbuda\" is Spanish for \"bearded\" and the adjective may refer to the alleged beards of the indigenous people or to the island's bearded fig trees" }, "government_type": "parliamentary democracy (Parliament) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm", "capital": { "name": "Saint John's", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 17, "minutes": 7, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 61, "minutes": 51, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -4, "note": "1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Barbuda", "type": "dependency" }, { "name": "Redonda", "type": "dependency" }, { "name": "Saint George", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint John", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint Mary", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint Paul", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint Peter", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint Philip", "type": "parish" } ], "independence": { "date": "1981-11-01", "note": "from the UK" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "1 November", "original_year": "1981" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest presented 31 July 1981, effective 31 October 1981 (Antigua and Barbuda Constitutional Order 1981); amended 2009, 2011 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "common law based on the English model", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "yes", "citizenship_by_descent": "yes", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "7 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Rodney WILLIAMS (since 14 August 2014)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Gaston BROWNE (since 13 June 2014)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the governor general" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (17 seats; members appointed by the governor general) and the House of Representatives (17 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "House of Representatives - last held on 12 June 2014 (next to be held in 2019)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - ALP 56.4% UPP 42%; seats by party - ALP 14, UPP 3" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (ECSC) is the itinerant superior court of record for the 9-member Organization of Eastern Caribbean States to include Antigua and Barbuda; the ECSC - headquartered on St. Lucia - is comprised of the Court of Appeal with 3 justices and the High Court with 19 judges; 2 High Court judges reside on Antigua and Barbuda", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "chief justice of Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court appointed by the Her Majesty, Queen ELIZABETH II; other justices and judges appointed by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission; Court of Appeal justices appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 65; High Court judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 62", "subordinate_courts": "Industrial Court; Magistrates' Courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Antigua Labor Party", "name_alternative": "ALP", "leaders": [ "Gaston BROWNE" ] }, { "name": "Barbuda People's Movement", "name_alternative": "BPM", "leaders": [ "Trevor WALKER" ] }, { "name": "Barbuda People's Movement for Change", "leaders": [ "Arthur NIBBS" ] }, { "name": "Barbudans for a Better Barbuda", "leaders": [ "Ordrick SAMUEL" ] }, { "name": "United Progressive Party", "name_alternative": "UPP", "leaders": [ "W. Baldwin SPENCER" ], "note": "a coalition of three parties - Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement or ACLM, Progressive Labor Movement or PLM, United National Democratic Party or UNDP" } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Antigua Trades and Labor Union", "name_alternative": "ATLU", "leaders": [ "Wigley GEORGE" ] }, { "name": "People's Democratic Movement", "name_alternative": "PDM", "leaders": [ "Hugh MARSHALL" ] } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AOSIS" }, { "organization": "C" }, { "organization": "Caricom" }, { "organization": "CDB" }, { "organization": "CELAC" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "ISO ", "note": "subscriber" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OAS" }, { "organization": "OECS" }, { "organization": "OPANAL" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "Petrocaribe" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Sir Ronald SANDERS (since 17 September 2015)", "chancery": "3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016", "telephone": "[1] (202) 362-5122", "fax": "[1] (202) 362-5525", "consulates_general": "Miami, New York" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "red, with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the flag; the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), light blue, and white, with a yellow rising sun in the black band; the sun symbolizes the dawn of a new era, black represents the African heritage of most of the population, blue is for hope, and red is for the dynamism of the people; the \"V\" stands for victory; the successive yellow, blue, and white coloring is also meant to evoke the country's tourist attractions of sun, sea, and sand" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "fallow deer" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "white" }, { "color": "blue" }, { "color": "black" }, { "color": "yellow" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee\"", "lyrics_music": "Novelle Hamilton RICHARDS/Walter Garnet Picart CHAMBERS", "note": "adopted 1967; as a Commonwealth country, in addition to the national anthem, \"God Save the Queen\" serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/AC.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Tourism continues to dominate Antigua and Barbuda's economy, accounting for nearly 60% of GDP and 40% of investment. The dual-island nation's agricultural production is focused on the domestic market and constrained by a limited water supply and a labor shortage stemming from the lure of higher wages in tourism and construction. Manufacturing comprises enclave-type assembly for export with major products being bedding, handicrafts, and electronic components.\n\nLike other countries in the region, Antigua's economy was severely hit by effects of the global economic recession in 2009. The country suffered from the collapse of its largest private sector employer, a steep decline in tourism, a rise in debt, and a sharp economic contraction between 2009 and 2011. Antigua has not yet returned to its pre-crisis growth levels.\n\nProspects for economic growth in the medium term will continue to depend on tourist arrivals from the US, Canada, and Europe and could be disrupted by potential damage from natural disasters. The new government, elected in 2014 and led by Prime Minister Gaston Browne, continues to face significant fiscal challenges. The government places some hope in a new Citizenship by Investment Program to both reduce public debt levels and spur growth.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2171000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2128000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2084000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 193, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 1303000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 4.2, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 138 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 24100, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 23900, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 23700, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 78, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 65, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 16.9, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 23.2, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.1, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 35.2, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -40.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 2.2, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 17.8, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 80, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 13.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 10.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 120 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "cotton", "fruits", "vegetables", "bananas", "coconuts", "cucumbers", "mangoes", "sugarcane", "livestock" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "tourism", "construction", "light manufacturing", "clothing", "alcohol", "household appliances" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 3.2, "global_rank": 74, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 30000, "global_rank": 204, "date": "1991" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 7, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 11, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 82, "units": "%" } }, "date": "1983" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 130 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 279100000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 301700000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 21.4, "global_rank": 136, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -1.7, "global_rank": 69, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 89, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 130, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2010" } ], "global_rank": 24 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 April", "end": "31 March" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.6, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 101 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.5, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" }, { "value": 6.5, "units": "%", "date": "2009-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 57 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 9.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 84 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 275900000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 257100000.00000003, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 178 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1183000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1149000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 170 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 888900000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 888900000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 163 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -83000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -71000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 72 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 61700000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 61000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 199 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "petroleum products", "bedding", "handicrafts", "electronic components", "transport equipment", "food", "live animals" ] } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 482100000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 482500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 194 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "food", "live animals", "machinery", "transport equipment", "manufactures", "chemicals", "oil" ] } }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 441200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012-12-31" }, { "value": 458000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2010-06-01" } ], "global_rank": 182 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 2.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 2.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "East Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 9358, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 91, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 80, "units": "%" }, "date": "2012" }, "production": { "kWh": 300000000, "global_rank": 176, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 300000000, "global_rank": 179, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 101, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 118, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 84000, "global_rank": 181, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 100, "global_rank": 1, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 35, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 214, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 149, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 102, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 91, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 153, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 103, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 113, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 5000, "global_rank": 177, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 91, "global_rank": 122, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 4884, "global_rank": 168, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 153, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 151, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 600000, "global_rank": 178, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 12000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 13, "global_rank": 172, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 126000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 136, "global_rank": 189, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "good automatic telephone system", "domestic": "fixed-line teledensity roughly 15 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity is about 135 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 1-268; landing points for the East Caribbean Fiber System (ECFS) and the Global Caribbean Network (GCN) submarine cable systems with links to other islands in the eastern Caribbean extending from the British Virgin Islands to Trinidad; satellite earth stations - 2; tropospheric scatter to Saba (Netherlands) and Guadeloupe (France) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "state-controlled Antigua and Barbuda Broadcasting Service (ABS) operates 1 TV station; multi-channel cable TV subscription services are available; ABS operates 1 radio station; roughly 15 radio stations, some broadcasting on multiple frequencies (2009)", "internet": { "country_code": ".ag", "users": { "total": 60000, "percent_of_population": 65.2, "global_rank": 174, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 1, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 9, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 1039809, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 526545, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "V2", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 3, "global_rank": 193, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 2, "2438_to_3047_metres": 1, "under_914_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 1, "under_914_metres": 1, "date": "2013" } } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 1170, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 386, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 784, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 183, "date": "2011" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 1257, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 49 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 753 }, { "type": "carrier", "count": 6 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 4 }, { "type": "container", "count": 407 }, { "type": "liquefied gas", "count": 12 }, { "type": "refrigerated cargo", "count": 7 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 17 }, { "type": "vehicle carrier", "count": 2 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 1215, "by_country": [ { "country": "Albania", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Colombia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Denmark", "count": 20 }, { "country": "Estonia", "count": 10 }, { "country": "Germany", "count": 1094 }, { "country": "Greece", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Iceland", "count": 10 }, { "country": "Latvia", "count": 16 }, { "country": "Lithuania", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Mexico", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Netherlands", "count": 17 }, { "country": "Norway", "count": 9 }, { "country": "NZ", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Poland", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Russia", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Switzerland", "count": 7 }, { "country": "Turkey", "count": 7 }, { "country": "UK", "count": 1 }, { "country": "US", "count": 7 } ] }, "global_rank": 9, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Saint John's" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "Ministry of National Security", "Royal Antigua", "Barbuda Defense Force (includes Antigua", "Barbuda Coast Guard)" ], "date": "2012" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; Governor-General has powers to call up men for national service and set the age at which they could be called up", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ], "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "Antigua and Barbuda is a destination and transit country for adults and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; forced prostitution has been reported in bars, taverns, and brothels, while forced labor occurs in domestic service and the retail sector", "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List – Antigua and Barbuda does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government made no discernible progress in convicting traffickers in 2014 but charged two individuals in separate cases; efforts to convict traffickers have been impeded by a 2014 ruling that found the 2010 anti-trafficking act was unconstitutional because jurisdiction rests with the Magistrate’s Court rather than the High Court; no new prosecutions, convictions, or punishments were recorded in 2014; credible sources have raised concerns about trafficking-related complicity among some off-duty police officers, which could hinder investigations or victims willingness to report offenses; prevention efforts were sustained, but progress in protecting victims was uneven; seven victims were assisted, which was an increase over 2013 (2015)" }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "considered a minor transshipment point for narcotics bound for the US and Europe; more significant as an offshore financial center" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624100655/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ac.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ac.html" } }, "arctic_ocean": { "data": { "name": "Arctic Ocean", "introduction": { "background": "The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the world's five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and the Southern Ocean). The Northwest Passage (US and Canada) and Northern Sea Route (Norway and Russia) are two important seasonal waterways. In recent years the polar ice pack has receded in the summer allowing for increased navigation and raising the possibility of future sovereignty and shipping disputes among the six countries bordering the Arctic Ocean (Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Iceland, Norway, Russia, US)." }, "geography": { "location": "body of water between Europe, Asia, and North America, mostly north of the Arctic Circle", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 90, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 0, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Arctic Region", "area": { "total": { "value": 14056000, "units": "sq km" }, "note": "includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, Northwest Passage, and other tributary water bodies", "comparative": "slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US" }, "coastline": { "value": 45389, "units": "km" }, "climate": "polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature range; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow", "terrain": "central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that, on average, is about 3 m thick, although pressure ridges may be three times that thickness; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly straight-line movement from the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to Denmark Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the icepack is surrounded by open seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and extends to the encircling landmasses; the ocean floor is about 50% continental shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a central basin interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera, Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonosov Ridge)", "elevation": { "mean_depth": { "value": -1205, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Molloy Deep", "elevation": { "value": -5607, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "sea level", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "sand", "gravel aggregates", "placer deposits", "polymetallic nodules", "oil", "gas fields", "fish", "marine mammals", "seals", "whales" ] }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "ice islands occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "permafrost in islands", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "virtually ice locked from October to June", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "ships subject to superstructure icing from October to May", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "endangered marine species include walruses and whales", "fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or damage", "thinning polar icepack" ] }, "note": "major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait); strategic location between North America and Russia; shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia; floating research stations operated by the US and Russia; maximum snow cover in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean; snow cover lasts about 10 months" }, "government": { "country_name": { "etymology": "the name Arctic comes from the Greek word \"arktikos\" meaning \"near the bear\" or \"northern,\" and that word derives from \"arktos,\" meaning \"bear\"; the name refers either to the constellation Ursa Major, the \"Great Bear,\" which is prominent in the northern celestial sphere, or to the constellation Ursa Minor, the \"Little Bear,\" which contains Polaris, the North (Pole) Star" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of natural resources, including petroleum, natural gas, fish, and seals." }, "transportation": { "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Churchill (Canada)", "Murmansk (Russia)", "Prudhoe Bay (US)" ] }, "note": "sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes; the Northwest Passage (North America) and Northern Sea Route (Eurasia) are important seasonal waterways" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Canada and the US dispute how to divide the Beaufort Sea and the status of the Northwest Passage but continue to work cooperatively to survey the Arctic continental shelf", "Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission", "record summer melting of sea ice in the Arctic has renewed interest in maritime shipping lanes and sea floor exploration", "Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010" ] } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-17", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170617043626/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xq.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170617000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xq.html" } }, "argentina": { "data": { "name": "Argentina", "introduction": { "background": "In 1816, the United Provinces of the Rio Plata declared their independence from Spain. After Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay went their separate ways, the area that remained became Argentina. The country's population and culture were heavily shaped by immigrants from throughout Europe, with Italy and Spain providing the largest percentage of newcomers from 1860 to 1930. Up until about the mid-20th century, much of Argentina's history was dominated by periods of internal political conflict between Federalists and Unitarians and between civilian and military factions.\nAfter World War II, an era of Peronist populism and direct and indirect military interference in subsequent governments was followed by a military junta that took power in 1976. Democracy returned in 1983 after a failed bid to seize the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) by force, and has persisted despite numerous challenges, the most formidable of which was a severe economic crisis in 2001-02 that led to violent public protests and the successive resignations of several presidents. The years 2003-15 saw Peronist rule by Nestor and Cristina FERNANDEZ de KIRCHNER, whose policies isolated Argentina and caused economic stagnation. With the election of Mauricio MACRI in November 2015, Argentina began a period of reform and international reintegration." }, "geography": { "location": "Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Chile and Uruguay", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 34, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 64, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "South America", "area": { "total": { "value": 2780400, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 2736690, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 43710, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 8, "comparative": "slightly less than three-tenths the size of the US" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 11968, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Bolivia", "border_length": { "value": 942, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Brazil", "border_length": { "value": 1263, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Chile", "border_length": { "value": 6691, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Paraguay", "border_length": { "value": 2531, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Uruguay", "border_length": { "value": 541, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 4989, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "nm", "note": "or to the edge of the continental margin" } }, "climate": "mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest", "terrain": "rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 595, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Laguna del Carbon", "elevation": { "value": -105, "units": "m" }, "note": "located between Puerto San Julian and Comandante Luis Piedra Buena in the province of Santa Cruz" }, "highest_point": { "name": "Cerro Aconcagua", "elevation": { "value": 6960, "units": "m" }, "note": "located in the northwestern corner of the province of Mendoza; highest point in South America" } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "fertile plains of the pampas", "lead", "zinc", "tin", "copper", "iron ore", "manganese", "petroleum", "uranium", "arable land" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 53.9, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 13.9, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.4, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 39.6, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 10.7, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 35.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 23600, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "one-third of the population lives in Buenos Aires; pockets of agglomeration occur throughout the northern and central parts of the country; Patagonia to the south remains sparsely populated", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "San Miguel de Tucuman and Mendoza areas in the Andes subject to earthquakes", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "pamperos are violent windstorms that can strike the pampas and northeast", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "heavy flooding in some areas", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains along the Chilean border; Copahue (elev. 2,997 m) last erupted in 2000; other historically active volcanoes include Llullaillaco, Maipo, Planchon-Peteroa, San Jose, Tromen, Tupungatito, and Viedma", "type": "volcanism" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "environmental problems (urban and rural) typical of an industrializing economy such as deforestation", "soil degradation", "desertification", "air pollution", "and water pollution\nnote: Argentina is a world leader in setting voluntary greenhouse gas targets" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol", "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources", "Antarctic Seals", "Antarctic Treaty", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [ "Marine Life Conservation" ] } }, "note": "second-largest country in South America (after Brazil); strategic location relative to sea lanes between the South Atlantic and the South Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage); diverse geophysical landscapes range from tropical climates in the north to tundra in the far south; Cerro Aconcagua is the Western Hemisphere's tallest mountain, while Laguna del Carbon is the lowest point in the Western Hemisphere" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 43886748, "global_rank": 33, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Argentine(s)", "adjective": "Argentine" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "European and mestizo", "percent": 97.2, "note": "mostly Spanish and Italian descent; mixed European and Amerindian ancestry" }, { "name": "Amerindian", "percent": 2.4 }, { "name": "African", "percent": 0.4 } ], "date": "2010" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Spanish", "note": "official" }, { "name": "Italian" }, { "name": "English" }, { "name": "German" }, { "name": "French" }, { "name": "indigenous", "note": "Mapudungun, Quechua" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "nominally Roman Catholic", "percent": 92, "breakdown": [ { "name": "less than practicing", "percent": 20 } ] }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "Jewish", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 4 } ] }, "demographic_profile": "Argentina's population continues to grow but at a slower rate because of its steadily declining birth rate. Argentina's fertility decline began earlier than in the rest of Latin America, occurring most rapidly between the early 20th century and the 1950s and then becoming more gradual. Life expectancy has been improving, most notably among the young and the poor. While the population under age 15 is shrinking, the youth cohort - ages 15-24 - is the largest in Argentina's history and will continue to bolster the working-age population. If this large working-age population is well-educated and gainfully employed, Argentina is likely to experience an economic boost and possibly higher per capita savings and investment. Although literacy and primary school enrollment are nearly universal, grade repetition is problematic and secondary school completion is low. Both of these issues vary widely by region and socioeconomic group.\nArgentina has been primarily a country of immigration for most of its history, welcoming European immigrants after its independence in the 19th century and attracting especially large numbers from Spain and Italy. European immigration diminished in the 1950s, when Argentina's military dictatorships tightened immigration rules and European economies rebounded. Regional migration, however, continued to supply low-skilled workers and today it accounts for three-quarters of Argentina's immigrant population. The first waves of highly skilled Argentine emigrant workers headed mainly to the United States and Spain in the 1960s and 1970s. The 2008 European economic crisis drove the return migration of some Argentinean and other Latin American nationals, as well as the immigration of Europeans to South America, where Argentina was a key recipient.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 24.72, "males": 5590165, "females": 5259163 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 15.43, "males": 3461288, "females": 3312056 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 39.24, "males": 8593500, "females": 8627846 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 9.14, "males": 1948179, "females": 2064463 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 11.46, "males": 2104830, "females": 2925258 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 56.5, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 39.4, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 17.1, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 5.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 31.5, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 30.3, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 32.7, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 105, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.93, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 17, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 7.5, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -0.1, "global_rank": 110, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "one-third of the population lives in Buenos Aires; pockets of agglomeration occur throughout the northern and central parts of the country; Patagonia to the south remains sparsely populated", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 91.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 1.04, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Buenos Aires", "population": 15180000, "is_capital": true }, { "place": "Cordoba", "population": 1511000 }, { "place": "Rosario", "population": 1381000 }, { "place": "Mendoza", "population": 1008999.9999999999 }, { "place": "San Miguel De Tucuman", "population": 910000 }, { "place": "La Plata", "population": 846000 } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.94, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.71, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.98, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 52, "global_rank": 84, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 10.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 11, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 134, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 77.1, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 74, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 80.4, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 77, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.28, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 61.3, "units": "%", "date": "2013" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.8, "global_rank": 52, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 3.76, "date": "2013" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 4.7, "date": "2012" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 99, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 99.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 1, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 96.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 98.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 96.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 3.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 1.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 3.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.39, "global_rank": 69, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 109700, "global_rank": 37, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 2300, "global_rank": 60, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "note": "active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus", "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 26.5, "global_rank": 29, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 2.3, "global_rank": 119, "date": "2005" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 5.5, "global_rank": 32, "date": "2014" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 10 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 98.1, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 98, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 98.1, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 17, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 16, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 18, "units": "years" }, "date": "2014" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 435252, "percentage": { "value": 7, "units": "%" }, "note": "data represent children ages 5-13", "date": "2003" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 18.8, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 16.7, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 22.4, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 63, "date": "2014" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Argentine Republic", "conventional_short_form": "Argentina", "local_long_form": "Republica Argentina", "local_short_form": "Argentina", "etymology": "originally the area was referred to as Tierra Argentina, i.e., \"Land beside the Silvery River\" or \"silvery land,\" which referred to the massive estuary in the east of the country, the Rio de la Plata (River of Silver); over time the name shortened to simply Argentina or \"silvery\"" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Buenos Aires", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 34, "minutes": 36, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 58, "minutes": 22, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -3, "note": "2 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1816-07-09", "note": "from Spain" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Revolution Day", "day": "25 May", "original_year": "1810", "note": "May Revolution Day" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest effective 11 May 1853; amended many times, last in 1994 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system based on West European legal systems; note - in mid-2015, Argentina adopted a new civil code, replacing the old one in force since 1871", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "yes", "citizenship_by_descent": "yes", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "2 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": true, "note": "18-70 years of age; universal and compulsory; 16-17 years of age - optional for national elections" }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Mauricio MACRI (since 10 December 2015); Vice President Gabriela MICHETTI (since 10 December 2015); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government", "head_of_government": "President Mauricio MACRI (since 10 December 2015); Vice President Gabriela MICHETTI (since 10 December 2015)", "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president", "elections_appointments": "president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by qualified majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second consecutive term); election last held in 2 rounds on 25 October and 22 November 2015 (next to be held in October 2019)", "election_results": "Mauricio MACRI elected president; percent of vote: first-round results - Daniel SCIOLI (PJ) 37.1%, Mauricio MACRI (PRO) 34.2%, Sergio MASSA (FR/PJ) 21.4%, other 7.3%; second-round results - Mauricio MACRI (PRO) 51.4%, Daniel SCIOLI (PJ) 48.6%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the Senate (72 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 6-year terms with one-third of the membership elected every 2 years) and the Chamber of Deputies (257 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 2 years)", "elections": "Senate - last held on 25 October 2015 (next to be held October 2017); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 25 October 2015 (next to be held October 2017)", "election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by bloc or party - NA; seats by bloc or party - Cambiemos 12, FpV 8, PF 2, Progresistas 2; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by bloc or party - NA; seats by bloc or party - FpV 84, Cambiemos 21, Progresistas 9, FR and allies 8, Federal Peronism 3, PP 3, other 2" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (consists of the court president, vice-president, and 5 judges)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges nominated by the president and approved by the Senate; judges can serve until mandatory retirement at age 75", "subordinate_courts": "federal level appellate, district, and territorial courts; provincial level supreme, appellate, and first instance courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Cambiemos ", "leaders": [ "Mauricio MACRI" ], "note": "a coalition composed of CC, PRO, UCR" }, { "name": "Civic Coalition-ARI", "name_alternative": "CC-ARI", "note": "a coalition loosely affiliated with Elisa CARRIO" }, { "name": "Dissident Peronists", "name_alternative": "Federal Peronism", "leaders": [ "Eduardo DUHALDE" ], "note": "PJ Disidente; a right-wing faction of the Justicialist Party opposed to the Kirchners" }, { "name": "Front for Victory", "name_alternative": "FpV", "leaders": [ "Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER" ], "note": "left-wing faction of PJ" }, { "name": "Justicialist Party", "name_alternative": "PJ", "leaders": [ "Jose Luis GIOJA" ] }, { "name": "Progresistas", "leaders": [ "Margarita STOLBIZER" ] }, { "name": "Radical Civic Union", "name_alternative": "UCR", "leaders": [ "Lilia PUIG DE STUBRIN" ] }, { "name": "Republican Proposal", "name_alternative": "PRO", "leaders": [ "Mauricio MACRI" ] }, { "name": "Socialist Party", "name_alternative": "PS", "leaders": [ "Antonio BONFATTI" ] }, { "name": "Renewal Front", "name_alternative": "FR", "leaders": [ "Sergio MASSA" ], "note": "Frente Renovador" }, { "name": "Numerous provincial parties" } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Argentine Association of Pharmaceutical Labs", "name_alternative": "CILFA" }, { "name": "Argentine Industrial Union ", "note": "manufacturers' association" }, { "name": "Argentine Rural Confederation", "name_alternative": "CRA", "note": "small to medium landowners' association" }, { "name": "Argentine Rural Society ", "note": "large landowners' association" }, { "name": "Blue and White CGT ", "note": "dissident CGT labor confederation" }, { "name": "Central of Argentine Workers", "name_alternative": "CTA", "note": "a union for employed and unemployed workers" }, { "name": "General Confederation of Labor", "name_alternative": "CGT", "note": "Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization" }, { "name": "Roman Catholic Church" }, { "name": "business organizations" }, { "name": "Peronist-dominated labor movement" }, { "name": "Piquetero groups", "note": "popular protest organizations that can be either pro or anti-government" }, { "name": "students" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "AfDB ", "note": "nonregional member" }, { "organization": "Australia Group" }, { "organization": "BCIE" }, { "organization": "BIS" }, { "organization": "CAN ", "note": "associate" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CELAC" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "FATF" }, { "organization": "G-15" }, { "organization": "G-20" }, { "organization": "G-24" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IADB" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "LAES" }, { "organization": "LAIA" }, { "organization": "Mercosur" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINURSO" }, { "organization": "MINUSTAH" }, { "organization": "NAM ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "NSG" }, { "organization": "OAS" }, { "organization": "OPANAL" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "Paris Club ", "note": "associate" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "SICA ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UN Security Council ", "note": "temporary" }, { "organization": "UNASUR" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNFICYP" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "Union Latina ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "UNTSO" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" }, { "organization": "ZC" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant)", "chancery": "1600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009", "telephone": "[1] (202) 238-6400", "fax": "[1] (202) 332-3171", "consulates_general": "Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Washington, DC" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Tom COONEY (since 20 January 2017)", "embassy": "Avenida Colombia 4300, C1425GMN Buenos Aires", "mailing_address": "international mail: use embassy street address; APO address: US Embassy Buenos Aires, Unit 4334, APO AA 34034", "telephone": "[54] (11) 5777-4533", "fax": "[54] (11) 5777-4240" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal horizontal bands of sky blue (top), white, and sky blue; centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face (delineated in brown) known as the Sun of May; the colors represent the clear skies and snow of the Andes; the sun symbol commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810 during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence; the sun features are those of Inti, the Inca god of the sun" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "Sun of May ", "note": "a sun-with-face symbol" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "sky blue" }, { "color": "white" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Himno Nacional Argentino\" (Argentine National Anthem)", "lyrics_music": "Vicente LOPEZ y PLANES/Jose Blas PARERA", "note": "adopted 1813; Vicente LOPEZ was inspired to write the anthem after watching a play about the 1810 May Revolution against Spain", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/AR.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Argentina benefits from rich natural resources, a highly literate population, an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a diversified industrial base. Although one of the world's wealthiest countries 100 years ago, Argentina suffered during most of the 20th century from recurring economic crises, persistent fiscal and current account deficits, high inflation, mounting external debt, and capital flight. In 2016, the World Bank downgraded Argentina from a high-income to upper-middle-income economy, on par with Columbia.\n\nA severe depression, growing public and external indebtedness, and an unprecedented bank run culminated in 2001 in the most serious economic, social, and political crisis in the country's turbulent history. Interim President Adolfo RODRIGUEZ SAA declared a default - at the time the largest ever - on the government's foreign debt in December of that year, and abruptly resigned only a few days after taking office. His successor, Eduardo DUHALDE, announced an end to the peso's decade-long 1-to-1 peg to the US dollar in early 2002. The economy bottomed out that year, with real GDP 18% smaller than in 1998 and almost 60% of Argentines below the poverty line. Real GDP rebounded to grow by an average 8.5% annually over the subsequent six years, taking advantage of previously idled industrial capacity and labor, and expansionary monetary and fiscal policies. Inflation also increased, however, during the administration of President Nestor KIRCHNER, which responded with price restraints on businesses, as well as export taxes and restraints, and beginning in 2007, with understating inflation data.\n\nCristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER succeeded her husband as president in late 2007, and the rapid economic growth of previous years began to slow sharply the following year as government policies held back exports and the world economy fell into recession. The economy in 2010 rebounded strongly from the 2009 recession, but slowed in late 2011 even as the government continued to rely on expansionary fiscal and monetary policies, which kept inflation in the double digits.\n\nIn order to deal with these problems, the government expanded state intervention in the economy: it nationalized the oil company YPF from Spain's Repsol, expanded measures to restrict imports, and further tightened currency controls in an effort to bolster foreign reserves and stem capital flight. Between 2011 and 2013, Central Bank foreign reserves dropped $21.3 billion from a high of $52.7 billion. In July 2014, Argentina and China agreed on an $11 billion currency swap; the Argentine Central Bank has received the equivalent of $3.2 billion in Chinese yuan, which it counts as international reserves.\n\nWith the election of President Mauricio MACRI in November 2015, Argentina began a historic political and economic transformation, as his Administration took steps to liberalize the Argentine economy. His administration lifted capital controls, floated the peso, removed export controls on some commodities, cut some energy subsidies, and reformed the country’s official statistics. Argentina negotiated debt payments with holdout bond creditors and returned to international capital markets in April 2016. In September 2016, Argentina completed its first IMF Article IV Consultation since 2006.\n\nAfter years of international isolation, Argentina has taken on several international leadership roles in 2017, including hosting the World Economic Forum on Latin America and the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference, and is set to assume the presidency of the G-20 in 2018.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 879400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 895200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 873700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 27, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 541700000000.00006, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -1.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": -2.5, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 206 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 20200, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 20800, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 20500, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 86, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 63.7, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 19.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 16, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 1.7, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 13.2, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -13.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 11.4, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 30.2, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 58.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 14.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 15.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 124 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "sunflower seeds", "lemons", "soybeans", "grapes", "corn", "tobacco", "peanuts", "tea", "wheat", "livestock" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "food processing", "motor vehicles", "consumer durables", "textiles", "chemicals", "petrochemicals", "printing", "metallurgy", "steel" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 1.7, "global_rank": 118, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 17710000, "global_rank": 37, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 0.5, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 24.8, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 74.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2014" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 7.6, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 98 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 32.2, "units": "%", "note": "data are based on private estimates", "date": "2016" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 1.6, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 30.8, "units": "%" }, "date": "2014" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 42.7, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 45.8, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2009" } ], "global_rank": 49 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 115900000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 141700000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 21.4, "global_rank": 135, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -4.8, "global_rank": 156, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 53.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 50.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 83 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 42.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 26.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 223, "note": "data are derived from private estimates" }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 32.3, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 24.92, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 4 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 54200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 52300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 49 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 150300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 138600000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 49 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 200800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 182200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 46 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 56130000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 60140000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 53100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 48 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -14170000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -16800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 186 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 58400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 56760000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 43 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "soybeans", "derivatives", "petroleum", "gas", "vehicles", "corn", "wheat" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Brazil", "percent": 17.8 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 9.1 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 6 }, { "name": "Chile", "percent": 4.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 57230000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 57180000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 45 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "motor vehicles", "petroleum", "natural gas", "organic chemicals", "plastics" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Brazil", "percent": 21.9 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 19.7 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 12.9 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 5.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 32110000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 25520000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 47 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 155100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 136100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 40 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 103700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 94190000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 45 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 37970000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 37030000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 48 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14.92, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 9.2332, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 9.2332, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 8.0753, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 4.54, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Argentine pesos (ARS) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 1500000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 96.4, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 99.2, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 96, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 126000000000, "global_rank": 30, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 116000000000, "global_rank": 31, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 200000000, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "kWh": 10000000000, "global_rank": 23, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 36000000, "global_rank": 29, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 68.1, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 2.7, "global_rank": 28, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 26, "global_rank": 85, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0.4, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 532200, "global_rank": 28, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 37690, "global_rank": 47, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 7460, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 2400000000, "global_rank": 36, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 670900, "global_rank": 27, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 751000, "global_rank": 28, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 63060, "global_rank": 52, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 109900, "global_rank": 51, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 35400000000, "global_rank": 25, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 47230000000, "global_rank": 19, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 70000000, "global_rank": 48, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 11900000000, "global_rank": 23, "date": "2014" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 332100000000, "global_rank": 36, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 202000000, "global_rank": 29, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 10119920, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 23, "global_rank": 21, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 60664000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 140, "global_rank": 23, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "in 1998 Argentina opened its telecommunications market to competition and foreign investment encouraging the growth of modern telecommunications technology; fiber-optic cable trunk lines are being installed between all major cities; major networks are entirely digital and the availability of telephone service is improving", "domestic": "microwave radio relay, fiber-optic cable, and a domestic satellite system with 40 earth stations serve the trunk network; fixed-line teledensity is increasing gradually and mobile-cellular subscribership is increasing rapidly; broadband Internet services are gaining ground", "international": "country code - 54; landing point for the Atlantis-2, UNISUR, South America-1, and South American Crossing/Latin American Nautilus submarine cable systems that provide links to Europe, Africa, South and Central America, and US; satellite earth stations - 112; 2 international gateways near Buenos Aires (2011)" } }, "broadcast_media": "government owns a TV station and radio network; more than 2 dozen TV stations and hundreds of privately owned radio stations; high rate of cable TV subscription usage (2009)", "internet": { "country_code": ".ar", "users": { "total": 30142000, "percent_of_population": 69.4, "global_rank": 23, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 6, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 107, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 14245183, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 243772567, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "LV", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 1138, "global_rank": 6, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 161, "over_3047_metres": 4, "2438_to_3047_metres": 29, "1524_to_2437_metres": 65, "914_to_1523_metres": 53, "under_914_metres": 10, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 977, "over_3047_metres": 1, "2438_to_3047_metres": 1, "1524_to_2437_metres": 43, "914_to_1523_metres": 484, "under_914_metres": 448, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 2, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 29930, "units": "km" }, { "type": "liquid petroleum gas", "length": 41, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 6248, "units": "km" }, { "type": "refined products", "length": 3631, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 36917.4, "units": "km" }, "broad_gauge": { "length": 26391, "electrified": 149, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.676-m" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 2745.1, "electrified": 41.1, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 7523.3, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.000-m" }, "global_rank": 8, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 231374, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 69412, "units": "km", "note": "includes 734 km of expressways" }, "unpaved": { "value": 161962, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 22, "date": "2004" }, "waterways": { "value": 11000, "units": "km", "global_rank": 12, "date": "2012" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 36, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 1 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 5 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 6 }, { "type": "container", "count": 1 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 1 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 18 }, { "type": "refrigerated cargo", "count": 4 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 14, "by_country": [ { "country": "Brazil", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Chile", "count": 6 }, { "country": "Spain", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Taiwan", "count": 2 }, { "country": "UK", "count": 2 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 15, "by_country": [ { "country": "Liberia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Panama", "count": 5 }, { "country": "Paraguay", "count": 5 }, { "country": "Uruguay", "count": 1 }, { "country": "unknown", "count": 3 } ] }, "global_rank": 80, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Bahia Blanca", "Buenos Aires", "La Plata", "Punta Colorada", "Ushuaia" ], "river_ports": [ "Arroyo Seco", "Rosario", "San Lorenzo-San Martin (Parana)" ], "container_ports": [ { "place": "Buenos Aires", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 1851701 } ], "liquid_natural_gas_terminals_import": [ "Bahia Blanca" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.86, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.87, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0.83, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.78, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 0.76, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 106 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Argentine Army (Ejercito Argentino)", "Navy of the Argentine Republic (Armada Republica", "includes naval aviation", "naval infantry)", "Argentine Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Argentina", "FAA)" ], "date": "2013" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18-24 years of age for voluntary military service (18-21 requires parental consent); no conscription; if the number of volunteers fails to meet the quota of recruits for a particular year, Congress can authorize the conscription of citizens turning 18 that year for a period not exceeding one year", "date": "2012" }, "note": "the Argentine military is a well-organized force constrained by the country's prolonged economic hardship; the country has recently experienced a strong recovery, and the military is implementing a modernization plan aimed at making the ground forces lighter and more responsive (2008)" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Argentina continues to assert its claims to the UK-administered Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), South Georgia, and the South Sandwich Islands in its constitution, forcibly occupying the Falklands in 1982, but in 1995 agreed to no longer seek settlement by force", "UK continues to reject Argentine requests for sovereignty talks", "territorial claim in Antarctica partially overlaps UK and Chilean claims", "uncontested dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over Braziliera/Brasiliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripoint with Argentina in question", "in 2010, the ICJ ruled in favor of Uruguay's operation of two paper mills on the Uruguay River, which forms the border with Argentina", "the two countries formed a joint pollution monitoring regime", "the joint boundary commission, established by Chile and Argentina in 2001 has yet to map and demarcate the delimited boundary in the inhospitable Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo Sur)", "contraband smuggling, human trafficking, and illegal narcotic trafficking are problems in the porous areas of the border with Bolivia" ], "illicit_drugs": { "note": "a transshipment country for cocaine headed for Europe, heroin headed for the US, and ephedrine and pseudoephedrine headed for Mexico; some money-laundering activity, especially in the Tri-Border Area; law enforcement corruption; a source for precursor chemicals; increasing domestic consumption of drugs in urban centers, especially cocaine base and synthetic drugs (2008)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624100656/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html" } }, "armenia": { "data": { "name": "Armenia", "introduction": { "background": "Armenia prides itself on being the first nation to formally adopt Christianity (early 4th century). Despite periods of autonomy, over the centuries Armenia came under the sway of various empires including the Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Persian, and Ottoman. During World War I in the western portion of Armenia, the Ottoman Empire instituted a policy of forced resettlement coupled with other harsh practices that resulted in at least 1 million Armenian deaths. The eastern area of Armenia was ceded by the Ottomans to Russia in 1828; this portion declared its independence in 1918, but was conquered by the Soviet Red Army in 1920.\nArmenian leaders remain preoccupied by the long conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh, a primarily Armenian-populated region, assigned to Soviet Azerbaijan in the 1920s by Moscow. Armenia and Azerbaijan began fighting over the area in 1988; the struggle escalated after both countries attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By May 1994, when a trilateral cease-fire between Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Nagorno-Karabakh took hold, ethnic Armenian forces held not only Nagorno-Karabakh but also seven surrounding regions - approximately 14 percent of Azerbaijan’s territory. The economies of both sides have been hurt by their inability to make substantial progress toward a peaceful resolution.\nTurkey closed the common border with Armenia in 1993 in support of Azerbaijan in its conflict with Armenia over control of Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding areas, further hampering Armenian economic growth. In 2009, senior Armenian leaders began pursuing rapprochement with Turkey, aiming to secure an opening of the border, but Turkey has not yet ratified the Protocols normalizing relations between the two countries. In January 2015, Armenia joined Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan as a member of the Eurasian Economic Union." }, "geography": { "location": "Southwestern Asia, between Turkey (to the west) and Azerbaijan; note - Armenia views itself as part of Europe; geopolitically, it can be classified as falling within Europe, the Middle East, or both", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 40, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 45, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Asia", "area": { "total": { "value": 29743, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 28203, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 1540, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 143, "comparative": "slightly smaller than Maryland" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 1570, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Azerbaijan", "border_length": { "value": 996, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Georgia", "border_length": { "value": 219, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Iran", "border_length": { "value": 44, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Turkey", "border_length": { "value": 311, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 0, "units": "km", "note": "landlocked" }, "climate": "highland continental, hot summers, cold winters", "terrain": "Armenian Highland with mountains; little forest land; fast flowing rivers; good soil in Aras River valley", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 1792, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Debed River", "elevation": { "value": 400, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Aragats Lerrnagagat'", "elevation": { "value": 4090, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "gold", "copper", "molybdenum", "zinc", "bauxite" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 59.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 15.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 1.9, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 42, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 9.1, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 31.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 2740, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "most of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the capital of Yerevan is home to more than three times as many people as the second largest city in the country", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "occasionally severe earthquakes", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "droughts", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT", "the energy crisis of the 1990s led to deforestation when citizens scavenged for firewood", "pollution of Hrazdan (Razdan) and Aras Rivers", "the draining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan)", "a result of its use as a source for hydropower", "threatens drinking water supplies", "restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant in spite of its location in a seismically active zone" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Air Pollution", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [ "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants" ] } }, "note": "landlocked in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains; Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan) is the largest lake in this mountain range" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 3051250, "global_rank": 136, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Armenian(s)", "adjective": "Armenian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Armenian", "percent": 98.1 }, { "name": "Yezidi", "percent": 1.1, "note": "Kurd" }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.7 } ], "date": "2011" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Armenian", "percent": 97.9, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Kurdish", "percent": 1, "note": "spoken by Yezidi minority" }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1 } ], "date": "2011" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Armenian Apostolic", "percent": 92.6 }, { "name": "Evangelical", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 2.4 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 1.1 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 2.9 } ], "date": "2011" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 19, "males": 308701, "females": 271028 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 13.58, "males": 213203, "females": 201291 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 43.46, "males": 640070, "females": 685958 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 12.96, "males": 180700, "females": 214834 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 10.99, "males": 134330, "females": 201135 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 41.3, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 26, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 15.3, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 6.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 34.6, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 32.8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 36.5, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 79, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": -0.18, "global_rank": 213, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 13.3, "global_rank": 150, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 9.4, "global_rank": 57, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -5.7, "global_rank": 198, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "most of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the capital of Yerevan is home to more than three times as many people as the second largest city in the country", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 62.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": -0.11, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Yerevan", "population": 1044, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.13, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.14, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.93, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.84, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.67, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.94, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 24.1, "date": "2013" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 25, "global_rank": 123, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 13.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 14.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 11.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 112, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 74.6, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 71.4, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 78.3, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 120, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.64, "global_rank": 177, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 54.9, "units": "%", "date": "2010" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.5, "global_rank": 152, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 2.8, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 3.9, "date": "2012" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 96.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 78.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 89.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 3.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 21.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 10.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.2, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 3600, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 100, "global_rank": 102, "date": "2015" } }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 19.9, "global_rank": 68, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 5.3, "global_rank": 89, "date": "2010" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 2.8, "global_rank": 132, "date": "2015" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 99.7, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 99.7, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 99.6, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 19596, "percentage": { "value": 4, "units": "%" }, "note": "data represent children ages 7-17", "date": "2007" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 36.1, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 31.8, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 41.5, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 13, "date": "2013" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Armenia", "conventional_short_form": "Armenia", "local_long_form": "Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun", "local_short_form": "Hayastan", "former": "Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, Armenian Republic", "etymology": "the etymology of the country's name remains obscure; according to tradition, the country is named after Hayk, the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and the great-great-grandson of Noah; Hayk's descendant, Aram, purportedly is the source of the name Armenia" }, "government_type": "parliamentary democracy", "capital": { "name": "Yerevan", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 40, "minutes": 10, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 44, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 4, "note": "9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1991-09-21", "note": "from the Soviet Union" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "21 September", "original_year": "1991" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1915, 1978; latest adopted 5 July 1995", "amendments": "proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; passage requires approval by the president, by the National Assembly, and by a referendum with at least 25% registered voter participation and more than 50% of votes; constitutional articles on the form of government and democratic procedures are not amendable; amended 2005, 2007, 2008, last in 2015", "note": "a 2015 amendment, approved in December 2015 by a public referendum and effective for the 2017-18 electoral cycle, changes the government type from the current semi-presidential system to a parliamentary system (2017)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "non-party state to the ICCt" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Armenia", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "3 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Serzh SARGSIAN (since 9 April 2008)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Karen KARAPETYAN (since 13 September 2016)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in two rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 18 February 2013 (next to be held in February 2018); prime minister appointed by the president based on majority support in the National Congress; the prime minister and Council of Ministers must resign if the National Congress refuses to accept their program", "election_results": "Serzh SARGSIAN reelected president in one round; percent of vote - Serzh SARGSIAN (RPA) 58.6%, Raffi HOVHANNISIAN (Heritage Party) 36.7%, Hrant BAGRATIAN (ANM) 2.2%, other 2.5%", "note": "constitutional changes adopted in December 2015 will transform the government to a parliamentary system by 2018; for the scheduled February 2018 election, the president will be indirectly elected by parliament and will serve a single 7-year term; following the 2018 election, the prime minister will be elected based on majority support of the National Assembly" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral National Assembly (Parliament) or Azgayin Zhoghov (minimum 101 seats, currently 105; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 2 April 2017 (next to be held in spring of 2022)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - RPA 49.2%, Tsarukyan Alliance 27.4%, Yelk (Way Out) 7.8%, ARF (Dashnak) 6.6%, other 9%; seats by party - RPA 58, Tsarukyan Alliance 31, Yelk (Way Out) 9, ARF (Dashnak) 7" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Court of Cassation (consists of the court chairman and organized into the criminal chamber and a civil and administrative chamber, each with a chamber chairman and 2 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Court of Cassation judges nominated by the Judicial Council, a 9-member body of selected judges and legal scholars; judges appointed by the president; Constitutional Court judges - 4 appointed by the president, and 5 elected by National Assembly; judges of both courts can serve until retirement at age 65", "subordinate_courts": "2 Courts of Appeal (for civil cases and for criminal and military cases); district courts; Administrative Court" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Armenian National Congress", "name_alternative": "ANC", "leaders": [ "Levon TER-PETROSSIAN" ], "note": "bloc of independent and opposition parties" }, { "name": "Armenian National Movement", "name_alternative": "ANM", "leaders": [ "Ararat ZURABIAN" ] }, { "name": "Armenian Revolutionary Federation", "name_alternative": "ARF", "leaders": [ "Hrant MARKARIAN" ], "note": "\"Dashnak\" Party" }, { "name": "Heritage Party", "leaders": [ "Raffi HOVHANNISIAN" ] }, { "name": "People's Party of Armenia", "leaders": [ "Stepan DEMIRCHIAN" ] }, { "name": "Prosperous Armenia", "leaders": [ "Gagik TSARUKYAN" ] }, { "name": "Republican Party of Armenia", "name_alternative": "RPA", "leaders": [ "Serzh SARGSIAN" ] }, { "name": "Rule of Law Party ", "leaders": [ "Artur BAGHDASARIAN" ], "note": "Orinats Yerkir" }, { "name": "Tsarukyan Alliance", "leaders": [ "Gagik TSARUKYAN" ] }, { "name": "Yelk Alliance", "leaders": [ "Edmon Marukyan" ], "note": "Way Out" } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Aylentrank ", "leaders": [ "Nikol PASHINIAN" ], "note": "Impeachment Alliance" }, { "name": "Yerkrapah Union", "leaders": [ "Manvel GRIGORIAN" ] } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ADB" }, { "organization": "BSEC" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CE" }, { "organization": "CIS" }, { "organization": "CSTO" }, { "organization": "EAEC ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "EAEU" }, { "organization": "EAPC" }, { "organization": "EBRD" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "GCTU" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OSCE" }, { "organization": "PFP" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNIFIL" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Grigor HOVHANNISSIAN (since 28 January 2016)", "chancery": "2225 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 319-1976", "fax": "[1] (202) 319-2982", "consulates_general": "Glendale (CA)" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Richard MILLS (since 13 February 2015)", "embassy": "1 American Ave., Yerevan 0082", "mailing_address": "American Embassy Yerevan, US Department of State, 7020 Yerevan Place, Washington, DC 20521-7020", "telephone": "[374](10) 464-700", "fax": "[374](10) 464-742" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange; the color red recalls the blood shed for liberty, blue the Armenian skies as well as hope, and orange the land and the courage of the workers who farm it" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "Mount Ararat" }, { "symbol": "eagle" }, { "symbol": "lion" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "blue" }, { "color": "orange" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Mer Hayrenik\" (Our Fatherland)", "lyrics_music": "Mikael NALBANDIAN/Barsegh KANACHYAN", "note": "adopted 1991; based on the anthem of the Democratic Republic of Armenia (1918-1922) but with different lyrics", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/AM.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Under the old Soviet central planning system, Armenia developed a modern industrial sector, supplying machine tools, textiles, and other manufactured goods to sister republics, in exchange for raw materials and energy. Armenia has since switched to small-scale agriculture and away from the large agro industrial complexes of the Soviet era. Armenia has only two open trade borders - Iran and Georgia - because its borders with Azerbaijan and Turkey have been closed since 1991 and 1993, respectively, as a result of Armenia's ongoing conflict with Azerbaijan over the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh region.\n\nArmenia joined the WTO in January 2003. The government has made some improvements in tax and customs administration in recent years, but anti-corruption measures have been largely ineffective. Armenia will need to pursue additional economic reforms and strengthen the rule of law in order to raise its economic growth and improve economic competitiveness and employment opportunities, especially given its economic isolation from two of its neighbors, Turkey and Azerbaijan.\n\nArmenia's geographic isolation, a narrow export base, and pervasive monopolies in important business sectors have made it particularly vulnerable to deteriorations in the global commodity markets and the economic challenges in Russia. Armenia is particularly dependent on Russian commercial and governmental support, as most key Armenian infrastructure is Russian-owned and/or managed, especially in the energy sector. Remittances from expatriates working in Russia are equivalent to about 7-8% of GDP. Armenia joined the Russia-led Eurasian Economic Union in January 2015, but has expressed interest in expanding its economic ties with the European Union as well, and in March 2017 an EU-Armenia Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement was initiated. Armenia’s rising government debt is leading Yerevan to tighten its fiscal policies – the debt almost reached the debt to GDP threshold set by national legislation as of March 2017.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 26300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 25730000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 24970000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 135, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 10750000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.2, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3.6, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 125 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8900, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 8500, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 8200, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 145, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 72.5, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 13.9, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 20, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 2.5, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 31.6, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -40.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 19.6, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 29.1, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 51.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 18.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 18.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 13.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 102 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "fruit", "grapes", "apricots", "vegetables", "livestock" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "brandy", "mining", "diamond processing", "metal-cutting machine tools", "forging", "pressing machines", "electric motors", "knitted wear", "hosiery", "shoes", "silk fabric", "chemicals", "trucks", "instruments", "microelectronics", "jewelry", "software", "food processing" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 4.2, "global_rank": 51, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 1559000, "global_rank": 131, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 36.3, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 17, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 46.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2013" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 17.9, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 17.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 172 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 32, "units": "%", "date": "2013" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 3.5, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 25.7, "units": "%" }, "date": "2014" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 31.5, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 31.5, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 116 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 2445000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 2969000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 22.7, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -4.9, "global_rank": 157, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 53.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 48.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 85 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -0.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 15 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-14" }, { "value": 10.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015-02-10" } ], "global_rank": 58, "note": "this is the Refinancing Rate, the key monetary policy instrument of the Armenian National Bank" }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 17.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 17.59, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 25, "note": "average lending rate on loans up to one year" }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1178000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1149000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 150 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1949000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1779000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 159 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5307000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 5022000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 121 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 132100000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012-12-31" }, { "value": 139600000, "units": "USD", "date": "2011-12-31" }, { "value": 144800000, "units": "USD", "date": "2010-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 121 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -302000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -279000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 93 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1678000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1626000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 145 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "unwrought copper", "pig iron", "nonferrous metals", "gold", "diamonds", "mineral products", "foodstuffs", "brandy", "cigarettes", "energy" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Russia", "percent": 15.2 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 11.1 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 9.8 }, { "name": "Iraq", "percent": 8.8 }, { "name": "Georgia", "percent": 7.8 }, { "name": "Canada", "percent": 7.6 }, { "name": "Bulgaria", "percent": 5.3 }, { "name": "Iran", "percent": 5.3 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2638000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2780000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 149 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "natural gas", "petroleum", "tobacco products", "foodstuffs", "diamonds", "pharmaceuticals", "cars" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Russia", "percent": 29.1 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 9.7 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 6.2 }, { "name": "Iran", "percent": 6.1 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 4.6 }, { "name": "Turkey", "percent": 4.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1512000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1775000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 124 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8365000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 8554000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 115 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4168999999.9999995, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 4086999999.9999995, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 105 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 228000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 215000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 98 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 492.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 477.92, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 477.92, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 415.92, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 401.76, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "drams (AMD) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 7300000000, "global_rank": 111, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 5100000000, "global_rank": 119, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 1300000000, "global_rank": 50, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "kWh": 26000000, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 4099999.9999999995, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 32.2, "global_rank": 175, "date": "2011" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 34.3, "global_rank": 5, "date": "2011" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 33.5, "global_rank": 66, "date": "2011" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 152, "date": "2011" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 104, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 158, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 105, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 115, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 8000, "global_rank": 159, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 156, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 7809, "global_rank": 149, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 154, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 2500000000, "global_rank": 76, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 59, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 2061000000, "global_rank": 50, "date": "2014" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 110, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 12000000, "global_rank": 98, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 551366, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 18, "global_rank": 94, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 3442000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 113, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "telecommunications investments have made major inroads in modernizing and upgrading the outdated telecommunications network inherited from the Soviet era; now 100% privately owned and undergoing modernization and expansion; mobile-cellular services monopoly terminated in late 2004, and a second and third provider began operations in 2005 and 2009 respectively", "domestic": "reliable modern fixed-line and mobile-cellular services are available across Yerevan and in major cities and towns; mobile-cellular coverage available in most rural areas", "international": "country code - 374; Yerevan is connected to the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic cable through Iran; additional international service is available by microwave radio relay and landline connections to the other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, through the Moscow international switch, and by satellite to the rest of the world; satellite earth stations - 3 (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "2 public TV networks operating alongside about 40 privately owned TV stations that provide local to near nationwide coverage; major Russian broadcast stations are widely available; subscription cable TV services are available in most regions; Armenian TV completed conversion from analog to digital broadcasting in late 2016; Public Radio of Armenia is a national, state-run broadcast network that operates alongside 21 privately owned radio stations; several major international broadcasters are available (2017)", "internet": { "country_code": ".am", "users": { "total": 1780000, "percent_of_population": 58.2, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 3, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 5, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "EK", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 11, "global_rank": 154, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 10, "over_3047_metres": 2, "2438_to_3047_metres": 2, "1524_to_2437_metres": 4, "914_to_1523_metres": 2, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 1, "date": "2013" } } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas (high and medium pressure)", "length": 3838, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2017" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 780, "units": "km" }, "broad_gauge": { "length": 780, "electrified": 780, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.520-m" }, "note": { "length": 726, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 97, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 7792, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 142, "date": "2013" } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4.25, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3.94, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 3.58, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 10 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Armenian Armed Forces", "Ground Forces", "Air Force", "Air Defense", "\"Nagorno-Karabakh Republic\"", "Nagorno-Karabakh Self-Defense Force (NKSDF)" ], "date": "2011" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18-27 years of age for voluntary or compulsory military service; 2-year conscript service obligation; 17 year olds are eligible to become cadets at military higher education institutes, where they are classified as military personnel", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "the dispute over the break-away Nagorno-Karabakh region and the Armenian military occupation of surrounding lands in Azerbaijan remains the primary focus of regional instability", "residents have evacuated the former Soviet-era small ethnic enclaves in Armenia and Azerbaijan", "Turkish authorities have complained that blasting from quarries in Armenia might be damaging the medieval ruins of Ani, on the other side of the Arpacay valley", "in 2009, Swiss mediators facilitated an accord reestablishing diplomatic ties between Armenia and Turkey, but neither side has ratified the agreement and the rapprochement effort has faltered", "local border forces struggle to control the illegal transit of goods and people across the porous, undemarcated Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Georgian borders", "ethnic Armenian groups in the Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the Georgian Government" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 14626, "country_of_origin": "Syria - ethnic Armenians" } ], "date": "2016" }, "internally_displaced_persons": { "people": 8400, "note": "conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh", "date": "2016" }, "stateless_persons": { "people": 512, "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "illicit cultivation of small amount of cannabis for domestic consumption; minor transit point for illicit drugs - mostly opium and hashish - moving from Southwest Asia to Russia and to a lesser extent the rest of Europe" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102630/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/am.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/am.html" } }, "aruba": { "data": { "name": "Aruba", "introduction": { "background": "Discovered and claimed for Spain in 1499, Aruba was acquired by the Dutch in 1636. The island's economy has been dominated by three main industries. A 19th century gold rush was followed by prosperity brought on by the opening in 1924 of an oil refinery. The last decades of the 20th century saw a boom in the tourism industry. Aruba seceded from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986 and became a separate, autonomous member of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Movement toward full independence was halted at Aruba's request in 1990." }, "geography": { "location": "Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, north of Venezuela", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 12, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 69, "minutes": 58, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Central America and the Caribbean", "area": { "total": { "value": 180, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 180, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 218, "comparative": "slightly larger than Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 68.5, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation", "terrain": "flat with a few hills; scant vegetation", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Caribbean Sea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Ceru Jamanota", "elevation": { "value": 188, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "NEGL", "white sandy beaches foster tourism" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 11.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 11.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 2.3, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 86.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "population_distribution": "most residents live in or around Oranjestad and San Nicolaas; most settlments tend to be located on the less mountainous western side of the island", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "hurricanes", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "lies outside the Caribbean hurricane belt and is rarely threatened", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "NA" ] }, "note": "a flat, riverless island renowned for its white sand beaches; its tropical climate is moderated by constant trade winds from the Atlantic Ocean; the temperature is almost constant at about 27 degrees Celsius (81 degrees Fahrenheit)" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 113648, "global_rank": 190, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Aruban(s)", "adjective": "Aruban; Dutch" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Dutch", "percent": 82.1 }, { "name": "Colombian", "percent": 6.6 }, { "name": "Venezuelan", "percent": 2.2 }, { "name": "Dominican", "percent": 2.2 }, { "name": "Haitian", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 5.5 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.1 } ], "date": "2010" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Papiamento", "percent": 69.4, "note": "official; a creole language that is a mixture of Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, English, and, to a lesser extent, French, as well as elements of African languages and the language of the Arawak" }, { "name": "Spanish", "percent": 13.7 }, { "name": "English", "percent": 7.1, "note": "widely spoken" }, { "name": "Dutch", "percent": 6.1, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Chinese", "percent": 1.5 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.7 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.4 } ], "date": "2010" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 75.3 }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 4.9, "breakdown": [ { "name": "includes Methodist", "percent": 0.9 }, { "name": "Adventist", "percent": 0.9 }, { "name": "Anglican", "percent": 0.4 }, { "name": "other Protestant", "percent": 2.7 } ] }, { "name": "Jehovah's Witness", "percent": 1.7 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 12 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 5.5 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.5 } ], "date": "2010" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 17.66, "males": 10068, "females": 9999 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 13.03, "males": 7441, "females": 7366 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 42.16, "males": 23068, "females": 24847 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 14.01, "males": 7398, "females": 8525 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 13.14, "males": 5853, "females": 9083 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 44, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 26.4, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 17.6, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 5.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 39.1, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 37.3, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 40.9, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1.3, "global_rank": 88, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 12.5, "global_rank": 157, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 8.3, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 8.8, "global_rank": 12, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "most residents live in or around Oranjestad and San Nicolaas; most settlments tend to be located on the less mountainous western side of the island", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 41.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": -0.28, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Oranjestad", "population": 29000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.02, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.93, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.87, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.64, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.9, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 11, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 14.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 7.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 127, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 76.8, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 73.7, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 79.9, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 80, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.84, "global_rank": 146, "date": "2016" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 98.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 98.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 98.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 1.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 1.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 1.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 97.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 97.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 97.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 2.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 2.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 2.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "note": "active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus", "date": "2016" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 6.1, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2014" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 97.5, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 97.5, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 97.5, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "date": "2012" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 28.9, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 29.9, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 27.5, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 43, "date": "2010" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Aruba", "etymology": "the origin of the island's name is unclear; according to tradition, the name comes from the Spanish phrase \"oro huba\" (there was gold), but in fact no gold was ever found on the island; another possibility is the native word \"oruba,\" which means \"well-situated\"" }, "government_type": "parliamentary democracy (Legislature); part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands", "capital": { "name": "Oranjestad", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 12, "minutes": 31, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 70, "minutes": 2, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -4, "note": "1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "note": "part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "National Anthem and Flag Day", "day": "18 March", "original_year": "1976" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1947, 1955; latest drafted and approved August 1985, enacted 1 January 1986 (regulates governance of Aruba, but is subordinate to the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands)", "note": "in October 2010, following dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles, Aruba became a constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system based on the Dutch civil code", "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "King WILLEM-ALEXANDER of the Netherlands (since 30 April 2013); represented by Governor General Alfonso BOEKHOUDT (since 1 January 2017)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Michiel \"Mike\" Godfried EMAN (since 30 October 2009)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers elected by the Legislature (Staten)", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch for a 6-year term; prime minister and deputy prime minister indirectly elected by the Staten for 4-year tern; election last held on 25 September 2009 (next to be held by September 2013)", "election_results": "Michiel \"Mike\" Godfried EMAN (AVP) elected prime minister; percent of legislative vote - NA" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Legislature or Staten (21 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 27 September 2013 (next to be held in September 2017)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party AVP 57.3%, MEP 30.5%, PDR 7.8%, other 4.4%; seats by party - AVP 13, MEP 7, PDR 1" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Joint Court of Justice of Aruba, Curacao, Sint Maarten, and of Bonaire, Sint Eustatitus and Saba or \"Joint Court of Justice\" (sits as a 3-judge panel); final appeals heard by the Supreme Court, in The Hague, Netherlands", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Joint Court judges appointed by the monarch for life", "subordinate_courts": "Courts in First Instance" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Aruban People's Party", "name_alternative": "AVP", "leaders": [ "Michiel \"Mike\" EMAN" ] }, { "name": "People's Electoral Movement Party", "name_alternative": "MEP", "leaders": [ "Evelyn WEVER-CROES" ] }, { "name": "Real Democracy", "name_alternative": "PDR", "leaders": [ "Andin BIKKER" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "environmental groups" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "Caricom ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "FATF" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "UNESCO ", "note": "associate" }, { "organization": "UNWTO ", "note": "associate" }, { "organization": "UPU" } ], "flag_description": { "description": "blue, with two narrow, horizontal, yellow stripes across the lower portion and a red, four-pointed star outlined in white in the upper hoist-side corner; the star represents Aruba and its red soil and white beaches, its four points the four major languages (Papiamento, Dutch, Spanish, English) as well as the four points of a compass, to indicate that its inhabitants come from all over the world; the blue symbolizes Caribbean waters and skies; the stripes represent the island's two main \"industries\": the flow of tourists to the sun-drenched beaches and the flow of minerals from the earth" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "Hooiberg Hill", "region": "Haystack" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "blue" }, { "color": "yellow" }, { "color": "red" }, { "color": "white" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Aruba Deshi Tera\" (Aruba Precious Country)", "lyrics_music": "Juan Chabaya 'Padu' LAMPE/Rufo Inocencio WEVER", "note": "local anthem adopted 1986; as part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, \"Het Wilhelmus\" is official (see Netherlands)", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/AA.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Tourism, petroleum bunkering, hospitality, and financial and business services are the mainstays of the small open Aruban economy.\n\nTourism accounts for a majority of economic activity. As of 2014, over 1.7 million tourists visited Aruba annually, with the large majority of those from the US. The rapid growth of the tourism sector has resulted in a substantial expansion of other activities. Construction continues to boom, especially in the hotel sector.\n\nAruba is heavily dependent on imports and is making efforts to expand exports to achieve a more desirable trade balance. Almost all consumer and capital goods are imported, with the US, the Netherlands, and Panama being the major suppliers.\n\nIn 2016, Citgo Petroleum Corporation, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Petroleos de Venezuela SA, and the government of Aruba signed an agreement to restart Valero Energy Corp.'s former 235,000-b/d refinery . Tourism and related industries have continued to grow, and the Aruban government is working to attract more diverse industries. Aruba's banking sector continues to be a strong sector; unemployment has significantly decreased.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2516000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2009" }, { "value": 2258000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2005" }, { "value": 2205000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2004" } ], "global_rank": 190 }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 2516000000, "date": "2009" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.4, "units": "%", "date": "2005" } ], "global_rank": 116 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 25300, "units": "USD", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 76 }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 60.3, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 26.2, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 22.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 70.2, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -79, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 0.4, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 33.3, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 66.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2002" } } }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "aloes", "livestock", "fish" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "tourism", "petroleum transshipment facilities", "banking" ] }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 51610, "global_rank": 191, "date": "2007" }, "by_occupation": { "agriculture": "NA%", "industry": "NA%", "services": "NA%", "note": "most employment is in wholesale and retail trade, followed by hotels and restaurants" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.9, "units": "%", "date": "2005" } ], "global_rank": 86 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 696500000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 751800000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 27.7, "global_rank": 92, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -2.2, "global_rank": 77, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 67, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 55, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 54 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -0.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 9 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" }, { "value": 3, "units": "%", "date": "2009-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 125 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 8.25, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 92 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1151000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 990200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 152 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2126000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 1942000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 153 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1768000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 1768000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 144 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 299900000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 333200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 182 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "live animals", "animal products", "art", "collectibles", "machinery", "electrical equipment", "transport equipment" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Colombia", "percent": 28.2 }, { "name": "Netherlands Antilles", "percent": 18.1 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 14.3 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 10.1 }, { "name": "Mexico", "percent": 6.5 }, { "name": "Venezuela", "percent": 6.3 }, { "name": "Panama", "percent": 4.1 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1294000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1269000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 174 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "electrical equipment", "refined oil for bunkering", "reexport", "chemicals", "foodstuffs" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 55.4 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 11.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 693200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 666400000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 173 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.79, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.79, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.79, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.79, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.79, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Aruban guilders/florins per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 11364, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 91, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 80, "units": "%" }, "date": "2012" }, "production": { "kWh": 900000000, "global_rank": 154, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 800000000, "global_rank": 162, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 100, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 300000, "global_rank": 155, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 90.6, "global_rank": 72, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 154, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 9.4, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 101, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 152, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 102, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 112, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 7500, "global_rank": 161, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 157, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 7661, "global_rank": 150, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 1, "global_rank": 98, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 1, "global_rank": 116, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 1, "global_rank": 55, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 1, "global_rank": 79, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 900000, "global_rank": 165, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 35000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 31, "global_rank": 169, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 141000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 126, "global_rank": 185, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "modern fully automatic telecommunications system", "domestic": "increased competition through privatization has increased mobile-cellular teledensity to over 125 per 100 persons; 3 mobile-cellular service providers are now licensed", "international": "country code - 297; landing site for the PAN-AM submarine telecommunications cable system that extends from the US Virgin Islands through Aruba to Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and the west coast of South America; extensive interisland microwave radio relay links (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "2 commercial TV stations; cable TV subscription service provides access to foreign channels; about 19 commercial radio stations broadcast (2014)", "internet": { "country_code": ".aw", "users": { "total": 99000, "percent_of_population": 88.7, "global_rank": 172, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 3, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 19, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 2120578, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 0, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "P4", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 1, "global_rank": 210, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 1, "2438_to_3047_metres": 1, "date": "2013" } } }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Barcadera", "Oranjestad" ], "oil_terminals": [ "Sint Nicolaas" ], "cruise_ports": [ "Oranjestad" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "no regular military forces" ], "date": "2011" }, "note": "defense is the responsibility of the Netherlands; the Aruba security services focus on organized crime and terrorism" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ], "illicit_drugs": { "note": "transit point for US- and Europe-bound narcotics with some accompanying money-laundering activity; relatively high percentage of population consumes cocaine" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624200456/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aa.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aa.html" } }, "ashmore_and_cartier_islands": { "data": { "name": "Ashmore And Cartier Islands", "introduction": { "background": "These uninhabited islands came under Australian authority in 1931; formal administration began two years later. Ashmore Reef supports a rich and diverse avian and marine habitat; in 1983, it became a National Nature Reserve. Cartier Island, a former bombing range, became a marine reserve in 2000." }, "geography": { "location": "Southeastern Asia, islands in the Indian Ocean, midway between northwestern Australia and Timor island", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 12, "minutes": 14, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 123, "minutes": 5, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Southeast Asia", "area": { "total": { "value": 5, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 5, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "note": "includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and Cartier Island", "global_rank": 250, "comparative": "about eight times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 74.1, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_fishing_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "m", "note": "depth or to the depth of exploitation" } }, "climate": "tropical", "terrain": "low with sand and coral", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Indian Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "unnamed location", "elevation": { "value": 3, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "fish" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 100, "units": "%", "note": "all grass and sand" } }, "date": "2011" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "surrounded by shoals and reefs that can pose maritime hazards", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "illegal killing of protected wildlife by traditional Indonesian fisherman", "as well as fishing by non-traditional Indonesian vessels", "are ongoing problems" ] }, "note": "Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve established in August 1983; Cartier Island Marine Reserve established in 2000" }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands", "conventional_short_form": "Ashmore and Cartier Islands", "etymology": "named after British Captain Samuel ASHMORE, who first sighted his namesake island in 1811, and after the ship Cartier, from which the second island was discovered in 1800" }, "legal_system": "the laws of the Commonwealth of Australia and the laws of the Northern Territory of Australia, where applicable, apply", "flag_description": { "description": "the flag of Australia is used" } }, "economy": { "overview": "no economic activity" }, "military_and_security": { "note": "defense is the responsibility of Australia; periodic visits by the Royal Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing", "Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef" ] } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-05-15", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170515134500/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/at.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170515000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/at.html" } }, "atlantic_ocean": { "data": { "name": "Atlantic Ocean", "introduction": { "background": "The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, but larger than the Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean). The Kiel Canal (Germany), Oresund (Denmark-Sweden), Bosporus (Turkey), Strait of Gibraltar (Morocco-Spain), and the Saint Lawrence Seaway (Canada-US) are important strategic access waterways. The decision by the International Hydrographic Organization in the spring of 2000 to delimit a fifth world ocean, the Southern Ocean, removed the portion of the Atlantic Ocean south of 60 degrees south latitude." }, "geography": { "location": "body of water between Africa, Europe, the Arctic Ocean, the Americas, and the Southern Ocean", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 0, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 25, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Political Map of the World", "area": { "total": { "value": 76762000, "units": "sq km" }, "note": "includes Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, part of the Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico, Labrador Sea, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, almost all of the Scotia Sea, and other tributary water bodies", "comparative": "about 7.5 times the size of the US" }, "coastline": { "value": 111866, "units": "km" }, "climate": "tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cabo Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from May to December but are most frequent from August to November", "terrain": "surface usually covered with sea ice in Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and coastal portions of the Baltic Sea from October to June; clockwise warm-water gyre (broad, circular system of currents) in the northern Atlantic, counterclockwise warm-water gyre in the southern Atlantic; the ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a rugged north-south centerline for the entire Atlantic basin", "elevation": { "mean_depth": { "value": -3646, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Milwaukee Deep in the Puerto Rico Trench", "elevation": { "value": -8605, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "sea level", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "oil", "gas fields", "fish", "marine mammals", "seals", "whales", "sand", "gravel aggregates", "placer deposits", "polymetallic nodules", "precious stones" ] }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "icebergs common in Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern Atlantic Ocean from February to August and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and the Madeira Islands", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme northern Atlantic from October to May", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "persistent fog can be a maritime hazard from May to September", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "hurricanes (May to December)", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "endangered marine species include the manatee", "seals", "sea lions", "turtles", "and whales", "drift net fishing is hastening the decline of fish stocks and contributing to international disputes", "municipal sludge pollution off eastern US", "southern Brazil", "and eastern Argentina", "oil pollution in Caribbean Sea", "Gulf of Mexico", "Lake Maracaibo", "Mediterranean Sea", "and North Sea", "industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in Baltic Sea", "North Sea", "and Mediterranean Sea" ] }, "note": "major chokepoints include the Dardanelles, Strait of Gibraltar, access to the Panama and Suez Canals; strategic straits include the Strait of Dover, Straits of Florida, Mona Passage, The Sound (Oresund), and Windward Passage; the Equator divides the Atlantic Ocean into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean" }, "government": { "country_name": { "etymology": "name derives from the Greek description of the waters beyond the Strait of Gibraltar, Atlantis thalassa, meaning \"Sea of Atlas\"" } }, "economy": { "overview": "The Atlantic Ocean provides some of the world's most heavily trafficked sea routes, between and within the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Other economic activity includes the exploitation of natural resources, e.g., fishing, dredging of aragonite sands (The Bahamas), and production of crude oil and natural gas (Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and North Sea)." }, "transportation": { "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Alexandria (Egypt)", "Algiers (Algeria)", "Antwerp (Belgium)", "Barcelona (Spain)", "Buenos Aires (Argentina)", "Casablanca (Morocco)", "Colon (Panama)", "Copenhagen (Denmark)", "Dakar (Senegal)", "Gdansk (Poland)", "Hamburg (Germany)", "Helsinki (Finland)", "Las Palmas (Canary Islands", "Spain)", "Le Havre (France)", "Lisbon (Portugal)", "London (UK)", "Marseille (France)", "Montevideo (Uruguay)", "Montreal (Canada)", "Naples (Italy)", "New Orleans (US)", "New York (US)", "Oran (Algeria)", "Oslo (Norway)", "Peiraiefs or Piraeus (Greece)", "Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)", "Rotterdam (Netherlands)", "Saint Petersburg (Russia)", "Stockholm (Sweden)" ] }, "note": "Kiel Canal and Saint Lawrence Seaway are two important waterways; significant domestic commercial and recreational use of Intracoastal Waterway on central and south Atlantic seaboard and Gulf of Mexico coast of US; the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial waters of littoral states and offshore Atlantic waters as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships, particularly in the Gulf of Guinea off West Africa; in 2014, 41 commercial vessels were attacked in the Gulf of Guinea with 5 hijacked and 144 crew members taken hostage; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargoes stolen; crews have been robbed and stores or cargoes stolen" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "some maritime disputes (see littoral states)" ] } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-10", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170610031837/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zh.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170610000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zh.html" } }, "australia": { "data": { "name": "Australia", "introduction": { "background": "Prehistoric settlers arrived on the continent from Southeast Asia at least 40,000 years before the first Europeans began exploration in the 17th century. No formal territorial claims were made until 1770, when Capt. James COOK took possession of the east coast in the name of Great Britain (all of Australia was claimed as British territory in 1829 with the creation of the colony of Western Australia). Six colonies were created in the late 18th and 19th centuries; they federated and became the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The new country took advantage of its natural resources to rapidly develop agricultural and manufacturing industries and to make a major contribution to the Allied effort in World Wars I and II.\nIn recent decades, Australia has become an internationally competitive, advanced market economy due in large part to economic reforms adopted in the 1980s and its location in one of the fastest growing regions of the world economy. Long-term concerns include an aging population, pressure on infrastructure, and environmental issues such as floods, droughts, and bushfires. Australia is the driest inhabited continent on earth, making it particularly vulnerable to the challenges of climate change. Australia is home to 10 per cent of the world's biodiversity, and a great number of its flora and fauna exist nowhere else in the world." }, "geography": { "location": "Oceania, continent between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 27, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 133, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Oceania", "area": { "total": { "value": 7741220, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 7682300, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 58920, "units": "sq km" }, "note": "includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island", "global_rank": 6, "comparative": "slightly smaller than the US contiguous 48 states" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 25760, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "nm", "note": "or to the edge of the continental margin" } }, "climate": "generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north", "terrain": "mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 330, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Lake Eyre", "elevation": { "value": -15, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mount Kosciuszko", "elevation": { "value": 2229, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "bauxite", "coal", "iron ore", "copper", "tin", "gold", "silver", "uranium", "nickel", "tungsten", "rare earth elements", "mineral sands", "lead", "zinc", "diamonds", "natural gas", "petroleum" ], "note": "Australia is the world's largest net exporter of coal accounting for 29% of global coal exports" }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 53.4, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 6.2, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 47.1, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 19.3, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 27.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 25500, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "cyclones along the coast", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "severe droughts", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "forest fires", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "volcanic activity on Heard and McDonald Islands", "type": "volcanism" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "soil erosion from overgrazing", "industrial development", "urbanization", "and poor farming practices", "soil salinity rising due to the use of poor quality water", "desertification", "clearing for agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique animal and plant species", "the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast coast", "the largest coral reef in the world", "is threatened by increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site", "limited natural freshwater resources" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol", "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources", "Antarctic Seals", "Antarctic Treaty", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Marine Life Conservation", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Tropical Timber 83", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country; the largest country in Oceania, the largest country entirely in the Southern Hemisphere, and the largest country without land borders; the only continent without glaciers; population concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts; the invigorating sea breeze known as the \"Fremantle Doctor\" affects the city of Perth on the west coast and is one of the most consistent winds in the world" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 22992654, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Australian(s)", "adjective": "Australian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "English", "percent": 25.9 }, { "name": "Australian", "percent": 25.4 }, { "name": "Irish", "percent": 7.5 }, { "name": "Scottish", "percent": 6.4 }, { "name": "Italian", "percent": 3.3 }, { "name": "German", "percent": 3.2 }, { "name": "Chinese", "percent": 3.1 }, { "name": "Indian", "percent": 1.4 }, { "name": "Greek", "percent": 1.4 }, { "name": "Dutch", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 15.8, "breakdown": [ { "name": "includes Australian aboriginal .5%" } ] }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 5.4 } ], "note": "data represent self-identified ancestry, over a third of respondents reported two ancestries", "date": "2011" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "English", "percent": 76.8 }, { "name": "Mandarin", "percent": 1.6 }, { "name": "Italian", "percent": 1.4 }, { "name": "Arabic", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "Greek", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "Cantonese", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "Vietnamese", "percent": 1.1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 10.4 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 5 } ], "date": "2011" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 30.1, "breakdown": [ { "name": "Anglican", "percent": 17.1 }, { "name": "Uniting Church", "percent": 5 }, { "name": "Presbyterian and Reformed", "percent": 2.8 }, { "name": "Baptist", "percent": 1.6 }, { "name": "Lutheran", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "Pentecostal", "percent": 1.1 }, { "name": "other Protestant", "percent": 1.3 } ] }, { "name": "Catholic", "percent": 25.3, "breakdown": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 25.1 }, { "name": "other Catholic", "percent": 0.2 } ] }, { "name": "other Christian", "percent": 2.9 }, { "name": "Orthodox", "percent": 2.8 }, { "name": "Buddhist", "percent": 2.5 }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 2.2 }, { "name": "Hindu", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 22.3 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 9.3 } ], "date": "2011" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 17.84, "males": 2105433, "females": 1997433 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 12.96, "males": 1528993, "females": 1451340 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 41.55, "males": 4862591, "females": 4691975 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 11.82, "males": 1347780, "females": 1369501 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 15.82, "males": 1684339, "females": 1953269 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 50.9, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 28.2, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 22.7, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 4.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 38.6, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 37.8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 39.4, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 58, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1.05, "global_rank": 113, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 12.1, "global_rank": 163, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 7.2, "global_rank": 124, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 5.6, "global_rank": 22, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 89.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 1.47, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Sydney", "population": 4505000 }, { "place": "Melbourne", "population": 4203000 }, { "place": "Brisbane", "population": 2202000 }, { "place": "Perth", "population": 1861000 }, { "place": "Adelaide", "population": 1256000 }, { "place": "Canberra", "population": 423000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.98, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.86, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 30.5, "date": "2006" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 6, "global_rank": 164, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 4.3, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 4.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 188, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 82.2, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 79.8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 84.8, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 15, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.77, "global_rank": 158, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 72.3, "units": "%", "note": "percent of women aged 18-44", "date": "2005" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 9.4, "global_rank": 37, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 3.37, "date": "2013" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 3.9, "date": "2010" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.16, "global_rank": 100, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 26900, "global_rank": 74, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 200, "global_rank": 105, "date": "2015" } }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 29.9, "global_rank": 44, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 0.2, "global_rank": 138, "date": "2007" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 5.3, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2013" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 20, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 20, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 21, "units": "years" }, "date": "2014" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 13.3, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 14.1, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 12.5, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2014" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Commonwealth of Australia", "conventional_short_form": "Australia", "etymology": "the name Australia derives from the Latin \"australis\" meaning \"southern\"; the Australian landmass was long referred to as \"Terra Australis\" or the Southern Land" }, "government_type": "parliamentary democracy (Federal Parliament) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm", "capital": { "name": "Canberra", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 35, "minutes": 16, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 149, "minutes": 8, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 10, "note": "15 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins first Sunday in October; ends first Sunday in April", "note": "Australia has three time zones" }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Australian Capital Territory", "type": "territory" }, { "name": "New South Wales", "type": "state" }, { "name": "Northern Territory", "type": "territory" }, { "name": "Queensland", "type": "state" }, { "name": "South Australia", "type": "state" }, { "name": "Tasmania", "type": "state" }, { "name": "Victoria", "type": "state" }, { "name": "Western Australia", "type": "state" } ], "dependent_areas": { "areas": [ "Ashmore and Cartier Islands", "Christmas Island", "Cocos (Keeling) Islands", "Coral Sea Islands", "Heard Island and McDonald Islands", "Norfolk Island" ] }, "independence": { "date": "1901-01-01", "note": "from the federation of UK colonies" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Australia Day", "day": "26 January", "original_year": "1788", "note": "commemorates the arrival of the First Fleet of Australian settlers" }, { "name": "ANZAC Day", "day": "25 April", "original_year": "1915", "note": "commemorates the anniversary of the landing of troops of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps during World War I at Gallipoli, Turkey" } ], "constitution": { "history": "9 July 1900; effective 1 January 1901; amended several times, last in 1977", "note": "a referendum to amend the constitution to reflect the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Recognition Act 2013 is planned for early 2017 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "common law system based on the English model", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen or permanent resident of Australia", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "4 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": true }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Sir Peter COSGROVE (since 28 March 2014)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Malcolm TURNBULL (since 15 September 2015); Deputy Prime Minister Barnaby JOYCE (since 18 February 2016)", "cabinet": "Cabinet nominated by the prime minister from among members of Parliament and sworn in by the governor general", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is sworn in as prime minister by the governor general" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Federal Parliament consists of the Senate (76 seats; 12 members from each of the 6 states and 2 each from the 2 mainland territories; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of state membership renewed every 3 years and territory membership renewed every 3 years) and the House of Representatives (150 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by majority preferential vote; members serve terms of up to 3 years)", "elections": "Senate - last held on 2 July 2016; House of Representatives - last held on 2 July 2016; this election represents a rare double dissolution where all 226 seats in both the Senate and House of Representatives are up for reelection", "election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party NA - awaiting final results; seats by party NA - awaiting final results; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party Liberal/National Coalition 42.14%, ALP 34.91%, The Greens 9.93%, Katter's Australian Party 0.55%, Nick Xenophon Team 1.86%, independents 2.85%; seats by party Liberal/National Coalition 77, ALP 68, The Greens 1, Katter's Australian Party 1, Nick Xenophon Team 1, independents 2" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "High Court of Australia (consists of 7 justices, including the chief justice); note - each of the 6 states, 2 territories, and Norfolk Island has a Supreme Court; the High Court is the final appellate court beyond the state and territory supreme courts", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "justices appointed by the governor-general in council for life with mandatory retirement at age 70", "subordinate_courts": "subordinate courts: subordinate courts at the federal level: Federal Court; Federal Magistrates' Courts of Australia; Family Court; subordinate courts at the state and territory level: Local Court - New South Wales; Magistrates' Courts – Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania, Northern Territory, Australian Capital Territory; District Courts – New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia; County Court – Victoria; Family Court – Western Australia; Court of Petty Sessions – Norfolk Island" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Australian Greens Party", "leaders": [ "Richard DI NATALE" ] }, { "name": "Australian Labor Party", "leaders": [ "Bill SHORTEN" ] }, { "name": "Country Liberal Party", "name_alternative": "CLP", "leaders": [ "Gary HIGGINS" ] }, { "name": "Family First Party", "leaders": [ "Bob DAY" ] }, { "name": "Katter's Australian Party", "leaders": [ "Bob KATTER" ] }, { "name": "Liberal National Party of Queensland", "name_alternative": "LNP", "leaders": [ "Timothy NICHOLLS" ] }, { "name": "Liberal Party", "leaders": [ "Malcolm TURNBULL" ] }, { "name": "National Party of Australia", "leaders": [ "Barnaby JOYCE" ] }, { "name": "Palmer United Party", "name_alternative": "PUP", "leaders": [ "Clive PALMER" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "business groups" }, { "name": "environmental groups" }, { "name": "social groups" }, { "name": "trade unions" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ADB" }, { "organization": "ANZUS" }, { "organization": "APEC" }, { "organization": "ARF" }, { "organization": "ASEAN ", "note": "dialogue partner" }, { "organization": "Australia Group" }, { "organization": "BIS" }, { "organization": "C" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CP" }, { "organization": "EAS" }, { "organization": "EBRD" }, { "organization": "EITI ", "note": "implementing country" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "FATF" }, { "organization": "G-20" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IEA" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NEA" }, { "organization": "NSG" }, { "organization": "OECD" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OSCE ", "note": "partner" }, { "organization": "Pacific Alliance ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "Paris Club" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "PIF" }, { "organization": "SAARC ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "SICA ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "Sparteca" }, { "organization": "SPC" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UN Security Council ", "note": "temporary" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNMISS" }, { "organization": "UNMIT" }, { "organization": "UNRWA" }, { "organization": "UNTSO" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" }, { "organization": "ZC" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Joseph Benedict HOCKEY (since 28 January 2016)", "chancery": "1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036", "telephone": "[1] (202) 797-3000", "fax": "[1] (202) 797-3168", "consulates_general": "Atlanta, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires James CAROUSO (since September 2016)", "embassy": "Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600", "mailing_address": "APO AP 96549", "telephone": "[61] (02) 6214-5600", "fax": "[61] (02) 6214-5970", "consulates_general": "Melbourne, Perth, Sydney" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant known as the Commonwealth or Federation Star, representing the federation of the colonies of Australia in 1901; the star depicts one point for each of the six original states and one representing all of Australia's internal and external territories; on the fly half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small, five-pointed star and four larger, seven-pointed stars" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "Southern Cross constellation ", "note": "composed of five stars: four large seven-pointed stars, one small five-pointed star" }, { "symbol": "kangaroo" }, { "symbol": "emu" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "green" }, { "color": "gold" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Advance Australia Fair\"", "lyrics_music": "Peter Dodds McCORMICK", "note": "adopted 1984; although originally written in the late 19th century, the anthem was not used for all official occasions until 1984; as a Commonwealth country, in addition to the national anthem, \"God Save the Queen\" is also played at Royal functions (see United Kingdom)", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/AS.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Following two decades of continuous growth, low unemployment, contained inflation, very low public debt, and a strong and stable financial system, Australia enters 2017 facing a range of growth constraints, principally driven by the sharp fall in global prices of key export commodities. Demand for resources and energy from Asia and especially China has stalled and sharp drops in current prices have impacted growth.\n\nThe services sector is the largest part of the Australian economy, accounting for about 70% of GDP and 75% of jobs. Australia was comparatively unaffected by the global financial crisis as the banking system has remained strong and inflation is under control.\n\nAustralia benefited from a dramatic surge in its terms of trade in recent years, although this trend has reversed due to falling global commodity prices. Australia is a significant exporter of natural resources, energy, and food. Australia's abundant and diverse natural resources attract high levels of foreign investment and include extensive reserves of coal, iron, copper, gold, natural gas, uranium, and renewable energy sources. A series of major investments, such as the US$40 billion Gorgon Liquid Natural Gas project, will significantly expand the resources sector.\n\nAustralia is an open market with minimal restrictions on imports of goods and services. The process of opening up has increased productivity, stimulated growth, and made the economy more flexible and dynamic. Australia plays an active role in the World Trade Organization, APEC, the G20, and other trade forums. Australia’s free trade agreement (FTA) with China entered into force in 2015, adding to existing FTAs with the Republic of Korea, Japan, Chile, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Thailand, and the US, and a regional FTA with ASEAN and New Zealand. Australia continues to negotiate bilateral agreements with India and Indonesia, as well as larger agreements with its Pacific neighbors and the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, and an Asia-wide Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership that includes the ten ASEAN countries and China, Japan, Korea, New Zealand and India.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1189000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1156000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1128000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 20, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 1257000000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.9, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2.7, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 99 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 48800, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 48300, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 47800, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 29, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 58.5, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 18.7, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 24.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 19.4, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -20.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 3.6, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 28.2, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 68.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 21.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 22.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 23.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 76 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "wheat", "barley", "sugarcane", "fruits", "cattle", "sheep", "poultry" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "mining", "industrial", "transportation equipment", "food processing", "chemicals", "steel" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 2, "global_rank": 104, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 12630000, "global_rank": 45, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 3.6, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 21.1, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 75.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2009" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 68 }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 25.4, "units": "%" }, "date": "1994" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 30.3, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2008" }, { "value": 35.2, "units": "gini_index", "date": "1994" } ], "global_rank": 123 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 420500000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 446400000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 33.5, "global_rank": 64, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -2.1, "global_rank": 76, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 46.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 44.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 101 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 July", "end": "30 June" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.4, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 83 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3, "units": "%", "date": "2013-02-28" }, { "value": 4.35, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 107, "note": "this is the Reserve Bank of Australia's \"cash rate target,\" or policy rate" }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 5.58, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 136 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 245300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 223200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 18 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1661000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" }, { "value": 1648000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 11 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2158000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1986000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 11 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1187000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 1289000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 1366000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 13 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -33200000000.000004, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -58190000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 196 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 184300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 188300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 25 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "coal", "iron ore", "gold", "meat", "wool", "alumina", "wheat", "machinery", "transport equipment" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 32.2 }, { "name": "Japan", "percent": 15.9 }, { "name": "South Korea", "percent": 7.1 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 5.4 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 4.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 203100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 207700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 20 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "transport equipment", "computers", "office machines", "telecommunication equipment", "parts", "crude oil", "petroleum products" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 23 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 11.2 }, { "name": "Japan", "percent": 7.4 }, { "name": "South Korea", "percent": 5.5 }, { "name": "Thailand", "percent": 5.1 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 4.6 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 54300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 49270000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 36 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1692000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1524000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 12 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 614500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 582600000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 16 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 441900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 437800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 18 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.352, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.3291, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.3291, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.1094, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.97, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 235000000000, "global_rank": 19, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 224000000000, "global_rank": 17, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 122, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 67000000, "global_rank": 17, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 78.5, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 44, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 12.7, "global_rank": 110, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 7.6, "global_rank": 49, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 322300, "global_rank": 32, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 248400, "global_rank": 29, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 332800, "global_rank": 26, "date": "2015" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 1200000000, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 481800, "global_rank": 37, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 1116000, "global_rank": 22, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 42730, "global_rank": 60, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 546700, "global_rank": 17, "date": "2015" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 62640000000, "global_rank": 14, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 38510000000, "global_rank": 25, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 31610000000, "global_rank": 12, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 6938000000, "global_rank": 29, "date": "2014" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 860800000000, "global_rank": 27, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 385000000, "global_rank": 18, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 9080000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 40, "global_rank": 22, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 31770000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 140, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "excellent domestic and international service", "domestic": "domestic satellite system; significant use of radiotelephone in areas of low population density; rapid growth of mobile telephones", "international": "country code - 61; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 optical telecommunications submarine cable with links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; the Southern Cross fiber-optic submarine cable provides links to NZ and the US; satellite earth stations - 10 Intelsat (4 Indian Ocean and 6 Pacific Ocean), 2 Inmarsat, 2 Globalstar, 5 other (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) runs multiple national and local radio networks and TV stations, as well as Australia Network, a TV service that broadcasts throughout the Asia-Pacific region and is the main public broadcaster; Special Broadcasting Service (SBS), a second large public broadcaster, operates radio and TV networks broadcasting in multiple languages; several large national commercial TV networks, a large number of local commercial TV stations, and hundreds of commercial radio stations are accessible; cable and satellite systems are available (2009)", "internet": { "country_code": ".au", "users": { "total": 19238000, "percent_of_population": 84.6, "global_rank": 28, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 11, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 175, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 69294187, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 1887295820, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "VH", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 480, "global_rank": 16, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 349, "over_3047_metres": 11, "2438_to_3047_metres": 14, "1524_to_2437_metres": 155, "914_to_1523_metres": 155, "under_914_metres": 14, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 131, "1524_to_2437_metres": 16, "914_to_1523_metres": 101, "under_914_metres": 14, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "condensate/gas", "length": 637, "units": "km" }, { "type": "gas", "length": 30054, "units": "km" }, { "type": "liquid petroleum gas", "length": 240, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 3609, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil/gas/water", "length": 110, "units": "km" }, { "type": "refined products", "length": 72, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 36967.5, "units": "km" }, "broad_gauge": { "length": 3727, "electrified": 372, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.600-m" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 18727, "electrified": 650, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 14513.5, "electrified": 2075.5, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.067-m" }, "global_rank": 7, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 823217, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 356343, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 466874, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 9, "date": "2011" }, "waterways": { "value": 2000, "units": "km", "note": "mainly used for recreation on Murray and Murray-Darling river systems", "global_rank": 42, "date": "2011" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 41, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 8 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 7 }, { "type": "liquefied gas", "count": 4 }, { "type": "passenger", "count": 6 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 6 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 5 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 5 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 17, "by_country": [ { "country": "Canada", "count": 5 }, { "country": "Germany", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Singapore", "count": 2 }, { "country": "South Africa", "count": 1 }, { "country": "UK", "count": 5 }, { "country": "US", "count": 2 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 25, "by_country": [ { "country": "Bahamas", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Dominica", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Fiji", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Liberia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Netherlands", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Panama", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Singapore", "count": 12 }, { "country": "Tonga", "count": 1 }, { "country": "UK", "count": 1 }, { "country": "US", "count": 1 } ] }, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Brisbane", "Cairns", "Darwin", "Fremantle", "Geelong", "Gladstone", "Hobart", "Melbourne", "Newcastle", "Port Adelaide", "Port Kembla", "Sydney" ], "dry_bulk_cargo_ports": [ { "place": "Dampier", "type": "iron ore" }, { "place": "Dalrymple Bay", "type": "coal" }, { "place": "Hay Point", "type": "coal" }, { "place": "Port Hedland", "type": "iron ore" }, { "place": "Port Walcott", "type": "iron ore" } ], "container_ports": [ { "place": "Brisbane", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 1004983 }, { "place": "Melbourne", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 2467967 }, { "place": "Sydney", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 2028074 } ], "liquid_natural_gas_terminals_export": [ "Darwin", "Karratha", "Burrup", "Curtis Island" ], "date": "2011" } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.95, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.81, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.69, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 1.83, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 50 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Australian Defense Force (ADF)", "Australian Army", "Royal Australian Navy (includes Naval Aviation Force)", "Royal Australian Air Force", "Joint Operations Command (JOC)" ], "date": "2013" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 17, "note": "17 years of age for voluntary military service (with parental consent); no conscription; women allowed to serve in most combat roles, except the Army special forces", "date": "2013" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "In 2007, Australia and Timor-Leste agreed to a 50-year development zone and revenue sharing arrangement and deferred a maritime boundary", "Australia asserts land and maritime claims to Antarctica", "Australia's 2004 submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf extends its continental margins over 3.37 million square kilometers, expanding its seabed roughly 30 percent beyond its claimed EEZ", "all borders between Indonesia and Australia have been agreed upon bilaterally, but a 1997 treaty that would settle the last of their maritime and EEZ boundary has yet to be ratified by Indonesia's legislature", "Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef", "Australia closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 9217, "country_of_origin": "Afghanistan; Iran" } ], "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate; major consumer of cocaine and amphetamines" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624100429/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/as.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/as.html" } }, "austria": { "data": { "name": "Austria", "introduction": { "background": "Once the center of power for the large Austro-Hungarian Empire, Austria was reduced to a small republic after its defeat in World War I. Following annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938 and subsequent occupation by the victorious Allies in 1945, Austria's status remained unclear for a decade. A State Treaty signed in 1955 ended the occupation, recognized Austria's independence, and forbade unification with Germany. A constitutional law that same year declared the country's \"perpetual neutrality\" as a condition for Soviet military withdrawal. The Soviet Union's collapse in 1991 and Austria's entry into the EU in 1995 have altered the meaning of this neutrality. A prosperous, democratic country, Austria entered the EU Economic and Monetary Union in 1999." }, "geography": { "location": "Central Europe, north of Italy and Slovenia", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 47, "minutes": 20, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 13, "minutes": 20, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Europe", "area": { "total": { "value": 83871, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 82445, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 1426, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 114, "comparative": "about the size of South Carolina; slightly more than two-thirds the size of Pennsylvania" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 2524, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Czech Republic", "border_length": { "value": 402, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Germany", "border_length": { "value": 801, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Hungary", "border_length": { "value": 321, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Italy", "border_length": { "value": 404, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Liechtenstein", "border_length": { "value": 34, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Slovakia", "border_length": { "value": 105, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Slovenia", "border_length": { "value": 299, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Switzerland", "border_length": { "value": 158, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 0, "units": "km", "note": "landlocked" }, "climate": "temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate summers with occasional showers", "terrain": "mostly mountains (Alps) in the west and south; mostly flat or gently sloping along the eastern and northern margins", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 910, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Neusiedler See", "elevation": { "value": 115, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Grossglockner", "elevation": { "value": 3798, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "oil", "coal", "lignite", "timber", "iron ore", "copper", "zinc", "antimony", "magnesite", "tungsten", "graphite", "salt", "hydropower" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 38.4, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 16.5, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 21.1, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 47.2, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 14.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 1170, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "the northern and eastern portions of the country are more densely populated; nearly two-thirds of the populace lives in urban areas", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "landslides", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "avalanches", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "earthquakes", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "some forest degradation caused by air and soil pollution", "soil pollution results from the use of agricultural chemicals", "air pollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired power stations and industrial plants and from trucks transiting Austria between northern and southern Europe" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Air Pollution", "Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides", "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants", "Air Pollution-Sulfur 85", "Air Pollution-Sulphur 94", "Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds", "Antarctic Treaty", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Tropical Timber 83", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of central Europe with many easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys; major river is the Danube; population is concentrated on eastern lowlands because of steep slopes, poor soils, and low temperatures elsewhere" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 8711770, "global_rank": 95, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Austrian(s)", "adjective": "Austrian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Austrians", "percent": 91.1 }, { "name": "former Yugoslavs", "percent": 4, "note": "includes Croatians, Slovenes, Serbs, and Bosniaks" }, { "name": "Turks", "percent": 1.6 }, { "name": "Germans", "percent": 0.9 }, { "name": "other or unspecified", "percent": 2.4, "note": "2001 census" } ] }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "German", "percent": 88.6, "note": "official nationwide" }, { "name": "Turkish", "percent": 2.3 }, { "name": "Serbian", "percent": 2.2 }, { "name": "Croatian", "percent": 1.6, "note": "official in Burgenland" }, { "name": "other", "percent": 5.3, "note": "includes Slovene, official in South Carinthia, and Hungarian, official in Burgenland" } ], "date": "2001" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Catholic", "percent": 73.8, "breakdown": [ { "name": "includes Roman Catholic", "percent": 73.6 }, { "name": "other Catholic", "percent": 0.2 } ] }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 4.9 }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 4.2 }, { "name": "Orthodox", "percent": 2.2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.8, "note": "includes other Christian" }, { "name": "none", "percent": 12 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 2 } ], "date": "2001" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 14.02, "males": 625391, "females": 596310 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 11.33, "males": 503333, "females": 483748 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 42.71, "males": 1859985, "females": 1860641 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 12.85, "males": 554191, "females": 565189 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 19.09, "males": 719012, "females": 943970 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 49.2, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 21.2, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 28, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 3.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 43.8, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 42.7, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 44.9, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 12, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.51, "global_rank": 160, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 9.5, "global_rank": 204, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 9.5, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 5.2, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "the northern and eastern portions of the country are more densely populated; nearly two-thirds of the populace lives in urban areas", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 66, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.4, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Vienna", "population": 1753000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.98, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.76, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.96, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 28.5, "date": "2011" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 4, "global_rank": 178, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 3.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 3.8, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 3.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 209, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 81.5, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 78.9, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 84.3, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 23, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.47, "global_rank": 202, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 65.7, "units": "%", "note": "percent of women aged 18-49", "date": "2012" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 11.2, "global_rank": 11, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 5.15, "date": "2015" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 7.6, "date": "2011" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 20.1, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 5.6, "global_rank": 44, "date": "2013" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 16, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 16, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 16, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 10.3, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 10.6, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 9.9, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2014" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Austria", "conventional_short_form": "Austria", "local_long_form": "Republik Oesterreich", "local_short_form": "Oesterreich", "etymology": "the name Oesterreich means \"eastern realm\" or \"eastern march\" and dates to the 10th century; the designation refers to the fact that Austria was the easternmost extension of Bavaria, and in fact of all the Germans; the word Austria is a Latinization of the German name" }, "government_type": "federal parliamentary republic", "capital": { "name": "Vienna", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 48, "minutes": 12, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 16, "minutes": 22, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 1, "note": "6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, "independence": { "date": "1918-11-12", "note": "republic proclaimed; notable earlier dates: 976 (Margravate of Austria established); 17 September 1156 (Duchy of Austria founded); 11 August 1804 (Austrian Empire proclaimed)" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "National Day", "day": "26 October", "original_year": "1955", "note": "commemorates passage of the law on permanent neutrality" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest adopted 1 October 1920, revised 1929, replaced May 1934 (authoritarian corporate state), replaced by German Weimar constitution in 1938 following German annexation, reinstated 1 May 1945", "amendments": "proposed through laws designated “constitutional laws” or through the constitutional process if the amendment is part of another law; approval required by at least a two-thirds majority vote by the National Assembly if one-half of the members are present; a referendum is required only if requested by one-third of the National Council or Federal Council membership; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote; amended many times, last in 2014 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts by the Constitutional Court", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Austria", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "10 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 16, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Alexander VAN DER BELLEN (since 26 January 2017)", "head_of_government": "Chancellor Christian KERN (since 17 May 2016); Vice Chancellor Wolfgang BRANDSTETTER (since 17 May 2017)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellor", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); elections last held on 24 April 2016 (first round), 22 May 2016 (second round, which was annulled), and 4 December 2016 (second round re-vote); next presidential elections to be held in April 2022; chancellor appointed by the president but determined by the majority coalition parties in the Federal Assembly; vice chancellor appointed by the president on the advice of the chancellor", "election_results": "percent of vote: first-round results - Norbet HOFER (FPOe) 35.1%, Alexander VAN DER BELLEN (independent, allied with the Greens) 21.3%, Irmgard GRISS (independent) 18.9%, Rudolf HUNDSTORFER (SPOe) 11.3%, Andreas KHOL (OeVP) 11.1%, Richard LUGNER (independent) 2.3%; second round results - Alexander VAN DER BELLEN 53.8%, Norbet HOFER 46.2%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung consists of the Federal Council or Bundesrat (62 seats; members appointed by state parliaments with each state receiving 3 to 12 seats in proportion to its population; members serve 5- or 6-year terms) and the National Council or Nationalrat (183 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "National Council - last held on 29 September 2013 (next to be held on 15 October 2017)", "election_results": "National Council - percent of vote by party - SPOe 26.8%, OeVP 24.0%, FPOe 20.5%, Greens 12.4%, Team Stronach 5.7%, NEOS 5.0%, other 5.6%; seats by party - SPOe 52, OeVP 47, FPOe 40, Greens 24, Team Stronach 11, NEOS 9; note - currently: SPOe 52, OeVP 50, FPOe 38, Greens 24, NEOS 9, Team Stronach 6, without faction 4" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Justice or Oberster Gerichtshof (consists of 85 judges organized into 17 senates or panels of 5 judges each); Constitutional Court or Verfassungsgerichtshof (consists of 20 judges including 6 substitutes; Administrative Court or Verwaltungsgerichtshof - 2 judges plus other members depending on the importance of the case)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges nominated by executive branch departments and appointed by the president; judges serve for life; Constitutional Court judges nominated by several executive branch departments and approved by the president; judges serve for life; Administrative Court judges recommended by executive branch departments and appointed by the president; terms of judges and members determined by the president", "subordinate_courts": "Courts of Appeal (4); Regional Courts (20); district courts (120); county courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Austrian People's Party", "name_alternative": "OeVP", "leaders": [ "Sebastian KURZ" ] }, { "name": "Communist Party of Austria", "name_alternative": "KPOe", "leaders": [ "Mirko MESSNER" ] }, { "name": "Freedom Party of Austria", "name_alternative": "FPOe", "leaders": [ "Heinz-Christian STRACHE" ] }, { "name": "The Greens", "leaders": [ "Eva GLAWISCHNIG" ] }, { "name": "NEOS - The New Austria", "leaders": [ "Matthias STROLZ" ] }, { "name": "Social Democratic Party of Austria", "name_alternative": "SPOe", "leaders": [ "Christian KERN" ] }, { "name": "Team Stronach", "leaders": [ "Frank STRONACH" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Austrian Trade Union Federation", "name_alternative": "OeGB", "note": "nominally independent but primarily Social Democratic" }, { "name": "Federal Agriculture Chamber ", "note": "OeVP-dominated" }, { "name": "Federal Economic Chamber ", "note": "OeVP-dominated" }, { "name": "Labor Chamber", "name_alternative": "AK", "note": "Social Democratic-leaning think tank" }, { "name": "OeVP-oriented Association of Austrian Industrialists", "name_alternative": "IV" }, { "name": "Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay organization, Catholic Action" }, { "name": "three composite leagues of the Austrian People's Party or OeVP representing business" }, { "name": "labor" }, { "name": "farmers" }, { "name": "other nongovernment organizations in the areas of environment and human rights" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ADB ", "note": "nonregional member" }, { "organization": "AfDB ", "note": "nonregional member" }, { "organization": "Australia Group" }, { "organization": "BIS" }, { "organization": "BSEC ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CE" }, { "organization": "CEI" }, { "organization": "CERN" }, { "organization": "EAPC" }, { "organization": "EBRD" }, { "organization": "ECB" }, { "organization": "EIB" }, { "organization": "EMU" }, { "organization": "ESA" }, { "organization": "EU" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "FATF" }, { "organization": "G-9" }, { "organization": "IADB" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IEA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IGAD ", "note": "partners" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINURSO" }, { "organization": "NEA" }, { "organization": "NSG" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OECD" }, { "organization": "OIF ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OSCE" }, { "organization": "Paris Club" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "PFP" }, { "organization": "Schengen Convention" }, { "organization": "SELEC ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNFICYP" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNIFIL" }, { "organization": "UNTSO" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" }, { "organization": "ZC" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Wolfgang WALDNER (since 28 January 2016)", "chancery": "3524 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008-3035", "telephone": "[1] (202) 895-6700", "fax": "[1] (202) 895-6750", "consulates_general": "Los Angeles, New York", "consulates": "Chicago" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Eugene YOUNG (since 20 January 2017)", "embassy": "Boltzmanngasse 16, A-1090, Vienna", "mailing_address": "use embassy street address", "telephone": "[43] (1) 31339-0", "fax": "[43] (1) 3100682" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red; the flag design is certainly one of the oldest - if not the oldest - national banners in the world; according to tradition, in 1191, following a fierce battle in the Third Crusade, Duke Leopold V of Austria's white tunic became completely blood-spattered; upon removal of his wide belt or sash, a white band was revealed; the red-white-red color combination was subsequently adopted as his banner" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "golden eagle" }, { "symbol": "edelweiss" }, { "symbol": "Alpine gentian" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "white" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Bundeshymne\" (Federal Hymn)", "lyrics_music": "Paula von PRERADOVIC/Wolfgang Amadeus MOZART or Johann HOLZER (disputed)", "note": "adopted 1947; the anthem is also known as \"Land der Berge, Land am Strome\" (Land of the Mountains, Land by the River); Austria adopted a new national anthem after World War II to replace the former imperial anthem composed by Franz Josef HAYDN, which had been appropriated by Germany in 1922 and was thereafter associated with the Nazi regime; a gendered version of the lyrics was adopted by the Austrian Federal Assembly in fall 2011 and became effective 1 January 2012", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/AU.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Austria, with its well-developed market economy, skilled labor force, and high standard of living, is closely tied to other EU economies, especially Germany's. Its economy features a large service sector, a relatively sound industrial sector, and a small, but highly developed agricultural sector.\n\nEconomic growth has been relatively weak in recent years, approaching 0.9% in 2015, but rising to 1.4% in 2016. Austria's 5.8% unemployment rate, while low by European standards, is at its highest rate since the end of World War II, driven by an increased number of refugees and EU migrants entering the labor market. Without extensive vocational training programs and generous early retirement, the unemployment rate would be even higher.\n\nAlthough Austria's fiscal position compares favorably with other euro-zone countries, it faces several external risks, such as unexpectedly weak world economic growth threatening the export market, Austrian banks' continued exposure to Central and Eastern Europe, repercussions from the Hypo Alpe Adria bank collapse, political and economic uncertainties caused by the European sovereign debt crisis, the current refugee crisis, and continued unrest in Russia/Ukraine. The budget deficit stood at 1.4% of GDP in 2016 and public debt reached a post-war high of 86.2% of the GDP in 2015.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 416600000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 410400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 406900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 47, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 387300000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.4, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 158 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 47900, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 47600, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 47600, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 32, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 52.7, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 20, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 22.8, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.4, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 53.1, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -49, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 1.3, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 28.1, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 70.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 25.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 25, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 24.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 48 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "grains", "potatoes", "wine", "fruit", "dairy products", "cattle", "pigs", "poultry", "lumber", "forestry products" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "construction", "machinery", "vehicles", "parts", "food", "metals", "chemicals", "lumber", "paper", "paperboard", "communications equipment", "tourism" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 1.4, "global_rank": 135, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 3944000, "global_rank": 92, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 0.7, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 25.3, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 74, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 5.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 76 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 4, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2.8, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 23.5, "units": "%" }, "date": "2012" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 29.2, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 26.3, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2007" } ], "global_rank": 128 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 187300000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 192600000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 48.4, "global_rank": 16, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -1.5, "global_rank": 66, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 83.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 86.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 28, "note": "this is general government gross debt, defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year; it covers the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; as a percentage of GDP, the GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product in current year prices" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.9, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 66 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 179 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 203100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 193900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 22, "note": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders" }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 319300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 317200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 33 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 467000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 462900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 26 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 96080000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 96790000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 117700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 41 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9283000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6963000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 23 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 144300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 144700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 31 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "equipment", "motor vehicles", "parts", "paper", "paperboard", "metal goods", "chemicals", "iron", "steel", "textiles", "foodstuffs" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Germany", "percent": 30.5 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 6.6 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 6.4 }, { "name": "Switzerland", "percent": 5.5 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 4.1 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 149100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 146900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 27 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "equipment", "motor vehicles", "chemicals", "metal goods", "oil", "oil products", "natural gas", "foodstuffs" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Germany", "percent": 37.2 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 6.2 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 5.9 }, { "name": "Switzerland", "percent": 5.3 }, { "name": "Czech Republic", "percent": 4.3 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 25220000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2017-02-17" }, { "value": 24940000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 52 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 689100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-03-31" }, { "value": 679300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-03-31" } ], "global_rank": 18 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 304700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 294900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 22 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 363600000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 349300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 19 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.9214, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.885, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.885, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0.7634, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.78, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "euros (EUR) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 64950000000, "global_rank": 47, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 69950000000, "global_rank": 38, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "kWh": 19310000000, "global_rank": 9, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "kWh": 29370000000, "global_rank": 6, "date": "2015" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 24220000, "global_rank": 37, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 29, "global_rank": 182, "date": "2015" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 45, "date": "2015" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 62.3, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2015" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 8.7, "global_rank": 44, "date": "2015" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 16500, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 95, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 165300, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2015" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 47500000, "global_rank": 80, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 200900, "global_rank": 53, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 264600, "global_rank": 49, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 50640, "global_rank": 55, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 117300, "global_rank": 49, "date": "2015" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 1197000000, "global_rank": 64, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 7914000000, "global_rank": 52, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 2529000000, "global_rank": 37, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 5722000000, "global_rank": 32, "date": "2014" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 7900000000, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 78900000, "global_rank": 45, "date": "2015" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 3609900, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 42, "global_rank": 45, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 13471000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 155, "global_rank": 71, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "highly developed and efficient", "domestic": "mobile-cellular subscribership is over 90% of the population; cable networks are very extensive, the fiber-optic net is being developed; all telephone applications and Internet services are available; broadband is available in all large municipalities", "international": "country code - 43; earth stations available in the Astra, Intelsat, Eutelsat satellite systems (2016)" } }, "broadcast_media": "worldwide cable and satellite TV are available; the public incumbent ORF competes with three other major, several regional domestic, and up to 400 international TV stations; TV coverage is in principle 100%, but only 90% use broadcast media; Internet streaming not only complements, but increasingly replaces regular TV stations (2016)", "internet": { "country_code": ".at", "users": { "total": 7273000, "percent_of_population": 83.9, "global_rank": 53, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 11, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 130, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 14718641, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 351379000, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "OE", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 52, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 24, "over_3047_metres": 1, "2438_to_3047_metres": 5, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 4, "under_914_metres": 13, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 28, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 3, "under_914_metres": 24, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 1888, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 594, "units": "km" }, { "type": "refined products", "length": 157, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2017" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 5800, "units": "km" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 5267.7, "electrified": 3556.4, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "global_rank": 35, "date": "2016" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 138696, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 138696, "units": "km", "note": "includes 2,208 km of expressways" }, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2016" }, "waterways": { "value": 358, "units": "km", "global_rank": 89, "date": "2011" }, "merchant_marine": { "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 3, "by_country": [ { "country": "Cyprus", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Kazakhstan", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "count": 1 } ] }, "global_rank": 134, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "river_ports": [ "Enns", "Krems", "Linz", "Vienna (Danube)" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.68, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.67, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.75, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0.75, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.78, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 115 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Land Forces (KdoLdSK)", "Air Forces (KdoLuSK)" ], "date": "2014" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "note": "registration requirement at age 17, the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; 18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service (6 months), or optionally, alternative civil/community service (9 months); males 18 to 50 years old in the militia or inactive reserve are subject to compulsory service; in a January 2012 referendum, a majority of Austrians voted in favor of retaining the system of compulsory military service (with the option of alternative/non-military service) instead of switching to a professional army system", "date": "2015" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 30958, "country_of_origin": "Syria; Afghanistan; Russia; Iraq" } ], "date": "2016" }, "stateless_persons": { "people": 937, "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; increasing consumption of European-produced synthetic drugs" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102631/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/au.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/au.html" } }, "azerbaijan": { "data": { "name": "Azerbaijan", "introduction": { "background": "Azerbaijan - a nation with a majority-Turkic and majority-Shia Muslim population - was briefly independent (from 1918 to 1920) following the collapse of the Russian Empire; it was subsequently incorporated into the Soviet Union for seven decades. Azerbaijan has yet to resolve its conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh, a primarily ethnic Armenian-populated region that Moscow recognized in 1923 as an autonomous republic within Soviet Azerbaijan after Armenia and Azerbaijan disputed the territory's status. Armenia and Azerbaijan reignited their dispute over the area in 1988; the struggle escalated militarily after both countries attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By May 1994, when a cease-fire took hold, ethnic Armenian forces held not only Nagorno-Karabakh but also seven surrounding provinces in the territory of Azerbaijan. The OSCE Minsk Group, co-chaired by the US, France, and Russia, is the framework established to mediate a peaceful resolution of the conflict.\nCorruption in the country is widespread, and the government, which eliminated presidential term limits in a 2009 referendum and approved extending presidential terms from 5 to 7 years in 2016, has been accused of authoritarianism. Although the poverty rate has been reduced and infrastructure investment has increased substantially in recent years due to revenue from oil and gas production, reforms have not adequately addressed weaknesses in most government institutions, particularly in the education and health sectors, as well as the court system." }, "geography": { "location": "Southwestern Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Russia, with a small European portion north of the Caucasus range", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 40, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 47, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Asia", "area": { "total": { "value": 86600, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 82629, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 3971, "units": "sq km" }, "note": "includes the exclave of Naxcivan Autonomous Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh region; the region's autonomy was abolished by Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet on 26 November 1991", "global_rank": 113, "comparative": "about three-quarters the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Maine" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 2468, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Armenia", "border_length": { "value": 996, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Georgia", "border_length": { "value": 428, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Iran", "border_length": { "value": 689, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Russia", "border_length": { "value": 338, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Turkey", "border_length": { "value": 17, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 0, "units": "km", "note": "landlocked; note - Azerbaijan borders the Caspian Sea 713 km" }, "climate": "dry, semiarid steppe", "terrain": "large, flat Kur-Araz Ovaligi (Kura-Araks Lowland, much of it below sea level) with Great Caucasus Mountains to the north, Qarabag Yaylasi (Karabakh Upland) to the west; Baku lies on Abseron Yasaqligi (Apsheron Peninsula) that juts into Caspian Sea", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 384, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Caspian Sea", "elevation": { "value": -28, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Bazarduzu Dagi", "elevation": { "value": 4485, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "petroleum", "natural gas", "iron ore", "nonferrous metals", "bauxite" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 57.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 22.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 2.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 32.1, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 11.3, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 31.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 14277, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "highest population density is found in the far eastern area of the county, in and around Baku; apart from smaller urbanized areas, the rest of the country has a fairly evenly distributed population", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "droughts", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "local scientists consider the Abseron Yasaqligi (Apsheron Peninsula) (including Baku and Sumqayit) and the Caspian Sea to be the ecologically most devastated area in the world because of severe air", "soil", "and water pollution", "soil pollution results from oil spills", "from the use of DDT pesticide", "and from toxic defoliants used in the production of cotton" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Air Pollution", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "both the main area of the country and the Naxcivan exclave are landlocked" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 9872765, "global_rank": 92, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Azerbaijani(s)", "adjective": "Azerbaijani" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Azerbaijani", "percent": 91.6 }, { "name": "Lezghin", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "Russian", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "Armenian", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "Talysh", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 2.4 } ], "note": "the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh region is populated almost entirely by ethnic Armenians", "date": "2009" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Azerbaijani", "percent": 92.5, "note": "Azeri; official" }, { "name": "Russian", "percent": 1.4 }, { "name": "Armenian", "percent": 1.4 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 4.7 } ], "date": "2009" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 96.9, "note": "predominantly Shia" }, { "name": "Christian", "percent": 3 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.1 }, { "name": "unaffiliated", "percent": 0.1 } ], "note": "religious affiliation is still nominal in Azerbaijan; percentages for actual practicing adherents are much lower", "date": "2010" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 22.82, "males": 1204976, "females": 1047737 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 15.77, "males": 812537, "females": 744538 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 45.28, "males": 2188683, "females": 2281242 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 9.64, "males": 439566, "females": 512118 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 6.5, "males": 245144, "females": 396224 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 38, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 30.3, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 7.8, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 12.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 30.9, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 29.3, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 32.6, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.92, "global_rank": 123, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 16.2, "global_rank": 116, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 7.1, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 0, "global_rank": 72, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "highest population density is found in the far eastern area of the county, in and around Baku; apart from smaller urbanized areas, the rest of the country has a fairly evenly distributed population", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 54.6, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 1.56, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Baku", "population": 2374000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.11, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.15, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.09, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.96, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.86, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.62, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.98, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 23.5, "date": "2013" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 25, "global_rank": 113, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 24.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 25.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 23.8, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 70, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 72.5, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 69.5, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 75.8, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 143, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.9, "global_rank": 138, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 51.1, "units": "%", "date": "2006" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 6, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 3.4, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 4.7, "date": "2012" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 94.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 77.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 87, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 5.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 22.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 13, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 91.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 86.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 89.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 8.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 13.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 10.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.17, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 10700, "global_rank": 100, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 300, "global_rank": 92, "date": "2015" } }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 22.2, "global_rank": 71, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 4.9, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2013" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 2.6, "global_rank": 158, "date": "2014" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 99.8, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 99.9, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 99.8, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "date": "2014" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 144397, "percentage": { "value": 7, "units": "%" }, "note": "data represent children ages 5-17", "date": "2005" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 13.8, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 12, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 15.6, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 83, "date": "2013" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Azerbaijan", "conventional_short_form": "Azerbaijan", "local_long_form": "Azarbaycan Respublikasi", "local_short_form": "Azarbaycan", "former": "Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic", "etymology": "the name translates as \"Land of Fire\" and refers to naturally occurring surface fires on ancient oil pools or from natural gas discharges" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Baku (Baki, Baky)", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 40, "minutes": 23, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 49, "minutes": 52, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 4, "note": "9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1991-08-30", "note": "declared from the Soviet Union; 18 October 1991 (adopted by the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan)" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Republic Day", "day": "28 May", "original_year": "1918", "note": "founding of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest adopted 12 November 1995", "amendments": "proposed by the president of the republic or by at least 63 members of the National Assembly; passage requires at least 95 votes of Assembly members in two separate readings of the draft amendment six months apart and requires presidential approval after each of the two Assembly votes, followed by presidential signature; constitutional articles on the authority, sovereignty, and unity of the people cannot be amended; amended 2002, 2009, 2016 (2017)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "non-party state to the ICCt" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "yes", "citizenship_by_descent": "yes", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "5 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Ilham ALIYEV (since 31 October 2003); First Vice President Mehriban ALIYEVA (since February 2017)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Artur RASIZADE (since 4 November 2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Yaqub EYYUBOV (since June 2006); note - RASIZADE was previously prime minister from 20 July 1996 to 4 August 2003", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for unlimited terms); election last held on 9 October 2013 (next to be held in October 2018); prime minister and first deputy prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly; note - a constitutional amendment approved in a September 2016 referendum will expand presidential terms from 5 to 7 years when it formally takes effect; a separate constitutional amendment approved in the September 2016 referendum also introduced the post of first vice-president and additional vice-presidents, who are directly appointed by the", "election_results": "Ilham ALIYEV reelected president; percent of vote - Ilham ALIYEV (YAP) 84.5%, Jamil HASANLI (National Council of Democratic Forces) 5.5%, other 10%", "note": "OSCE observers concluded that the election did not meet international standards" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral National Assembly or Milli Mejlis (125 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 1 November 2015 (next to be held in November 2020)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - YAP 72, CSP 2, Democratic Reforms 1, Social Democratic Party 1, Social Prosperity 1, Unity Party 1, Democratic Enlightenment 1, Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front 1, Motherland 1, Civil Unity 1, Great Undertaking Party 1, National Renaissance Party 1, independent 41" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the chairman, vice chairman, and 23 judges in plenum sessions and organized into civil, economic affairs, criminal, and rights violations chambers); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the Milli Majlis; judges appointed for 10 years; Constitutional Court chairman and deputy chairman appointed by the president; other court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the Milli Majlis to serve single 15-year terms", "subordinate_courts": "Courts of Appeal (replaced the Economic Court in 2002); district and municipal courts;" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Civil Solidarity Party", "name_alternative": "CSP", "leaders": [ "Sabir RUSTAMKHANLI" ] }, { "name": "Civil Unity Party", "name_alternative": "CUP", "leaders": [ "Sabir HAJIYEV" ] }, { "name": "Democratic Enlightenment", "leaders": [ "Elshan MUSAYEV" ] }, { "name": "Democratic Reforms Party", "leaders": [ "Asim MOLLAZADE" ] }, { "name": "Great Undertaking", "leaders": [ "Fazil MUSTAFA" ] }, { "name": "Musavat", "leaders": [ "Arif HAJILI" ] }, { "name": "Popular Front Party", "leaders": [ "Ali KARIMLI" ] }, { "name": "Motherland Party", "name_alternative": "AVP", "leaders": [ "Fazail AGAMALI" ] }, { "name": "National Renaissance Party" }, { "name": "Social Democratic Party", "leaders": [ "Ayaz MUTALIBOV" ] }, { "name": "Social Prosperity Party", "leaders": [ "Khanhusein KAZIMLI" ] }, { "name": "Unity Party", "leaders": [ "Tahir KARIMLI" ] }, { "name": "Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front Party", "leaders": [ "Gudrat HASANGULIYEV" ] }, { "name": "Yeni Azerbaijan Party", "name_alternative": "YAP", "leaders": [ "President Ilham ALIYEV" ], "note": "New" } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "D18]", "leaders": [ "Ruslan IZZETLI" ] }, { "name": "Ireli Youth Movement", "leaders": [ "MirHasan SEYIDOV" ] }, { "name": "National Council of Democratic Forces", "leaders": [ "Jamil HASANLI" ] }, { "name": "N!DA Youth Movement", "leaders": [ "Turgut GAMBAR", "Ulvi HASANLI" ] }, { "name": "Republican Alternative", "name_alternative": "REAL", "leaders": [ "Ilgar MAMMADOV " ], "note": "in prison since 2013" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ADB" }, { "organization": "BSEC" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CE" }, { "organization": "CICA" }, { "organization": "CIS" }, { "organization": "EAPC" }, { "organization": "EBRD" }, { "organization": "ECO" }, { "organization": "EITI ", "note": "compliant country" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "GCTU" }, { "organization": "GUAM" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IDB" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OIC" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OSCE" }, { "organization": "PFP" }, { "organization": "SELEC ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO ", "note": "observer" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Elin SULEYMANOV (since 5 December 2011)", "chancery": "2741 34th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 337-3500", "fax": "[1] (202) 337-5911", "consulates_general": "Los Angeles" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Robert CEKUTA (since 16 February 2015)", "embassy": "111 Azadlig Prospekti, Baku AZ1007", "mailing_address": "American Embassy Baku, US Department of State, 7050 Baku Place, Washington, DC 20521-7050", "telephone": "[994] (12) 488-3300", "fax": "[994] (12) 488-3330" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal horizontal bands of sky blue (top), red, and green; a crescent and eight-pointed star in white are centered in the red band; the blue band recalls Azerbaijan's Turkic heritage, red stands for modernization and progress, and green refers to Islam; the crescent moon and star are a Turkic insignia; the eight star points represent the eight Turkic peoples of the world" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "flames of fire" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "blue" }, { "color": "red" }, { "color": "green" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Azerbaijan Marsi\" (March of Azerbaijan)", "lyrics_music": "Ahmed JAVAD/Uzeyir HAJIBEYOV", "note": "adopted 1992; although originally written in 1919 during a brief period of independence, \"Azerbaijan Marsi\" did not become the official anthem until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/AJ.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Prior to the decline in the global oil prices since 2014, Azerbaijan's high economic growth was attributable to rising energy exports, and some non-export sectors also featured double-digit growth. Oil exports through the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline, the Baku-Novorossiysk, and the Baku-Supsa pipelines remain the main economic driver, but efforts to boost Azerbaijan's gas production are underway. The expected completion of the geopolitically important Southern Gas Corridor between Azerbaijan and Europe will open up another source of revenue from gas exports. Declining oil prices caused a 3.8 % contraction in GDP in 2016, reinforced by a sharp reduction in the construction sector. The economic decline has been accompanied by higher inflation and a weakened banking sector in the aftermath of the two sharp currency devaluations in 2015.\n\nAzerbaijan has made limited progress with market-based economic reforms. Pervasive public and private sector corruption and structural economic inefficiencies remain a drag on long-term growth, particularly in non-energy sectors, but the government has made efforts to combat corruption, particularly in customs and with the “ASAN” one-stop window concept for government services. Several other obstacles impede Azerbaijan's economic progress, including the need for more foreign investment in the non-energy sector and the continuing conflict with Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region. While trade with Russia and the other former Soviet republics remains important, Azerbaijan has expanded trade with Turkey and Europe and is seeking new markets for non-oil/gas exports, mainly from the agricultural sector, for example with Gulf Cooperation Council member countries, the United States, and others.\n\nLong-term prospects depend on world oil prices, Azerbaijan's ability to implement export routes for its growing gas production, and its ability to improve the business environment and diversify the economy. In late 2016, the President approved a strategic roadmap that identified key non-energy segments of the economy for development, such as agriculture, logistics, and tourism.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 165500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 172000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 170100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 72, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 37580000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -3.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2.8, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 215 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 17700, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 18300, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 18200, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 93, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 56.2, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 13.9, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 27.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 47.5, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -44.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 7.2, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 49.6, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 43.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 30.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 31.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 36.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 25 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "fruit", "vegetables", "grain", "rice", "grapes", "tea", "cotton", "tobacco", "cattle", "pigs", "sheep", "goats" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "petroleum", "petroleum products", "natural gas", "oilfield equipment", "steel", "iron ore", "cement", "chemicals", "petrochemicals", "textiles" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": -0.4, "global_rank": 170, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 4961000, "global_rank": 82, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 37, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 14.3, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 48.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 5.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 58 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 4.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 3.4, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 27.4, "units": "%" }, "date": "2008" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 33.7, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2008" }, { "value": 36.5, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2001" } ], "global_rank": 104 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 10540000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 11590000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 30.9, "global_rank": 71, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -3.3, "global_rank": 115, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 20.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 19.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 168 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12.4, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 210 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 15, "units": "%", "date": "2017-03-10" }, { "value": 15, "units": "%", "date": "2016-09-14" } ], "global_rank": 11, "note": "this is the Refinancing Rate, the key policy rate for the National Bank of Azerbaijan" }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12.2, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 13.86, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 68 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4194000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 5612000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 104 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 21320000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 21570000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 89 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11230000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 15630000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 103 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -1420000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -222000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 137 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12480000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 15590000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 76 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "oil", "gas roughly", "machinery", "foodstuffs", "cotton" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Italy", "percent": 19.7 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 10.7 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 7.5 }, { "name": "Israel", "percent": 7 }, { "name": "Czech Republic", "percent": 4.8 }, { "name": "Indonesia", "percent": 4.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8532000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 9774000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 101 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "equipment", "foodstuffs", "metals", "chemicals" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Russia", "percent": 15.6 }, { "name": "Turkey", "percent": 12.7 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 9.2 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 7.5 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 6.4 }, { "name": "Japan", "percent": 6.1 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 6 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 5.6 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7453000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 7910000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 83 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12650000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 12280000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 104 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 72700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 66500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 51 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 16280000000.000002, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 14480000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 55 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.526, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.0246, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.0246, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0.7844, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.79, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Azerbaijani manats (AZN) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 24690000000, "global_rank": 71, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 17620000000, "global_rank": 72, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "kWh": 265000000, "global_rank": 72, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "kWh": 107500000, "global_rank": 95, "date": "2015" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 7400000, "global_rank": 73, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 85, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 14.9, "global_rank": 104, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 150, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 842000, "global_rank": 23, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 720000, "global_rank": 21, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 156, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 7000000000, "global_rank": 20, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 139300, "global_rank": 64, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 104000, "global_rank": 81, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 37330, "global_rank": 61, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 2249, "global_rank": 188, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 29370000000, "global_rank": 28, "date": "2016" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 11230000000, "global_rank": 47, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 8145000000, "global_rank": 26, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 450000000, "global_rank": 67, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 2550000000000, "global_rank": 14, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 35000000, "global_rank": 73, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 1796027, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 18, "global_rank": 63, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 10697000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 109, "global_rank": 83, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "requires considerable expansion and modernization; fixed-line telephone and a broad range of other telecom services are controlled by a state-owned telecommunications monopoly and growth has been stagnant; more competition exists in the mobile-cellular market with three providers in 2017", "domestic": "teledensity of 18 fixed lines per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity has increased to 109 telephones per 100 persons; satellite service connects Baku to a modern switch in its exclave of Naxcivan (Nakhchivan)", "international": "country code - 994; the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic link transits Azerbaijan providing international connectivity to neighboring countries; the old Soviet system of cable and microwave is still serviceable; satellite earth stations - 2 (2017)" } }, "broadcast_media": "3 state-run and 1 public TV channels; 4 domestic commercial TV stations and about 15 regional TV stations; cable TV services are available in Baku; 1 state-run and 1 public radio network operating; a small number of private commercial radio stations broadcasting; local FM relays of Baku commercial stations are available in many localities; local relays of several international broadcasters had been available until late 2008 when their broadcasts were banned from FM frequencies (2010)", "internet": { "country_code": ".az", "users": { "total": 7531000, "percent_of_population": 77, "global_rank": 60, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 2, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 35, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 1803112, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 41954600, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "4K", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 37, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 30, "over_3047_metres": 5, "2438_to_3047_metres": 5, "1524_to_2437_metres": 13, "914_to_1523_metres": 4, "under_914_metres": 3, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 7, "under_914_metres": 7, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 1, "date": "2012" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "condensate", "length": 89, "units": "km" }, { "type": "gas", "length": 3890, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 2446, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 2944.3, "units": "km" }, "broad_gauge": { "length": 2944.3, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.520-m" }, "global_rank": 71, "date": "2017" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 52942, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 26789, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 26153, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 76, "date": "2006" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 104, "by_type": [ { "type": "tankers", "count": 34 }, { "type": "universal dry-cargo", "count": 20 }, { "type": "ferries", "count": 13 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 2 }, { "type": "auxillary ships", "count": 35 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 1, "by_country": [ { "country": "Turkey", "count": 1 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 2, "by_country": [ { "country": "Malta", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "count": 1 } ] }, "global_rank": 53, "date": "2017" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Baku (Baki) located on the Caspian Sea" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5.61, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 4.56, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 4.58, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 4.72, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 4.67, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 6 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Army", "Navy", "Air", "Air Defense Forces" ], "date": "2010" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18-35 years of age for compulsory military service; service obligation 18 months or 12 months for university graduates; 17 years of age for voluntary service; 17 year olds are considered to be on active service at cadet military schools", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified the Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea", "the dispute over the break-away Nagorno-Karabakh region and the Armenian military occupation of surrounding lands in Azerbaijan remains the primary focus of regional instability", "residents have evacuated the former Soviet-era small ethnic enclaves in Armenia and Azerbaijan", "local border forces struggle to control the illegal transit of goods and people across the porous, undemarcated Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Georgian borders", "bilateral talks continue with Turkmenistan on dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "internally_displaced_persons": { "people": 582000, "note": "conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh; internally_displaced_persons are mainly ethnic Azerbaijanis but also include ethnic Kurds, Russians, and Turks predominantly from occupied territories around Nagorno-Karabakh; includes internally_displaced_persons' descendants, returned internally_displaced_persons, and people living in insecure areas and excludes people displaced by natural disasters; around half the internally_displaced_persons live in the capital Baku", "date": "2016" }, "stateless_persons": { "people": 3585, "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CIS consumption; small government eradication program; transit point for Southwest Asian opiates bound for Russia and to a lesser extent the rest of Europe" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102632/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aj.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aj.html" } }, "bahamas_the": { "data": { "name": "Bahamas, The", "introduction": { "background": "LLucayan Indians inhabited the islands when Christopher COLUMBUS first set foot in the New World on San Salvador in 1492. British settlement of the islands began in 1647; the islands became a colony in 1783. Piracy thrived in the 17th and 18th centuries because of The Bahamas close proximity to shipping lanes. Since attaining independence from the UK in 1973, The Bahamas has prospered through tourism, international banking, and investment management. Because of its location, the country is a major transshipment point for illegal drugs, particularly shipments to the US and Europe, and its territory is used for smuggling illegal migrants into the US." }, "geography": { "location": "chain of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of Florida, northeast of Cuba", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 24, "minutes": 15, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 76, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Central America and the Caribbean", "area": { "total": { "value": 13880, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 10010, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 3870, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 161, "comparative": "slightly smaller than Connecticut" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 3542, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream", "terrain": "long, flat coral formations with some low rounded hills", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Atlantic Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mount Alvernia on Cat Island", "elevation": { "value": 63, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "salt", "aragonite", "timber", "arable land" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 1.4, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 0.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.4, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 0.2, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 51.4, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 47.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 10, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "most of the population lives in urban areas, with two-thirds living on New Providence Island where Nassau is located", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "hurricanes and other tropical storms cause extensive flood and wind damage", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "coral reef decay", "solid waste disposal" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "strategic location adjacent to US and Cuba; extensive island chain of which 30 are inhabited" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 327316, "global_rank": 180, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Bahamian(s)", "adjective": "Bahamian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "black", "percent": 90.6 }, { "name": "white", "percent": 4.7 }, { "name": "black and white", "percent": 2.1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.9 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.7 } ], "date": "2010" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "English", "note": "official" }, { "name": "Creole", "note": "among Haitian immigrants" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 69.9, "breakdown": [ { "name": "includes Baptist", "percent": 34.9 }, { "name": "Anglican", "percent": 13.7 }, { "name": "Pentecostal Seventh Day Adventist", "percent": 4.4 }, { "name": "Methodist", "percent": 3.6 }, { "name": "Church of God", "percent": 1.9 }, { "name": "Brethren", "percent": 1.6 } ] }, { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 12 }, { "name": "other Christian", "percent": 13, "breakdown": [ { "name": "includes Jehovah's Witness", "percent": 1.1 } ] }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.6 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 1.9 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 2.6 } ], "date": "2010" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 22.75, "males": 37779, "females": 36691 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 16.79, "males": 27843, "females": 27116 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 44.12, "males": 72295, "females": 72107 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 8.87, "males": 13023, "females": 15998 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 7.47, "males": 9399, "females": 15065 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 41.2, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 29.6, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 11.7, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 8.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 31.8, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 30.6, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 32.9, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 100, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.83, "global_rank": 131, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 15.4, "global_rank": 127, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 7.1, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 0, "global_rank": 74, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "most of the population lives in urban areas, with two-thirds living on New Providence Island where Nassau is located", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 82.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 1.53, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Nassau", "population": 267000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.81, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.62, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.96, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 80, "global_rank": 111, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 11.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 11.8, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 11.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 123, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 72.4, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 70, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 74.8, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 145, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.95, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2016" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 7.7, "global_rank": 70, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 2.72, "date": "2008" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 2.9, "date": "2011" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 98.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 98.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 98.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 1.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 1.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 1.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 92, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 92, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 92, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 8, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 3.22, "global_rank": 19, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 8100, "global_rank": 103, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 300, "global_rank": 85, "date": "2015" } }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 36.6, "global_rank": 13, "date": "2014" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 30.8, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 29.6, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 32.2, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2012" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Commonwealth of The Bahamas", "conventional_short_form": "The Bahamas", "etymology": "name derives from the Spanish \"baha mar,\" meaning \"shallow sea,\" which describes the shallow waters of the Bahama Banks" }, "government_type": "parliamentary democracy (Parliament) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm", "capital": { "name": "Nassau", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 25, "minutes": 5, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 77, "minutes": 21, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -5, "note": "same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November" }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Acklins Islands", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Berry Islands", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Bimini", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Black Point", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Cat Island", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Central Abaco", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Central Andros", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Central Eleuthera", "type": "district" }, { "name": "City of Freeport", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Crooked Island and Long Cay", "type": "district" }, { "name": "East Grand Bahama", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Exuma", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Grand Cay", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Harbour Island", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Hope Town", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Inagua", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Long Island", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Mangrove Cay", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Mayaguana", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Moore's Island", "type": "district" }, { "name": "North Abaco", "type": "district" }, { "name": "North Andros", "type": "district" }, { "name": "North Eleuthera", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Ragged Island", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Rum Cay", "type": "district" }, { "name": "San Salvador", "type": "district" }, { "name": "South Abaco", "type": "district" }, { "name": "South Andros", "type": "district" }, { "name": "South Eleuthera", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Spanish Wells", "type": "district" }, { "name": "West Grand Bahama", "type": "district" } ], "independence": { "date": "1973-07-10", "note": "from the UK" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "10 July", "original_year": "1973" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1964 (preindependence); latest adopted 20 June 1973, effective 10 July 1973; amended many times, last in 2016 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "common law system based on the English model", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "non-party state to the ICCt" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of The Bahamas", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "6-9 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Dame Marguerite PINDLING (since 8 July 2014)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Hubert MINNIS (since 11 May 2017)", "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by governor general on recommendation of prime minister", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; the prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (16 seats; members appointed by the governor general upon the advice of the prime minister and the opposition leader to serve 5-year terms) and the House of Assembly (39 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms); note - the government may dissolve the parliament and call elections at any time", "elections": "last held on 10 May 2017 (next to be held by May 2022)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - FNM 57%, PLP 37%; seats by party - FNM 35, PLP 4" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_resident_courts": "Court of Appeal (consists of the court president and 4 justices, organized in 3-member panels); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 9 justices – as of 2015)", "note": "as of 2008, the Bahamas was not a party to the agreement establishing the Caribbean Court of Justice as the highest appellate court for the 15-member Caribbean Community (CARICOM); the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) serves as the final court of appeal for The Bahamas", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Court of Appeal president and Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister after consultation with the leader of the opposition party; other Court of Appeal and Supreme Court justices appointed by the governor general upon recommendation of the Judicial and Legal Services Commission, a 5-member body headed by the chief justice; Court of Appeal justices appointed for life with mandatory retirement normally at age 68, but can be extended until age 70; Supreme Court justices appointed for life with mandatory retirement normally at age 65, but can be extended until age 67", "subordinate_courts": "Industrial Tribunal; Stipendiary and Magistrates' Courts; Family Island Administrators" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Democratic National Alliance", "leaders": [ "Branville MCCARTNEY" ] }, { "name": "Free National Movement", "name_alternative": "FNM", "leaders": [ "Hubert MINNIS" ] }, { "name": "Progressive Liberal Party", "name_alternative": "PLP", "leaders": [ "Perry CHRISTIE" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Friends of the Environment" }, { "name": "trade unions" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AOSIS" }, { "organization": "C" }, { "organization": "Caricom" }, { "organization": "CDB" }, { "organization": "CELAC" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IADB" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "ISO ", "note": "correspondent" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "LAES" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OAS" }, { "organization": "OPANAL" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "Petrocaribe" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO ", "note": "observer" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Dr. Eugene Glenwood NEWRY (since 3 December 2013)", "chancery": "2220 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 319-2660", "fax": "[1] (202) 319-2668", "consulates_general": "Atlanta, Miami, New York" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d' Affaires Lisa A. JOHNSON (since 9 July 2014)", "embassy": "42 Queen Street, Nassau, New Providence", "mailing_address": "local or express mail address: P. O. Box N-8197, Nassau; US Department of State, 3370 Nassau Place, Washington, DC 20521-3370", "telephone": "[1] (242) 322-1181, 328-2206 (after hours)", "fax": "[1] (242) 356-7174" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold, and aquamarine, with a black equilateral triangle based on the hoist side; the band colors represent the golden beaches of the islands surrounded by the aquamarine sea; black represents the vigor and force of a united people, while the pointing triangle indicates the enterprise and determination of the Bahamian people to develop the rich resources of land and sea" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "blue marlin" }, { "symbol": "flamingo" }, { "symbol": "Yellow Elder flower" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "aquamarine" }, { "color": "yellow" }, { "color": "black" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"March On, Bahamaland!\"", "lyrics_music": "Timothy GIBSON", "note": "adopted 1973; as a Commonwealth country, in addition to the national anthem, \"God Save the Queen\" serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/BF.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "The Bahamas has the second highest per capital GDP in the English-speaking Caribbean with an economy heavily dependent on tourism and international banking. Tourism accounts for approximately 75-80% of GDP and directly or indirectly employs half of the archipelago's labor force. Financial services constitute the second-most important sector of the Bahamian economy, accounting for about 15% of GDP. Manufacturing and agriculture combined contribute less than 7% of GDP and show little growth, despite government incentives aimed at those sectors. On January 1, 2015, the Government introduced a 7.5% Value Added Tax (VAT) on most goods and services, a measure designed to strengthen the fiscal balance sheet. In August 2016, Moody’s downgraded the Bahamas’ bond and issue ratings to Baa3 from Baa2 with a stable outlook, maintaining that rating in its February 2017 review. In December 2016, S\u0026P; downgraded the country to BB+ (speculative grade) from BBB- (investment grade) with a stable outlook based on projections of slow economic growth and the pace of debt accumulation. The Bahamas is the only country in the Western Hemisphere that is not a member of the World Trade Organization.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9066000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 9042000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 9195000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 160, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 9047000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.3, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -1.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": -0.5, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 191 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 24600, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 24800, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 25500, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 77, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 65.7, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 16.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 27.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 1, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 36.9, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -47.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 2.3, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 7.6, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 90.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 11.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 9.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 126 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "citrus", "vegetables", "poultry" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "tourism", "banking", "oil bunkering", "maritime industries", "transshipment", "logistics", "salt", "aragonite", "pharmaceuticals" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 1.5, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 196900, "global_rank": 170, "date": "2013" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 3, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 11, "units": "%" }, "tourism": { "value": 49, "units": "%" }, "other_services": { "value": 37, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 15, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 15.8, "units": "%", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 161 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 9.3, "units": "%", "date": "2010" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 1, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 22, "units": "%" }, "date": "2007" }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 1900000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 2300000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 21, "global_rank": 145, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -4.4, "global_rank": 147, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 64.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 64.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 57 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 July", "end": "30 June" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 69 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.5, "units": "%", "date": "2014-01-01" }, { "value": 4.5, "units": "%", "date": "2012-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 83 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 4.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 125 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2061000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2051000000.0000002, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 130 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6952000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 6546000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 121 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 8922000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 188 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2780000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 98 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -1018999999.9999999, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -1415000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 123 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 880000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 164 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "Rock lobster", "aragonite", "crude salt", "polystyrene products" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Poland", "percent": 25.9 }, { "name": "Cote dIvoire", "percent": 20.6 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 15.6 }, { "name": "Dominican Republic", "percent": 14.1 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2495000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2585000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 154 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "transport equipment", "manufactures", "chemicals", "mineral fuels", "food", "live animals" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 22.8 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 15.2 }, { "name": "Japan", "percent": 9.7 }, { "name": "Poland", "percent": 7.8 }, { "name": "South Korea", "percent": 7.4 }, { "name": "Colombia", "percent": 6.9 }, { "name": "Brazil", "percent": 5.7 }, { "name": "Singapore", "percent": 5.6 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1020000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 895500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 126 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 17560000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" }, { "value": 16350000000.000002, "units": "USD", "date": "2012-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 95 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Bahamian dollars (BSD) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 1700000000, "global_rank": 142, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 1600000000, "global_rank": 145, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 110, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 125, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 600000, "global_rank": 140, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 100, "global_rank": 5, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 50, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 162, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 157, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 99, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 164, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 110, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 120, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 24000, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 923, "global_rank": 111, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 26330, "global_rank": 104, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 159, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 65, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 161, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 115, "date": "2009-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 4099999.9999999995, "global_rank": 132, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 120925, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 37, "global_rank": 140, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 311000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 96, "global_rank": 178, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "modern facilities", "domestic": "totally automatic system; highly developed; the Bahamas Domestic Submarine Network links all of the major islands; Bahamas Telecommunications Company (BTC) privatized in 2011, but the government reacquired 51% share in 2014", "international": "country code - 1-242; landing point for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1) and two additional fiber-optic submarine cables that provide links to South and Central America, parts of the Caribbean, and the US; satellite earth stations - 2 (2017)" } }, "broadcast_media": "The Bahamas has 4 major TV providers that provide service to all major islands in the archipelago; 1 TV station is operated by government-owned, commercially run Broadcasting Corporation of the Bahamas (BCB) and competes freely with 3 privately owned TV stations; multi-channel cable TV subscription service is widely available; there are 31 licensed broadcast (radio) service providers, 28 are privately owned FM radio stations operating on New Providence, Grand Bahama Island, Abaco Island, and on smaller islands in the country; the BCB operates a multi-channel radio broadcasting network that has national coverage; the sector is regulated by the Utilities Regulation and Competition Authority (2017)", "internet": { "country_code": ".bs", "users": { "total": 253000, "percent_of_population": 78, "global_rank": 151, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 4, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 16, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 587516, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 172730, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "C6", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 61, "global_rank": 80, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 24, "over_3047_metres": 2, "2438_to_3047_metres": 2, "1524_to_2437_metres": 13, "914_to_1523_metres": 7, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 37, "1524_to_2437_metres": 4, "914_to_1523_metres": 16, "under_914_metres": 17, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 2700, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 1620, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 1080, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 170, "date": "2011" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 1160, "by_type": [ { "type": "barge carrier", "count": 1 }, { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 238 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 170 }, { "type": "carrier", "count": 2 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 87 }, { "type": "combination ore/oil", "count": 8 }, { "type": "container", "count": 57 }, { "type": "liquefied gas", "count": 71 }, { "type": "passenger", "count": 102 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 26 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 225 }, { "type": "refrigerated cargo", "count": 97 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 13 }, { "type": "specialized tanker", "count": 2 }, { "type": "vehicle carrier", "count": 61 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 1069, "by_country": [ { "country": "Angola", "count": 6 }, { "country": "Australia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Belgium", "count": 6 }, { "country": "Bermuda", "count": 15 }, { "country": "Brazil", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Canada", "count": 96 }, { "country": "Croatia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Cyprus", "count": 23 }, { "country": "Denmark", "count": 69 }, { "country": "Finland", "count": 8 }, { "country": "France", "count": 15 }, { "country": "Germany", "count": 30 }, { "country": "Greece", "count": 225 }, { "country": "Guernsey", "count": 6 }, { "country": "Hong Kong", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Indonesia", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Ireland", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Italy", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Japan", "count": 88 }, { "country": "Jordan", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Kuwait", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Malaysia", "count": 13 }, { "country": "Monaco", "count": 8 }, { "country": "Montenegro", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Netherlands", "count": 23 }, { "country": "Nigeria", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Norway", "count": 186 }, { "country": "Poland", "count": 34 }, { "country": "Saudi Arabia", "count": 16 }, { "country": "Singapore", "count": 7 }, { "country": "South Korea", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Spain", "count": 6 }, { "country": "Sweden", "count": 11 }, { "country": "Switzerland", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Thailand", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Turkey", "count": 3 }, { "country": "UAE", "count": 23 }, { "country": "UK", "count": 18 }, { "country": "US", "count": 109 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 6, "by_country": [ { "country": "Panama", "count": 6 } ] }, "global_rank": 10, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Freeport", "Nassau", "South Riding Point" ], "container_ports": [ { "place": "Freeport", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 1116272 } ], "cruise_ports": [ "Nassau" ], "date": "2011" } }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "Royal Bahamas Defense Force", "Land Force", "Navy", "Air Wing" ], "date": "2011" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 years of age for voluntary male and female service; no conscription", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "disagrees with the US on the alignment of the northern axis of a potential maritime boundary" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "stateless_persons": { "people": 11, "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for US and Europe; offshore financial center" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-17", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170617101524/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bf.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170617000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bf.html" } }, "bahrain": { "data": { "name": "Bahrain", "introduction": { "background": "In 1783, the Sunni Al-Khalifa family took power in Bahrain. In order to secure these holdings, it entered into a series of treaties with the UK during the 19th century that made Bahrain a British protectorate. The archipelago attained its independence in 1971. A steady decline in oil production and reserves since 1970 prompted Bahrain to take steps to diversify its economy, in the process developing successful petroleum processing and refining, aluminum production, and hospitality and retail sectors, and also to become a leading regional banking center, especially with respect to Islamic finance. Bahrain's small size, central location among Gulf countries, and proximity to Iran require it to play a delicate balancing act in foreign affairs among its larger neighbors.\nThe Sunni-led government has long struggled to manage relations with its large Shia-majority population. In early 2011, amid Arab uprisings elsewhere in the region, the Bahraini Government confronted similar pro-democracy and reform protests at home with police and military action, including deploying Gulf Cooperation Council security forces to Bahrain. Political talks throughout 2014 between the government and opposition and loyalist political groups failed to reach an agreement, prompting opposition political societies to boycott parliamentary and municipal council elections in late 2014. Ongoing dissatisfaction with the political status quo continues to factor into sporadic clashes between demonstrators and security forces." }, "geography": { "location": "Middle East, archipelago in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 26, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 50, "minutes": 33, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Middle East", "area": { "total": { "value": 760, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 760, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 188, "comparative": "3.5 times the size of Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 161, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": "extending to boundaries to be determined" }, "climate": "arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers", "terrain": "mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Persian Gulf", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Jabal ad Dukhan", "elevation": { "value": 122, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "oil", "associated", "nonassociated natural gas", "fish", "pearls" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 11.3, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 2.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 3.9, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 5.3, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 0.7, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 88, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 40, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "smallest population of the Gulf States, but urbanization rate exceeds 90%; largest settlement concentration is found on the far northern end of the island in and around Manamah and Al Muharraq", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "periodic droughts", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "dust storms", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land", "periods of drought", "and dust storms", "coastal degradation (damage to coastlines", "coral reefs", "and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers", "oil refineries", "and distribution stations", "lack of freshwater resources (groundwater and seawater are the only sources for all water needs)" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic location in Persian Gulf, through which much of the Western world's petroleum must transit to reach open ocean" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 1378904, "global_rank": 156, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Bahraini(s)", "adjective": "Bahraini" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Bahraini", "percent": 46 }, { "name": "Asian", "percent": 45.5 }, { "name": "other Arab", "percent": 4.7 }, { "name": "African", "percent": 1.6 }, { "name": "European", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.2, "note": "includes Gulf Co-operative country nationals, North and South Americans, and Oceanians" } ], "date": "2010" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Arabic", "note": "official" }, { "name": "English" }, { "name": "Farsi" }, { "name": "Urdu" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 70.3 }, { "name": "Christian", "percent": 14.5 }, { "name": "Hindu", "percent": 9.8 }, { "name": "Buddhist", "percent": 2.5 }, { "name": "Jewish", "percent": 0.6 }, { "name": "folk religion \u003c.1" }, { "name": "unaffiliated", "percent": 1.9 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.2 } ], "middle_east": ":BAHRAIN", "date": "2010" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 19.27, "males": 134899, "females": 130792 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 15.76, "males": 122683, "females": 94627 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 56.07, "males": 505181, "females": 268034 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 6.05, "males": 53693, "females": 29717 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 2.85, "males": 19253, "females": 20025 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 31.4, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 28.2, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 3.2, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 31.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 32.1, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 33.5, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 29.3, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 99, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 2.33, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 13.5, "global_rank": 144, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 2.7, "global_rank": 223, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 12.6, "global_rank": 6, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "smallest population of the Gulf States, but urbanization rate exceeds 90%; largest settlement concentration is found on the far northern end of the island in and around Manamah and Al Muharraq", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 88.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 1.71, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Manama", "population": 411000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.3, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.88, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 1.81, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.95, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.54, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 15, "global_rank": 138, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 9.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 10.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 8.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 143, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 78.9, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 76.7, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 81.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 51, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.77, "global_rank": 157, "date": "2016" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 5, "global_rank": 165, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.94, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 2.1, "date": "2012" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 99.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 99.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 99.2, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0.8, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 34.1, "global_rank": 20, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 2.6, "global_rank": 153, "date": "2012" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 95.7, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 96.9, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 93.5, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 5.3, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 2.6, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 12.2, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 127, "date": "2012" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Kingdom of Bahrain", "conventional_short_form": "Bahrain", "local_long_form": "Mamlakat al Bahrayn", "local_short_form": "Al Bahrayn", "former": "Dilmun, State of Bahrain", "etymology": "the name means \"the two seas\" in Arabic and refers to the water bodies surrounding the archipelago" }, "government_type": "constitutional monarchy", "capital": { "name": "Manama", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 26, "minutes": 14, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 50, "minutes": 34, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 3, "note": "8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1971-08-15", "note": "from the UK" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "National Day", "day": "16 December", "original_year": "1971", "note": "15 August 1971 was the date of independence from the UK, 16 December 1971 was the date of independence from British protection" } ], "constitution": { "history": "adopted 14 February 2002", "amendments": "proposed by the king or by at least 15 members of either chamber of the National Assembly followed by submission to an Assembly committee for review and, if approved, submitted to the government for restatement as drafts; passage requires a two-thirds majority vote by the membership of both chambers and validation by the king; constitutional articles on the state religion (Islam), state language (Arabic), and the monarchy and “inherited rule” cannot be amended; amended 2012, 2017 (2017)" }, "legal_system": "mixed legal system of Islamic law, English common law, Egyptian civil, criminal, and commercial codes; customary law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "non-party state to the ICCt" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "the father must be a citizen of Bahrain", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "25 years; 15 years for Arab nationals" }, "suffrage": { "age": 20, "universal": true, "compulsory": false, "note": "20 years of age; universal; note - Bahraini Cabinet in May 2011 endorsed a draft law lowering eligibility to 18 years" }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "King HAMAD bin Isa Al-Khalifa (since 6 March 1999); Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad Al-Khalifa (son of the monarch, born 21 October 1969)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al-Khalifa (since 1971); First Deputy Prime Minister SALMAN bin Hamad Al Khalifa (since 11 March 2013); Deputy Prime Ministers MUHAMMAD bin Mubarak Al-Khalifa (since September 2005), Jawad bin Salim al-ARAIDH, ALI bin Khalifa bin Salman Al-Khalifa (since 11 December 2006), KHALID bin Abdallah Al Khalifa (since November 2010)", "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the monarch", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral National Assembly consists of the Consultative Council or Majlis al Shura (40 seats; members appointed by the king) and the Council of Representatives or Majlis al Nuwab (40 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in two rounds if needed; members serve 4-year renewable terms)", "elections": "Council of Representatives - last held in two rounds on 23 and 29 November 2014 (next to be held in November 2018)", "election_results": "Council of Representatives - percent of vote by society - NA; seats by society - Al-Asalah (Sunni Salafi) 2, Islamic Minbar (Sunni Muslim Brotherhood) 1, independent 36, other 1; note - Bahrain has societies rather than parties" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Court of Cassation or Supreme Court of Appeal (consists of the chairman and 3 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the president and 6 members); High Sharia Court of Appeal (court sittings include the president and at least one judge); appeals beyond the High Sharia Court of Appeal are heard by the Supreme Court of Appeal", "note": "the judiciary of Bahrain is divided into civil law courts and sharia law courts; sharia courts(involving personal status and family law) are further divided into Sunni Muslim and Shia Muslim", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Court of Cassation judges appointed by royal decree and serve for a specified tenure; Constitutional Court president and members appointed by the Higher Judicial Council, a body chaired by the monarch and includes judges from the Court of Cassation, sharia law courts, and Civil High Courts of Appeal; members serve 9-year terms; High Sharia Court of Appeal member appointment and tenure NA", "subordinate_courts": "Civil High Courts of Appeal; middle and lower civil courts; High Sharia Court of Appeal; Senior Sharia Court; military courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Arab Islamic Center Society", "leaders": [ "Abdulrahman AL-BAKER" ] }, { "name": "Constitutional Gathering Society", "leaders": [ "Abdulrahman AL-BAKER" ] }, { "name": "Islamic Asalah", "leaders": [ "Abd al-Halim MURAD" ] }, { "name": "Islamic Saff Society", "leaders": [ "Abdullah Khalil BU GHAMAR" ] }, { "name": "Islamic Shura Society" }, { "name": "Movement of National Justice Society", "leaders": [ "Muhi al-Din KHAN" ] }, { "name": "National Action Charter Society", "leaders": [ "Muhammad AL-BUAYNAYN" ] }, { "name": "National Democratic Action Society", "name_alternative": "Wa'ad", "leaders": [ "Fouad SEYADI" ] }, { "name": "National Democratic Assembly", "leaders": [ "Hasan AL-ALI" ] }, { "name": "National Dialogue Society" }, { "name": "National Fraternity Society", "leaders": [ "Musa AL-ANSARI" ] }, { "name": "National Islamic Minbar", "leaders": [ "Ali AHMAD" ] }, { "name": "National Progressive Tribune", "leaders": [ "Abd al-Nabi SALMAN" ] }, { "name": "National Unity Gathering", "leaders": [ "Abdullatif AL-MAHMOOD" ] }, { "name": "Unitary National Democratic Assemblage", "leaders": [ "Fadhil ABBAS" ] } ], "note": "political parties are prohibited, but political societies were legalized under a July 2005 law" }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "note": "none" }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ABEDA" }, { "organization": "AFESD" }, { "organization": "AMF" }, { "organization": "CAEU" }, { "organization": "CICA" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "GCC" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IDB" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "LAS" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OAPEC" }, { "organization": "OIC" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador ABDALLAH bin Muhammad bin Rashid Al Khalifa (since 3 December 2013)", "chancery": "3502 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 342-1111", "fax": "[1] (202) 362-2192", "consulates_general": "New York" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador William V. ROEBUCK (since 12 December 2014)", "embassy": "Building", "mailing_address": "PSC 451, Box 660, FPO AE 09834-5100; international mail: American Embassy, Box 26431, Manama", "telephone": "[973] 1724-2700", "fax": "[973] 1727-2594" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "red, the traditional color for flags of Persian Gulf states, with a white serrated band (five white points) on the hoist side; the five points represent the five pillars of Islam", "note": "until 2002 the flag had eight white points, but this was reduced to five to avoid confusion with the Qatari flag" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "a red field surmounted by a white serrated band with five white points" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "white" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Bahrainona\" (Our Bahrain)", "lyrics_music": "unknown", "note": "adopted 1971; although Mohamed Sudqi AYYASH wrote the original lyrics, they were changed in 2002 following the transformation of Bahrain from an emirate to a kingdom", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/BA.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Low oil prices have generated a budget deficit of at least a $4 billion deficit in 2016, nearly 14% of GDP. Bahrain has few options for covering this deficit, with meager foreign assets and a constrained borrowing ability. In the last year the three major US credit agencies downgraded Bahrain’s sovereign debt rating to “junk” status, citing persistently low oil prices and the government’s inability to more effectively cut spending.\n\nOil comprises 86% of Bahraini budget revenues, despite past efforts to diversify its economy and to build communication and transport facilities for multinational firms with business in the Gulf. As part of its diversification plans, Bahrain implemented a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the US in August 2006, the first FTA between the US and a Gulf state.\n\nOther major economic activities are production of aluminum - Bahrain's second biggest export after oil - finance, and construction. Bahrain continues to seek new natural gas supplies as feedstock to support its expanding petrochemical and aluminum industries.\n\nIn 2011 Bahrain experienced economic setbacks as a result of domestic unrest driven by the majority Shia population, however, the economy recovered in 2012-15, partly as a result of improved tourism. In addition to addressing its current fiscal woes, Bahraini authorities face the long-term challenge of boosting Bahrain’s regional competitiveness—especially regarding industry, finance, and tourism—and reconciling revenue constraints with popular pressure to maintain generous state subsidies and a large public sector. Over the past year the government has lifted subsidies on meat, diesel, kerosene, and gasoline and has announced new higher prices for electricity and water, although it plans to roll these increases out more gradually that previous subsidy cuts.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 66370000000.00001, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 65000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 63190000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 100, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 31820000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 4.4, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 131 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 50300, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 50200, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 49800, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 24, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 48.5, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 16.6, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 18.7, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 1.2, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 47.1, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -32.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 0.3, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 33.8, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 65.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 20, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 20.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 32, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 89 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "fruit", "vegetables", "poultry", "dairy products", "shrimp", "fish" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "petroleum processing", "refining", "aluminum smelting", "iron pelletization", "fertilizers", "Islamic", "offshore banking", "insurance", "ship repairing", "tourism" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 1.6, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 809700, "global_rank": 150, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 1, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 32, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 67, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2004" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.1, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 4.3, "units": "%", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 42, "note": "official estimate; actual rate is higher" }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 4370000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 8781000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 13.7, "global_rank": 197, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -13.9, "global_rank": 211, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 72, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 58.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 43 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 151 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5.4, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 5.16, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 135 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8971000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 8762000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 86 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 27030000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 26710000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 81 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 29280000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 28290000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 79 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 19250000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 22070000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 18570000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 68 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -1492000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -752000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 140 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12090000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 14200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 79 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "petroleum", "petroleum products", "aluminum", "textiles" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Saudi Arabia", "percent": 3.5 }, { "name": "UAE", "percent": 2.3 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 2.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7974000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 8848000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 102 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "crude oil", "machinery", "chemicals" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Saudi Arabia", "percent": 28.9 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 9.4 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 7.5 }, { "name": "Japan", "percent": 6.6 }, { "name": "Australia", "percent": 5.1 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 4.9 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3260000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 4657000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 101 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 21160000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 19740000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 88 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 18320000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 17310000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 80 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11630000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 11220000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 59 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.376, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.376, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.376, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0.376, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.376, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Bahraini dinars (BHD) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 41317, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 98, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 98, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 93, "units": "%" }, "date": "2012" }, "production": { "kWh": 26000000000, "global_rank": 69, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 25000000000, "global_rank": 67, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 200000000, "global_rank": 74, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "kWh": 200000000, "global_rank": 91, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 3900000, "global_rank": 89, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 99.9, "global_rank": 38, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 158, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0.1, "global_rank": 120, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 50000, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 219100, "global_rank": 30, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 100000000, "global_rank": 73, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 272900, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 55000, "global_rank": 102, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 243000, "global_rank": 30, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 15960, "global_rank": 129, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 16899999999.999998, "global_rank": 35, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 16899999999.999998, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 61, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 157, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 92030000000, "global_rank": 54, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 37000000, "global_rank": 71, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 278976, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 21, "global_rank": 118, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 2519000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 187, "global_rank": 148, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "modern system", "domestic": "modern fiber-optic integrated services; digital network with rapidly growing use of mobile-cellular telephones", "international": "country code - 973; landing point for the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, and US; tropospheric scatter to Qatar and UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; satellite earth station - 1 (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "state-run Bahrain Radio and Television Corporation (BRTC) operates 5 terrestrial TV networks and several radio stations; satellite TV systems provide access to international broadcasts; 1 private FM station directs broadcasts to Indian listeners; radio and TV broadcasts from countries in the region are available (2009)", "internet": { "country_code": ".bh", "users": { "total": 1259000, "percent_of_population": 93.5, "global_rank": 116, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 6, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 42, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 5313756, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 240107004, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "A9C", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 4, "global_rank": 184, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 4, "over_3047_metres": 3, "914_to_1523_metres": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 20, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 54, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 4122, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 3392, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 730, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 156, "date": "2010" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 8, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 2 }, { "type": "container", "count": 4 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 2 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 5, "by_country": [ { "country": "Kuwait", "count": 5 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 5, "by_country": [ { "country": "Honduras", "count": 5 } ] }, "global_rank": 119, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Mina' Salman", "Sitrah" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.59, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 4.42, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 4.14, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 3.84, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 3.59, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 19 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Bahrain Defense Force (BDF)", "Royal Bahraini Army (RBA)", "Royal Bahraini Navy (RBN)", "Royal Bahraini Air Force (RBAF)", "Royal Bahraini Air Defense Force (RBADF)" ], "date": "2013" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; 15 years of age for NCOs, technicians, and cadets; no conscription", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ] } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624100617/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ba.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ba.html" } }, "bangladesh": { "data": { "name": "Bangladesh", "introduction": { "background": "Muslim conversions and settlement in the region now referred to as Bangladesh began in the 10th century, primarily from Arab and Persian traders and preachers. Europeans established trading posts in the area in the 16th century. Eventually the area known as Bengal, primarily Hindu in the western section and mostly Muslim in the eastern half, became part of British India. Partition in 1947 resulted in an eastern wing of Pakistan in the Muslim-majority area, which became East Pakistan. Calls for greater autonomy and animosity between the eastern and western wings of Pakistan led to a Bengali independence movement. That movement, led by the Awami League (AL) and supported by India, won the independence war for Bangladesh in 1971.\nThe post-independence AL government faced daunting challenges and in 1975 was overthrown by the military, triggering a series of military coups that resulted in a military-backed government and subsequent creation of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) in 1978. That government also ended in a coup in 1981, followed by military-backed rule until democratic elections occurred in 1991. The BNP and AL alternated in power between 1991 and 2013, with the exception of a military-backed, emergency caretaker regime that suspended parliamentary elections planned for January 2007 in an effort to reform the political system and root out corruption. That government returned the country to fully democratic rule in December 2008 with the election of the AL and Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA. In January 2014, the incumbent AL won the national election by an overwhelming majority after the BNP boycotted, extending HASINA's term as prime minister. With the help of international development assistance, Bangladesh has reduced the poverty rate from over half of the population to less than a third, achieved Millennium Development Goals for maternal and child health, and made great progress in food security since independence. The economy has grown at an annual average of about 6% over the last two decades and the country reached World Bank lower-middle income status in 2015." }, "geography": { "location": "Southern Asia, bordering the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and India", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 24, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 90, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Asia", "area": { "total": { "value": 148460, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 130170, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 18290, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 95, "comparative": "slightly larger than Pennsylvania and New Jersey combined; slightly smaller than Iowa" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 4413, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Burma", "border_length": { "value": 271, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "India", "border_length": { "value": 4142, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 580, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 18, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": "to the outer limits of the continental margin" }, "climate": "tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)", "terrain": "mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 85, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Indian Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Keokradong", "elevation": { "value": 1230, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "natural gas", "arable land", "timber", "coal" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 70.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 59, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 6.5, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 4.6, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 11.1, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 18.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 53000, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "droughts", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "cyclones", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "much of the country routinely inundated during the summer monsoon season", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "many people are landless and forced to live on and cultivate flood-prone land", "waterborne diseases prevalent in surface water", "water pollution", "especially of fishing areas", "results from the use of commercial pesticides", "ground water contaminated by naturally occurring arsenic", "intermittent water shortages because of falling water tables in the northern and central parts of the country", "soil degradation and erosion", "deforestation", "severe overpopulation" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "most of the country is situated on deltas of large rivers flowing from the Himalayas: the Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna to eventually empty into the Bay of Bengal" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 156186882, "global_rank": 9, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Bangladeshi(s)", "adjective": "Bangladeshi" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Bengali at least", "percent": 98 }, { "name": "ethnic groups", "percent": 1.1 } ], "note": "Bangladesh's government recognizes 27 ethnic groups under the 2010 Cultural Institution for Small Anthropological Groups Act; other sources estimate there are about 75 ethnic groups; critics of the 2011 census claim that it underestimates the size of Bangladesh's ethnic population", "date": "2011" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Bangla", "percent": 98.8, "note": "official, also known as Bengali" }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.2 } ], "date": "2011" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 89.1 }, { "name": "Hindu", "percent": 10 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.9, "note": "includes Buddhist, Christian" } ], "date": "2013" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 28.27, "males": 22456564, "females": 21695491 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 19.53, "males": 15261363, "females": 15247635 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 39.39, "males": 29565250, "females": 31951537 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 6.77, "males": 5232828, "females": 5342822 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 6.04, "males": 4493557, "females": 4939835 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 52.5, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 44.9, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 7.6, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 13.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 26.3, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 25.6, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 26.9, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 147, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1.05, "global_rank": 112, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 19, "global_rank": 89, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 5.3, "global_rank": 179, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -3.1, "global_rank": 180, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 34.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 3.55, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Dhaka", "population": 17598000, "is_capital": true }, { "place": "Chittagong", "population": 4539000 }, { "place": "Khulna", "population": 1022000 }, { "place": "Rajshahi", "population": 844000 } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.93, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.98, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.97, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.97, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 18.5, "date": "2014" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 176, "global_rank": 49, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 32.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 35.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 30.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 61, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 73.2, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 71, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 75.4, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 133, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.19, "global_rank": 98, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 62.3, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 2.8, "global_rank": 169, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.39, "date": "2012" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 0.6, "date": "2011" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 86.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 87, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 86.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 13.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 13, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 13.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 57.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 62.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 60.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 42.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 37.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 39.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.01, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 9600, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 900, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "protozoal diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "hepatitis E", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "dengue fever", "malaria are high risks in some locations" ], "water_contact_diseases": [ "leptospirosis" ], "animal_contact_diseases": [ "rabies" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 3.3, "global_rank": 190, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 32.6, "global_rank": 5, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 2.2, "global_rank": 161, "date": "2015" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 61.5, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 64.6, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 58.5, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 10, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 10, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 10, "units": "years" }, "date": "2011" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 4485497, "percentage": { "value": 13, "units": "%" }, "date": "2006" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 8.7, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 8.3, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 9.2, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 105, "date": "2010" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "People's Republic of Bangladesh", "conventional_short_form": "Bangladesh", "local_long_form": "Gana Prajatantri Bangladesh", "local_short_form": "Bangladesh", "former": "East Bengal, East Pakistan", "etymology": "the name - a compound of the Bengali words \"Bangla\" (Bengal) and \"desh\" (country) - means \"Country of Bengal\"" }, "government_type": "parliamentary republic", "capital": { "name": "Dhaka", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 23, "minutes": 43, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 90, "minutes": 24, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 6, "note": "11 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Barisal", "type": "division" }, { "name": "Chittagong", "type": "division" }, { "name": "Dhaka", "type": "division" }, { "name": "Khulna", "type": "division" }, { "name": "Mymensingh", "type": "division" }, { "name": "Rajshahi", "type": "division" }, { "name": "Rangpur", "type": "division" }, { "name": "Sylhet", "type": "division" } ], "independence": { "date": "1971-12-16", "note": "from West Pakistan" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "26 March", "original_year": "1971" }, { "name": "Victory Day", "day": "16 December", "original_year": "1971", "note": "26 March 1971 is the date of the Awami League's declaration of an independent Bangladesh, and 16 December memorializes the military victory over Pakistan and the official creation of the state of Bangladesh; Victory Day" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1935, 1956, 1962 (pre-independence); latest enacted 4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended March 1982, restored November 1986", "amendments": "proposed by the House of the Nation; approval requires at least a two-thirds majority vote by the House membership, assented to by the president of the republic, and approved in a referendum by a majority of voters; amended many times, last in 2014 (2017)" }, "legal_system": "mixed legal system of mostly English common law and Islamic law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Bangladesh", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes, but limited to select countries", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "5 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Abdul HAMID (since 24 April 2013); note - Abdul HAMID served as acting president following the death of Zillur RAHMAN in March 2013; HAMID was subsequently indirectly elected by the National Parliament and sworn in 24 April 2013", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA (since 6 January 2009)", "cabinet": "Cabinet selected by the prime minister, appointed by the president", "elections_appointments": "president indirectly elected by the National Parliament for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 April 2013 (next to be held by 2018); the president appoints as prime minister the majority party leader in the National Parliament", "election_results": "President Abdul HAMID (AL) elected by the National Parliament unopposed; Sheikh HASINA reappointed prime minister as leader of the majority AL party" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral House of the Nation or Jatiya Sangsad (350 seats; 300 members in single-seat territorial constituencies directly elected by simple majority popular vote; 50 members - reserved for women only - indirectly elected by the elected members by proportional representation vote using the single transferable vote method; all members serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 5 January 2014 (next to be held by January 2019); note - the 5 January 2014 poll was marred by widespread violence, boycotts, general strikes, and low voter turnout", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - AL-led Alliance 79%, JP (Ershad) 11.3%, WP 2.1%, JSD 1.8%, other parties 1.0%, independent 4.8%; seats by party - AL 234, JP 34, WP 6, JSD 5, other 5, independent 15; 1 seat repolled" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Bangladesh (organized into the Appellate Division with 7 justices and the High Court Division with 99 justices)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "chief justice and justices appointed by the president; justices serve until retirement at age 67", "subordinate_courts": "subordinate courts: civil courts include: Assistant Judge's Court; Joint District Judge's Court; Additional District Judge's Court; District Judge's Court; criminal courts include: Court of Sessions; Court of Metropolitan Sessions; Metropolitan Magistrate Courts; Magistrate Court; special courts/tribunals" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Awami League", "name_alternative": "AL", "leaders": [ "Sheikh HASINA" ] }, { "name": "Bangladesh Nationalist Front", "name_alternative": "BNF", "leaders": [ "Abdul Kalam AZADI" ] }, { "name": "Bangladesh Nationalist Party", "name_alternative": "BNP", "leaders": [ "Khaleda ZIA" ] }, { "name": "Bangladesh Tariqat Federation", "name_alternative": "BTF", "leaders": [ "Syed Nozibul Bashar MAIZBHANDARI" ] }, { "name": "Jatiya Party", "name_alternative": "JP", "leaders": [ "Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD" ], "note": "Ershad faction" }, { "name": "Jatiya Party", "name_alternative": "JP", "leaders": [ "Anwar Hossain MANJU" ], "note": "Manju faction" }, { "name": "Liberal Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "LDP", "leaders": [ "Oli AHMED" ] }, { "name": "National Socialist Party", "name_alternative": "JSD", "leaders": [ "KHALEQUZZAMAN" ] }, { "name": "Workers Party", "name_alternative": "WP", "leaders": [ "Rashed Khan MENON" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Ain o Salish Kendro", "name_alternative": "ASK", "note": "Centre for Law and Mediation; legal aid and civil rights" }, { "name": "Bangladesh Center for Worker Solidarity" }, { "name": "Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee", "name_alternative": "BRAC" }, { "name": "Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry" }, { "name": "Ministry of Women's and Children's Affairs", "name_alternative": "MoWCA", "note": "advocacy group to end gender-based violence" }, { "name": "Odikhar ", "note": "human rights group" }, { "name": "associations of madrassa teachers" }, { "name": "business associations" }, { "name": "including those intended to promote international trade" }, { "name": "development and advocacy NGOs associated with the Grameen Bank" }, { "name": "environmentalists" }, { "name": "Islamist groups" }, { "name": "labor rights advocacy groups" }, { "name": "NGOs focused on poverty alleviation" }, { "name": "international trade" }, { "name": "religious leaders" }, { "name": "tribal groups and advocacy organizations" }, { "name": "union leaders" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ADB" }, { "organization": "ARF" }, { "organization": "BIMSTEC" }, { "organization": "C" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CICA ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "CP" }, { "organization": "D-8" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IDB" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINURSO" }, { "organization": "MINUSMA" }, { "organization": "MONUSCO" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OIC" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "SAARC" }, { "organization": "SACEP" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNAMID" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNIFIL" }, { "organization": "UNMIL" }, { "organization": "UNMISS" }, { "organization": "UNOCI" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Mohammad ZIAUDDIN (since 18 September 2014)", "chancery": "3510 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 244-0183", "fax": "[1] (202) 244-2771", "consulates_general": "Los Angeles, New York" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Marcia BERNICAT (since 12 January 2015)", "embassy": "Madani Avenue, Baridhara, Dhaka 1212", "mailing_address": "G. P. O. Box 323, Dhaka 1000", "telephone": "[880] (2) 5566-2000", "fax": "[880] (2) 5566-2915" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "green field with a large red disk shifted slightly to the hoist side of center; the red disk represents the rising sun and the sacrifice to achieve independence; the green field symbolizes the lush vegetation of Bangladesh" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "Bengal tiger" }, { "symbol": "water lily" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "green" }, { "color": "red" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Amar Shonar Bangla\" (My Golden Bengal)", "lyrics_music": "Rabindranath TAGORE", "note": "adopted 1971; Rabindranath TAGORE, a Nobel laureate, also wrote India's national anthem", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/BG.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Bangladesh's economy has grown roughly 6% per year since 1996 despite prolonged periods of political instability, poor infrastructure, endemic corruption, insufficient power supplies, and slow implementation of economic reforms. Although more than half of GDP is generated through the services sector, almost half of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, with rice as the single-most-important product.\n\nGarment exports, the backbone of Bangladesh's industrial sector, accounted for more than 80% of total exports and surpassed $25 billion in 2016. The sector continues to grow, despite a series of high-profile factory accidents that have killed more than 1,000 workers and crippling strikes, including a nationwide transportation blockade orchestrated by the political opposition during the first several months of 2015. Steady export growth in the garment sector combined with remittances from overseas Bangladeshis - which totaled about $15 billion and 8% of GDP in 2015 - are key contributors to Bangladesh's sustained economic growth and rising foreign exchange reserves.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 628400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 587700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 550200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 34, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 226800000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.9, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 6.3, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 10 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3900, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3700, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3500, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 177, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 70.3, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 5.2, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 28.2, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 3, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 16.5, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -23.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 15.1, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 28.6, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 56.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 28.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 29.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 29.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 31 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "rice", "jute", "tea", "wheat", "sugarcane", "potatoes", "tobacco", "pulses", "oilseeds", "spices", "fruit", "beef", "milk", "poultry" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "jute", "cotton", "garments", "paper", "leather", "fertilizer", "iron", "steel", "cement", "petroleum products", "tobacco", "pharmaceuticals", "ceramics", "tea", "salt", "sugar", "edible oils", "soap", "detergent", "fabricated metal products", "electricity", "natural gas" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 8.4, "global_rank": 9, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 83590000, "global_rank": 7, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 47, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 13, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 40, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2010" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.9, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 40, "units": "%" } ], "global_rank": 57 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 31.5, "units": "%", "date": "2010" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 4, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 27, "units": "%" }, "date": "2010" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 32.1, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2010" }, { "value": 33.6, "units": "gini_index", "date": "1996" } ], "global_rank": 111 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 23780000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 35320000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 10.5, "global_rank": 214, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -5.1, "global_rank": 163, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 25.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 26.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 159 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 July", "end": "30 June" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5.6, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 181 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5, "units": "%", "date": "2016-10-30" }, { "value": 5, "units": "%", "date": "2015-10-30" } ], "global_rank": 80 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 10.7, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 11.71, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 76 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 25280000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 21440000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 63 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 121500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 106800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 53 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 128900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 113000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 51 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 50980000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 41730000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 23550000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2011-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 52 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2025999999.9999998, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3937000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 36 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 33320000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 31740000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 54 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "garments", "knitwear", "agricultural products", "frozen food (fish", "seafood)", "jute", "jute goods", "leather" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 13.9 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 12.9 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 8.9 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 5 }, { "name": "Spain", "percent": 4.7 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 39170000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 37630000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 53 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "cotton", "machinery", "equipment", "chemicals", "iron", "steel", "foodstuffs" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 22.4 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 14.1 }, { "name": "Singapore", "percent": 5.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 29770000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 27490000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 50 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 37260000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 35490000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 72 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 13240000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 12910000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 91 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 343000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 188000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 92 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 78.5, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 77.947, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 77.947, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 77.614, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 81.86, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "taka (BDT) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 60300000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 60, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 90, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 49, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 53000000000, "global_rank": 51, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 46000000000, "global_rank": 53, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 111, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 126, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 8600000, "global_rank": 67, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 97.7, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2013" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 51, "date": "2013" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 2.3, "global_rank": 136, "date": "2013" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 158, "date": "2013" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 4000, "global_rank": 85, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 313, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 23660, "global_rank": 64, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 28000000, "global_rank": 83, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 27930, "global_rank": 88, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 109000, "global_rank": 79, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 2567, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 77730, "global_rank": 61, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 23900000000, "global_rank": 29, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 23900000000, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 66, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 162, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 233000000000, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 66000000, "global_rank": 53, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 830800, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 1, "global_rank": 74, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 133720000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 79, "global_rank": 12, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "inadequate for a modern country; introducing digital systems; trunk systems include VHF and UHF microwave radio relay links, and some fiber-optic cable in cities", "domestic": "fixed-line teledensity remains only about 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has been increasing rapidly and now approaches 80 telephones per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 880; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-4 fiber-optic submarine cable system that provides links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 6; international radiotelephone communications and landline service to neighboring countries (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "state-owned Bangladesh Television (BTV) operates 1 terrestrial TV station, 3 radio networks, and about 10 local stations; 8 private satellite TV stations and 3 private radio stations also broadcasting; foreign satellite TV stations are gaining audience share in the large cities; several international radio broadcasters are available (2009)", "internet": { "country_code": ".bd", "users": { "total": 24330000, "percent_of_population": 14.4, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 6, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 30, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 2906799, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 182692553, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "S2", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 18, "global_rank": 139, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 16, "over_3047_metres": 2, "2438_to_3047_metres": 2, "1524_to_2437_metres": 6, "914_to_1523_metres": 1, "under_914_metres": 5, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 2, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "under_914_metres": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 3, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 2950, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 2460, "units": "km" }, "broad_gauge": { "length": 659, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.676-m" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 1801, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.000-m" }, "global_rank": 66, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 21269, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 2021, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 19248, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2010" }, "waterways": { "value": 8370, "units": "km", "note": "includes up to 3,060 km of main cargo routes; network reduced to 5,200 km in the dry season", "global_rank": 16, "date": "2011" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 62, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 25 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 28 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 1 }, { "type": "container", "count": 5 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 3 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 8, "by_country": [ { "country": "China", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Singapore", "count": 7 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 10, "by_country": [ { "country": "Comoros", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Hong Kong", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Panama", "count": 5 }, { "country": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Sierra Leone", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Singapore", "count": 1 } ] }, "global_rank": 64, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Chittagong" ], "river_ports": [ "Mongla Port (Sela River)" ], "container_ports": [ { "place": "Chittagong", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 1392104 } ], "date": "2011" }, "note": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial waters of Bangladesh remain a risk for armed robbery against ships; in 2014, attacks against commercial vessels increased to 21 over 12 such incidents in 2013" }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.09, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.15, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.35, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 1.44, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" }, { "value": 1.35, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2010" } ], "global_rank": 86 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Bangladesh Defense Force", "Bangladesh Army (Sena Bahini)", "Bangladesh Navy (Noh Bahini", "BN)", "Bangladesh Air Force (Biman Bahini", "BAF)" ], "date": "2013" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 16, "note": "16-19 years of age for voluntary military service; Bangladeshi birth and 10th grade education required; initial obligation 15 years", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea", "Indian Prime Minister Singh's September 2011 visit to Bangladesh resulted in the signing of a Protocol to the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, which had called for the settlement of longstanding boundary disputes over undemarcated areas and the exchange of territorial enclaves, but which had never been implemented", "Bangladesh struggles to accommodate 32,000 Rohingya, Burmese Muslim minority from Arakan State, living as refugees in Cox's Bazar", "Burmese border authorities are constructing a 200 km (124 mi) wire fence designed to deter illegal cross-border transit and tensions from the military build-up along border" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 276198, "country_of_origin": "Burma" } ], "date": "2016" }, "internally_displaced_persons": { "people": 426000, "note": "violence, human rights violations, religious persecution, natural disasters", "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "transit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboring countries" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102742/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html" } }, "barbados": { "data": { "name": "Barbados", "introduction": { "background": "The island was uninhabited when first settled by the British in 1627. African slaves worked the sugar plantations established on the island until 1834 when slavery was abolished. The economy remained heavily dependent on sugar, rum, and molasses production through most of the 20th century. The gradual introduction of social and political reforms in the 1940s and 1950s led to complete independence from the UK in 1966. In the 1990s, tourism and manufacturing surpassed the sugar industry in economic importance." }, "geography": { "location": "Caribbean, island in the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Venezuela", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 13, "minutes": 10, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 59, "minutes": 32, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Central America and the Caribbean", "area": { "total": { "value": 430, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 430, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 202, "comparative": "2.5 times the size of Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 97, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical; rainy season (June to October)", "terrain": "relatively flat; rises gently to central highland region", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Atlantic Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mount Hillaby", "elevation": { "value": 336, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "petroleum", "fish", "natural gas" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 32.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 25.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 2.3, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 4.7, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 19.4, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 48, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 50, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "most densely populated country in the eastern Caribbean; approximately one-third live in urban areas", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "infrequent hurricanes", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "periodic landslides", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "pollution of coastal waters from waste disposal by ships", "soil erosion", "illegal solid waste disposal threatens contamination of aquifers" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "easternmost Caribbean island" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 291495, "global_rank": 181, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Barbadian(s) or Bajan (colloquial)", "adjective": "Barbadian or Bajan (colloquial)" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "black", "percent": 92.4 }, { "name": "white", "percent": 2.7 }, { "name": "mixed", "percent": 3.1 }, { "name": "East Indian", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.2 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.2 } ], "date": "2010" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "English", "note": "official" }, { "name": "Bajan", "note": "English-based creole language, widely spoken in informal settings" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 66.4, "breakdown": [ { "name": "includes Anglican", "percent": 23.9 }, { "name": "other Pentecostal", "percent": 19.5 }, { "name": "Adventist", "percent": 5.9 }, { "name": "Methodist", "percent": 4.2 }, { "name": "Wesleyan", "percent": 3.4 }, { "name": "Nazarene", "percent": 3.2 }, { "name": "Church of God", "percent": 2.4 }, { "name": "Baptist", "percent": 1.8 }, { "name": "Moravian", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "other Protestant", "percent": 0.9 } ] }, { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 3.8 }, { "name": "other Christian", "percent": 5.4, "breakdown": [ { "name": "includes Jehovah's Witness", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 3.4 } ] }, { "name": "Rastafarian", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.5 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 20.6 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 1.2 } ], "date": "2010" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 18.13, "males": 26421, "females": 26434 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 13.03, "males": 18888, "females": 19083 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 44.35, "males": 64430, "females": 64842 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 13.18, "males": 18036, "females": 20396 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 11.31, "males": 13216, "females": 19749 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 50.4, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 29.1, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 21.3, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 4.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 38.3, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 37.2, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 39.4, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 60, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.3, "global_rank": 177, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 11.8, "global_rank": 168, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 8.5, "global_rank": 79, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -0.3, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "most densely populated country in the eastern Caribbean; approximately one-third live in urban areas", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 31.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.13, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Bridgetown", "population": 90000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.88, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.66, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.94, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 27, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 10.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 11.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 9.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 75.3, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 73, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 77.7, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.68, "global_rank": 175, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 59.2, "units": "%", "date": "2012" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 7.5, "global_rank": 104, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 6.2, "date": "2012" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 99.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 99.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 99.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 96.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 96.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 96.2, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 3.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 3.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 3.8, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 1.57, "global_rank": 50, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 2600, "global_rank": 118, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 100, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "note": "active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus", "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 33.2, "global_rank": 14, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 3.5, "date": "2012" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 6.7, "global_rank": 54, "date": "2014" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 17, "units": "years" }, "date": "2011" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 29.6, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 27.7, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 31.9, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Barbados", "etymology": "the name derives from the Portuguese \"as barbadas,\" which means \"the bearded ones\" and can refer either to the long, hanging roots of the island's bearded fig trees or to the alleged beards of the native Carib inhabitants" }, "government_type": "parliamentary democracy (Parliament) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm", "capital": { "name": "Bridgetown", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 13, "minutes": 6, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 59, "minutes": 37, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -4, "note": "1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Bridgetown", "type": "city" }, { "name": "Christ Church", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint Andrew", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint George", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint James", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint John", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint Joseph", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint Lucy", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint Michael", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint Peter", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint Philip", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint Thomas", "type": "parish" } ], "independence": { "date": "1966-11-30", "note": "from the UK" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "30 November", "original_year": "1966" } ], "constitution": { "history": "adopted 22 November 1966, effective 30 November 1966; amended several times, last in 2007 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "English common law; no judicial review of legislative acts", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "yes", "citizenship_by_descent": "yes", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "5 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Elliot BELGRAVE (since 1 June 2012)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Freundel STUART (since 23 October 2010)", "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of the majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; the prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (21 seats; members appointed by the governor general - 12 on the advice of the Prime Minister, 2 on the advice of the opposition leader, and 7 at the discretion of the governor general) and the House of Assembly (30 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "House of Assembly - last held on 21 February 2013 (next to be called in 2018)", "election_results": "House of Assembly - percent of vote by party - DLP 51.3%, BLP 48.3%, other 0.4%; seats by party - DLP 16, BLP 14" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the High Court with 8 justices) and the Court of Appeal (consists of the chief justice and president of the court and 4 justices; note - Barbados, a member of the Caribbean Court of Justice, replaced the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) as the final court of appeal", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the governor-general on the recommendation of the prime minister and opposition leader of Parliament; other justices appointed by the governor-general on the recommendation of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission, a 5-member independent body consisting of the Supreme Court chief justice, the commission head, and governor-general appointees recommended by the prime minister; justices serve until mandatory retirement at age 65", "subordinate_courts": "Magistrates' Courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Barbados Labor Party", "name_alternative": "BLP", "leaders": [ "Mia MOTTLEY" ] }, { "name": "Democratic Labor Party", "name_alternative": "DLP", "leaders": [ "Freundel STUART" ] }, { "name": "People's Empowerment Party", "name_alternative": "PEP", "leaders": [ "David COMISSIONG" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Barbados Secondary Teachers' Union", "name_alternative": "BSTU", "leaders": [ "Mary REDMAN" ] }, { "name": "Barbados Union of Teachers", "name_alternative": "BUT", "leaders": [ "Karen BEST" ] }, { "name": "Barbados Workers Union", "name_alternative": "BWU", "leaders": [ "Linda BROOKS" ] }, { "name": "Clement Payne Labor Union", "leaders": [ "David COMISSIONG" ] }, { "name": "Congress of Trade Unions and Staff Associations of Barbados", "name_alternative": "CTUSAB,", "leaders": [ "Leroy TROTMAN" ], "note": "includes the BWU, NUPW, BUT, BSTU" }, { "name": "National Union of Public Workers", "name_alternative": "NUPW", "leaders": [ "Walter MALONEY" ] } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AOSIS" }, { "organization": "C" }, { "organization": "Caricom" }, { "organization": "CDB" }, { "organization": "CELAC" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IADB" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "LAES" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OAS" }, { "organization": "OPANAL" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Ad interim Jane E. BRATHWAITE", "chancery": "2144 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 939-9200", "fax": "[1] (202) 332-7467", "consulates_general": "Miami, New York", "consulates": "Los Angeles" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Linda S. TAGLIALATELA (since 1 February 2016) note - also accredited to Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "embassy": "Wildey Business Park, Wildey, St. Michael BB 14006, Barbados", "mailing_address": "P. O. Box 302, Bridgetown BB 11000; (Department Name) Unit 3120, DPO AA 34055", "telephone": "[1] (246) 227-4000", "fax": "[1] (246) 431-0179" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal vertical bands of ultramarine blue (hoist side), gold, and ultramarine blue with the head of a black trident centered on the gold band; the band colors represent the blue of the sea and sky and the gold of the beaches; the trident head represents independence and a break with the past (the colonial coat of arms contained a complete trident)" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "Neptune's trident" }, { "symbol": "pelican" }, { "symbol": "Red Bird of Paradise flower ", "note": "also known as Pride of Barbados" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "blue" }, { "color": "yellow" }, { "color": "black" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"The National Anthem of Barbados\"", "lyrics_music": "Irving BURGIE/C. Van Roland EDWARDS", "note": "adopted 1966; the anthem is also known as \"In Plenty and In Time of Need\"", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/BB.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Barbados is the wealthiest and one of the most developed countries in the Eastern Caribbean and enjoys one of the highest per capita incomes in the region. Historically, the Barbadian economy was dependent on sugarcane cultivation and related activities. However, in recent years the economy has diversified into light industry and tourism. Offshore finance and information services are important foreign exchange earners, boosted by being in the same time zone as eastern US financial centers and by a relatively highly educated workforce. Following the 2008-09 recession, the economy has grown due to increases in tourist arrivals, construction, financial services and exports. However, Barbados’ high public debt to GDP ratio and falling international reserves remain areas of concern. Growth prospects are limited because of a weak economic outlook.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4804000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4724000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 4682000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 176, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 4473000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.7, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.2, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 150 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 17200, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 16900, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 16800, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 96, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 82.5, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 14.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 14.4, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 3.2, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 35.1, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -49.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 2.8, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 11.7, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 85.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 157 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "sugarcane", "vegetables", "cotton" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "tourism", "sugar", "light manufacturing", "component assembly for export" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": -1, "global_rank": 179, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 142500, "global_rank": 178, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 10, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 15, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 75, "units": "%" } }, "date": "1996" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 11.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 129 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 1200000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 1500000000, "units": "USD", "note": "2016 est." }, "date": "2013" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 26.8, "global_rank": 98, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -6.7, "global_rank": 182, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 108.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 106.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 11 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 April", "end": "31 March" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.3, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -1.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 82 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" }, { "value": 7, "units": "%", "date": "2009-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 48 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 8.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 104 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1888000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1831000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 133 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4442000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 4309000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 134 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5669000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 5377000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 119 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4495000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012-12-31" }, { "value": 4571000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2011-12-31" }, { "value": 4366000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2010-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 89 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -206000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -262000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 88 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 466700000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 482900000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 174 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "manufactures", "sugar", "molasses", "rum", "other foodstuffs", "beverages", "chemicals", "electrical components" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Trinidad and Tobago", "percent": 22.7 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 11.9 }, { "name": "St. Lucia", "percent": 9.3 }, { "name": "St. Vincent and the Grenadines", "percent": 5.8 }, { "name": "Antigua and Barbuda", "percent": 4.7 }, { "name": "St. Kitts and Nevis", "percent": 4.4 }, { "name": "Guyana", "percent": 4.3 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1575000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1618000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 170 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "consumer goods", "machinery", "foodstuffs", "construction materials", "chemicals", "fuel", "electrical components" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Trinidad and Tobago", "percent": 39 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 31.1 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 608100000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 657500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 140 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4490000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2010" }, { "value": 668000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2003" } ], "global_rank": 135 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 2, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 2, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Barbadian dollars (BBD) per US dollar; the Barbadian dollar is pegged to the US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 29149, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 91, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 80, "units": "%" }, "date": "2012" }, "production": { "kWh": 900000000, "global_rank": 155, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 900000000, "global_rank": 155, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 123, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 200000, "global_rank": 164, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 100, "global_rank": 3, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 47, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 159, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 155, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 1000, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 764.5, "global_rank": 82, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 161, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 2530000, "global_rank": 97, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 12000, "global_rank": 156, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 158, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 11490, "global_rank": 143, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 20000000, "global_rank": 89, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 20000000, "global_rank": 113, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 62, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 158, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 113300000, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 1300000, "global_rank": 162, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 156857, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 54, "global_rank": 138, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 335000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 115, "global_rank": 176, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "island-wide automatic telephone system", "domestic": "fixed-line teledensity of roughly 55 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone density about 115 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 1-246; landing point for the East Caribbean Fiber System (ECFS) submarine cable with links to 13 other islands in the eastern Caribbean extending from the British Virgin Islands to Trinidad; satellite earth stations - 1 (Intelsat - Atlantic Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Trinidad and Saint Lucia (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "government-owned Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) operates the lone terrestrial TV station; CBC also operates a multi-channel cable TV subscription service; roughly a dozen radio stations, consisting of a CBC-operated network operating alongside privately owned radio stations (2009)", "internet": { "country_code": ".bb", "users": { "total": 221000, "percent_of_population": 76.1, "global_rank": 152, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "8P", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 1, "global_rank": 236, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 1, "over_3047_metres": 1, "date": "2013" } } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 33, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 64, "units": "km" }, { "type": "refined products", "length": 6, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 1700, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 1700, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 177, "date": "2015" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 109, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 23 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 52 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 13 }, { "type": "container", "count": 6 }, { "type": "passenger", "count": 1 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 1 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 8 }, { "type": "refrigerated cargo", "count": 4 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 1 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 83, "by_country": [ { "country": "Canada", "count": 11 }, { "country": "Greece", "count": 14 }, { "country": "Iran", "count": 5 }, { "country": "Lebanon", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Norway", "count": 38 }, { "country": "Sweden", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Syria", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Turkey", "count": 1 }, { "country": "UAE", "count": 1 }, { "country": "UK", "count": 6 } ] }, "global_rank": 49, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Bridgetown" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "Royal Barbados Defense Force", "Troops Command", "Barbados Coast Guard" ], "date": "2011" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 years of age for voluntary military service, or earlier with parental consent; no conscription", "date": "2013" }, "note": "the Royal Barbados Defense Force includes a land-based Troop Command and a small Coast Guard; the primary role of the land element is island defense against external aggression; the Command consists of a single, part-time battalion with a small regular cadre deployed throughout the island; the cadre increasingly supports the police in patrolling the coastline for smuggling and other illicit activities" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago abide by the April 2006 Permanent Court of Arbitration decision delimiting a maritime boundary and limiting catches of flying fish in Trinidad and Tobago's exclusive economic zone", "joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, which permits Venezuela to extend its Economic Exclusion Zone/continental shelf over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea" ], "illicit_drugs": { "note": "one of many Caribbean transshipment points for narcotics bound for Europe and the US; offshore financial center" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624100658/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bb.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bb.html" } }, "belarus": { "data": { "name": "Belarus", "introduction": { "background": "After seven decades as a constituent republic of the USSR, Belarus attained its independence in 1991. It has retained closer political and economic ties to Russia than have any of the other former Soviet republics. Belarus and Russia signed a treaty on a two-state union on 8 December 1999 envisioning greater political and economic integration. Although Belarus agreed to a framework to carry out the accord, serious implementation has yet to take place. Since his election in July 1994 as the country's first and only directly elected president, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO has steadily consolidated his power through authoritarian means and a centralized economic system. Government restrictions on political and civil freedoms, freedom of speech and the press, peaceful assembly, and religion have remained in place." }, "geography": { "location": "Eastern Europe, east of Poland", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 53, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 28, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Europe", "area": { "total": { "value": 207600, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 202900, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 4700, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 86, "comparative": "slightly less than twice the size of Kentucky; slightly smaller than Kansas" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 3642, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Latvia", "border_length": { "value": 161, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Lithuania", "border_length": { "value": 640, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Poland", "border_length": { "value": 418, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Russia", "border_length": { "value": 1312, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Ukraine", "border_length": { "value": 1111, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 0, "units": "km", "note": "landlocked" }, "climate": "cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime", "terrain": "generally flat with much marshland", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 160, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Nyoman River", "elevation": { "value": 90, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Dzyarzhynskaya Hara", "elevation": { "value": 346, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "timber", "peat deposits", "small quantities of oil", "natural gas", "granite", "dolomitic limestone", "marl", "chalk", "sand", "gravel", "clay" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 43.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 27.2, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 15.9, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 42.7, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 13.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 1140, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "NA", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "soil pollution from pesticide use", "southern part of the country contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident at Chornobyl' in northern Ukraine" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Air Pollution", "Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides", "Air Pollution-Sulfur 85", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "landlocked; glacial scouring accounts for the flatness of Belarusian terrain and for its 11,000 lakes" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 9570376, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Belarusian(s)", "adjective": "Belarusian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Belarusian", "percent": 83.7 }, { "name": "Russian", "percent": 8.3 }, { "name": "Polish", "percent": 3.1 }, { "name": "Ukrainian", "percent": 1.7 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 2.4 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.9 } ], "date": "2009" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Russian", "percent": 70.2, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Belarusian", "percent": 23.4, "note": "official" }, { "name": "other", "percent": 3.1, "note": "includes small Polish- and Ukrainian-speaking minorities" }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 3.3 } ], "date": "2009" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Orthodox", "percent": 48.3 }, { "name": "Catholic", "percent": 7.1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 3.5 }, { "name": "non-believers", "percent": 41.1 } ], "date": "2011" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 15.65, "males": 770014, "females": 727338 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 10.68, "males": 525704, "females": 496414 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 45.04, "males": 2118447, "females": 2191694 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 13.95, "males": 589288, "females": 745815 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 14.69, "males": 448135, "females": 957527 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 43, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 23, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 20, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 39.8, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 36.8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 42.9, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 51, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": -0.21, "global_rank": 215, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 10.5, "global_rank": 187, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 13.3, "global_rank": 14, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 0.7, "global_rank": 64, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 76.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.05, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Minsk", "population": 1915000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.97, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.79, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.46, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.87, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 25.4, "date": "2013" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 4, "global_rank": 181, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 3.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 3.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 200, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 72.7, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 67.2, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 78.6, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 139, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.48, "global_rank": 200, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 63.1, "units": "%", "date": "2012" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 5.7, "global_rank": 143, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 4.07, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 11.3, "date": "2011" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 99.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 99.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 99.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 94.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 95.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 94.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 5.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 4.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 5.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.64, "global_rank": 67, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 35200, "global_rank": 72, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 1000, "global_rank": 67, "date": "2015" } }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 25.2, "global_rank": 65, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 1.3, "global_rank": 129, "date": "2005" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.9, "global_rank": 71, "date": "2015" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 99.7, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 99.8, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 99.7, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 16, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 16, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 54218, "percentage": { "value": 5, "units": "%" }, "date": "2005" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 12.5, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 12.4, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 12.6, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 88, "date": "2009" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Belarus", "conventional_short_form": "Belarus", "local_long_form": "Respublika Byelarus'/Respublika Belarus'", "local_short_form": "Byelarus'/Belarus'", "former": "Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist Republic", "etymology": "the name is a compound of the Belarusian words \"bel\" (white) and \"Rus\" (the Old East Slavic ethnic designation) to form the meaning White Rusian or White Ruthenian" }, "government_type": "presidential republic in name, although in fact a dictatorship", "capital": { "name": "Minsk", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 53, "minutes": 54, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 27, "minutes": 34, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 2, "note": "7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1991-08-25", "note": "from the Soviet Union" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "3 July", "original_year": "1944", "note": "3 July 1944 was the date Minsk was liberated from German troops, 25 August 1991 was the date of independence from the Soviet Union" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest drafted between late 1991 and early 1994, signed 15 March 1994", "amendments": "proposed by the president of the republic through petition to the National Assembly or by petition of least 150,000 eligible voters; approval required by at least two-thirds majority vote in both chambers or by simple majority of votes cast in a referendum (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system; note - nearly all major codes (civil, civil procedure, criminal, criminal procedure, family, and labor) have been revised and came into force in 1999 or 2000", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "non-party state to the ICCt" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Belarus", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "7 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "president Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20 July 1994)", "head_of_government": "prime minister Andrey KOBYAKOV (since 27 December 2014); first deputy prime minister Vasily MATYUSHEVSKIY (since 27 December 2014)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (no term limits); first election took place on 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the 1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999, however, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via a November 1996 referendum; subsequent election held on 9 September 2001; an October 2004 referendum ended presidential term limits and allowed the president to run in a third (19 March 2006), fourth (19 December 2010), and fifth election (11 October 2015); next election in 2020; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and approved by the National Assembly", "election_results": "Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percent of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (independent) 83.5%, Tatsiana KARATKEVICH (Tell the Truth) 4.4%, Sergey GAYDUKEVICH (LDP) 3.3%, other 8.8%; note - election marred by electoral fraud" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral National Assembly or Natsionalnoye Sobraniye consists of the Council of the Republic or Sovet Respubliki (64 seats; 56 members indirectly elected by regional and Minsk city councils and 8 members appointed by the president; members serve 4-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Palata Predstaviteley (110 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote with a second round if needed; members serve 4-year terms); note - the US does not recognize the legitimacy of the National Assembly", "elections": "House of Representatives - last held on 11 September 2016 (next to be held in 2020); OSCE observers determined that the election was neither free nor impartial and that vote counting was problematic in a number of polling stations; pro-LUKASHENKO candidates won virtually every seat with only the UCP member and one independent forming alternative representation in the House; international observers determined that the previous elections, on 28 September 2008 and 23 September 2012, also fell short of democratic standards, with pro-LUKASHENKO candidates winning every seat", "election_results": "Council of the Republic - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - KPB 8, Belarusian Patriotic Party 3, Republican Party of Labor and Justice 3, LDP 1, UCP 1, independent 94" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the chairman, deputy chairman, and organized into several specialized panels including economic and military; number of judges set by the president of the republic and the court chairman); Constitutional Court (consists of 12 judges including a chairman and deputy chairman)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president with the consent of the Council of the Republic; judges initially appointed for 5 years and evaluated for life appointment; Constitutional Court judges - 6 appointed by the president and 6 elected by the Council of the Republic; the presiding judge directly elected by the president and approved by the Council of the Republic; judges can serve for 11 years with an age limit of 70", "subordinate_courts": "provincial (including Minsk city) courts; first instance (district) courts; economic courts; military courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Belarusian Agrarian Party", "name_alternative": "AP", "leaders": [ "Mikhail SHIMANSKIY" ] }, { "name": "Belarusian Patriotic Party", "leaders": [ "Nikolai ULAKHOVICH" ] }, { "name": "Belarusian Socialist Sporting Party", "leaders": [ "Vladimir ALEKSANDROVICH" ] }, { "name": "Communist Party of Belarus", "name_alternative": "KPB", "leaders": [ "Georgi ATAMANOV" ] }, { "name": "Liberal Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "LDP", "leaders": [ "Sergey GAYDUKEVICH" ] }, { "name": "Republican Party", "leaders": [ "Vladimir BELOZOR" ] }, { "name": "Republican Party of Labor and Justice", "leaders": [ "Vasiliy ZADNEPRYANIY" ] }, { "name": "Belarusian Christian Democracy Party ", "leaders": [ "Pavel SEVERINETS" ], "note": "unregistered" }, { "name": "Belarusian Party of the Green", "leaders": [ "Anastasiya DOROFEYEVA" ] }, { "name": "Belarusian Party of the Left \"Just World\"", "leaders": [ "Sergey KALYAKIN" ] }, { "name": "Belarusian Popular Front", "name_alternative": "BPF", "leaders": [ "Aleksey YANUKEVICH" ] }, { "name": "Belarusian Social-Democratic Assembly", "leaders": [ "Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH" ] }, { "name": "Belarusian Social Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "BSDPH", "leaders": [ "Irina VESHTARD" ], "note": "\"Assembly\"" }, { "name": "Belarusian Social Democratic Party ", "leaders": [ "Nikolay STATKEVICH" ], "note": "People's Assembly; unregistered" }, { "name": "Christian Conservative Party", "name_alternative": "BPF", "leaders": [ "Zyanon PAZNYAK" ] }, { "name": "United Civic Party", "name_alternative": "UCP", "leaders": [ "Anatoliy LEBEDKO" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Assembly of Pro-Democratic NGOs ", "leaders": [ "Sergey MATSKEVICH" ], "note": "unregistered" }, { "name": "Belarusian Association of Journalists", "leaders": [ "Andrei BASTUNETS" ] }, { "name": "Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions", "leaders": [ "Aleksandr YAROSHUK" ] }, { "name": "Belarusian Helsinki Committee", "leaders": [ "Aleh HULAK" ] }, { "name": "For Freedom Movement", "leaders": [ "Yuri GUBAREVICH" ] }, { "name": "Malady Front ", "leaders": [ "Zmitser DASHKEVICH" ], "note": "Young Front; unregistered" }, { "name": "Vyasna human rights center ", "leaders": [ "Ales BELYATSKIY" ], "note": "Spring; unregistered" }, { "name": "Perspektiva ", "leaders": [ "Anatoliy SHUMCHENKO" ], "note": "small business association" }, { "name": "Women's Independent Democratic Movement", "leaders": [ "Ludmila PETINA" ] } ], "note": "\"Tell the Truth\" Movement [Tatsiana KARATKEVICH] (unregistered)" }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "BSEC ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "CBSS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "CEI" }, { "organization": "CIS" }, { "organization": "CSTO" }, { "organization": "EAEC" }, { "organization": "EAEU" }, { "organization": "EAPC" }, { "organization": "EBRD" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "GCTU" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "NSG" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OSCE" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "PFP" }, { "organization": "SCO ", "note": "dialogue member" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNIFIL" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "ZC" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant; recalled by Belarus in 2008); Charge d'Affaires Pavel SHIDLOVSKIY (since 23 April 2014)", "chancery": "1619 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009", "telephone": "[1] (202) 986-1606", "fax": "[1] (202) 986-1805", "consulates_general": "New York" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant; left in 2008 upon insistence of Belarusian Government); Charge d'Affaires Robert RILEY (since 22 August 2016)", "embassy": "46 Starovilenskaya Street, Minsk 220002", "mailing_address": "Unit 7010 Box 100, DPO AE 09769", "telephone": "[375] (17) 210-12-83", "fax": "[375] (17) 234-7853" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "red horizontal band (top) and green horizontal band one-half the width of the red band; a white vertical stripe on the hoist side bears Belarusian national ornamentation in red; the red band color recalls past struggles from oppression, the green band represents hope and the many forests of the country" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "no clearly defined current national symbol" }, { "symbol": "the mounted knight known as Pahonia is the traditional Belarusian symbol", "note": "the Chaser" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "green" }, { "color": "red" }, { "color": "white" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"My, Bielarusy\" (We Belarusians)", "lyrics_music": "Mikhas KLIMKOVICH and Uladzimir KARYZNA/Nester SAKALOUSKI", "note": "music adopted 1955, lyrics adopted 2002; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Belarus kept the music of its Soviet-era anthem but adopted new lyrics; also known as \"Dziarzauny himn Respubliki Bielarus\" (State Anthem of the Republic of Belarus)", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/BO.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "As part of the former Soviet Union, Belarus had a relatively well-developed, though aging industrial base; it retained this industrial base - which is now outdated, energy inefficient, and dependent on subsidized Russian energy and preferential access to Russian markets - following the breakup of the USSR. The country also has a broad agricultural base which is largely inefficient and dependent on government subsidies. After an initial burst of capitalist reform from 1991-94, including privatization of smaller state enterprises and some service sector businesses, creation of institutions of private property, and development of entrepreneurship, Belarus' economic development greatly slowed. About 80% of all industry remains in state hands, and foreign investment has been hindered by a reluctance to welcome private investment absent joint ownership or affiliation with the state. A few businesses, which had been privatized after independence, were renationalized. State banks account for 75% of the banking sector.\n\nEconomic output, which had declined for several years following the collapse of the Soviet Union, revived in the mid-2000s due to the boom in oil prices. Belarus has only small reserves of crude oil, though it imports most of its crude oil and natural gas from Russia at prices substantially below world market prices. Belarus then derives export revenue by refining Russian crude and selling it at market prices. In late 2006, Russia began a process of rolling back its subsidies on oil and gas exports to Belarus. Several times since, Russia and Belarus have had serious disagreements over the level and price of Russian energy supplies. At one point in 2010, Russia stopped the export of all subsidized oil to Belarus save for domestic needs before the two countries reached a deal to restart the export of discounted oil to Belarus. Beginning in early 2016, Russia claims Belarus began accumulating debt – reaching $740 million by April 2017 – for paying below an agreed price for Russian natural gas. Russia decided to reduce its export of crude oil as a result of the debt. In April 2017, Belarus agreed to pay its gas debt and Russia restored the flow of crude.\n\nLittle new non-Russian foreign investment has occurred in recent years. In 2011, a financial crisis began, triggered by government-directed salary hikes, compounded by an increased cost in Russian energy inputs and an overvalued Belarusian ruble that lead to a nearly three-fold devaluation of the Belarusian ruble. In November 2011, Belarus agreed to sell to Russia its remaining shares of Beltransgaz, the Belarusian natural gas pipeline operator, in exchange for reduced prices for Russian natural gas. The situation stabilized in 2012, after Belarus received part of a $3 billion loan from the Russian-dominated Eurasian Economic Community Bail-out Fund, a $1 billion loan from the Russian state-owned bank Sberbank, and $2.5 billion from the sale of Beltransgaz to Russian state-owned Gazprom; nevertheless, the Belarusian currency lost more than 60% of its value, as inflation reached new highs in 2011 and 2012, before calming in 2013. In December 2013, Russia announced a new loan for Belarus of up to $2 billion for 2014. Notwithstanding foreign assistance, the Belarusian economy continued to struggle under the weight of high external debt servicing payments and trade deficit. In mid-December 2014, structural economic shortcomings were aggravated by the devaluation of the Russian ruble, which triggered a near 40% devaluation of the Belarusian ruble.\n\nBelarus entered 2016 with a contracting economy and minimal hard currency reserves. Since 2012, Belarus’s economy has suffered stagnation, which has led to widening productivity and income gaps between Belarus and neighboring countries. Since 2015, the Belarusian government has tightened its monetary policies (including allowing a more flexible exchange rate regime) and reduced subsidized government lending to state-owned industrial and agricultural enterprises, amid a drop in state budget revenues owing to falling global prices on key Belarusian export commodities - petroleum products and potash fertilizer. In 2016, GDP and foreign trade fell and unemployment rose, while inflation declined and hard currency reserves increased.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 166000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 170500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 177400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 73, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 48130000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -2.6, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -3.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.7, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 212 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 17500, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 17900, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 18700, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 94, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 54.6, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 15.8, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 30.1, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 2.6, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 57.2, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -60.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 9.2, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 40.9, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 49.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 21.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 30.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 28.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 72 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "grain", "potatoes", "vegetables", "sugar beets", "flax", "beef", "milk" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "metal-cutting machine tools", "tractors", "trucks", "earthmovers", "motorcycles", "synthetic fibers", "fertilizer", "textiles", "refrigerators", "washing machines", "other household appliances" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": -0.4, "global_rank": 191, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 4381000, "global_rank": 89, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 9.7, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 23.4, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 66.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 4, "note": "official registered unemployed; large number of underemployed workers" }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 5.7, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 3.8, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 21.9, "units": "%" }, "date": "2008" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 26.5, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2011" }, { "value": 21.7, "units": "gini_index", "date": "1998" } ], "global_rank": 140 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 21210000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 20920000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 44.1, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": 0.6, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 60.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 48.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 67 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 13.6, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 213 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14, "units": "%", "date": "2017-04-19" }, { "value": 15, "units": "%", "date": "2017-03-15" } ], "global_rank": 6 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 18, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 18.08, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 23 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2232000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2301000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 125 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5651000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 7608000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 128 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 24090000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 22230000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 83 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -2118000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -2037000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 151 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 22650000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 26190000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 64 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "equipment", "mineral products", "chemicals", "metals", "textiles", "foodstuffs" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Russia", "percent": 39.1 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 11.1 }, { "name": "Ukraine", "percent": 9.5 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 4.3 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 4.1 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 25440000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 28330000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 66 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "mineral products", "machinery", "equipment", "chemicals", "foodstuffs", "metals" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Russia", "percent": 56.6 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 7.9 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 4.6 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4206000000.0000005, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 4176000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 96 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 34750000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 34850000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 74 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6929000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 7241000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 97 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3547000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 4649000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 68 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 18500, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 15926, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 15926, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 10224.1, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 8336.9, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Belarusian rubles (BYB/BYR) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 34080000000, "global_rank": 62, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 36700000000, "global_rank": 61, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "kWh": 194000000, "global_rank": 36, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "kWh": 2816000000, "global_rank": 31, "date": "2015" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 9200000, "global_rank": 62, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 99.7, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 57, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0.2, "global_rank": 149, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0.1, "global_rank": 119, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 32710, "global_rank": 66, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 31810, "global_rank": 50, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 439200, "global_rank": 23, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 200000000, "global_rank": 60, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 444400, "global_rank": 38, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 170000, "global_rank": 61, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 284200, "global_rank": 28, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 1334, "global_rank": 199, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 87, "date": "2016" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 20080000000, "global_rank": 38, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 70, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 20050000000, "global_rank": 18, "date": "2014" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 2832000000, "global_rank": 99, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 70000000, "global_rank": 50, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 4540678, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 47, "global_rank": 35, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 11448000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 119, "global_rank": 80, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "Belarus lags behind its neighbors in upgrading telecommunications infrastructure; modernization of the network progressing with over two-thirds of switching equipment now digital", "domestic": "state-owned Beltelcom is the sole provider of fixed-line local and long distance service; fixed-line teledensity is improving although rural areas continue to be underserved; the country has 3 major GSM mobile-cellular networks; mobile-cellular teledensity now approaches 120 telephones per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 375; Belarus is a member of the Trans-European Line (TEL), Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line, and has access to the Trans-Siberia Line (TSL); 3 fiber-optic segments provide connectivity to Latvia, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine; worldwide service is available to Belarus through this infrastructure; additional analog lines to Russia; Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik earth stations (2017)" } }, "broadcast_media": "7 state-controlled national TV channels; Polish and Russian TV broadcasts are available in some areas; state-run Belarusian Radio operates 5 national networks and an external service; Russian and Polish radio broadcasts are available (2017)", "internet": { "country_code": ".by", "users": { "total": 5968000, "percent_of_population": 62.2, "global_rank": 66, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 2, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 30, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 1489035, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 1807000, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "EW", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 65, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 33, "over_3047_metres": 1, "2438_to_3047_metres": 20, "1524_to_2437_metres": 4, "914_to_1523_metres": 1, "under_914_metres": 7, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 32, "over_3047_metres": 1, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 2, "under_914_metres": 28, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 5386, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 1589, "units": "km" }, { "type": "refined products", "length": 1730, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 5528, "units": "km" }, "broad_gauge": { "length": 5503, "electrified": 874, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.520-m" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 25, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 86392, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 74651, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 11741, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2010" }, "waterways": { "value": 2500, "units": "km", "note": "major rivers are the west-flowing Western Dvina and Neman rivers and the south-flowing Dnepr River and its tributaries, the Berezina, Sozh, and Pripyat rivers", "global_rank": 35, "date": "2011" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "river_ports": [ "Mazyr (Prypyats')" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.33, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.33, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.33, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.28, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 82 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Belarus Armed Forces", "Land Force", "Air", "Air Defense Force", "Special Operations Force" ], "date": "2013" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18-27 years of age for compulsory military or alternative service; conscript service obligation is 12-18 months, depending on academic qualifications, and 24-36 months for alternative service, depending on academic qualifications; 17 year olds are eligible to become cadets at military higher education institutes, where they are classified as military personnel", "date": "2016" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "boundary demarcated with Latvia and Lithuania", "as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Poland has implemented strict Schengen border rules to restrict illegal immigration and trade along its border with Belarus" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 126407, "country_of_origin": "Ukraine" } ], "date": "2015" }, "stateless_persons": { "people": 6182, "date": "2016" } }, "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "Belarus is a source, transit, and destination country for women, men, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; more victims are exploited within Belarus than abroad; Belarusians exploited abroad are primarily trafficked to Germany, Poland, Russian, and Turkey but also other European countries, the Middle East, Japan, Kazakhstan, and Mexico; Moldovans, Russians, Ukrainians, and Vietnamese are exploited in Belarus; state-sponsored forced labor is a continuing problem; students are forced to do farm labor without pay and military conscripts are forced to perform unpaid non-military work; the government has retained a decree forbidding workers in state-owned wood processing factories from leaving their jobs without their employers’ permission", "tier_rating": "Tier 3 – Belarus does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and was placed on Tier 3 after being on the Tier 2 Watch List for two consecutive years without making progress; government efforts to repeal state-sponsored forced labor policies and domestic trafficking were inadequate; no trafficking offenders were convicted in 2014, and the number of investigations progressively declined from 2005-2014; efforts to protect trafficking victims remain insufficient, with no identification and referral mechanism in place; care facilities were not trafficking-specific and were poorly equipped, leading most victims to seek assistance from private shelters (2015)" }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for the domestic market; transshipment point for illicit drugs to and via Russia, and to the Baltics and Western Europe; a small and lightly regulated financial center; anti-money-laundering legislation does not meet international standards and was weakened further when know-your-customer requirements were curtailed in 2008; few investigations or prosecutions of money-laundering activities (2008)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624100518/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bo.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bo.html" } }, "belgium": { "data": { "name": "Belgium", "introduction": { "background": "Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830; it was occupied by Germany during World Wars I and II. The country prospered in the past half century as a modern, technologically advanced European state and member of NATO and the EU. Political divisions between the Dutch-speaking Flemish of the north and the French-speaking Walloons of the south have led in recent years to constitutional amendments granting these regions formal recognition and autonomy. Its capital, Brussels, is home to numerous international organizations including the EU and NATO." }, "geography": { "location": "Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between France and the Netherlands", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 50, "minutes": 50, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 4, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Europe", "area": { "total": { "value": 30528, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 30278, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 250, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 141, "comparative": "about the size of Maryland" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 1297, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "France", "border_length": { "value": 556, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Germany", "border_length": { "value": 133, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Luxembourg", "border_length": { "value": 130, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Netherlands", "border_length": { "value": 478, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 66.5, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": "geographic coordinates define outer limit", "continental_shelf": "median line with neighbors" }, "climate": "temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy", "terrain": "flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged mountains of Ardennes Forest in southeast", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 181, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "North Sea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Botrange", "elevation": { "value": 694, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "construction materials", "silica sand", "carbonates", "arable land" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 44.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 27.2, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 16.1, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 22.4, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 33.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 230, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "most of the population concentrated in the northern two-thirds of the country; the southeast is more thinly populated; considered to have one of the highest population densities in the world; approximately 97% live in urban areas", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "flooding is a threat along rivers and in areas of reclaimed coastal land, protected from the sea by concrete dikes", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "intense pressures from human activities: urbanization", "dense transportation network", "industry", "extensive animal breeding and crop cultivation", "air and water pollution also have repercussions for neighboring countries" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Air Pollution", "Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides", "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants", "Air Pollution-Sulfur 85", "Air Pollution-Sulfur 94", "Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds", "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol", "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources", "Antarctic Seals", "Antarctic Treaty", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Marine Life Conservation", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Tropical Timber 83", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "crossroads of Western Europe; most West European capitals are within 1,000 km of Brussels, the seat of both the European Union and NATO" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 11409077, "global_rank": 78, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Belgian(s)", "adjective": "Belgian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Belgian", "percent": 75 }, { "name": "Italian", "percent": 4.1 }, { "name": "Moroccan", "percent": 3.7 }, { "name": "French", "percent": 2.4 }, { "name": "Turkish", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "Dutch", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 12.8 } ], "date": "2011" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Dutch", "percent": 60, "note": "official" }, { "name": "French", "percent": 40, "note": "official" }, { "name": "German less than", "percent": 1, "note": "official" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 50 }, { "name": "Protestant and other Christian", "percent": 2.5 }, { "name": "Jewish", "percent": 2.5 }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 5 }, { "name": "Buddhist", "percent": 0.3 }, { "name": "atheist", "percent": 9.2 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 32.6 } ], "date": "2009" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 17.12, "males": 1000155, "females": 952529 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 11.47, "males": 667760, "females": 640364 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 40.25, "males": 2315256, "females": 2277308 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 12.76, "males": 720823, "females": 735225 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 18.4, "males": 911199, "females": 1188458 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 54.2, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 26.1, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 28.1, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 3.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 41.4, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 40.2, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 42.7, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 37, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.73, "global_rank": 147, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 11.4, "global_rank": 171, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 9.7, "global_rank": 48, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 5.6, "global_rank": 21, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "most of the population concentrated in the northern two-thirds of the country; the southeast is more thinly populated; considered to have one of the highest population densities in the world; approximately 97% live in urban areas", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 97.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.48, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Brussels", "population": 2045000, "is_capital": true }, { "place": "Antwerp", "population": 994000 } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.02, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.98, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.76, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.97, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 28.2, "date": "2010" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 7, "global_rank": 156, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 3.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 3.8, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 3, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 207, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 81, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 78.4, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 83.7, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 30, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.78, "global_rank": 153, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 70.4, "units": "%", "note": "percent of women aged 18-49", "date": "2008" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 10.6, "global_rank": 16, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 2.97, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 6.5, "date": "2012" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 99.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 99.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 99.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 22.1, "global_rank": 83, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 6.4, "global_rank": 30, "date": "2011" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 20, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 19, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 21, "units": "years" }, "date": "2014" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 23.2, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 24, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 22.3, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 55, "date": "2014" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Kingdom of Belgium", "conventional_short_form": "Belgium", "local_long_form": "Royaume de Belgique (French)/Koninkrijk Belgie (Dutch)/Koenigreich Belgien (German)", "local_short_form": "Belgique/Belgie/Belgien", "etymology": "the name derives from the Belgae, an ancient Celtic tribal confederation that inhabited an area between the English Channel and the west bank of the Rhine in the first centuries B.C." }, "government_type": "federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy", "capital": { "name": "Brussels", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 50, "minutes": 50, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 4, "minutes": 20, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 1, "note": "6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, "independence": { "date": "1830-10-04", "note": "a provisional government declared independence from the Netherlands; 21 July 1831 (King LEOPOLD I ascended to the throne)" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Belgian National Day", "day": "21 July", "original_year": "1831", "note": "ascension to the throne of King LEOPOLD I" } ], "constitution": { "history": "drafted 25 November 1830, approved 7 February 1831, entered into force 26 July 1831, revised 14 July 1993 (creating a federal state)", "amendments": "\"revisions\" proposed as declarations by the federal government in accord with the king or by Parliament followed by dissolution of Parliament and new elections; adoption requires two-thirds majority vote of a two-thirds quorum in both houses of the next elected Parliament; amended many times, last in 2014 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system based on the French Civil Code; note - Belgian law continues to be modified in conformance with the legislative norms mandated by the European Union; judicial review of legislative acts", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Belgium", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "5 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": true }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "King PHILIPPE (since 21 July 2013); Heir Apparent Princess ELISABETH, daughter of the monarch", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Charles MICHEL (since 11 October 2014); Deputy Prime Ministers Alexander DE CROO (since 22 October 2012), Jan JAMBON (since 11 October 2014), Kris PEETERS, Didier REYNDERS (since 30 December 2008)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers formally appointed by the monarch", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary and constitutional; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch and approved by Parliament" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate or Senaat in Dutch, Senat in French (60 seats; 50 members indirectly elected by the community and regional parliaments based on their election results, and 10 elected by the 50 other senators; members serve 5-year terms) and the Chamber of Representatives or Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers in Dutch, Chambre des Representants in French (150 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)", "note": "the 1993 constitutional revision that further devolved Belgium into a federal state created three levels of government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a complex division of responsibilities; this reality leaves six governments, each with its own legislative assembly; changes above occurred since the sixth state reform", "elections": "Chamber of Deputies - last held on 23 May 2014 (next to be held in May 2019); note - elections will coincide with the EU's elections", "election_results": "Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - N-VA 20.3%, PS 11.7%, CD\u0026V; 11.6%, Open VLD 9.8%, MR 9.6%, SP.A 8.8%, Groen! 5.3%, CDH 5.0% Workers' Party 3.7%, VB 3.7%, Ecolo 3.3%, Defi 1.8%, PP 1.5%, other 3.9%; seats by party - N-VA 33, PS 23, CD\u0026V; 18, Open VLD 14, MR 20, SP.A 13, Groen! 6, CDH 9, Workers' Party 2, VB 3, Ecolo 6, Defi 2, PP 1" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "highest court(s): Constitutional Court or Grondwettelijk Hof in Dutch and Cour constitutionelle in French (consists of 12 judges - 6 Dutch-speaking and 6 French-speaking); Supreme Court of Justice or Hof van Cassatie in Dutch and Cour de Cassation in French (court organized into 3 chambers: civil and commercial; criminal; social, fiscal, and armed forces; each chamber includes a Dutch division and a French division, each with a chairperson and 5-6 judges)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Constitutional Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates submitted by Parliament; judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 70; Supreme Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates submitted by the High Council of Justice, a 44-member independent body of judicial and non-judicial members; judges appointed for life", "subordinate_courts": "Courts of Appeal; regional courts; specialized courts for administrative, commercial, labor, immigration, and audit issues; magistrate's courts; justices of the peace" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Christian Democratic and Flemish", "name_alternative": "CD\u0026V;", "leaders": [ "Wouter BEKE" ] }, { "name": "Flemish Liberals and Democrats", "name_alternative": "Open VLD", "leaders": [ "Gwendolyn RUTTEN" ] }, { "name": "Groen! ", "leaders": [ "Meyrem ALMACI" ], "note": "formerly AGALEV, Flemish Greens" }, { "name": "New Flemish Alliance", "name_alternative": "N-VA", "leaders": [ "Bart DE WEVER" ] }, { "name": "Social Progressive Alternative", "name_alternative": "SP.A", "leaders": [ "John CROMBEZ" ] }, { "name": "Vlaams Belang", "name_alternative": "VB", "leaders": [ "Tom VAN GRIEKEN" ], "note": "Flemish Interest" }, { "name": "Ecolo ", "leaders": [ "Patrick DUPRIEZ and Zakia KHATTABI" ], "note": "Francophone Greens" }, { "name": "Francophone Federalist Democrats", "name_alternative": "Defi", "leaders": [ "Olivier MAINGAIN" ] }, { "name": "Humanist and Democratic Center", "name_alternative": "CDH", "leaders": [ "Benoit LUTGEN" ] }, { "name": "People's Party", "name_alternative": "PP", "leaders": [ "Mischael MODRIKAMEN" ] }, { "name": "Reform Movement", "name_alternative": "MR", "leaders": [ "Olivier CHASTEL" ] }, { "name": "Socialist Party", "name_alternative": "PS", "leaders": [ "Elio DI RUPO" ] }, { "name": "Workers' Party", "name_alternative": "PTB", "leaders": [ "Peter MERTENS" ] }, { "name": "Other minor parties" } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Belgian General Federation of Labor", "leaders": [ "Rudy DE LEEUW", "Marc GOBLET" ] }, { "name": "Confederation of Christan Trade Unions", "leaders": [ "Marc LEEMANS", "Marie-Helene SKA" ] }, { "name": "Federation of Enterprises in Belgium", "leaders": [ "Pieter TIMMERMANS", "Bernard GILLOT" ] }, { "name": "numerous other associations representing bankers" }, { "name": "manufacturers" }, { "name": "middle-class artisans" }, { "name": "the legal and medical professions" }, { "name": "trade unions" }, { "name": "various organizations representing the cultural interests of Flanders and Wallonia" }, { "name": "various peace groups such as BEPax and groups representing immigrants" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ADB ", "note": "nonregional members" }, { "organization": "AfDB ", "note": "nonregional members" }, { "organization": "Australia Group" }, { "organization": "Benelux" }, { "organization": "BIS" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CE" }, { "organization": "CERN" }, { "organization": "EAPC" }, { "organization": "EBRD" }, { "organization": "ECB" }, { "organization": "EIB" }, { "organization": "EITI ", "note": "implementing country" }, { "organization": "EMU" }, { "organization": "ESA" }, { "organization": "EU" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "FATF" }, { "organization": "G-9" }, { "organization": "G-10" }, { "organization": "IADB" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IEA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IGAD ", "note": "partners" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MONUSCO" }, { "organization": "NATO" }, { "organization": "NEA" }, { "organization": "NSG" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OECD" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OSCE" }, { "organization": "Pacific Alliance ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "Paris Club" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "Schengen Convention" }, { "organization": "SELEC ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNIFIL" }, { "organization": "UNRWA" }, { "organization": "UNTSO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" }, { "organization": "ZC" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Dirk Jozef M. WOUTERS (since 16 September 2016)", "chancery": "3330 Garfield Street NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 333-6900", "fax": "[1] (202) 333-3079", "consulates_general": "Atlanta, Los Angeles, New York" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Matthew LUSSENHOP (since 21 January 2017)", "embassy": "27 Boulevard du Regent [Regentlaan], B-1000 Brussels", "mailing_address": "PSC 82, Box 002, APO AE 09710", "telephone": "[32] (2) 811-4000", "fax": "[32] (2) 811-4500" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red; the vertical design was based on the flag of France; the colors are those of the arms of the duchy of Brabant (yellow lion with red claws and tongue on a black field)" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "lion" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "black" }, { "color": "yellow" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"La Brabanconne\" (The Song of Brabant)", "lyrics_music": "Louis-Alexandre DECHET[French] Victor CEULEMANS [Dutch]/Francois VAN CAMPENHOUT", "note": "adopted 1830; according to legend, Louis-Alexandre DECHET, an actor at the theater in which the revolution against the Netherlands began, wrote the lyrics with a group of young people in a Brussels cafe", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/BE.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Belgium’s central geographic location and highly developed transport network have helped develop a well-diversified economy, with a broad mix of transport, services, manufacturing, and high tech. Industry is concentrated mainly in the more heavily-populated region of Flanders in the north. Belgium is 100% reliant on foreign sources of fossil fuels, and the planned closure of its seven nuclear plants by 2025 should increase its dependence on foreign energy. Its role as a regional logistical hub makes its economy vulnerable to shifts in foreign demand, particularly with EU trading partners. Roughly three-quarters of Belgium's trade is with other EU countries.\n\nBelgium’s GDP grew by 1.4% in 2016, unemployment ended at 8.4%, and the budget deficit was 2.7% of GDP. The economy largely recovered from the March 2016 terrorist attacks, which mainly impacted the Brussels region tourist and hospitality industry. Prime Minister Charles MICHEL's center-right government has pledged to further reduce the deficit in response to EU pressure to decrease Belgium's high public debt of about 107% of GDP, but such efforts could also dampen economic growth. In addition to restrained public spending, low wage growth and higher inflation promise to curtail a more robust recovery in private consumption.\n\nThe government has pledged to pursue a reform program to improve Belgium’s competitiveness, including changes to tax policy, labor market rules, and welfare benefits. These changes have generally made Belgian wages more competitive regionally, but risk worsening tensions with trade unions and triggering extended strikes.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 508600000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 501400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 494600000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 38, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 470200000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.4, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.3, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 164 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 44900, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 44700, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 44100, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 35, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 51.8, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 24, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 23.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": -0.1, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 83.1, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -82.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 0.6, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 21.8, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 77.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 23.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 22.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 22.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 57 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "sugar beets", "fresh vegetables", "fruits", "grain", "tobacco", "beef", "veal", "pork", "milk" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "engineering", "metal products", "motor vehicle assembly", "transportation equipment", "scientific instruments", "processed food", "beverages", "chemicals", "pharmaceuticals", "base metals", "textiles", "glass", "petroleum" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 1.5, "global_rank": 131, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 5272000, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 1.3, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 18.6, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 80.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2013" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8.4, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 8.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 100 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 15.1, "units": "%", "date": "2013" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 3.4, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 28.4, "units": "%" }, "date": "2006" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 25.9, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 28.7, "units": "gini_index", "date": "1996" } ], "global_rank": 142 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 232300000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 245000000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 49.4, "global_rank": 14, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -2.7, "global_rank": 94, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 106.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 106.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 12, "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions; general government debt is defined by the Maastricht definition and calculated by the National Bank of Belgium as consolidated gross debt; the debt is defined in European Regulation EC479/2009 concerning the implementation of the protocol on the excessive deficit procedure annexed to the Treaty on European Union (Treaty of Maastricht) of 7 February 1992; the sub-sectors of consolidated gross debt are: federal government, communities and regions, local government, and social security funds" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.6, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.6, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 98 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.25, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 0.3, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 137, "note": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area" }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2.46, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 173 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 193000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 181500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 24, "note": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders" }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 606900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 630900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 21 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 646600000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 660800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 20 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 414600000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 378500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 374300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 23 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4586000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2012000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 27 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 250800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 259899999999.99997, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 20 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "chemicals", "machinery", "equipment", "finished diamonds", "metals", "metal products", "foodstuffs" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Germany", "percent": 16.9 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 15.5 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 11.4 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 8.8 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 6 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 5 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 251700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 259600000000.00003, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 16 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "raw materials", "machinery", "equipment", "chemicals", "raw diamonds", "pharmaceuticals", "foodstuffs", "transportation equipment", "oil products" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 16.7 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 12.7 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 9.6 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 8.7 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 5.1 }, { "name": "Ireland", "percent": 4.7 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 4.3 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 24100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 25400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 55 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1281000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-03-31" }, { "value": 1214000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-03-31" } ], "global_rank": 16 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1044999999999.9999, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1034000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 10 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1010000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1010000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 13 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.9214, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.885, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.885, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0.7634, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.78, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "euros (EUR) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 65500000000, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 81200000000, "global_rank": 36, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "kWh": 2600000000, "global_rank": 44, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "kWh": 21030000000, "global_rank": 9, "date": "2015" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 21520000, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 38.4, "global_rank": 166, "date": "2015" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 37.5, "global_rank": 3, "date": "2015" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0.4, "global_rank": 146, "date": "2015" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 23.5, "global_rank": 12, "date": "2015" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 73090, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 715000, "global_rank": 16, "date": "2015" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 730200, "global_rank": 26, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 647800, "global_rank": 33, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 535700, "global_rank": 12, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 547700, "global_rank": 16, "date": "2015" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 158, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 17580000000, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 848000000, "global_rank": 40, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 17400000000, "global_rank": 21, "date": "2015" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 93620000, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 4488711, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 40, "global_rank": 32, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 12938000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 114, "global_rank": 73, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "highly developed, technologically advanced, and completely automated domestic and international telephone and telegraph facilities", "domestic": "nationwide mobile-cellular telephone system; extensive cable network; limited microwave radio relay network", "international": "country code - 32; landing point for a number of submarine cables that provide links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 7 (Intelsat - 3) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "a segmented market with the three major communities (Flemish, French, and German-speaking) each having responsibility for their own broadcast media; multiple TV channels exist for each community; additionally, in excess of 90% of households are connected to cable and can access broadcasts of TV stations from neighboring countries; each community has a public radio network coexisting with private broadcasters (2009)", "internet": { "country_code": ".be", "users": { "total": 9631000, "percent_of_population": 85, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 7, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 117, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 11193023, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 1464316900, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "OO", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 41, "global_rank": 102, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 26, "over_3047_metres": 6, "2438_to_3047_metres": 9, "1524_to_2437_metres": 2, "914_to_1523_metres": 1, "under_914_metres": 8, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 15, "under_914_metres": 15, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 3139, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 154, "units": "km" }, { "type": "refined products", "length": 535, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 3592, "units": "km" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 3592, "electrified": 2960, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "global_rank": 50, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 154012, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 120514, "units": "km", "note": "includes 1,756 km of expressways" }, "unpaved": { "value": 33498, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 33, "date": "2010" }, "waterways": { "value": 2043, "units": "km", "note": "1,528 km in regular commercial use", "global_rank": 41, "date": "2012" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 87, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 23 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 15 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 5 }, { "type": "container", "count": 4 }, { "type": "liquefied gas", "count": 23 }, { "type": "passenger", "count": 2 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 8 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 7 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 15, "by_country": [ { "country": "Denmark", "count": 4 }, { "country": "France", "count": 7 }, { "country": "Russia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "UK", "count": 2 }, { "country": "US", "count": 1 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 107, "by_country": [ { "country": "Bahamas", "count": 6 }, { "country": "Cambodia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Cyprus", "count": 3 }, { "country": "France", "count": 7 }, { "country": "Gibraltar", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Greece", "count": 17 }, { "country": "Hong Kong", "count": 26 }, { "country": "Liberia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Luxembourg", "count": 11 }, { "country": "Malta", "count": 7 }, { "country": "Marshall Islands", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Mozambique", "count": 2 }, { "country": "North Korea", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Panama", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Portugal", "count": 8 }, { "country": "Russia", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Saint Kitts and Nevis", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "count": 7 }, { "country": "Singapore", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Vanuatu", "count": 1 } ] }, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Oostende", "Zeebrugge" ], "river_ports": [ "Antwerp", "Gent (Schelde River)", "Brussels (Senne River)", "Liege (Meuse River)" ], "container_ports": [ { "place": "Antwerp", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 8664243 }, { "place": "Zeebrugge", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 2207257 } ], "liquid_natural_gas_terminals_import": [ "Zeebrugge" ], "date": "2011" } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.85, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.91, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.97, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.01, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.05, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 97 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Belgian Armed Forces", "Land Operations Command", "Naval Operations Command", "Air Operations Command" ], "date": "2012" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 1994", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 9080, "country_of_origin": "Syria" } ], "date": "2016" }, "stateless_persons": { "people": 2630, "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "growing producer of synthetic drugs and cannabis; transit point for US-bound ecstasy; source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors; transshipment point for cocaine, heroin, hashish, and marijuana entering Western Europe; despite a strengthening of legislation, the country remains vulnerable to money laundering related to narcotics, automobiles, alcohol, and tobacco; significant domestic consumption of ecstasy" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102635/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/be.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/be.html" } }, "belize": { "data": { "name": "Belize", "introduction": { "background": "Belize was the site of several Mayan city states until their decline at the end of the first millennium A.D. The British and Spanish disputed the region in the 17th and 18th centuries; it formally became the colony of British Honduras in 1862. Territorial disputes between the UK and Guatemala delayed the independence of Belize until 1981. Guatemala refused to recognize the new nation until 1992 and the two countries are involved in an ongoing border dispute. Tourism has become the mainstay of the economy. Current concerns include the country's heavy foreign debt burden, high unemployment, growing involvement in the Mexican and South American drug trade, high crime rates, and one of the highest HIV/AIDS prevalence rates in Central America." }, "geography": { "location": "Central America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between Guatemala and Mexico", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 17, "minutes": 15, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 88, "minutes": 45, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Central America and the Caribbean", "area": { "total": { "value": 22966, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 22806, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 160, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 152, "comparative": "slightly smaller than Massachusetts" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 542, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Guatemala", "border_length": { "value": 266, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Mexico", "border_length": { "value": 276, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 386, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm", "note": "in the north, 3 nm in the south; note - from the mouth of the Sarstoon River to Ranguana Cay, Belize's territorial sea is 3 nm; according to Belize's Maritime Areas Act, 1992, the purpose of this limitation is to provide a framework for negotiating a definitive agreement on territorial differences with Guatemala" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November); dry season (February to May)", "terrain": "flat, swampy coastal plain; low mountains in south", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 173, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Caribbean Sea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Doyle's Delight", "elevation": { "value": 1160, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "arable land potential", "timber", "fish", "hydropower" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 6.9, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 3.3, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 1.4, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 2.2, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 60.6, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 32.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 35, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "approximately 25 to 30% of the population lives in the former capital, Belize City; over half of the overall population is rural; population density is slightly higher in the north and east", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "frequent, devastating hurricanes (June to November) and coastal flooding (especially in south)", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "deforestation", "water pollution from sewage", "industrial effluents", "agricultural runoff", "solid and sewage waste disposal" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "only country in Central America without a coastline on the North Pacific Ocean" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 353858, "global_rank": 178, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Belizean(s)", "adjective": "Belizean" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "mestizo", "percent": 52.9 }, { "name": "Creole", "percent": 25.9 }, { "name": "Maya", "percent": 11.3 }, { "name": "Garifuna", "percent": 6.1 }, { "name": "East Indian", "percent": 3.9 }, { "name": "Mennonite", "percent": 3.6 }, { "name": "white", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "Asian", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "unknown", "percent": 0.3 } ], "note": "percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin", "date": "2010" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "English", "percent": 62.9, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Spanish", "percent": 56.6 }, { "name": "Creole", "percent": 44.6 }, { "name": "Maya", "percent": 10.5 }, { "name": "German", "percent": 3.2 }, { "name": "Garifuna", "percent": 2.9 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.8 }, { "name": "unknown", "percent": 0.3 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 0.2, "note": "cannot speak" } ], "note": "shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census", "date": "2010" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 40.1 }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 31.5, "breakdown": [ { "name": "includes Pentecostal", "percent": 8.4 }, { "name": "Seventh Day Adventist", "percent": 5.4 }, { "name": "Anglican", "percent": 4.7 }, { "name": "Mennonite", "percent": 3.7 }, { "name": "Baptist", "percent": 3.6 }, { "name": "Methodist", "percent": 2.9 }, { "name": "Nazarene", "percent": 2.8 } ] }, { "name": "Jehovah's Witness", "percent": 1.7 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 10.5, "note": "includes Baha'i, Buddhist, Hindu, Mormon, Muslim, Rastafarian, Salvation Army" }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.6 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 15.5 } ], "date": "2010" }, "demographic_profile": "Migration continues to transform Belize's population. About 16% of Belizeans live abroad, while immigrants constitute approximately 15% of Belize's population. Belizeans seeking job and educational opportunities have preferred to emigrate to the United States rather than former colonizer Great Britain because of the United States' closer proximity and stronger trade ties with Belize. Belizeans also emigrate to Canada, Mexico, and English-speaking Caribbean countries. The emigration of a large share of Creoles (Afro-Belizeans) and the influx of Central American immigrants, mainly Guatemalans, Salvadorans, and Hondurans, has changed Belize's ethnic composition. Mestizos have become the largest ethnic group, and Belize now has more native Spanish speakers than English or Creole speakers, despite English being the official language. In addition, Central American immigrants are establishing new communities in rural areas, which contrasts with the urbanization trend seen in neighboring countries. Recently, Chinese, European, and North American immigrants have become more frequent.\nImmigration accounts for an increasing share of Belize's population growth rate, which is steadily falling due to fertility decline. Belize's declining birth rate and its increased life expectancy are creating an aging population. As the elderly population grows and nuclear families replace extended households, Belize's government will be challenged to balance a rising demand for pensions, social services, and healthcare for its senior citizens with the need to reduce poverty and social inequality and to improve sanitation.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 34.41, "males": 62139, "females": 59611 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 20.71, "males": 37333, "females": 35960 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 36.26, "males": 64968, "females": 63346 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 4.84, "males": 8445, "females": 8666 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 3.78, "males": 6291, "females": 7099 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 56.8, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 50.9, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 5.9, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 17, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 22.4, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 22.2, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 22.6, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 176, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1.84, "global_rank": 59, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 24.3, "global_rank": 59, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 6, "global_rank": 163, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 0, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "approximately 25 to 30% of the population lives in the former capital, Belize City; over half of the overall population is rural; population density is slightly higher in the north and east", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 44, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 1.93, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Belmopan", "population": 17000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.97, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.89, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 28, "global_rank": 105, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 19.3, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 21.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 16.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 87, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 68.7, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 67.2, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 70.4, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 163, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.9, "global_rank": 58, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 55.2, "units": "%", "date": "2011" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 5.8, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.77, "date": "2009" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 1.1, "date": "2012" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 98.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 99.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 1.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 93.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 88.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 90.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 6.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 11.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 9.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 1.52, "global_rank": 38, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 3600, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 100, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "dengue fever", "malaria" ], "note": "active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus", "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 20.6, "global_rank": 15, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 6.2, "global_rank": 81, "date": "2011" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 6.2, "global_rank": 29, "date": "2013" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 27751, "percentage": { "value": 40, "units": "%" }, "date": "2001" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 25, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 18, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 35.6, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2012" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Belize", "former": "British Honduras", "etymology": "may be named for the Belize River, whose name possibly derives from the Maya word \"belix,\" meaning \"muddy-watered\"" }, "government_type": "parliamentary democracy (National Assembly) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm", "capital": { "name": "Belmopan", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 17, "minutes": 15, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 88, "minutes": 46, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -6, "note": "1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Belize", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Cayo", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Corozal", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Orange Walk", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Stann Creek", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Toledo", "type": "district" } ], "independence": { "date": "1981-09-21", "note": "from the UK" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Battle of St. George's Caye Day", "day": "10 September", "original_year": "1798", "note": "National Day" }, { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "21 September", "original_year": "1981" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1954, 1963 (preindependence); latest signed and entered into force 21 September 1981; amended several times, last in 2012 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "English common law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "yes", "citizenship_by_descent": "yes", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "5 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG, Sr. (since 17 November 1993)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Dean Oliver BARROW (since 8 February 2008); Deputy Prime Minister Patrick FABER (since 7 June 2016)", "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister from among members of the National Assembly", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral National Assembly consists of the Senate (12 seats; members appointed by the governor general - 6 on the advice of the prime minister, 3 on the advice of the leader of the opposition, and 1 each on the advice of the Belize Council of Churches and Evangelical Association of Churches, the Belize Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Belize Better Business Bureau, and the National Trade Union Congress and the Civil Society Steering Committee; members serve 5-year terms) and the House of Representatives (31 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "House of Representatives - last held on 4 November 2015 (next to be held in or before 2020)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - UDP 50%, PUP 47.28%, other 2.72%; seats by party - UDP 19, PUP 12" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Judicature (consists of the Court of Appeal with the court president and 3 justices, and the Supreme Court with the chief justice and 2 judges); note - in 2010, Belize ceased final appeals in civil and criminal cases to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) and accceded to the Caribbean Court of Justice", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Court of Appeal president and justices appointed by the governor general upon advice of the prime minister after consultation with the National Assembly opposition leader; justices' tenures vary by terms of appointment; Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the governor-general upon the advice of the prime minister and the National Assembly opposition leader; other judges appointed by the governor-general upon the advice of the Judicial and Legal Services Section of the Public Services Commission and with the concurrence of the prime minister after consultation with the National Assembly opposition leader; judges can be appointed beyond age 65 but must retire by age 75; in 2013, the Supreme Court chief justice overturned a constitutional amendment that had restricted Court of Appeal judge appointments to as short as 1 year", "subordinate_courts": "Magistrate Courts; Family Court" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Belize Progressive Party", "name_alternative": "BPP", "leaders": [ "Patrick ROGERS" ], "note": "formed in 2015 from a merger of the People's National Party, elements of the VIP, other smaller political groups" }, { "name": "People's United Party", "name_alternative": "PUP", "leaders": [ "Johnny BRICENO" ] }, { "name": "United Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "UDP", "leaders": [ "Dean Oliver BARROW" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "National Trade Union Congress of Belize", "name_alternative": "NTUC/B", "leaders": [ "vacant" ] } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AOSIS" }, { "organization": "C" }, { "organization": "Caricom" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CDB" }, { "organization": "CELAC" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IADB" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "LAES" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OAS" }, { "organization": "OPANAL" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "Petrocaribe" }, { "organization": "SICA" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Ardelle SABIDO", "chancery": "2535 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 332-9636", "fax": "[1] (202) 332-6888", "consulates_general": "Los Angeles" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d’Affaires Adrienne GALANEK", "embassy": "Floral Park Road, Belmopan City, Cayo District", "mailing_address": "P.O. Box 497, Belmopan City, Cayo District, Belize", "telephone": "[011] (501) 822-4011", "fax": "[011] (501) 822-4012" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "royal blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom edges; centered is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the coat of arms features a shield flanked by two workers in front of a mahogany tree with the related motto SUB UMBRA FLOREO (I Flourish in the Shade) on a scroll at the bottom, all encircled by a green garland of 50 mahogany leaves; the colors are those of the two main political parties: blue for the PUP and red for the UDP; various elements of the coat of arms - the figures, the tools, the mahogany tree, and the garland of leaves - recall the logging industry that led to British settlement of Belize", "note": "Belize's flag is the only national flag that depicts human beings; two British overseas territories, Montserrat and the British Virgin Islands, also depict humans" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "Baird's tapir ", "note": "a large, browsing, forest-dwelling mammal" }, { "symbol": "keel-billed toucan" }, { "symbol": "Black Orchid" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "blue" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Land of the Free\"", "lyrics_music": "Samuel Alfred HAYNES/Selwyn Walford YOUNG", "note": "adopted 1981; as a Commonwealth country, in addition to the national anthem, \"God Save the Queen\" serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/BH.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Tourism is the number one foreign exchange earner in this small economy, followed by exports of sugar, bananas, citrus, marine products, and crude oil.\n\nThe government's expansionary monetary and fiscal policies, initiated in September 1998, led to GDP growth averaging nearly 4% in 1999-2007, however GDP growth slowed to 1% in 2015, and 0% in 2016. Oil discoveries in 2006 bolstered this growth and oil exploration continues, but production has fallen in recent years and future oil revenues remain uncertain, and are offset by Belize’s growing imports of refined oil.\n\nAlthough Belize has the third highest per capita income in Central America, the average income figure masks a huge income disparity between rich and poor, and a key government objective remains reducing poverty and inequality with the help of international donors. High unemployment, a growing trade deficit and heavy foreign debt burden continue to be major concerns. Belize faces continued pressure from rising sovereign debt, and a growing trade imbalance.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3088000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3088000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3056000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 187, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 1770000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 4.1, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 196 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8200, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 8400, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 8600, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 149, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 72.1, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 17.2, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 20.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.8, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 52.6, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -63, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 11.7, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 14.5, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 59.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 13.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 11.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 162 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "bananas", "cacao", "citrus", "sugar", "fish", "cultured shrimp", "lumber" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "garment production", "food processing", "tourism", "construction", "oil" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": -1, "global_rank": 180, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 120500, "global_rank": 180, "date": "2008" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 10.2, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 18.1, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 71.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2007" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12.9, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 14.1, "units": "%", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 145 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 41, "units": "%", "date": "2013" }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 500000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 650000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 28.2, "global_rank": 88, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -8.5, "global_rank": 194, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 86.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 82.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 27 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 April", "end": "31 March" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.9, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -0.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 65 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9.86, "units": "%", "date": "2016-09-01" }, { "value": 10.01, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 23 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 10.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 10.32, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 74 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 765500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 764300000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 157 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1785000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1437000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 161 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1450000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1174000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 154 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -192000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -172000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 86 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 519500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 537900000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 171 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "sugar", "bananas", "citrus", "clothing", "fish products", "molasses", "wood", "crude oil" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "UK", "percent": 31.1 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 18.9 }, { "name": "Nigeria", "percent": 6.8 }, { "name": "Trinidad and Tobago", "percent": 4.8 }, { "name": "Ireland", "percent": 4.3 }, { "name": "Jamaica", "percent": 4.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 895500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 961300000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 182 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "transport equipment", "manufactured goods", "fuels", "chemicals", "pharmaceuticals", "food", "beverages", "tobacco" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 26.9 }, { "name": "Mexico", "percent": 11.9 }, { "name": "Cuba", "percent": 10.3 }, { "name": "Guatemala", "percent": 8.1 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 7.6 }, { "name": "Trinidad and Tobago", "percent": 5.7 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 409300000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 437200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 153 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1327000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1309000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 163 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 2, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 2, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Belizean dollars (BZD) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 300000000, "global_rank": 186, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 400000000, "global_rank": 174, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 112, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 200000000, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 200000, "global_rank": 163, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 46.9, "global_rank": 150, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 52, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 27.3, "global_rank": 84, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 25.8, "global_rank": 7, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 2000, "global_rank": 88, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 3000, "global_rank": 73, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 165, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 6700000, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 33, "global_rank": 111, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 3700, "global_rank": 181, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 159, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 3638, "global_rank": 173, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 160, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 122, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 67, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 163, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 116, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 700000, "global_rank": 173, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 21000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 6, "global_rank": 180, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 170000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 49, "global_rank": 182, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "above-average system; trunk network depends primarily on microwave radio relay", "domestic": "fixed-line teledensity of only about 6 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity approaching 50 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 501; landing point for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1) fiber-optic telecommunications submarine cable that provides links to South and Central America, parts of the Caribbean, and the US; satellite earth station - 8 (Intelsat - 2, unknown - 6) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "8 privately owned TV stations; multi-channel cable TV provides access to foreign stations; about 25 radio stations broadcasting on roughly 50 different frequencies; state-run radio was privatized in 1998 (2009)", "internet": { "country_code": ".bz", "users": { "total": 144000, "percent_of_population": 41.6, "global_rank": 170, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 2, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 28, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 935603, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 2463420, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "V3", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 47, "global_rank": 92, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 6, "2438_to_3047_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 2, "under_914_metres": 3, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 41, "2438_to_3047_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 11, "under_914_metres": 29, "date": "2013" } } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 2870, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 488, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 2382, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 169, "date": "2011" }, "waterways": { "value": 825, "units": "km", "note": "navigable only by small craft", "global_rank": 70, "date": "2011" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 247, "by_type": [ { "type": "barge carrier", "count": 1 }, { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 33 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 156 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 2 }, { "type": "liquefied gas", "count": 1 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 4 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 9 }, { "type": "refrigerated cargo", "count": 30 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 10 }, { "type": "specialized tanker", "count": 1 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 152, "by_country": [ { "country": "Bulgaria", "count": 1 }, { "country": "China", "count": 61 }, { "country": "Croatia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Estonia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Greece", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Iceland", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Italy", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Latvia", "count": 9 }, { "country": "Lithuania", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Netherlands", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Norway", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Russia", "count": 30 }, { "country": "Singapore", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Switzerland", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Syria", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Thailand", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Turkey", "count": 16 }, { "country": "UAE", "count": 3 }, { "country": "UK", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Ukraine", "count": 6 } ] }, "global_rank": 33, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Belize City", "Big Creek" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.12, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.03, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.09, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.97, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 1.04, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ] }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Belize Defense Force (BDF)", "Army", "BDF Air Wing", "Belize Coast Guard", "Belize Police Department" ], "date": "2017" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; laws allow for conscription only if volunteers are insufficient; conscription has never been implemented; volunteers typically outnumber available positions by 3:1; initial service obligation 12 years", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Guatemala persists in its territorial claim to approximately half of Belize, but agrees to the Line of Adjacency to keep Guatemalan squatters out of Belize's forested interior", "both countries agreed in April 2012 to hold simultaneous referenda, scheduled for 6 October 2013, to decide whether to refer the dispute to the ICJ for binding resolution, but this vote was suspended indefinitely", "Belize and Mexico are working to solve minor border demarcation discrepancies arising from inaccuracies in the 1898 border treaty" ], "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "Belize is a source, destination, and transit country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; the coerced prostitution of women and children by family members has not led to arrests; child sex tourism, involving primarily US citizens, is on the rise; sex trafficking and forced labor of Belizean and foreign women and LGBT individuals occurs in bars, nightclubs, brothels, and domestic service; workers from Central America, Mexico, and Asia may fall victim to forced labor in restaurants, shops, agriculture, and fishing", "tier_rating": "Tier 3 – Belize does not comply fully with the minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; authorities did not initiate any new trafficking investigations of prosecutions, and cases from previous years remain pending; law enforcement efforts to use informal means to identify and refer victims were ineffective and draft procedures for referring victims to services are still not finalized; trafficking victims were more commonly arrested, detained, or deported based on immigration violations than provided with assistance; the government did not make progress in implementing the 2012-2014 anti-trafficking national strategic plan (2015)" }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "transshipment point for cocaine; small-scale illicit producer of cannabis, primarily for local consumption; offshore sector money-laundering activity related to narcotics trafficking and other crimes (2008)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102759/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bh.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bh.html" } }, "benin": { "data": { "name": "Benin", "introduction": { "background": "Present day Benin was the site of Dahomey, a West African kingdom that rose to prominence in about 1600 and over the next two and a half centuries became a regional power, largely based on its slave trade. Coastal areas of Dahomey began to be controlled by the French in the second half of the 19th century; the entire kingdom was conquered by 1894. French Dahomey achieved independence in 1960; it changed its name to the Republic of Benin in 1975.\nA succession of military governments ended in 1972 with the rise to power of Mathieu KEREKOU and the establishment of a government based on Marxist-Leninist principles. A move to representative government began in 1989. Two years later, free elections ushered in former Prime Minister Nicephore SOGLO as president, marking the first successful transfer of power in Africa from a dictatorship to a democracy. KEREKOU was returned to power by elections held in 1996 and 2001, though some irregularities were alleged. KEREKOU stepped down at the end of his second term in 2006 and was succeeded by Thomas YAYI Boni, a political outsider and independent, who won a second five-year term in March 2011. Patrice TALON, a wealthy businessman, took office in 2016 after campaigning to restore public confidence in the government." }, "geography": { "location": "Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Nigeria and Togo", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 9, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 2, "minutes": 15, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Africa", "area": { "total": { "value": 112622, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 110622, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 2000, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 102, "comparative": "slightly smaller than Pennsylvania" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 2123, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Burkina Faso", "border_length": { "value": 386, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Niger", "border_length": { "value": 277, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Nigeria", "border_length": { "value": 809, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Togo", "border_length": { "value": 651, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 121, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north", "terrain": "mostly flat to undulating plain; some hills and low mountains", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 273, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Atlantic Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mont Sokbaro", "elevation": { "value": 658, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "small offshore oil deposits", "limestone", "marble", "timber" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 31.3, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 22.9, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 3.5, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 4.9, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 40, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 28.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 230, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north from December to March", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "inadequate supplies of potable water", "poaching threatens wildlife populations", "deforestation", "desertification" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "sandbanks create difficult access to a coast with no natural harbors, river mouths, or islands" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 10741458, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Beninese (singular and plural)", "adjective": "Beninese" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Fon and related", "percent": 38.4 }, { "name": "Adja and related", "percent": 15.1 }, { "name": "Yoruba and related", "percent": 12 }, { "name": "Bariba and related", "percent": 9.6 }, { "name": "Fulani and related", "percent": 8.6 }, { "name": "Ottamari and related", "percent": 6.1 }, { "name": "Yoa-Lokpa and related", "percent": 4.3 }, { "name": "Dendi and related", "percent": 2.9 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.9 }, { "name": "foreigner", "percent": 1.9 } ], "date": "2013" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "French", "note": "official" }, { "name": "Fon and Yoruba", "note": "most common vernaculars in south" }, { "name": "tribal languages", "note": "at least six major ones in north" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 27.7 }, { "name": "Catholic", "percent": 25.5 }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 13.5, "breakdown": [ { "name": "Celestial", "percent": 6.7 }, { "name": "Methodist", "percent": 3.4 }, { "name": "other Protestant", "percent": 3.4 } ] }, { "name": "Vodoun", "percent": 11.6 }, { "name": "other Christian", "percent": 9.5 }, { "name": "other traditional religions", "percent": 2.6 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 2.6 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 5.8 } ], "date": "2013" }, "demographic_profile": "Benin has a youthful age structure – almost 65% of the population is under the age of 25 – which is bolstered by high fertility and population growth rates. Benin’s total fertility has been falling over time but remains high, declining from almost 7 children per women in 1990 to 4.8 in 2016. Benin’s low contraceptive use and high unmet need for contraception contribute to the sustained high fertility rate. Although the majority of Beninese women use skilled health care personnel for antenatal care and delivery, the high rate of maternal mortality indicates the need for more access to high quality obstetric care.\nPoverty, unemployment, increased living costs, and dwindling resources increasingly drive the Beninese to migrate. An estimated 4.4 million, more than 40%, of Beninese live abroad. Virtually all Beninese emigrants move to West African countries, particularly Nigeria and Cote d’Ivoire. Of the less than 1% of Beninese emigrants who settle in Europe, the vast majority live in France, Benin’s former colonial ruler.\nWith about 40% of the population living below the poverty line, many desperate parents resort to sending their children to work in wealthy households as domestic servants (a common practice known as vidomegon), mines, quarries, or agriculture domestically or in Nigeria and other neighboring countries, often under brutal conditions. Unlike in other West African countries, where rural people move to the coast, farmers from Benin’s densely populated southern and northwestern regions move to the historically sparsely populated central region to pursue agriculture. Immigrants from West African countries came to Benin in increasing numbers between 1992 and 2002 because of its political stability and porous borders.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 43.04, "males": 2358838, "females": 2264204 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 20.32, "males": 1110607, "females": 1072196 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 30.24, "males": 1641547, "females": 1606185 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 3.56, "males": 165496, "females": 217192 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 2.84, "males": 120629, "females": 184564 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 82, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 76.7, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 5.3, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 19, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 18, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 17.7, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 18.4, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 215, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 2.75, "global_rank": 13, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 35.5, "global_rank": 19, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 8, "global_rank": 97, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 0, "global_rank": 76, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 44, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 3.67, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Porto-Novo", "population": 268000, "is_capital": true }, { "place": "Cotonou", "population": 682000, "note": "seat of government" }, { "place": "Abomey-Calavi", "note": "2015" } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.02, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.76, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.66, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 20.3, "date": "2011" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 405, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 54.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 57.3, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 51, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 25, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 61.9, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 60.5, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 63.3, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 195, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 4.86, "global_rank": 16, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 17.9, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.6, "global_rank": 154, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.15, "date": "2013" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 0.5, "date": "2010" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 85.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 72.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 77.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 14.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 27.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 22.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 35.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 7.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 19.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 64.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 92.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 80.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 1.06, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 69100, "global_rank": 47, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 2800, "global_rank": 53, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "very high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "protozoal diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "dengue fever", "malaria", "yellow fever" ], "respiratory_diseases": [ "meningococcal meningitis" ], "animal_contact_diseases": [ "rabies" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 8.1, "global_rank": 151, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 18, "global_rank": 30, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.3, "global_rank": 64, "date": "2014" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 38.4, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 49.9, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 27.3, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 12, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 11, "units": "years" }, "date": "2013" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 1020981, "percentage": { "value": 46, "units": "%" }, "date": "2006" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 2.4, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 1.5, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 3.1, "units": "%" }, "date": "2010" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Benin", "conventional_short_form": "Benin", "local_long_form": "Republique du Benin", "local_short_form": "Benin", "former": "Dahomey", "etymology": "named for the Bight of Benin, the body of water on which the country lies" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Porto-Novo (official capital); Cotonou (seat of government)", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 6, "minutes": 29, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 2, "minutes": 37, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 1, "note": "6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Alibori", "type": "department" }, { "name": "Atacora", "type": "department" }, { "name": "Atlantique", "type": "department" }, { "name": "Borgou", "type": "department" }, { "name": "Collines", "type": "department" }, { "name": "Couffo", "type": "department" }, { "name": "Donga", "type": "department" }, { "name": "Littoral", "type": "department" }, { "name": "Mono", "type": "department" }, { "name": "Oueme", "type": "department" }, { "name": "Plateau", "type": "department" }, { "name": "Zou", "type": "department" } ], "independence": { "date": "1960-08-01", "note": "from France" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "1 August", "original_year": "1960" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1946, 1958 (preindependence); latest adopted by referendum 2 December 1990, promulgated 11 December 1990 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system modeled largely on the French system and some customary law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Benin", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "10 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Patrice TALON (since 6 April 2016); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government", "head_of_government": "President Patrice TALON (since 6 April 2016); Prime Minister (vacant)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); last held on 6 March and 20 March 2016 (next to be held in 2021)", "election_results": "Patrice TALON elected president; first round percent of vote - Lionel ZINSOU (FCBE) 28.4%, Patrice TALON (independent) 24.8%, Sebastien AJAVON (independent) 23.0%, Abdoulaye Bio TCHANE (ABT) 8.8%, Pascal KOUPAKI (NC) 5.9%, other 9.1%; second round percent of vote - Patrice TALON 65.4%, Lionel ZINSOU 34.6%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (83 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 26 April 2015 (next to be held in April 2019)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - FCBE 30.2%, UN 14.4%, PRD 10.6%, AND 7.6%, RB-RP 7.1%, other 30.1%; seats by party - FCBE 33, UN 13, PRD 10, AND 5, RB-RP 7, other 15" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of the court president and 3 chamber presidents organized into an administrative division, judicial chamber, and chamber of accounts); Constitutional Court or Cour Constitutionnelle (consists of 7 members including the court president); High Court of Justice (consists of the Constitutional Court members, 6 members appointed by the National Assembly, and the Supreme Court president); note - jurisdiction of the High Court of Justice is limited to cases of high treason by the national president or members of the government while in office", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court president and judges appointed by the national president upon the advice of the National Assembly; judges appointed for single renewable 5-year terms; Constitutional Court members - 4 appointed by the National Assembly and 3 by the national president; members appointed for single renewable 5-year terms; High Court of Justice \"other\" members elected by the National Assembly; member tenure NA", "subordinate_courts": "Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; district courts; village courts; Assize courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Alliance for a Triumphant Benin", "name_alternative": "ABT", "leaders": [ "Abdoulaye BIO TCHANE" ] }, { "name": "African Movement for Development and Progress", "name_alternative": "MADEP", "leaders": [ "Sefou FAGBOHOUN" ] }, { "name": "Benin Renaissance", "name_alternative": "RB", "leaders": [ "Lehady SOGLO" ] }, { "name": "Cowrie Force for an Emerging Benin", "name_alternative": "FCBE", "leaders": [ "Yayi BONI" ] }, { "name": "Democratic Renewal Party", "name_alternative": "PRD", "leaders": [ "Adrien HOUNGBEDJI" ] }, { "name": "New Consciousness Rally", "name_alternative": "NC", "leaders": [ "Pascal KOUPAKI" ] }, { "name": "Patriotic Awakening", "name_alternative": "RP", "leaders": [ "Janvier YAHOUEDEOU" ] }, { "name": "Social Democrat Party", "name_alternative": "PSD", "leaders": [ "Emmanuel GOLOU" ] }, { "name": "Sun Alliance", "name_alternative": "AS", "leaders": [ "Sacca LAFIA" ] }, { "name": "Union Makes the Nation", "name_alternative": "UN", "leaders": [ "Adrien HOUNGBEDJI" ], "note": "alliance superceded Alliance for Dynamic Democracy or ADD" }, { "name": "United Democratic Forces", "name_alternative": "FDU", "leaders": [ "Mathurin NAGO" ] } ], "note": "approximately 20 additional minor parties" }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "economic groups" }, { "name": "environmentalists" }, { "name": "political groups" }, { "name": "teachers' unions and other educational groups" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AfDB" }, { "organization": "AU" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "ECOWAS" }, { "organization": "Entente" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "FZ" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IDB" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINUSMA" }, { "organization": "MONUSCO" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OIC" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNAMID" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNMIL" }, { "organization": "UNMISS" }, { "organization": "UNOCI" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WADB ", "note": "regional" }, { "organization": "WAEMU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Hector POSSET (since 18 January 2017)", "chancery": "2124 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 232-6656", "fax": "[1] (202) 265-1996" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Lucy TAMLYN (since 8 November 2015)", "embassy": "Caporal Bernard Anani, 01 BP 2012, Cotonou", "mailing_address": "01 B. P. 2012, Cotonou", "telephone": "[229] 21-30-06-50", "fax": "[229] 21-30-03-84" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red (bottom) with a vertical green band on the hoist side; green symbolizes hope and revival, yellow wealth, and red courage", "note": "uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "leopard" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "green" }, { "color": "yellow" }, { "color": "red" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"L'Aube Nouvelle\" (The Dawn of a New Day)", "lyrics_music": "Gilbert Jean DAGNON", "note": "adopted 1960", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/BN.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "The free market economy of Benin has grown consecutively for three years, averaging about 5% annually since 2014, but its close trade links to Nigeria expose Benin to risks from volatile commodity prices. Cotton is a key export commodity; high prices supported export earnings, but prices have fallen. Inflation has subsided and remain just 1% over the past several years.\n\nDuring the first 6 months of President TALON’s administration, electrical supply, which has hampered Benin’s economic growth, has increased and blackouts have been reduced. Private foreign direct investment is small, and foreign aid accounts for the majority of investment in infrastructure projects.\n\nBenin’s 2001 privatization policy continues in telecommunications, water, electricity, and agriculture. Benin has appealed for international assistance to mitigate piracy against commercial shipping in its territory. Pilferage has significantly gone down as the Port of Cotonou is still making progress towards implementing the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code in an effort to remain competitive. Projects included in Benin's $307 million Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) compact (2006-2011) were designed to increase investment and private sector activity by improving key institutional and physical infrastructure. The four projects focused on access to land, access to financial services, access to justice, and access to markets (including modernization of the port). The Port of Cotonou is the largest component of Benin’s economy with revenues projected to account for more than 40% of Benin’s national budget.\n\nRealizing its economic potential requires further efforts to infrastructure upgrades, stemming corruption, and expanding access to foreign markets in Nigeria and neighboring landlocked countries. In September 2015, Benin signed a MCC second Compact for $375 million that is designed to strengthen the national utility service provider, attract private sector investment, fund infrastructure investments in electricity generation and distribution, and develop off-grid electrification for poor and unserved households. In order to raise growth, Benin plans to attract more foreign investment, place more emphasis on tourism, facilitate the development of new food processing systems and agricultural products, encourage new information and communication technology, and establish Independent Power Producers (IPP).", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 24310000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 23240000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 22140000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 140, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 8930000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.6, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 6.5, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 46 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2200, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2100, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2100, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 202, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 68, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 14.2, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 26.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.5, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 24.3, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -33.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 22.9, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 24.9, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 52.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 16.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 16.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 16.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 111 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "cotton", "corn", "cassava", "manioc", "tapioca", "yams", "beans", "palm oil", "peanuts", "cashews", "livestock" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "textiles", "food processing", "construction materials", "cement" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 4.2, "global_rank": 50, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 3662000, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2007" } }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 36.2, "units": "%", "date": "2011" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 3.1, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 29, "units": "%" }, "date": "2003" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 36.5, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2003" } ], "global_rank": 86 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 1500000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 1939000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 16.8, "global_rank": 173, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -4.9, "global_rank": 158, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 40.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 37.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 123 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 70 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.25, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" }, { "value": 4.25, "units": "%", "date": "2009-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 90 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2215000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2172000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 126 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4165000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 3610000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 137 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1639000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1631000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 149 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -615000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -697000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 107 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1713000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1841000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 142 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "cotton", "cashews", "shea butter", "textiles", "palm products", "seafood" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "India", "percent": 25.1 }, { "name": "Gabon", "percent": 14.4 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 7.1 }, { "name": "Niger", "percent": 5.9 }, { "name": "Bangladesh", "percent": 4.9 }, { "name": "Nigeria", "percent": 4.8 }, { "name": "Vietnam", "percent": 4.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2591000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2727000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 150 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "foodstuffs", "capital goods", "petroleum products" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 42.2 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 8.9 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 5.7 }, { "name": "Malaysia", "percent": 4.8 }, { "name": "Thailand", "percent": 4.3 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 4 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 645500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 731600000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 136 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2340000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2115000000.0000002, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 147 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 605.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 591.45, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 591.45, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 494.42, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 510.53, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 7300000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 29, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 57, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 9, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 200000000, "global_rank": 189, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 1000000000, "global_rank": 153, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 115, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 1100000000, "global_rank": 63, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 163000, "global_rank": 166, "date": "2015" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 99.4, "global_rank": 47, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0.6, "global_rank": 144, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 160, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 111, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 102, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 167, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 8000000, "global_rank": 95, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 41000, "global_rank": 110, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 4914, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 44950, "global_rank": 87, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 162, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 123, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 69, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 166, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 1133000000, "global_rank": 103, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 5000000, "global_rank": 126, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 194666, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 2, "global_rank": 127, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 9318000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 89, "global_rank": 82, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "inadequate system of open-wire, microwave radio relay, and cellular connections; fixed-line network characterized by aging, deteriorating equipment", "domestic": "fixed-line teledensity only about 2 per 100 persons; spurred by the presence of multiple mobile-cellular providers, cellular telephone subscribership has increased rapidly, approaching 90 per 100 persons in 2015", "international": "country code - 229; landing point for the SAT-3/WASC fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to Europe and Asia; long distance fiber-optic links with Togo, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Nigeria; satellite earth stations - 7 (Intelsat-Atlantic Ocean) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "state-run Office de Radiodiffusion et de Television du Benin (ORTB) operates a TV station providing a wide broadcast reach; several privately owned TV stations broadcast from Cotonou; satellite TV subscription service is available; state-owned radio, under ORTB control, includes a national station supplemented by a number of regional stations; substantial number of privately owned radio broadcast stations; transmissions of a few international broadcasters are available on FM in Cotonou (2016)", "internet": { "country_code": ".bj", "users": { "total": 709000, "percent_of_population": 6.8, "global_rank": 132, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 1, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 1, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 112392, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 805347, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "TY", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 6, "global_rank": 171, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 1, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 5, "2438_to_3047_metres": 2, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 2, "date": "2013" } } }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 438, "units": "km" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 438, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.000-m" }, "global_rank": 118, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 16000, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 1400, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 14600, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 120, "date": "2006" }, "waterways": { "value": 150, "units": "km", "note": "seasonal navigation on River Niger along northern border", "global_rank": 101, "date": "2011" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Cotonou" ], "liquid_natural_gas_terminals_import": [ "Cotonou" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.96, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0.94, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.96, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 99 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Benin Armed Forces (Forces Armees Beninoises", "FAB)", "Army (l'Arme de Terre)", "Benin Navy (Forces Navales Beninois", "FNB)", "Benin Air Force (Force Aerienne du Benin", "FAB)" ], "date": "2013" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18-35 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service; a higher education diploma is required; both sexes are eligible for military service; conscript tour of duty - 18 months", "date": "2013" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "talks continue between Benin and Togo on funding the Adjrala hydroelectric dam on the Mona River", "Benin retains a border dispute with Burkina Faso near the town of Koualou", "location of Benin-Niger-Nigeria tripoint is unresolved" ], "illicit_drugs": { "note": "transshipment point used by traffickers for cocaine destined for Western Europe; vulnerable to money laundering due to poorly enforced financial regulations (2008)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624202200/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bn.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bn.html" } }, "bermuda": { "data": { "name": "Bermuda", "introduction": { "background": "Bermuda was first settled in 1609 by shipwrecked English colonists heading for Virginia. Self-governing since 1620, Bermuda is the oldest and most populous of the British overseas territories. Vacationing to the island to escape North American winters first developed in Victorian times. Tourism continues to be important to the island's economy, although international business has overtaken it in recent years. Bermuda has also developed into a highly successful offshore financial center. A referendum on independence from the UK was soundly defeated in 1995." }, "geography": { "location": "North America, group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, east of South Carolina (US)", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 32, "minutes": 20, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 64, "minutes": 45, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "North America", "area": { "total": { "value": 54, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 54, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 232, "comparative": "about one-third the size of Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 103, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_fishing_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter", "terrain": "low hills separated by fertile depressions", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Atlantic Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Town Hill", "elevation": { "value": 76, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "limestone", "pleasant climate fostering tourism" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 14.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 14.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 20, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 65.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "population_distribution": "relatively even population distribution throughout", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "hurricanes (June to November)", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "sustainable development" ] }, "note": "consists of about 138 coral islands and islets with ample rainfall, but no rivers or freshwater lakes; some land was leased by the US Government from 1941 to 1995" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 70537, "global_rank": 204, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Bermudian(s)", "adjective": "Bermudian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "black", "percent": 53.8 }, { "name": "white", "percent": 31 }, { "name": "mixed", "percent": 7.5 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 7.1 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.6 } ], "date": "2010" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "English", "note": "official" }, { "name": "Portuguese" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 46.2, "breakdown": [ { "name": "includes Anglican", "percent": 15.8 }, { "name": "African Methodist Episcopal", "percent": 8.6 }, { "name": "Seventh Day Adventist", "percent": 6.7 }, { "name": "Pentecostal", "percent": 3.5 }, { "name": "Methodist", "percent": 2.7 }, { "name": "Presbyterian %", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "Church of God", "percent": 1.6 }, { "name": "Baptist", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "Salvation Army", "percent": 1.1 }, { "name": "Brethren", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "other Protestant", "percent": 2 } ] }, { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 14.5 }, { "name": "Jehovah's Witness", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "other Christian", "percent": 9.1 }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 3.9 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 17.8 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 6.2 } ], "date": "2010" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 17.17, "males": 6122, "females": 5989 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 12.15, "males": 4311, "females": 4258 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 37.87, "males": 13380, "females": 13331 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 15.38, "males": 5109, "females": 5741 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 17.43, "males": 5194, "females": 7102 }, "date": "2016" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 43.2, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 41.4, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 45.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 18, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.47, "global_rank": 162, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 11.3, "global_rank": 175, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 8.4, "global_rank": 81, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 1.8, "global_rank": 51, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "relatively even population distribution throughout", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 100, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.19, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Hamilton", "population": 10000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.02, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.02, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.89, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.73, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.94, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 2.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 2.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 2.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 219, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 81.3, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 78.1, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 84.5, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 26, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.94, "global_rank": 129, "date": "2016" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 1.7, "global_rank": 151, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 12, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 11, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 12, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 35.7, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 34.8, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 36.5, "units": "%" }, "date": "2012" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Bermuda", "former": "Somers Islands", "etymology": "the islands making up Bermuda are named after Juan de BERMUDEZ, an early 16th century Spanish sea captain and the first European explorer of the archipelago" }, "government_type": "parliamentary democracy (Parliament); self-governing overseas territory of the UK", "capital": { "name": "Hamilton", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 32, "minutes": 17, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 64, "minutes": 47, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -4, "note": "1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November" }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Devonshire", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Hamilton", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Hamilton", "type": "municipality" }, { "name": "Paget", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Pembroke", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint George", "type": "municipality" }, { "name": "Saint George's", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Sandys", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Smith's", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Southampton", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Warwick", "type": "parish" } ], "independence": { "note": "overseas territory of the UK" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Bermuda Day", "day": "24 May" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous (dating to 1684); latest entered into force 8 June 1968; amended several times, last in 2012 (2017)" }, "legal_system": "English common law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "non-party state to the ICCt" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of the UK", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "10 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor John RANKIN (since 5 December 2016)", "head_of_government": "Premier Michael DUNKLEY (since 20 May 2014)", "cabinet": "Cabinet nominated by the premier, appointed by the governor", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed premier by the governor" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (11 seats; members appointed - 3 by the governor, 5 by the premier, and 3 by the opposition party; members serve 5-year terms) and the House of Assembly (36 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve up to 5-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 17 December 2012 (next to be held not later than 2017)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - OBA 51.7%, PLP 46.1%, other 2.2%; seats by party - OBA 19, PLP 17" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_resident_courts": "Court of Appeal (consists of the court president and at least 2 justices); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice, 4 puisne judges, and 1 associate justice); note - the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, in London, is the court of final appeal", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Court of Appeal justice appointed by the governor; justice tenure by individual appointment; Supreme Court judges nominated by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission and appointed by the governor; judge tenure based on terms of appointment", "subordinate_courts": "commercial court (began in 2006); magistrates' courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "One Bermuda Alliance", "name_alternative": "OBA", "leaders": [ "Thad HOLLIS" ] }, { "name": "Progressive Labor Party", "name_alternative": "PLP", "leaders": [ "Marc BEAN" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Association of Bermuda Insurers and Reinsurers", "name_alternative": "ABIR", "leaders": [ "Bradley KADING" ] }, { "name": "Association of Bermuda International Companies", "name_alternative": "ABIC", "leaders": [ "George HUTCHINGS" ] }, { "name": "Bermuda Employer's Council", "leaders": [ "Keith JENSEN" ] }, { "name": "Bermuda Industrial Union", "name_alternative": "BIU", "leaders": [ "Chris Furbert" ] }, { "name": "Bermuda Public Services Union", "name_alternative": "BPSU", "leaders": [ "Kevin GRANT and Ed BALL" ] }, { "name": "Bermuda Union of Teachers", "leaders": [ "Michael CHARLES" ] } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "Caricom ", "note": "associate" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "Interpol ", "note": "subbureau" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Consul General Mary Ellen KOENIG (since 27 November 2015)", "consulates_general": "Crown Hill, 16 Middle Road, Devonshire DVO3", "mailing_address": "P. O. Box HM325, Hamilton HMBX; American Consulate General Hamilton, US Department of State, 5300 Hamilton Place, Washington, DC 20520-5300", "telephone": "[1] (441) 295-1342", "fax": "[1] (441) 295-1592, 296-9233" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "red, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Bermudian coat of arms (a white shield with a red lion standing on a green grassy field holding a scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off Bermuda in 1609) centered on the outer half of the flag; it was the shipwreck of the vessel, filled with English colonists originally bound for Virginia, that led to the settling of Bermuda", "note": "the flag is unusual in that it is only British overseas territory that uses a red ensign, all others use blue" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "red lion" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Hail to Bermuda\"", "lyrics_music": "Bette JOHNS", "note": "serves as a local anthem; as a territory of the United Kingdom, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Tourism accounts for about 5% of Bermuda's GDP, but a much larger share of employment. Over 80% of its visitors come from the US. The sector struggled in the wake of the global recession of 2008-09. International business, which consists primarily of reinsurance and other financial services, is the real bedrock of Bermuda's economy, consistently accounting for about 85% of the island's GDP. Even this sector, however, has lost roughly 5,000 high-paying expatriate jobs since 2008, weighing heavily on household consumption and retail sales. Bermuda must import almost everything. Agriculture and industry are limited due to the small size of the island.\n\nBermuda's economy entered its seventh straight year of recession in 2015. Unemployment is 9%, public debt is growing and exceeds $2.3 billion, the government pension fund faces a $2.4 billion shortfall, and the economy has not attracted significant amounts of new foreign investment. Bermuda's FY 2015-16 budget projects a 12% larger deficit than FY14/15. The government announced it would borrow $125 million in 2015 to meet current operating expenses. Still, Bermuda enjoys the fourth highest per capita income in the world, about 70% higher than that of the US.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5198000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 5331000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 5600000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 171 }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 5198000000, "date": "2013" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -2.5, "units": "%", "date": "2013" }, { "value": -4.8, "units": "%", "date": "2012" }, { "value": -3.5, "units": "%", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 210 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 85700, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 85400, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 86000, "units": "USD", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 8 }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 53.4, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 15.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 10.9, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": -0.1, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 41.8, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -21.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 0.7, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 5.8, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 93.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "bananas", "vegetables", "citrus", "flowers", "dairy products", "honey" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "international business", "tourism", "light manufacturing" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 2, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 33490, "global_rank": 202, "date": "2014" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 2, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 15, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 83, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2013" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 7, "units": "%", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 111 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 11, "units": "%", "date": "2008" }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 960100000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 1154000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 18.5, "global_rank": 164, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -3.7, "global_rank": 127, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 43, "units": "percent_of_gdp" } ], "global_rank": 115 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 April", "end": "31 March" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.2, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 77 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3374000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-09-30" }, { "value": 3422000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 112, "note": "figures do not include US dollars, which also circulate freely" }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 22100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-09-30" }, { "value": 25100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 87 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1850000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 1601000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 1467000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 102 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 19000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 19000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 213 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "reexports of pharmaceuticals" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 14.4 }, { "name": "Iceland", "percent": 13.7 }, { "name": "Spain", "percent": 6.8 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 5.8 }, { "name": "Mauritius", "percent": 5.6 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 887300000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 934000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 183 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "clothing", "fuels", "machinery", "transport equipment", "construction materials", "chemicals", "food", "live animals" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "South Korea", "percent": 49.5 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 14.6 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 11.4 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 9 }, { "name": "Turkmenistan", "percent": 5.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2435000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 145 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2641000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 2664000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 110 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 889000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 84 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Bermudian dollars (BMD) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 600000000, "global_rank": 165, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 600000000, "global_rank": 168, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 124, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 167400, "global_rank": 165, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 98.2, "global_rank": 54, "date": "2014" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 49, "date": "2014" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 161, "date": "2014" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 1.8, "global_rank": 85, "date": "2014" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 98, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 163, "date": "2014" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 119, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 3300, "global_rank": 185, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 160, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 889, "global_rank": 205, "date": "2015" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 157, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 120, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 64, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 160, "date": "2014" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 113, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 600000, "global_rank": 175, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 29200, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 42, "global_rank": 173, "date": "2014-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 59500, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 85, "global_rank": 201, "date": "2014-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "a good, fully automatic digital telephone system with fiber-optic trunk lines", "domestic": "the system has a high fixed-line teledensity coupled with a mobile-cellular teledensity of roughly 125 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 1-441; landing points for the GlobeNet, Gemini Bermuda, CBUS, and the Challenger Bermuda-1 (CB-1) submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "3 TV stations; cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; roughly 13 radio stations operating (2012)", "internet": { "country_code": ".bm", "users": { "total": 69000, "percent_of_population": 98.3, "global_rank": 179, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "VP-B", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 1, "global_rank": 212, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 1, "2438_to_3047_metres": 1, "date": "2013" } } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 447, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 447, "units": "km" }, "note": "225 km public roads; 222 km private roads", "global_rank": 198, "date": "2010" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 139, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 22 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 3 }, { "type": "container", "count": 14 }, { "type": "liquefied gas", "count": 43 }, { "type": "passenger", "count": 27 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 2 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 19 }, { "type": "refrigerated cargo", "count": 9 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 105, "by_country": [ { "country": "France", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Germany", "count": 14 }, { "country": "Greece", "count": 8 }, { "country": "Hong Kong", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Ireland", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Israel", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Japan", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Monaco", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Nigeria", "count": 11 }, { "country": "Norway", "count": 5 }, { "country": "Sweden", "count": 14 }, { "country": "UK", "count": 14 }, { "country": "US", "count": 26 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 241, "by_country": [ { "country": "Bahamas", "count": 15 }, { "country": "Cyprus", "count": 1 }, { "country": "France", "count": 5 }, { "country": "Greece", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Hong Kong", "count": 20 }, { "country": "Isle of Man", "count": 7 }, { "country": "Liberia", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Malta", "count": 15 }, { "country": "Marshall Islands", "count": 35 }, { "country": "Netherlands", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Norway", "count": 24 }, { "country": "Panama", "count": 27 }, { "country": "Philippines", "count": 47 }, { "country": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Singapore", "count": 25 }, { "country": "UK", "count": 6 }, { "country": "US", "count": 5 } ] }, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Hamilton", "Ireland Island", "Saint George" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "Bermuda Regiment" ], "date": "2012" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18-45 years of age for voluntary male or female enlistment in the Bermuda Regiment; males must register at age 18 and may be subject to conscription; term of service is 38 months for volunteers or conscripts", "date": "2012" }, "note": "defense is the responsibility of the UK" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ] } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-23", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170623030819/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bd.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170623000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bd.html" } }, "bhutan": { "data": { "name": "Bhutan", "introduction": { "background": "Following Britain’s victory in the 1865 Duar War, Britain and Bhutan signed the Treaty of Sinchulu, under which Bhutan would receive an annual subsidy in exchange for ceding land to British India. Ugyen WANGCHUCK - who had served as the de facto ruler of an increasingly unified Bhutan and had improved relations with the British toward the end of the 19th century - was named king in 1907. Three years later, a treaty was signed whereby the British agreed not to interfere in Bhutanese internal affairs, and Bhutan allowed Britain to direct its foreign affairs. Bhutan negotiated a similar arrangement with independent India after 1947. Two years later, a formal Indo-Bhutanese accord returned to Bhutan a small piece of the territory annexed by the British, formalized the annual subsidies the country received, and defined India's responsibilities in defense and foreign relations. Under a succession of modernizing monarchs beginning in the 1950s, Bhutan joined the UN in 1971 and slowly continued its engagement beyond its borders.\nIn March 2005, King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK unveiled the government's draft constitution - which introduced major democratic reforms - and held a national referendum for its approval. In December 2006, the King abdicated the throne in favor of his son, Jigme Khesar Namgyel WANGCHUCK. In early 2007, India and Bhutan renegotiated their treaty, eliminating the clause that stated that Bhutan would be \"guided by\" India in conducting its foreign policy, although Thimphu continues to coordinate closely with New Delhi. Elections for seating the country's first parliament were completed in March 2008; the king ratified the country's first constitution in July 2008. Bhutan experienced a peaceful turnover of power following parliamentary elections in 2013, which resulted in the defeat of the incumbent party. The disposition of some 18,000 refugees of the roughly 100,000 who fled or were forced out of Bhutan in the 1990s - and who are housed in two UN refugee camps in Nepal - remains unresolved." }, "geography": { "location": "Southern Asia, between China and India", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 27, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 90, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Asia", "area": { "total": { "value": 38394, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 38394, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 137, "comparative": "slightly larger than Maryland; about one-half the size of Indiana" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 1136, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "China", "border_length": { "value": 477, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "India", "border_length": { "value": 659, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 0, "units": "km", "note": "landlocked" }, "climate": "varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas", "terrain": "mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 2220, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Drangeme Chhu", "elevation": { "value": 97, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Gangkar Puensum", "elevation": { "value": 7570, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "timber", "hydropower", "gypsum", "calcium carbonate" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 13.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 2.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.3, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 10.7, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 85.5, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 0.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 320, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "violent storms from the Himalayas are the source of the country's Bhutanese name, which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "frequent landslides during the rainy season", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "soil erosion", "limited access to potable water" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Ozone Layer Protection" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [ "Law of the Sea" ] } }, "note": "landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls several key Himalayan mountain passes" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 750125, "global_rank": 166, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Bhutanese (singular and plural)", "adjective": "Bhutanese" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Ngalop", "percent": 50, "note": "also known as Bhote" }, { "name": "ethnic Nepalese", "percent": 35, "note": "includes Lhotsampas - one of several Nepalese ethnic groups" }, { "name": "indigenous or migrant tribes", "percent": 15 } ] }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Sharchhopka", "percent": 28 }, { "name": "Dzongkha", "percent": 24, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Lhotshamkha", "percent": 22 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 26, "note": "includes foreign languages" } ], "date": "2005" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Lamaistic Buddhist", "percent": 75.3 }, { "name": "Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism", "percent": 22.1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 2.6 } ], "date": "2005" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 26.27, "males": 100672, "females": 96368 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 19.21, "males": 73398, "females": 70704 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 42.39, "males": 169079, "females": 148873 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 5.94, "males": 23869, "females": 20656 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 6.2, "males": 24301, "females": 22205 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 46.9, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 39.5, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 7.4, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 13.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 27.2, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 27.7, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 26.6, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 143, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1.09, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 17.5, "global_rank": 105, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 6.6, "global_rank": 142, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 0, "global_rank": 77, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 38.6, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 3.69, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Thimphu", "population": 152000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.14, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 1.16, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 1.1, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.09, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 148, "global_rank": 59, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 33.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 34.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 33.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 59, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 70.1, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 69.1, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 71.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 159, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.93, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 65.6, "units": "%", "date": "2010" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 3.6, "global_rank": 167, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.26, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 1.8, "date": "2012" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 77.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 33.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 50.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 22.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 66.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 49.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.13, "global_rank": 110, "date": "2013" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 600, "global_rank": 123, "date": "2013" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "protozoal diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "dengue fever" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 5.9, "global_rank": 154, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 12.8, "global_rank": 59, "date": "2010" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 7.4, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2015" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 64.9, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 73.1, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 55, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 12, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "date": "2013" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 25801, "percentage": { "value": 18, "units": "%" }, "date": "2010" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 9.6, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 9.2, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 9.9, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 119, "date": "2013" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Kingdom of Bhutan", "conventional_short_form": "Bhutan", "local_long_form": "Druk Gyalkhap", "local_short_form": "Druk Yul", "etymology": "named after the Bhotia, the ethnic Tibetans who migrated from Tibet to Bhutan; \"Bod\" is the Tibetan name for their land; the Bhutanese name \"Druk Yul\" means \"Land of the Thunder Dragon\"" }, "government_type": "constitutional monarchy", "capital": { "name": "Thimphu", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 27, "minutes": 28, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 89, "minutes": 38, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 6, "note": "11 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Bumthang", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Chhukha", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Chirang", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Daga", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Gasa", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Geylegphug", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Ha", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Lhuntshi", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Mongar", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Paro", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Pemagatsel", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Punakha", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Samchi", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Samdrup Jongkhar", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Shemgang", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Tashigang", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Tashi Yangtse", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Thimphu", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Tongsa", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Wangdi Phodrang", "type": "district" } ], "independence": { "date": "1907-12-17", "note": "became a unified kingdom under its first hereditary king" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "National Day", "day": "17 December", "original_year": "1907", "note": "Ugyen WANGCHUCK became first hereditary king" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous governing documents were various royal decrees; first constitution drafted November 2001 - March 2005, ratified 18 July 2008", "amendments": "proposed as a motion by simple majority vote in a joint session of Parliament; passage requires at least a three-fourths majority vote in a joint session of the next Parliament and assented to by the king; amended 2011 (2017)" }, "legal_system": "civil law based on Buddhist religious law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "non-party state to the ICCt" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "the father must be a citizen of Bhutan", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "10 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "King Jigme Khesar Namgyel WANGCHUCK (since 14 December 2006); note - King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK abdicated the throne on 14 December 2006 to his son", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Tshering TOBGAY (since July 2013)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers or Lhengye Zhungtshog members nominated by the monarch in consultation with the prime minister and approved by the National Assembly; members serve 5-year terms", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary but can be removed by a two-third vote of Parliament; leader of the majority party in Parliament is nominated as the prime minister, appointed by the monarch" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Parliament or Chi Tshog consists of the non-partisan National Council or Gyelyong Tshogde (25 seats; 20 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 5 members appointed by the king; members serve 5-year terms) and the National Assembly or Tshogdu (47 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "National Council election last held on 23 April 2013 (next to be held in 2018); National Assembly election first round held on 31 May 2013 and second round on 13 July 2013", "election_results": "National Council - seats by party - independent 20 (all candidates required to run as independents; National Assembly - first round - percent of vote by party - DPT 44.5%; PDP 32.5%; DNT 17.0%; DCT 5.9%; second round - percent of vote by party - PDP 54.9%, DPT 45.1%; seats by party - PDP 32, DPT 15" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of 5 justices including the chief justice); note - the Supreme Court has sole jurisdiction in constitutional matters", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the monarch upon the advice of the National Judicial Commission, a 4-member body to include the Legislative Committee of the National Assembly, the attorney general, the Chief Justice of Bhutan and the senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court; other judges (drangpons) appointed by the monarch from among the High Court judges selected by the National Judicial Commission; chief justice serves a 5-year term or until reaching age 65 years, whichever is earlier; the 4 other judges serve 10-year terms or until age 65, whichever is earlier", "subordinate_courts": "High Court (first appellate court); District or Dzongkhag Courts; sub-district or Dungkhag Courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Bhutan Kuen-Nyam Party", "name_alternative": "BKP", "leaders": [ "Sonam TOBGAY" ] }, { "name": "Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party", "name_alternative": "DPT", "leaders": [ "Pema GYAMTSHO" ], "note": "Druk Phuensum Tshogpa" }, { "name": "Druck Chirwang Tshogpa", "name_alternative": "DCT", "leaders": [ "Lily WANGCHUK" ] }, { "name": "Druk Nymrub Tshogpa", "name_alternative": "DNT", "leaders": [ "Tandi DHORJI" ] }, { "name": "People's Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "PDP", "leaders": [ "Tshering TOBGAY" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Druk National Congress ", "note": "exiled" }, { "name": "United Front for Democracy ", "note": "exiled" }, { "name": "Buddhist clergy" }, { "name": "ethnic Nepali-Bhutanese organizations", "note": "exiled" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ADB" }, { "organization": "BIMSTEC" }, { "organization": "CP" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO ", "note": "correspondent" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "SAARC" }, { "organization": "SACEP" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNTSO" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO ", "note": "observer" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "consulates_general": "New York" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "divided diagonally from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side; the dragon, called the Druk (Thunder Dragon), is the emblem of the nation; its white color stands for purity and the jewels in its claws symbolize wealth; the background colors represent spiritual and secular powers within Bhutan: the orange is associated with Buddhism, while the yellow denotes the ruling dynasty" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "thunder dragon known as Druk Gyalpo" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "orange" }, { "color": "yellow" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Druk tsendhen\" (The Thunder Dragon Kingdom)", "lyrics_music": "Gyaldun Dasho Thinley DORJI/Aku TONGMI", "note": "adopted 1953" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Bhutan's small economy is based largely on hydropower, agriculture, and forestry, which provide the main livelihood for more than half of the population. Because rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive, industrial production is primarily of the cottage industry type. The economy is closely aligned with India's through strong trade and monetary links and is dependent on India for financial assistance and migrant laborers for development projects, especially for road construction. Bhutan inked a pact in December 2014 to expand duty-free trade with Bangladesh.\n\nMultilateral development organizations administer most educational, social, and environment programs, and take into account the government's desire to protect the country's environment and cultural traditions. For example, the government, in its cautious expansion of the tourist sector, encourages visits by upscale, environmentally conscientious tourists. Complicated controls and uncertain policies in areas such as industrial licensing, trade, labor, and finance continue to hamper foreign investment.\n\nBhutan’s largest export - hydropower to India - could spur sustainable growth in the coming years if Bhutan resolves chronic delays in construction. Bhutan’s hydropower exports comprise 40% of total exports and 25% of GDP. Bhutan currently taps only 6.5% of its 24,000-megawatt hydropower potential and is behind schedule in building 12 new hydropower dams with a combined capacity of 10,000 megawatts by 2020 in accordance with a deal signed in 2008 with India. The high volume of imported materials to build hydropower plants has expanded Bhutan's trade and current account deficits. Bhutan also is exploring energy exports to Bangladesh.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6432000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6066000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 5766000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 166, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 2085000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 5.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3.8, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 24 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8100, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 7800, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 7500, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 150, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 53.4, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 18.7, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 64.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 42.4, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -78.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 16.4, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 42.1, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 41.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 37.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 31.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 35, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 9 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "rice", "corn", "root crops", "citrus", "dairy products", "eggs" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "cement", "wood products", "processed fruits", "alcoholic beverages", "calcium carbide", "tourism" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 6.5, "global_rank": 23, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 353000, "global_rank": 161, "date": "2015" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 58, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 20, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 22, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2.6, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 19 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 13.3, "units": "%", "date": "2012" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2.8, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 30.6, "units": "%" }, "date": "2012" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 38.8, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 38.1, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2007" } ], "global_rank": 69 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 640400000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 703300000, "units": "USD" }, "note": "the government of India finances nearly one-quarter of Bhutan's budget expenditures", "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 30.7, "global_rank": 74, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -3, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 30, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 27.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 149 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 July", "end": "30 June" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.9, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 136 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 13.7, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 13.75, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 51 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 710300000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 669900000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 159 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1250000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1174000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 168 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 929600000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1030999999.9999999, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 162 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 355300000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 283400000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 115 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -616000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -574000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 109 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 521700000.00000006, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 172 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "electricity (to India)", "ferrosilicon", "cement", "cardamom", "calcium carbide", "steel rods/bars", "dolomite", "gypsum" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "India", "percent": 90.3 }, { "name": "Bangladesh", "percent": 5.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1008000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 178 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "fuel", "lubricants", "airplanes", "machinery", "parts", "rice", "motor vehicles" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "India", "percent": 78.6 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 5.02 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2261000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1911000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 150 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 267100000.00000003, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 238000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 124 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 68.39, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 64.15, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 64.15, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 61.03, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 53.44, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "ngultrum (BTN) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 187531, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 76, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 53, "units": "%" }, "date": "2012" }, "production": { "kWh": 7747000000, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 2057000000, "global_rank": 142, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "kWh": 5721000000, "global_rank": 32, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "kWh": 124500000, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2015" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 1614000, "global_rank": 118, "date": "2015" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 0.5, "global_rank": 210, "date": "2015" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 59, "date": "2015" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 99.5, "global_rank": 5, "date": "2015" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 162, "date": "2015" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 113, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 104, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 169, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 113, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 123, "date": "2016" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 3000, "global_rank": 188, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 161, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 3226, "global_rank": 178, "date": "2016" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 164, "date": "2016" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 125, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 72, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 168, "date": "2016" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 119, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 260300, "global_rank": 197, "date": "2015" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 21811, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 3, "global_rank": 176, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 676000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 91, "global_rank": 165, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "urban towns and district headquarters have telecommunications services", "domestic": "domestic service inadequate, especially in rural areas; mobile-cellular service, begun in 2003, is now widely available; Internet services widely available", "international": "country code - 975; international telephone and telegraph service via landline and microwave relay through India; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "state-owned TV station established in 1999; cable TV service offers dozens of Indian and other international channels; first radio station, privately launched in 1973, is now state-owned; 5 private radio stations are currently broadcasting (2012)", "internet": { "country_code": ".bt", "users": { "total": 295000, "percent_of_population": 39.8, "global_rank": 155, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 2, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 6, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 162864, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 538041, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "A5", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 2, "global_rank": 198, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 2, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 1, "date": "2012" } } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 10578, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 2975, "units": "km", "note": "includes 2,180 km of national highways" }, "unpaved": { "value": 7603, "units": "km" }, "note": "a more recent figure for 2015 lists 11,177 km for total roadway length, but no breakdown of paved or unpaved", "global_rank": 135, "date": "2013" } }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "Royal Bhutan Army (includes Royal Bodyguard", "Royal Bhutan Police)" ], "date": "2009" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; militia training is compulsory for males aged 20-25, over a 3-year period", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes arising from substantial cartographic discrepancies, the largest of which lie in Bhutan's northwest and along the Chumbi salient" ] } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102743/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bt.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bt.html" } }, "bolivia": { "data": { "name": "Bolivia", "introduction": { "background": "Bolivia, named after independence fighter Simon BOLIVAR, broke away from Spanish rule in 1825; much of its subsequent history has consisted of a series of coups and countercoups, with the last coup occurring in 1978. Democratic civilian rule was established in 1982, but leaders have faced difficult problems of deep-seated poverty, social unrest, and illegal drug production.\nIn December 2005, Bolivians elected Movement Toward Socialism leader Evo MORALES president - by the widest margin of any leader since the restoration of civilian rule in 1982 - after he ran on a promise to change the country's traditional political class and empower the nation's poor, indigenous majority. In December 2009 and October 2014, President MORALES easily won reelection. His party maintained control of the legislative branch of the government, which has allowed him to continue his process of change. In February 2016, MORALES narrowly lost a referendum to approve a constitutional amendment that would have allowed him to compete in the 2019 presidential election. Despite the loss, MORALES has already been chosen by his party to run again in 2019, via a still-undetermined method for him to appear on the ballot." }, "geography": { "location": "Central South America, southwest of Brazil", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 17, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 65, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "South America", "area": { "total": { "value": 1098581, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 1083301, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 15280, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 28, "comparative": "slightly less than three times the size of Montana" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 7252, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Argentina", "border_length": { "value": 942, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Brazil", "border_length": { "value": 3403, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Chile", "border_length": { "value": 942, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Paraguay", "border_length": { "value": 753, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Peru", "border_length": { "value": 1212, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 0, "units": "km", "note": "landlocked" }, "climate": "varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid", "terrain": "rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills, lowland plains of the Amazon Basin", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 1192, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Rio Paraguay", "elevation": { "value": 90, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Nevado Sajama", "elevation": { "value": 6542, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "tin", "natural gas", "petroleum", "zinc", "tungsten", "antimony", "silver", "iron", "lead", "gold", "timber", "hydropower" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 34.3, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 3.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.2, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 30.5, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 52.5, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 13.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 3000, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "a high altitude plain in the west between two cordillera of the Andes, known as the Altiplano, is the focal area for most of the population; a dense settlement pattern is also found in and around the city of Santa Cruz, located on the eastern side of the Andes", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "flooding in the northeast (March to April)", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "volcanic activity in Andes Mountains on the border with Chile; historically active volcanoes in this region are Irruputuncu (elev. 5,163 m), which last erupted in 1995, and Olca-Paruma", "type": "volcanism" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "the clearing of land for agricultural purposes and the international demand for tropical timber are contributing to deforestation", "soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivation methods (including slash-and-burn agriculture)", "desertification", "loss of biodiversity", "industrial pollution of water supplies used for drinking and irrigation" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Tropical Timber 83", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [ "Environmental Modification", "Marine Life Conservation" ] } }, "note": "landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake (elevation 3,805 m), with Peru" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 10969649, "global_rank": 82, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Bolivian(s)", "adjective": "Bolivian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "mestizo", "percent": 68, "note": "mixed white and Amerindian ancestry" }, { "name": "indigenous", "percent": 20 }, { "name": "white", "percent": 5 }, { "name": "cholo/chola", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "black", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "unspecified ; of respondents indicated feeling part of some indigenous group", "percent": 44 }, { "name": "predominantly Quechua or Aymara" } ], "note": "results among surveys vary based on the wording of the ethnicity question and the available response choices; the 2001 national census did not provide \"mestizo\" as a response choice, resulting in a much higher proportion of respondents identifying themselves as belonging to one of the available indigenous ethnicity choices; the use of \"mestizo\" and \"cholo\" varies among response choices in surveys, with surveys using the terms interchangeably, providing one or the other as a response choice, or providing the two as separate response choices", "date": "2009" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Spanish", "percent": 60.7, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Quechua", "percent": 21.2, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Aymara", "percent": 14.6, "note": "official" }, { "name": "foreign languages", "percent": 2.4 }, { "name": "Guarani", "percent": 0.6, "note": "official" }, { "name": "other native languages", "percent": 0.4 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 0.1 } ], "note": "Bolivia's 2009 constitution designates Spanish and all indigenous languages as official; 36 indigenous languages are specified, including some that are extinct", "date": "2001" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 76.8 }, { "name": "Evangelical and Pentecostal", "percent": 8.1 }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 7.9 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.7 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 5.5 } ], "date": "2012" }, "demographic_profile": "Bolivia ranks at or near the bottom among Latin American countries in several areas of health and development, including poverty, education, fertility, malnutrition, mortality, and life expectancy. On the positive side, more children are being vaccinated and more pregnant women are getting prenatal care and having skilled health practitioners attend their births. Bolivia's income inequality is the highest in Latin America and one of the highest in the world. Public education is of poor quality, and educational opportunities are among the most unevenly distributed in Latin America, with girls and indigenous and rural children less likely to be literate or to complete primary school. The lack of access to education and family planning services helps to sustain Bolivia's high fertility rate - approximately three children per woman. Bolivia's lack of clean water and basic sanitation, especially in rural areas, contributes to health problems.\nAlmost 7% of Bolivia's population lives abroad, primarily to work in Argentina, Brazil, Spain, and the United States. In recent years, more restrictive immigration policies in Europe and the United States have increased the flow of Bolivian emigrants to neighboring Argentina and Brazil.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 32.36, "males": 1808567, "females": 1740760 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 19.55, "males": 1086134, "females": 1058584 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 37.08, "males": 1986514, "females": 2081415 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 5.83, "males": 296197, "females": 343394 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 5.18, "males": 250749, "females": 317335 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 63.7, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 53.1, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 10.6, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 9.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 24, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 23.3, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 24.7, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 162, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1.54, "global_rank": 76, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 22.4, "global_rank": 73, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 6.5, "global_rank": 147, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -0.6, "global_rank": 132, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "a high altitude plain in the west between two cordillera of the Andes, known as the Altiplano, is the focal area for most of the population; a dense settlement pattern is also found in and around the city of Santa Cruz, located on the eastern side of the Andes", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 68.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 2.26, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Santa Cruz", "population": 2107000 }, { "place": "La Paz", "population": 1816000, "is_capital": true }, { "place": "Cochabamba", "population": 1240000 }, { "place": "Sucre", "population": 372000, "note": "constitutional capital" } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.95, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.86, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.79, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.98, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 21.2, "date": "2008" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 206, "global_rank": 58, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 36.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 39.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 32.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 55, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 69.2, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 66.4, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 72.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 162, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.68, "global_rank": 69, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 60.5, "units": "%", "date": "2008" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 6.3, "global_rank": 122, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.47, "date": "2011" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 1.1, "date": "2012" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 96.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 75.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 90, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 3.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 24.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 10, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 60.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 27.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 50.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 39.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 72.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 49.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.29, "global_rank": 83, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 18200, "global_rank": 80, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 800, "global_rank": 77, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "very high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "hepatitis A" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "dengue fever", "malaria", "yellow fever" ], "note": "active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus", "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 15.8, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 4.5, "global_rank": 95, "date": "2008" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 7.3, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2014" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 95.7, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 97.8, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 93.6, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "date": "2007" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 757352, "percentage": { "value": 26.4, "units": "%" }, "note": "data represent children ages 5-17", "date": "2008" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 6.2, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 5.1, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 7.8, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 122, "date": "2011" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Plurinational State of Bolivia", "conventional_short_form": "Bolivia", "local_long_form": "Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia", "local_short_form": "Bolivia", "etymology": "the country is named after Simon BOLIVAR, a 19th-century leader in the South American wars for independence" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "La Paz (administrative capital); Sucre (constitutional [legislative and judicial] capital)", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 16, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 68, "minutes": 9, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -4, "note": "1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1825-08-06", "note": "from Spain" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "6 August", "original_year": "1825" } ], "constitution": { "history": "many previous; latest drafted 6 August 2006 - 9 December 2008, approved by referendum 25 January 2009, effective 7 February 2009; amended 2013 (2015)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system with influences from Roman, Spanish, canon (religious), French, and indigenous law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "yes", "citizenship_by_descent": "yes", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "3 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": true }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (since 22 January 2006); Vice President Alvaro GARCIA Linera (since 22 January 2006); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government", "head_of_government": "President Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (since 22 January 2006); Vice President Alvaro GARCIA Linera (since 22 January 2006)", "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president", "elections_appointments": "president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 12 October 2014 (next to be held in 2019); note - a presidential candidate wins an election one of 3 ways", "election_results": "Juan Evo MORALES Ayma reelected president; percent of vote - Juan Evo MORALES Ayma 61%; Samuel DORIA MEDINA Arana 24.5%; Jorge QUIROGA 9.1%; other 5.4%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Plurinational Legislative Assembly or Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional consists of the Chamber of Senators or Camara de Senadores (36 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (130 seats; 70 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 53 indirectly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote, and 7 - apportioned to non-contiguous, rural areas in 7 of the 9 states - directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; members serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "Chamber of Senators and Chamber of Deputies - last held on 12 October 2014 (next to be held in 2019)", "election_results": "Chamber of Senators - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MAS 25, UD 9, PDC 2; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MAS 88, UD 32, PDC 10" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo de Justicia (consists of 12 judges or ministros organized into civil, penal, social, and administrative chambers); Plurinational Constitutional Tribunal (consists of 7 primary and 7 alternate magistrates); Plurinational Electoral Organ (consists of 7 members and 6 alternates); National Agro-Environment Court (consists of 5 primary and 5 alternate judges; Council of the Judiciary (consists of 3 primary and 3 alternate judges)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court, Plurinational Constitutional Tribunal, National Agro-Environmental Court, and Council of the Judiciary candidates pre-selected by the Plurinational Legislative Assembly and elected by direct popular vote; judges elected for 6-year terms; Plurinational Electoral Organ judges appointed - 6 by the Legislative Assembly and 1 by the president of the republic; members serve single 6-year terms", "subordinate_courts": "District Courts (in each of the 9 administrative departments); Agro-Environmental lower courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Christian Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "PDC", "leaders": [ "Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez" ] }, { "name": "Movement Toward Socialism", "name_alternative": "MAS", "leaders": [ "Juan Evo MORALES Ayma" ] }, { "name": "National Unity", "name_alternative": "UN", "leaders": [ "Samuel DORIA MEDINA Arana" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Bolivian Workers Central", "name_alternative": "COB" }, { "name": "Federation of Neighborhood Councils of El Alto", "name_alternative": "FEJUVE-El Alto" }, { "name": "Landless Movement", "name_alternative": "MST" }, { "name": "National Confederation of Native Rural Indigenous Women of Bolivia", "name_alternative": "Bartolina Sisa" }, { "name": "National Coordinator for Change", "name_alternative": "CONALCAM" }, { "name": "Sole Confederation of Campesino Workers of Bolivia", "name_alternative": "CSUTCB" }, { "name": "Cocalero unions" }, { "name": "indigenous organizations", "note": "including Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of Eastern Bolivia or CIDOB and National Council of Ayullus and Markas of Quollasuyu or CONAMAQ" }, { "name": "Interculturales union or CSCIB" }, { "name": "labor unions", "note": "including the Central Bolivian Workers' Union or COB and Cooperative Miners Federation or FENCOMIN" }, { "name": "various federations of neighborhood councils or FEJUVEs", "note": "including the national organization" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "CAN" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CELAC" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IADB" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO ", "note": "correspondent" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "LAES" }, { "organization": "LAIA" }, { "organization": "Mercosur ", "note": "associate" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINUSTAH" }, { "organization": "MONUSCO" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OAS" }, { "organization": "OPANAL" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNAMID" }, { "organization": "UNASUR" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "Union Latina" }, { "organization": "UNMIL" }, { "organization": "UNMISS" }, { "organization": "UNOCI" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Freddy BERSATTI Tudela", "chancery": "3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 328-4155", "fax": "[1] (202) 328-3712", "consulates_general": "Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Washington,DC", "note": "in September 2008, the US expelled the Bolivian ambassador to the US in reciprocity for Bolivia expelling the US ambassador to Bolivia" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Peter Brennan (since June 2014)", "embassy": "Avenida Arce 2780, Casilla 425, La Paz", "mailing_address": "3220 La Paz Place, Dulles, VA, 20189-3220", "telephone": "[591] (2) 216-8000", "fax": "[591] (2) 216-8111", "note": "in September 2008, the Bolivian Government expelled the US Ambassador to Bolivia, and the countries have yet to reinstate ambassadors" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; red stands for bravery and the blood of national heroes, yellow for the nation's mineral resources, and green for the fertility of the land", "note": "similar to the flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; in 2009, a presidential decree made it mandatory for a so-called wiphala - a square, multi-colored flag representing the country's indigenous peoples - to be used alongside the traditional flag" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "llama" }, { "symbol": "Andean condor" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "yellow" }, { "color": "green" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Cancion Patriotica\" (Patriotic Song)", "lyrics_music": "Jose Ignacio de SANJINES/Leopoldo Benedetto VINCENTI", "note": "adopted 1852", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/BL.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Bolivia is a resource rich country with strong growth attributed to captive markets for natural gas exports – to Brazil and Argentina. However, the country remains one of the least developed countries in Latin America because of state-oriented policies that deter investment and growth.\n\nFollowing a disastrous economic crisis during the early 1980s, reforms spurred private investment, stimulated economic growth, and cut poverty rates in the 1990s. The period 2003-05 was characterized by political instability, racial tensions, and violent protests against plans - subsequently abandoned - to export Bolivia's newly discovered natural gas reserves to large Northern Hemisphere markets. In 2005, the government passed a controversial hydrocarbons law that imposed significantly higher royalties and required foreign firms then operating under risk-sharing contracts to surrender all production to the state energy company in exchange for a predetermined service fee. High commodity prices between 2010 and 2014 sustained rapid growth and large trade surpluses with GDP growing 6.8% in 2013 and 5.4% in 2014. The global decline in oil prices that began in late 2014 exerted downward pressure on the price Bolivia receives for exported gas and resulted in lower GDP growth rates - 4.9% in 2015 and 4.3% in 2016 - and losses in government revenue as well as fiscal and trade deficits.\n\nA lack of foreign investment in the key sectors of mining and hydrocarbons, along with conflict among social groups, pose challenges for the Bolivian economy. In 2015, President Evo MORALES expanded efforts to court international investment and boost Bolivia’s energy production capacity. MORALES passed an investment law and promised not to nationalize additional industries in an effort to improve the investment climate. In early 2016, the Government of Bolivia approved the 2016-2020 National Economic and Social Development Plan aimed at maintaining growth of 5% and reducing poverty.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 78660000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 75410000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 71890000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 94, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 34040000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.3, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 5.4, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 63 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7200, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 7000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 6800, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 155, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 69.1, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 17.5, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 20.8, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 24.6, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -32, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 12.9, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 29.3, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 57.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 13.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 20.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 143 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "soybeans", "quinoa", "Brazil nuts", "sugarcane", "coffee", "corn", "rice", "potatoes", "chia", "coca" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "mining", "smelting", "petroleum", "food", "beverages", "tobacco", "handicrafts", "clothing", "jewelry" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 6.2, "global_rank": 64, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 4993000, "global_rank": 81, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 29.4, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 22, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 48.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 90, "note": "data are for urban areas; widespread underemployment" }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 38.6, "units": "%", "note": "based on percent of population living on less than the international standard of $2/day", "date": "2011" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 0.9, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 36.1, "units": "%" }, "date": "2014" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 47, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 57.9, "units": "gini_index", "date": "1999" } ], "global_rank": 31 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 14690000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 16930000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 43.2, "global_rank": 28, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -6.6, "global_rank": 176, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 34, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 33.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 99, "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 150 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 109 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7.6, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 8.07, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 108 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 10220000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 10260000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 84 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 17770000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 15450000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 94 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 19900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 16800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 84 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 11110000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 9833000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 74 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -1876000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -1854000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 147 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7214000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 8909000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 95 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "natural gas", "silver", "zinc", "lead", "tin", "gold", "quinoa", "soybeans", "soy products" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Brazil", "percent": 28.1 }, { "name": "Argentina", "percent": 16.9 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 12.1 }, { "name": "Colombia", "percent": 6.3 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 5.3 }, { "name": "Japan", "percent": 4.7 }, { "name": "South Korea", "percent": 4.3 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8427000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 9682000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 98 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "petroleum products", "vehicles", "iron", "steel", "plastics" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 17.9 }, { "name": "Brazil", "percent": 16.5 }, { "name": "Argentina", "percent": 11.8 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 10.6 }, { "name": "Peru", "percent": 6.2 }, { "name": "Japan", "percent": 5.2 }, { "name": "Chile", "percent": 4.6 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 10080000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 13060000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 71 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7268000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 6341000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 106 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1059000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1084000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 95 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 0, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 111 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.91, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6.91, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 6.91, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 6.91, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 6.94, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "bolivianos (BOB) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 1200000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 90, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 99, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 72, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 8759000000, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2016" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 8378000000, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 113, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 127, "date": "2016" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 1855000, "global_rank": 110, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 72, "global_rank": 112, "date": "2016" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 54, "date": "2016" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 26, "global_rank": 77, "date": "2016" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 1, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2016" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 60920, "global_rank": 54, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 101, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 166, "date": "2016" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 209800000, "global_rank": 59, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 11630, "global_rank": 81, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 78000, "global_rank": 91, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 7292, "global_rank": 88, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 19940, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 21100000000, "global_rank": 31, "date": "2016" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 5366000000, "global_rank": 66, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 15730000000, "global_rank": 15, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 164, "date": "2015" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 295900000000, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 16000000, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 881084, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 8, "global_rank": 83, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 10163000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 94, "global_rank": 84, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "Bolivian National Telecommunications Company was privatized in 1995 but re-nationalized in 2007; the primary trunk system is being expanded and employs digital microwave radio relay; some areas are served by fiber-optic cable; system operations, reliability, and coverage have steadily improved", "domestic": "most telephones are concentrated in La Paz, Santa Cruz, and other capital cities; mobile-cellular telephone use expanding rapidly and, in 2015, teledensity reached about 95 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 591; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "large number of radio and TV stations broadcasting with private media outlets dominating; state-owned and private radio and TV stations generally operating freely, although both pro-government and anti-government groups have attacked media outlets in response to their reporting (2010)", "internet": { "country_code": ".bo", "users": { "total": 4871000, "percent_of_population": 45.1, "global_rank": 78, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 7, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 39, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 2578959, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 9456548, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "CP", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 855, "global_rank": 7, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 21, "over_3047_metres": 5, "2438_to_3047_metres": 4, "1524_to_2437_metres": 6, "914_to_1523_metres": 6, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 834, "over_3047_metres": 1, "2438_to_3047_metres": 4, "1524_to_2437_metres": 47, "914_to_1523_metres": 151, "under_914_metres": 631, "date": "2013" } } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 5457, "units": "km" }, { "type": "liquid petroleum gas", "length": 51, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 2511, "units": "km" }, { "type": "refined products", "length": 1627, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 3504, "units": "km" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 3504, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.000-m" }, "global_rank": 51, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 90568, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 9792, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 80776, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 61, "date": "2017" }, "waterways": { "value": 10000, "units": "km", "note": "commercially navigable almost exclusively in the northern and eastern parts of the country", "global_rank": 13, "date": "2012" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 18, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 1 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 14 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 1 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 2 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 5, "by_country": [ { "country": "Syria", "count": 4 }, { "country": "UK", "count": 1 } ] }, "global_rank": 98 }, "ports_and_terminals": { "river_ports": [ "Puerto Aguirre (Paraguay/Parana)" ], "note": "Bolivia has free port privileges in maritime ports in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay" } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.18, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.24, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.39, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.45, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.47, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 64 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Bolivian Armed Forces", "Bolivian Army (Ejercito Boliviano", "EB)", "Bolivian Naval Force (Fuerza Naval Boliviana", "FNB", "includes Marines)", "Bolivian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Boliviana", "FAB)" ], "date": "2017" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 16, "note": "16-49 years of age for 12-month voluntary male and female military service; Bolivian citizenship required; minimum age of combat is 18; when annual number of volunteers falls short of goal, compulsory recruitment is effected, including conscription of boys as young as 14; 15-19 years of age for voluntary premilitary service, provides exemption from further military service", "date": "2017" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Chile and Peru rebuff Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, but Chile offers instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile for Bolivian products", "contraband smuggling, human trafficking, and illegal narcotic trafficking are problems in the porous areas of its border regions with all of its neighbors (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Peru)" ], "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "Bolivia is a source country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking domestically and abroad; indigenous children are particularly vulnerable; Bolivia is a source country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking domestically and abroad; rural and poor Bolivians, most of whom are indigenous, and LGBT youth are particularly vulnerable; Bolivians perform forced labor domestically in mining, ranching, agriculture, and domestic service, and a significant number are in forced labor abroad in sweatshops, agriculture, domestic service, and the informal sector; women and girls are sex trafficked within Bolivia and in neighboring countries, such as Argentina, Peru, and Chile; a limited number of women from nearby countries are sex trafficked in Bolivia", "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List – Bolivia does not comply fully with the minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government did not demonstrate overall increasing anti-trafficking efforts, and poor data collection made it difficult to assess the number of investigations, prosecutions, and victim identifications and referrals to care services; authorities did not adequately differentiate between human trafficking and other crimes, such as domestic violence and child abuse; law enforcement failed to implement an early detection protocol for identifying trafficking cases and lacked a formal process for identifying trafficking victims among vulnerable populations; specialized victim services were inadequately funded and virtually non-existent for adult women and male victims (2015)" }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Colombia and Peru) with an estimated 30,000 hectares under cultivation in 2011, a decrease of 13 percent over 2010; third largest producer of cocaine, estimated at 265 metric tons potential pure cocaine in 2011, a 29 percent increase over 2010; transit country for Peruvian and Colombian cocaine destined for Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Europe; weak border controls; some money-laundering activity related to narcotics trade; major cocaine consumption (2013)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102800/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bl.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bl.html" } }, "bosnia_and_herzegovina": { "data": { "name": "Bosnia And Herzegovina", "introduction": { "background": "Bosnia and Herzegovina declared sovereignty in October 1991 and independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a \"Greater Serbia.\" In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that ended three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995).\nThe Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a multiethnic and democratic government charged with conducting foreign, diplomatic, and fiscal policy. Also recognized was a second tier of government composed of two entities roughly equal in size: the predominantly Bosniak-Bosnian Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the predominantly Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation and RS governments are responsible for overseeing most government functions. Additionally, the Dayton Accords established the Office of the High Representative to oversee the implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. The Peace Implementation Council at its conference in Bonn in 1997 also gave the High Representative the authority to impose legislation and remove officials, the so-called \"Bonn Powers.\" An original NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops assembled in 1995 was succeeded over time by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR). In 2004, European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR. Currently, EUFOR deploys around 600 troops in theater in a security assistance and training capacity." }, "geography": { "location": "Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 44, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 18, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Europe", "area": { "total": { "value": 51197, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 51187, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 10, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 129, "comparative": "slightly smaller than West Virginia" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 1543, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Croatia", "border_length": { "value": 956, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Montenegro", "border_length": { "value": 242, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Serbia", "border_length": { "value": 345, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 20, "units": "km" }, "climate": "hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast", "terrain": "mountains and valleys", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 500, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Adriatic Sea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Maglic", "elevation": { "value": 2386, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "coal", "iron ore", "bauxite", "copper", "lead", "zinc", "chromite", "cobalt", "manganese", "nickel", "clay", "gypsum", "salt", "sand", "timber", "hydropower" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 42.2, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 19.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 2, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 20.5, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 42.8, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 15, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 30, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "destructive earthquakes", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "air pollution from metallurgical plants", "sites for disposing of urban waste are limited", "water shortages and destruction of infrastructure because of the 1992-95 civil strife", "deforestation" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Air Pollution", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Life Conservation", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is divided into a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region called Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and Montenegro, and traditionally has been settled by an ethnic Croat majority in the west and an ethnic Serb majority in the east" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 3861912, "global_rank": 129, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)", "adjective": "Bosnian, Herzegovinian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Bosniak", "percent": 50.1 }, { "name": "Serb", "percent": 30.8 }, { "name": "Croat", "percent": 15.4 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 2.7 }, { "name": "not declared/no answer", "percent": 1 } ], "note": "the methodology remains disputed and Republika Srspka authorities refuse to recognize the results; Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam", "date": "2013" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Bosnian", "percent": 52.9, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Serbian", "percent": 30.8, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Croatian", "percent": 14.6, "note": "official" }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.6 }, { "name": "no answer", "percent": 0.2 } ], "date": "2013" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 50.7 }, { "name": "Orthodox", "percent": 30.7 }, { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 15.2 }, { "name": "atheist", "percent": 0.8 }, { "name": "agnostic", "percent": 0.3 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "undeclared/no answer", "percent": 1.1 } ], "date": "2013" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 13.36, "males": 266389, "females": 249425 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 11.97, "males": 238682, "females": 223599 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 46.2, "males": 896760, "females": 887407 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 14.43, "males": 267628, "females": 289464 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 14.05, "males": 212574, "females": 329984 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 40.7, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 19, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 21.7, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 4.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 41.7, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 40.2, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 43.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": -0.14, "global_rank": 210, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 8.8, "global_rank": 213, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 9.9, "global_rank": 44, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -0.4, "global_rank": 126, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 39.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.14, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Sarajevo", "population": 318000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.07, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.07, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.07, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.92, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.64, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.95, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 26.7, "date": "2013" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 11, "global_rank": 157, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 5.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 5.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 5.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 170, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 76.7, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 73.7, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 80, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 84, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.28, "global_rank": 219, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 45.8, "units": "%", "date": "2011" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 9.6, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 1.89, "date": "2013" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 3.5, "date": "2010" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 99.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 99.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 98.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 92, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 94.8, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 1.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 5.2, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 19.2, "global_rank": 47, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 1.5, "global_rank": 127, "date": "2012" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 98.5, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 99.5, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 97.5, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "date": "2014" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 24722, "percentage": { "value": 5, "units": "%" }, "date": "2006" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 62.8, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 62.8, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 62.8, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 1, "date": "2012" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "local_long_form": "none", "local_short_form": "Bosna i Hercegovina", "former": "People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "abbreviation": "BiH", "etymology": "the larger northern territory is named for the Bosna River; the smaller southern section takes its name from the German word \"herzog,\" meaning \"duke,\" and the ending \"-ovina,\" meaning \"land,\" forming the combination denoting \"dukedom\"" }, "government_type": "parliamentary republic", "capital": { "name": "Sarajevo", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 43, "minutes": 52, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 18, "minutes": 25, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 1, "note": "6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Brcko District (Brcko Distrikt) (ethnically mixed)", "type": "first-order administrative division" }, { "name": "the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine) (predominantly Bosniak-Croat)", "type": "first-order administrative division" }, { "name": "the Republic of Srpska (Republika Srpska) (predominantly Serb)", "type": "first-order administrative division" } ], "independence": { "date": "1992-03-01", "note": "from Yugoslavia; note - referendum for independence completed on 1 March 1992; independence declared on 3 March 1992" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "1 March", "original_year": "1943", "note": "and Statehood Day, 25 November - both observed in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity" }, { "name": "Victory Day", "day": "9 May", "original_year": "1995", "note": "and Dayton Agreement Day, 21 November - both observed in the Republika Srpska entity" } ], "constitution": { "history": "14 December 1995 (constitution included as part of the Dayton Peace Accords)", "note": "each of the political entities has its own constitution", "amendments": "decided by the Parliamentary Assembly, including a two-thirds majority vote of members present in the House of Representatives; the constitutional article on human rights and fundamental freedoms cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2009" }, "legal_system": "civil law system; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes, provided there is a bilateral agreement with the other state", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "8 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false, "note": "18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal" }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Chairman of the Presidency Mladen IVANIC (chairman since 17 November 2016, presidency member since 17 November 2014 - Serb); Dragan COVIC (presidency member since 17 November 2014 - Croat); Bakir IZETBEGOVIC (presidency member since 10 November 2010 - Bosniak)", "head_of_government": "Chairman of the Council of Ministers Denis ZVIZDIC (since 11 February 2015)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman, approved by the state-level House of Representatives", "elections_appointments": "3-member presidency (1 Bosniak and 1 Croat elected from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 1 Serb elected from the Republika Srpska) directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for 4 years); the presidency chairpersonship rotates every 8 months and resumes where it left off following each general election; election last held on 12 October 2014 (next to be held in October 2018); the chairman of the Council of Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the state-level House of Representatives", "election_results": "percent of vote - Mladen IVANIC 48.7% - Serb seat; Dragan COVIC 52.2% - Croat seat; Bakir IZETBEGOVIC 32.9% - Bosniak seat", "note": "President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Marinko CAVARA (since 11 February 2015); Vice Presidents Melika MAHMUTBEGOVIC (since 11 February 2015), Milan DUNOVIC (since 11 February 2015); President of the Republika Srpska Milorad DODIK (since 15 November 2010); Vice Presidents Ramiz SALKIC (since 24 November 2014), Josip JERKOVIC (since 24 November 2014)" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Parliamentary Assembly or Skupstina consists of the House of Peoples or Dom Naroda (15 seats - 5 Bosniak, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; members designated by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina's House of Peoples and the Republika Srpska's National Assembly to serve 4-year terms) and the state-level House of Representatives or Predstavnicki Dom (42 seats to include 28 seats allocated to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 14 to the Republika Srpska; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms); note - the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina has a bicameral legislature that consists of the House of Peoples (58 seats - 17 Bosniak, 17 Croat, 17 Serb, 7 other) and the House of Representatives (98 seats; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms); Republika Srpska's unicameral legislature is the National Assembly (83 directly elected delegates serve 4-year terms)", "elections": "House of Peoples - last constituted in 11 February 2015 (next likely to be constituted in 2019); state-level House of Representatives - election last held on 12 October 2014 (next to be held in October 2018)", "election_results": "House of Peoples - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - NA; state-level House of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - Federation votes: SDA 27.9%, DF 15.3%, SBB BiH 14.4%, Croat People's Assembly coalition or HNS (HDZ BiH-HSS-NHI-HKDU-HSP BiH-HSP HB) 12.2%, SDP 9.5%, HDZ-1990 4.1%, BPS-Sefer Halilovic 3.7%, A-SDA 2.3%, other 10.6%; Republika Srpska votes: SNSD 38.5%, SDS 32.6%, PDP-NDP 7.8%, DNS 5.7%, SDA 4.9%, other 10.5%; seats by party/coalition - SDA 10, SNSD 6, SDS 5, DF 5, SBB BiH 4, Croat People's Assembly coalition or HNS (HDZ BiH-HSS-NHI-HKDU-HSP BiH-HSP HB) 4, SDP 3, PDP-NDP 1, HDZ-1990 1, BPS-Sefer Halilovic 1, DNS 1, A-SDA 1" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "BiH Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members); Court of BiH (consists of 44 national judges and 7 international judges organized into 3 divisions - Administrative, Appellate, and Criminal, which includes a War Crimes Chamber)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "BiH Constitutional Court judges - 4 selected by the Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of Representatives, 2 selected by the Republika Srpska's National Assembly, and 3 non-Bosnian judges selected by the president of the European Court of Human Rights; Court of BiH president and national judges appointed by the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council; Court of BiH president appointed for renewable 6-year term; other national judges appointed to serve until age 70; international judges recommended by the president of the Court of BiH and appointed by the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina; international judges appointed to serve until age 70", "subordinate_courts": "the Federation has 10 cantonal courts plus a number of municipal courts; the Republika Srpska has a supreme court, 5 district courts, and a number of municipal courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Alliance for a Better Future of BiH", "name_alternative": "SBB BiH", "leaders": [ "Fahrudin RADONCIC" ] }, { "name": "Alliance of Independent Social Democrats", "name_alternative": "SNSD", "leaders": [ "Milorad DODIK" ] }, { "name": "Alternative Party for Democratic Activity", "name_alternative": "A-SDA", "leaders": [ "Nermin OGRESEVIC" ] }, { "name": "Bosnian-Herzegovinian Patriotic Party-Sefer Halilovic", "name_alternative": "BPS-Sefer Halilovic", "leaders": [ "Sefer HALILOVIC" ] }, { "name": "Croat Peasants' Party", "name_alternative": "HSS", "leaders": [ "Mario KARAMATIC" ] }, { "name": "Croatian Christian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "name_alternative": "HKDU", "leaders": [ "Ivan MUSA" ] }, { "name": "Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "name_alternative": "HDZ-BiH", "leaders": [ "Dragan COVIC" ] }, { "name": "Croatian Democratic Union 1990", "name_alternative": "HDZ-1990", "leaders": [ "acting president Ilija CVITANOVIC" ] }, { "name": "Croatian Party of Rights", "name_alternative": "HSP BiH", "leaders": [ "Stanko PRIMORAC" ] }, { "name": "Croatian Party of Rights of Herceg-Bosne", "name_alternative": "HSP HB", "leaders": [ "Vesna PINJUH" ] }, { "name": "Croatian People's Party-Liberal Democrats", "name_alternative": "HNS", "leaders": [ "Ivan VRDOLJAK" ] }, { "name": "Democratic Front of DF", "leaders": [ "Zeljko KOMSIC" ] }, { "name": "Democratic Peoples' Alliance", "name_alternative": "DNS", "leaders": [ "Marko PAVIC" ] }, { "name": "Party for Democratic Action", "name_alternative": "SDA", "leaders": [ "Bakir IZETBEGOVIC" ] }, { "name": "Party of Democratic Progress", "name_alternative": "PDP", "leaders": [ "Branislav BORENOVIC" ] }, { "name": "People's Democratic Movement", "name_alternative": "NDP", "leaders": [ "Dragan CAVIC" ] }, { "name": "Serb Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "SDS", "leaders": [ "Vukota GOVEDARICA" ] }, { "name": "Social Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "SDP", "leaders": [ "Nermin NIKSIC" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "war veterans" }, { "name": "displaced persons associations" }, { "name": "family associations of missing persons" }, { "name": "private media" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "BIS" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CE" }, { "organization": "CEI" }, { "organization": "EAPC" }, { "organization": "EBRD" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINUSMA" }, { "organization": "MONUSCO" }, { "organization": "NAM ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OIC ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OIF ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OSCE" }, { "organization": "PFP" }, { "organization": "SELEC" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO ", "note": "observer" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Haris HRLE (since 23 October 2015)", "chancery": "2109 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20037", "telephone": "[1] (202) 337-1500", "fax": "[1] (202) 337-1502", "consulates_general": "Chicago, New York" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Maureen CORMACK (since 16 January 2015)", "embassy": "1 Robert C. Frasure Street, 71000 Sarajevo", "mailing_address": "use embassy street address", "telephone": "[387] (33) 704-000", "fax": "[387] (33) 659-722", "branch_offices": "Banja Luka, Mostar" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "a wide blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle approximates the shape of the country and its three points stand for the constituent peoples - Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs; the stars represent Europe and are meant to be continuous (thus the half stars at top and bottom); the colors (white, blue, and yellow) are often associated with neutrality and peace, and traditionally are linked with Bosnia", "note": "one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Brazil, Eritrea, and Vanuatu" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "golden lily" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "blue" }, { "color": "yellow" }, { "color": "white" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Drzavna himna Bosne i Hercegovine\" (The National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina)", "lyrics_music": "none officially; Dusan SESTIC and Benjamin ISOVIC/Dusan SESTIC", "note": "music adopted 1999; lyrics accepted 2009 but not yet approved", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/BK.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Bosnia and Herzegovina has a transitional economy with limited market reforms. The economy relies heavily on the export of metals, energy, textiles, and furniture as well as on remittances and foreign aid. A highly decentralized government hampers economic policy coordination and reform, while excessive bureaucracy and a segmented market discourage foreign investment. Foreign banks, primarily from Austria and Italy, control much of the banking sector, though the largest bank in the Republika Srpska entity is a private domestic one. The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark) - the national currency introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro through a currency board arrangement, which has maintained confidence in the currency and has facilitated reliable trade links with European partners. In 2016, Bosnia began a three-year IMF loan program that requires Bosnia to meet economic reform benchmarks to receive future funding installments.\n\nInterethnic warfare in Bosnia and Herzegovina caused production to plummet by 80% from 1992 to 1995 and unemployment to soar, but the economy made progress until 2008, when the global economic crisis caused a downturn. Since 2013, Bosnia and Herzegovina has posted positive economic growth, though severe flooding hampered recovery in 2014. Bosnia and Herzegovina became a full member of the Central European Free Trade Agreement in September 2007.\n\nBosnia and Herzegovina's private sector is growing slowly, but foreign investment has dropped sharply since 2007. High unemployment remains the most serious macroeconomic problem. Successful implementation of a value-added tax in 2006 provided a steady source of revenue for the government and helped rein in gray-market activity, though public perceptions of government corruption and misuse of taxpayer money has encouraged a large informal economy to persist. National-level statistics have improved over time, but a large share of economic activity remains unofficial and unrecorded.\n\nBosnia and Herzegovina's top economic priorities are: acceleration of integration into the EU; strengthening the fiscal system; public administration reform; World Trade Organization membership; and securing economic growth by fostering a dynamic, competitive private sector.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 42530000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 41290000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 40030000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 113, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 16530000000.000002, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.1, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 92 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 10700, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 10300, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 137, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 80.9, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 21.5, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 18.6, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 32.8, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -55.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 7.8, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 26.8, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 65.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 10.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 10.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 145 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "wheat", "corn", "fruits", "vegetables", "livestock" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "steel", "coal", "iron ore", "lead", "zinc", "manganese", "bauxite", "aluminum", "motor vehicle assembly", "textiles", "tobacco products", "wooden furniture", "ammunition", "domestic appliances", "oil refining" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 4, "global_rank": 57, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 1480000, "global_rank": 132, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 19, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 30, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 51, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2013" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 28, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 27.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 187, "note": "official rate; actual rate is lower as many technically unemployed persons work in the gray economy" }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 17.2, "units": "%", "date": "2011" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2.7, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 27.3, "units": "%" }, "date": "2007" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 36.2, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2007" } ], "global_rank": 88 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 7681000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 7975000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 46.5, "global_rank": 19, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -1.8, "global_rank": 70, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 46.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 46.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 100, "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions." }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.2, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 41 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 5.79, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 140 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5008000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 4554000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 100 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9223000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 10720000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 109 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9367000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 9389000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 107 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -927000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -925000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 122 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3930000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3950000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 115 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "metals", "clothing", "wood products" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Slovenia", "percent": 16.6 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 16 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 12.2 }, { "name": "Croatia", "percent": 11.6 }, { "name": "Austria", "percent": 11.2 }, { "name": "Turkey", "percent": 5.3 } ], "date": "2016" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7765000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 8173000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 104 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "equipment", "chemicals", "fuels", "foodstuffs" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Croatia", "percent": 19.3 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 13.9 }, { "name": "Slovenia", "percent": 13.8 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 10.9 }, { "name": "Austria", "percent": 5.7 }, { "name": "Hungary", "percent": 5.2 }, { "name": "Turkey", "percent": 4.5 } ], "date": "2016" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 4791000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 93 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9768000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 9597000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 110 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7920000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 7721000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 98 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 112 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.806, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.7626, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.7626, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.4718, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.52, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "konvertibilna markas (BAM) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 15000000000, "global_rank": 87, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 11000000000, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 6000000000, "global_rank": 31, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "kWh": 3200000000, "global_rank": 49, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 4300000, "global_rank": 82, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 54.8, "global_rank": 141, "date": "2013" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 53, "date": "2013" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 43.6, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2013" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 1.5, "global_rank": 88, "date": "2013" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 110, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 100, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 20690, "global_rank": 68, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 111, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 20280, "global_rank": 92, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 30000, "global_rank": 120, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 5342, "global_rank": 95, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 15230, "global_rank": 132, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 161, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 169000000, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 68, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 169000000, "global_rank": 74, "date": "2014" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 17000000, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 771684, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 20, "global_rank": 84, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 3444000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 89, "global_rank": 129, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "post-war reconstruction of the telecommunications network, aided by an internationally sponsored program, resulted in sharp increases in fixed-line telephone availability", "domestic": "fixed-line teledensity roughly 20 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has been increasing rapidly and stands at roughly 90 telephones per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 387; no satellite earth stations (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "3 public TV broadcasters: Radio and TV of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federation TV (operating 2 networks), and Republika Srpska Radio-TV; a local commercial network of 5 TV stations; 3 private, near-national TV stations and dozens of small independent TV broadcasting stations; 3 large public radio broadcasters and many private radio stations (2010)", "internet": { "country_code": ".ba", "users": { "total": 2516000, "percent_of_population": 65.1, "global_rank": 89, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 1, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 1, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 7070, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 87, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "T9", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 24, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 7, "2438_to_3047_metres": 4, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "under_914_metres": 2, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 17, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 5, "under_914_metres": 11, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 6, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 147, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 9, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 965, "units": "km" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 965, "electrified": 565, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "global_rank": 91, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 22926, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 19426, "units": "km", "note": "4,652 km of interurban roads" }, "unpaved": { "value": 3500, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 102, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "river_ports": [ "Bosanska Gradiska", "Bosanski Brod", "Bosanski Samac", "Brcko", "Orasje (Sava River)" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.03, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.09, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.15, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 1.14, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 75 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Armed Forces of Bosnia", "Herzegovina (Oruzanih Snaga Bosne i Hercegovine", "OSBiH)", "Army of Bosnia", "Herzegovina", "Air Force", "Air Defense (Brigada Zracnih Snaga i Protuzracne Odbrane", "br ZSiPZO)", "Tactical Support Brigade (Brigada Takticke Podrske", "br TP)" ], "date": "2015" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; mandatory retirement at age 35 or after 15 years of service for E-1 through E-4, mandatory retirement at age 50 and 30 years of service for E-5 through E-9, mandatory retirement at age 55 and 30 years of service for all officers", "date": "2014" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Serbia delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 5164, "country_of_origin": "Croatia" } ], "date": "2016" }, "internally_displaced_persons": { "people": 98000, "note": "Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks displaced by inter-ethnic violence, human rights violations, and armed conflict during the 1992-1995 war", "date": "2016" }, "stateless_persons": { "people": 49, "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "increasingly a transit point for heroin being trafficked to Western Europe; minor transit point for marijuana; remains highly vulnerable to money-laundering activity given a primarily cash-based and unregulated economy, weak law enforcement, and instances of corruption" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624100520/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bk.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bk.html" } }, "botswana": { "data": { "name": "Botswana", "introduction": { "background": "Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name at independence in 1966. More than four decades of uninterrupted civilian leadership, progressive social policies, and significant capital investment have created one of the most stable economies in Africa. The ruling Botswana Democratic Party has won every election since independence; President Ian KHAMA was reelected for a second term in 2014. Mineral extraction, principally diamond mining, dominates economic activity, though tourism is a growing sector due to the country's conservation practices and extensive nature preserves. Botswana has one of the world's highest known rates of HIV/AIDS infection, but also one of Africa's most progressive and comprehensive programs for dealing with the disease." }, "geography": { "location": "Southern Africa, north of South Africa", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 22, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 24, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Africa", "area": { "total": { "value": 581730, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 566730, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 15000, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 48, "comparative": "slightly smaller than Texas" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 4347.15, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Namibia", "border_length": { "value": 1544, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "South Africa", "border_length": { "value": 1969, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Zambia", "border_length": { "value": 0.15, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Zimbabwe", "border_length": { "value": 834, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 0, "units": "km", "note": "landlocked" }, "climate": "semiarid; warm winters and hot summers", "terrain": "predominantly flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 1013, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "junction of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers", "elevation": { "value": 513, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Tsodilo Hills", "elevation": { "value": 1489, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "diamonds", "copper", "nickel", "salt", "soda ash", "potash", "coal", "iron ore", "silver" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 45.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 0.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 45.2, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 19.8, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 34.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 20, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "periodic droughts", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "seasonal August winds blow from the west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which can obscure visibility", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "overgrazing", "desertification", "limited freshwater resources" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "landlocked; population concentrated in eastern part of the country" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 2209208, "global_rank": 145, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)", "adjective": "Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Tswana", "percent": 79, "note": "or Setswana" }, { "name": "Kalanga", "percent": 11 }, { "name": "Basarwa", "percent": 3 }, { "name": "other" }, { "name": "including Kgalagadi and white", "percent": 7 } ] }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Setswana", "percent": 77.3 }, { "name": "Sekalanga", "percent": 7.4 }, { "name": "Shekgalagadi", "percent": 3.4 }, { "name": "English", "percent": 2.8, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Zezuru/Shona", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "Sesarwa", "percent": 1.7 }, { "name": "Sembukushu", "percent": 1.6 }, { "name": "Ndebele", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 2.8 } ], "date": "2011" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Christian", "percent": 79.1 }, { "name": "Badimo", "percent": 4.1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.4, "note": "includes Baha'i, Hindu, Muslim, Rastafarian" }, { "name": "none", "percent": 15.2 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.3 } ], "date": "2011" }, "demographic_profile": "Botswana has experienced one of the most rapid declines in fertility in sub-Saharan Africa. The total fertility rate has fallen from more than 5 children per woman in the mid 1980s to approximately 2.4 in 2013. The fertility reduction has been attributed to a host of factors, including higher educational attainment among women, greater participation of women in the workforce, increased contraceptive use, later first births, and a strong national family planning program. Botswana was making significant progress in several health indicators, including life expectancy and infant and child mortality rates, until being devastated by the HIV/AIDs epidemic in the 1990s.\nToday Botswana has the third highest HIV/AIDS prevalence rate in the world at approximately 22%, however comprehensive and effective treatment programs have reduced HIV/AIDS-related deaths. The combination of declining fertility and increasing mortality rates because of HIV/AIDS is slowing the population aging process, with a narrowing of the youngest age groups and little expansion of the oldest age groups. Nevertheless, having the bulk of its population (about 60%) of working age will only yield economic benefits if the labor force is healthy, educated, and productively employed.\nBatswana have been working as contract miners in South Africa since the 19th century. Although Botswana’s economy improved shortly after independence in 1966 with the discovery of diamonds and other minerals, its lingering high poverty rate and lack of job opportunities continued to push workers to seek mining work in southern African countries. In the early 1970s, about a third of Botswana’s male labor force worked in South Africa (lesser numbers went to Namibia and Zimbabwe). Not until the 1980s and 1990s, when South African mining companies had reduced their recruitment of foreign workers and Botswana’s economic prospects had improved, were Batswana increasingly able to find job opportunities at home.\nMost Batswana prefer life in their home country and choose cross-border migration on a temporary basis only for work, shopping, visiting family, or tourism. Since the 1970s, Botswana has pursued an open migration policy enabling it to recruit thousands of foreign workers to fill skilled labor shortages. In the late 1990s, Botswana’s prosperity and political stability attracted not only skilled workers but small numbers of refugees from neighboring Angola, Namibia, and Zimbabwe.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 32.4, "males": 364807, "females": 350888 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 21.32, "males": 234251, "females": 236650 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 37.61, "males": 444290, "females": 386622 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 4.55, "males": 45186, "females": 55272 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 4.13, "males": 36216, "females": 55026 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 55.3, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 49.7, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 5.6, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 17.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 23.2, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 23.4, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 23.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 169, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1.19, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 20.7, "global_rank": 77, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 13.3, "global_rank": 13, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 4.5, "global_rank": 28, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 57.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 1.29, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Gaborone", "population": 247000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.15, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.82, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.66, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 19, "date": "2007" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 129, "global_rank": 61, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 8.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 8.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 8.3, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 145, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 54.5, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 56.3, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 52.6, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 213, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.3, "global_rank": 91, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 52.8, "units": "%", "note": "percent of women aged 12-49", "date": "2007" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 5.4, "global_rank": 132, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.38, "date": "2012" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 1.8, "date": "2010" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 99.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 92.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 96.2, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 7.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 3.8, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 78.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 43.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 63.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 21.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 56.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 36.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 22.21, "global_rank": 2, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 348900, "global_rank": 19, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 3200, "global_rank": 30, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "malaria" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 19.5, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 11.2, "global_rank": 66, "date": "2008" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 9.6, "global_rank": 5, "date": "2009" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 88.5, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 88, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 88.9, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "date": "2013" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 45036, "percentage": { "value": 9, "units": "%" }, "note": "data represent children ages 7-17", "date": "2006" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 36, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 29.6, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 43.5, "units": "%" }, "date": "2010" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Botswana", "conventional_short_form": "Botswana", "local_long_form": "Republic of Botswana", "local_short_form": "Botswana", "former": "Bechuanaland", "etymology": "the name Botswana means \"Land of the Tswana\" - referring to the country's major ethnic group" }, "government_type": "parliamentary republic", "capital": { "name": "Gaborone", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 24, "minutes": 38, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 25, "minutes": 54, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 2, "note": "7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Central", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Chobe", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Francistown", "type": "town council" }, { "name": "Gaborone", "type": "town council" }, { "name": "Ghanzi", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Jwaneng", "type": "town council" }, { "name": "Kgalagadi", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Kgatleng", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Kweneng", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Lobatse", "type": "town council" }, { "name": "North East", "type": "district" }, { "name": "North West", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Selebi-Phikwe", "type": "town council" }, { "name": "South East", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Southern", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Sowa Town", "type": "town council" } ], "independence": { "date": "1966-09-30", "note": "from the UK" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "30 September", "original_year": "1966", "note": "Botswana Day" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1960 (preindependence); latest adopted March 1965, effective 30 September 1966; amended several times, last in 2006 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "mixed legal system of civil law influenced by the Roman-Dutch model and also customary and common law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Botswana", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "10 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Seretse Khama Ian KHAMA (since 1 April 2008); Vice President Mokgweetsi Eric MASISI (since 12 November 2014); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government", "head_of_government": "President Seretse Khama Ian KHAMA (since 1 April 2008); Vice President Mokgweetsi Eric MASISI (since 12 November 2014)", "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president", "elections_appointments": "president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 October 2014 (next to be held in October 2019); vice president appointed by the president", "election_results": "Seretse Khama Ian KHAMA elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - NA" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Parliament consists of the National Assembly (65 seats; 57 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 6 nominated by the president and indirectly elected by simple majority vote by the rest of the National Assembly, and 2 ex-officio members - the president and attorney general; elected members serve 5-year terms); note - the House of Chiefs (Ntlo ya Dikgosi), an advisory body to the National Assembly, consists of 35 members - 8 hereditary chiefs from Botswana's principal tribes, 22 indirectly elected by the chiefs, and 5 appointed by the president; the House of Chiefs consults on issues including powers of chiefs, customary courts, customary law, tribal property, and constitutional amendments", "elections": "National Assembly elections last held on 24 October 2014 (next to be held in October 2019)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - BDP 46.5%, UDC 30.0%, BCP 20.4%, independent 3.1%; seats by party - BDP 37, UDC 17, BCP 3" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Court of Appeal, High Court (each consists of a chief justice and a number of other judges as prescribed by the Parliament)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Court of Appeal and High Court chief justices appointed by the president and other judges appointed by the president upon the advice of the Judicial Service Commission; all judges appointed to serve until age 70", "subordinate_courts": "Industrial Court (with circuits scheduled monthly in the capital city and in 3 districts); Magistrates Courts (1 in each district); Customary Court of Appeal; Paramount Chief's Court/Urban Customary Court; Senior Chief's Representative Court; Chief's Representative’s Court; Headman's Court" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Botswana Alliance Movement", "name_alternative": "BAM", "leaders": [ "Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO" ] }, { "name": "Botswana Congress Party", "name_alternative": "BCP", "leaders": [ "Dumelang SALESHANDO" ] }, { "name": "Botswana Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "BDP", "leaders": [ "Ian KHAMA" ] }, { "name": "Botswana Movement for Democracy", "name_alternative": "BMD", "leaders": [ "Ndaba GAOLATHE" ] }, { "name": "Botswana National Front", "name_alternative": "BNF", "leaders": [ "Duma BOKO" ] }, { "name": "Botswana Peoples Party", "name_alternative": "BPP", "leaders": [ "Motlatsi MOLAPISI" ] }, { "name": "Umbrella for Democratic Change", "name_alternative": "UDC", "leaders": [ "Duma BOKO" ], "note": "includes BMD, BPP, BCP and BNF" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AfDB" }, { "organization": "AU" }, { "organization": "C" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "SACU" }, { "organization": "SADC" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador David John NEWMAN (since 3 August 2015)", "chancery": "1531-1533 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036", "telephone": "[1] (202) 244-4990", "fax": "[1] (202) 244-4164", "consulates_general": "Atlanta" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Earl R. MILLER (since 30 January 2015)", "embassy": "Embassy Drive, Government Enclave (off Khama Crescent), Gaborone", "mailing_address": "Embassy Enclave, P. O. Box 90, Gaborone", "telephone": "[267] 395-3982", "fax": "[267] 318-0232" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center; the blue symbolizes water in the form of rain, while the black and white bands represent racial harmony" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "zebra" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "blue" }, { "color": "white" }, { "color": "black" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Fatshe leno la rona\" (Our Land)", "lyrics_music": "Kgalemang Tumedisco MOTSETE", "note": "adopted 1966", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/BC.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Until the global recession, Botswana maintained one of the world's highest economic growth rates since independence in 1966. Diamond mining fueled much of the economic expansion and currently accounts for one quarter of GDP, approximately 85% of export earnings, and about one-third of the government's revenues. Tourism is the secondary earner of foreign exchange and many Batswana engage in subsistence farming and cattle rearing. Through fiscal discipline and sound management, Botswana transformed itself from one of the poorest countries in the world to a middle-income country with a per capita GDP of approximately $16,900 in 2016. Botswana also ranks as one of the best credit risks in Africa.\n\nBotswana's economy closely follows global economic trends because of its heavy reliance on a single luxury export. According to official government statistics, unemployment is around 20%, but unofficial estimates run much higher. De Beers, a major international diamond company, signed a 10-year deal with Botswana in 2012 and moved its rough stone sorting and trading division from London to Gaborone in 2013. The move was geared to support the development of Botswana's nascent downstream diamond industry.\n\nBotswana’s economy recovered from the 2008 global recession in 2010, but has only grown modestly since then, primarily due to the downturn in the global diamond market, though water and power shortages also played a role. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS is second highest in the world and threatens the country's impressive economic gains. In 2016, Botswana entered its fourth year of drought, detrimental to Botswana’s small, but vital agriculture sector, but diamond exports increased to their highest levels since 2013, buffering economic growth. As a result, the economy registered 2.9% growth in 2016.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 35900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 34890000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 35490000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 122, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 15010000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.9, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -1.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 4.1, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 98 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 16900, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 16600, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 16900, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 99, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 46.1, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 17.1, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 29.5, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 6.9, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 52.4, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -52, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 1.8, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 29.8, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 68.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 35.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 39.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 46.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 12 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "livestock", "sorghum", "maize", "millet", "beans", "sunflowers", "groundnuts" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "diamonds", "copper", "nickel", "salt", "soda ash", "potash", "coal", "iron ore", "silver", "beef processing", "textiles" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 2.5, "global_rank": 92, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 1177000, "global_rank": 139, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "agriculture": "NA%", "industry": "NA%", "services": "NA%" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 20, "units": "%", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 17.8, "units": "%", "date": "2009" } ], "global_rank": 175 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 30.3, "units": "%", "date": "2003" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 60.5, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2009" }, { "value": 63, "units": "gini_index", "date": "1993" } ], "global_rank": 6 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 5516000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 5624000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 36.7, "global_rank": 50, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -0.7, "global_rank": 49, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 21, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 19.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 167 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 April", "end": "31 March" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 131 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 6, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 73 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 7.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 114 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1365000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1223000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 142 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8292999999.999999, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" }, { "value": 7635000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 113 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1783000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1614000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 143 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4588000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012-12-31" }, { "value": 4107000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2011-12-31" }, { "value": 4075999999.9999995, "units": "USD", "date": "2010-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 88 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2202000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1121000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 33 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6448000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6274000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 100 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "diamonds", "copper", "nickel", "soda ash", "beef", "textiles" ] } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7194000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 7090000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 107 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "foodstuffs", "machinery", "electrical goods", "transport equipment", "textiles", "fuel", "petroleum products", "wood", "paper products", "metal", "metal products" ] } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7682000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 8486000000.000001, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 81 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2386000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2221000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 146 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 10.21, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 10.1263, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 10.1263, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 8.9761, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 7.62, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "pulas (BWP) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 700000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 66, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 75, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 54, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 2200000000, "global_rank": 137, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 3700000000, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 1700000000, "global_rank": 57, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 895000, "global_rank": 132, "date": "2016" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 100, "global_rank": 4, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 48, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 160, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 156, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 97, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 162, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 118, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 23000, "global_rank": 131, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 162, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 22400, "global_rank": 113, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 156, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 119, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 63, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 159, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 112, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 4400000, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 160490, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 7, "global_rank": 132, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 3475000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 159, "global_rank": 131, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "Botswana is participating in regional development efforts; expanding fully digital system with fiber-optic cables linking the major population centers in the east as well as a system of open-wire lines, microwave radio relays links, and radiotelephone communication stations; the Botswana Telecommunications Corporation is rolling out 4G service to over 95 sites in the country that will improve network connectivity", "domestic": "fixed-line teledensity has declined in recent years and now stands at roughly 7 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity now pushing 160 telephones per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 267; international calls are made via satellite, using international direct dialing; 2 international exchanges; digital microwave radio relay links to Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "2 TV stations - 1 state-owned and 1 privately owned; privately owned satellite TV subscription service is available; 2 state-owned national radio stations; 3 privately owned radio stations broadcast locally (2007)", "internet": { "country_code": ".bw", "users": { "total": 600000, "percent_of_population": 27.5, "global_rank": 144, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 1, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 6, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 194005, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 94729, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "A2", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 74, "global_rank": 70, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 10, "over_3047_metres": 2, "2438_to_3047_metres": 1, "1524_to_2437_metres": 6, "914_to_1523_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 64, "1524_to_2437_metres": 5, "914_to_1523_metres": 46, "under_914_metres": 13, "date": "2013" } } }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 888, "units": "km" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 888, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.067-m" }, "global_rank": 94, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 17916, "units": "km" }, "note": "includes 8,916 km of Public Highway Network roads (6,116 km paved and 2,800 km unpaved) and 9,000 km of District Council roads", "global_rank": 117, "date": "2011" } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2.39, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 2.02, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 2.27, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 2.36, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 34 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Botswana Defence Force (BDF)", "Ground Forces Command", "Air Arm Command", "Defense Logistics Command" ], "date": "2017" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ], "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "Botswana is a source, transit, and destination country for women and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; young Batswana serving as domestic workers, sometimes sent by their parents, may be denied education and basic necessities or experience confinement and abuse indicative of forced labor; Batswana girls and women also are forced into prostitution domestically; adults and children of San ethnicity were reported to be in forced labor on farms and at cattle posts in the country’s rural west", "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List – Botswana does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; an anti-trafficking act was passed at the beginning of 2014, but authorities did not investigate, prosecute, or convict any offenders or government officials complicit in trafficking or operationalize victim identification and referral procedures based on the new law; the government sponsored a radio campaign to familiarize the public with the issue of human trafficking (2015)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-23", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170623051911/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170623000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html" } }, "bouvet_island": { "data": { "name": "Bouvet Island", "introduction": { "background": "This uninhabited, volcanic, Antarctic island is almost entirely covered by glaciers making it difficult to approach; it is recognized as the most remote island on Earth. Bouvet Island was discovered in 1739 by a French naval officer after whom it is named. No claim was made until 1825, when the British flag was raised. In 1928, the UK waived its claim in favor of Norway, which had occupied the island the previous year. In 1971, Norway designated Bouvet Island and the adjacent territorial waters a nature reserve. Since 1977, Norway has run an automated meteorological station and studied foraging strategies and distribution of fur seals and penguins on the island. In February 2006, an earthquake weakened the station's foundation causing it to be blown out to sea in a winter storm. Norway erected a new research station in 2014 that can hold six people for periods of two to four months." }, "geography": { "location": "island in the South Atlantic Ocean, southwest of the Cape of Good Hope (South Africa)", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 54, "minutes": 26, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 3, "minutes": 24, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Antarctic Region", "area": { "total": { "value": 49, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 49, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 233, "comparative": "about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 29.6, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 4, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "antarctic", "terrain": "volcanic; coast is mostly inaccessible", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "South Atlantic Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Olav Peak", "elevation": { "value": 935, "units": "m" } } }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 100, "units": "%", "note": "93% ice" } }, "date": "2011" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "NA", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "NA" ] }, "note": "covered by glacial ice; declared a nature reserve by Norway" }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Bouvet Island", "etymology": "named after the French naval officer Jean-Baptiste Charles BOUVET who discovered the island in 1739" }, "legal_system": "the laws of Norway, where applicable, apply", "flag_description": { "description": "the flag of Norway is used" } }, "economy": { "overview": "no economic activity; declared a nature reserve" }, "communications": { "internet": { "country_code": ".bv" }, "note": "has an automated meteorological station" }, "military_and_security": { "note": "defense is the responsibility of Norway" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ] } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-05-15", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170515140035/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bv.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170515000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bv.html" } }, "brazil": { "data": { "name": "Brazil", "introduction": { "background": "Following more than three centuries under Portuguese rule, Brazil gained its independence in 1822, maintaining a monarchical system of government until the abolition of slavery in 1888 and the subsequent proclamation of a republic by the military in 1889. Brazilian coffee exporters politically dominated the country until populist leader Getulio VARGAS rose to power in 1930. By far the largest and most populous country in South America, Brazil underwent more than a half century of populist and military government until 1985, when the military regime peacefully ceded power to civilian rulers. Brazil continues to pursue industrial and agricultural growth and development of its interior. Having successfully weathered a period of global financial difficulty in the late 20th century, Brazil was seen as one of the world’s strongest emerging markets and a contributor to global growth. The awarding of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2016 Summer Olympic Games, the first ever to be held in South America, was seen as symbolic of the country’s rise. However, since about 2013, Brazil has been plagued by a shrinking economy, growing unemployment, and rising inflation. Political scandal resulted in the impeachment of President Dilma ROUSSEFF in May 2016, a conviction that was upheld by the Senate in August 2016; her vice president, Michel TEMER, will serve as president until 2018, completing her second term." }, "geography": { "location": "Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 10, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 55, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "South America", "area": { "total": { "value": 8515770, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 8358140, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 157630, "units": "sq km" }, "note": "includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo", "global_rank": 5, "comparative": "slightly smaller than the US" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 16145, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Argentina", "border_length": { "value": 1263, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Bolivia", "border_length": { "value": 3403, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Colombia", "border_length": { "value": 1790, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "French Guiana", "border_length": { "value": 649, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Guyana", "border_length": { "value": 1308, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Paraguay", "border_length": { "value": 1371, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Peru", "border_length": { "value": 2659, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Suriname", "border_length": { "value": 515, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Uruguay", "border_length": { "value": 1050, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Venezuela", "border_length": { "value": 2137, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 7491, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "nm", "note": "or to edge of the continental margin" } }, "climate": "mostly tropical, but temperate in south", "terrain": "mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and narrow coastal belt", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 320, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Atlantic Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Pico da Neblina", "elevation": { "value": 2994, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "bauxite", "gold", "iron ore", "manganese", "nickel", "phosphates", "platinum", "tin", "rare earth elements", "uranium", "petroleum", "hydropower", "timber" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 32.9, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 8.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 23.5, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 61.9, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 5.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 54000, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "the vast majority of people live along, or relatively near, the Atlantic coast in the east; the population core is in the southeast, anchored by the cities of Sao Paolo, Brazilia, and Rio de Janeiro", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "recurring droughts in northeast", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "floods and occasional frost in south", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat and endangers a multitude of plant and animal species indigenous to the area", "there is a lucrative illegal wildlife trade", "air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro", "Sao Paulo", "and several other large cities", "land degradation and water pollution caused by improper mining activities", "wetland degradation", "severe oil spills" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol", "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources", "Antarctic Seals", "Antarctic Treaty", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Tropical Timber 83", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "largest country in South America and in the Southern Hemisphere; shares common boundaries with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 205823665, "global_rank": 6, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Brazilian(s)", "adjective": "Brazilian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "white", "percent": 47.7 }, { "name": "mulatto", "percent": 43.1, "note": "mixed white and black" }, { "name": "black", "percent": 7.6 }, { "name": "Asian", "percent": 1.1 }, { "name": "indigenous", "percent": 0.4 } ], "date": "2010" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Portuguese", "note": "official and most widely spoken language" } ], "note": "less common languages include Spanish (border areas and schools), German, Italian, Japanese, English, and a large number of minor Amerindian languages" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 64.6 }, { "name": "other Catholic", "percent": 0.4 }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 22.2, "breakdown": [ { "name": "includes Adventist", "percent": 6.5 }, { "name": "Assembly of God", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "Christian Congregation of Brazil", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "Universal Kingdom of God", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "other Protestant", "percent": 11.5 } ] }, { "name": "other Christian", "percent": 0.7 }, { "name": "Spiritist", "percent": 2.2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.4 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 8 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.4 } ], "date": "2010" }, "demographic_profile": "Brazil's rapid fertility decline since the 1960s is the main factor behind the country's slowing population growth rate, aging population, and fast-paced demographic transition. Brasilia has not taken full advantage of its large working-age population to develop its human capital and strengthen its social and economic institutions but is funding a study abroad program to bring advanced skills back to the country. The current favorable age structure will begin to shift around 2025, with the labor force shrinking and the elderly starting to compose an increasing share of the total population. Well-funded public pensions have nearly wiped out poverty among the elderly, and Bolsa Familia and other social programs have lifted tens of millions out of poverty. More than half of Brazil's population is considered middle class, but poverty and income inequality levels remain high; the Northeast, North, and Center-West, women, and black, mixed race, and indigenous populations are disproportionately affected. Disparities in opportunities foster social exclusion and contribute to Brazil's high crime rate, particularly violent crime in cities and favelas.\nBrazil has traditionally been a net recipient of immigrants, with its southeast being the prime destination. After the importation of African slaves was outlawed in the mid-19th century, Brazil sought Europeans (Italians, Portuguese, Spaniards, and Germans) and later Asians (Japanese) to work in agriculture, especially coffee cultivation. Recent immigrants come mainly from Argentina, Chile, and Andean countries (many are unskilled illegal migrants) or are returning Brazilian nationals. Since Brazil's economic downturn in the 1980s, emigration to the United States, Europe, and Japan has been rising but is negligible relative to Brazil's total population. The majority of these emigrants are well-educated and middle-class. Fewer Brazilian peasants are emigrating to neighboring countries to take up agricultural work.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 22.79, "males": 23905185, "females": 22994222 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 16.43, "males": 17146060, "females": 16661163 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 43.84, "males": 44750568, "females": 45489430 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 8.89, "males": 8637011, "females": 9656370 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 8.06, "males": 7059944, "females": 9523712 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 44.7, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 33.3, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 11.3, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 8.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 31.6, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 30.7, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 32.4, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 104, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.75, "global_rank": 145, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 14.3, "global_rank": 136, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 6.6, "global_rank": 143, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -0.1, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "the vast majority of people live along, or relatively near, the Atlantic coast in the east; the population core is in the southeast, anchored by the cities of Sao Paolo, Brazilia, and Rio de Janeiro", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 85.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 1.17, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Sao Paulo", "population": 21066000 }, { "place": "Rio De Janeiro", "population": 12902000 }, { "place": "Belo Horizonte", "population": 5716000 }, { "place": "Brasilia", "population": 4155000.0000000005, "is_capital": true }, { "place": "Fortaleza", "population": 3880000 }, { "place": "Recife", "population": 3739000 } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.98, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.89, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.74, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.97, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 44, "global_rank": 103, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 18, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 21.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 14.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 94, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 73.8, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 70.2, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 77.5, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 127, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.76, "global_rank": 160, "date": "2016" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 8.3, "global_rank": 31, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 1.85, "date": "2013" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 2.3, "date": "2012" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 87, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 98.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 13, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 1.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 88, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 51.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 82.8, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 12, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 48.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 17.2, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.58, "global_rank": 62, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 826700, "global_rank": 13, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 15300, "global_rank": 17, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "very high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "hepatitis A" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "dengue fever", "malaria" ], "water_contact_diseases": [ "schistosomiasis" ], "note": "active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus", "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 20.1, "global_rank": 102, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 2.2, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2007" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 6, "global_rank": 49, "date": "2013" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 92.6, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 92.2, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 92.9, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 16, "units": "years" }, "date": "2014" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 959942, "percentage": { "value": 3, "units": "%" }, "note": "data represent children ages 5-13", "date": "2009" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 15, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 12.3, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 18.7, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 76, "date": "2013" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Federative Republic of Brazil", "conventional_short_form": "Brazil", "local_long_form": "Republica Federativa do Brasil", "local_short_form": "Brasil", "etymology": "the country name derives from the brazilwood tree that used to grow plentifully along the coast of Brazil and that was used to produce a deep red dye" }, "government_type": "federal presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Brasilia", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 15, "minutes": 47, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 47, "minutes": 55, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -3, "note": "2 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins third Sunday in October; ends third Sunday in February", "note": "Brazil has three time zones, including one for the Fernando de Noronha Islands" }, "independence": { "date": "1822-09-07", "note": "from Portugal" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "7 September", "original_year": "1822" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest ratified 5 October 1988; amended many times, last in 2016 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law; note - a new civil law code was enacted in 2002 replacing the 1916 code", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "yes", "citizenship_by_descent": "yes", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "4 years" }, "suffrage": { "note": "voluntary between 16 to 18 years of age and over 70; compulsory between 18 to 70 years of age; note - military conscripts by law cannot vote" }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Michel Miguel Elias TEMER Lulia (since 31 August 2016); Vice President (vacant); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government", "head_of_government": "President Michel Miguel Elias TEMER Lulia (since 31 August 2016); Vice President (vacant)", "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president", "elections_appointments": "president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 5 October 2014 with runoff on 26 October 2014 (next to be held October 2018)", "election_results": "Dilma ROUSSEFF reelected president in a runoff election; percent of vote - Dilma ROUSSEFF (PT) 51.6%, Aecio NEVES (PSDB) 48.4%", "note": "on 12 May 2016, Brazil's Senate voted to hold an impeachment trial of President Dilma ROUSSEFF, who was then suspended from her executive duties; Vice President Michel TEMER then took over as acting president; on 31 August 2016 the Senate voted 61-20 in favor of conviction and her removal from office; TEMER will now serve as president for the remainder of ROUSSEFF's term until 1 January 2019" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral National Congress or Congresso Nacional consists of the Federal Senate or Senado Federal (81 seats; 3 members each from 26 states and 3 from the federal district directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 8-year terms, with one-third and two-thirds of the membership elected alternately every 4 years) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara dos Deputados (513 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)", "elections": "Federal Senate - last held on 5 October 2014 for one-third of the Senate (next to be held in October 2018 for two-thirds of the Senate); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 5 October 2014 (next to be held in October 2018)", "election_results": "Federal Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PMDB 5, PSDB 4, PDT 4, PSB 3, DEM (formerly PFL) 3, PT 2, PSD 2, PTB 2, PP 1, PR 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PT 70, PMDB 66, PSDB 54, PSD 37, PP 36, PR 34, PSB 34, PTB 25, DEM (formerly PFL) 22, PRB 21, PDT 19, SD 15, PSC 12, PROS 11, PCdoB 10, PPS 10, PV 8, PHS 5, PSOL 5, PTN 4, PMN 3, PRP 3, PEN 2, PTC 2, PSDC 2, PTdoB 1, PSL 1, PRTB 1" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Federal Court or Supremo Tribunal Federal (consists of 11 justices)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "justices appointed by the president and approved by the Federal Senate; justices appointed to serve until mandatory retirement at age 75", "subordinate_courts": "Tribunal of the Union, Federal Appeals Court, Superior Court of Justice, Superior Electoral Court, regional federal courts; state court system" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Brazilian Communist Party", "name_alternative": "PCB", "leaders": [ "Ivan Martins PINHEIRO" ] }, { "name": "Brazilian Democratic Movement Party", "name_alternative": "PMDB", "leaders": [ "Michel TEMER" ] }, { "name": "Brazilian Labor Party", "name_alternative": "PTB", "leaders": [ "Cristiane BRASIL" ] }, { "name": "Brazilian Renewal Labor Party", "name_alternative": "PRTB", "leaders": [ "Jose Levy FIDELIX da Cruz" ] }, { "name": "Brazilian Republican Party", "name_alternative": "PRB", "leaders": [ "Marcos Antonio PEREIRA" ] }, { "name": "Brazilian Social Democracy Party", "name_alternative": "PSDB", "leaders": [ "Aecio NEVES" ] }, { "name": "Brazilian Socialist Party", "name_alternative": "PSB", "leaders": [ "Carlos Roberto SIQUEIRA de Barros" ] }, { "name": "Christian Labor Party", "name_alternative": "PTC", "leaders": [ "Daniel TOURINHO" ] }, { "name": "Christian Social Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "PSDC", "leaders": [ "Jose Maria EYMAEL" ] }, { "name": "Communist Party of Brazil", "name_alternative": "PCdoB", "leaders": [ "Jose Renato RABELO" ] }, { "name": "Democratic Labor Party", "name_alternative": "PDT", "leaders": [ "Carlos Roberto LUPI" ] }, { "name": "The Democrats", "name_alternative": "DEM", "leaders": [ "Jose AGRIPINO" ], "note": "formerly Liberal Front Party or PFL" }, { "name": "Free Homeland Party", "name_alternative": "PPL", "leaders": [ "Sergio RUBENS" ] }, { "name": "Green Party", "name_alternative": "PV", "leaders": [ "Jose Luiz PENNA" ] }, { "name": "Humanist Party of Solidarity", "name_alternative": "PHS", "leaders": [ "Eduardo MACHADO" ] }, { "name": "Labor Party of Brazil", "name_alternative": "PTdoB", "leaders": [ "Luis Henrique de Oliveira RESENDE" ] }, { "name": "National Ecologic Party", "name_alternative": "PEN", "leaders": [ "Adilson Barroso OLIVEIRA" ] }, { "name": "National Labor Party", "name_alternative": "PTN", "leaders": [ "Jose Masci de ABREU" ] }, { "name": "National Mobilization Party", "name_alternative": "PMN", "leaders": [ "Telma RIBEIRO dos Santos" ] }, { "name": "Party of the Republic", "name_alternative": "PR", "leaders": [ "Alfredo NASCIMENTO" ] }, { "name": "Popular Socialist Party", "name_alternative": "PPS", "leaders": [ "Roberto Joao Pereira FREIRE" ] }, { "name": "Progressive Party", "name_alternative": "PP", "leaders": [ "Ciro NOGUEIRA" ] }, { "name": "Progressive Republican Party", "name_alternative": "PRP", "leaders": [ "Ovasco Roma Altimari RESENDE" ] }, { "name": "Republican Social Order Party", "name_alternative": "PROS", "leaders": [ "Euripedes JUNIOR" ] }, { "name": "Social Christian Party", "name_alternative": "PSC", "leaders": [ "Vitor Jorge Abdala NOSSEIS" ] }, { "name": "Social Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "PSD", "leaders": [ "Guilherme CAMPOS" ] }, { "name": "Social Liberal Party", "name_alternative": "PSL", "leaders": [ "Luciano Caldas BIVAR" ] }, { "name": "Socialism and Freedom Party", "name_alternative": "PSOL", "leaders": [ "Luiz ARAUJO" ] }, { "name": "Solidarity", "name_alternative": "SD", "leaders": [ "Paulo PEREIRA DA SILVA" ] }, { "name": "United Socialist Workers' Party", "name_alternative": "PSTU", "leaders": [ "Jose Maria DE ALMEIDA" ] }, { "name": "Workers' Cause Party", "name_alternative": "PCO", "leaders": [ "Rui Costa PIMENTA" ] }, { "name": "Workers' Party", "name_alternative": "PT", "leaders": [ "Rui FALCAO" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Landless Workers' Movement", "name_alternative": "MST" }, { "name": "industrial federations" }, { "name": "labor unions and federations" }, { "name": "large farmers' associations" }, { "name": "religious groups including evangelical Christian churches and the Catholic Church" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "AfDB ", "note": "nonregional member" }, { "organization": "BIS" }, { "organization": "BRICS" }, { "organization": "CAN ", "note": "associate" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CELAC" }, { "organization": "CPLP" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "FATF" }, { "organization": "G-15" }, { "organization": "G-20" }, { "organization": "G-24" }, { "organization": "G-5" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IADB" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "LAES" }, { "organization": "LAIA" }, { "organization": "LAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "Mercosur" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINURSO" }, { "organization": "MINUSTAH" }, { "organization": "MONUSCO" }, { "organization": "NAM ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "NSG" }, { "organization": "OAS" }, { "organization": "OECD " }, { "organization": "OPANAL" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "Paris Club ", "note": "associate" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "SICA ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNASUR" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNFICYP" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNIFIL" }, { "organization": "Union Latina" }, { "organization": "UNISFA" }, { "organization": "UNITAR" }, { "organization": "UNMIL" }, { "organization": "UNMISS" }, { "organization": "UNOCI" }, { "organization": "UNRWA" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Sergio Silva do AMARAL (since 16 September 2016)", "chancery": "3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 238-2700", "fax": "[1] (202) 238-2827", "consulates_general": "Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Hartford (CT), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco, Washington, DC" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Liliana AYALDE (since 31 October 2013)", "embassy": "Avenida das Nacoes, Quadra 801, Lote 3, Distrito Federal Cep 70403-900, Brasilia", "mailing_address": "Unit 7500, DPO, AA 34030", "telephone": "[55] (61) 3312-7000", "fax": "[55] (61) 3225-9136", "consulates_general": "Recife, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress); the current flag was inspired by the banner of the former Empire of Brazil (1822-1889); on the imperial flag, the green represented the House of Braganza of Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil, while the yellow stood for the Habsburg Family of his wife; on the modern flag the green represents the forests of the country and the yellow rhombus its mineral wealth (the diamond shape roughly mirrors that of the country); the blue circle and stars, which replaced the coat of arms of the original flag, depict the sky over Rio de Janeiro on the morning of 15 November 1889 - the day the Republic of Brazil was declared; the number of stars has changed with the creation of new states and has risen from an original 21 to the current 27 (one for each state and the Federal District)", "note": "one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Eritrea, and Vanuatu" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "Southern Cross constellation" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "green" }, { "color": "yellow" }, { "color": "blue" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Hino Nacional Brasileiro\" (Brazilian National Anthem)", "lyrics_music": "Joaquim Osorio Duque ESTRADA/Francisco Manoel DA SILVA", "note": "music adopted 1890, lyrics adopted 1922; the anthem's music, composed in 1822, was used unofficially for many years before it was adopted", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/BR.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Brazil is the eighth-largest economy in the world, but is recovering from a recession in 2015 and 2016 that ranks as the worst in the country’s history. Falling commodity prices reduced export revenues and investment, which weakened the Brazilian Real and cut tax revenues. The weaker real made existing public debt, which was largely denominated in foreign currency, more expensive. Lower tax revenues strained the government budget.\n\nEconomic reforms proposed in 2016 aim to slow the growth of government spending and reduce barriers to foreign investment. Government spending growth helped to push public debt to 70% of GDP at the end of 2016 up from 50% in 2012. Policies to strengthen Brazil’s workforce and industrial sector, such as local content requirements, may have boosted employment at the expense of investment.\n\nFormer President Dilma ROUSSEFF was impeached and convicted in August 2016 for moving funds among government budgets; the economy has also been affected by multiple corruption scandals involving private companies and government officials. Sanctions against the firms involved—some of the largest in Brazil—has limited their business opportunities, producing a ripple effect on associated businesses and contractors. In addition, investment in these companies has declined because of the scandals.\n\nBrazil is a member of the Common Market of the South (Mercosur), a trade bloc including Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela. After the Asian and Russian financial crises, the trade bloc adopted a protectionist stance to guard against exposure to the volatility of foreign markets. Brazil and its Mercosur partners have pledged to open the bloc to more trade and investment, but changes require approval of all five members, which makes policy adjustments to difficult to enact.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3081000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3192000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3371000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 8, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 1770000000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -3.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -3.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.1, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 214 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14800, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 15400, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 16000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 111, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 62.2, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 20, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 19.8, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": -0.5, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 12.8, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -14.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 5.2, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 22.7, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 72, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 17.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 16.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 16.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 106 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "coffee", "soybeans", "wheat", "rice", "corn", "sugarcane", "cocoa", "citrus", "beef" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "textiles", "shoes", "chemicals", "cement", "lumber", "iron ore", "tin", "steel", "aircraft", "motor vehicles", "parts", "other machinery", "equipment" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": -8.4, "global_rank": 189, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 101900000, "global_rank": 6, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 10, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 39.8, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 50.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 8.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 138 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 3.7, "units": "%", "note": "approximately 4% of the population are below the \"extreme\" poverty line", "date": "2016" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 1.2, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 41.6, "units": "%" }, "date": "2014" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 49.7, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 55.3, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2001" } ], "global_rank": 19 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 311900000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 262600000000.00003, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 17.6, "global_rank": 168, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": 2.8, "global_rank": 13, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 73.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 66.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 40 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.7, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 10.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 191 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 13.75, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 14.25, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 14 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 47.4, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 43.96, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 2 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 107000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 85640000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 34 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 928900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 835300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 18 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2076000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1644000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 13 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 490500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 843900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 1020000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 20 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -23510000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -58880000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 190 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 189700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 191100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 23 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "transport equipment", "iron ore", "soybeans", "footwear", "coffee", "automobiles" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 18.6 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 12.7 }, { "name": "Argentina", "percent": 6.7 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 5.3 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 134199999999.99998, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 171400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 30 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "electrical", "transport equipment", "chemical products", "oil", "automotive parts", "electronics" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 17.9 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 15.6 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 6.1 }, { "name": "Argentina", "percent": 6 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 373300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 368700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 7 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 544100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 542299999999.99994, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 21 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 753200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 615000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 15 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 295000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 288500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 23 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.39, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3.3315, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3.3315, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 2.3535, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.95, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "reals (BRL) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 800000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 99.5, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 97, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 577000000000, "global_rank": 8, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 518000000000, "global_rank": 8, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 3000000, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "kWh": 34000000000, "global_rank": 5, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 135000000, "global_rank": 9, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 18.7, "global_rank": 196, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 1.5, "global_rank": 32, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 69.3, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 10.5, "global_rank": 35, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 2532000, "global_rank": 10, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 397100, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 394400, "global_rank": 25, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 16000000000, "global_rank": 15, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 2811000, "global_rank": 8, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 3144000, "global_rank": 8, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 296200, "global_rank": 27, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 519800, "global_rank": 18, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 20350000000, "global_rank": 33, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 37570000000, "global_rank": 26, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 100000000, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 17320000000, "global_rank": 22, "date": "2014" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 471100000000, "global_rank": 32, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 535000000, "global_rank": 13, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 43677141, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 21, "global_rank": 6, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 257814000.00000003, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 126, "global_rank": 6, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "good working system including an extensive microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 64 earth stations", "domestic": "fixed-line connections have remained relatively stable in recent years and stand at about 20 per 100 persons; less-expensive mobile-cellular technology has been a major driver in expanding telephone service to the lower-income segments of the population with mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 125 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 55; landing point for a number of submarine cables, including Americas-1, Americas-2, Atlantis-2, GlobeNet, South America-1, South American Crossing/Latin American Nautilus, and UNISUR that provide direct connectivity to South and Central America, the Caribbean, the US, Africa, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region east), connected by microwave relay system to Mercosur Brazilsat B3 satellite earth station (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "state-run Radiobras operates a radio and a TV network; more than 1,000 radio stations and more than 100 TV channels operating - mostly privately owned; private media ownership highly concentrated (2007)", "internet": { "country_code": ".br", "users": { "total": 120676000, "percent_of_population": 59.1, "global_rank": 6, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 9, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 443, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 102039359, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 149393000, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "PP", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 4093, "global_rank": 2, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 698, "over_3047_metres": 7, "2438_to_3047_metres": 27, "1524_to_2437_metres": 179, "914_to_1523_metres": 436, "under_914_metres": 49, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 3395, "1524_to_2437_metres": 92, "914_to_1523_metres": 1619, "under_914_metres": 1684, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 13, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "condensate/gas", "length": 251, "units": "km" }, { "type": "gas", "length": 17312, "units": "km" }, { "type": "liquid petroleum gas", "length": 352, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 4831, "units": "km" }, { "type": "refined products", "length": 4722, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 28538, "units": "km" }, "broad_gauge": { "length": 5822.3, "electrified": 498.3, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.600-m" }, "dual_gauge": { "length": 492, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.600-1.000-m" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 194, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 23341.6, "electrified": 24, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.000-m" }, "global_rank": 10, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 1580964, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 212798, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 1368166, "units": "km" }, "note": "does not include urban roads", "global_rank": 4, "date": "2010" }, "waterways": { "value": 50000, "units": "km", "note": "most in areas remote from industry and population", "global_rank": 3, "date": "2012" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 109, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 18 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 16 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 7 }, { "type": "container", "count": 13 }, { "type": "liquefied gas", "count": 11 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 39 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 5 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 27, "by_country": [ { "country": "Chile", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Denmark", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Germany", "count": 6 }, { "country": "Greece", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Norway", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Spain", "count": 12 }, { "country": "Turkey", "count": 1 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 36, "by_country": [ { "country": "Argentina", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Bahamas", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Ghana", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Liberia", "count": 20 }, { "country": "Marshall Islands", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Panama", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Singapore", "count": 9 } ] }, "global_rank": 50, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Belem", "Paranagua", "Rio Grande", "Rio de Janeiro", "Santos", "Sao Sebastiao", "Tubarao" ], "river_ports": [ "Manaus (Amazon)" ], "dry_bulk_cargo_ports": [ { "place": "Sepetiba ore terminal" }, { "place": "Tubarao" } ], "container_ports": [ { "place": "Santos", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 2985922 }, { "place": "Itajai", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 983985 } ], "oil_terminals": [ "DTSE/Gegua oil terminal", "Ilha Grande (Gebig)", "Guaiba Island terminal", "Guamare oil terminal" ], "liquid_natural_gas_terminals_import": [ "Pecem", "Rio de Janiero" ], "date": "2011" } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.39, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.35, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.33, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.38, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 1.41, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 65 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Brazilian Army (Exercito Brasileiro", "EB)", "Brazilian Navy (Marinha do Brasil", "MB", "includes Naval Air", "Marine Corps (Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais))", "Brazilian Air Force (Forca Aerea Brasileira", "FAB) (2011)" ] }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18-45 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation is 10-12 months; 17-45 years of age for voluntary service; an increasing percentage of the ranks are \"long-service\" volunteer professionals; women were allowed to serve in the armed forces beginning in early 1980s, when the Brazilian Army became the first army in South America to accept women into career ranks; women serve in Navy and Air Force only in Women's Reserve Corps", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "uncontested boundary dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over Braziliera/Brasiliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripoint with Argentina in question", "smuggling of firearms and narcotics continues to be an issue along the Uruguay-Brazil border", "Colombian-organized illegal narcotics and paramilitary activities penetrate Brazil's border region with Venezuela" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "stateless_persons": { "people": 4, "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "second-largest consumer of cocaine in the world; illicit producer of cannabis; trace amounts of coca cultivation in the Amazon region, used for domestic consumption; government has a large-scale eradication program to control cannabis; important transshipment country for Bolivian, Colombian, and Peruvian cocaine headed for Europe; also used by traffickers as a way station for narcotics air transshipments between Peru and Colombia; upsurge in drug-related violence and weapons smuggling; important market for Colombian, Bolivian, and Peruvian cocaine; illicit narcotics proceeds are often laundered through the financial system; significant illicit financial activity in the Tri-Border Area (2008)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-17", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170617101530/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170617000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html" } }, "british_indian_ocean_territory": { "data": { "name": "British Indian Ocean Territory", "introduction": { "background": "Formerly administered as part of the British Crown Colony of Mauritius, the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) was established as an overseas territory of the UK in 1965. A number of the islands of the territory were later transferred to the Seychelles when it attained independence in 1976. Subsequently, BIOT has consisted only of the six main island groups comprising the Chagos Archipelago. Only Diego Garcia, the largest and most southerly of the islands, is inhabited. It contains a joint UK-US naval support facility and hosts one of four dedicated ground antennas (the others are on Ascension (Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha), Kwajalein (Marshall Islands), and at Cape Canaveral, Florida (US)) that assist in the operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation system. The US Air Force also operates a telescope array on Diego Garcia as part of the Ground-Based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance System (GEODSS) for tracking orbital debris, which can be a hazard to spacecraft and astronauts.\nBetween 1967 and 1973, former agricultural workers, earlier residents in the islands, were relocated primarily to Mauritius, but also to the Seychelles. Negotiations between 1971 and 1982 resulted in the establishment of a trust fund by the British Government as compensation for the displaced islanders, known as Chagossians. Beginning in 1998, the islanders pursued a series of lawsuits against the British Government seeking further compensation and the right to return to the territory. In 2006 and 2007, British court rulings invalidated the immigration policies contained in the 2004 BIOT Constitution Order that had excluded the islanders from the archipelago, but upheld the special military status of Diego Garcia. In 2008, the House of Lords, as the final court of appeal in the UK, ruled in favor of the British Government by overturning the lower court rulings and finding no right of return for the Chagossians. In March 2015, the Permanent Court of Arbitration unanimously held that the marine protected area (MPA) that the UK declared around the Chagos Archipelago in April 2010 was in violation of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea." }, "geography": { "location": "archipelago in the Indian Ocean, south of India, about halfway between Africa and Indonesia", "map_references": "Political Map of the World", "area": { "total": { "value": 60, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 60, "units": "sq", "note": "km; Diego Garcia 44 sq km" }, "water": { "value": 54340, "units": "sq km" }, "note": "includes the entire Chagos Archipelago of 55 islands", "global_rank": 128, "comparative": "land area is about one-third the size of Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 698, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 3, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_fishing_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds", "terrain": "flat and low (most areas do not exceed two m in elevation)", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Indian Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "unnamed location on Diego Garcia", "elevation": { "value": 15, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "coconuts", "fish", "sugarcane" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 100, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "NA", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "NA" ] }, "note": "archipelago of 55 islands; Diego Garcia, largest and southernmost island, occupies strategic location in central Indian Ocean; island is site of joint US-UK military facility" }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "British Indian Ocean Territory", "conventional_short_form": "none", "abbreviation": "BIOT", "etymology": "self-descriptive name specifying the territory's affiliation and location" }, "legal_system": "the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply", "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)", "head_of_government": "Commissioner Dr. Peter HAYES (since 17 October 2012); Administrator John MCMANUS (since April 2011); note - both reside in the UK and are represented by the officer commanding British Forces on Diego Garcia", "cabinet": "NA", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; commissioner and administrator appointed by the monarch" }, "flag_description": { "description": "white with six blue wavy horizontal stripes; the flag of the UK is in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the striped section bears a palm tree and yellow crown (the symbols of the territory) centered on the outer half of the flag; the wavy stripes represent the Indian Ocean; although not officially described, the six blue stripes may stand for the six main atolls of the archipelago" } }, "economy": { "overview": "All economic activity is concentrated on the largest island of Diego Garcia, where a joint UK-US military facility is located. Construction projects and various services needed to support the military installation are performed by military and contract employees from the UK, Mauritius, the Philippines, and the US. Some of the natural resources found in this territory include coconuts, fish, and sugarcane. Sugarcane is still a major export for this territory. There are no industrial or agricultural activities on the islands. The territory earns foreign exchange by selling fishing licenses and postage stamps.", "exchange_rates": { "note": "the US dollar is used" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "system": { "general_assessment": "separate facilities for military and public needs are available", "domestic": "all commercial telephone services are available, including connection to the Internet", "international": "country code (Diego Garcia) - 246; international telephone service is carried by satellite (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) broadcasts over 3 separate frequencies for US and UK military personnel stationed on the islands (2009)", "internet": { "country_code": ".io" } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "airports": { "total": { "airports": 1, "global_rank": 213, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 1, "over_3047_metres": 1, "date": "2013" } } }, "roadways": { "note": "short section of paved road between port and airfield on Diego Garcia" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Diego Garcia" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "no regular military forces" ], "date": "2014" }, "note": "defense is the responsibility of the UK; the US lease on Diego Garcia expires in December 2016" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Islands", "negotiations between 1971 and 1982 resulted in the establishment of a trust fund by the British Government as compensation for the displaced islanders, known as Chagossians, who were evicted between 1967-73", "in 2001, the former inhabitants of the archipelago were granted UK citizenship and the right of return", "in 2006 and 2007, British court rulings invalidated the immigration policies contained in the 2004 BIOT Constitution Order that had excluded the islanders from the archipelago", "in 2008 a House of Lords' decision overturned lower court rulings, once again denying the right of return to Chagossians", "in addition, the UK created the world's largest marine protection area around the Chagos islands prohibiting the extraction of any natural resources therein" ] } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-13", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170613105419/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/io.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170613000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/io.html" } }, "british_virgin_islands": { "data": { "name": "British Virgin Islands", "introduction": { "background": "First inhabited by Arawak and later by Carib Indians, the Virgin Islands were settled by the Dutch in 1648 and then annexed by the English in 1672. The islands were part of the British colony of the Leeward Islands from 1872-1960; they were granted autonomy in 1967. The economy is closely tied to the larger and more populous US Virgin Islands to the west; the US dollar is the legal currency." }, "geography": { "location": "Caribbean, between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of Puerto Rico", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 18, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 64, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Central America and the Caribbean", "area": { "total": { "value": 151, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 151, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "note": "comprised of 16 inhabited and more than 20 uninhabited islands; includes the islands of Tortola, Anegada, Virgin Gorda, Jost van Dyke", "global_rank": 220, "comparative": "about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 80, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 3, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_fishing_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds", "terrain": "coral islands relatively flat; volcanic islands steep, hilly", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Caribbean Sea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mount Sage", "elevation": { "value": 521, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "NEGL", "pleasant climate", "beaches foster tourism" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 46.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 6.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 6.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 33.3, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 24.3, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 29, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "population_distribution": "a fairly even distribution throughout the inhabited islands, with the largest islands of Tortola, Anegada, Virgin Gorda, and Jost Van Dyke having the largest populations", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October)", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "limited natural freshwater resources except for a few seasonal streams and springs on Tortola", "most of the islands' water supply comes from desalination plants" ] }, "note": "strong ties to nearby US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 34232, "global_rank": 215, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "British Virgin Islander(s)", "adjective": "British Virgin Islander" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "African/black", "percent": 76.3 }, { "name": "Latino", "percent": 5.5 }, { "name": "white", "percent": 5.4 }, { "name": "mixed", "percent": 5.3 }, { "name": "Indian", "percent": 2.1 }, { "name": "East Indian", "percent": 1.6 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 3 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.8 } ], "date": "2010" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "English", "note": "official" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 70.2, "breakdown": [ { "name": "Methodist", "percent": 17.6 }, { "name": "Church of God", "percent": 10.4 }, { "name": "Anglican", "percent": 9.5 }, { "name": "Seventh Day Adventist", "percent": 9 }, { "name": "Pentecostal", "percent": 8.2 }, { "name": "Baptist", "percent": 7.4 }, { "name": "New Testament Church of God", "percent": 6.9 }, { "name": "other Protestant", "percent": 1.2 } ] }, { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 8.9 }, { "name": "Jehovah's Witness", "percent": 2.5 }, { "name": "Hindu", "percent": 1.9 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 6.2 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 7.9 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 2.4 } ], "date": "2010" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 16.79, "males": 2826, "females": 2920 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 13.77, "males": 2257, "females": 2456 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 49.57, "males": 7987, "females": 8983 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 11.27, "males": 1881, "females": 1977 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 8.6, "males": 1431, "females": 1514 }, "date": "2016" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 36.2, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 36, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 36.3, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 72, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 2.28, "global_rank": 35, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 11, "global_rank": 178, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 5.1, "global_rank": 188, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 16.9, "global_rank": 2, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "a fairly even distribution throughout the inhabited islands, with the largest islands of Tortola, Anegada, Virgin Gorda, and Jost Van Dyke having the largest populations", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 46.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 1.8, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Road Town", "population": 13000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 0.97, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 0.92, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.89, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.95, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.95, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.92, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 12.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 14.3, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 10.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 115, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 78.6, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 77.2, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 80.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 59, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.28, "global_rank": 218, "date": "2016" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 98, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 98, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 98, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 2, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2010" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 97.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 97.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 97.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 2.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 2.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 2.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.4, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2010" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "British Virgin Islands", "abbreviation": "BVI", "etymology": "the myriad islets, cays, and rocks surrounding the major islands reminded explorer Christopher COLUMBUS in 1493 of Saint Ursula and her 11,000 virgin followers (Santa Ursula y las Once Mil Virgenes), which over time shortened to the Virgins (las Virgenes)" }, "government_type": "parliamentary democracy (House of Assembly); self-governing overseas territory of the UK", "capital": { "name": "Road Town", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 18, "minutes": 25, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 64, "minutes": 37, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -4, "note": "1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "note": "overseas territory of the UK" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Territory Day", "day": "1 July", "original_year": "1956" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest effective 15 June 2007 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "English common law", "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor John DUNCAN (since 15 August 2014)", "head_of_government": "Premier Orlando SMITH (since 9 November 2011)", "cabinet": "Executive Council appointed by the governor from members of the House of Assembly", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed premier by the governor" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral House of Assembly (13 seats; 9 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies and 4 at-large seats by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms); note - the Assembly includes the attorney general, a non-voting ex officio member", "elections": "last held on 8 June 2015 (next to be held in 2019)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NDP 9, VIP 3, PEP 1" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (ECSC) is the itinerant superior court of record for the 9-member Organization of Eastern Caribbean States to include the British Virgin Islands; the ECSC - with its headquarters on St. Lucia - is headed by the chief justice and is comprised of the Court of Appeal with 3 justices and the High Court with 16 judges; sittings of the Court of Appeal and High Court rotate among the 9 member states; 3 High Court judges reside in member states; 3 High Court judges reside on the British Virgin Islands", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court chief justice appointed by Her Majesty, Queen ELIZABETH II; other justices and judges appointed by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission; Court of Appeal justices appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 65; High Court judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 62", "subordinate_courts": "Magistrates' Courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "National Democratic Party or NDP;; Virgin Islands Party or VIP [Julian FRASER]", "name_alternative": "", "leaders": [ "Orlando SMITH" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Family Support Network" }, { "name": "Woman's Desk" }, { "name": "environmentalists" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "Caricom ", "note": "associate" }, { "organization": "CDB" }, { "organization": "Interpol ", "note": "subbureau" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "OECS" }, { "organization": "UNESCO ", "note": "associate" }, { "organization": "UPU" } ], "flag_description": { "description": "blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Virgin Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a vertical column of six oil lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin word VIGILATE (Be Watchful); the islands were named by COLUMBUS in 1493 in honor of Saint Ursula and her 11 virgin followers (some sources say 11,000) who reputedly were martyred by the Huns in the 4th or 5th century; the figure on the banner holding a lamp represents the saint; the other lamps symbolize her followers" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "zenaida dove" }, { "symbol": "white cedar flower" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "yellow" }, { "color": "green" }, { "color": "red" }, { "color": "white" }, { "color": "blue" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "note": "as a territory of the United Kingdom, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/VI.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "The economy, one of the most stable and prosperous in the Caribbean, is highly dependent on tourism, which generates an estimated 45% of the national income. More than 934,000 tourists, mainly from the US, visited the islands in 2008. Because of traditionally close links with the US Virgin Islands, the British Virgin Islands has used the US dollar as its currency since 1959.\n\nLivestock raising is the most important agricultural activity; poor soils limit the islands' ability to meet domestic food requirements.\n\nIn the mid-1980s, the government began offering offshore registration to companies wishing to incorporate in the islands, and incorporation fees now generate substantial revenues. Roughly 400,000 companies were on the offshore registry by yearend 2000. The adoption of a comprehensive insurance law in late 1994, which provides a blanket of confidentiality with regulated statutory gateways for investigation of criminal offenses, made the British Virgin Islands even more attractive to international business.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2010" } ], "global_rank": 213 }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 1095000000, "date": "2008" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.3, "units": "%", "date": "2010" }, { "value": -0.6, "units": "%", "date": "2008" } ], "global_rank": 169 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 42300, "units": "USD", "date": "2010" } ], "global_rank": 40 }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 68.9, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 8.9, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 25, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 91.8, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -94.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 1, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 11.1, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 87.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "fruits", "vegetables", "livestock", "poultry", "fish" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "tourism", "light industry", "construction", "rum", "concrete block", "offshore banking center" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 2.2, "global_rank": 99, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 12770, "global_rank": 215, "date": "2004" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 0.6, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 40, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 59.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2005" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8.7, "units": "%", "date": "2010" } ], "global_rank": 106 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 300000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 300000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 27.4, "global_rank": 94, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": 0, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2016" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 April", "end": "31 March" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 74 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 362600000, "units": "USD", "date": "2011" }, { "value": 279800000, "units": "USD", "date": "2010" } ], "global_rank": 50 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 23000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 23000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 210 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "rum", "fresh fish", "fruits", "animals", "gravel", "sand" ] } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 205 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "building materials", "automobiles", "foodstuffs", "machinery" ] } }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 36100000, "units": "USD", "date": "1997" } ], "global_rank": 197 }, "exchange_rates": { "note": "the US dollar is used" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "production": { "kWh": 100000000, "global_rank": 199, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 100000000, "global_rank": 201, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 213, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 215, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 44000, "global_rank": 193, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 100, "global_rank": 33, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 204, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 210, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 140, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 208, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 207, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 146, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 209, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 209, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 1200, "global_rank": 204, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 163, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 1209, "global_rank": 201, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 144, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 207, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 205, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 147, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 205, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 200000, "global_rank": 203, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 12000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 36, "global_rank": 197, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 42000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 126, "global_rank": 202, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "good overall telephone service", "domestic": "fixed-line connections exceed 35 per 100 persons and mobile cellular subscribership is roughly 125 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 1-284; connected via submarine cable to Bermuda; the East Caribbean Fiber System (ECFS) submarine cable provides connectivity to 13 other islands in the eastern Caribbean (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "1 private TV station; multi-channel TV is available from cable and satellite subscription services; about a half-dozen private radio stations (2007)", "internet": { "country_code": ".vg", "users": { "total": 14600, "percent_of_population": 43.6, "global_rank": 207, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 1, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 3, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "VP-L", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 4, "global_rank": 185, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 2, "914_to_1523_metres": 1, "under_914_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 2, "914_to_1523_metres": 2, "date": "2013" } } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 200, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 200, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 209, "date": "2007" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Road Harbor" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "note": "defense is the responsibility of the UK" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ], "illicit_drugs": { "note": "transshipment point for South American narcotics destined for the US and Europe; large offshore financial center makes it vulnerable to money laundering" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-23", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170623111134/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vi.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170623000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vi.html" } }, "brunei": { "data": { "name": "Brunei", "introduction": { "background": "The Sultanate of Brunei's influence peaked between the 15th and 17th centuries when its control extended over coastal areas of northwest Borneo and the southern Philippines. Brunei subsequently entered a period of decline brought on by internal strife over royal succession, colonial expansion of European powers, and piracy. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate; independence was achieved in 1984. The same family has ruled Brunei for over six centuries. Brunei benefits from extensive petroleum and natural gas fields, the source of one of the highest per capita GDPs in the world." }, "geography": { "location": "Southeastern Asia, along the northern coast of the island of Borneo, bordering the South China Sea and Malaysia", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 4, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 114, "minutes": 40, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Southeast Asia", "area": { "total": { "value": 5765, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 5265, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 500, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 173, "comparative": "slightly smaller than Delaware" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 266, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Malaysia", "border_length": { "value": 266, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 161, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm", "note": "or to median line" } }, "climate": "tropical; hot, humid, rainy", "terrain": "flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland in west", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 478, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "South China Sea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Bukit Pagon", "elevation": { "value": 1850, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "petroleum", "natural gas", "timber" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 2.5, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 0.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 1.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 0.6, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 71.8, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 25.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 10, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking Indian and Pacific Oceans; two parts physically separated by Malaysia; almost an enclave within Malaysia" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 436620, "global_rank": 175, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Bruneian(s)", "adjective": "Bruneian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Malay", "percent": 65.7 }, { "name": "Chinese", "percent": 10.3 }, { "name": "other indigenous", "percent": 3.4 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 20.6 } ], "date": "2011" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Malay", "note": "official" }, { "name": "English" }, { "name": "Chinese dialects" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 78.8, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Christian", "percent": 8.7 }, { "name": "Buddhist", "percent": 7.8 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 4.7, "note": "includes indigenous beliefs" } ], "date": "2011" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 23.46, "males": 52785, "females": 49638 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 17.11, "males": 37103, "females": 37603 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 46.8, "males": 98152, "females": 106206 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 8.09, "males": 18043, "females": 17278 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 4.54, "males": 9635, "females": 10177 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 38, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 31.9, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 6.1, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 16.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 29.9, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 29.5, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 30.3, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 116, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1.6, "global_rank": 72, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 17.2, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 3.6, "global_rank": 215, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 2.4, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 77.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": -1.79, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Bandar Seri Begawan", "population": 241000, "is_capital": true }, { "place": "The Population Of The Capital Increased Tenfold" } ], "date": "2011" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.92, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.95, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.98, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 23, "global_rank": 132, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 9.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 11.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 7.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 138, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 77.2, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 74.8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 79.6, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.79, "global_rank": 152, "date": "2016" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 2.6, "global_rank": 188, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 1.47, "date": "2012" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 2.8, "date": "2012" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 18.6, "global_rank": 141, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 9.6, "date": "2009" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 3.7, "global_rank": 126, "date": "2016" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 96, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 97.5, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 94.5, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Brunei Darussalam", "conventional_short_form": "Brunei", "local_long_form": "Negara Brunei Darussalam", "local_short_form": "Brunei", "etymology": "derivation of the name is unclear; according to legend, MUHAMMAD SHAH, who would become the first sultan of Brunei, upon discovering what would become Brunei exclaimed \"Baru nah,\" which roughly translates as \"there\" or \"that's it\"" }, "government_type": "absolute monarchy or sultanate", "capital": { "name": "Bandar Seri Begawan", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 4, "minutes": 53, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 114, "minutes": 56, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 8, "note": "13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1984-01-01", "note": "from the UK" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "National Day", "day": "23 February", "original_year": "1984", "note": "1 January 1984 was the date of independence from the UK, 23 February 1984 was the date of independence from British protection" } ], "constitution": { "history": "drafted 1954 to 1959, signed 29 September 1959; amended 1984, 2004, 2011", "note": "some constitutional provisions suspended since 1962 under a State of Emergency, others suspended since independence in 1984 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "mixed legal system based on English common law and Islamic law; note - in May 2014, the first phase of a sharia-based penal codes was instituted, which applies to Muslims and non-Muslims and exists in parallel to the existing common law-based code", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "non-party state to the ICCt" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "the father must be a citizen of Brunei", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "12 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false, "note": "18 years of age for village elections; universal" }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both chief of state and head of government", "head_of_government": "Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed and presided over by the monarch; note - 4 additional advisory councils appointed by the monarch are the Religious Council, Privy Council for constitutional issues, Council of Succession, and Legislative Council", "elections_appointments": "none; the monarchy is hereditary" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "Legislative Council or Majlis Mesyuarat Negara Brunei (36 seats; members appointed by the sultan including 3 ex-officio members - the speaker and first and second secretaries; meets annually for approximately two weeks)", "elections": "last held in March 1962 (date of next election NA)" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_resident_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of Court of Appeal and High Court, each with a chief justice and 2 judges); Sharia Court of Appeal (consists of judges appointed by the monarch); note - Brunei has a dual judicial system of secular and sharia (religious) courts; the Judicial Committee of Privy Council in London serves as the final appellate court for civil cases only", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the monarch to serve until age 65, and older if approved by the monarch; Sharia Court of Appeal judges appointed by the monarch; judges appointed for life", "subordinate_courts": "Intermediate Court; Magistrate's Courts; Juvenile Court; small claims courts; lower sharia courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "National Development Party", "name_alternative": "NDP", "leaders": [ "YASSIN Affendi" ] } ], "note": "Brunei National Solidarity Party or PPKB [Abdul LATIF bin Chuchu] and People's Awareness Party or PAKAR [Awang Haji MAIDIN bin Haji Ahmad] were deregistered in 2007; parties are small and have limited activity" }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "NA" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ADB" }, { "organization": "APEC" }, { "organization": "ARF" }, { "organization": "ASEAN" }, { "organization": "C" }, { "organization": "CP" }, { "organization": "EAS" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "ISO ", "note": "correspondent" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OIC" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIFIL" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Serbini ALI (since 28 January 2016)", "chancery": "3520 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 237-1838", "fax": "[1] (202) 885-0560", "consulates": "New York" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Craig B. ALLEN (since 9 March 2015)", "embassy": "Simpang 336-52-16-9, Jalan Datu, Bandar Seri Begawan, BC4115", "mailing_address": "Unit 4280, Box 40, FPO AP 96507; P.O. Box 2991, Bandar Seri Begawan BS8675, Negara Brunei Darussalam", "telephone": "[673] 238-4616", "fax": "[673] 238-4604" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is superimposed at the center; yellow is the color of royalty and symbolizes the sultanate; the white and black bands denote Brunei's chief ministers; the emblem includes five main components: a swallow-tailed flag, the royal umbrella representing the monarchy, the wings of four feathers symbolizing justice, tranquility, prosperity, and peace, the two upraised hands signifying the government's pledge to preserve and promote the welfare of the people, and the crescent moon denoting Islam, the state religion; the state motto \"Always render service with God's guidance\" appears in yellow Arabic script on the crescent; a ribbon below the crescent reads \"Brunei, the Abode of Peace\"" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "royal parasol" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "yellow" }, { "color": "white" }, { "color": "black" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Allah Peliharakan Sultan\" (God Bless His Majesty)", "lyrics_music": "Pengiran Haji Mohamed YUSUF bin Pengiran Abdul Rahim/Awang Haji BESAR bin Sagap", "note": "adopted 1951", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/BX.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Brunei is an energy-rich sultanate on the northern coast of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Brunei boasts a well-educated, largely English-speaking population; excellent infrastructure; and a stable government intent on attracting foreign investment. Crude oil and natural gas production account for approximately 65% of GDP and 95% of exports, with Japan as the primary export market.\n\nPer capita GDP is among the highest in the world, and substantial income from overseas investment supplements income from domestic hydrocarbon production. Bruneian citizens do not pay personal income taxes, and the government provides free medical services and free education through the university level.\n\nThe Bruneian Government wants to diversify its economy away from hydrocarbon exports to other industries such as information and communications technology and halal manufacturing. Brunei’s trade in 2016 is set to increase following its regional economic integration in the ASEAN Economic Community, and the expected ratification of the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 33729999999.999996, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 33610000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 33790000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 125, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 10460000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.4, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -0.6, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": -2.3, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 189 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 79700, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 80600, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 82000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 10, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 21.7, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 23.6, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 37.6, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 50.8, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -33.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 1.1, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 60.4, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 38.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 44.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 55.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 60.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 4 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "rice", "vegetables", "fruits", "chickens", "water buffalo", "cattle", "goats", "eggs" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "petroleum", "petroleum refining", "liquefied natural gas", "construction", "agriculture", "transportation" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 1, "global_rank": 148, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 203600, "global_rank": 168, "date": "2014" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 4.2, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 62.8, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 33, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2008" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.9, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 9.3, "units": "%", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 84 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 2958000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 4618000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 28.3, "global_rank": 85, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -15.9, "global_rank": 213, "date": "2016" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 April", "end": "31 March" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -0.2, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -0.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 31 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 5.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 132 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3467000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 3310000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 111 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 10290000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 10160000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 106 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6909000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 5323000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 115 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1061000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2072000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 43 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5315000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 7235000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 105 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "mineral fuels", "organic chemicals" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Japan", "percent": 36.1 }, { "name": "South Korea", "percent": 14.9 }, { "name": "Thailand", "percent": 10.9 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 9.3 }, { "name": "NZ", "percent": 5.6 }, { "name": "Australia", "percent": 5 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3648000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3359000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 132 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "mechanical appliance parts", "mineral fuels", "motor vehicles", "electric machinery" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Singapore", "percent": 27.9 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 25.3 }, { "name": "Malaysia", "percent": 12.3 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 10.6 }, { "name": "South Korea", "percent": 4.9 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 204, "note": "public external debt only; private external debt unavailable" }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.386, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.3749, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.3749, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.267, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.25, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Bruneian dollars (BND) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 104788, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 76, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 79, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 67, "units": "%" }, "date": "2012" }, "production": { "kWh": 4200000000, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 3766000000, "global_rank": 126, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 777000, "global_rank": 134, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 100, "global_rank": 7, "date": "2014" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 60, "date": "2014" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 164, "date": "2014" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 163, "date": "2014" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 115300, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 117600, "global_rank": 33, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 170, "date": "2014" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 1100000000, "global_rank": 43, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 10910, "global_rank": 102, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 18000, "global_rank": 139, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 189, "global_rank": 120, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 6099, "global_rank": 157, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 10700000000, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 2400000000, "global_rank": 77, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 8300000000.000001, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 169, "date": "2014" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 390800000000, "global_rank": 35, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 8400000, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 38384, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 9, "global_rank": 164, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 463000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 108, "global_rank": 171, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "service throughout the country is good; international service is good to Southeast Asia, Middle East, Western Europe, and the US", "domestic": "every service available", "international": "country code - 673; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 optical telecommunications submarine cable that provides links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; the Asia-America Gateway submarine cable network provides new links to Asia and the US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "state-controlled Radio Television Brunei (RTB) operates 5 channels; 3 Malaysian TV stations are available; foreign TV broadcasts are available via satellite systems; RTB operates 5 radio networks and broadcasts on multiple frequencies; British Forces Broadcast Service (BFBS) provides radio broadcasts on 2 FM stations; some radio broadcast stations from Malaysia are available via repeaters (2017)", "internet": { "country_code": ".bn", "users": { "total": 306000, "percent_of_population": 71.2, "global_rank": 146, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 1, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 10, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 1150003, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 115147000, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "V8", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 1, "global_rank": 214, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 1, "over_3047_metres": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 3, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "condensate", "length": 33, "units": "km" }, { "type": "condensate/gas", "length": 86, "units": "km" }, { "type": "gas", "length": 628, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 492, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 3029, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 2425, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 604, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 166, "date": "2010" }, "waterways": { "value": 209, "units": "km", "note": "navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 m; the Belait, Brunei, and Tutong rivers are major transport links", "global_rank": 96, "date": "2012" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 9, "by_type": [ { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 1 }, { "type": "liquefied gas", "count": 8 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 2, "by_country": [ { "country": "UK", "count": 2 } ] }, "global_rank": 115, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Muara" ], "oil_terminals": [ "Lumut", "Seria" ], "liquid_natural_gas_terminals_export": [ "Lumut" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.28, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3.08, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 2.28, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 2.16, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 2.24, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 30 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Royal Brunei Armed Forces", "Royal Brunei Land Forces", "Royal Brunei Navy", "Royal Brunei Air Force (Tentera Udara Diraja Brunei)" ], "date": "2013" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 17, "note": "17 years of age for voluntary military service; non-Malays are ineligible to serve; recruits from the army, navy, and air force all undergo 43-week initial training", "date": "2013" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "per Letters of Exchange signed in 2009, Malaysia in 2010 ceded two hydrocarbon concession blocks to Brunei in exchange for Brunei's sultan dropping claims to the Limbang corridor, which divides Brunei", "nonetheless, Brunei claims a maritime boundary extending as far as a median with Vietnam, thus asserting an implicit claim to Louisa Reef" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "stateless_persons": { "people": 20524, "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "drug trafficking and illegally importing controlled substances are serious offenses in Brunei and carry a mandatory death penalty" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102557/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bx.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bx.html" } }, "bulgaria": { "data": { "name": "Bulgaria", "introduction": { "background": "The Bulgars, a Central Asian Turkic tribe, merged with the local Slavic inhabitants in the late 7th century to form the first Bulgarian state. In succeeding centuries, Bulgaria struggled with the Byzantine Empire to assert its place in the Balkans, but by the end of the 14th century the country was overrun by the Ottoman Turks. Northern Bulgaria attained autonomy in 1878 and all of Bulgaria became independent from the Ottoman Empire in 1908. Having fought on the losing side in both World Wars, Bulgaria fell within the Soviet sphere of influence and became a People's Republic in 1946. Communist domination ended in 1990, when Bulgaria held its first multiparty election since World War II and began the contentious process of moving toward political democracy and a market economy while combating inflation, unemployment, corruption, and crime. The country joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007." }, "geography": { "location": "Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Romania and Turkey", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 43, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 25, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Europe", "area": { "total": { "value": 110879, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 108489, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 2390, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 105, "comparative": "almost identical in size to Virginia; slightly larger than Tennessee" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 1806, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Greece", "border_length": { "value": 472, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Macedonia", "border_length": { "value": 162, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Romania", "border_length": { "value": 605, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Serbia", "border_length": { "value": 344, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Turkey", "border_length": { "value": 223, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 354, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers", "terrain": "mostly mountains with lowlands in north and southeast", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 472, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Black Sea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Musala", "elevation": { "value": 2925, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "bauxite", "copper", "lead", "zinc", "coal", "timber", "arable land" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 46.9, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 29.9, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 1.5, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 15.5, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 36.7, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 16.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 1020, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger populations", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "earthquakes", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "landslides", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "air pollution from industrial emissions", "rivers polluted from raw sewage", "heavy metals", "detergents", "deforestation", "forest damage from air pollution and resulting acid rain", "soil contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical plants and industrial wastes" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Air Pollution", "Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides", "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants", "Air Pollution-Sulfur 85", "Air Pollution-Sulfur 94", "Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds", "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol", "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources", "Antarctic Treaty", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from Europe to Middle East and Asia" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 7144653, "global_rank": 102, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Bulgarian(s)", "adjective": "Bulgarian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Bulgarian", "percent": 76.9 }, { "name": "Turkish", "percent": 8 }, { "name": "Romani", "percent": 4.4 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.7, "note": "including Russian, Armenian, and Vlach" }, { "name": "other", "percent": 10, "note": "unknown" } ], "note": "Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 9–11% of Bulgaria's population", "date": "2011" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Bulgarian", "percent": 76.8, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Turkish", "percent": 8.2 }, { "name": "Romani", "percent": 3.8 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.7 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 10.5 } ], "date": "2011" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Eastern Orthodox", "percent": 59.4 }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 7.8 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.7, "note": "including Catholic, Protestant, Armenian Apostolic Orthodox, and Jewish" }, { "name": "none", "percent": 3.7 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 27.4 } ], "date": "2011" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 14.54, "males": 535131, "females": 503540 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 9.73, "males": 362805, "females": 332358 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 43.33, "males": 1589183, "females": 1506285 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 13.38, "males": 447865, "females": 507805 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 19.03, "males": 552217, "females": 807464 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 51.9, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 21.5, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 30.4, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 3.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 42.4, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 40.6, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 44.5, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": -0.6, "global_rank": 229, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 8.8, "global_rank": 212, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 14.5, "global_rank": 2, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -0.3, "global_rank": 120, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger populations", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 73.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": -0.31, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Sofia", "population": 1226000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.09, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.88, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.69, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.95, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 26.5, "date": "2013" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 11, "global_rank": 152, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 8.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 9.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 7.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 149, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 74.5, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 71.2, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 78, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.46, "global_rank": 203, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 69.2, "units": "%", "note": "percent of women age 20-49", "date": "2007" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 8.4, "global_rank": 71, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 4, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 6.4, "date": "2011" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 99.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 99, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 99.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 86.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 83.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 86, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 13.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 16.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 14, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 25.6, "global_rank": 72, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.1, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2013" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 98.4, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 98.7, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 98.1, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 23.8, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 23.8, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 23.7, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 30, "date": "2014" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Bulgaria", "conventional_short_form": "Bulgaria", "local_long_form": "Republika Bulgaria", "local_short_form": "Bulgaria", "etymology": "named after the Bulgar tribes who settled the lower Balkan region in the 7th century A.D." }, "government_type": "parliamentary republic", "capital": { "name": "Sofia", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 42, "minutes": 41, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 23, "minutes": 19, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 2, "note": "7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, "independence": { "date": "1878-03-03", "note": "as an autonomous principality within the Ottoman Empire; 22 September 1908 (complete independence from the Ottoman Empire)" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Liberation Day", "day": "3 March", "original_year": "1878" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest drafted between late 1990 and early 1991, adopted 13 July 1991", "amendments": "proposed by the National Assembly or by the president of the republic; passage requires three-fourths majority vote of National Assembly members in three ballots; signed by the National Assembly chairperson", "note": "under special circumstances, a \"Grand National Assembly\" is elected with the authority to write a new constitution and amend certain articles of the constitution, including those affecting basic civil rights and national sovereignty; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote in each of several readings; amended several times, last in 2015 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Bulgaria", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "5 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Rumen RADEV (since 22 January 2017); Vice President Iliana YOTOVA (since 22 January 2017)", "head_of_government": "Boyko BORISSOV (since 4 May 2017); note - BORISSOV served two previous terms as prime minister (27 July 2009-13 March 2013 and 7 November 2014-27 January 2017)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly", "elections_appointments": "president and vice president elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 6 and 13 November 2016 (next to be held fall 2021); chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) elected by the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly", "election_results": "Rumen RADEV elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Rumen RADEV (independent, supported by Bulgarian Socialist Party) 59.4%, Tsetska TSACHEVA (GERB) 36.2%, neither 4.5%; Boyko BORISSOV elected prime minister; National Assembly vote - 133 to 100" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral National Assembly or Narodno Sabranie (240 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms); note - the National Assembly was dissolved on 27 January 2017 and Bulgaria will not have a legislative body until after a general election scheduled for 26 March 2017", "elections": "last held on 26 March 2017 (next to be held spring 2021)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - GERB 32.7%, BSP 27.2%, United Patriots 9.1%, DPS 9%, Volya 4.1%, other 17.9%; seats by party - GERB 95, BSP 80, United Patriots 27, DPS 26, Volya 12" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Cassation (consists of a chairman and approximately 72 judges organized into penal, civil, and commercial colleges); Supreme Administrative Court (organized in 2 colleges with various panels of 5 judges each); Constitutional Court (consists of 12 justices); note - Constitutional Court resides outside the judiciary", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court of Cassation and Supreme Administrative judges elected by the Supreme Judicial Council or SJC (consists of 25 members with extensive legal experience) and appointed by the president; judges can serve until mandatory retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court justices elected by the National Assembly and appointed by the president and the SJC; justices appointed for 9-year terms with renewal of 4 justices every 3 years", "subordinate_courts": "appeals courts; regional and district courts; administrative courts; courts martial" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Alternative for Bulgarian Revival", "name_alternative": "ABV", "leaders": [ "Konstantin PRODANOV" ] }, { "name": "Attack ", "leaders": [ "Volen Nikolov SIDEROV" ], "note": "Ataka" }, { "name": "Bulgarian Agrarian People’s Union", "leaders": [ "Nikolay NENCHEV" ] }, { "name": "Bulgarian Socialist Party", "name_alternative": "BSP", "leaders": [ "Korneliya NINOVA" ] }, { "name": "Bulgaria of the Citizens", "name_alternative": "DBG", "leaders": [ "Meglena KUNEVA" ] }, { "name": "Citizens for the European Development of Bulgaria", "name_alternative": "GERB", "leaders": [ "Boyko BORISSOV" ] }, { "name": "Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria", "name_alternative": "DSB", "leaders": [ "Radan KANEV" ] }, { "name": "Democrats for Responsibility, Solidarity, Tolerance", "name_alternative": "DOST", "leaders": [ "Lyutvi MESTAN" ] }, { "name": "IMRO - Bulgarian National Movement", "name_alternative": "IMRO-BNM", "leaders": [ "Krasimir KARAKACHANOV" ] }, { "name": "Movement for Rights and Freedoms", "name_alternative": "DPS", "leaders": [ "Mustafa KARADAYA" ] }, { "name": "National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria", "name_alternative": "NFSB", "leaders": [ "Valeri SIMEONOV" ] }, { "name": "New Republic ", "leaders": [ "Radan KANEV" ], "note": "alliance of DSB and other center-right parties" }, { "name": "Patriotic Front ", "note": "alliance of IMRO-BNM, NFSB, other smaller parties, but not including Attack" }, { "name": "Reformist Bloc", "name_alternative": "RB", "note": "a four-party alliance including DBG and SDS" }, { "name": "United Patriots Front ", "note": "alliance of IMRO-BNM, NFSB, Attack" }, { "name": "Union of Democratic Forces", "name_alternative": "SDS", "leaders": [ "Bozhidar LUKARSKI" ] }, { "name": "Yes! Bulgaria", "leaders": [ "Hristo IVANOV" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria", "name_alternative": "CITUB" }, { "name": "Podkrepa Labor Confederation" }, { "name": "numerous regional" }, { "name": "ethnic" }, { "name": "national interest groups with various agendas" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "Australia Group" }, { "organization": "BIS" }, { "organization": "BSEC" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CE" }, { "organization": "CEI" }, { "organization": "CERN" }, { "organization": "EAPC" }, { "organization": "EBRD" }, { "organization": "ECB" }, { "organization": "EIB" }, { "organization": "EU" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G- 9" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IHO ", "note": "pending member" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NATO" }, { "organization": "NSG" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OSCE" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "SELEC" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNMIL" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" }, { "organization": "ZC" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Tihomir Anguelov STOYTCHEV (since 27 June 2016)", "chancery": "1621 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 387-0174", "fax": "[1] (202) 234-7973", "consulates_general": "Chicago, Los Angeles, New York" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Eric RUBIN (since February 2016)", "embassy": "16 Kozyak Street, Sofia 1408", "mailing_address": "American Embassy Sofia, US Department of State, 5740 Sofia Place, Washington, DC 20521-5740", "telephone": "[359] (2) 937-5100", "fax": "[359] (2) 937-5320" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the pan-Slavic white-blue-red colors were modified by substituting a green band (representing freedom) for the blue", "note": "the national emblem, formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe, has been removed" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "lion" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "white" }, { "color": "green" }, { "color": "red" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Mila Rodino\" (Dear Homeland)", "lyrics_music": "Tsvetan Tsvetkov RADOSLAVOV", "note": "adopted 1964; composed in 1885 by a student en route to fight in the Serbo-Bulgarian War", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/BU.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Bulgaria, a former communist country that entered the EU in 2007, has an open economy that has historically has demonstrated strong growth, but its per-capita income remains one of the lowest among EU members and its reliance on energy imports and foreign demand for its exports makes its growth sensitive to external market conditions.\n\nThe government undertook significant structural economic reforms in the 1990s to move the economy from a centralized, planned economy to a more liberal, market-driven economy. These reforms included the privatization of state-owned enterprises, the liberalization of trade, and strengthening of the tax system - changes that initially caused some economic hardships but later helped to attract investment, spur growth, and make gradual improvements to living conditions. From 2000 through 2008, Bulgaria maintained robust, average annual real GDP growth in excess of 6%, which was followed by a deep recession in 2009 as the financial crisis caused domestic demand, exports, capital inflows and industrial production to contract, prompting the government to rein in spending. Real GDP growth remained slow - less than 2% annually - until 2015, when demand from EU countries for Bulgarian exports, plus an inflow of EU development funds, boosted growth to more than 3%. In recent years, low international energy prices have contributed to Bulgaria’s economic growth and helped to ease inflation, but, in 2017, rising international gas prices could dampen Bulgaria’s growth prospects.\n\nBulgaria is heavily reliant on energy imports from Russia, a potential vulnerability, and is a participant in EU-backed efforts to diversify regional natural gas supplies. In late 2016, the Bulgarian Government provided funding to Bulgaria’s National Electric Company to cover the $695 million compensation owed to Russian nuclear equipment manufacture Atomstroyexport for the cancellation of the Belene Nuclear Power Plant project, which the Bulgarian Government terminated in 2012. In 2016 the Bulgarian Government established the State eGovernment Agency. This new agency is responsible for the implementation of projects related to electronic governance as well as coordination of national policies in the area with the EU requirements and practices, as well as to strengthen cybersecurity.\n\nDespite a favorable investment regime, including low, flat corporate income taxes, significant challenges remain. Corruption in public administration, a weak judiciary, low productivity, and the presence of organized crime continue to hamper the country's investment climate and economic prospects.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 143100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 138900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 134900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 77, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 50450000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.5, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 94 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 20100, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 19400, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 18700, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 87, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 60.8, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 15.9, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 20.4, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.1, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 69.1, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -66.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 5.1, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 27.5, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 67.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 22.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 22.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 22.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 64 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "vegetables", "fruits", "tobacco", "wine", "wheat", "barley", "sunflowers", "sugar beets", "livestock" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "electricity", "gas", "water", "food", "beverages", "tobacco", "machinery", "equipment", "automotive parts", "base metals", "chemical products", "coke", "refined petroleum", "nuclear fuel", "outsourcing centers" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 2.8, "global_rank": 87, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 3017000, "global_rank": 104, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 6.8, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 26.6, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 66.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 10, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 96 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 22, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2.2, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 28.4, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 37, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 35.4, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 78 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 18250000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 17460000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 36.2, "global_rank": 51, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": 1.6, "global_rank": 17, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 26.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 26.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 156, "note": ": defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -0.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -0.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 14 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 0.01, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 151, "note": "Bulgarian National Bank (BNB) has had no independent monetary policy since the introduction of the Currency Board regime in 1997; this is BNB's base interest rate" }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.58, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 6.59, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 117 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 21950000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 20090000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 65 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 42790000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 41320000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 73 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 27380000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 29720000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 82 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5205000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 4797000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 5450000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 85 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2201000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -67000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 34 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 23720000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 23950000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 62 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "clothing", "footwear", "iron", "steel", "machinery", "equipment", "fuels", "agriculture", "tobacco", "IT components" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Germany", "percent": 12.5 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 9.2 }, { "name": "Turkey", "percent": 8.5 }, { "name": "Romania", "percent": 8.2 }, { "name": "Greece", "percent": 6.5 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 4.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 25660000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 26810000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 65 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "equipment", "metals", "ores", "chemicals", "plastics", "fuels", "minerals", "raw materials" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Germany", "percent": 12.9 }, { "name": "Russia", "percent": 12 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 7.6 }, { "name": "Romania", "percent": 6.8 }, { "name": "Turkey", "percent": 5.7 }, { "name": "Greece", "percent": 4.8 }, { "name": "Spain", "percent": 4.8 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 25130000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 22160000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 53 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 36520000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 37250000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 73 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 42210000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 41470000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 59 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2033000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1925000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 79 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.802, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.7644, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.7644, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.4742, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.52, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "leva (BGN) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 44350000000, "global_rank": 55, "date": "2016" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 33909999999.999996, "global_rank": 59, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "kWh": 10940000000, "global_rank": 19, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "kWh": 4566000000, "global_rank": 43, "date": "2016" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 12130000, "global_rank": 57, "date": "2016" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 36.3, "global_rank": 168, "date": "2016" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 17.3, "global_rank": 11, "date": "2016" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 30, "global_rank": 78, "date": "2016" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 16.4, "global_rank": 18, "date": "2016" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 1000, "global_rank": 91, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 105, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 129300, "global_rank": 40, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 15000000, "global_rank": 87, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 139100, "global_rank": 66, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 84000, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 92350, "global_rank": 48, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 41320, "global_rank": 92, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 94000000, "global_rank": 81, "date": "2016" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 3209000000, "global_rank": 69, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 73, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 3093000000, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2016" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 5663000000, "global_rank": 92, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 49920000, "global_rank": 61, "date": "2016" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 1654535, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 23, "global_rank": 64, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 9195000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 128, "global_rank": 87, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "inherited an extensive but antiquated telecommunications network from the Soviet era; quality has improved with a modern digital trunk line now connecting switching centers in most of the regions; remaining areas are connected by digital microwave radio relay", "domestic": "the Bulgaria Telecommunications Company's fixed-line monopoly terminated in 2005 in an effort to upgrade fixed-line services; mobile-cellular teledensity, fostered by multiple service providers, is over 125 telephones per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 359; submarine cable provides connectivity to Ukraine and Russia; a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system provides connectivity to Italy, Albania, and Macedonia; satellite earth stations - 3 (1 Intersputnik in the Atlantic Ocean region, 2 Intelsat in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "4 national terrestrial TV stations with 1 state-owned and 3 privately owned; a vast array of TV stations are available from cable and satellite TV providers; state-owned national radio broadcasts over 3 networks; large number of private radio stations broadcasting, especially in urban areas (2010)", "internet": { "country_code": ".bg", "users": { "total": 4072000, "percent_of_population": 56.7, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 8, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 44, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 1118689, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 1583340, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "LZ", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 68, "global_rank": 73, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 57, "over_3047_metres": 2, "2438_to_3047_metres": 17, "1524_to_2437_metres": 12, "under_914_metres": 26, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 11, "914_to_1523_metres": 2, "under_914_metres": 9, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 2765, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 346, "units": "km" }, { "type": "refined products", "length": 378, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2017" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 5114, "units": "km" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 4989, "electrified": 2880, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 125, "units": "km", "gauge": "0.760-m" }, "global_rank": 36, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 19512, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 19235, "units": "km", "note": "includes 458 km of expressways" }, "unpaved": { "value": 277, "units": "km" }, "note": "does not include Category IV local roads", "global_rank": 111, "date": "2011" }, "waterways": { "value": 470, "units": "km", "global_rank": 83, "date": "2009" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 22, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 9 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 8 }, { "type": "liquefied gas", "count": 2 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 1 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 2 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 14, "by_country": [ { "country": "Germany", "count": 12 }, { "country": "Russia", "count": 2 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 30, "by_country": [ { "country": "Belize", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Comoros", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Georgia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Malta", "count": 8 }, { "country": "Moldova", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Panama", "count": 6 }, { "country": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "count": 9 } ] }, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Burgas", "Varna (Black Sea)" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.35, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.29, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.32, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.46, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.35, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 66 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Bulgarian Armed Forces", "Land Forces (aka Army)", "Naval Forces", "Bulgarian Air Forces (Voennovazdyshni Sily", "VVS)" ], "date": "2017" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18-27 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription ended in January 2008; service obligation 6-9 months", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 15027, "country_of_origin": "Syria" } ], "date": "2016" }, "stateless_persons": { "people": 67, "date": "2016" }, "note": "47,509 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015 - June 2017)" }, "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "Bulgaria is a source and, to a lesser extent, a transit and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; Bulgaria is one of the main sources of human trafficking in the EU; women and children are increasingly sex trafficked domestically, as well as in Europe, Russia, the Middle East, and the US; adults and children become forced laborers in agriculture, construction, and the service sector in Europe, Israel, and Zambia; Romanian girls are also subjected to sex trafficking in Bulgaria", "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List – Bulgaria does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, authorities prosecuted and convicted fewer traffickers and issued suspended sentences for the majority of those convicted; victim protection efforts declined and were minimal relative to the number of victims identified; funding for the state’s two NGO-operated shelters was significantly cut, forcing them to close; specialized services for child and adult male victims were non-existent; the government took action to combat trafficking-related complicity among public officials and police officers (2015)" }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "major European transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and, to a lesser degree, South American cocaine for the European market; limited producer of precursor chemicals; vulnerable to money laundering because of corruption, organized crime; some money laundering of drug-related proceeds through financial institutions (2008)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701101209/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bu.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bu.html" } }, "burkina_faso": { "data": { "name": "Burkina Faso", "introduction": { "background": "Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) achieved independence from France in 1960. Repeated military coups during the 1970s and 1980s were followed by multiparty elections in the early 1990s. Former President Blaise COMPAORE (1987-2014) resigned in late October 2014 following popular protests against his efforts to amend the Constitution's two-term presidential limit. By mid-November, a framework for an interim government was adopted under the terms of the National Transition Charter. An interim administration, led by President Michel KAFANDO and Prime Minister Yacouba Isaac ZIDA, began organizing presidential and legislative elections planned for October 2015, but these were postponed during a weeklong failed coup in September. The rescheduled elections were held on 29 November, and Roch Marc Christian KABORE was elected president in the first round. Burkina Faso's high population growth and limited natural resources result in poor economic prospects for the majority of its citizens." }, "geography": { "location": "Western Africa, north of Ghana", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 13, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 2, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Africa", "area": { "total": { "value": 274200, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 273800, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 400, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 75, "comparative": "slightly larger than Colorado" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 3611, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Benin", "border_length": { "value": 386, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Cote d'Ivoire", "border_length": { "value": 545, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Ghana", "border_length": { "value": 602, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Mali", "border_length": { "value": 1325, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Niger", "border_length": { "value": 622, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Togo", "border_length": { "value": 131, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 0, "units": "km", "note": "landlocked" }, "climate": "tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers", "terrain": "mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in west and southeast", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 297, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Mouhoun (Black Volta) River", "elevation": { "value": 200, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Tena Kourou", "elevation": { "value": 749, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "manganese", "limestone", "marble; gold", "phosphates", "pumice", "salt" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 43, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 20.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.3, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 21.9, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 20.4, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 36.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 550, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "recurring droughts", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "recent droughts and desertification severely affecting agricultural activities", "population distribution", "and the economy", "overgrazing", "soil degradation", "deforestation" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Life Conservation", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "landlocked savanna cut by the three principal rivers of the Black, Red, and White Voltas" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 19512533, "global_rank": 60, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Burkinabe (singular and plural)", "adjective": "Burkinabe" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Mossi", "percent": 52.5 }, { "name": "Fulani", "percent": 8.4 }, { "name": "Gurma", "percent": 6.8 }, { "name": "Bobo", "percent": 4.8 }, { "name": "Gurunsi", "percent": 4.5 }, { "name": "Senufo", "percent": 4.4 }, { "name": "Bissa", "percent": 3.9 }, { "name": "Lobi", "percent": 2.5 }, { "name": "Dagara", "percent": 2.4 }, { "name": "Tuareg/Bella", "percent": 1.9 }, { "name": "Dioula", "percent": 0.8 }, { "name": "unspecified/no answer", "percent": 0.1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 7 } ], "date": "2010" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "French", "note": "official" }, { "name": "native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by of the population", "percent": 90 } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 61.6 }, { "name": "Catholic", "percent": 23.2 }, { "name": "traditional/animist", "percent": 7.3 }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 6.7 }, { "name": "other/no answer", "percent": 0.2 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 0.9 } ], "date": "2010" }, "demographic_profile": "Burkina Faso has a young age structure – the result of declining mortality combined with steady high fertility – and continues to experience rapid population growth, which is putting increasing pressure on the country’s limited arable land. More than 65% of the population is under the age of 25, and the population is growing at 3% annually. Mortality rates, especially those of infants and children, have decreased because of improved health care, hygiene, and sanitation, but women continue to have an average of almost 6 children. Even if fertility were substantially reduced, today’s large cohort entering their reproductive years would sustain high population growth for the foreseeable future. Only about a third of the population is literate and unemployment is widespread, dampening the economic prospects of Burkina Faso’s large working-age population.\nMigration has traditionally been a way of life for Burkinabe, with seasonal migration being replaced by stints of up to two years abroad. Cote d’Ivoire remains the top destination, although it has experienced periods of internal conflict. Under French colonization, Burkina Faso became a main labor source for agricultural and factory work in Cote d’Ivoire. Burkinabe also migrated to Ghana, Mali, and Senegal for work between the world wars. Burkina Faso attracts migrants from Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Mali, who often share common ethnic backgrounds with the Burkinabe. Despite its food shortages and high poverty rate, Burkina Faso has become a destination for refugees in recent years and currently hosts about 50,000 Malians.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 45.04, "males": 4402311, "females": 4386518 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 20.08, "males": 1966644, "females": 1951722 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 29.28, "males": 2898407, "females": 2813923 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 3.16, "males": 267763, "females": 349433 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 2.44, "males": 178127, "females": 297685 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 92.2, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 87.6, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 4.6, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 21.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 17.2, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 17, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 17.3, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 220, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 3.01, "global_rank": 6, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 41.6, "global_rank": 6, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 11.5, "global_rank": 28, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 0, "global_rank": 100, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 29.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 5.87, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Ouagadougou", "population": 2741000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.77, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.6, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 19.4, "date": "2010" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 371, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 73.8, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 80.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 66.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 9, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 55.5, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 53.4, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 57.6, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 210, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 5.79, "global_rank": 6, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 20.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 5, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.05, "date": "2012" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 0.4, "date": "2010" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 97.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 75.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 82.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 2.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 24.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 17.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 50.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 6.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 19.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 49.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 93.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 80.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.83, "global_rank": 48, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 95300, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 3600, "global_rank": 38, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "very high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "protozoal diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "dengue fever", "malaria", "yellow fever" ], "water_contact_diseases": [ "schistosomiasis" ], "respiratory_diseases": [ "meningococcal meningitis" ], "animal_contact_diseases": [ "rabies" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 5.2, "global_rank": 181, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 26.2, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2010" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 3.9, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2015" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 36, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 43, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 29.3, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 8, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 7, "units": "years" }, "date": "2013" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 1521006, "percentage": { "value": 38, "units": "%" }, "date": "2006" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 3.8, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 4.6, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 2.9, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 129, "date": "2006" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Burkina Faso", "local_long_form": "none", "local_short_form": "Burkina Faso", "former": "Upper Volta, Republic of Upper Volta", "etymology": "name translates as \"Land of the Honest (Incorruptible) Men\"" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Ouagadougou", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 12, "minutes": 22, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 1, "minutes": 31, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 0, "note": "5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Boucle du Mouhoun", "type": "region" }, { "name": "Cascades", "type": "region" }, { "name": "Centre", "type": "region" }, { "name": "Centre-Est", "type": "region" }, { "name": "Centre-Nord", "type": "region" }, { "name": "Centre-Ouest", "type": "region" }, { "name": "Centre-Sud", "type": "region" }, { "name": "Est", "type": "region" }, { "name": "Hauts-Bassins", "type": "region" }, { "name": "Nord", "type": "region" }, { "name": "Plateau-Central", "type": "region" }, { "name": "Sahel", "type": "region" }, { "name": "Sud-Ouest", "type": "region" } ], "independence": { "date": "1960-08-05", "note": "from France" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Republic Day", "day": "11 December", "original_year": "1958", "note": "commemorates the day that Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French Community" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest approved by referendum 2 June 1991, adopted 11 June 1991; amended several times, last in 2015 for setting a two-term limit for presidents", "note": "constitution temporarily suspended between late October and mid-November 2014 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law based on the French model and customary law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Burkina Faso", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "10 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Roch Marc Christian KABORE (since 29 December 2015)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Paul Kaba THIEBA (since 6 January 2016)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister", "elections_appointments": "president elected by absolute majority popular vote in two rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second); election last held on 29 November 2015 (next scheduled for November 2020); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of the National Assembly", "election_results": "Roch Marc Christian KABORE elected president in one round; percent of vote - Roch Marc Christian KABORE 53.5%, Zephirin DIABRE 29.6%, Tahirou BARRY 3.1%. Benewende Stanislas SANKARA 2.8%, other 10.9%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral National Assembly (127 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 29 November 2015 (next to be held in 2020)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MPP 55, UPC 33, CDP 18, Union for Rebirth/Sankarist Party 5, ADF/RDA 3, other 13" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Appeals or Cour de Cassation (consists of NA judges); Council of State (consists of NA judges); Constitutional Council or Conseil Constitutionnel (consists of the council president and 9 members)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judge appointments mostly controlled by the president of Burkina Faso; judges have no term limits; Council of State judge appointment and tenure NA; Constitutional Council judges appointed by the president of Burkina Faso upon the proposal of the minister of justice and the president of the National Assembly; judges appointed for 9-year terms with one-third of membership renewed every 3 years", "subordinate_courts": "Appeals Court; High Court; first instance tribunals; district courts; specialized courts relating to issues of labor, children, and juveniles; village (customary) courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "African Democratic Rally/Alliance for Democracy and Federation", "name_alternative": "ADF/RDA", "leaders": [ "Gilbert Noel OUEDRAOGO" ] }, { "name": "African People’s Movement", "name_alternative": "MAP", "leaders": [ "Victorien TOUGOUMA" ] }, { "name": "Congress for Democracy and Progress", "name_alternative": "CDP", "leaders": [ "Achille TAPSOBA" ] }, { "name": "Le Faso Autrement", "leaders": [ "Ablasse OUEDRAOGO" ] }, { "name": "New Alliance of the Faso", "name_alternative": "NAFA", "leaders": [ "Rasmane OUEDRAOGO" ] }, { "name": "New Time for Democracy", "name_alternative": "NTD", "leaders": [ "Vincent DABILGOU" ] }, { "name": "Organization for Democracy and Work", "name_alternative": "ODT", "leaders": [ "Mahamoudou SAWADOGO" ] }, { "name": "Party for Development and Change", "name_alternative": "PDC", "leaders": [ "Saran SEREME" ] }, { "name": "Party for Democracy and Progress-Socialist Party", "name_alternative": "PDP-PS", "leaders": [ "Francois O. KABORE" ] }, { "name": "Party for Democracy and Socialism/Metba", "name_alternative": "PDS/Metba", "leaders": [ "Philippe OUEDRAOGO" ] }, { "name": "Party for National Renaissance", "name_alternative": "PAREN", "leaders": [ "Tahirou BARRY" ] }, { "name": "People's Movement for Progress", "name_alternative": "MPP", "leaders": [ "Roch March Christian KABORE" ] }, { "name": "Rally for Democracy and Socialism", "name_alternative": "RDS", "leaders": [ "Francois OUEDRAOGO" ] }, { "name": "Rally for the Development of Burkina", "name_alternative": "RDB", "leaders": [ "Celestin Saidou COMPAORE" ] }, { "name": "Rally of Ecologists of Burkina Faso", "name_alternative": "RDEB", "leaders": [ "Adama SERE" ] }, { "name": "Union for a New Burkina", "name_alternative": "UBN", "leaders": [ "Yacouba OUEDRAOGO" ] }, { "name": "Union for Progress and Change", "name_alternative": "UPC", "leaders": [ "Zephirin DIABRE" ] }, { "name": "Union for Rebirth - Sankarist Movement", "name_alternative": "UNIR-MS", "leaders": [ "Benewende Stanislas SANKARA" ] }, { "name": "Union for the Republic", "name_alternative": "UPR", "leaders": [ "Toussaint Abel COULIBALY" ] }, { "name": "Youth Alliance for the Republic and Independence", "name_alternative": "AJIR", "leaders": [ "Adama KANAZOE" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Balai Citoyen", "leaders": [ "Herve KAM" ] }, { "name": "Burkinabe General Confederation of Labor", "name_alternative": "CGTB", "leaders": [ "Bassolma BAZIE" ] }, { "name": "Burkinabe Movement for Human Rights", "name_alternative": "MBDHP", "leaders": [ "Chrysigone ZOUGMORE" ] }, { "name": "Burkinabe Society for Constitutional Law", "name_alternative": "SBDC", "leaders": [ "Abdoulaye SOMA" ] }, { "name": "Center for Democratic Governance", "name_alternative": "CGD", "leaders": [ "Thomas OUEDRAOGO" ] }, { "name": "Coalition for African Renaissance", "name_alternative": "CAR", "leaders": [ "Herve OUATTARA" ] }, { "name": "National Independent Union of Burkinabe Magistrates", "name_alternative": "SAMAB" }, { "name": "National Union for Health Workers", "name_alternative": "SYNTSHA" }, { "name": "National Union for Primary Education Teachers", "name_alternative": "SYNATEB" }, { "name": "watchdog/political action groups throughout the country" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AfDB" }, { "organization": "AU" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "ECOWAS" }, { "organization": "EITI ", "note": "compliant country" }, { "organization": "Entente" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "FZ" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IDB" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINUSMA" }, { "organization": "MONUSCO" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OIC" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNAMID" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNISFA" }, { "organization": "UNITAR" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WADB ", "note": "regional" }, { "organization": "WAEMU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Seydou SINKA (since 1 November 2014)", "chancery": "2340 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 332-5577", "fax": "[1] (202) 667-1882" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Andrew YOUNG (since September 2016)", "embassy": "Rue 15.873, Avenue Sembene Ousmane, Ouaga 2000, Secteur 15", "mailing_address": "01 B. P. 35, Ouagadougou 01; pouch mail - US Department of State, 2440 Ouagadougou Place, Washington, DC 20521-2440", "telephone": "[226] 25-49-53-00", "fax": "[226] 25-49-56-28" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed star in the center; red recalls the country's struggle for independence, green is for hope and abundance, and yellow represents the country's mineral wealth", "note": "uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "white stallion" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "yellow" }, { "color": "green" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Le Ditanye\" (Anthem of Victory)", "lyrics_music": "Thomas SANKARA", "note": "adopted 1974; also known as \"Une Seule Nuit\" (One Single Night); written by the country's president, an avid guitar player", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/UV.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Burkina Faso is a poor, landlocked country that depends on adequate rainfall. About 80% of the population is engaged in subsistence farming and cotton is the main cash crop. The country has few natural resources and a weak industrial base.\n\nCotton and gold are Burkina Faso’s key exports - gold has accounted for about three-quarters of the country’s total export revenues. Burkina Faso’s economic growth and revenue depends largely on production levels and global prices for the two commodities. The Burkinabe economy experienced high levels of growth over the last few years, and the country has seen an upswing in gold exploration, production, and exports.\n\nBurkina Faso experienced a number of public protests over the high cost of living, corruption, and other socioeconomic issues in 2013, while the fall of the COMPAORE government in 2014 and failed coup in September 2015 disrupted economic activity and strained government finances. A new three-year IMF program, approved in 2013, was recently completed. Discussions are currently underway on a new program. Political insecurity in neighboring Mali, unreliable energy supplies, and poor transportation links pose long-term challenges.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 32990000000.000004, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 31350000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 30140000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 127, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 12010000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5.2, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 4, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 33 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1800, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1800, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1700, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 208, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 45.1, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 22, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 28.7, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.7, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 34.5, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -31, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 32.5, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 21.8, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 45.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 7.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 11.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 159 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "cotton", "peanuts", "shea nuts", "sesame", "sorghum", "millet", "corn", "rice", "livestock" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "cotton lint", "beverages", "agricultural processing", "soap", "cigarettes", "textiles", "gold" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 4.2, "global_rank": 53, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 7942000, "global_rank": 63, "date": "2014" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 90, "units": "%" }, "industry_and_services": { "value": 10, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2000" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 77, "units": "%", "date": "2004" } ], "global_rank": 206 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 40.1, "units": "%", "date": "2009" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2.9, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 32.2, "units": "%" }, "date": "2009" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 39.5, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2007" }, { "value": 48.2, "units": "gini_index", "date": "1994" } ], "global_rank": 66 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 2442000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 2779000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 20.3, "global_rank": 152, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -2.8, "global_rank": 99, "date": "2016" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.4, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 89 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.25, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" }, { "value": 4.25, "units": "%", "date": "2009-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 87 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2348000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2124000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 123 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4387000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 4000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 135 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3421000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 3192000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 131 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -918000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -892000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 121 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2771000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2515000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 129 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "gold", "cotton", "livestock" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Switzerland", "percent": 53.2 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 14.8 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2872000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2863000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 145 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "capital goods", "foodstuffs", "petroleum" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Cote dIvoire", "percent": 23.3 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 11.1 }, { "name": "Togo", "percent": 7.6 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 4.8 }, { "name": "Ghana", "percent": 4.6 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 333400000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 259600000.00000003, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 156 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3092000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2669000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 141 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 605.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 591.45, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 591.45, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 494.42, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 510.53, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 14100000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 17, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 56, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 1, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 700000000, "global_rank": 159, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 1200000000, "global_rank": 151, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 211, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 600000000, "global_rank": 79, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 300000, "global_rank": 157, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 86.6, "global_rank": 85, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 199, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 13.4, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 137, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 205, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 204, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 143, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 206, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 207, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 22000, "global_rank": 132, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 164, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 20890, "global_rank": 116, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 141, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 205, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 201, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 144, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 202, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 1400000, "global_rank": 160, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 75075, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 1, "global_rank": 141, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 14447000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 76, "global_rank": 74, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "system includes microwave radio relay, open-wire, and radiotelephone communication stations", "domestic": "fixed-line connections stand at less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage, fostered by multiple providers, is increasing steadily from a low base", "international": "country code - 226; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "2 TV stations - 1 state-owned and 1 privately owned; state-owned radio runs a national and regional network; substantial number of privately owned radio stations; transmissions of several international broadcasters available in Ouagadougou (2007)", "internet": { "country_code": ".bf", "users": { "total": 2156000, "percent_of_population": 11.4, "global_rank": 125, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 1, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 3, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 122589, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 55868, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "XT", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 23, "global_rank": 133, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 2, "over_3047_metres": 1, "2438_to_3047_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 21, "1524_to_2437_metres": 3, "914_to_1523_metres": 13, "under_914_metres": 5, "date": "2013" } } }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 622, "units": "km" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 622, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.000-m" }, "note": "another 660 km of this railway extends into Cote d'Ivoire", "global_rank": 109, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 15272, "units": "km" }, "note": "does not include urban roads", "global_rank": 122, "date": "2010" } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.67, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.34, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.32, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 1.29, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 73 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Army", "Air Force of Burkina Faso (Force Aerienne de Burkina Faso", "FABF)", "National Gendarmerie" ], "date": "2011" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; women may serve in supporting roles", "date": "2013" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "adding to illicit cross-border activities, Burkina Faso has issues concerning unresolved boundary alignments with its neighbors", "demarcation is currently underway with Mali", "the dispute with Niger was referred to the ICJ in 2010, and a dispute over several villages with Benin persists", "Benin retains a border dispute with Burkina Faso around the town of Koualou" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 33056, "country_of_origin": "Mali" } ], "date": "2017" } }, "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "Burkina Faso is a source, transit, and destination country for women and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Burkinabe children are forced to work as farm hands, gold panners and washers, street vendors, domestic servants, and beggars or in the commercial sex trade, with some transported to nearby countries; to a lesser extent, Burkinabe women are recruited for legitimate jobs in the Middle East or Europe and subsequently forced into prostitution; women from other West African countries are also lured to Burkina Faso for work and subjected to forced prostitution, forced labor in restaurants, or domestic servitude", "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List – Burkina Faso does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; law enforcement efforts decreased in 2014, with a significant decline in trafficking prosecutions (none for forced begging involving Koranic school teachers – a prevalent form of trafficking) and no convictions, a 2014 law criminalizing the sale of children, child prostitution, and child pornography is undermined by a provision allowing offenders to pay a fine in lieu of serving prison time proportionate to the crime; the government sustained efforts to identify and protect a large number of child victims, relying on support from NGOs and international organizations; nationwide awareness-raising activities were sustained, but little was done to stop forced begging (2015)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624180031/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uv.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uv.html" } }, "burma": { "data": { "name": "Burma", "introduction": { "background": "Various ethnic Burmese and ethnic minority city-states or kingdoms occupied the present borders through the 19th century. Over a period of 62 years (1824-1886), Britain conquered Burma and incorporated the country into its Indian Empire. Burma was administered as a province of India until 1937 when it became a separate, self-governing colony; in 1948, Burma attained independence from the British Commonwealth. Gen. NE WIN dominated the government from 1962 to 1988, first as military ruler, then as self-appointed president, and later as political kingpin. In response to widespread civil unrest, NE WIN resigned in 1988, but within months the military crushed student-led protests and took power.\nMultiparty legislative elections in 1990 resulted in the main opposition party - the National League for Democracy (NLD) - winning a landslide victory. Instead of handing over power, the junta placed NLD leader (and 1991 Nobel Peace Prize recipient) AUNG SAN SUU KYI under house arrest from 1989 to 1995, 2000 to 2002, and from May 2003 to November 2010. In late September 2007, the ruling junta brutally suppressed protests over increased fuel prices led by prodemocracy activists and Buddhist monks, killing an unknown number of people and arresting thousands for participating in the demonstrations. In early May 2008, Burma was struck by Cyclone Nargis, which left over 138,000 dead and tens of thousands injured and homeless. Despite this tragedy, the junta proceeded with its May constitutional referendum, the first vote in Burma since 1990. Legislative elections held in November 2010, which the NLD boycotted and were considered flawed by many in the international community, saw the ruling Union Solidarity and Development Party garner over 75% of the contested seats.\nThe national legislature convened in January 2011 and selected former Prime Minister THEIN SEIN as president. Although the vast majority of national-level appointees named by THEIN SEIN were former or current military officers, the government initiated a series of political and economic reforms leading to a substantial opening of the long-isolated country. These reforms included releasing hundreds of political prisoners, signing a nationwide cease-fire with several of the country's ethnic armed groups, pursuing legal reform, and gradually reducing restrictions on freedom of the press, association, and civil society. At least due in part to these reforms, AUNG SAN SUU KYI was elected to the national legislature in April 2012 and became chair of the Committee for Rule of Law and Tranquility. Burma served as chair of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) for 2014. In a flawed but largely credible national legislative election in November 2015 featuring more than 90 political parties, the NLD again won a landslide victory. Using its overwhelming majority in both houses of parliament, the NLD elected HTIN KYAW, AUNG SAN SUU KYI’s confidant and long-time NLD supporter, as president. Burma's first credibly elected civilian government after more than five decades of military dictatorship was sworn into office on 30 March 2016." }, "geography": { "location": "Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 22, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 98, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Southeast Asia", "area": { "total": { "value": 676578, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 653508, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 23070, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 40, "comparative": "slightly smaller than Texas" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 6522, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Bangladesh", "border_length": { "value": 271, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "China", "border_length": { "value": 2129, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "India", "border_length": { "value": 1468, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Laos", "border_length": { "value": 238, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Thailand", "border_length": { "value": 2416, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 1930, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "nm", "note": "or to the edge of the continental margin" } }, "climate": "tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)", "terrain": "central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 702, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Andaman Sea/Bay of Bengal", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Gamlang Razi", "elevation": { "value": 5870, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "petroleum", "timber", "tin", "antimony", "zinc", "copper", "tungsten", "lead", "coal", "marble", "limestone", "precious stones", "natural gas", "hydropower", "arable land" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 19.2, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 16.5, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 2.2, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 0.5, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 48.2, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 32.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 22950, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "population concentrated along coastal areas and in general proximity to the shores of the Irrawaddy River; the extreme north is relatively underpopulated", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "destructive earthquakes and cyclones", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September)", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "periodic droughts", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "deforestation", "industrial pollution of air", "soil", "and water", "inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Tropical Timber 83", "Tropical Timber 94" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes; the north-south flowing Irrawaddy River is the country's largest and most important commercial waterway" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 56890418, "global_rank": 25, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Burmese (singular and plural)", "adjective": "Burmese" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Burman", "percent": 68, "note": "Bamar" }, { "name": "Shan", "percent": 9 }, { "name": "Karen", "percent": 7 }, { "name": "Rakhine", "percent": 4 }, { "name": "Chinese", "percent": 3 }, { "name": "Indian", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "Mon", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 5 } ], "note": "government recognizes 135 indigenous ethnic groups" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Burmese", "note": "official" } ], "note": "minority ethnic groups have their own languages" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Buddhist", "percent": 87.9 }, { "name": "Christian", "percent": 6.2 }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 4.3 }, { "name": "Animist", "percent": 0.8 }, { "name": "Hindu", "percent": 0.5 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.2 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 0.1 } ], "note": "religion estimate is based on the 2014 national census, including an estimate for the non-enumerated population of Rakhine State, which is assumed to mainly affiliate with the Islamic faith", "date": "2014" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 25.77, "males": 7476436, "females": 7183049 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 17.73, "males": 5109120, "females": 4978572 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 43.54, "males": 12326900, "females": 12442398 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 7.49, "males": 2003593, "females": 2256146 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 5.47, "males": 1353723, "females": 1760481 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 49.1, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 41.1, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 8, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 12.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 28.6, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 28, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 29.3, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1, "global_rank": 115, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 18.2, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 7.9, "global_rank": 100, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -0.3, "global_rank": 118, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "population concentrated along coastal areas and in general proximity to the shores of the Irrawaddy River; the extreme north is relatively underpopulated", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 34.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 2.49, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Rangoon", "population": 4802000, "is_capital": true, "note": "Yangon" }, { "place": "Mandalay", "population": 1167000 }, { "place": "Nay Pyi Taw", "population": 1030000 } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.89, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.77, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 21.8, "date": "2007" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 178, "global_rank": 54, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 42.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 48.3, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 35.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 47, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 66.6, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 64.2, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 69.2, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 171, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.15, "global_rank": 101, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 46, "units": "%", "date": "2009" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 2.3, "global_rank": 191, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.57, "date": "2012" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 0.6, "date": "2006" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 92.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 74.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 80.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 7.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 25.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 19.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 84.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 73.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 77.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 15.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 26.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 22.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2012" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.76, "global_rank": 55, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 224800, "global_rank": 27, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 9700, "global_rank": 23, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "very high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "protozoal diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "dengue fever", "malaria", "Japanese encephalitis" ], "water_contact_diseases": [ "leptospirosis" ], "animal_contact_diseases": [ "rabies" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 2.9, "global_rank": 172, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 22.6, "global_rank": 27, "date": "2010" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 93.1, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 95.2, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 91.2, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 8, "units": "years" }, "date": "2007" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Union of Burma", "conventional_short_form": "Burma", "local_long_form": "Pyidaungzu Thammada Myanma Naingngandaw (translated as the Republic of the Union of Myanmar)", "local_short_form": "Myanma Naingngandaw", "former": "Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma, Union of Myanmar", "note": "since 1989 the military authorities in Burma and the current parliamentary government have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for their state; the US Government has not adopted the name", "etymology": "both \"Burma\" and \"Myanmar\" derive from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group" }, "government_type": "parliamentary republic", "capital": { "name": "Rangoon (Yangon); note - Nay Pyi Taw is the administrative capital", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 16, "minutes": 48, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 96, "minutes": 9, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 6.5, "note": "11.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "taing)", "type": "region" }, { "name": "7 states (pyi ne-myar", "type": "region" }, { "name": "singular - pyi ne)", "type": "region" }, { "name": "1 union territory", "type": "region" } ], "independence": { "date": "1948-01-04", "note": "from the UK" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "4 January", "original_year": "1948" }, { "name": "Union Day", "day": "12 February", "original_year": "1947" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1947, 1974 (suspended until 2008); latest drafted 9 April 2008, approved by referendum 29 May 2008", "note": "several sections of the constitution on state structure were not implemented until August 2010", "amendments": "proposals require at least 20% approval by the Assembly of the Union membership; passage of amendments to sections of the constitution on basic principles, government structure, branches of government, state emergencies, and amendment procedures requires 75 percent approval by the Assembly and approval in a referendum by absolute majority of registered voters; passage of amendments to other sections requires only 75% Assembly approval (2017)" }, "legal_system": "mixed legal system of English common law (as introduced in codifications designed for colonial India) and customary law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "non-party state to the ICCt" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "both parents must be citizens of Burma", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "none", "note": "an applicant for naturalization must be the child or spouse of a citizen" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President HTIN KYAW (since 30 March 2016); Vice Presidents MYINT SWE (since 30 March 2016) and HENRY VAN THIO (since 30 March 2016); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government", "head_of_government": "President HTIN KYAW (since 30 March 2016); Vice Presidents MYINT SWE (since 30 March 2016) and HENRY VAN THIO (since 30 March 2016)", "note": "a parliamentary bill creating the position of \"state counselor\" was signed into law by President HTIN KYAW on 6 April 2016; a state counsellor serves the equivalent term of the president and is similar to a prime minister in that the holder acts as a link between the parliament and the executive branch", "state_counsellor": "State Counsellor AUNG SAN SUU KYI (since 6 April 2016); she concurrently serves as minister of foreign affairs and minister for the office of the president", "cabinet": "Cabinet appointments shared by the president and the commander-in-chief", "elections_appointments": "president indirectly elected by simple majority vote by the full Assembly of the Union from among 3 vice-presidential candidates nominated by the Presidential Electoral College (consists of members of the lower and upper houses and military members); the other 2 candidates become vice-presidents (president elected for a 5-year term); election last held on 15 March 2016 (next to be held in 2021)", "election_results": "HTIN KYAW elected president; Assembly of the Union vote: HTIN KYAW 360, MYINT SWE 213, HENRY VAN THIO 79 (652 votes cast)" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Assembly of the Union or Pyidaungsu consists of an upper house - the House of Nationalities or Amyotha Hluttaw, (224 seats; 168 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote with a second round if needed and 56 appointed by the military; members serve 5-year terms) and a lower house - the House of Representatives or Pyithu Hluttaw, (440 seats; 330 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 110 appointed by the military; members serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 8 November 2015 (next to be held in 2020)", "election_results": "Upper House - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NLD 135, USDP 11, ANP 10, SNLD 3, ZCD 2, TNP 2, independent 2, other 3, military appointees 56; Lower House - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NLD 255, USDP 30, ANP 12, SNLD 12, PNO 3, TNP 3, ZCD 2, LNDP 2, independent 1, other 3, canceled due to insurgence 7, military appointees 110" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of the Union (consists of the chief justice and 7-11 judges)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "chief justice and judges nominated by the president, with approval of the Lower House, and appointed by the president; judges normally serve until mandatory retirement at age 70", "subordinate_courts": "High Courts of the Region; High Courts of the State; Court of the Self-Administered Division; Court of the Self-Administered Zone; district and township courts; special courts (for juvenile, municipal, and traffic offenses); courts martial" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "All Mon Region Democracy Party", "name_alternative": "AMRDP", "leaders": [ "NAING NGWE THEIN" ] }, { "name": "Arakan National Party", "name_alternative": "ANP", "leaders": [ "Dr. AYE MAUNG" ], "note": "formed from the 2013 merger of the Rakhine Nationalities Development Party and the Arakan League for Democracy" }, { "name": "National Democratic Force", "name_alternative": "NDF", "leaders": [ "KHIN MAUNG SWE" ] }, { "name": "National League for Democracy", "name_alternative": "NLD", "leaders": [ "AUNG SAN SUU KYI" ] }, { "name": "National Unity Party", "name_alternative": "NUP", "leaders": [ "THAN TIN" ] }, { "name": "Pa-O National Organization", "name_alternative": "PNO", "leaders": [ "AUNG KHAN HTI" ] }, { "name": "Shan Nationalities Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "SNDP", "leaders": [ "SAI AIK PAUNG" ] }, { "name": "Shan Nationalities League for Democracy", "name_alternative": "SNLD", "leaders": [ "KHUN HTUN OO" ] }, { "name": "Ta'ang National Party", "name_alternative": "TNP", "leaders": [ "AIK MONE" ] }, { "name": "Union Solidarity and Development Party", "name_alternative": "USDP", "leaders": [ "THAN HTAY" ] }, { "name": "Zomi Congress for Democracy", "name_alternative": "ZCD", "leaders": [ "PU CIN SIAN THANG" ] }, { "name": "Numerous smaller parties" } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Thai border: Ethnic Nationalities Council", "name_alternative": "ENC" }, { "name": "Federation of Trade Unions-Burma", "name_alternative": "FTUB", "note": "exile trade union and labor advocates" }, { "name": "United Nationalities Federal Council", "name_alternative": "UNFC" }, { "name": "Karen National Union", "name_alternative": "KNU" }, { "name": "Karenni National People's Party", "name_alternative": "KNPP" }, { "name": "United Wa State Army", "name_alternative": "UWSA" }, { "name": "88 Generation Students ", "note": "pro-democracy movement" } ], "note": "inside Burma: Kachin Independence Organization; several other Chin, Karen, Mon, Shan factions; many restrictions on freedom of expression have been relaxed by the government; a limited number of political groups, other than parties, are approved by the government" }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ADB" }, { "organization": "ARF" }, { "organization": "ASEAN" }, { "organization": "BIMSTEC" }, { "organization": "CP" }, { "organization": "EAS" }, { "organization": "EITI ", "note": "candidate country" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO ", "note": "correspondent" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OPCW ", "note": "signatory" }, { "organization": "SAARC ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador AUNG LYNN (since 16 September 2016)", "chancery": "2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 332-3344", "fax": "[1] (202) 332-4351", "consulates_general": "Los Angeles, New York" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Scot MARCIEL (since 27 April 2016)", "embassy": "110 University Avenue, Kamayut Township, Rangoon", "mailing_address": "Box B, APO AP 96546", "telephone": "[95] (1) 536-509, 535-756, 538-038", "fax": "[95] (1) 511-069" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "design consists of three equal horizontal stripes of yellow (top), green, and red; centered on the green band is a large white five-pointed star that partially overlaps onto the adjacent colored stripes; the design revives the triband colors used by Burma from 1943-45, during the Japanese occupation" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "chinthe ", "note": "mythical lion" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "yellow" }, { "color": "green" }, { "color": "red" }, { "color": "white" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Kaba Ma Kyei\" (Till the End of the World, Myanmar)", "lyrics_music": "SAYA TIN", "note": "adopted 1948; Burma is among a handful of non-European nations that have anthems rooted in indigenous traditions; the beginning portion of the anthem is a traditional Burmese anthem before transitioning into a Western-style orchestrated work", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/BM.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Since the transition to a civilian government in 2011, Burma has begun an economic overhaul aimed at attracting foreign investment and reintegrating into the global economy. Economic reforms have included establishing a managed float of the Burmese kyat in 2012, granting the Central Bank operational independence in July 2013, enacting a new Anti-corruption Law in September 2013, and granting licenses to nine foreign banks in 2014 and four more foreign banks in 2016. State Counselor AUNG SAN SUU KYI and the ruling National League for Democracy, who took power in March 2016, are seeking to improve Burma’s investment climate, following the US sanctions lift in October 2016 and reinstatement of Generalized System of Preferences trade benefits in November 2016. In October 2016, Burma passed a revised updated Foreign Investment Law that consolidates investment regulations and eases the investment approval process. Parliament is also expected to pass amendments to the Companies Law and Gemstone Law later this year.\n\nThe government reforms since 2011 and the subsequent easing of most Western sanctions led to accelerated growth, from under 6% in 2011 to roughly 8% in 2013 through 2016. While the economy is expected to grow by 6.5% this year, the World Bank and IMF predict that growth will return to over 7 % per year during the next three years. In 2015, growth slowed slightly because of political uncertainty in an election year, summer floods, and external factors, including China’s slowdown and lower commodity prices. Burma’s abundant natural resources and young labor force are attracting foreign investment in the energy, garment, information technology, and food and beverage sectors.\n\nDespite these improvements, living standards have not improved for the majority of the people residing in rural areas. Burma remains one of the poorest countries in Asia – approximately 26% of the country’s 51 million people live in poverty. The isolationist policies and economic mismanagement of previous governments have left Burma with poor infrastructure, endemic corruption, underdeveloped human resources, and inadequate access to capital, which will require a major commitment to reverse. The Burmese government has been slow to address impediments to economic development such as insecure land rights, a restrictive trade licensing system, an opaque revenue collection system, and an antiquated banking system. AUNG SAN SUU KYI’s government is focusing on accelerating agricultural productivity and land reforms, modernizing and opening the financial sector, and developing transportation and electricity infrastructure.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 307300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 288600000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 268899999999.99997, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 54, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 68280000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 7.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 8.7, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 3 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 5600, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 5200, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 162, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 57.9, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 6.2, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 37.7, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.2, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 24.4, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -26.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 26.3, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 27.5, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 46.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 16.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 15.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 17.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 112 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "rice", "pulses", "beans", "sesame", "groundnuts", "sugarcane", "fish", "fish products", "hardwood" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "agricultural processing", "wood", "wood products", "copper", "tin", "tungsten", "iron", "cement", "construction materials", "pharmaceuticals", "fertilizer", "oil", "natural gas", "garments", "jade", "gems" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 12.2, "global_rank": 4, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 37150000, "global_rank": 18, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 70, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 7, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 23, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2001" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 56 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 25.6, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2.8, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 32.4, "units": "%" }, "date": "1998" }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 8944000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 10990000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 13.1, "global_rank": 202, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -3, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2016" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 April", "end": "31 March" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8.9, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 10.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 193 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9.95, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" }, { "value": 12, "units": "%", "date": "2009-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 22 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 15, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 13, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 41 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 18370000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 13800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 70 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 21220000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 16010000000.000002, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 86 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -4341000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -3067000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 170 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 10490000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 9135000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 85, "note": "official export figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of timber, gems, narcotics, rice, and other products smuggled to Thailand, China, and Bangladesh" }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "natural gas", "wood products", "pulses", "beans", "fish", "rice", "clothing", "minerals", "jade", "gems" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 37.8 }, { "name": "Thailand", "percent": 25.7 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 7.4 }, { "name": "Japan", "percent": 6.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 13960000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 12490000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 85, "note": "import figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of consumer goods, diesel fuel, and other products smuggled in from Thailand, China, Malaysia, and India" }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "fabric", "petroleum products", "fertilizer", "plastics", "machinery", "transport equipment", "cement", "construction materials", "food products� edible oil" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 42.1 }, { "name": "Thailand", "percent": 18.4 }, { "name": "Singapore", "percent": 11 }, { "name": "Japan", "percent": 4.8 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8913000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 8462999999.999999, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 77 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9041000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 7407000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 113 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1205.9, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1162.62, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1162.62, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 984.35, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 853.48, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "kyats (MMK) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 36300000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 52, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 95, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 31, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 14000000000, "global_rank": 89, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 11000000000, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 4300000, "global_rank": 81, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 24.8, "global_rank": 188, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 55, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 75.2, "global_rank": 20, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 159, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 15000, "global_rank": 77, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 2775, "global_rank": 74, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 57, "global_rank": 82, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 50000000, "global_rank": 79, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 15700, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 61000, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 165, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 43880, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 16800000000, "global_rank": 36, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 4099999999.9999995, "global_rank": 63, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 12700000000, "global_rank": 18, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 165, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 283200000000, "global_rank": 40, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 15000000, "global_rank": 91, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 523722, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 1, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 41529000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 74, "global_rank": 47, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service for business and government", "domestic": "the government eased its monopoly on communications in 2013 and granted telecom licenses to two foreign operators, which has resulted in a dramatic expansion of the wireless network", "international": "country code - 95; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 optical telecommunications submarine cable that provides links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2, Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and ShinSat (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "government controls all domestic broadcast media; 2 state-controlled TV stations with 1 of the stations controlled by the armed forces; 2 pay-TV stations are joint state-private ventures; access to satellite TV is limited; 1 state-controlled domestic radio station and 9 FM stations that are joint state-private ventures; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available in parts of Burma; the Voice of America (VOA), Radio Free Asia (RFA), BBC Burmese service, the Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB), and Radio Australia use shortwave to broadcast in Burma; VOA, RFA, and DVB produce daily TV news programs that are transmitted by satellite to audiences in Burma; in March 2017, the government granted licenses to 5 private broadcasters, allowing them digital free-to-air TV channels to be operated in partnership with government-owned Myanmar Radio and Television (MRTV) and will rely upon MRTV’s transmission infrastructure; the new channels are expected to begin airing programming early in 2018 (2017)", "internet": { "country_code": ".mm", "users": { "total": 12278000, "percent_of_population": 21.8, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 11, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 45, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 2029139, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 3365967, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "XY", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 64, "global_rank": 76, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 36, "over_3047_metres": 12, "2438_to_3047_metres": 11, "1524_to_2437_metres": 12, "under_914_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 28, "over_3047_metres": 1, "1524_to_2437_metres": 4, "914_to_1523_metres": 10, "under_914_metres": 13, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 11, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 3739, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 1321, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2017" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 5031, "units": "km" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 5031, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.000-m" }, "global_rank": 38, "date": "2008" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 34377, "units": "km", "note": "includes 358 km of expressways" }, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2010" }, "waterways": { "value": 12800, "units": "km", "global_rank": 10, "date": "2011" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 29, "by_type": [ { "type": "cargo", "count": 22 }, { "type": "passenger", "count": 2 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 3 }, { "type": "specialized tanker", "count": 1 }, { "type": "vehicle carrier", "count": 1 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 2, "by_country": [ { "country": "Germany", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Japan", "count": 1 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 3, "by_country": [ { "country": "Panama", "count": 3 } ] }, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Mawlamyine (Moulmein)", "Sittwe" ], "river_ports": [ "Rangoon (Yangon) (Rangoon River)" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3.58, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 3.81, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 3.71, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ] }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Burmese Defense Service (Tatmadaw)", "Army (Tatmadaw Kyi)", "Navy (Tatmadaw Yay)", "Air Force (Tatmadaw Lay)" ], "date": "2013" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18-35 years of age (men) and 18-27 years of age (women) for voluntary military service; no conscription (a 2010 law reintroducing conscription has not yet entered into force); 2-year service obligation; male (ages 18-45) and female (ages 18-35) professionals (including doctors, engineers, mechanics) serve up to 3 years; service terms may be stretched to 5 years in an officially declared emergency; Burma signed the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) on 15 August 1991; on 27 June 2012, the regime signed a Joint Action Plan on prevention of child recruitment; in February 2013, the military formed a new task force to address forced child conscription; approximately 600 children have been released from military service since the signing of the joint action plan", "date": "2015" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "over half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnic groups who have substantial numbers of kin in neighboring countries", "the Naf River on the border with Bangladesh serves as a smuggling and illegal transit route", "Bangladesh struggles to accommodate 29,000 Rohingya, Burmese Muslim minority from Arakan State, living as refugees in Cox's Bazar", "Burmese border authorities are constructing a 200 km (124 mi) wire fence designed to deter illegal cross-border transit and tensions from the military build-up along border with Bangladesh in 2010", "Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea", "Burmese forces attempting to dig in to the largely autonomous Shan State to rout local militias tied to the drug trade, prompts local residents to periodically flee into neighboring Yunnan Province in China", "fencing along the India-Burma international border at Manipur's Moreh town is in progress to check illegal drug trafficking and movement of militants", "over 100,000 mostly Karen refugees and asylum seekers fleeing civil strife, political upheaval, and economic stagnation in Burma were living in remote camps in Thailand near the border as of May 2017" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "internally_displaced_persons": { "people": 644000, "note": "government offensives against armed ethnic minority groups near its borders with China and Thailand, natural disasters, forced land evictions", "date": "2016" }, "stateless_persons": { "people": 925939, "date": "2016" }, "note": "estimate does not include stateless internally_displaced_persons or stateless persons in IDP-like situations because they are included in estimates of internally_displaced_persons (2016)" }, "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "Burma is a source country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purpose of forced labor and for women and children subjected to sex trafficking; Burmese adult and child labor migrants travel to East Asia, the Middle East, South Asia, and the US, where men are forced to work in the fishing, manufacturing, forestry, and construction industries and women and girls are forced into prostitution, domestic servitude, or forced labor in the garment sector; some Burmese economic migrants and Rohingya asylum seekers have become forced laborers on Thai fishing boats; some military personnel and armed ethnic groups unlawfully conscript child soldiers or coerce adults and children into forced labor; domestically, adults and children from ethnic areas are vulnerable to forced labor on plantations and in mines, while children may also be subject to forced prostitution, domestic service, and begging", "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List – Burma does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking, but it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute making a significant effort toward meeting the minimum standard for eliminating human trafficking; in 2014, law enforcement continued to investigate and prosecute cross-border trafficking offenses but did little to address domestic trafficking; no civilians or government officials were prosecuted or convicted for the recruitment of child soldiers, a serious problem that is hampered by corruption and the influence of the military; victim referral and protection services remained inadequate, especially for men, and left victims vulnerable to being re-trafficked; the government coordinated anti-trafficking programs as part of its five-year national action plan (2015)" }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "world's third largest producer of illicit opium with an estimated production in 2012 of 690 metric tons, an increase of 13% over 2011, and poppy cultivation in 2012 totaled 51,000 hectares, a 17% increase over 2011; production in the United Wa State Army's areas of greatest control remains low; Shan state is the source of 94.5% of Burma's poppy cultivation; lack of government will to take on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitment against money laundering continues to hinder the overall antidrug effort; major source of methamphetamine and heroin for regional consumption (2013)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102450/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bm.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bm.html" } }, "burundi": { "data": { "name": "Burundi", "introduction": { "background": "Burundi is a small country in East Africa bordered by Tanzania, Rwanda, and Lake Tanganyika. Burundi gained its independence from Belgium in 1962. Much of its history has been turbulent, and Burundi's first democratically elected president was assassinated in October 1993 after only 100 days in office. The internationally brokered Arusha Agreement ended the 1993-2005 civil war, paving the way for a new constitution and 2005 elections. Pierre NKURUNZIZA was elected president in 2005 and 2010 and again in a controversial election in 2015. Burundi continues to face many political and economic challenges." }, "geography": { "location": "Central Africa, east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, west of Tanzania", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 3, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 30, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Africa", "area": { "total": { "value": 27830, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 25680, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 2150, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 147, "comparative": "slightly smaller than Maryland" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 1140, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "border_length": { "value": 236, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Rwanda", "border_length": { "value": 315, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Tanzania", "border_length": { "value": 589, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 0, "units": "km", "note": "landlocked" }, "climate": "equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees Celsius but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; two wet seasons (February to May and September to November), and two dry seasons (June to August and December to January)", "terrain": "hilly and mountainous, dropping to a plateau in east, some plains", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 1504, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Lake Tanganyika", "elevation": { "value": 772, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Heha", "elevation": { "value": 2670, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "nickel", "uranium", "rare earth oxides", "peat", "cobalt", "copper", "platinum", "vanadium", "arable land", "hydropower", "niobium", "tantalum", "gold", "tin", "tungsten", "kaolin", "limestone" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 73.3, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 38.9, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 15.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 18.8, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 6.6, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 20.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 230, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "flooding", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "landslides", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "drought", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "soil erosion as a result of overgrazing and the expansion of agriculture into marginal lands", "deforestation (little forested land remains because of uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel)", "habitat loss threatens wildlife populations" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [ "Law of the Sea" ] } }, "note": "landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed; the Kagera, which drains into Lake Victoria, is the most remote headstream of the White Nile" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 11099298, "global_rank": 81, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Burundian(s)", "adjective": "Burundian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Hutu", "percent": 85, "note": "Bantu" }, { "name": "Tutsi", "percent": 14, "note": "Hamitic" }, { "name": "Twa", "percent": 1, "note": "Pygmy" }, { "name": "Europeans", "percent": 3 }, { "percent": 0 }, { "name": "South Asians", "percent": 2 }, { "percent": 0 } ] }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Kirundi", "percent": 29.7, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Kirundi and other language", "percent": 9.1 }, { "name": "French and French and other language", "percent": 0.3, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Swahili and Swahili and other language", "percent": 0.2, "note": "along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area" }, { "name": "English and English and other language", "percent": 0.06, "note": "official" }, { "name": "more than languages", "percent": 3.7 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 56.9 } ], "note": "data represent language read and written by people 10 years of age or older; spoken Kirundi is widespread", "date": "2008" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Catholic", "percent": 62.1 }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 23.9, "breakdown": [ { "name": "includes Adventist and other Protestant", "percent": 21.6 } ] }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 2.5 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 3.6 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 7.9 } ], "date": "2008" }, "demographic_profile": "Burundi is a densely populated country with a high population growth rate, factors that combined with land scarcity and poverty place a large share of its population at risk of food insecurity. About 90% of the population relies on subsistence agriculture. Subdivision of land to sons, and redistribution to returning refugees, results in smaller, overworked, and less productive plots. Food shortages, poverty, and a lack of clean water contribute to a 60% chronic malnutrition rate among children. A lack of reproductive health services has prevented a significant reduction in Burundi’s maternal mortality and fertility rates, which are both among the world’s highest. With two-thirds of its population under the age of 25 and a birth rate of about 6 children per woman, Burundi’s population will continue to expand rapidly for decades to come, putting additional strain on a poor country.\nHistorically, migration flows into and out of Burundi have consisted overwhelmingly of refugees from violent conflicts. In the last decade, more than a half million Burundian refugees returned home from neighboring countries, mainly Tanzania. Reintegrating the returnees has been problematic due to their prolonged time in exile, land scarcity, poor infrastructure, poverty, and unemployment. Repatriates and existing residents (including internally displaced persons) compete for limited land and other resources. To further complicate matters, international aid organizations reduced their assistance because they no longer classified Burundi as a post-conflict country. Conditions have deteriorated since renewed violence erupted in April 2015, causing another outpouring of refugees. In addition to refugee out-migration, Burundi has hosted thousands of refugees from neighboring countries, mostly from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and lesser numbers from Rwanda.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 45.61, "males": 2545895, "females": 2516480 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 19.17, "males": 1061538, "females": 1066581 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 28.71, "males": 1589506, "females": 1597081 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 3.94, "males": 205538, "females": 231317 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 2.57, "males": 121935, "females": 163427 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 89.7, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 85, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 4.7, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 21.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 17, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 16.8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 17.2, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 223, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 3.26, "global_rank": 3, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 41.7, "global_rank": 5, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 9, "global_rank": 67, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 0, "global_rank": 78, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 12.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 5.66, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Bujumbura", "population": 751000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.89, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.74, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 21.3, "date": "2010" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 712, "global_rank": 6, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 60.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 66.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 53.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 20, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 60.5, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 58.8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 62.3, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 199, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 6.04, "global_rank": 2, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 31.7, "units": "%", "date": "2012" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 7.5, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 1.9, "date": "2011" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 91.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 73.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 75.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 8.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 26.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 24.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 43.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 48.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 48, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 56.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 51.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 52, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 1.04, "global_rank": 43, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 77400, "global_rank": 45, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 3000, "global_rank": 37, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "very high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "protozoal diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "malaria", "dengue fever" ], "water_contact_diseases": [ "schistosomiasis" ], "animal_contact_diseases": [ "rabies" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 2.1, "global_rank": 176, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 29.1, "global_rank": 16, "date": "2011" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 5.4, "global_rank": 50, "date": "2013" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 85.6, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 88.2, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 83.1, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 11, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 11, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 10, "units": "years" }, "date": "2013" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 433187, "percentage": { "value": 19, "units": "%" }, "date": "2005" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Burundi", "conventional_short_form": "Burundi", "local_long_form": "Republique du Burundi/Republika y'u Burundi", "local_short_form": "Burundi", "former": "Urundi", "etymology": "name derived from the pre-colonial Kingdom of Burundi (17th-19th century)" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Bujumbura", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 3, "minutes": 22, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 29, "minutes": 21, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 2, "note": "7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Bubanza", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Bujumbura Mairie", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Bujumbura Rural", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Bururi", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Cankuzo", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Cibitoke", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Gitega", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Karuzi", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Kayanza", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Kirundo", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Makamba", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Muramvya", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Muyinga", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Mwaro", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Ngozi", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Rumonge", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Rutana", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Ruyigi", "type": "province" } ], "independence": { "date": "1962-07-01", "note": "from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "1 July", "original_year": "1962" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest ratified by popular referendum 28 February 2005 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "mixed legal system of Belgian civil law and customary law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "the father must be a citizen of Burundi", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "10 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Pierre NKURUNZIZA (since 26 August 2005); First Vice President Gaston SINDIMWO (since 20 August 2015); Second Vice President Joseph BUTORE (since 20 August 2015); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government", "head_of_government": "President Pierre NKURUNZIZA (since 26 August 2005); First Vice President Gaston SINDIMWO (since 20 August 2015); Second Vice President Joseph BUTORE (since 20 August 2015)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by president", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 21 July 2015(next to be held in 2020); vice presidents nominated by the president, endorsed by Parliament", "election_results": "Pierre NKURUNZIZA reelected president; percent of vote - Pierre NKURUNZIZA (CNDD-FDD) 69.4%, Agathon RWASA (Independents of Hope) 19%, other 11.6%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Inama Nkenguzamateka (43 seats in the July 2015 election; 36 members indirectly elected by an electoral college of provincial councils using a three-round voting system which requires a two-thirds majority vote in the first two rounds and a simple majority vote for the two leading candidates in the final round; 4 seats reserved for former heads of state, 3 seats reserved for Twas, and 8 seats for women; members serve 5-year terms) and the National Assembly or Inama Nshingamateka (121 seats in the June 2015 election; 100 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 21 co-opted members – 3 Twas and 18 women; members serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "Senate - last held on 24 July 2015 (next to be held in 2019); National Assembly - last held on 29 June 2015 (next to be held in 2020)", "election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CNDD-FDD 33, FRODEBU 2, CNDD 1, and 4 seats reserved for heads of state, 3 seats for Twas, and 8 seats for women; National Assembly - percent of vote by party (preliminary results) - CNDD-FDD 60.3%, Independents of Hope 11.2%, UPRONA 2.5%, other 26%; seats by party - CNDD-FDD 77, Independents of Hope 21, UPRONA 2, seats for women 18, seats for Twas 3" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of 9 judges and organized into judicial, administrative, and cassation chambers); Constitutional Court (consists of 7 members)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the Judicial Service Commission, a 15-member independent body of judicial and legal profession officials), appointed by the president, and confirmed by the Senate; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate and serve 6-year nonrenewable terms", "subordinate_courts": "Courts of Appeal; County Courts; Courts of Residence; Martial Court; Court Against Corruption; Commercial Court" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Front for Democracy in Burundi", "name_alternative": "FRODEBU", "leaders": [ "Keffa NIBIZI" ] }, { "name": "Mouvement for Solidarity and Development", "name_alternative": "MSD", "leaders": [ "Alexis SINDUHUE" ] }, { "name": "National Council for the Defense of Democracy - Front for the Defense of Democracy", "name_alternative": "CNDD-FDD", "leaders": [ "Evariste NDAYISHIMIYE" ] }, { "name": "National Liberation Forces", "name_alternative": "FNL", "leaders": [ "Jacques BIGITIMANA" ] }, { "name": "Union for National Progress", "name_alternative": "UPRONA", "leaders": [ "Abel GASHATSI" ], "note": "Union pour le Progress Nationale" } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Forum for the Strengthening of Civil Society", "name_alternative": "FORSC", "leaders": [ "Vital NSHMIRIMANA" ], "note": "civil society umbrella organization" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AfDB" }, { "organization": "AU" }, { "organization": "CEMAC" }, { "organization": "CEPGL" }, { "organization": "CICA" }, { "organization": "COMESA" }, { "organization": "EAC" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO ", "note": "correspondent" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNAMID" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNISFA" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Ernest NDABASHINZE (since 21 May 2014)", "chancery": "2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 408, Washington, DC 20007", "telephone": "[1] (202) 342-2574", "fax": "[1] (202) 342-2578" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Anne S. CASPER (since 2016)", "embassy": "Avenue Des Etats-Unis, Bujumbura", "mailing_address": "B.P. 1720, Bujumbura", "telephone": "[257] 22-207-000", "fax": "[257] 22-222-926" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green panels (hoist side and fly side) with a white disk superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above, two stars below); green symbolizes hope and optimism, white purity and peace, and red the blood shed in the struggle for independence; the three stars in the disk represent the three major ethnic groups: Hutu, Twa, Tutsi, as well as the three elements in the national motto: unity, work, progress" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "lion" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "white" }, { "color": "green" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Burundi Bwacu\" (Our Beloved Burundi)", "lyrics_music": "Jean-Baptiste NTAHOKAJA/Marc BARENGAYABO", "note": "adopted 1962" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Burundi is a landlocked, resource-poor country with an underdeveloped manufacturing sector. Agriculture accounts for over 40% of GDP and employs more than 90% of the population. Burundi's primary exports are coffee and tea, which account for more than 60% of foreign exchange earnings. Thus, Burundi's export earnings - and its ability to pay for imports - rest primarily on weather conditions and international coffee and tea prices, although exports are a relatively small share of GDP. Burundi is heavily dependent on aid from bilateral and multilateral donors. Foreign aid represented 48% of Burundi's national income in 2015, one of the highest percentages in Sub-Saharan Africa, but decreased to 33.5% in 2016. Burundi joined the East African Community (EAC) in 2009.\n\nThe 1993-2005 civil war resulted in more than 200,000 deaths, forced more than 48,000 refugees into Tanzania, and displaced 140,000 others internally. Political stability, aid flows, and economic activity improved following the war’s end, but underlying weaknesses – low governmental capacity, a high poverty rate, poor educational levels, a weak legal system, a poor transportation network, and overburdened utilities – have prevented the implementation of planned economic reforms. Government corruption has also hindered the development of a private sector. The purchasing power of most Burundians has decreased as wage increases have not kept pace with inflation.\n\nIn 2015, Burundi’s economy suffered from political turmoil, including street protests and an attempted coup, following President NKURUNZIZA’s controversial announcement that he would run for a third term. Insecurity and refugee flows to neighboring countries slowed down economic activity and donors withdrew aid, increasing Burundi’s budget deficit and decreasing hard currency reserves. Real GDP growth dropped precipitously and has yet to recover to pre-conflict levels.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7892000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 7933000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 8259000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 163, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 2742000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -0.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 4.5, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 198 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 800, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 800, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 900, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 228, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 92.4, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 16.5, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 24.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": -8.1, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 7.5, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -32.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 45.8, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 17.1, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 37.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -0.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -4.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": -2.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 177 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "coffee", "cotton", "tea", "corn", "beans", "sorghum", "sweet potatoes", "bananas", "cassava", "manioc", "tapioca", "beef", "milk", "hides" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "light consumer goods", "sugar", "shoes", "soap", "beer", "cement", "assembly of imported components", "public works construction", "food processing", "fruits" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 0.8, "global_rank": 155, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 5255000, "global_rank": 76, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 93.6, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 2.3, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 4.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2002" } }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 64.6, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 4.1, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 28, "units": "%" }, "date": "2006" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 42.4, "units": "gini_index", "date": "1998" } ], "global_rank": 51 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 525100000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 656900000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 19.2, "global_rank": 157, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -4.8, "global_rank": 154, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 43.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 39.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 111 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 5.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 190 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11.25, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" }, { "value": 10, "units": "%", "date": "2009-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 17 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 13.9, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 15.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 50 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 364900000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 397700000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 172 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 523500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 571200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 183 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 809800000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 851300000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 164 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -536000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -661000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 103 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 132400000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 119600000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 191 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "coffee", "tea", "sugar", "cotton", "hides" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Germany", "percent": 12.9 }, { "name": "Pakistan", "percent": 11.2 }, { "name": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "percent": 11.2 }, { "name": "Uganda", "percent": 8.5 }, { "name": "Sweden", "percent": 8.2 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 7.5 }, { "name": "Belgium", "percent": 6.6 }, { "name": "Rwanda", "percent": 4.8 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 4.6 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 683400000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 800100000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 186 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "capital goods", "petroleum products", "foodstuffs" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Kenya", "percent": 15 }, { "name": "Saudi Arabia", "percent": 14 }, { "name": "Belgium", "percent": 10 }, { "name": "Tanzania", "percent": 8.4 }, { "name": "Uganda", "percent": 7.4 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 7.1 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 4.9 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 4 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 100200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 136200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 166 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 705200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 684100000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 171 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1665, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1571.9, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1571.9, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1546.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1442.51, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Burundi francs (BIF) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 9700000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 5, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 28, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 2, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 300000000, "global_rank": 178, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 400000000, "global_rank": 172, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 118, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 100000000, "global_rank": 97, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 66000, "global_rank": 186, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 1.8, "global_rank": 206, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 61, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 98.2, "global_rank": 9, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 164, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 171, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 124, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 1500, "global_rank": 200, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 166, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 1636, "global_rank": 194, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 165, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 126, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 74, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 170, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 120, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 300000, "global_rank": 192, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 21774, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 1, "global_rank": 182, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 4998000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 47, "global_rank": 138, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "sparse system of open-wire, radiotelephone communications, and low-capacity microwave radio relays", "domestic": "telephone density one of the lowest in the world; fixed-line connections stand at well less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage has increased to roughly 45 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 257; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "state-controlled Radio Television Nationale de Burundi (RTNB) operates a TV station and a national radio network; 3 private TV stations and about 10 privately owned radio stations; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available in Bujumbura (2017)", "internet": { "country_code": ".bi", "users": { "total": 523000, "percent_of_population": 4.9, "global_rank": 165, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "9U", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 7, "global_rank": 165, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 1, "over_3047_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 6, "914_to_1523_metres": 4, "under_914_metres": 2, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 1, "date": "2012" } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 12322, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 1500, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 10822, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2016" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "lake_ports": [ "Bujumbura (Lake Tanganyika)" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.14, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2.01, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 2.24, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 2.39, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 32 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "National Defense Forces (Forces de Defense Nationale", "FDN)", "Army (includes maritime wing", "Air Wing)", "National Police" ], "date": "2017" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; the armed forces law of 31 December 2004 did not specify a minimum age for enlistment, but the government claimed that no one younger than 18 was being recruited; mandatory retirement ages: 45 (enlisted), 50 (NCOs), 55 (officers), and 60 (officers with the rank of general)", "date": "2017" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Burundi and Rwanda dispute two sq km (0.8 sq mi) of Sabanerwa, a farmed area in the Rukurazi Valley where the Akanyaru/Kanyaru River shifted its course southward after heavy rains in 1965", "cross-border conflicts persist among Tutsi, Hutu, other ethnic groups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces in the Great Lakes region" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 61427, "country_of_origin": "Democratic Republic of the Congo" } ], "date": "2017" }, "internally_displaced_persons": { "people": 209202, "note": "some ethnic Tutsis remain displaced from intercommunal violence that broke out after the 1993 coup and fighting between government forces and rebel groups; violence since April 2015", "date": "2017" }, "stateless_persons": { "people": 974, "date": "2016" } }, "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "Burundi is a source country for children and possibly women subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; business people recruit Burundian girls for prostitution domestically, as well as in Rwanda, Kenya, Uganda, and the Middle East, and recruit boys and girls for forced labor in Burundi and Tanzania; children and young adults are coerced into forced labor in farming, mining, informal commerce, fishing, or collecting river stones for construction; sometimes family, friends, and neighbors are complicit in exploiting children, at times luring them in with offers of educational or job opportunities", "tier_rating": "Tier 3 – Burundi does not comply fully with the minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; corruption, a lack of political will, and limited resources continue to hamper efforts to combat human trafficking; in 2014, the government did not inform judicial and law enforcement officials of the enactment of an anti-trafficking law or how to implement it and approved – but did not fund – its national anti-trafficking action plan; authorities again failed to identify trafficking victims or to provide them with adequate protective services; the government has focused on transnational child trafficking but gave little attention to its domestic child trafficking problem and adult trafficking victims (2015)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624201400/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html" } }, "cabo_verde": { "data": { "name": "Cabo Verde", "introduction": { "background": "The uninhabited islands were discovered and colonized by the Portuguese in the 15th century; Cabo Verde subsequently became a trading center for African slaves and later an important coaling and resupply stop for whaling and transatlantic shipping. The fusing of European and various African cultural traditions is reflected in Cabo Verde’s Crioulo language, music, and pano textiles. Following independence in 1975, and a tentative interest in unification with Guinea-Bissau, a one-party system was established and maintained until multi-party elections were held in 1990. Cabo Verde continues to sustain one of Africa's most stable democratic governments. Repeated droughts during the second half of the 20th century caused significant hardship and prompted heavy emigration. As a result, Cabo Verde's expatriate population is greater than its domestic one. Most Cabo Verdeans have both African and Portuguese antecedents. Cabo Verde’s population descends from its first permanent inhabitants in the late 15th-century – a preponderance of West African slaves, a small share of Portuguese colonists, and even fewer Italians, Spaniards, and Portuguese Jews. Among the nine inhabited islands, population distribution is variable. Islands in the east are very dry and are only sparsely settled to exploit their extensive salt deposits. The more southerly islands receive more precipitation and support larger populations, but agriculture and livestock grazing have damaged their soil fertility and vegetation. For centuries, the country’s overall population size has fluctuated significantly, as recurring periods of famine and epidemics have caused high death tolls and emigration." }, "geography": { "location": "Western Africa, group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Senegal", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 16, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 24, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Africa", "area": { "total": { "value": 4033, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 4033, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 176, "comparative": "slightly larger than Rhode Island" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 965, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and erratic", "terrain": "steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Atlantic Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mt. Fogo", "elevation": { "value": 2829, "units": "m" }, "note": "a volcano on Fogo Island" } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "salt", "basalt rock", "limestone", "kaolin", "fish", "clay", "gypsum" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 18.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 11.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 6.2, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 21, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 60.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 35, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "Among the nine inhabited islands, population distribution is variable. Islands in the east are very dry and are only sparsely settled to exploit their extensive salt deposits. The more southerly islands receive more precipitation and support larger populations, but agriculture and livestock grazing have damaged the soil fertility and vegetation.", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "prolonged droughts", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "seasonal harmattan wind produces obscuring dust", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "volcanically and seismically active", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "Fogo (elev. 2,829 m), which last erupted in 1995, is Cabo Verde's only active volcano", "type": "volcanism" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "soil erosion", "deforestation due to demand for firewood", "water shortages", "desertification", "environmental damage has threatened several species of birds and reptiles", "illegal beach sand extraction", "overfishing" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "strategic location 500 km from west coast of Africa near major north-south sea routes; important communications station; important sea and air refueling site" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 553432, "global_rank": 174, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Cabo Verdean(s)", "adjective": "Cabo Verdean" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Creole", "percent": 71, "note": "mulatto" }, { "name": "African", "percent": 28 }, { "name": "European", "percent": 1 } ] }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Portuguese", "note": "official" }, { "name": "Crioulo", "note": "a blend of Portuguese and West African words" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 77.3 }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 4.6, "breakdown": [ { "name": "includes Church of the Nazarene", "percent": 1.7 }, { "name": "Adventist", "percent": 1.5 }, { "name": "Assembly of God", "percent": 0.9 }, { "name": "Universal Kingdom of God", "percent": 0.4 }, { "name": "and God and Love", "percent": 0.1 } ] }, { "name": "other Christian", "percent": 3.4, "breakdown": [ { "name": "includes Christian Rationalism", "percent": 1.9 }, { "name": "Jehovah's Witness", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "and New Apostolic", "percent": 0.5 } ] }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 1.8 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 10.8 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.7 } ], "date": "2010" }, "demographic_profile": "Cabo Verde’s population descends from its first permanent inhabitants in the late 15th-century – a preponderance of West African slaves, a small share of Portuguese colonists, and even fewer Italians, Spaniards, and Portuguese Jews. Over the centuries, the country’s overall population size has fluctuated significantly, as recurring periods of famine and epidemics have caused high death tolls and emigration.\nLabor migration historically reduced Cabo Verde’s population growth and still provides a key source of income through remittances. Expatriates probably outnumber Cabo Verde’s resident population, with most families having a member abroad. Cabo Verdeans have settled in the US, Europe, Africa, and South America. The largest diaspora community in New Bedford, Massachusetts, dating to the early 1800s, is a byproduct of the transatlantic whaling industry. Cabo Verdean men fleeing poverty at home joined the crews of US whaling ships that stopped in the islands. Many settled in New Bedford and stayed in the whaling or shipping trade, worked in the textile or cranberry industries, or operated their own transatlantic packet ships that transported compatriots to the US. Increased Cabo Verdean emigration to the US coincided with the gradual and eventually complete abolition of slavery in the archipelago in 1878.\nDuring the same period, Portuguese authorities coerced Cabo Verdeans to go to Sao Tome and Principe and other Portuguese colonies in Africa to work as indentured laborers on plantations. In the 1920s, when the US implemented immigration quotas, Cabo Verdean emigration shifted toward Portugal, West Africa (Senegal), and South America (Argentina). Growing numbers of Cabo Verdean labor migrants headed to Western Europe in the 1960s and 1970s. They filled unskilled jobs in Portugal, as many Portuguese sought out work opportunities in the more prosperous economies of northwest Europe. Cabo Verdeans eventually expanded their emigration to the Netherlands, where they worked in the shipping industry. Migration to the US resumed under relaxed migration laws. Cabo Verdean women also began migrating to southern Europe to become domestic workers, a trend that continues today and has shifted the gender balance of Cabo Verdean emigration.\nEmigration has declined in more recent decades due to the adoption of more restrictive migration policies in destination countries. Reduced emigration along with a large youth population, decreased mortality rates, and increased life expectancies, has boosted population growth, putting further pressure on domestic employment and resources. In addition, Cabo Verde has attracted increasing numbers of migrants in recent decades, consisting primarily of people from West Africa, Portuguese-speaking African countries, Portugal, and China. Since the 1990s, some West African migrants have used Cabo Verde as a stepping stone for illegal migration to Europe.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 29.6, "males": 82359, "females": 81448 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 20.56, "males": 56885, "females": 56882 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 39.2, "males": 105383, "females": 111535 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 5.53, "males": 13131, "females": 17479 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 5.12, "males": 10722, "females": 17608 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 52, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 45.1, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 7, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 14.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 24.9, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 24.1, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 25.7, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 155, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1.35, "global_rank": 85, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 20.2, "global_rank": 81, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 6.1, "global_rank": 156, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -0.6, "global_rank": 134, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "Among the nine inhabited islands, population distribution is variable. Islands in the east are very dry and are only sparsely settled to exploit their extensive salt deposits. The more southerly islands receive more precipitation and support larger populations, but agriculture and livestock grazing have damaged the soil fertility and vegetation.", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 65.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 1.99, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Praia", "population": 145000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.94, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.75, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.61, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.94, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 19.5, "date": "2005" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 42, "global_rank": 83, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 22.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 26, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 19.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 76, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 72.1, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 69.8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 74.5, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 148, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.26, "global_rank": 94, "date": "2016" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.8, "global_rank": 164, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.31, "date": "2011" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 2.1, "date": "2010" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 94, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 87.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 91.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 12.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 8.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 81.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 54.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 72.2, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 1.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 45.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 27.8, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.96, "global_rank": 44, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 3200, "global_rank": 112, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 100, "global_rank": 125, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "note": "active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus", "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 11.7, "global_rank": 131, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 5, "global_rank": 76, "date": "2013" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 87.6, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 92.1, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 83.1, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Cabo Verde", "conventional_short_form": "Cabo Verde", "local_long_form": "Republica de Cabo Verde", "local_short_form": "Cabo Verde", "etymology": "the name derives from Cap-Vert (Green Cape) on the Senegalese coast, the westernmost point of Africa and the nearest mainland to the islands" }, "government_type": "parliamentary republic", "capital": { "name": "Praia", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 14, "minutes": 55, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 23, "minutes": 31, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -1, "note": "4 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1975-07-05", "note": "from Portugal" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "5 July", "original_year": "1975" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1981; latest effective 25 September 1992; revised 1995, 1999, 2010 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system of Portugal", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Cabo Verde", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "5 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Jorge Carlos FONSECA (since 9 September 2011)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Ulisses CORREIA E SILVA (since 22 April 2016)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 2 October 2016 (next to be held in 2021); prime minister nominated by the National Assembly and appointed by the president", "election_results": "percent of vote - Jorge Carlos FONSECA (MPD) 74%, Albertino GRACA (independent) 23%, other 3%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (72 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 20 March 2016 (next to be held in 2021)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party NA; seats by party - MPD 40, PAICV 29, UCID 3" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the chief justice and at least 7 judges and organized into civil, criminal, and administrative sections)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judge appointments - 1 by the president of the republic, 1 elected by the National Assembly, and 3 by the Superior Judicial Council (SJC), a 16-member independent body chaired by the chief justice and includes the attorney general, 8 private citizens, 2 judges, 2 prosecutors, the senior legal inspector of the Attorney General's office, and a representative of the Ministry of Justice; chief justice appointed by the president of the republic from among peers of the Supreme Court of Justice and in consultation with the SJC; judges appointed for life", "subordinate_courts": "appeals courts, first instance (municipal) courts; audit, military, and fiscal and customs courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "African Party for Independence of Cabo Verde", "name_alternative": "PAICV", "leaders": [ "Janira Hopffer ALMADA" ] }, { "name": "Democratic and Independent Cabo Verdean Union", "name_alternative": "UCID", "leaders": [ "Antonio MONTEIRO" ] }, { "name": "Democratic Christian Party", "name_alternative": "PDC", "leaders": [ "Manuel RODRIGUES" ] }, { "name": "Democratic Renovation Party", "name_alternative": "PRD", "leaders": [ "Victor FIDALGO" ] }, { "name": "Movement for Democracy", "name_alternative": "MPD", "leaders": [ "Ulisses CORREIA E SILVA" ] }, { "name": "Party for Democratic Convergence", "name_alternative": "PCD", "leaders": [ "Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO" ] }, { "name": "Party of Work and Solidarity", "name_alternative": "PTS", "leaders": [ "Anibal MEDINA" ] }, { "name": "Social Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "PSD", "leaders": [ "Joao ALEM" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "environmentalists" }, { "name": "political pressure groups" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AfDB" }, { "organization": "AOSIS" }, { "organization": "AU" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CPLP" }, { "organization": "ECOWAS" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICCt ", "note": "signatory" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "Union Latina" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Carlos VEIGA (since November 2016)", "chancery": "3415 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007", "telephone": "[1] (202) 965-6820", "fax": "[1] (202) 965-1207", "consulates_general": "Boston" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Donald L. HEFLIN (since 29 January 2015)", "embassy": "Rua Abilio Macedo 6, Praia", "mailing_address": "C. P. 201, Praia", "telephone": "[238] 2-60-89-00", "fax": "[238] 2-61-13-55" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "five unequal horizontal bands; the top-most band of blue - equal to one half the width of the flag - is followed by three bands of white, red, and white, each equal to 1/12 of the width, and a bottom stripe of blue equal to one quarter of the flag width; a circle of 10 yellow, five-pointed stars is centered on the red stripe and positioned 3/8 of the length of the flag from the hoist side; blue stands for the sea and the sky, the circle of stars represents the 10 major islands united into a nation, the stripes symbolize the road to formation of the country through peace (white) and effort (red)" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "ten, five-pointed, yellow stars" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "blue" }, { "color": "white" }, { "color": "red" }, { "color": "yellow" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Cantico da Liberdade\" (Song of Freedom)", "lyrics_music": "Amilcar Spencer LOPES/Adalberto Higino Tavares SILVA", "note": "adopted 1996", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/CV.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Cabo Verde’s economy is vulnerable to external shocks and depends on development aid, foreign investment, remittances, and tourism. The economy is service-oriented with commerce, transport, tourism, and public services accounting for about three-fourths of GDP. Tourism is the mainstay of the economy and depends on conditions in the euro-zone countries. Cabo Verde annually runs a high trade deficit financed by foreign aid and remittances from its large pool of emigrants; remittances as a share of GDP are one of the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa.\n\nAlthough about 40% of the population lives in rural areas, the share of food production in GDP is low. The island economy suffers from a poor natural resource base, including serious water shortages, exacerbated by cycles of long-term drought, and poor soil for growing food on several of the islands, requiring it to import most of what it consumes. The fishing potential, mostly lobster and tuna, is not fully exploited.\n\nEconomic reforms are aimed at developing the private sector and attracting foreign investment to diversify the economy and mitigate high unemployment. The government’s elevated debt levels have limited its capacity to finance any shortfalls.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3583000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3457000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3408000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 180, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 1684000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.6, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.9, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 68 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6700, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6600, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 6600, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 159, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 53.5, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 15.2, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 33.2, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.8, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 32.9, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -35.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 7.4, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 16.4, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 76.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 33.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 36.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 28, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 15 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "bananas", "corn", "beans", "sweet potatoes", "sugarcane", "coffee", "peanuts", "fish" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "food", "beverages", "fish processing", "shoes", "garments", "salt mining", "ship repair" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 1.9, "global_rank": 113, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 196100, "global_rank": 171, "date": "2007" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 15, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 12.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 164 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 30, "units": "%", "date": "2000" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 1.9, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 40.6, "units": "%" }, "date": "2000" }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 405700000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 477400000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 24.1, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -4.3, "global_rank": 145, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 128.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 127.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 6 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -1.4, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 2 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7.5, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" }, { "value": 7.5, "units": "%", "date": "2009-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 41 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 10, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 10.41, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 83 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 576800000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 557500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 162 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1552000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1526000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 164 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1309000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1324000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 158 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -117000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -69000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 76 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 148200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 149200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 189 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "fuel (re-exports)", "shoes", "garments", "fish", "hides" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Australia", "percent": 83.1 }, { "name": "Spain", "percent": 8.6 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 618100000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 630700000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 188 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "foodstuffs", "industrial products", "transport equipment", "fuels" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Portugal", "percent": 29.8 }, { "name": "Australia", "percent": 26.4 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 11.2 }, { "name": "Spain", "percent": 5.6 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 5.6 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 447600000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 494500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 151 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1660000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1534000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 155 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 101.8, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 99.426, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 99.426, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 83.114, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 85.82, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Cabo Verdean escudos (CVE) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 153027, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 70.6, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 84.4, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 46.8, "units": "%" }, "date": "2012" }, "production": { "kWh": 400000000, "global_rank": 171, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 300000000, "global_rank": 178, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 140, "date": "2016" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 100000, "global_rank": 176, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 76.5, "global_rank": 99, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2016" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 167, "date": "2016" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 23.5, "global_rank": 11, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 113, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 181, "date": "2016" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 122, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 132, "date": "2016" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 6000, "global_rank": 172, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 167, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 5328, "global_rank": 164, "date": "2016" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 174, "date": "2016" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 135, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 87, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 184, "date": "2016" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 129, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 400000, "global_rank": 188, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 58456, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 11, "global_rank": 156, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 646000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 118, "global_rank": 166, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "effective system, extensive modernization from 1996-2000 following partial privatization in 1995", "domestic": "major service provider is Cabo Verde Telecom; fiber-optic ring, completed in 2001, links all islands providing Internet access and ISDN services; cellular service introduced in 1998; broadband services launched in 2004", "international": "country code - 238; landing point for the Atlantis-2 fiber-optic transatlantic telephone cable that provides links to South America, Senegal, and Europe; HF radiotelephone to Senegal and Guinea-Bissau; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "state-run TV and radio broadcast network plus a growing number of private broadcasters; Portuguese public TV and radio services for Africa are available; transmissions of a few international broadcasters are available (2007)", "internet": { "country_code": ".cv", "users": { "total": 235000, "percent_of_population": 43, "global_rank": 153, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 2, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 5, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 567182, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 1728152, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "D4", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 9, "global_rank": 157, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 9, "over_3047_metres": 1, "1524_to_2437_metres": 3, "914_to_1523_metres": 3, "under_914_metres": 2, "date": "2013" } } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 1350, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 932, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 418, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 180, "date": "2013" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 13, "by_type": [ { "type": "cargo", "count": 3 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 2 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 7 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 1 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 3, "by_country": [ { "country": "Greece", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Spain", "count": 1 }, { "country": "UK", "count": 1 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 1, "by_country": [ { "country": "unknown", "count": 1 } ] }, "global_rank": 104, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Porto Grande" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.56, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.53, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0.53, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.56, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 0.52, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ] }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Armed Forces", "Army (also called the National Guard", "GN)", "Cabo Verde Coast Guard (Guardia Costeira de Cabo Verde", "GCCV", "includes naval infantry)" ], "date": "2013" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18-35 years of age for male and female selective compulsory military service; 2-years conscript service obligation; 17 years of age for voluntary service (with parental consent)", "date": "2013" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "stateless_persons": { "people": 115, "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "used as a transshipment point for Latin American cocaine destined for Western Europe, particularly because of Lusophone links to Brazil, Portugal, and Guinea-Bissau; has taken steps to deter drug money laundering, including a 2002 anti-money laundering reform that criminalizes laundering the proceeds of narcotics trafficking and other crimes and the establishment in 2008 of a Financial Intelligence Unit (2008)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624181128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cv.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cv.html" } }, "cambodia": { "data": { "name": "Cambodia", "introduction": { "background": "Most Cambodians consider themselves to be Khmers, descendants of the Angkor Empire that extended over much of Southeast Asia and reached its zenith between the 10th and 13th centuries. Attacks by the Thai and Cham (from present-day Vietnam) weakened the empire, ushering in a long period of decline. The king placed the country under French protection in 1863, and it became part of French Indochina in 1887. Following Japanese occupation in World War II, Cambodia gained full independence from France in 1953. In April 1975, after a seven-year struggle, communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh and evacuated all cities and towns. At least 1.5 million Cambodians died from execution, forced hardships, or starvation during the Khmer Rouge regime under POL POT. A December 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside, began a 10-year Vietnamese occupation, and touched off almost 13 years of civil war.\nThe 1991 Paris Peace Accords mandated democratic elections and a cease-fire, which was not fully respected by the Khmer Rouge. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some semblance of normalcy under a coalition government. Factional fighting in 1997 ended the first coalition government, but a second round of national elections in 1998 led to the formation of another coalition government and renewed political stability. The remaining elements of the Khmer Rouge surrendered in early 1999. Some of the surviving Khmer Rouge leaders have been tried or are awaiting trial for crimes against humanity by a hybrid UN-Cambodian tribunal supported by international assistance. Elections in July 2003 were relatively peaceful, but it took one year of negotiations between contending political parties before a coalition government was formed. In October 2004, King Norodom SIHANOUK abdicated the throne and his son, Prince Norodom SIHAMONI, was selected to succeed him. The most recent local (Commune Council) elections were held in Cambodia in 2012, with little of the preelection violence that preceded prior elections. National elections in July 2013 were disputed, with the opposition - the Cambodian National Rescue Party (CNRP) - boycotting the National Assembly. The political impasse was ended nearly a year later, with the CNRP agreeing to enter parliament in exchange for ruling party commitments to electoral and legislative reforms." }, "geography": { "location": "Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 13, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 105, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Southeast Asia", "area": { "total": { "value": 181035, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 176515, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 4520, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 90, "comparative": "one and a half times the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oklahoma" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 2530, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Laos", "border_length": { "value": 555, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Thailand", "border_length": { "value": 817, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Vietnam", "border_length": { "value": 1158, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 443, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation", "terrain": "mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 126, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Gulf of Thailand", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Phnum Aoral", "elevation": { "value": 1810, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "oil", "gas", "timber", "gemstones", "iron ore", "manganese", "phosphates", "hydropower potential", "arable land" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 32.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 22.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.9, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 8.5, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 56.5, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 11.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 3540, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "population concentrated in the southeast, particularly in and around the capital of Phnom Penh; further distribution is linked closely to the Tonle Sap and Mekong Rivers", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "monsoonal rains (June to November)", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "flooding", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "occasional droughts", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "illegal logging activities throughout the country and strip mining for gems in the western region along the border with Thailand have resulted in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in particular", "destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural fisheries)", "soil erosion", "in rural areas", "most of the population does not have access to potable water", "declining fish stocks because of illegal fishing and overfishing" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Marine Life Conservation", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [ "Law of the Sea" ] } }, "note": "a land of paddies and forests dominated by the Mekong River and Tonle Sap (Southeast Asia's largest freshwater lake)" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 15957223, "global_rank": 69, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Cambodian(s)", "adjective": "Cambodian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Khmer", "percent": 97.6 }, { "name": "Cham", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "Chinese", "percent": 0.1 }, { "name": "Vietnamese", "percent": 0.1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.9 } ], "date": "2013" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Khmer", "percent": 96.3, "note": "official" }, { "name": "other", "percent": 3.7 } ], "date": "2008" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Buddhist", "percent": 96.9, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 1.9 }, { "name": "Christian", "percent": 0.4 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.8 } ], "date": "2008" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 31.24, "males": 2515435, "females": 2468855 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 19.02, "males": 1501070, "females": 1533500 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 40.18, "males": 3139851, "females": 3271077 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 5.43, "males": 342063, "females": 524114 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 4.14, "males": 248454, "females": 412804 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 55.6, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 49.2, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 6.4, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 15.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 24.9, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 24.2, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 25.6, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 156, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1.56, "global_rank": 74, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 23.4, "global_rank": 66, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 7.6, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -0.3, "global_rank": 119, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "population concentrated in the southeast, particularly in and around the capital of Phnom Penh; further distribution is linked closely to the Tonle Sap and Mekong Rivers", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 20.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 2.65, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Phnom Penh", "population": 1731000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.02, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 0.98, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.96, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.65, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.6, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.94, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 22.9, "date": "2014" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 161, "global_rank": 45, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 48.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 55.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 41.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 36, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 64.5, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 62, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 67.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 181, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.56, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 56.3, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 5.7, "global_rank": 127, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.17, "date": "2013" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 0.7, "date": "2011" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 69.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 75.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 30.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 24.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 88.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 30.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 42.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 11.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 69.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 57.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.63, "global_rank": 59, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 74100, "global_rank": 49, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 2000, "global_rank": 49, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "very high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "dengue fever", "Japanese encephalitis", "malaria" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 2.9, "global_rank": 183, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 23.9, "global_rank": 18, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 1.9, "global_rank": 152, "date": "2014" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 77.2, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 84.5, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 70.5, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 11, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 11, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 10, "units": "years" }, "date": "2008" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 0.5, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 0.7, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 0.4, "units": "%" }, "note": "according to official statistics", "global_rank": 130, "date": "2010" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Kingdom of Cambodia", "conventional_short_form": "Cambodia", "local_long_form": "Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchea (phonetic transliteration)", "local_short_form": "Kampuchea", "former": "Khmer Republic, Democratic Kampuchea, People's Republic of Kampuchea, State of Cambodia", "etymology": "the English name Cambodia is an anglicization of the French Cambodge, which is the French transliteration of the native name Kampuchea" }, "government_type": "parliamentary constitutional monarchy", "capital": { "name": "Phnom Penh", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 11, "minutes": 33, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 104, "minutes": 55, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 7, "note": "12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1953-11-09", "note": "from France" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "9 November", "original_year": "1953" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1947; latest promulgated 21 September 1993; amended 1999, 2008, 2014 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system (influenced by the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia) customary law, Communist legal theory, and common law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Cambodia", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "7 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "King Norodom SIHAMONI (since 29 October 2004)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985); Permanent Deputy Prime Minister MEN SAM AN (since 25 September 2008); Deputy Prime Ministers SAR KHENG (since 3 February 1992), TEA BANH, Gen., HOR NAMHONG, NHEK BUNCHHAY (all since 16 July 2004), BIN CHHIN (since 5 September 2007), KEAT CHHON, YIM CHHAI LY (since 24 September 2008), KE KIMYAN (since 12 March 2009)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and appointed by the monarch", "elections_appointments": "monarch chosen by the 9-member, Royal Council of the Throne from among all eligible males of royal descent; following legislative elections, a member of the majority party or majority coalition named prime minister by the Chairman of the National Assembly and appointed by the monarch" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Parliament of Cambodia consists of the Senate (61 seats; 57 indirectly elected by parliamentarians and commune councils, 2 indirectly elected by the National Assembly, and 2 appointed by the monarch; members serve 6-year terms) and the National Assembly (123 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)", "note": "two seats will be added to the National Assembly in 2018, for a total of 125", "elections": "Senate - last held on 4 February 2012 (next to be held in 2018); National Assembly - last held on 28 July 2013 (next to be held in July 2018)", "election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - CPP 77.8%, SRP 22.2%; seats by party - CPP 46, SRP 11; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CPP 48.8%, CNRP 44.5%, other 6.7%; seats by party - CPP 68, CNRP 55" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Council (organized into 5- and 9-judge panels and includes a court chief and deputy chief); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members); note - in 1997, the Cambodian Government requested UN assistance in establishing trials to prosecute former Khmer Rouge senior leaders for crimes against humanity committed during the 1975-1979 Khmer Rouge regime; the Extraordinary Chambers of the Courts in Cambodia (also called the Khmer Rouge Tribunal) were established and began hearings for the first case in 2009; court proceeding were ongoing in 2016", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court and Constitutional Council judge candidates recommended by the Supreme Council of Magistracy, a 17-member body chaired by the monarch and includes other high-level judicial officers; judges of both courts appointed by the monarch; Supreme Court judges appointed for life; Constitutional Council judges appointed for 9-year terms with one-third of the court renewed every 3 years", "subordinate_courts": "Appellate Court; provincial and municipal courts; Military Court" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Cambodian National Rescue Party", "name_alternative": "CNRP", "leaders": [ "KHEM SOKHA" ], "note": "a July 2012 merger between the Sam Rangsi Party or SRP and the former Human Rights Party or HRP [KHEM SOKHA, also spelled KEM SOKHA]" }, { "name": "Cambodian People's Party", "name_alternative": "CPP", "leaders": [ "HUN SEN" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Partnership for Transparency Fund", "name_alternative": "PTF", "note": "anti-corruption organization" }, { "name": "Students Movement for Democracy" }, { "name": "The Committee for Free and Fair Elections", "name_alternative": "Comfrel" }, { "name": "human rights organizations" }, { "name": "labor unions" }, { "name": "youth groups" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ADB" }, { "organization": "ARF" }, { "organization": "ASEAN" }, { "organization": "CICA" }, { "organization": "CICA ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "EAS" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO ", "note": "correspondent" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "MINUSMA" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNAMID" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNIFIL" }, { "organization": "UNISFA" }, { "organization": "UNMISS" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador CHUM BUN RONG (since 3 August 2015)", "chancery": "4530 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011", "telephone": "[1] (202) 726-7742", "fax": "[1] (202) 726-8381" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador William A. HEIDT (since 2 December 2015)", "mailing_address": "Unit 8166, Box P, APO AP 96546", "telephone": "[855] (23) 728-000", "fax": "[855] (23) 728-600" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white, three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat outlined in black in the center of the red band; red and blue are traditional Cambodian colors", "note": "only national flag to incorporate an actual building into its design" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "Angkor Wat temple" }, { "symbol": "kouprey ", "note": "wild ox" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "blue" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Nokoreach\" (Royal Kingdom)", "lyrics_music": "CHUON NAT/F. PERRUCHOT and J. JEKYLL", "note": "adopted 1941, restored 1993; the anthem, based on a Cambodian folk tune, was restored after the defeat of the Communist regime", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/CB.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Cambodia has experienced strong economic growth over the last decade; GDP grew at an average annual rate of over 8% between 2000 and 2010 and at least 7% since 2011. The tourism, garment, construction and real estate, and agriculture sectors accounted for the bulk of growth. Around 600,000 people, the majority of whom are women, are employed in the garment and footwear sector. An additional 500,000 Cambodians are employed in the tourism sector, and a further 50,000 people in construction. Tourism has continued to grow rapidly with foreign arrivals exceeding 2 million per year since 2007 and reaching around 4.5 million visitors in 2014. Mining also is attracting some investor interest and the government has touted opportunities for mining bauxite, gold, iron and gems.\n\nCambodia remains one of the poorest countries in Asia and long-term economic development remains a daunting challenge, inhibited by endemic corruption, limited human resources, high income inequality, and poor job prospects. As of 2012, approximately 2.66 million people live on less than $1.20 per day, and 37% of Cambodian children under the age of 5 suffer from chronic malnutrition. More than 50% of the population is less than 25 years old. The population lacks education and productive skills, particularly in the impoverished countryside, which also lacks basic infrastructure.\n\nThe World Bank in 2016 formally reclassified Cambodia as a lower middle-income country as a result of continued rapid economic growth over the past several years. Cambodia’s graduation from a low-income country will reduce its eligibility for foreign assistance and will challenge the government to seek new sources of financing in 2017. The Cambodian Government has been working with bilateral and multilateral donors, including the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank and IMF, to address the country's many pressing needs; more than 30% of the government budget comes from donor assistance. A major economic challenge for Cambodia over the next decade will be fashioning an economic environment in which the private sector can create enough jobs to handle Cambodia's demographic imbalance.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 58940000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 55090000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 51470000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 106, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 19370000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 7.1, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 9 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3700, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3500, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3400, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 180, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 78.5, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 5.4, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 21, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 1.6, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 64.7, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -71.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 26.7, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 29.8, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 43.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 11.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 11.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 140 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "rice", "rubber", "corn", "vegetables", "cashews", "cassava", "manioc", "tapioca", "silk" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "tourism", "garments", "construction", "rice milling", "fishing", "wood", "wood products", "rubber", "cement", "gem mining", "textiles" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 8.3, "global_rank": 10, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 6643000, "global_rank": 68, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 48.7, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 19.9, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 31.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2013" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.3, "units": "%", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.2, "units": "%", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 2, "note": "according to official statistics; underemployment is high" }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 17.7, "units": "%", "date": "2012" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 28, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 37.9, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2008" }, { "value": 41.9, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2004" } ], "global_rank": 72 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 3388000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 3562000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 17.5, "global_rank": 169, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -0.9, "global_rank": 52, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 33.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 33.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 138 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 130 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5.25, "units": "%", "date": "2007-12-31" } ] }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 11.71, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 72 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1785000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1602000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 135 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14380000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 12120000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 99 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11720000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 9776000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 101 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -1678000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -1886000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 144 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8762000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 8452999999.999999, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 90 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "clothing", "timber", "rubber", "rice", "fish", "tobacco", "footwear" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 23 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 8.7 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 8.2 }, { "name": "Japan", "percent": 7.4 }, { "name": "Canada", "percent": 6.7 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 5.1 }, { "name": "Vietnam", "percent": 5 }, { "name": "Thailand", "percent": 4.9 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 4 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12320000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 11920000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 90 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "petroleum products", "cigarettes", "gold", "construction materials", "machinery", "motor vehicles", "pharmaceutical products" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Thailand", "percent": 28.7 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 22.2 }, { "name": "Vietnam", "percent": 16.4 }, { "name": "Hong Kong", "percent": 6.1 }, { "name": "Singapore", "percent": 5.7 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8477000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 7376000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 79 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8460000000.000001, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 7483000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 114 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 29170000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 68 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4066, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4067.8, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 4067.8, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 4037.5, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 4033, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "riels (KHR) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 9900000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 34, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 97, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 18, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 3000000000, "global_rank": 131, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 4099999999.9999995, "global_rank": 123, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 119, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 1800000000, "global_rank": 55, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 1400000, "global_rank": 122, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 32.7, "global_rank": 174, "date": "2013" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 62, "date": "2013" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 57.4, "global_rank": 38, "date": "2013" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 10, "global_rank": 40, "date": "2013" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 115, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 172, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 115, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 125, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 36000, "global_rank": 116, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 168, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 36240, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 166, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 127, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 171, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 6500000, "global_rank": 120, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 256387, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 2, "global_rank": 99, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 20851000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 133, "global_rank": 48, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "adequate fixed-line and/or cellular service in Phnom Penh and other provincial cities; mobile-cellular phone systems are widely used in urban areas to bypass deficiencies in the fixed-line network; mobile-phone coverage is rapidly expanding in rural areas", "domestic": "fixed-line connections stand at about 2 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage, aided by competition among service providers, has increased to over 130 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 855; adequate but expensive landline and cellular service available to all countries from Phnom Penh and major provincial cities; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "mixture of state-owned, joint public-private, and privately owned broadcast media; 9 TV broadcast stations with most operating on multiple channels, including 1 state-operated station broadcasting from multiple locations, 6 stations either jointly operated or privately owned with some broadcasting from several locations, and 2 TV relay stations - one relaying a French TV station and the other relaying a Vietnamese TV station; multi-channel cable and satellite systems are available; roughly 50 radio broadcast stations - 1 state-owned broadcaster with multiple stations and a large mixture of public and private broadcasters; several international broadcasters are available (2009)", "internet": { "country_code": ".kh", "users": { "total": 2985000, "percent_of_population": 19, "global_rank": 124, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 4, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 10, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 1103880, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 2301260, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "XU", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 16, "global_rank": 142, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 6, "2438_to_3047_metres": 3, "1524_to_2437_metres": 2, "914_to_1523_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 10, "1524_to_2437_metres": 2, "914_to_1523_metres": 7, "under_914_metres": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 642, "units": "km" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 642, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.000-m" }, "note": "under restoration", "global_rank": 108, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 44709, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 3607, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 41102, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 80, "date": "2010" }, "waterways": { "value": 3700, "units": "km", "note": "mainly on Mekong River", "global_rank": 28, "date": "2012" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 544, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 38 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 459 }, { "type": "carrier", "count": 7 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 4 }, { "type": "container", "count": 4 }, { "type": "liquefied gas", "count": 1 }, { "type": "passenger", "count": 1 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 6 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 8 }, { "type": "refrigerated cargo", "count": 11 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 4 }, { "type": "vehicle carrier", "count": 1 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 352, "by_country": [ { "country": "Belgium", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Canada", "count": 2 }, { "country": "China", "count": 177 }, { "country": "Cyprus", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Egypt", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Estonia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "French Polynesia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Gabon", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Greece", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Hong Kong", "count": 10 }, { "country": "Indonesia", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Ireland", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Japan", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Lebanon", "count": 5 }, { "country": "Russia", "count": 50 }, { "country": "Singapore", "count": 3 }, { "country": "South Korea", "count": 10 }, { "country": "Syria", "count": 22 }, { "country": "Taiwan", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Turkey", "count": 15 }, { "country": "UAE", "count": 2 }, { "country": "UK", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Ukraine", "count": 35 }, { "country": "Vietnam", "count": 1 } ] }, "global_rank": 21, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Sihanoukville (Kampong Saom)" ], "river_ports": [ "Phnom Penh (Mekong)" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.66, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.58, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.55, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 1.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 60 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Royal Cambodian Armed Forces", "Royal Cambodian Army", "Royal Khmer Navy", "Royal Cambodian Air Force", "the Royal Cambodian Gendarmerie is the military police force responsible for internal security", "the National Committee for Maritime Security performs Coast Guard functions", "has representation from military", "civilian agencies" ], "date": "2016" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory and voluntary military service", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Cambodia is concerned about Laos' extensive upstream dam construction", "Cambodia and Thailand dispute sections of boundary", "in 2011 Thailand and Cambodia resorted to arms in the dispute over the location of the boundary on the precipice surmounted by Preah Vihear Temple ruins, awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962 and part of a UN World Heritage site", "Cambodia accuses Vietnam of a wide variety of illicit cross-border activities", "progress on a joint development area with Vietnam is hampered by an unresolved dispute over sovereignty of offshore islands" ], "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "Cambodia is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Cambodian men, women, and children migrate to countries within the region and, increasingly, the Middle East for legitimate work but are subjected to sex trafficking, domestic servitude, or forced labor in fishing, agriculture, construction, and factories; Cambodian men recruited to work on Thai-owned fishing vessels are subsequently subjected to forced labor in international waters and are kept at sea for years; poor Cambodian children are vulnerable and, often with the families’ complicity, are subject to forced labor, including domestic servitude and forced begging, in Thailand and Vietnam; Cambodian and ethnic Vietnamese women and girls are trafficked from rural areas to urban centers and tourist spots for sexual exploitation; Cambodian men are the main exploiters of child prostitutes, but men from other Asian countries, and the West travel to Cambodia for child sex tourism", "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List – Cambodia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute making significant efforts to meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; authorities made modest progress in prosecutions and convictions of traffickers in 2014 but did not provide comprehensive data; endemic corruption continued to impede law enforcement efforts, and no complicit officials were prosecuted or convicted; the government sustained efforts to identify victims and refer them to NGOs for care, but victim protection remained inadequate, particularly for assisting male victims and victims identified abroad; a new national action plan was adopted, but guidelines for victim identification and guidance on undercover investigation techniques are still pending after several years (2015)" }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in the government, military, and police; limited methamphetamine production; vulnerable to money laundering due to its cash-based economy and porous borders" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-17", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170617101311/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cb.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170617000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cb.html" } }, "cameroon": { "data": { "name": "Cameroon", "introduction": { "background": "French Cameroon became independent in 1960 as the Republic of Cameroon. The following year the southern portion of neighboring British Cameroon voted to merge with the new country to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. In 1972, a new constitution replaced the federation with a unitary state, the United Republic of Cameroon. The country has generally enjoyed stability, which has enabled the development of agriculture, roads, and railways, as well as a petroleum industry. Despite slow movement toward democratic reform, political power remains firmly in the hands of President Paul BIYA." }, "geography": { "location": "Central Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, between Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 6, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 12, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Africa", "area": { "total": { "value": 475440, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 472710, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 2730, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 54, "comparative": "slightly larger than California" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 5018, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Central African Republic", "border_length": { "value": 901, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Chad", "border_length": { "value": 1116, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Republic of the Congo", "border_length": { "value": 494, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Equatorial Guinea", "border_length": { "value": 183, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Gabon", "border_length": { "value": 349, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Nigeria", "border_length": { "value": 1975, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 402, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north", "terrain": "diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center, mountains in west, plains in north", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 667, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Atlantic Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Fako", "elevation": { "value": 4095, "units": "m" }, "note": "on Cameroon Mountain" } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "petroleum", "bauxite", "iron ore", "timber", "hydropower" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 20.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 13.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 3.3, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 4.2, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 41.7, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 37.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 290, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "volcanic activity with periodic releases of poisonous gases from Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun volcanoes", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "Mt. Cameroon (elev. 4,095 m), which last erupted in 2000, is the most frequently active volcano in West Africa; lakes in Oku volcanic field have released fatal levels of gas on occasion, killing some 1,700 people in 1986", "type": "volcanism" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "waterborne diseases are prevalent", "deforestation", "overgrazing", "desertification", "poaching", "overfishing" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Tropical Timber 83", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa; throughout the country there are areas of thermal springs and indications of current or prior volcanic activity; Mount Cameroon, the highest mountain in Sub-Saharan west Africa, is an active volcano" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 24360803, "global_rank": 53, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Cameroonian(s)", "adjective": "Cameroonian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Cameroon Highlanders", "percent": 31 }, { "name": "Equatorial Bantu", "percent": 19 }, { "name": "Kirdi", "percent": 11 }, { "name": "Fulani", "percent": 10 }, { "name": "Northwestern Bantu", "percent": 8 }, { "name": "Eastern Nigritic", "percent": 7 }, { "name": "other African", "percent": 13 }, { "name": "non-African less than", "percent": 1 } ] }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "major African language groups", "percent": 24 }, { "name": "English", "note": "official" }, { "name": "French", "note": "official" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Catholic", "percent": 38.4 }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 26.3 }, { "name": "other Christian", "percent": 4.5 }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 20.9 }, { "name": "animist", "percent": 5.6 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "non-believer", "percent": 3.2 } ], "date": "2005" }, "demographic_profile": "Cameroon has a large youth population, with more than 60% of the populace under the age of 25. Fertility is falling but remains at a high level, especially among poor, rural, and uneducated women, in part because of inadequate access to contraception. Life expectancy remains low at about 55 years due to the prevalence of HIV and AIDs and an elevated maternal mortality rate, which has remained high since 1990. Cameroon, particularly the northern region, is vulnerable to food insecurity largely because of government mismanagement, corruption, high production costs, inadequate infrastructure, and natural disasters. Despite economic growth in some regions, poverty is on the rise, and is most prevalent in rural areas, which are especially affected by a shortage of jobs, declining incomes, poor school and health care infrastructure, and a lack of clean water and sanitation. Underinvestment in social safety nets and ineffective public financial management also contribute to Cameroon’s high rate of poverty.\nInternational migration has been driven by unemployment (including fewer government jobs), poverty, the search for educational opportunities, and corruption. The US and Europe are preferred destinations, but, with tighter immigration restrictions in these countries, young Cameroonians are increasingly turning to neighboring states, such as Gabon and Nigeria, South Africa, other parts of Africa, and the Near and Far East. Cameroon’s limited resources make it dependent on UN support to host more than 300,000 refugees and asylum seekers. These refugees and asylum seekers are primarily from the Central African Republic and more recently Nigeria.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 42.6, "males": 5228047, "females": 5149228 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 19.55, "males": 2393598, "females": 2368557 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 30.71, "males": 3762054, "females": 3718266 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 3.97, "males": 471306, "females": 495462 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 3.18, "males": 360386, "females": 413899 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 84.3, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 78.4, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 5.9, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 16.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 18.5, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 18.4, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 18.6, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 209, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 2.58, "global_rank": 18, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 35.8, "global_rank": 18, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 9.8, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -0.1, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 54.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 3.6, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Yaounde", "population": 3066000, "is_capital": true }, { "place": "Douala", "population": 2943000 } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.02, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.95, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.87, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 19.7, "date": "2011" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 596, "global_rank": 10, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 52.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 55.8, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 48.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 29, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 58.5, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 57.1, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 59.9, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 204, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 4.7, "global_rank": 20, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 34.3, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.1, "global_rank": 139, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.08, "date": "2010" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 1.3, "date": "2010" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 94.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 52.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 75.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 5.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 47.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 24.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 61.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 26.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 45.8, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 38.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 73.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 54.2, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 4.46, "global_rank": 14, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 619200, "global_rank": 15, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 33100, "global_rank": 7, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "very high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "protozoal diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "malaria", "dengue fever", "yellow fever" ], "water_contact_diseases": [ "schistosomiasis" ], "respiratory_diseases": [ "meningococcal meningitis" ], "animal_contact_diseases": [ "rabies" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 9.6, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 14.8, "global_rank": 47, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 3, "global_rank": 133, "date": "2013" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 75, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 81.2, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 68.9, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 12, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 11, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 1396281, "percentage": { "value": 31, "units": "%" }, "date": "2006" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 6.4, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 5.3, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 7.5, "units": "%" }, "date": "2010" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Cameroon", "conventional_short_form": "Cameroon", "local_long_form": "Republique du Cameroun/Republic of Cameroon", "local_short_form": "Cameroun/Cameroon", "former": "French Cameroon, British Cameroon, Federal Republic of Cameroon, United Republic of Cameroon", "etymology": "in the 15th century, Portuguese explorers named the area near the mouth of the Wouri River the Rio dos Camaroes (River of Prawns) after the abundant shrimp in the water; over time the designation became Cameroon in English; this is the only instance where a country is named afer a crustacean" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Yaounde", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 3, "minutes": 52, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 11, "minutes": 31, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 1, "note": "6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1960-01-01", "note": "from French-administered UN trusteeship" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "State Unification Day", "day": "20 May", "original_year": "1972", "note": "National Day" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest effective 18 January 1996; amended 2008 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "mixed legal system of English common law, French civil law, and customary law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction", "non-party state to the ICCt" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Cameroon", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "5 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 20, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Philemon YANG (since 30 June 2009)", "cabinet": "Cabinet proposed by the prime minister, appointed by the president", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (no term limits); election last held on 9 October 2011 (next to be held in October 2018); prime minister appointed by the president", "election_results": "Paul BIYA reelected president; percent of vote - Paul BIYA (CPDM) 78.0%, John FRU NDI (SDF) 10.7%, Garga Haman ADJI 3.2%, other 8.1%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Senat (100 seats; 70 members indirectly elected by regional councils and 30 appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms) and the National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (180 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms); note - the 100-member Senate was formed at the time of the April 2013 election", "elections": "Senate last held on 14 April 2013 (next to be held in 2018); National Assembly last held on 30 September 2013 (next to be held in 2018)", "election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CPDM 56, SDF 14; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CPDM 73.1%, SDF 17.6%, UNDP 6.1%, UDC 2.5%, other 0.7%; seats by party - CPDM 148, SDF 18, UNDP 5, UDC 4, UPC 3, other 2" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Cameroon (consists of 9 titular and 6 surrogate judges and organized into judicial, administrative, and audit chambers); Constitutional Council (consists of 11 members)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president with the advice of the Higher Judicial Council of Cameroon, a body chaired by the president and includes the minister of justice, selected magistrates, and representatives of the National Assembly; judge term NA; Constitutional Council members appointed by the president for single 9-year terms", "subordinate_courts": "Parliamentary Court of Justice (jurisdiction limited to cases involving the president and prime minister); appellate and first instance courts; circuit and magistrate's courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Cameroon People's Democratic Movement", "name_alternative": "CPDM", "leaders": [ "Paul BIYA" ] }, { "name": "Cameroon People's Party", "name_alternative": "CPP", "leaders": [ "Edith Kah WALLA" ] }, { "name": "Cameroon Renaissance Movement", "name_alternative": "MRC", "leaders": [ "Maurice KAMTO" ] }, { "name": "Cameroonian Democratic Union", "name_alternative": "UDC", "leaders": [ "Adamou Ndam NJOYA" ] }, { "name": "Movement for the Defense of the Republic", "name_alternative": "MDR", "leaders": [ "Dakole DAISSALA" ] }, { "name": "Movement for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon", "name_alternative": "MLDC", "leaders": [ "Marcel YONDO" ] }, { "name": "National Union for Democracy and Progress", "name_alternative": "UNDP", "leaders": [ "Maigari BELLO BOUBA" ] }, { "name": "Progressive Movement", "name_alternative": "MP", "leaders": [ "Jean-Jacques EKINDI" ] }, { "name": "Social Democratic Front", "name_alternative": "SDF", "leaders": [ "John FRU NDI" ] }, { "name": "Union of Peoples of Cameroon", "name_alternative": "UPC", "leaders": [ "Provisionary Management Bureau" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Network of Human Rights Defenders in Central Africa", "name_alternative": "REDHAC", "leaders": [ "Maximilliene Ngo MBE" ] }, { "name": "Tribunal 53", "leaders": [ "Patrice NGANANG" ] } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AfDB" }, { "organization": "AU" }, { "organization": "BDEAC" }, { "organization": "C" }, { "organization": "CEMAC" }, { "organization": "EITI ", "note": "compliant country" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "FZ" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IDB" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MONUSCO" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OIC" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNOCI" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Essomba ETOUNDI (since 27 June 2016)", "chancery": "2349 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; current temporary address - 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 265-8790", "fax": "[1] (202) 387-3826" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Michael Stephen HOZA (since 19 September 2014)", "embassy": "Avenue Rosa Parks, Yaounde", "mailing_address": "P.O. Box 817, Yaounde; pouch: American Embassy, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-2520", "telephone": "[237] 22220 1500; Consular: [237] 22220 1603", "fax": "[237] 22220 1500 Ext. 4531; Consular fax: [237] 22220 1752", "branch_offices": "Douala" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow, with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; the vertical tricolor recalls the flag of France; red symbolizes unity, yellow the sun, happiness, and the savannahs in the north, and green hope and the forests in the south; the star is referred to as the \"star of unity\"", "note": "uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "lion" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "green" }, { "color": "red" }, { "color": "yellow" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"O Cameroun, Berceau de nos Ancetres\" (O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers)", "lyrics_music": "Rene Djam AFAME, Samuel Minkio BAMBA, Moise Nyatte NKO'O [French], Benard Nsokika FONLON [English]/Rene Djam AFAME", "note": "adopted 1957; Cameroon's anthem, also known as \"Chant de Ralliement\" (The Rallying Song), has been used unofficially since 1948 and officially adopted in 1957; the anthem has French and English versions whose lyrics differ", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/CM.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Modest oil resources and favorable agricultural conditions provide Cameroon with one of the best-endowed primary commodity economies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Oil remains Cameroon’s main export commodity, and despite falling global oil prices, still accounts for nearly 40% of export earnings. Cameroon’s economy suffers from factors that often impact underdeveloped countries, such as stagnant per capita income, a relatively inequitable distribution of income, a top-heavy civil service, endemic corruption, continuing inefficiencies of a large parastatal system in key sectors, and a generally unfavorable climate for business enterprise.\n\nSince 1990, the government has embarked on various IMF and World Bank programs designed to spur business investment, increase efficiency in agriculture, improve trade, and recapitalize the nation's banks. The IMF continues to press for economic reforms, including increased budget transparency, privatization, and poverty reduction programs. The Government of Cameroon provides subsidies for electricity, food, and fuel that have strained the federal budget and diverted funds from education, healthcare, and infrastructure projects, as low oil prices have led to lower revenues.\n\nCameroon devotes significant resources to several large infrastructure projects currently under construction, including a deep sea port in Kribi and the Lom Pangar Hydropower Project. Cameroon’s energy sector continues to diversify, recently opening a natural gas powered electricity generating plant. Cameroon continues to seek foreign investment to improve its inadequate infrastructure, create jobs, and improve its economic footprint, but its unfavorable business environment remains a significant deterrent to foreign investment.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 77240000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 73700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 69660000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 95, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 30870000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 5.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 5.9, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 45 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3300, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3200, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3100, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 187, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 76.8, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 12.1, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 22.7, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.2, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 20.3, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -32.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 21.3, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 30.8, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 47.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 17.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 17.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 18.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 102 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "coffee", "cocoa", "cotton", "rubber", "bananas", "oilseed", "grains", "cassava", "manioc", "tapioca", "livestock", "timber" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "petroleum production", "refining", "aluminum production", "food processing", "light consumer goods", "textiles", "lumber", "ship repair" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 5.2, "global_rank": 32, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 9612000, "global_rank": 53, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 70, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 13, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 17, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2001" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 30, "units": "%", "date": "2001" } ], "global_rank": 187 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 48, "units": "%", "date": "2000" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2.3, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 35.4, "units": "%" }, "date": "2001" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 44.6, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2001" }, { "value": 47.7, "units": "gini_index", "date": "1996" } ], "global_rank": 44 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 4765000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 6497000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 15.4, "global_rank": 187, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -5.6, "global_rank": 171, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 31.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 28.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 143 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 July", "end": "30 June" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.4, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 126 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.25, "units": "%", "date": "2009-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 88 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 13, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 64 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3973000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 3691000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 107 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6514000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 5993000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 122 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4777000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 4448000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 125 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 230000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 116 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -1297000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -1192000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 134 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5559000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 5756000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 104 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "crude oil", "petroleum products", "lumber", "cocoa beans", "aluminum", "coffee", "cotton" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 16.6 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 16 }, { "name": "Spain", "percent": 6.2 }, { "name": "Belgium", "percent": 6.1 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 6.1 }, { "name": "Portugal", "percent": 5.5 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 5 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 4.9 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6630000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 114 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "electrical equipment", "transport equipment", "fuel", "food" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 27.9 }, { "name": "Nigeria", "percent": 13.9 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 10.9 }, { "name": "Belgium", "percent": 4.1 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2416000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2714000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 110 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7375000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 6300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 122 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 605.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 591.45, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 591.45, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 494.42, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 510.53, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 10100000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 55, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 88, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 17, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 6800000000, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 6100000000, "global_rank": 113, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 192, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 200, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 1100000, "global_rank": 126, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 28.5, "global_rank": 184, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 179, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 71.5, "global_rank": 21, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 95960, "global_rank": 45, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 50830, "global_rank": 43, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 37600, "global_rank": 57, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 200000000, "global_rank": 58, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 51670, "global_rank": 82, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 43000, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 14590, "global_rank": 77, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 4134, "global_rank": 171, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 469000000, "global_rank": 73, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 469000000, "global_rank": 100, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 188, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 131, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 135100000000, "global_rank": 49, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 6500000, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 1054978, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 4, "global_rank": 76, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 16807000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 71, "global_rank": 61, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "system includes cable, microwave radio relay, and tropospheric scatter; Camtel, the monopoly provider of fixed-line service, provides connections for only about 4 per 100 persons; equipment is old and outdated, and connections with many parts of the country are unreliable", "domestic": "mobile-cellular usage, in part a reflection of the poor condition and general inadequacy of the fixed-line network, has increased sharply, reaching a subscribership base of 70 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 237; landing point for the SAT-3/WASC fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to Europe and Asia; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "government maintains tight control over broadcast media; state-owned Cameroon Radio Television (CRTV), broadcasting on both a TV and radio network, was the only officially recognized and fully licensed broadcaster until August 2007, when the government finally issued licenses to 2 private TV broadcasters and 1 private radio broadcaster; about 70 privately owned, unlicensed radio stations operating but are subject to closure at any time; foreign news services required to partner with state-owned national station (2007)", "internet": { "country_code": ".cm", "users": { "total": 4909000, "percent_of_population": 20.7, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 1, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 3, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 267208, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 0, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "TJ", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 33, "global_rank": 112, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 11, "over_3047_metres": 2, "2438_to_3047_metres": 5, "1524_to_2437_metres": 3, "914_to_1523_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 22, "1524_to_2437_metres": 4, "914_to_1523_metres": 10, "under_914_metres": 8, "date": "2013" } } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 53, "units": "km" }, { "type": "liquid petroleum gas", "length": 5, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 1107, "units": "km" }, { "type": "water", "length": 35, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 987, "units": "km" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 987, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.000-m" }, "note": "railway connections generally efficient but limited; rail lines connect major cities of Douala, Yaounde, Ngaoundere, and Garoua; passenger and freight service provided by CAMRAIL", "global_rank": 89, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 51350, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 4108, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 47242, "units": "km" }, "note": "there are 28,857 km of national roads", "global_rank": 78, "date": "2011" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "river_ports": [ "Douala (Wouri)", "Garoua (Benoue)" ], "oil_terminals": [ "Limboh Terminal" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.25, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.25, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.33, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.34, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 1.31, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 70 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Cameroon Armed Forces (Forces Armees Camerounaises", "FAC)", "Army (L'Armee de Terre)", "Navy (Marine Nationale Republique (MNR)", "includes naval infantry)", "Air Force (Armee de l'Air du Cameroun", "AAC)", "Rapid Intervention Brigade", "Fire Fighter Corps", "Gendarmerie (2015)" ] }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18-23 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; high school graduation required; service obligation 4 years; periodic government calls for volunteers", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Joint Border Commission with Nigeria reviewed 2002 ICJ ruling on the entire boundary and bilaterally resolved differences, including June 2006 Greentree Agreement that immediately ceded sovereignty of the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon with a full phase-out of Nigerian control and patriation of residents in 2008", "Cameroon and Nigeria agreed on maritime delimitation in March 2008", "sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River", "only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 278136, "country_of_origin": "Central African Republic; Nigeria" } ], "date": "2017" }, "internally_displaced_persons": { "people": 191908, "date": "2017" } } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-05-21", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170521061316/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170521000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html" } }, "canada": { "data": { "name": "Canada", "introduction": { "background": "A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. Canada repatriated its constitution from the UK in 1982, severing a final colonial tie. Economically and technologically, the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across the world's longest international border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care, education, social services, and economic competitiveness, as well as responding to the particular concerns of predominantly francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the environment." }, "geography": { "location": "Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 60, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 95, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "North America", "area": { "total": { "value": 9984670, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 9093507, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 891163, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 2, "comparative": "slightly larger than the US" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 8893, "units": "km" }, "note": "Canada is the world's largest country that borders only one country", "border_countries": [ { "country": "US", "border_length": { "value": 8893, "units": "km" }, "note": "includes 2,477 km with Alaska" } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 202080, "units": "km", "note": "the Canadian Arctic Archipelago - consisting of 36,563 islands, several of them some of the world's largest - contributes to Canada easily having the longest coastline in the world" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "nm", "note": "or to the edge of the continental margin" } }, "climate": "varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north", "terrain": "mostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeast", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 487, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Atlantic Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mount Logan", "elevation": { "value": 5959, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "iron ore", "nickel", "zinc", "copper", "gold", "lead", "rare earth elements", "molybdenum", "potash", "diamonds", "silver", "fish", "timber", "wildlife", "coal", "petroleum", "natural gas", "hydropower" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 6.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 4.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.5, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 1.6, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 34.1, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 59.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 8700, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km (180 mi) of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "the vast majority of volcanoes in Western Canada's Coast Mountains remain dormant", "type": "volcanism" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "metal smelting", "coal-burning utilities", "and vehicle emissions impacting on agricultural and forest productivity", "air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests", "ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural", "industrial", "mining", "and forestry activities" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Air Pollution", "Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides", "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants", "Air Pollution-Sulfur 85", "Air Pollution-Sulfur 94", "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol", "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources", "Antarctic Seals", "Antarctic Treaty", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Tropical Timber 83", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [ "Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds", "Marine Life Conservation" ] } }, "note": "second-largest country in world (after Russia) and largest in the Americas; strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km (100 mi) of the US border; Canada has more fresh water than any other country and almost 9% of Canadian territory is water; Canada has at least 2 million and possibly over 3 million lakes - that is more than all other countries combined" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 35362905, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Canadian(s)", "adjective": "Canadian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Canadian", "percent": 32.2 }, { "name": "English", "percent": 19.8 }, { "name": "French", "percent": 15.5 }, { "name": "Scottish", "percent": 14.4 }, { "name": "Irish", "percent": 13.8 }, { "name": "German", "percent": 9.8 }, { "name": "Italian", "percent": 4.5 }, { "name": "Chinese", "percent": 4.5 }, { "name": "North American Indian", "percent": 4.2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 50.9 } ], "note": "percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin", "date": "2011" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "English", "percent": 58.7, "note": "official" }, { "name": "French", "percent": 22, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Punjabi", "percent": 1.4 }, { "name": "Italian", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "Spanish", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "German", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "Cantonese", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "Tagalog", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "Arabic", "percent": 1.1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 10.5 } ], "date": "2011" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Catholic", "percent": 39, "breakdown": [ { "name": "includes Roman Catholic", "percent": 38.8 }, { "name": "other Catholic .2%" } ] }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 20.3, "breakdown": [ { "name": "includes United Church", "percent": 6.1 }, { "name": "Anglican", "percent": 5 }, { "name": "Baptist", "percent": 1.9 }, { "name": "Lutheran", "percent": 1.5 }, { "name": "Pentecostal", "percent": 1.5 }, { "name": "Presbyterian", "percent": 1.4 }, { "name": "other Protestant", "percent": 2.9 } ] }, { "name": "Orthodox", "percent": 1.6 }, { "name": "other Christian", "percent": 6.3 }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 3.2 }, { "name": "Hindu", "percent": 1.5 }, { "name": "Sikh", "percent": 1.4 }, { "name": "Buddhist", "percent": 1.1 }, { "name": "Jewish", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.6 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 23.9 } ], "date": "2011" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 15.44, "males": 2799758, "females": 2661645 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 12.12, "males": 2204127, "females": 2080587 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 40.32, "males": 7231200, "females": 7028692 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 13.94, "males": 2443452, "females": 2484788 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 18.18, "males": 2863114, "females": 3565542 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 47.3, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 23.5, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 23.8, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 4.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 42, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 40.8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 43.3, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 30, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.74, "global_rank": 146, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 10.3, "global_rank": 192, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 8.5, "global_rank": 80, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 5.7, "global_rank": 20, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 81.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 1.22, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Toronto", "population": 5993000 }, { "place": "Montreal", "population": 3981000 }, { "place": "Vancouver", "population": 2485000 }, { "place": "Calgary", "population": 1337000 }, { "place": "Ottawa", "population": 1326000, "is_capital": true }, { "place": "Edmonton", "population": 1272000 } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.98, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.8, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.98, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 28.1, "date": "2011" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 7, "global_rank": 147, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 4.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 4.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 4.3, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 179, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 81.9, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 79.2, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 84.6, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 19, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.6, "global_rank": 183, "date": "2016" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 10.4, "global_rank": 15, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 2.48, "date": "2012" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 2.7, "date": "2010" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 99, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 99.8, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0.2, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 99, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 99.8, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0.2, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "deaths": { "total": 400, "global_rank": 89, "date": "2013" } }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 30.1, "global_rank": 48, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 5.3, "global_rank": 62, "date": "2011" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 13.5, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 15, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 11.9, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 81, "date": "2014" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Canada", "etymology": "the country name derives from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word \"kanata\" meaning village or settlement" }, "government_type": "federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm", "capital": { "name": "Ottawa", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 45, "minutes": 25, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 75, "minutes": 42, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -5, "note": "same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November", "note": "Canada has six time zones" }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Alberta", "type": "province" }, { "name": "British Columbia", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Manitoba", "type": "province" }, { "name": "New Brunswick", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Newfoundland and Labrador", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Northwest Territories", "type": "territory" }, { "name": "Nova Scotia", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Nunavut", "type": "territory" }, { "name": "Ontario", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Prince Edward Island", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Quebec", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Saskatchewan", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Yukon", "type": "territory" } ], "independence": { "date": "1867-07-01", "note": "union of British North American colonies; 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster)" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Canada Day", "day": "1 July", "original_year": "1867" } ], "constitution": { "history": "made up of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions dating from 1763; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982; several amendments to the 1982 Constitution Act, last in 2011 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "common law system except in Quebec, where civil law based on the French civil code prevails", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "yes", "citizenship_by_descent": "yes", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "3 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "head_of_state": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General David JOHNSTON (since 1 October 2010)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Justin Pierre James TRUDEAU (Liberal Party) (since 4 November 2015)", "cabinet": "Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among members of his own party sitting in Parliament", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a 5-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Commons generally designated prime minister by the governor general" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Senat (105 seats; members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and can serve until age 75) and the House of Commons or Chambre des Communes (338 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve a maximum of 4-year terms)", "elections": "House of Commons - last held on 19 October 2015 (next to be held in 2019)", "election_results": "House of Commons - percent of vote by party - Liberal Party 39.5%, Conservative Party 31.9%, NDP 19.7%, Bloc Quebecois 4.7%, Greens 3.4%, other .8%; seats by party - Liberal Party 184, Conservative Party 99, NDP 44, Bloc Quebecois 10, Greens 1" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Canada (consists of the chief justice and 8 judges); note - in 1949, Canada abolished all appeals beyond its Supreme Court, which prior to that time, were heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "chief justice and judges appointed by the prime minister in council; all judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 75", "subordinate_courts": "federal level: Federal Court of Appeal; Federal Court; Tax Court; federal administrative tribunals; courts martial; provincial/territorial level: provincial superior, appeals, first instance, and specialized courts; in 1999, the Nunavut Court - a circuit court with the power of a provincial superior court as well as a territorial court - was established to serve isolated settlements" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Bloc Quebecois", "leaders": [ "Martine OUELLET" ] }, { "name": "Conservative Party of Canada", "name_alternative": "CPC", "leaders": [ "Rona AMBROSE - interim leader" ] }, { "name": "Green Party", "leaders": [ "Elizabeth MAY" ] }, { "name": "Liberal Party", "leaders": [ "Justin TRUDEAU" ] }, { "name": "New Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "NDP", "leaders": [ "Thomas MULCAIR" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "agricultural sector" }, { "name": "automobile industry" }, { "name": "business groups" }, { "name": "chemical industry" }, { "name": "commercial banks" }, { "name": "communications sector" }, { "name": "energy industry" }, { "name": "environmentalists" }, { "name": "First Nations organizations" }, { "name": "public administration groups" }, { "name": "steel industry" }, { "name": "trade unions" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ADB ", "note": "nonregional member" }, { "organization": "AfDB ", "note": "nonregional member" }, { "organization": "APEC" }, { "organization": "Arctic Council" }, { "organization": "ARF" }, { "organization": "ASEAN ", "note": "dialogue partner" }, { "organization": "Australia Group" }, { "organization": "BIS" }, { "organization": "C" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CDB" }, { "organization": "CE ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "EAPC" }, { "organization": "EBRD" }, { "organization": "EITI ", "note": "implementing country" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "FATF" }, { "organization": "G-7" }, { "organization": "G-8" }, { "organization": "G-10" }, { "organization": "G-20" }, { "organization": "IADB" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IEA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IGAD ", "note": "partners" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINUSTAH" }, { "organization": "MONUSCO" }, { "organization": "NAFTA" }, { "organization": "NATO" }, { "organization": "NEA" }, { "organization": "NSG" }, { "organization": "OAS" }, { "organization": "OECD" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OSCE" }, { "organization": "Pacific Alliance ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "Paris Club" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "PIF ", "note": "partner" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNFICYP" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNMISS" }, { "organization": "UNRWA" }, { "organization": "UNTSO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" }, { "organization": "ZC" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador David Brookes MACNAUGHTON (since 2 March 2016)", "chancery": "501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001", "telephone": "[1] (202) 682-1740", "fax": "[1] (202) 682-7726", "consulates_general": "Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, San Francisco/Silicon Valley, Seattle", "trade_offices": "Houston, Palo Alto (CA), San Diego; note - there are trade offices in the Consulates General" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador vacant; Charge d’Affaires Elizabeth AUBIN (since 18 January 2017)", "embassy": "490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8", "mailing_address": "P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY 13669-0430; P.O. Box 866, Station B, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5T1", "telephone": "[1] (613) 688-5335", "fax": "[1] (613) 688-3082", "consulates_general": "Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Toronto, Vancouver", "consulates": "Winnipeg" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the maple leaf has long been a Canadian symbol" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "maple leaf" }, { "symbol": "beaver" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "white" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"O Canada\"", "lyrics_music": "Adolphe-Basile ROUTHIER [French], Robert Stanley WEIR [English]/Calixa LAVALLEE", "note": "adopted 1980; originally written in 1880, \"O Canada\" served as an unofficial anthem many years before its official adoption; the anthem has French and English versions whose lyrics differ; as a Commonwealth realm, in addition to the national anthem, \"God Save the Queen\" serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/CA.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Canada resembles the US in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and high living standards. Since World War II, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. Canada has a large oil and natural gas sector with the majority of crude oil production derived from oil sands in western provinces, especially Alberta. Canada now ranks third in the world in proved oil reserves behind Venezuela and Saudi Arabia and is the world’s sixth-largest oil producer.\n\nThe 1989 Canada-US Free Trade Agreement and the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (which includes Mexico) dramatically increased trade and economic integration between the US and Canada. Canada and the US enjoy the world’s most comprehensive and highly balanced bilateral trade and investment relationship, with merchandise trade of $544 billion in 2016, services trade of over $80 billion, and two-way investment stocks of nearly $700 billion. Over three-fourths of Canada’s exports are destined for the US each year. Canada is the largest foreign supplier of energy to the US, including oil, natural gas, and electric power, and a top source of US uranium imports.\n\nGiven its abundant natural resources, highly skilled labor force, and modern capital stock, Canada enjoyed solid economic growth from 1993 through 2007. The global economic crisis of 2007-08 moved the Canadian economy into sharp recession by late 2008 and Ottawa posted its first fiscal deficit in 2009 after 12 years of surplus. Canada's major banks emerged from the financial crisis of 2008-09 among the strongest in the world, owing to the financial sector's tradition of conservative lending practices and strong capitalization. Since the fall in world oil prices in 2014, Canada has achieved modest economic growth.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1674000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1655000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1638000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 17, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 1532000000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.2, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2.5, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 171 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 46200, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 46200, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 46100, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 34, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 57.9, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 21.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 22.2, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.3, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 31.9, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -33.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 1.6, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 27.7, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 70.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 19.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 20.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 22, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 92 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "wheat", "barley", "oilseed", "tobacco", "fruits", "vegetables", "dairy products", "fish", "forest products" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "transportation equipment", "chemicals", "processed", "unprocessed minerals", "food products", "wood", "paper products", "fish products", "petroleum", "natural gas" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": -0.3, "global_rank": 175, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 19420000, "global_rank": 31, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 2, "units": "%" }, "manufacturing": { "value": 13, "units": "%" }, "construction": { "value": 6, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 76, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2006" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 89 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 9.4, "units": "%", "note": "this figure is the Low Income Cut-Off, a calculation that results in higher figures than found in many comparable economies; Canada does not have an official poverty line", "date": "2008" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2.6, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 24.8, "units": "%" }, "date": "2000" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 32.1, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2005" }, { "value": 31.5, "units": "gini_index", "date": "1994" } ], "global_rank": 112 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 594700000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 632400000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 38.8, "global_rank": 40, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -2.5, "global_rank": 87, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 98.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 98.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 16, "note": "figures are for gross general government debt, as opposed to net federal debt; gross general government debt includes both intragovernmental debt and the debt of public entities at the sub-national level" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 April", "end": "31 March" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.6, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 99 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" }, { "value": 0.25, "units": "%", "date": "2009-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 126 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.7, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2.78, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 168 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 635500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 568800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 10 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1486000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 1470000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 13 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2932000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2642000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 8 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1593000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 2095000000000.0002, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 2114000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 8 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -51080000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -52810000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 197 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 390100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" } ], "global_rank": 11 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "motor vehicles", "parts", "industrial machinery", "aircraft", "telecommunications equipment", "chemicals", "plastics", "fertilizers", "wood pulp", "timber", "crude petroleum", "natural gas", "electricity", "aluminum" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 76.7 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 4 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 419000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 419400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 9 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "equipment", "motor vehicles", "parts", "crude oil", "chemicals", "electricity", "durable consumer goods" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 52 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 12 }, { "name": "Mexico", "percent": 6 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 82500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 79750000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 28 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1608000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-03-31" }, { "value": 1550000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-03-31" } ], "global_rank": 14 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1099000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1065000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 8 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1334000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1256000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 10 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.331, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.2788, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.2788, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.0298, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.9992, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Canadian dollars (CAD) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 633000000000, "global_rank": 7, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 528000000000, "global_rank": 7, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 58400000000, "global_rank": 3, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "kWh": 13000000000, "global_rank": 16, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 137000000, "global_rank": 8, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 25.7, "global_rank": 187, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 10, "global_rank": 19, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 55.8, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 8.3, "global_rank": 45, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 3677000, "global_rank": 6, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 3210000, "global_rank": 4, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 581300, "global_rank": 17, "date": "2015" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 171000000000, "global_rank": 3, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 1868000, "global_rank": 12, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 2406000, "global_rank": 11, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 491900, "global_rank": 14, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 251900, "global_rank": 29, "date": "2015" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 151500000000, "global_rank": 5, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 116500000000, "global_rank": 7, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 77960000000, "global_rank": 5, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 21890000000, "global_rank": 15, "date": "2014" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 1996000000000, "global_rank": 17, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 564000000, "global_rank": 12, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 15902000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 45, "global_rank": 17, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 29390000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 84, "global_rank": 44, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "excellent service provided by modern technology", "domestic": "domestic satellite system with about 300 earth stations", "international": "country code - 1; submarine cables provide links to the US and Europe; satellite earth stations - 7 (5 Intelsat - 4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean, and 2 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region) (2011)" } }, "broadcast_media": "2 public TV broadcasting networks, 1 in English and 1 in French, each with a large number of network affiliates; several private-commercial networks also with multiple network affiliates; overall, about 150 TV stations; multi-channel satellite and cable systems provide access to a wide range of stations including US stations; mix of public and commercial radio broadcasters with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the public radio broadcaster, operating 4 radio networks, Radio Canada International, and radio services to indigenous populations in the north; roughly 1,119 licensed radio stations (2016)", "internet": { "country_code": ".ca", "users": { "total": 31053000, "percent_of_population": 88.5, "global_rank": 21, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 51, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 879, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 80228301, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 2074830881, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "C", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 1467, "global_rank": 4, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 523, "over_3047_metres": 21, "2438_to_3047_metres": 19, "1524_to_2437_metres": 147, "914_to_1523_metres": 257, "under_914_metres": 79, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 944, "1524_to_2437_metres": 75, "914_to_1523_metres": 385, "under_914_metres": 484, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 26, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas and liquid petroleum", "length": 110000, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2017" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 77932, "units": "km" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 77932, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "global_rank": 4, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 1042300, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 415600, "units": "km", "note": "includes 17,000 km of expressways" }, "unpaved": { "value": 626700, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 7, "date": "2011" }, "waterways": { "value": 636, "units": "km", "note": "Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with United States", "global_rank": 77, "date": "2011" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 181, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 62 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 15 }, { "type": "carrier", "count": 1 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 15 }, { "type": "combination ore/oil", "count": 1 }, { "type": "container", "count": 2 }, { "type": "passenger", "count": 5 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 63 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 11 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 6 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 19, "by_country": [ { "country": "Estonia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "France", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Netherlands", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Norway", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Sweden", "count": 2 }, { "country": "US", "count": 10 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 225, "by_country": [ { "country": "Australia", "count": 5 }, { "country": "Bahamas", "count": 96 }, { "country": "Barbados", "count": 11 }, { "country": "Cambodia", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Cyprus", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Honduras", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Hong Kong", "count": 77 }, { "country": "Liberia", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Malta", "count": 5 }, { "country": "Marshall Islands", "count": 8 }, { "country": "Norway", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Panama", "count": 6 }, { "country": "Spain", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Vanuatu", "count": 5 } ] }, "global_rank": 35, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Halifax", "Saint John (New Brunswick)", "Vancouver" ], "river_and_lake_ports": [ "Montreal", "Quebec City", "Sept-Isles (St. Lawrence)", "Fraser River Port (Fraser)", "Hamilton (Lake Ontario)" ], "oil_terminals": [ "Lower Lakes terminal" ], "dry_bulk_cargo_ports": [ { "place": "Port-Cartier ,", "type": "iron ore and grain" } ], "container_ports": [ { "place": "Montreal", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 1362975 }, { "place": "Vancouver", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 2507032 } ], "liquid_natural_gas_terminals_import": [ "Saint John" ], "date": "2011" } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.98, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.97, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.01, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.12, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 80 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Canadian Forces", "Canadian Army", "Royal Canadian Navy", "Royal Canadian Air Force", "Canadian Joint Operations Command" ], "date": "2015" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 17, "note": "17 years of age for voluntary male and female military service (with parental consent); 16 years of age for Reserve and Military College applicants; Canadian citizenship or permanent residence status required; maximum 34 years of age; service obligation 3-9 years", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Gulf of Maine, including the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock", "Canada and the United States dispute how to divide the Beaufort Sea and the status of the Northwest Passage but continue to work cooperatively to survey the Arctic continental shelf", "US works closely with Canada to intensify security measures for monitoring and controlling legal and illegal movement of people, transport, and commodities across the international border", "sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland", "commencing the collection of technical evidence for submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in support of claims for continental shelf beyond 200 nm from its declared baselines in the Arctic, as stipulated in Article 76, paragraph 8, of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 8228, "country_of_origin": "Colombia; China; Haiti" } ], "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market and export to US; use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; increasing ecstasy production, some of which is destined for the US; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering because of its mature financial services sector" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624092632/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html" } }, "cayman_islands": { "data": { "name": "Cayman Islands", "introduction": { "background": "The Cayman Islands were colonized from Jamaica by the British during the 18th and 19th centuries and were administered by Jamaica after 1863. In 1959, the islands became a territory within the Federation of the West Indies. When the Federation dissolved in 1962, the Cayman Islands chose to remain a British dependency. The territory has transformed itself into a significant offshore financial center." }, "geography": { "location": "Caribbean, three-island group (Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, Little Cayman) in Caribbean Sea, 240 km south of Cuba and 268 km northwest of Jamaica", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 19, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 80, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Central America and the Caribbean", "area": { "total": { "value": 264, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 264, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 211, "comparative": "1.5 times the size of Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 160, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_fishing_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April)", "terrain": "low-lying limestone base surrounded by coral reefs", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Caribbean Sea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "The Bluff on Cayman Brac", "elevation": { "value": 43, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "fish", "climate", "beaches that foster tourism" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 11.2, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 0.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 2.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 8.3, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 52.9, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 35.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "population_distribution": "majority of the population resides on Grand Cayman", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "hurricanes (July to November)", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "no natural freshwater resources", "drinking water supplies are met by reverse osmosis desalination plants" ] }, "note": "important location between Cuba and Central America" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 57268, "global_rank": 207, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Caymanian(s)", "adjective": "Caymanian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "mixed", "percent": 40 }, { "name": "white", "percent": 20 }, { "name": "black", "percent": 20 }, { "name": "expatriates of various ethnic groups", "percent": 20 } ] }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "English", "percent": 90.9, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Spanish", "percent": 4 }, { "name": "Filipino", "percent": 3.3 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.7 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.1 } ], "date": "2010" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 67.8, "breakdown": [ { "name": "includes Church of God", "percent": 22.6 }, { "name": "Seventh Day Adventist", "percent": 9.4 }, { "name": "Presbyterian/United Church", "percent": 8.6 }, { "name": "Baptist", "percent": 8.3 }, { "name": "Pentecostal", "percent": 7.1 }, { "name": "non-denominational", "percent": 5.3 }, { "name": "Anglican", "percent": 4.1 }, { "name": "Wesleyan Holiness", "percent": 2.4 } ] }, { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 14.1 }, { "name": "Jehovah's Witness", "percent": 1.1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 7 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 9.3 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.7 } ], "date": "2010" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 18.13, "males": 5226, "females": 5154 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 12.59, "males": 3577, "females": 3635 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 43, "males": 12010, "females": 12615 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 14.22, "males": 3872, "females": 4272 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 12.06, "males": 3231, "females": 3676 }, "date": "2016" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 39.9, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 39.2, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 40.5, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 50, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 2.05, "global_rank": 45, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 12.1, "global_rank": 166, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 5.7, "global_rank": 171, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 14.1, "global_rank": 4, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "majority of the population resides on Grand Cayman", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 100, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 1.54, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "George Town", "population": 31000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.02, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 0.98, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.95, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.91, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.89, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.95, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 6.8, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 5.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 166, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 81.2, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 78.5, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 84, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 29, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.85, "global_rank": 145, "date": "2016" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 97.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 97.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 2.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 2.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 95.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 95.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 4.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 4.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "note": "active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus", "date": "2016" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over has ever attended school", "total_population": { "value": 98.9, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 98.7, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 99, "units": "%" }, "date": "2007" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 24.2, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 32, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 16.6, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2013" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Cayman Islands", "etymology": "the islands' name comes from the native Carib word \"caiman,\" describing the marine crocodiles living there" }, "government_type": "parliamentary democracy (Legislative Assembly); self-governing overseas territory of the UK", "capital": { "name": "George Town (on Grand Cayman)", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 19, "minutes": 18, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 81, "minutes": 23, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -5, "note": "same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "a decision has been made to introduce DST in the archipelago for the first time beginning in 2016; a date for implementation is pending, though it seems likely it will match the date used in the US and Canada" }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Bodden Town", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Cayman Brac and Little Cayman", "type": "district" }, { "name": "East End", "type": "district" }, { "name": "George Town", "type": "district" }, { "name": "North Side", "type": "district" }, { "name": "West Bay", "type": "district" } ], "independence": { "note": "overseas territory of the UK" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Constitution Day", "day": "first Monday in July" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest approved 10 June 2009, entered into force 6 November 2009 (The Cayman Islands Constitution Order 2009) (2016)" }, "legal_system": "English common law and local statutes", "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Helen KILPATRICK (since 6 September 2013)", "head_of_government": "Premier Alden MCLAUGHLIN (since 29 May 2013)", "cabinet": "The Cabinet (6 members selected from the Legislative Assembly and appointed by the governor on the advice of the premier)", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition appointed premier by the governor" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Legislative Assembly (21 seats; 19 members directly elected by majority vote and 2 ex officio members - the deputy governor and attorney general - appointed by the governor; members serve 4-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 24 May 2017 (next to be held in 2021)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - independent 44.7%, PPM 31.2%, CDP 24.1%; seats by party - independent 9, PPM 7, CDP 3" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_resident_courts": "Court of Appeal (consists of the court president and at least 2 judges); Grand Court (consists of the court president and at least 2 judges); note - appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Court of Appeal and Grand Court judges appointed by the governor on the advice of the Judicial and Legal Services Commission, an 8-member independent body consisting of governor appointees, Court of Appeal president, and attorneys; Court of Appeal judges' tenure based on their individual instruments of appointment; Grand Court judges normally appointed until retirement at age 65 but can be extended until age 70", "subordinate_courts": "Summary Court" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "People's Progressive Movement", "name_alternative": "PPM", "leaders": [ "Alden MCLAUGHLIN" ] }, { "name": "Cayman Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "CDP", "leaders": [ "McKeeva BUSH" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Coalition for Cayman", "name_alternative": "C4C" }, { "name": "National People's Alliance", "name_alternative": "PNA" }, { "name": "National Trust" }, { "name": "environmentalists" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "Caricom ", "note": "associate" }, { "organization": "CDB" }, { "organization": "Interpol ", "note": "subbureau" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "UNESCO ", "note": "associate" }, { "organization": "UPU" } ], "flag_description": { "description": "a blue field with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Caymanian coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms includes a crest with a pineapple, representing the connection with Jamaica, and a turtle, representing Cayman's seafaring tradition, above a shield bearing a golden lion, symbolizing Great Britain, below which are three green stars (representing the three islands) surmounting white and blue wavy lines representing the sea and a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "green sea turtle" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Beloved Isle Cayman\"", "lyrics_music": "Leila E. ROSS", "note": "adopted 1993; served as an unofficial anthem since 1930; as a territory of the United Kingdom, in addition to the local anthem, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)" } }, "economy": { "overview": "With no direct taxation, the islands are a thriving offshore financial center. More than 93,000 companies were registered in the Cayman Islands as of 2008, including almost 300 banks, 800 insurers, and 10,000 mutual funds. A stock exchange was opened in 1997. Nearly 90% of the islands' food and consumer goods must be imported. The Caymanians enjoy a standard of living comparable to that of Switzerland.\n\nTourism is also a mainstay, accounting for about 70% of GDP and 75% of foreign currency earnings. The tourist industry is aimed at the luxury market and caters mainly to visitors from North America. Total tourist arrivals exceeded 1.9 million in 2008, with about half from the US.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2507000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 2465000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 2435000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 191 }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 2250000000, "date": "2008" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.7, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.2, "units": "%", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.6, "units": "%", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 153 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 43800, "units": "USD", "date": "2004" } ], "global_rank": 36 }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 55.1, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 13.1, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 20.1, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.1, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 46.4, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -34.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 0.3, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 7.2, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 92.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "vegetables", "fruit", "livestock", "turtle farming" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "tourism", "banking", "insurance", "finance", "construction", "construction materials", "furniture" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 2.4, "global_rank": 94, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 39000, "global_rank": 197, "date": "2007" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 1.9, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 19.1, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 79, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2008" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4, "units": "%", "date": "2008" }, { "value": 4.4, "units": "%", "date": "2004" } ], "global_rank": 40 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 859500000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 742000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 38.2, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": 5.2, "global_rank": 8, "date": "2016" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 April", "end": "31 March" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.4, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -2.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 84 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 334300000, "units": "USD", "date": "2008-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 175 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5564000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2008-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 129, "note": "" }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 315600000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 183500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2007-12-31" }, { "value": 188400000, "units": "USD", "date": "2006-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 116 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 47600000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 45000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 204 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "turtle products", "manufactured consumer goods" ] } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 585200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 579500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 191 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "foodstuffs", "manufactured goods", "fuels" ] } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.82, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.82, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.82, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0.83, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.83, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Caymanian dollars (KYD) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 5726, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 91, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 91, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 80, "units": "%" }, "date": "2012" }, "production": { "kWh": 600000000, "global_rank": 166, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 600000000, "global_rank": 167, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 124, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 134, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 100000, "global_rank": 168, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 100, "global_rank": 9, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 68, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 166, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 168, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 110, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 176, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 118, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 4000, "global_rank": 179, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 169, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 3984, "global_rank": 171, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 170, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 131, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 81, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 177, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 125, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 500000, "global_rank": 181, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 33534, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 60, "global_rank": 170, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 93000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 166, "global_rank": 193, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "reasonably good overall telephone system with a high fixed-line teledensity", "domestic": "liberalization of telecom market in 2003; introduction of competition in the mobile-cellular market in 2004 boosted subscriptions dramatically", "international": "country code - 1-345; landing points for the Maya-1, Eastern Caribbean Fiber System (ECFS), and the Cayman-Jamaica Fiber System submarine cables that provide links to the US and parts of Central and South America; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "4 TV stations; cable and satellite subscription services offer a variety of international programming; government-owned Radio Cayman operates 2 networks broadcasting on 5 stations; 10 privately owned radio stations operate alongside Radio Cayman (2007)", "internet": { "country_code": ".ky", "users": { "total": 43000, "percent_of_population": 77, "global_rank": 189, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 1, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 6, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "VP-C", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 3, "global_rank": 196, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 3, "1524_to_2437_metres": 2, "914_to_1523_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 1, "date": "2012" } } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 785, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 785, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 190, "date": "2007" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 116, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 19 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 3 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 61 }, { "type": "liquefied gas", "count": 1 }, { "type": "passenger", "count": 1 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 5 }, { "type": "refrigerated cargo", "count": 10 }, { "type": "vehicle carrier", "count": 16 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 102, "by_country": [ { "country": "Germany", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Greece", "count": 9 }, { "country": "Italy", "count": 7 }, { "country": "Japan", "count": 23 }, { "country": "Switzerland", "count": 1 }, { "country": "UK", "count": 2 }, { "country": "US", "count": 57 } ] }, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Cayman Brac", "George Town" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "no regular military forces", "Royal Cayman Islands Police Force" ], "date": "2012" }, "note": "defense is the responsibility of the UK" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ], "illicit_drugs": { "note": "major offshore financial center; vulnerable to drug transshipment to the US and Europe (2008)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-23", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170623075606/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cj.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170623000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cj.html" } }, "central_african_republic": { "data": { "name": "Central African Republic", "introduction": { "background": "The former French colony of Ubangi-Shari became the Central African Republic upon independence in 1960. After three tumultuous decades of misrule - mostly by military governments - civilian rule was established in 1993 but lasted only a decade. In March 2003, President Ange-Felix PATASSE was deposed in a military coup led by General Francois BOZIZE, who established a transitional government. Elections held in 2005 affirmed General BOZIZE as president; he was reelected in 2011 in voting widely viewed as flawed. The government still lacks full control of the countryside, where lawlessness persists. Several rebel groups joined together in early December 2012 to launch a series of attacks that left them in control of numerous towns in the northern and central parts of the country. The rebels - unhappy with BOZIZE's government - participated in peace talks in early January 2013 which resulted in a coalition government including the rebellion's leadership. In March 2013, the coalition government dissolved, rebels seized the capital, and President BOZIZE fled the country. Rebel leader Michel DJOTODIA assumed the presidency and the following month established a National Transitional Council (CNT). In January 2014, the CNT elected Catherine SAMBA-PANZA as interim president. Elections completed in March 2016 installed independent candidate Faustin-Archange TOUADERA as president; he continues to work towards peace between the government and armed groups, and is developing a disarmament, demobilization, reintegration, and repatriation (DDRR) program to reintegrate the armed groups into society." }, "geography": { "location": "Central Africa, north of Democratic Republic of the Congo", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 7, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 21, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Africa", "area": { "total": { "value": 622984, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 622984, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 45, "comparative": "slightly smaller than Texas" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 5920, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Cameroon", "border_length": { "value": 901, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Chad", "border_length": { "value": 1556, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "border_length": { "value": 1747, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Republic of the Congo", "border_length": { "value": 487, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "South Sudan", "border_length": { "value": 1055, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Sudan", "border_length": { "value": 174, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 0, "units": "km", "note": "landlocked" }, "climate": "tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers", "terrain": "vast, flat to rolling plateau; scattered hills in northeast and southwest", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 635, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Oubangui River", "elevation": { "value": 335, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mont Ngaoui", "elevation": { "value": 1420, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "diamonds", "uranium", "timber", "gold", "oil", "hydropower" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 8.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 2.9, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 5.1, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 36.2, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 55.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 10, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "floods are common", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "tap water is not potable", "poaching has diminished the country's reputation as one of the last great wildlife refuges", "desertification", "deforestation" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [ "Law of the Sea" ] } }, "note": "landlocked; almost the precise center of Africa" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 5507257, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Central African(s)", "adjective": "Central African" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Baya", "percent": 33 }, { "name": "Banda", "percent": 27 }, { "name": "Mandjia", "percent": 13 }, { "name": "Sara", "percent": 10 }, { "name": "Mboum", "percent": 7 }, { "name": "M'Baka", "percent": 4 }, { "name": "Yakoma", "percent": 4 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 2 } ] }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "French", "note": "official" }, { "name": "Sangho", "note": "lingua franca and national language" }, { "name": "tribal languages" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "indigenous beliefs", "percent": 35 }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 25 }, { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 25 }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 15 } ], "note": "animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian majority" }, "demographic_profile": "The Central African Republic’s (CAR) humanitarian crisis has worsened since a coup in March 2013. CAR’s high mortality rate and low life expectancy are attributed to elevated rates of preventable and treatable diseases (including malaria and malnutrition), an inadequate health care system, precarious food security, and armed conflict. Some of the worst mortality rates are in western CAR’s diamond mining region, which is impoverished because of government attempts to control the diamond trade and the fall in industrial diamond prices. To make matters worse, the government and international donors have reduced health funding in recent years. The CAR’s weak educational system and low literacy rate have also suffered as a result of the country’s ongoing conflict. Schools are closed, qualified teachers are scarce, infrastructure, funding, and supplies are lacking and subject to looting, and many students and teachers are displaced by violence.\nRampant poverty, human rights violations, unemployment, poor infrastructure, and a lack of security and stability have led to forced displacement internally and externally. Since the political crisis that resulted in CAR’s March 2013 coup began in December 2012, approximately 370,000 people have fled to Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and other neighboring countries, while an estimated 385,000 are displaced internally. The UN has urged countries to refrain from repatriating CAR refugees amid the heightened lawlessness.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 40.27, "males": 1114727, "females": 1102809 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 19.98, "males": 553264, "females": 547308 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 32.24, "males": 888304, "females": 887348 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 4.04, "males": 101306, "females": 120964 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 3.47, "males": 74516, "females": 116711 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 75.2, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 68.4, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 6.8, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 14.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 19.6, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 19.3, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 19.9, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 195, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 2.12, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 34.7, "global_rank": 22, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 13.5, "global_rank": 11, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 0, "global_rank": 79, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 40, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 2.59, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Bangui", "population": 794000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.84, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.64, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.98, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 882, "global_rank": 4, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 88.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 95.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 80.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 4, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 52.3, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 51, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 53.7, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 219, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 4.36, "global_rank": 31, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 15.2, "units": "%", "date": "2010" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.2, "global_rank": 168, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.05, "date": "2009" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 1, "date": "2011" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 89.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 54.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 68.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 10.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 45.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 31.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 43.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 7.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 21.8, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 56.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 92.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 78.2, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 3.7, "global_rank": 15, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 118800, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 7800, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "very high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "protozoal diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "hepatitis E", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "malaria", "dengue fever" ], "respiratory_diseases": [ "meningococcal meningitis" ], "water_contact_diseases": [ "schistosomiasis" ], "animal_contact_diseases": [ "rabies" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 4.4, "global_rank": 175, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 23.5, "global_rank": 26, "date": "2011" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 1.2, "global_rank": 171, "date": "2011" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 36.8, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 50.7, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 24.4, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 7, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 6, "units": "years" }, "date": "2012" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 532518, "percentage": { "value": 47, "units": "%" }, "date": "2006" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Central African Republic", "conventional_short_form": "none", "local_long_form": "Republique Centrafricaine", "local_short_form": "none", "former": "Ubangi-Shari, Central African Empire", "abbreviation": "CAR", "etymology": "self-descriptive name specifying the country's location on the continent; \"Africa\" is derived from the Roman designation of the area corresponding to present-day Tunisia \"Africa terra,\" which meant \"Land of the Afri\" (the tribe resident in that area), but which eventually came to mean the entire continent" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Bangui", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 4, "minutes": 22, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 18, "minutes": 35, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 1, "note": "6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1960-08-13", "note": "from France" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Republic Day", "day": "1 December", "original_year": "1958" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest adopted by referendum in December 2015 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system based on the French model", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "least one parent must be a citizen of the Central African Republic", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "35 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Faustin-Archange TOUADERA (since 30 March 2016)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Simplice SARANDJI (since 2 April 2016)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president", "elections_appointments": "under the new constitution, the president is elected by universal direct sufferage for a period of 5 years renewable for a second term; last election was held 20 February 2016 (next to be held April 2021)", "election_results": "First round held on 30 December 2015, percent of vote - Anicet-Georges DOLOGUELE (URCA) 23.7%, Faustin-Archange TOUADERA (independent) 19.1%, Desire KOLINGBA (RDC) 12.0%, Martin ZIGUELE (MLPC) 11.4%, other 33.8%; second round held on 20 February 2016, percent of vote - Faustin-Archange TOUADERA (independent) 62.7%, Anicet-Georges DOLOGUELE (URCA) 37.3%", "note": "rebel forces seized the capital in March 2013, forcing former President BOZIZE to flee the country; Interim President Michel DJOTODIA assumed the presidency, reinstated the prime minister, and established a National Transitional Council (CNT) in April 2013; the NTC elected Catherine SAMBA-PANZA interim president in January 2014 to serve until February 2015 when new elections were to be held; her term was extended because instability delayed new elections and the transition did not take place until the end of March 2016" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (131 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote with a second round if needed; members serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "last held February 2016 and 31 March 2016 (next election to be held in 2021)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - UNDP 13, URCA 13, RDC 10, MLPC 9, KNK 7, independents 56, other 23" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of NA judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges, at least 3 of whom are women)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president; Constitutional Court judge appointments - 2 by the president, 1 by the speaker of the National Assembly, 2 elected by their peers, 2 are advocates elected by their peers, and 2 are law professors elected by their peers; judges serve 7-year non-renewable terms", "subordinate_courts": "high courts; magistrates' courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Action Party for Development", "name_alternative": "PAD" }, { "name": "Alliance for Democracy and Progress", "name_alternative": "ADP", "leaders": [ "Clement BELIBANGA" ] }, { "name": "Central African Democratic Rally", "name_alternative": "RDC", "leaders": [ "Desire Nzanga KOLINGBA" ] }, { "name": "Movement for Democracy and Development", "name_alternative": "MDD", "leaders": [ "Louis PAPENIAH" ] }, { "name": "Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People", "name_alternative": "MLPC", "leaders": [ "Martin ZIGUELE" ] }, { "name": "National Convergence", "name_alternative": "KNK", "leaders": [ "Francois BOZIZE" ], "note": "also known as Kwa Na Kwa" }, { "name": "National Union for Democracy and Progress", "name_alternative": "UNDP", "leaders": [ "Amine MICHEL" ] }, { "name": "New Alliance for Progress", "name_alternative": "NAP", "leaders": [ "Jean-Jacques DEMAFOUTH" ] }, { "name": "Social Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "PSD", "leaders": [ "Enoch LAKOUE" ] }, { "name": "Union for Central African Renewal", "name_alternative": "URCA", "leaders": [ "Anicet-Georges DOLOGUELE" ] } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AfDB" }, { "organization": "AU" }, { "organization": "BDEAC" }, { "organization": "CEMAC" }, { "organization": "EITI ", "note": "compliant country; suspended" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "FZ" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OIC ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Stanislas MOUSSA-KEMBE (since 24 August 2009)", "chancery": "2704 Ontario Road NW, Washington, DC 20009", "telephone": "[1] (202) 483-7800", "fax": "[1] (202) 332-9893" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Jeffrey HAWKINS (30 October 2015)", "embassy": "Avenue David Dacko, Bangui", "mailing_address": "P.O. Box 924, Bangui", "telephone": "[236] 21 61 0200", "fax": "[236] 21 61 4494", "note": "embassy operations suspended in December 2012; resumed limited operations on 15 Septermber 2014" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow with a vertical red band in center; a yellow five-pointed star to the hoist side of the blue band; banner combines the Pan-African and French flag colors; red symbolizes the blood spilled in the struggle for independence, blue represents the sky and freedom, white peace and dignity, green hope and faith, and yellow tolerance; the star represents aspiration towards a vibrant future" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "elephant" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "blue" }, { "color": "white" }, { "color": "green" }, { "color": "yellow" }, { "color": "red" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Le Renaissance\" (The Renaissance)", "lyrics_music": "Barthelemy BOGANDA/Herbert PEPPER", "note": "adopted 1960; Barthelemy BOGANDA wrote the anthem's lyrics and was the first prime minister of the autonomous French territory", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/CT.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Subsistence agriculture, together with forestry and mining, remains the backbone of the economy of the Central African Republic (CAR), with about 60% of the population living in outlying areas. The agricultural sector generates more than half of GDP. Timber and diamonds account for most export earnings, followed by cotton. Important constraints to economic development include the CAR's landlocked geography, poor transportation system, largely unskilled work force, and legacy of misdirected macroeconomic policies. Factional fighting between the government and its opponents remains a drag on economic revitalization. Distribution of income is extraordinarily unequal. Grants from France and the international community can only partially meet humanitarian needs.\n\nSince 2009, the IMF has worked closely with the government to institute reforms that have resulted in some improvement in budget transparency, but other problems remain. The government's additional spending in the run-up to the 2011 election worsened CAR's fiscal situation. In 2012, the World Bank approved $125 million in funding for transport infrastructure and regional trade, focused on the route between CAR's capital and the port of Douala in Cameroon. In July 2016, the IMF approved a three-year extended credit facility valued at $116 million. The World Bank in late 2016 approved a $20 million grant to restore basic fiscal management, improve transparency, and assist with economic recovery.\n\nKimberley Process participants partially lifted the ban on diamond exports from the country in 2015, but persistent insecurity will prevent GDP from recovering to its pre-2013 level.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3206000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3048000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2908000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 185, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 1782000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5.2, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 31 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 700, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 600, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 600, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 229, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 108.3, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 9.1, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 10.4, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 12.7, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -40.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 58, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 11.7, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 30.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 4.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 164 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "cotton", "coffee", "tobacco", "cassava", "manioc", "tapioca", "yams", "millet", "corn", "bananas", "timber" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "gold", "diamond mining", "logging", "brewing", "sugar refining" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 3.5, "global_rank": 61, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 2421000, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2016" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8, "units": "%", "date": "2001" }, { "value": 23, "units": "%" } ], "global_rank": 95 }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2.1, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 33, "units": "%" }, "date": "2003" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 61.3, "units": "gini_index", "date": "1993" } ], "global_rank": 3 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 207100000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 284700000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 11.6, "global_rank": 209, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -4.4, "global_rank": 146, "date": "2016" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.3, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 146 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.25, "units": "%", "date": "2009-12-31" }, { "value": 4.75, "units": "%", "date": "2008-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 86 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 15.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 15.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 35 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 392700000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 340900000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 170 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 500700000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 426700000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 185 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 521400000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 444400000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 171 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -159000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -144000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 83 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 77000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 70500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 198 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "diamonds", "timber", "cotton", "coffee" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Norway", "percent": 52.2 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 14.1 }, { "name": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "percent": 8.3 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 375300000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 360400000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 196 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "food", "textiles", "petroleum products", "machinery", "electrical equipment", "motor vehicles", "chemicals", "pharmaceuticals" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Norway", "percent": 39.3 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 6.8 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 4.6 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 686900000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 661900000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 174 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 605.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 591.45, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 591.45, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 494.42, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 510.53, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 4500000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 3, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 5, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 1, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 200000000, "global_rank": 191, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 200000000, "global_rank": 192, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 138, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 44000, "global_rank": 194, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 43.2, "global_rank": 157, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 73, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 56.8, "global_rank": 40, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 171, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 120, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 112, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 180, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 131, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 3000, "global_rank": 189, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 170, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 2828, "global_rank": 181, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 173, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 134, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 85, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 182, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 400000, "global_rank": 186, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 1000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 1, "global_rank": 216, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 982000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 18, "global_rank": 155, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "network consists principally of microwave radio relay and low-capacity, low-powered radiotelephone communication", "domestic": "very limited telephone service with less than 1 fixed-line connection per 100 persons; spurred by the presence of multiple mobile-cellular service providers, cellular usage is increasing from a low base; most fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone services are concentrated in Bangui", "international": "country code - 236; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "government-owned network, Radiodiffusion Television Centrafricaine, provides limited domestic TV broadcasting; state-owned radio network is supplemented by a small number of privately owned broadcast stations as well as a few community radio stations; transmissions of at least 2 international broadcasters are available (2017)", "internet": { "country_code": ".cf", "users": { "total": 246000, "percent_of_population": 4.6, "global_rank": 157, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 2, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 2, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 46364, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 0, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "TL", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 39, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 2, "2438_to_3047_metres": 1, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 37, "2438_to_3047_metres": 1, "1524_to_2437_metres": 11, "914_to_1523_metres": 19, "under_914_metres": 6, "date": "2013" } } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 20278, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 1385, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 18893, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2010" }, "waterways": { "value": 2800, "units": "km", "note": "the primary navigable river is the Ubangi, which joins the River Congo; it was the traditional route for the export of products because it connected with the Congo-Ocean railway at Brazzaville; because of the warfare on both sides of the River Congo from 1997, importers and exporters preferred routes through Cameroon", "global_rank": 34, "date": "2011" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "river_ports": [ "Bangui (Oubangui)", "Nola (Sangha)" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "Central African Armed Forces (Forces Armees Centrafricaines", "FACA)", "Ground Forces (includes Military Air Service)", "General Directorate of Gendarmerie Inspection (DGIG)", "National Police" ], "date": "2017" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 years of age for military service; no conscription", "date": "2017" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "periodic skirmishes persist over water and grazing rights among related pastoral populations along the border with southern Sudan" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "internally_displaced_persons": { "people": 503600, "note": "clashes between army and rebel groups since 2005; tensions between ethnic groups", "date": "2017" } }, "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "Central African Republic (CAR) is a source, transit, and destination country for children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking, women subjected to forced prostitution, and adults subjected to forced labor; most victims appear to be CAR citizens exploited within the country, with a smaller number transported back forth between the CAR and nearby countries; armed groups operating in the CAR, including those aligned with the former Seleka Government and the Lord’s Resistance Army, continue to recruit and re-recruit children for military activities and labor; children are also subject to domestic servitude, commercial sexual exploitation, and forced labor in agriculture, mines, shops, and street vending; women and girls are subject to domestic servitude, sexual slavery, commercial sexual exploitation, and forced marriage", "tier_rating": "Tier 3 – the Central African Republic does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government conducted a limited number of investigations and prosecutions of cases of suspected human trafficking in 2014 but did not identify, provide protection to, or refer to care providers any trafficking victims; the government did not directly provide reintegration programs for demobilized child soldiers, leaving victims vulnerable to further exploitation or retrafficking by armed groups, including those affiliated with the government; in 2014, an NGO and the government began drafting a national action plan against trafficking but no efforts were reported to establish a policy against child soldiering or to raise awareness about existing laws prohibiting the use of children in the armed forces (2015)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-23", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170623164355/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ct.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170623000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ct.html" } }, "chad": { "data": { "name": "Chad", "introduction": { "background": "Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured three decades of civil warfare, as well as invasions by Libya, before peace was restored in 1990. The government eventually drafted a democratic constitution and held flawed presidential elections in 1996 and 2001. In 1998, a rebellion broke out in northern Chad, which has sporadically flared up despite several peace agreements between the government and insurgents. In June 2005, President Idriss DEBY held a referendum successfully removing constitutional term limits and won another controversial election in 2006. Sporadic rebel campaigns continued throughout 2006 and 2007. The capital experienced a significant insurrection in early 2008, but has had no significant rebel threats since then, in part due to Chad's 2010 rapprochement with Sudan, which previously used Chadian rebels as proxies. In late 2015, the government imposed a state of emergency in the Lake Chad region following multiple attacks by the terrorist group Boko Haram throughout the year; Boko Haram also launched several bombings in N'Djamena in mid-2015. DEBY in 2011 was reelected to his fourth term in an election that international observers described as proceeding without incident. In January 2014, Chad began a two-year rotation on the UN Security Council." }, "geography": { "location": "Central Africa, south of Libya", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 15, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 19, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Africa", "area": { "total": { "value": 1284000, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 1259200, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 24800, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 21, "comparative": "slightly more than three times the size of California" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 6406, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Cameroon", "border_length": { "value": 1116, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Central African Republic", "border_length": { "value": 1556, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Libya", "border_length": { "value": 1050, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Niger", "border_length": { "value": 1196, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Nigeria", "border_length": { "value": 85, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Sudan", "border_length": { "value": 1403, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 0, "units": "km", "note": "landlocked" }, "climate": "tropical in south, desert in north", "terrain": "broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 543, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Djourab", "elevation": { "value": 160, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Emi Koussi", "elevation": { "value": 3415, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "petroleum", "uranium", "natron", "kaolin", "fish", "Lake Chad", "gold", "limestone", "sand", "gravel", "salt" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 39.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 3.9, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 35.7, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 9.1, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 51.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 300, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "the population is unevenly distributed due to contrasts in climate and physical geography; the highest density is found in the southwest, particularly around Lake Chad and points south; the dry Saharan zone to the north is the least densely populated", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "periodic droughts", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "locust plagues", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "inadequate supplies of potable water", "improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution", "desertification" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [ "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping" ] } }, "note": "note 1: Chad is the largest of Africa's 16 landlocked countries\nnote 2: not long ago - geologically speaking - what is today the Sahara was green savannah teeming with wildlife; during the African Humid Period, roughly 11,000 to 5,000 years ago, a vibrant animal community, including elephants, giraffes, hippos, and antelope lived there; the last remnant of the \"Green Sahara\" exists in the Lakes of Ounianga (oo-nee-ahn-ga) in northern Chad, a series of 18 interconnected freshwater, saline, and hypersaline lakes now protected as a World Heritage site\nnote 3: Lake Chad, the most significant water body in the Sahel, is a remnant of a former inland sea, paleolake Mega-Chad; at its greatest extent, sometime before 5000 B.C., Lake Mega-Chad was the largest of four Saharan paleolakes that existed during the African Humid Period; it covered an area of about 400,000 sq km (150,000 sq mi), roughly the size of today's Caspian Sea" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 11852462, "global_rank": 77, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Chadian(s)", "adjective": "Chadian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Sara", "percent": 25.9, "note": "Ngambaye/Sara/Madjingaye/Mbaye" }, { "name": "Arab", "percent": 12.6 }, { "name": "Kanembu/Bornu/Buduma", "percent": 8.3 }, { "name": "Wadai/Maba/Masalit/Mimi", "percent": 7 }, { "name": "Gorane", "percent": 6.8 }, { "name": "Masa/Musseye/Musgum", "percent": 4.7 }, { "name": "Bulala/Medogo/Kuka", "percent": 3.6 }, { "name": "Bidiyo/Migaama/Kenga/Dangleat", "percent": 3.6 }, { "name": "Marba/Lele/Mesme", "percent": 2.9 }, { "name": "Dadjo/Kibet/Muro", "percent": 2.5 }, { "name": "Mundang", "percent": 2.5 }, { "name": "Gabri/Kabalaye/Nanchere/Somrai", "percent": 2.4 }, { "name": "Zaghawa/Bideyat/Kobe", "percent": 2.3 }, { "name": "Fulani/Fulbe/Bodore", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "Tupuri/Kera", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "Tama/Assongori/Mararit", "percent": 1.6 }, { "name": "Baguirmi/Barma", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "Karo/Zime/Peve", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "Mesmedje/Massalat/Kadjakse", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "other Chadian ethnicities", "percent": 2.5 }, { "name": "Chadians of foreign ethnicities", "percent": 0.6 }, { "name": "foreign nationals", "percent": 2.5, "breakdown": [ { "name": "Sudanese", "percent": 2 } ] } ], "date": "2009" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "French", "note": "official" }, { "name": "Arabic", "note": "official" }, { "name": "Sara", "note": "in south" }, { "name": "more than different languages and dialects", "percent": 120 } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 58.4 }, { "name": "Catholic", "percent": 18.5 }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 16.1 }, { "name": "animist", "percent": 4 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.5 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 2.4 } ], "date": "2009" }, "demographic_profile": "Despite the start of oil production in 2003, 40% of Chad’s population lives below the poverty line. The population will continue to grow rapidly because of the country’s very high fertility rate and large youth cohort – more than 65% of the populace is under the age of 25 – although the mortality rate is high and life expectancy is low. Chad has the world’s third highest maternal mortality rate. Among the primary risk factors are poverty, anemia, rural habitation, high fertility, poor education, and a lack of access to family planning and obstetric care. Impoverished, uneducated adolescents living in rural areas are most affected. To improve women’s reproductive health and reduce fertility, Chad will need to increase women’s educational attainment, job participation, and knowledge of and access to family planning. Only about a quarter of women are literate, less than 5% use contraceptives, and more than 40% undergo genital cutting.\nMore than 300,000 refugees from Sudan and almost 70,000 from the Central African Republic strain Chad’s limited resources and create tensions in host communities. Thousands of new refugees fled to Chad in 2013 to escape worsening violence in the Darfur region of Sudan. The large refugee populations are hesitant to return to their home countries because of continued instability. Chad was relatively stable in 2012 in comparison to other states in the region, but past fighting between government forces and opposition groups and inter-communal violence have left nearly 60,000 of its citizens displaced in the eastern part of the country.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 43.63, "males": 2622700, "females": 2549035 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 21.18, "males": 1225731, "females": 1285150 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 28.31, "males": 1525208, "females": 1830530 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 3.87, "males": 202044, "females": 256936 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 3, "males": 146957, "females": 208171 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 100.7, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 95.8, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 4.9, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 20.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 17.6, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 16.6, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 18.6, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 218, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1.88, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 36.1, "global_rank": 16, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 14, "global_rank": 7, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -3.3, "global_rank": 183, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "the population is unevenly distributed due to contrasts in climate and physical geography; the highest density is found in the southwest, particularly around Lake Chad and points south; the dry Saharan zone to the north is the least densely populated", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 22.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 3.42, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "N'Djamena", "population": 1260000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 0.95, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.83, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.79, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.71, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.93, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 17.9, "date": "2014" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 856, "global_rank": 2, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 87, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 92.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 81.3, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 6, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 50.2, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 49, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 51.5, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 224, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 4.45, "global_rank": 26, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 4.8, "units": "%", "date": "2010" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 3.6, "global_rank": 174, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.04, "date": "2006" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 71.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 44.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 50.8, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 28.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 55.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 49.2, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 31.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 6.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 12.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 68.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 93.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 87.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 2.04, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 165600, "global_rank": 25, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 8500, "global_rank": 21, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "very high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "protozoal diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "hepatitis E", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "malaria", "dengue fever" ], "water_contact_diseases": [ "schistosomiasis" ], "respiratory_diseases": [ "meningococcal meningitis" ], "animal_contact_diseases": [ "rabies" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 6.6, "global_rank": 177, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 28.8, "global_rank": 13, "date": "2015" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 2.9, "global_rank": 160, "date": "2013" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic", "total_population": { "value": 40.2, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 48.5, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 31.9, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 7, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 9, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 6, "units": "years" }, "date": "2011" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 1475960, "percentage": { "value": 48, "units": "%" }, "date": "2010" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Chad", "conventional_short_form": "Chad", "local_long_form": "Republique du Tchad/Jumhuriyat Tshad", "local_short_form": "Tchad/Tshad", "etymology": "named for Lake Chad, which lies along the country's western border; the word \"tsade\" means \"large body of water\" or \"lake\" in several local native languages" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "N'Djamena", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 12, "minutes": 6, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 15, "minutes": 2, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 1, "note": "6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1960-08-11", "note": "from France" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "11 August", "original_year": "1960" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest passed by referendum 31 March 1996, entered into force 8 April 1996; amended 2005 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "mixed legal system of civil and customary law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "both parents must be citizens of Chad", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "Chadian law does not address dual citizenship", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "15 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Idriss DEBY Itno, Lt. Gen. (since 4 December 1990)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Albert Pahimi PADACKE (since 15 February 2016)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers; members appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 10 April 2016 (next to be held in April 2021); prime minister appointed by the president", "election_results": "Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno reelected president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (MPS) 61.6%, Saleh KEBZABO (UNDR) 12.8%, Laokein Kourayo MEDAR 10.7%, Djimrangar DADNADJI (MPS) 5.1%, other 9.8%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral National Assembly (188 seats; 118 directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 70 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote with a second round if needed; members serve 4-year terms)", "elections": "National Assembly - last held on 13 February and 6 May 2011 (next to be held on 30 September 2015)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MPS 117, UNDR 10, RDP 9, URD 8, RNDT/Le Reveil 8, Viva-RNDP 5, FAR 4, PUR 2, UDR 2, PDSA 2, CTPD 2, other minor parties 19" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice, 3 chamber presidents, and 12 judges or councilors and divided into 3 chambers); Constitutional Council (consists of 3 judges and 6 jurists)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court chief justice selected by the president; councilors - 8 designated by the president and 7 by the speaker of the National Assembly; chief justice and councilors appointed for life; Constitutional Council judges - 2 appointed by the president and 1 by the speaker of the National Assembly; jurists - 3 each by the president and by the speaker of the National Assembly; judges appointed for 9-year terms", "subordinate_courts": "High Court of Justice; Courts of Appeal; tribunals; justices of the peace" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Alliance for the Renaissance of Chad", "name_alternative": "ART", "note": "includes MPS, RDP, Viva-RNDP" }, { "name": "Federation Action for the Republic", "name_alternative": "FAR", "leaders": [ "Ngarledjy YORONGAR" ] }, { "name": "National Rally for Development and Progress", "name_alternative": "Viva-RNDP", "leaders": [ "Dr. Nouradine Delwa Kassire COUMAKOYE" ] }, { "name": "National Union for Democracy and Renewal", "name_alternative": "UNDR", "leaders": [ "Saleh KEBZABO" ] }, { "name": "Party for Liberty and Development", "name_alternative": "PLD", "leaders": [ "Jean-Baptiste LAOKOLE" ] }, { "name": "Patriotic Salvation Movement", "name_alternative": "MPS", "leaders": [ "Idriss DEBY" ] }, { "name": "Rally for Democracy and Progress", "name_alternative": "RDP", "leaders": [ "Lol Mahamat CHOUA" ] }, { "name": "Union for Renewal and Democracy", "name_alternative": "URD", "leaders": [ "Sande NGARYIMBE" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "NA" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AfDB" }, { "organization": "AU" }, { "organization": "BDEAC" }, { "organization": "CEMAC" }, { "organization": "EITI ", "note": "compliant country" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "FZ" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IDB" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINUSMA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OIC" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UN Security Council ", "note": "temporary" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNOCI" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Mahamat Nasser HASSANE (since 21 May 2014)", "chancery": "2401 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 652-1312", "fax": "[1] (202) 758-0431" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Geeta PASI (since September 2016)", "embassy": "Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena", "mailing_address": "B. P. 413, N'Djamena", "telephone": "[235] 2251-70-09", "fax": "[235] 2251-56-54" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the flag combines the blue and red French (former colonial) colors with the red and yellow of the Pan-African colors; blue symbolizes the sky, hope, and the south of the country, which is relatively well-watered; yellow represents the sun, as well as the desert in the north of the country; red stands for progress, unity, and sacrifice", "note": "similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "goat ", "note": "north" }, { "symbol": "lion ", "note": "south" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "blue" }, { "color": "yellow" }, { "color": "red" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"La Tchadienne\" (The Chadian)", "lyrics_music": "Louis GIDROL and his students/Paul VILLARD", "note": "adopted 1960" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Chad’s landlocked location results in high transportation costs for imported goods and dependence on neighboring countries. Oil and agriculture are mainstays of Chad’s economy. Oil provides about 60% of export revenues, while cotton, cattle, livestock, and gum arabic provide the bulk of Chad's non-oil export earnings. The services sector contributes about one-third of GDP and has attracted foreign investment mostly through telecommunications and banking.\n\nNearly all of Chad’s fuel is provided by one domestic refinery, and unanticipated shutdowns occasionally result in shortages. The country regulates the price of domestic fuel, providing an incentive for black market sales.\n\nChad’s fiscal position is encumbered by declining oil prices, though high oil prices and strong local harvests supported the economy in recent years. Chad relies on foreign assistance and foreign capital for much public and private sector investment. Chad's investment climate remains challenging due to limited infrastructure, a lack of trained workers, extensive government bureaucracy, and corruption. Chad obtained a three-year extended credit facility from the IMF in 2014 and was granted debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative in April 2015.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 30590000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 30930000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 30390000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 130, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 10440000000, "date": "2015" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -1.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 6.9, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 203 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2600, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2700, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2700, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 197, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 71.4, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 4.4, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 30.8, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.4, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 25.3, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -32.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 53, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 12.8, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 34.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 18.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 14.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 21.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 96 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "cotton", "sorghum", "millet", "peanuts", "sesame", "corn", "rice", "potatoes", "onions", "cassava", "manioc", "tapioca", "cattle", "sheep", "goats", "camels" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "oil", "cotton textiles", "brewing", "natron", "sodium carbonate", "soap", "cigarettes", "construction materials" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": -5, "global_rank": 196, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 5457000, "global_rank": 73, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 80, "units": "%" }, "industry_and_services": { "value": 20, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2006" } }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 46.7, "units": "%", "date": "2011" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2.6, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 30.8, "units": "%" }, "date": "2003" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 43.3, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 49 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 1626000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 2163000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 15.6, "global_rank": 183, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -5.1, "global_rank": 163, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 35.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 33.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 130 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4.6, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 159 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.25, "units": "%", "date": "2009-12-31" }, { "value": 4.75, "units": "%", "date": "2008-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 95 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 15.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 15.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 35 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1741000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1604000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 136 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1976000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 1751000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 157 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1324000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1034000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 156 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -907000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -1353000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 122 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4053000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3965000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 114 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "oil", "livestock", "cotton", "sesame", "gum arabic", "shea butter" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 58.5 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 13.3 }, { "name": "Japan", "percent": 11.3 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 4.1 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3075000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3071000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 139 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "transportation equipment", "industrial goods", "foodstuffs", "textiles" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "France", "percent": 16.5 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 14.2 }, { "name": "Cameroon", "percent": 11 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 6.4 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 6 }, { "name": "Belgium", "percent": 5.7 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 4.8 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 627500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 382900000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 138 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1875000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2802000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 153 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2006" } ] } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 605.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 591.45, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 591.45, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 494.42, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 510.53, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "production": { "kWh": 200000000, "global_rank": 192, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 200000000, "global_rank": 189, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 196, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 203, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 41000, "global_rank": 197, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 100, "global_rank": 29, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 185, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 203, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 132, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 120000, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 105000, "global_rank": 33, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 194, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 1500000000, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 202, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 2200, "global_rank": 193, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 205, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 2215, "global_rank": 189, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 201, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 129, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 193, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 136, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 197, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 300000, "global_rank": 196, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 17029, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 1, "global_rank": 177, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 5466000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 47, "global_rank": 115, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "inadequate system of radiotelephone communication stations with high maintenance costs and low telephone density", "domestic": "fixed-line connections for less than 1 per 100 persons coupled with mobile-cellular subscribership base of about 45 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 235; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "1 state-owned TV station; state-owned radio network, Radiodiffusion Nationale Tchadienne (RNT), operates national and regional stations; about 10 private radio stations; some stations rebroadcast programs from international broadcasters (2007)", "internet": { "country_code": ".td", "users": { "total": 314000, "percent_of_population": 2.7, "global_rank": 148, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 1, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 1, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 28332, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": "mt-km", "date": "2015" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 59, "global_rank": 82, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 9, "over_3047_metres": 2, "2438_to_3047_metres": 4, "1524_to_2437_metres": 2, "under_914_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 50, "over_3047_metres": 1, "2438_to_3047_metres": 2, "1524_to_2437_metres": 14, "914_to_1523_metres": 22, "under_914_metres": 11, "date": "2013" } } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "oil", "length": 582, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 40000, "units": "km" }, "note": "consists of 25,000 km of national and regional roads and 15,000 km of local roads; 206 km of urban roads are paved", "global_rank": 88, "date": "2011" } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.28, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ] }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Chadian National Army (Armee Nationale du Tchad", "ANT)", "Ground Forces (l'Armee de Terre", "AdT)", "Chadian Air Force (l'Armee de l'Air Tchadienne", "AAT)", "National Gendarmerie", "National", "Nomadic Guard of Chad (GNNT)" ], "date": "2013" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 20, "note": "20 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service, with a 3-year service obligation; 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary service; no minimum age restriction for volunteers with consent from a parent or guardian; women are subject to 1 year of compulsory military or civic service at age 21; while provisions for military service have not been repealed, they have never been fully implemented", "date": "2015" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "since 2003, ad hoc armed militia groups and the Sudanese military have driven hundreds of thousands of Darfur residents into Chad", "Chad wishes to be a helpful mediator in resolving the Darfur conflict, and in 2010 established a joint border monitoring force with Sudan, which has helped to reduce cross-border banditry and violence", "only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 309669, "country_of_origin": "Sudan; Central African Republic; Nigeria" } ], "date": "2016" }, "internally_displaced_persons": { "people": 58748, "note": "majority are in the east", "date": "2016" } } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-05-15", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170515121830/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170515000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html" } }, "chile": { "data": { "name": "Chile", "introduction": { "background": "Prior to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, the Inca ruled northern Chile while an indigenous people, the Mapuche, inhabited central and southern Chile. Although Chile declared its independence in 1810, it did not achieve decisive victory over the Spanish until 1818. In the War of the Pacific (1879-83), Chile defeated Peru and Bolivia to win its present northern regions. In the 1880s, the Chilean central government gained control over the central and southern regions inhabited by the Mapuche. After a series of elected governments, the three-year-old Marxist government of Salvador ALLENDE was overthrown in 1973 by a military coup led by General Augusto PINOCHET, who ruled until a democratically-elected president was inaugurated in 1990. Sound economic policies, maintained consistently since the 1980s, contributed to steady growth, reduced poverty rates by over half, and helped secure the country's commitment to democratic and representative government. Chile has increasingly assumed regional and international leadership roles befitting its status as a stable, democratic nation." }, "geography": { "location": "Southern South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Argentina and Peru", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 30, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 71, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "South America", "area": { "total": { "value": 756102, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 743812, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 12290, "units": "sq km" }, "note": "includes Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) and Isla Sala y Gomez", "global_rank": 38, "comparative": "slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 7801, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Argentina", "border_length": { "value": 6691, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Bolivia", "border_length": { "value": 942, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Peru", "border_length": { "value": 168, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 6435, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": "200/350 nm" }, "climate": "temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south", "terrain": "low coastal mountains, fertile central valley, rugged Andes in east", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 1871, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Pacific Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Nevado Ojos del Salado", "elevation": { "value": 6880, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "copper", "timber", "iron ore", "nitrates", "precious metals", "molybdenum", "hydropower" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 21.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 1.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 18.8, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 21.9, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 57, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 11100, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "90% of the population is located in the middle third of the country around the capital of Santiago; the far north (anchored by the Atacama Desert) and the extreme south are relatively underpopulated", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "severe earthquakes", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "active volcanism", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "tsunamis", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "significant volcanic activity due to more than three-dozen active volcanoes along the Andes Mountains; Lascar (elev. 5,592 m), which last erupted in 2007, is the most active volcano in the northern Chilean Andes; Llaima (elev. 3,125 m) in central Chile, which last erupted in 2009, is another of the country's most active; Chaiten's 2008 eruption forced major evacuations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Cerro Hudson, Calbuco, Copahue, Guallatiri, Llullaillaco, Nevados de Chillan, Puyehue, San Pedro, and Villarrica", "type": "volcanism" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "widespread deforestation and mining threaten natural resources", "air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions", "water pollution from raw sewage" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol", "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources", "Antarctic Seals", "Antarctic Treaty", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "the longest north-south trending country in the world, extending across 39 degrees of latitude; strategic location relative to sea lanes between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage); Atacama Desert - the driest desert in the world - spreads across the northern part of the country; the crater lake of Ojos del Salado is the world's highest lake (at 6,390 m)" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 17650114, "global_rank": 64, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Chilean(s)", "adjective": "Chilean" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "white and non-indigenous", "percent": 88.9 }, { "name": "Mapuche", "percent": 9.1 }, { "name": "Aymara", "percent": 0.7 }, { "name": "other indigenous groups", "percent": 1, "note": "includes Rapa Nui, Likan Antai, Quechua, Colla, Diaguita, Kawesqar, Yagan or Yamana" }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.3 } ], "date": "2012" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Spanish", "percent": 99.5, "note": "official" }, { "name": "English", "percent": 10.2 }, { "name": "indigenous", "percent": 1, "note": "includes Mapudungun, Aymara, Quechua, Rapa Nui" }, { "name": "other", "percent": 2.3 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.2 } ], "note": "shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census", "date": "2012" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 66.7 }, { "name": "Evangelical or Protestant", "percent": 16.4 }, { "name": "Jehovah's Witness", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 3.4 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 11.5 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 1.1 } ], "date": "2012" }, "demographic_profile": "Chile is in the advanced stages of demographic transition and is becoming an aging society - with fertility below replacement level, low mortality rates, and life expectancy on par with developed countries. Nevertheless, with its dependency ratio nearing its low point, Chile could benefit from its favorable age structure. It will need to keep its large working-age population productively employed, while preparing to provide for the needs of its growing proportion of elderly people, especially as women - the traditional caregivers - increasingly enter the workforce. Over the last two decades, Chile has made great strides in reducing its poverty rate, which is now lower than most Latin American countries. However, its severe income inequality ranks as the worst among members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Unequal access to quality education perpetuates this uneven income distribution.\nChile has historically been a country of emigration but has slowly become more attractive to immigrants since transitioning to democracy in 1990 and improving its economic stability (other regional destinations have concurrently experienced deteriorating economic and political conditions). Most of Chile's small but growing foreign-born population consists of transplants from other Latin American countries, especially Peru.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 20.27, "males": 1825115, "females": 1751977 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 15.45, "males": 1391522, "females": 1335933 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 43.17, "males": 3804037, "females": 3816114 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 10.6, "males": 880014, "females": 990969 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 10.51, "males": 776340, "females": 1078093 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 45.2, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 29.3, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 16, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 6.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 34, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 32.9, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 35.2, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 85, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.8, "global_rank": 139, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 13.7, "global_rank": 143, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 6.1, "global_rank": 157, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 0.3, "global_rank": 70, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "90% of the population is located in the middle third of the country around the capital of Santiago; the far north (anchored by the Atacama Desert) and the extreme south are relatively underpopulated", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 89.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 1.09, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Santiago", "population": 6507000, "is_capital": true }, { "place": "Valparaiso", "population": 907000 }, { "place": "Concepcion", "population": 816000 } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.89, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.72, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.97, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 22, "global_rank": 131, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 6.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 7.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 6.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 162, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 78.8, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 75.7, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 81.9, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 52, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.81, "global_rank": 150, "date": "2016" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 7.8, "global_rank": 76, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 1.03, "date": "2009" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 2.1, "date": "2011" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 99.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 93.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 99, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 6.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 90.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 99.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 9.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.27, "global_rank": 84, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 32300, "global_rank": 61, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 400, "global_rank": 76, "date": "2015" } }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 28.5, "global_rank": 30, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 0.5, "global_rank": 137, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.8, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2014" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 97.5, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 97.6, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 97.4, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 16, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 16, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 17, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 82882, "percentage": { "value": 3, "units": "%" }, "date": "2003" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 16.1, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 13.9, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 19.2, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 73, "date": "2013" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Chile", "conventional_short_form": "Chile", "local_long_form": "Republica de Chile", "local_short_form": "Chile", "etymology": "derivation of the name is unclear, but it may come from the Mapuche word \"chilli\" meaning \"limit of the earth\" or from the Quechua \"chiri\" meaning \"cold\"" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Santiago; note - Valparaiso is the seat of the national legislature", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 33, "minutes": 27, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 70, "minutes": 40, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -3, "note": "2 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins second Sunday in August; ends second Sunday in May" }, "independence": { "date": "1810-09-18", "note": "from Spain" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "18 September", "original_year": "1810" } ], "constitution": { "history": "many previous; latest adopted 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended many times, last in 2011", "note": "in late 2015, the Chilean Government initiated a process to reform its constitution (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system influenced by several West European civil legal systems; judicial review of legislative acts by the Constitutional Tribunal", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "yes", "citizenship_by_descent": "yes", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "5 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Michelle BACHELET Jeria (since 11 March 2014); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government", "head_of_government": "President Michelle BACHELET Jeria (since 11 March 2014)", "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 4-year term; election last held on 17 November 2013 with a runoff held on 15 December 2013 (next to be held on 19 November 2017)", "election_results": "Michelle BACHELET Jeria elected president; percent of vote - Michelle BACHELET Jeria (PS) 62.2%; Evelyn Rose MATTHEI Fornet (UDI) 37.8%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the Senate or Senado (38 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 8-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 4 years) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (120 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms)", "elections": "Senate - last held on 17 November 2013 (next to be held on 19 November 2017); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 17 November 2013 (next to be held on 19 November 2017)", "election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - New Majority Coalition (formerly known as Concertacion) 19 (DC 6, PS 6, PPD 6, MAS 1), Let's Go Chile Coalition (formerly known as the Coalition for Change and the Alianza coalition) 15 (RN 6, UDI 8, Amplitude Party 1), independents 4; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - New Majority 68 (DC 21, PS 16, PPD 14, PC 6, PRSD 6, Citizen Left 1, independents 4), Coalition for Change 47 (UDI 29, RN 14, independents 3, EP 1), Liberal Party 1, independents 4", "note": "in January 2015, the Chilean Congress voted to end the binomial system that was put in place under Gen. Augusto PINOCHET; the Congress also voted to expand its size (155 seats in the chamber of Deputies and 50 seats in the Senate) and establish rules to ensure that there is equitable gender representation; the new electoral system will be put in place in the November 2017 elections" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (consists of a court president and 20 members or ministros); Constitutional Court (consists of 10 members); Elections Qualifying Court (consists of 5 members)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court president and judges (ministers) appointed by the president of the republic and ratified by the Senate from lists of candidates provided by the court itself; judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 70; Constitutional Court members appointed - 3 by the Supreme Court, 3 by the president of the republic, 2 by the Chamber of Deputies, and 2 by the Senate; members serve 9-year terms with partial membership replacement every 3 years (the court reviews constitutionality of legislation); Elections Qualifying Court members appointed by lottery - 1 by the former president or vice-president of the Senate and 1 by the former president or vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies, 2 by the Supreme Court, and 1 by the Appellate Court of Valparasio; members appointed for 4-year terms", "subordinate_courts": "Courts of Appeal; oral criminal tribunals; military tribunals; local police courts; specialized tribunals and courts in matters such as family, labor, customs, taxes, and electoral affairs" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Amplitude ", "leaders": [ "Lily PEREZ" ], "note": "Amplitud" }, { "name": "Broad Social Movement", "name_alternative": "MAS", "leaders": [ "Cristian TAPIA Ramos" ] }, { "name": "Democratic Revolution", "name_alternative": "RD", "leaders": [ "Rodrigo ECHECOPAR" ] }, { "name": "Let’s Go Chile Coalition ", "note": "Chile Vamos" }, { "name": "Liberal Party ", "leaders": [ "Vlado MIROSEVIC" ], "note": "Partido Liberal de Chile" }, { "name": "New Majority Coalition ", "note": "Nueva Mayoria; including Christian Democratic Party or DC [Carolina GOIC Boroevic], Communist Party of Chile or PC [Guillermo TEILLIER del Valle], Party for Democracy or PPD [Gonzalo NAVARRETE], Radical Social Democratic Party or PRSD [Ernesto VELASCO Rodriguez], Socialist Party or PS [Alvaro ELIZALDE Soto]" }, { "name": "Progressive Party", "name_alternative": "PRO", "leaders": [ "Patricia MORALES" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic Church, particularly conservative groups such as Opus Dei" }, { "name": "United Labor Central", "name_alternative": "CUT", "note": "includes trade unionists from the country's five largest labor confederations" }, { "name": "university student federations at all major universities" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "APEC" }, { "organization": "BIS" }, { "organization": "CAN ", "note": "associate" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CELAC" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-15" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IADB" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "LAES" }, { "organization": "LAIA" }, { "organization": "Mercosur ", "note": "associate" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINUSTAH" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OAS" }, { "organization": "OECD " }, { "organization": "OPANAL" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "Pacific Alliance" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "SICA ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UN Security Council ", "note": "temporary" }, { "organization": "UNASUR" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNFICYP" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "Union Latina" }, { "organization": "UNMOGIP" }, { "organization": "UNTSO" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Juan Gabriel VALDES Soublette (since 21 May 2014)", "chancery": "1732 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036", "telephone": "[1] (202) 785-1746", "fax": "[1] (202) 887-5579", "consulates_general": "Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Carol PEREZ (since September 2016)", "embassy": "Avenida Andres Bello 2800, Las Condes, Santiago", "mailing_address": "APO AA 34033", "telephone": "[56] (2) 2330-3000", "fax": "[56] (2) 2330-3710, 2330-3160" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red represents the blood spilled to achieve independence", "note": "design influenced by the US flag" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "huemul ", "note": "mountain deer" }, { "symbol": "Andean condor" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "white" }, { "color": "blue" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Himno Nacional de Chile\" (National Anthem of Chile)", "lyrics_music": "Eusebio LILLO Robles and Bernardo DE VERA y Pintado/Ramon CARNICER y Battle", "note": "music adopted 1828, original lyrics adopted 1818, adapted lyrics adopted 1847; under Augusto PINOCHET\"s military rule, a verse glorifying the army was added; however, as a protest, some citizens refused to sing this verse; it was removed when democracy was restored in 1990", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/CI.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Chile has a market-oriented economy characterized by a high level of foreign trade and a reputation for strong financial institutions and sound policy that have given it the strongest sovereign bond rating in South America. Exports of goods and services account for approximately one-third of GDP, with commodities making up some 60% of total exports. Copper is Chile’s top export and provides 20% of government revenue.\n\nFrom 2003 through 2013, real growth averaged almost 5% per year, despite the slight contraction in 2009 that resulted from the global financial crisis. Growth slowed to an estimated 1.7% in 2016. A continued drop in copper prices prompted Chile to experience its second consecutive year of slow growth, elevated inflation, and a depreciating currency.\n\nChile deepened its longstanding commitment to trade liberalization with the signing of a free trade agreement with the US, which took effect on 1 January 2004. Chile has 22 trade agreements covering 60 countries including agreements with the EU, Mercosur, China, India, South Korea, and Mexico. In May 2010, Chile signed the OECD Convention, becoming the first South American country to join the OECD. In October 2015, Chile signed the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement.\n\nThe Chilean Government has generally followed a countercyclical fiscal policy, accumulating surpluses in sovereign wealth funds during periods of high copper prices and economic growth, and generally allowing deficit spending only during periods of low copper prices and growth. As of 31 October 2016, those sovereign wealth funds - kept mostly outside the country and separate from Central Bank reserves - amounted to more than $23.5 billion. Chile used these funds to finance fiscal stimulus packages during the 2009 economic downturn.\n\nIn 2014, President Michelle BACHELET introduced tax reforms aimed at delivering her campaign promise to fight inequality and to provide access to education and health care. The reforms are expected to generate additional tax revenues equal to 3% of Chile’s GDP, mostly by increasing corporate tax rates to OECD averages.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 436100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 428800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 419200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 45, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 234900000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.7, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.8, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 152 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 24000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 23800, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 23500, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 79, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 64.9, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 14.1, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 22, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": -0.2, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 27.7, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -28.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 4, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 32.4, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 63.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 20.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 20.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 20.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 81 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "grapes", "apples", "pears", "onions", "wheat", "corn", "oats", "peaches", "garlic", "asparagus", "beans", "beef", "poultry", "wool", "fish", "timber" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "copper", "lithium", "other minerals", "foodstuffs", "fish processing", "iron", "steel", "wood", "wood products", "transport equipment", "cement", "textiles" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": -1.7, "global_rank": 172, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 8777000, "global_rank": 59, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 9.2, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 23.7, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 67.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2013" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 87 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 14.4, "units": "%", "date": "2013" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 1.7, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 41.5, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 50.5, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 57.1, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2000" } ], "global_rank": 15 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 49520000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 55740000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 21.1, "global_rank": 142, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -2.6, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 18.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 16.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 170 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 167 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.35, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 3, "units": "%", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 102 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 5.52, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 122 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 45710000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 39880000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 53 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 154400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 158000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 48 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 218500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 188400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 44 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 190400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 233200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 265200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 35 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -3574000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -4670000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 164 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 56320000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 62230000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 44 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "copper", "fruit", "fish products", "paper", "pulp", "chemicals", "wine" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 26.3 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 13.2 }, { "name": "Japan", "percent": 8.5 }, { "name": "South Korea", "percent": 6.5 }, { "name": "Brazil", "percent": 4.9 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 56860000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 58740000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 46 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "petroleum", "petroleum products", "chemicals", "electrical", "telecommunications equipment", "industrial machinery", "vehicles", "natural gas" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 23.4 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 18.8 }, { "name": "Brazil", "percent": 7.8 }, { "name": "Argentina", "percent": 4 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 36790000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 38640000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 44 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 160000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 156100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 38 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 194800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 176800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 30 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 89230000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 72810000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 35 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 673.2, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 658.93, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 658.93, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 570.37, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 486.49, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Chilean pesos (CLP) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 70600, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 99.6, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 98, "units": "%" }, "date": "2012" }, "production": { "kWh": 71000000000, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 66000000000, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 123, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 700000000, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2011" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 23000000, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 62.1, "global_rank": 126, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 67, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 33, "global_rank": 69, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 4.9, "global_rank": 57, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 6260, "global_rank": 81, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 165900, "global_rank": 33, "date": "2015" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 150000000, "global_rank": 66, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 205800, "global_rank": 51, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 340000, "global_rank": 40, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 3761, "global_rank": 101, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 152900, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2015" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 798000000, "global_rank": 67, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 4048000000, "global_rank": 65, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 80, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 3500000000, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2014" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 97970000000, "global_rank": 53, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 76000000, "global_rank": 47, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 3445880, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 20, "global_rank": 44, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 23206000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 133, "global_rank": 49, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "privatization began in 1988; most advanced telecommunications infrastructure in South America; modern system based on extensive microwave radio relay facilities; domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations", "domestic": "number of fixed-line connections have stagnated in recent years as mobile-cellular usage continues to increase, reaching 130 telephones per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 56; landing points for the Pan American, South America-1, and South American Crossing/Latin America Nautilus submarine cables providing links to the US and to Central and South America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011)" } }, "broadcast_media": "national and local terrestrial TV channels, coupled with extensive cable TV networks; the state-owned Television Nacional de Chile (TVN) network is self-financed through commercial advertising revenues and is not under direct government control; large number of privately owned TV stations; about 250 radio stations (2007)", "internet": { "country_code": ".cl", "users": { "total": 11256000, "percent_of_population": 64.3, "global_rank": 43, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 9, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 173, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 15006762, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 1392236000, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "CC", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 481, "global_rank": 15, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 90, "over_3047_metres": 5, "2438_to_3047_metres": 7, "1524_to_2437_metres": 23, "914_to_1523_metres": 31, "under_914_metres": 24, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 391, "2438_to_3047_metres": 5, "1524_to_2437_metres": 11, "914_to_1523_metres": 56, "under_914_metres": 319, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 3160, "units": "km" }, { "type": "liquid petroleum gas", "length": 781, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 985, "units": "km" }, { "type": "refined products", "length": 722, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 7281.5, "units": "km" }, "broad_gauge": { "length": 3428, "electrified": 1691, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.676-m" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 3853.5, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.000-m" }, "global_rank": 30, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 77764, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 18119, "units": "km", "note": "includes 2,387 km of expressways" }, "unpaved": { "value": 59645, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 62, "date": "2010" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 42, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 13 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 5 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 7 }, { "type": "container", "count": 2 }, { "type": "liquefied gas", "count": 1 }, { "type": "passenger", "count": 3 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 2 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 8 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 1 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 1, "by_country": [ { "country": "Norway", "count": 1 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 52, "by_country": [ { "country": "Argentina", "count": 6 }, { "country": "Brazil", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Honduras", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Isle of Man", "count": 9 }, { "country": "Liberia", "count": 9 }, { "country": "Panama", "count": 14 }, { "country": "Peru", "count": 6 }, { "country": "Singapore", "count": 6 } ] }, "global_rank": 74, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Coronel", "Huasco", "Lirquen", "Puerto Ventanas", "San Antonio", "San Vicente", "Valparaiso" ], "liquid_natural_gas_terminals_import": [ "Mejillones", "Quintero" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.92, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.98, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 2.05, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 2.06, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 2.17, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 38 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Chilean Army", "Chilean Navy (Armada de Chile", "includes Naval Aviation", "Marine Corps", "Maritime Territory", "Merchant Marine Directorate (Directemar))", "Chilean Air Force (Fuerza Aerea de Chile", "FACh) (2015)" ] }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18-45 years of age for voluntary male and female military service, although the right to compulsory recruitment of males 18-45 is retained; service obligation is 12 months for Army and 22 months for Navy and Air Force", "date": "2015" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Chile and Peru rebuff Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, but Chile has offered instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile to Bolivian natural gas", "Chile rejects Peru's unilateral legislation to change its latitudinal maritime boundary with Chile to an equidistance line with a southwestern axis favoring Peru", "in October 2007, Peru took its maritime complaint with Chile to the ICJ", "territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and British claims", "the joint boundary commission, established by Chile and Argentina in 2001, has yet to map and demarcate the delimited boundary in the inhospitable Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo Sur)" ], "illicit_drugs": { "note": "transshipment country for cocaine destined for Europe and the region; some money laundering activity, especially through the Iquique Free Trade Zone; imported precursors passed on to Bolivia; domestic cocaine consumption is rising, making Chile a significant consumer of cocaine (2008)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102803/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ci.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ci.html" } }, "china": { "data": { "name": "China", "introduction": { "background": "For centuries China stood as a leading civilization, outpacing the rest of the world in the arts and sciences, but in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was beset by civil unrest, major famines, military defeats, and foreign occupation. After World War II, the communists under MAO Zedong established an autocratic socialist system that, while ensuring China's sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. After 1978, MAO's successor DENG Xiaoping and other leaders focused on market-oriented economic development and by 2000 output had quadrupled. For much of the population, living standards have improved dramatically and the room for personal choice has expanded, yet political controls remain tight. Since the early 1990s, China has increased its global outreach and participation in international organizations." }, "geography": { "location": "Eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea, between North Korea and Vietnam", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 35, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 105, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Asia", "area": { "total": { "value": 9596960, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 9326410, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 270550, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 4, "comparative": "slightly smaller than the US" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 22457, "units": "km" }, "regional_borders_2": "Hong Kong 33 km, Macau 3 km", "border_countries": [ { "country": "Afghanistan", "border_length": { "value": 91, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Bhutan", "border_length": { "value": 477, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Burma", "border_length": { "value": 2129, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "India", "border_length": { "value": 2659, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Kazakhstan", "border_length": { "value": 1765, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "North Korea", "border_length": { "value": 1352, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Kyrgyzstan", "border_length": { "value": 1063, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Laos", "border_length": { "value": 475, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Mongolia", "border_length": { "value": 4630, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Nepal", "border_length": { "value": 1389, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Pakistan", "border_length": { "value": 438, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Russia (northeast)", "border_length": { "value": 4133, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Russia (northwest)", "border_length": { "value": 46, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Tajikistan", "border_length": { "value": 477, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Vietnam", "border_length": { "value": 1297, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 14500, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "nm", "note": "or to the edge of the continental margin" } }, "climate": "extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north", "terrain": "mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 1840, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Turpan Pendi", "elevation": { "value": -154, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mount Everest", "elevation": { "value": 8850, "units": "m" }, "note": "highest peak in Asia and highest point on earth above sea level" } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "coal", "iron ore", "petroleum", "natural gas", "mercury", "tin", "tungsten", "antimony", "manganese", "molybdenum", "vanadium", "magnetite", "aluminum", "lead", "zinc", "rare earth elements", "uranium", "hydropower potential", "arable land" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 54.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 11.3, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 1.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 41.8, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 22.3, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 23, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 690070, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "overwhelming majority of the population is found in the eastern half of the country; the west, with its vast mountainous and desert areas, remains sparsely populated; though ranked first in the world in total population, overall density is less than that of many other countries in Asia and Europe; high population density is found along the Yangtze and Yellow River valleys, the Xi Jiang River delta, the Sichuan Basin (around Chengdu), in and around Beijing, and the industrial area around Shenyang", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and eastern coasts)", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "damaging floods", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "tsunamis", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "earthquakes", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "droughts", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "land subsidence", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "China contains some historically active volcanoes including Changbaishan (also known as Baitoushan, Baegdu, or P'aektu-san), Hainan Dao, and Kunlun although most have been relatively inactive in recent centuries", "type": "volcanism" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "air pollution (greenhouse gases", "sulfur dioxide particulates) from reliance on coal produces acid rain", "China is the world's largest single emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels", "water shortages", "particularly in the north", "water pollution from untreated wastes", "deforestation", "estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural land since 1949 to soil erosion and economic development", "desertification", "trade in endangered species" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol", "Antarctic Treaty", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Tropical Timber 83", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "world's fourth largest country (after Russia, Canada, and US) and largest country situated entirely in Asia; Mount Everest on the border with Nepal is the world's tallest peak" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 1373541278, "global_rank": 1, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Chinese (singular and plural)", "adjective": "Chinese" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Han Chinese", "percent": 91.6 }, { "name": "Zhuang", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 7.1, "note": "includes Hui, Manchu, Uighur, Miao, Yi, Tujia, Tibetan, Mongol, Dong, Buyei, Yao, Bai, Korean, Hani, Li, Kazakh, Dai and other nationalities" } ], "note": "the Chinese Government officially recognizes 56 ethnic groups", "date": "2010" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Standard Chinese or Mandarin", "note": "official; Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect" }, { "name": "Yue", "note": "Cantonese" }, { "name": "Wu", "note": "Shanghainese" }, { "name": "Minbei", "note": "Fuzhou" }, { "name": "Minnan", "note": "Hokkien-Taiwanese" }, { "name": "Xiang" }, { "name": "Gan" }, { "name": "Hakka dialects" }, { "name": "minority languages", "note": "see Ethnic groups entry" } ], "note": "Zhuang is official in Guangxi Zhuang, Yue is official in Guangdong, Mongolian is official in Nei Mongol, Uighur is official in Xinjiang Uygur, Kyrgyz is official in Xinjiang Uygur, and Tibetan is official in Xizang (Tibet)" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Buddhist", "percent": 18.2 }, { "name": "Christian", "percent": 5.1 }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 1.8 }, { "name": "folk religion", "percent": 21.9 }, { "name": "Hindu \u003c", "percent": 0.1 }, { "name": "Jewish \u003c", "percent": 0.1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.7, "note": "includes Daoist (Taoist; " }, { "name": "unaffiliated", "percent": 52.2 } ], "note": "officially atheist (2010 est.)" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 17.1, "males": 126732020, "females": 108172771 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 13.27, "males": 97126460, "females": 85135228 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 48.42, "males": 339183101, "females": 325836319 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 10.87, "males": 75376730, "females": 73859424 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 10.35, "males": 67914015, "females": 74205210 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 36.6, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 23.5, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 13, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 7.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 37.1, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 36.2, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 38.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 67, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.43, "global_rank": 164, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 12.4, "global_rank": 160, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 7.7, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -0.4, "global_rank": 125, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "overwhelming majority of the population is found in the eastern half of the country; the west, with its vast mountainous and desert areas, remains sparsely populated; though ranked first in the world in total population, overall density is less than that of many other countries in Asia and Europe; high population density is found along the Yangtze and Yellow River valleys, the Xi Jiang River delta, the Sichuan Basin (around Chengdu), in and around Beijing, and the industrial area around Shenyang", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 55.6, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 3.05, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Shanghai", "population": 23741000 }, { "place": "Beijing", "population": 20384000, "is_capital": true }, { "place": "Chongqing", "population": 13332000 }, { "place": "Guangdong", "population": 12458000 }, { "place": "Tianjin", "population": 11210000 }, { "place": "Shenzhen", "population": 10749000 } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.15, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.17, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.14, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 1.02, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.92, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 27, "global_rank": 116, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 12.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 12.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 12, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 75.5, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 73.5, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 77.9, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 101, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.6, "global_rank": 182, "date": "2016" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 5.5, "global_rank": 126, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 1.49, "date": "2011" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 3.8, "date": "2011" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 97.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 93, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 95.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 2.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 4.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 86.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 63.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 76.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 13.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 36.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 23.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.1, "global_rank": 112, "date": "2012" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 780000, "global_rank": 11, "date": "2012" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "intermediate", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "Japanese encephalitis" ], "soil_contact_diseases": [ "hantaviral hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 7.3, "global_rank": 152, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 3.4, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2010" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 96.4, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 98.2, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 94.5, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" }, "note": "in October 2015, the Chinese Government announced that it would change its rules to allow all couples to have two children instead of just one, as mandated in 1979; the new policy was implemented on 1 January 2016 to address China’s rapidly aging population and economic needs" }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "People's Republic of China", "conventional_short_form": "China", "local_long_form": "Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo", "local_short_form": "Zhongguo", "abbreviation": "PRC", "etymology": "English name derives from the Qin (Chin) rulers of the 3rd century B.C., who comprised the first imperial dynasty of ancient China; the Chinese name Zhongguo translates as \"Central Nation\"" }, "government_type": "communist state", "capital": { "name": "Beijing", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 39, "minutes": 55, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 116, "minutes": 23, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 8, "note": "13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "note": "despite its size, all of China falls within one time zone; many people in Xinjiang Province observe an unofficial \"Xinjiang time zone\" of UTC+6, two hours behind Beijing" }, "independence": { "date": "1949-10-01", "note": "People's Republic of China established; notable earlier dates: 221 B.C. (unification under the Qin Dynasty); 1 January 1912 (Qing Dynasty replaced by the Republic of China)" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "National Day", "day": "1 October", "original_year": "1949", "note": "anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest promulgated 4 December 1982; amended several times, last in 2004 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law influenced by Soviet and continental European civil law systems; legislature retains power to interpret statutes; note - criminal procedure law revised in early 2012", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "non-party state to the ICCt" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "least one parent must be a citizen of China", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "while naturalization is theoretically possible, in practical terms it is extremely difficult; residency is required but not specified" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President XI Jinping (since 14 March 2013); Vice President LI Yuanchao (since 14 March 2013)", "head_of_government": "Premier LI Keqiang (since 16 March 2013); Executive Vice Premiers ZHANG Gaoli (since 16 March 2013), LIU Yandong (since 16 March 2013), MA Kai (since 16 March 2013), WANG Yang (since 16 March 2013)", "cabinet": "State Council appointed by National People's Congress", "elections_appointments": "president and vice president indirectly elected by National People's Congress for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 5-17 March 2013 (next to be held in March 2018); premier nominated by president, confirmed by National People's Congress", "election_results": "XI Jinping elected president; National People's Congress vote - 2,952 ; LI Yuanchao elected vice president with 2,940 votes" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral National People's Congress or Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui (2,987 seats; members indirectly elected by municipal, regional, and provincial people's congresses, and the People's Liberation Army; members serve 5-year terms); note - in practice, only members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), its 8 allied parties, and CCP-approved independent candidates are elected", "elections": "last held in December 2012-February 2013 (next to be held in late 2017 to early 2018)", "election_results": "percent of vote - NA; seats - 2,987" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme People's Court (consists of over 340 judges including the chief justice, 13 grand justices organized into a civil committee and tribunals for civil, economic, administrative, complaint and appeal, and communication and transportation cases)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "chief justice appointed by the People's National Congress (NPC); term limited to 2 consecutive 5-year terms; other justices and judges nominated by the chief justice and appointed by the Standing Committee of the NPC; term of other justices and judges determined by the NPC", "subordinate_courts": "Higher People's Courts; Intermediate People's Courts; District and County People's Courts; Autonomous Region People's Courts; Special People's Courts for military, maritime, transportation, and forestry issues", "note": "in late 2014, China unveiled planned judicial reforms" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Chinese Communist Party", "name_alternative": "CCP", "leaders": [ "XI Jinping" ] } ], "note": "China has eight nominally independent small parties ultimately controlled by the CCP" }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "note": "no substantial political opposition groups exist" }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ADB" }, { "organization": "AfDB ", "note": "nonregional member" }, { "organization": "APEC" }, { "organization": "Arctic Council ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "ARF" }, { "organization": "ASEAN ", "note": "dialogue partner" }, { "organization": "BIS" }, { "organization": "BRICS" }, { "organization": "CDB" }, { "organization": "CICA" }, { "organization": "EAS" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "FATF" }, { "organization": "G-20" }, { "organization": "G-24 ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "G-5" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IADB" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "LAIA ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINURSO" }, { "organization": "MINUSMA" }, { "organization": "MONUSCO" }, { "organization": "NAM ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "NSG" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "Pacific Alliance ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "PIF ", "note": "partner" }, { "organization": "SAARC ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "SCO" }, { "organization": "SICA ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNAMID" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNFICYP" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNIFIL" }, { "organization": "UNMIL" }, { "organization": "UNMISS" }, { "organization": "UNOCI" }, { "organization": "UNSC ", "note": "permanent" }, { "organization": "UNTSO" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" }, { "organization": "ZC" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador CUI Tiankai (since 3 April 2013)", "chancery": "3505 International Place NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 495-2266", "fax": "[1] (202) 495-2138", "consulates_general": "Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires David A. RANK (since 20 January 2017)", "embassy": "55 An Jia Lou Lu, 100600 Beijing", "mailing_address": "PSC 461, Box 50, FPO AP 96521-0002", "telephone": "[86] (10) 8531-3000", "fax": "[86] (10) 8531-3300", "consulates_general": "Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Shenyang, Wuhan" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner; the color red represents revolution, while the stars symbolize the four social classes - the working class, the peasantry, the urban petty bourgeoisie, and the national bourgeoisie (capitalists) - united under the Communist Party of China" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "dragon" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "yellow" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Yiyongjun Jinxingqu\" (The March of the Volunteers)", "lyrics_music": "TIAN Han/NIE Er", "note": "adopted 1949; the anthem, though banned during the Cultural Revolution, is more commonly known as \"Zhongguo Guoge\" (Chinese National Song); it was originally the theme song to the 1935 Chinese movie, \"Sons and Daughters in a Time of Storm\"", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/CH.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Since the late 1970s, China has moved from a closed, centrally planned system to a more market-oriented one that plays a major global role. China has implemented reforms in a gradualist fashion, resulting in efficiency gains that have contributed to a more than tenfold increase in GDP since 1978. Reforms began with the phase-out of collectivized agriculture, and expanded to include the gradual liberalization of prices, fiscal decentralization, increased autonomy for state enterprises, growth of the private sector, development of stock markets and a modern banking system, and opening to foreign trade and investment. China continues to pursue an industrial policy, state-support of key sectors, and a restrictive investment regime. Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis that adjusts for price differences, China in 2016 stood as the largest economy in the world, surpassing the US in 2014 for the first time in modern history. China became the world's largest exporter in 2010, and the largest trading nation in 2013. Still, China's per capita income is below the world average.\n\nAfter keeping its currency tightly linked to the US dollar for years, China in July 2005 moved to an exchange rate system that references a basket of currencies. From mid-2005 to late 2008, the renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the US dollar, but the exchange rate remained virtually pegged to the dollar from the onset of the global financial crisis until June 2010, when Beijing allowed resumption of a gradual liberalization. In 2015, the People’s Bank of China announced it would continue to carefully push for full convertibility of the renminbi after the currency was accepted as part of the IMF’s special drawing rights basket. After engaging in one-way, large-scale intervention to resist appreciation of the RMB for a decade, China’s 2016 intervention in foreign exchange markets has sought to prevent a rapid RMB depreciation that would have negative consequences for the United States, China, and the global economy.\n\nChina’s economic growth has slowed since 2011. The Chinese Government faces numerous economic challenges including: (a) reducing its high domestic savings rate and correspondingly low domestic household consumption; (b) servicing its high corporate debt burdens to maintain financial stability (c) facilitating higher-wage job opportunities for the aspiring middle class, including rural migrants and college graduates, while maintaining competitiveness; (d) dampening speculative investment in the real estate sector; (e) reducing industrial overcapacity; and (f) raising productivity growth rates through the more efficient allocation of capital. Economic development has progressed further in coastal provinces than in the interior, and by 2016 more than 169.3 million migrant workers and their dependents had relocated to urban areas to find work. One consequence of China’s population control policy known as the “one-child policy”—which was relaxed in 2016 to permit all families to have two children-- is that China is now one of the most rapidly aging countries in the world. Deterioration in the environment - notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table, especially in the North - is another long-term problem. China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and urbanization. The Chinese government is seeking to add energy production capacity from sources other than coal and oil, focusing on natural gas, nuclear, and clean energy development. In 2016, China ratified the Paris Agreement, a multilateral agreement to combat climate change, and committed to peak its carbon dioxide emissions between 2025 and 2030.\n\nThe government's 13th Five-Year Plan, unveiled in March 2016, emphasizes the need to increase innovation and boost domestic consumption to make the economy less dependent on government investment, exports, and heavy industry. However, China has made only marginal progress toward these rebalancing goals. Under President XI Jinping, Beijing has signaled its understanding that China's long-term economic health depends on giving the market a more decisive role in allocating resources, but has moved slowly on market-oriented reforms because of potential negative consequences for stability and short-term economic growth. He has also increased state-control over key sectors and Party control over State Owned Enterprises. Chinese leaders in 2010 pledged to double China’s GDP by 2020, and the 13th Five Year Plan includes annual economic growth targets of at least 6.5% through 2020 to achieve that goal. In recent years, China has renewed its support for state-owned enterprises in sectors considered important to \"economic security,\" explicitly looking to foster globally competitive industries. Chinese leaders also have undermined some market-oriented reforms by reaffirming the “dominant” role of the state in the economy, a stance that threatens to discourage private initiative and make the economy less efficient over time.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 21140000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 19820000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 18340000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 1, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 10730000000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.7, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 7.3, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 11 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14600, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 14500, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 13400, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 112, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 37.1, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 14, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 43.7, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 1.6, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 22, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 18.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 8.6, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 39.8, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 51.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 46, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 47.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 49.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 3 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "rice", "wheat", "potatoes", "corn", "tobacco", "peanuts", "tea", "apples", "cotton", "pork", "mutton", "eggs", "fish", "shrimp" ], "note": "world leader in gross value of agricultural output" }, "industries": { "industries": [ "mining", "ore processing", "iron", "steel", "aluminum", "other metals", "coal", "machine building", "armaments", "textiles", "apparel", "petroleum", "cement", "chemicals", "fertilizers", "consumer products including footwear", "toys", "electronics", "food processing", "transportation equipment", "including automobiles", "rail cars", "locomotives", "ships", "aircraft", "telecommunications equipment", "commercial space launch vehicles", "satellites" ], "note": "world leader in gross value of industrial output" }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 6, "global_rank": 26, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 907500000, "global_rank": 1, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 28.3, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 29.3, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 42.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 39, "note": "data are for registered urban unemployment, which excludes private enterprises and migrants" }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 3.3, "units": "%", "note": "in 2011, China set a new poverty line at RMB 2300 (approximately US $400", "date": "2016" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2.1, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 31.4, "units": "%" }, "note": "data are for urban households only", "date": "2012" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 46.5, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 46.2, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 32 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 2300000000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 2708000000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 21.4, "global_rank": 137, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -3, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 16.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 15.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 173, "note": "official data; data cover both central government debt and local government debt, which China's National Audit Office estimated at RMB 10.72 trillion (approximately US$1.66 trillion) in 2011; data exclude policy bank bonds, Ministry of Railway debt, China Asset Management Company debt, and non-performing loans" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 109 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.25, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2.25, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 112 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.35, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 4.35, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 151 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7015000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 6175000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 1 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 22350000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 21440000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 1 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 15370000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 14470000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 3 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7321000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 8188000000000.001, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 6005000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 2 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 196400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 304200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 3 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2097999999999.9998, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2142999999999.9998, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 1 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "electrical", "other machinery", "data processing equipment", "apparel", "furniture", "textiles", "integrated circuits" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 18 }, { "name": "Hong Kong", "percent": 14.6 }, { "name": "Japan", "percent": 6 }, { "name": "South Korea", "percent": 4.5 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1587000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1576000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 2 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "electrical", "other machinery", "oil", "mineral fuels", "nuclear reactor", "boiler", "machinery components", "optical", "medical equipment", "metal ores", "motor vehicles", "soybeans" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "South Korea", "percent": 10.9 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 9 }, { "name": "Japan", "percent": 8.9 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 5.5 }, { "name": "Australia", "percent": 4.1 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3010000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 3405000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 1 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1421000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1418000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 15 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1458000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1221000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 5 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1317000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1096000000000.0001, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 11 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.626, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6.2275, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 6.2275, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 6.1958, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 6.3123, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Renminbi yuan (RMB) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 1200000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 99.9, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 99.8, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 6142000000000, "global_rank": 1, "date": "2016" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 5920000000000, "global_rank": 1, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "kWh": 18910000000, "global_rank": 10, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "kWh": 6185000000, "global_rank": 36, "date": "2016" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 1646000000, "global_rank": 2, "date": "2016" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 64, "global_rank": 122, "date": "2016" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 2, "global_rank": 30, "date": "2016" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 20.2, "global_rank": 92, "date": "2016" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 13.7, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2016" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 3983000, "global_rank": 5, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 58650, "global_rank": 43, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 7599000, "global_rank": 2, "date": "2016" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 25000000000, "global_rank": 14, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 10350000, "global_rank": 3, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 11120000, "global_rank": 4, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 593400, "global_rank": 10, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 600000, "global_rank": 15, "date": "2014" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 150000000000, "global_rank": 6, "date": "2016" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 224000000000, "global_rank": 4, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 3918000000, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 75100000000, "global_rank": 5, "date": "2016" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 6000000000, "global_rank": 91 } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 9135000000, "global_rank": 1, "date": "2014" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 230996000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 17, "global_rank": 1, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 1305738000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 95, "global_rank": 1, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "domestic and international services are available for private use; unevenly distributed domestic system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and many towns; China continues to develop its telecommunications infrastructure; China in the summer of 2008 began a major restructuring of its telecommunications industry, resulting in the consolidation of its 6 telecom service operators to 3, China Telecom, China Mobile, and China Unicom, each providing both fixed-line and mobile services", "domestic": "interprovincial fiber-optic trunk lines and cellular telephone systems have been installed; mobile-cellular subscribership is increasing rapidly; the number of Internet users now over 50% of the population; a domestic satellite system with several earth stations is in place", "international": "country code - 86; a number of submarine cables provide connectivity to Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and the US; satellite earth stations - 7 (5 Intelsat - 4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean; 1 Intersputnik - Indian Ocean region; and 1 Inmarsat - Pacific and Indian Ocean regions) (2012)" } }, "broadcast_media": "all broadcast media are owned by, or affiliated with, the Communist Party of China or a government agency; no privately owned TV or radio stations; state-run Chinese Central TV, provincial, and municipal stations offer more than 2,000 channels; the Central Propaganda Department lists subjects that are off limits to domestic broadcast media with the government maintaining authority to approve all programming; foreign-made TV programs must be approved prior to broadcast; increasingly, Chinese turn to online television to access Chinese and international films and television shows (2017)", "internet": { "country_code": ".cn", "users": { "total": 687845000, "percent_of_population": 50.3, "global_rank": 1, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 56, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 2890, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 436183969, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 19806000000, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "B", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 507, "global_rank": 14, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 463, "over_3047_metres": 71, "2438_to_3047_metres": 158, "1524_to_2437_metres": 123, "914_to_1523_metres": 25, "under_914_metres": 86, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 44, "over_3047_metres": 4, "2438_to_3047_metres": 7, "1524_to_2437_metres": 6, "914_to_1523_metres": 9, "under_914_metres": 18, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 47, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 70000, "units": "km" }, { "type": "crude oil", "length": 22900, "units": "km" }, { "type": "refined petroleum products", "length": 25500, "units": "km" }, { "type": "water", "length": 710206, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2015" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 124000, "units": "km" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 124000, "electrified": 80000, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "global_rank": 2, "date": "2017" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 4577300, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 4046300, "units": "km", "note": "includes 123,500 km of expressways" }, "unpaved": { "value": 531000, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 3, "date": "2015" }, "waterways": { "value": 110000, "units": "km", "note": "navigable waterways", "global_rank": 1, "date": "2011" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 4052, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 1020 }, { "type": "container", "count": 187 }, { "type": "general cargo", "count": 632 }, { "type": "oil tanker", "count": 474 }, { "type": "other", "count": 1739 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 22 }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 1559 }, "global_rank": 3, "date": "2016" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Dalian", "Ningbo", "Qingdao", "Qinhuangdao", "Shanghai", "Shenzhen", "Tianjin" ], "river_ports": [ "Guangzhou (Pearl)" ], "container_ports": [ { "place": "Dalian", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 9591000 }, { "place": "Guangzhou", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 17097000 }, { "place": "Ningbo", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 20636000 }, { "place": "Qingdao", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 17323000 }, { "place": "Shanghai", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 36516000 }, { "place": "Shenzhen", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 24142000 }, { "place": "Tianjin", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 13881000 } ], "liquid_natural_gas_terminals_import": [ "Fujian", "Guangdong", "Jiangsu", "Shandong", "Shanghai", "Tangshan", "Zhejiang" ], "date": "2015" }, "note": "seven of the world’s ten largest container ports are in China" }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp" }, { "value": 1.28, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.95, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.85, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 40 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "People's Liberation Army (PLA)", "Army", "Navy (PLAN", "includes marines", "naval aviation)", "Air Force (Zhongguo Renmin Jiefangjun Kongjun", "PLAAF", "includes airborne forces)", "Rocket Force (strategic missile force)", "Strategic Support Force (space", "cyber forces)", "People's Armed Police (Renmin Wuzhuang Jingcha Budui", "PAP)", "PLA Reserve Force" ], "date": "2016" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18-24 years of age for selective compulsory military service, with a 2-year service obligation; no minimum age for voluntary service (all officers are volunteers); 18-19 years of age for women high school graduates who meet requirements for specific military jobs; a recent military decision allows women in combat roles; the first class of women warship commanders was in 2011", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "continuing talks and confidence-building measures work toward reducing tensions over Kashmir that nonetheless remains militarized with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas)", "India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964", "China and India continue their security and foreign policy dialogue started in 2005 related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, and other matters", "China claims most of India's Arunachal Pradesh to the base of the Himalayas", "lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes arising from substantial cartographic discrepancies, the largest of which lie in Bhutan's northwest and along the Chumbi salient", "Burmese forces attempting to dig in to the largely autonomous Shan State to rout local militias tied to the drug trade, prompts local residents to periodically flee into neighboring Yunnan Province in China", "Chinese maps show an international boundary symbol off the coasts of the littoral states of the South China Seas, where China has interrupted Vietnamese hydrocarbon exploration", "China asserts sovereignty over Scarborough Reef along with the Philippines and Taiwan, and over the Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Brunei", "the 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea eased tensions in the Spratlys but is not the legally binding code of conduct sought by some parties", "Vietnam and China continue to expand construction of facilities in the Spratlys and in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord on marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands;\nChina occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan", "the Japanese-administered Senkaku Islands are also claimed by China and Taiwan", "certain islands in the Yalu and Tumen Rivers are in dispute with North Korea", "North Korea and China seek to stem illegal migration to China by North Koreans, fleeing privations and oppression, by building a fence along portions of the border and imprisoning North Koreans deported by China", "China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with their 2004 Agreement", "China and Tajikistan have begun demarcating the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002", "the decade-long demarcation of the China-Vietnam land boundary was completed in 2009", "citing environmental, cultural, and social concerns, China has reconsidered construction of 13 dams on the Salween River, but energy-starved Burma, with backing from Thailand, remains intent on building five hydro-electric dams downstream despite regional and international protests\nChinese and Hong Kong authorities met in March 2008 to resolve ownership and use of lands recovered in Shenzhen River channelization, including 96-hectare Lok Ma Chau Loop" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 317098, "country_of_origin": "Vietnam; North Korea" } ], "date": "2016" }, "internally_displaced_persons": { "note": "undetermined", "date": "2014" } }, "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "China is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; Chinese adults and children are forced into prostitution and various forms of forced labor, including begging and working in brick kilns, coal mines, and factories; women and children are recruited from rural areas and taken to urban centers for sexual exploitation, often lured by criminal syndicates or gangs with fraudulent job offers; state-sponsored forced labor, where detainees work for up to four years often with no remuneration, continues to be a serious concern; Chinese men, women, and children also may be subjected to conditions of sex trafficking and forced labor worldwide, particularly in overseas Chinese communities; women and children are trafficked to China from neighboring countries, as well as Africa and the Americas, for forced labor and prostitution", "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - China does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; official data for 2014 states that 194 alleged traffickers were arrested and at least 35 were convicted, but the government’s conflation of human trafficking with other crimes makes it difficult to assess law enforcement efforts to investigate and to prosecute trafficking offenses according to international law; despite reports of complicity, no government officials were investigated, prosecuted, or convicted for their roles in trafficking offenses; authorities did not adequately protect victims and did not provide the data needed to ascertain the number of victims identified or assisted or the services provided; the National People’s Congress ratified a decision to abolish “reform through labor” in 2013, but some continued to operate as state-sponsored drug detention or “custody and education” centers that force inmates to perform manual labor; some North Korean refugees continued to be forcibly repatriated as illegal economic migrants, despite reports that some were trafficking victims (2015)" }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "major transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden Triangle region of Southeast Asia; growing domestic consumption of synthetic drugs, and heroin from Southeast and Southwest Asia; source country for methamphetamine and heroin chemical precursors, despite new regulations on its large chemical industry; more people believed to be convicted and executed for drug offences than anywhere else in the world, according to NGOs (2008)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102559/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html" } }, "christmas_island": { "data": { "name": "Christmas Island", "introduction": { "background": "Named in 1643 for the day of its discovery, the island was annexed and settlement began by the UK in 1888 with the discovery of the island's phosphate deposits. Following the Second World War, Christmas Island came under the jurisdiction of the new British Colony of Singapore. The island existed as a separate Crown colony from 1 January 1958 to 1 October 1958 when its transfer to Australian jurisdiction was finalized. That date is still celebrated on the first Monday in October as Territory Day. Almost two-thirds of the island has been declared a national park." }, "geography": { "location": "Southeastern Asia, island in the Indian Ocean, south of Indonesia", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 10, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 105, "minutes": 40, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Southeast Asia", "area": { "total": { "value": 135, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 135, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 222, "comparative": "about three-quarters the size of Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 138.9, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_fishing_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical with a wet season (December to April) and dry season; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds", "terrain": "steep cliffs along coast rise abruptly to central plateau", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Indian Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Murray Hill", "elevation": { "value": 361, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "phosphate", "beaches" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 100, "units": "%", "note": "mainly tropical reainforest\n63% of the island is a national park" } }, "date": "2011" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "loss of rainforest", "impact of phosphate mining" ] }, "note": "located along major sea lanes of Indian Ocean" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 2205, "global_rank": 232, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Christmas Islander(s)", "adjective": "Christmas Island" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Chinese", "percent": 70 }, { "name": "European", "percent": 20 }, { "name": "Malay", "percent": 10 } ], "note": "no indigenous population", "date": "2001" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "English", "note": "official" }, { "name": "Chinese" }, { "name": "Malay" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Buddhist", "percent": 16.9 }, { "name": "Christian", "percent": 16.4 }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 14.8 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 9.2 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 41.5 } ], "date": "2011" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 12.79, "males": 147, "females": 135 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 12.2, "males": 202, "females": 67 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 57.91, "males": 955, "females": 322 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 11.66, "males": 172, "females": 85 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 5.44, "males": 84, "females": 36 }, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1.11, "global_rank": 105, "date": "2014" }, "infant_mortality_rate": {}, "life_expectancy_at_birth": {} }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Territory of Christmas Island", "conventional_short_form": "Christmas Island", "etymology": "named by English Captain William MYNORS for the day of its discovery, Christmas Day (25 December 1643)" }, "government_type": "non-self-governing overseas territory of Australia", "capital": { "name": "The Settlement", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 10, "minutes": 25, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 105, "minutes": 43, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 7, "note": "12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "note": "territory of Australia" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Australia Day", "day": "26 January", "original_year": "1788" } ], "constitution": { "history": "1 October 1958 (Christmas Island Act 1958); amended many times, last in 2010 (Territories Law Reform Act 2010) (2016)" }, "legal_system": "legal system is under the authority of the governor general of Australia and Australian law", "suffrage": { "age": 18 }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General of the Commonwealth of Australia General Sir Peter COSGROVE (since28 March 2014)", "head_of_government": "Administrator Jon STANHOPE (since 5 October 2012)", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the Australian prime minister; administrator appointed by the governor general of Australia for a 2-year term and represents the monarch and Australia" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Christmas Island Shire Council (9 seats; members directly elected by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms with a portion of the membership renewed every 2 years)", "elections": "held every 2 years with half the members standing for election; last held In 2011 (next to be held in 2013)", "election_results": "percent of vote - NA; seats - independents 9" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "under the terms of the Territorial Law Reform Act 1992, Western Australia provides court services as needed for the island including the Supreme Court and subordinate courts (District Court, Magistrate Court, Family Court, Children's Court, and Coroners' Court)" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "note": "none" }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "note": "none" }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "none" } ], "flag_description": { "description": "territorial flag; divided diagonally from upper hoist to lower fly; the upper triangle is green with a yellow image of the Golden Bosun Bird superimposed; the lower triangle is blue with the Southern Cross constellation, representing Australia, superimposed; a centered yellow disk displays a green map of the island", "note": "the flag of Australia is used for official purposes" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "golden bosun bird" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "note": "as a territory of Australia, \"Advance Australia Fair\" remains official as the national anthem, while \"God Save the Queen\" serves as the royal anthem (see Australia)", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/KT.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "The main economic activities on Christmas Island are the mining of low grade phosphate, limited tourism, the provision of government services and, since 2005, the construction and operation of the Immigration Detention Center. The government sector includes administration, health, education, policing, customs, quarantine, and defense.", "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "NA" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "tourism", "phosphate extraction" ] }, "budget": {}, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 July", "end": "30 June" }, "exports": { "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "phosphate" ] } }, "imports": { "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "consumer goods" ] } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.352, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.3291, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.3291, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0.9695, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.9695, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "system": { "general_assessment": "service provided by the Australian network", "domestic": "local area code - 08; GSM mobile-cellular telephone service is provided by Telstra as part of the Australian network", "international": "international code - 61 8; satellite earth station - 1 (Intelsat provides telephone and telex service) (2017)" } }, "broadcast_media": "1 community radio station; satellite broadcasts of several Australian radio and TV stations (2017)", "internet": { "country_code": ".cx", "users": { "total": 790, "percent_of_population": 35.8, "global_rank": 217, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "airports": { "total": { "airports": 1, "global_rank": 215, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 1, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "date": "2013" } } }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 18, "units": "km" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 18, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "note": "the 18-km Christmas Island Phosphate Company Railway between Flying Fish Cove and South Point was decommissioned in 1987; some tracks and scrap remain in place", "global_rank": 134, "date": "2017" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 140, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 30, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 110, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 212, "date": "2011" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Flying Fish Cove" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "note": "defense is the responsibility of Australia" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ] } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-23", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170623211047/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kt.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170623000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kt.html" } }, "clipperton_island": { "data": { "name": "Clipperton Island", "introduction": { "background": "This isolated atoll was named for John CLIPPERTON, an English pirate who was rumored to have made it his hideout early in the 18th century. Annexed by France in 1855 and claimed by the US, it was seized by Mexico in 1897. Arbitration eventually awarded the island to France in 1931, which took possession in 1935." }, "geography": { "location": "Middle America, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,120 km southwest of Mexico", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 10, "minutes": 17, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 109, "minutes": 13, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Political Map of the World", "area": { "total": { "value": 6, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 6, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 247, "comparative": "about 12 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 11.1, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees Celsius, wet season (May to October)", "terrain": "coral atoll", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Pacific Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Rocher Clipperton", "elevation": { "value": 29, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "fish" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 100, "units": "%", "note": "all coral" } }, "date": "2011" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "NA", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "NA" ] }, "note": "the atoll reef is approximately 12 km (7.5 mi) in circumference; an attempt to colonize the atoll in the early 20th century ended in disaster and was abandoned in 1917" }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Clipperton Island", "local_long_form": "none", "local_short_form": "Ile Clipperton", "former": "sometimes referred to as Ile de la Passion or Atoll Clipperton", "etymology": "named after an 18th-century English pirate who supposedly used the island as a base" }, "legal_system": "the laws of France apply", "flag_description": { "description": "the flag of France is used" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Although 115 species of fish have been identified in the territorial waters of Clipperton Island, the only economic activity is tuna fishing." }, "military_and_security": { "note": "defense is the responsibility of France" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ] } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-05-15", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170515141850/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ip.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170515000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ip.html" } }, "cocos_keeling_islands": { "data": { "name": "Cocos (Keeling) Islands", "introduction": { "background": "There are 27 coral islands in the group. Captain William KEELING discovered the islands in 1609, but they remained uninhabited until the 19th century. From the 1820s to 1978, members of the CLUNIES-ROSS family controlled the islands and the copra produced from local coconuts. Annexed by the UK in 1857, the Cocos Islands were transferred to the Australian Government in 1955. Apart from North Keeling Island, which lies 30 kilometers north of the main group, the islands form a horseshoe-shaped atoll surrounding a lagoon. North Keeling Island was declared a national park in 1995 and is administered by Parks Australia. The population on the two inhabited islands generally is split between the ethnic Europeans on West Island and the ethnic Malays on Home Island." }, "geography": { "location": "Southeastern Asia, group of islands in the Indian Ocean, southwest of Indonesia, about halfway between Australia and Sri Lanka", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 12, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 96, "minutes": 50, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Southeast Asia", "area": { "total": { "value": 14, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 14, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "note": "includes the two main islands of West Island and Home Island", "global_rank": 241, "comparative": "about 24 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 26, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_fishing_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical with high humidity, moderated by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year", "terrain": "flat, low-lying coral atolls", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Indian Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "unnamed location", "elevation": { "value": 5, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "fish" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 100, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "cyclone season is October to April", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "freshwater resources are limited to rainwater accumulations in natural underground reservoirs" ] }, "note": "islands are thickly covered with coconut palms and other vegetation; site of a World War I naval battle in November 1914 between the Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney and the German raider SMS Emden; after being heavily damaged in the engagement, the Emden was beached by her captain on North Keeling Island" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 596, "global_rank": 237, "date": "2014-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Cocos Islander(s)", "adjective": "Cocos Islander" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Europeans" }, { "name": "Cocos Malays" } ] }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Malay", "note": "Cocos dialect" }, { "name": "English" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Sunni Muslim", "percent": 80 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 20 } ], "date": "2002" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0, "global_rank": 199, "date": "2014" }, "infant_mortality_rate": {}, "life_expectancy_at_birth": {} }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands", "conventional_short_form": "Cocos (Keeling) Islands", "etymology": "the name refers to the abundant coconut trees on the islands and to English Captain William KEELING, the first European to sight the islands in 1609" }, "government_type": "non-self-governing overseas territory of Australia", "capital": { "name": "West Island", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 12, "minutes": 10, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 96, "minutes": 50, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 6.5, "note": "11.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "note": "territory of Australia" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Australia Day", "day": "26 January", "original_year": "1788", "note": "commemorates the arrival of the First Fleet of Australian settlers" } ], "constitution": { "history": "23 November 1955 (Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955); amended many times, last in 2010 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "common law based on the Australian model", "suffrage": { "age": 18 }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General of the Commonwealth of Australia General Sir Peter COSGROVE (since 28 March 2014)", "head_of_government": "Administrator (nonresident) Barry HAASE (since 6 October 2014)", "cabinet": "NA", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the Australian prime minister; administrator appointed by for a 2-year term and represents the monarch and Australia" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Cocos (Keeling) Islands Shire Council (7 seats; members directly elected by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms with a portion of the membership renewed every 2 years)", "elections": "held every 2 years with half the members standing for election; last held in October 2015 (next to be held in October 2017)" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "under the terms of the Territorial Law Reform Act 1992, Western Australia provides court services as needed for the island including the Supreme Court and subordinate courts (District Court, Magistrate Court, Family Court, Children's Court, and Coroners' Court)" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "note": "none" }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "The Cocos Islands Youth Support Centre" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "none" } ], "flag_description": { "description": "the flag of Australia is used" }, "national_anthem": { "note": "as a territory of Australia, \"Advance Australia Fair\" remains official as the national anthem, while \"God Save the Queen\" serves as the royal anthem (see Australia)", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/CK.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Coconuts, grown throughout the islands, are the sole cash crop. Small local gardens and fishing contribute to the food supply, but additional food and most other necessities must be imported from Australia. There is a small tourist industry.", "gdp": { "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1, "units": "%", "date": "2003" } ], "global_rank": 177 } }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "vegetables", "bananas", "pawpaws", "coconuts" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "copra products", "tourism" ] }, "labor_force": { "by_occupation": { "note": "the Cocos Islands Cooperative Society Ltd. employs construction workers, stevedores, and lighterage workers; tourism is the other main source of employment" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.1, "units": "%", "date": "2011" }, { "value": 60, "units": "%", "date": "2000" } ], "global_rank": 1 }, "budget": {}, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 July", "end": "30 June" }, "exports": { "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "copra" ] } }, "imports": { "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "foodstuffs" ] } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.352, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.3291, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.3291, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.0358, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.97, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "system": { "general_assessment": "telephone service is part of the Australian network; an operational local mobile-cellular network available; wireless Internet connectivity available", "domestic": "local area code - 08", "international": "international code - 61 8; telephone, telex, and facsimile communications with Australia and elsewhere via satellite; satellite earth station - 1 (Intelsat) (2017)" } }, "broadcast_media": "1 local radio station staffed by community volunteers; satellite broadcasts of several Australian radio and TV stations available (2017)", "internet": { "country_code": ".cc" } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "airports": { "total": { "airports": 1, "global_rank": 216, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 1, "2438_to_3047_metres": 1, "date": "2013" } } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 22, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 10, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 12, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 222, "date": "2007" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Port Refuge" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "note": "defense is the responsibility of Australia; the territory has a five-person police force" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ] } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-03", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170703054625/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ck.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170703000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ck.html" } }, "colombia": { "data": { "name": "Colombia", "introduction": { "background": "Colombia was one of the three countries that emerged after the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others are Ecuador and Venezuela). A decades-long conflict between government forces and antigovernment insurgent groups, principally the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) heavily funded by the drug trade, escalated during the 1990s. More than 31,000 former paramilitaries demobilized by the end of 2006 and the United Self Defense Forces of Colombia as a formal organization ceased to operate. In the wake of the paramilitary demobilization, organized criminal groups arose, whose members include some former paramilitaries. After four years of formal peace negotiations, the Colombian Government signed a revised final peace accord with the FARC in November 2016, which was subsequently ratified by the Colombian Congress. The accord calls for members of the FARC to demobilize, disarm, and reincorporate into society and politics, and it creates an alternative system for transitional justice that includes a “Special Jurisdiction for Peace” to address accountability for conflict-related crimes and established truth-telling mechanisms. The Colombian Government has stepped up efforts to reassert government control throughout the country, and now has a presence in every one of its administrative departments. Despite decades of internal conflict and drug related security challenges, Colombia maintains relatively strong democratic institutions characterized by peaceful, transparent elections and the protection of civil liberties." }, "geography": { "location": "Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between Panama and Venezuela, and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Ecuador and Panama", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 4, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 72, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "South America", "area": { "total": { "value": 1138910, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 1038700, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 100210, "units": "sq km" }, "note": "includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, and Serrana Bank", "global_rank": 26, "comparative": "slightly less than twice the size of Texas" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 6672, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Brazil", "border_length": { "value": 1790, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Ecuador", "border_length": { "value": 708, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Panama", "border_length": { "value": 339, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Peru", "border_length": { "value": 1494, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Venezuela", "border_length": { "value": 2341, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 3208, "units": "km", "note": "Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "m", "note": "depth or to the depth of exploitation" } }, "climate": "tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands", "terrain": "flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes Mountains, eastern lowland plains (Llanos)", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 593, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Pacific Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Pico Cristobal Colon", "elevation": { "value": 5775, "units": "m" } }, "note": "nearby Pico Simon Bolivar also has the same elevation" }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "petroleum", "natural gas", "coal", "iron ore", "nickel", "gold", "copper", "emeralds", "hydropower" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 37.5, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 1.4, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 1.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 34.5, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 54.4, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 8.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 10900, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "the majority of people live in the north and west where agricultural opportunities and natural resources are found; the vast grasslands of the llanos to the south and east, which make up approximately 60% of the country, are sparsely populated", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "highlands subject to volcanic eruptions", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "occasional earthquakes", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "periodic droughts", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "Galeras (elev. 4,276 m) is one of Colombia's most active volcanoes, having erupted in 2009 and 2010 causing major evacuations; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Nevado del Ruiz (elev. 5,321 m), 129 km (80 mi) west of Bogota, erupted in 1985 producing lahars (mudflows) that killed 23,000 people; the volcano last erupted in 1991; additionally, after 500 years of dormancy, Nevado del Huila reawakened in 2007 and has experienced frequent eruptions since then; other historically active volcanoes include Cumbal, Dona Juana, Nevado del Tolima, and Purace", "type": "volcanism" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "deforestation", "soil and water quality damage from overuse of pesticides", "air pollution", "especially in Bogota", "from vehicle emissions" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Antarctic Treaty", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Marine Life Conservation", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Tropical Timber 83", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [ "Law of the Sea" ] } }, "note": "only South American country with coastlines on both the North Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 47220856, "global_rank": 30, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Colombian(s)", "adjective": "Colombian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "mestizo and white", "percent": 84.2 }, { "name": "Afro-Colombian", "percent": 10.4, "note": "includes mulatto, Raizal, and Palenquero" }, { "name": "Amerindian", "percent": 3.4 }, { "name": "Romani \u003c.01" }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 2.1 } ], "date": "2005" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Spanish", "note": "official" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Catholic", "percent": 79 }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 14, "breakdown": [ { "name": "includes Pentecostal", "percent": 6 }, { "name": "mainline Protestant", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 6 } ] }, { "name": "other", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 5 } ], "date": "2014" }, "demographic_profile": "Colombia is in the midst of a demographic transition resulting from steady declines in its fertility, mortality, and population growth rates. The birth rate has fallen from more than 6 children per woman in the 1960s to just above replacement level today as a result of increased literacy, family planning services, and urbanization. However, income inequality is among the worst in the world, and more than a third of the population lives below the poverty line.\nColombia experiences significant legal and illegal economic emigration and refugee flows. Large-scale labor emigration dates to the 1960s; Venezuela and the United States continue to be the main host countries. Colombia is the largest source of Latin American refugees in Latin America, nearly 400,000 of whom live primarily in Venezuela and Ecuador. Forced displacement remains prevalent because of violence among guerrillas, paramilitary groups, and Colombian security forces. Afro-Colombian and indigenous populations are disproportionately affected. As of February 2017, an estimated 7.4 million persons have been internally displaced since 1985, the highest amount in the world. These estimates may undercount actual numbers because not all internally displaced persons are registered. Historically, Colombia also has one of the world's highest levels of forced disappearances. About 30,000 cases have been recorded over the last four decades - although the number is likely to be much higher - including human rights activists, trade unionists, Afro-Colombians, indigenous people, and farmers in rural conflict zones.\nForced displacement continues to be prevalent because of violence among guerrillas, paramilitary groups, and Colombian security forces. Afro-Colombian and indigenous populations are disproportionately affected. Even with the Colombian Government’s December 2016 peace agreement with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), the risk of displacement remains as other rebel groups fill the void left by the FARC. As of February 2017, an estimated 7.4 million persons have been internally displaced since 1985, the highest total in the world. These estimates may undercount actual numbers because many internally displaced persons are not registered. Historically, Colombia also has one of the world’s highest levels of forced disappearances. About 30,000 cases have been recorded over the last four decades—although the number is likely to be much higher—including human rights activists, trade unionists, Afro-Colombians, indigenous people, and farmers in rural conflict zones.\nBecause of political violence and economic problems, Colombia received limited numbers of immigrants during the 19th and 20th centuries, mostly from the Middle East, Europe, and Japan. More recently, growth in the oil, mining, and manufacturing sectors has attracted increased labor migration; the primary source countries are Venezuela, the US, Mexico, and Argentina. Colombia has also become a transit area for illegal migrants from Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean who are en route to the US or Canada.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 24.57, "males": 5940903, "females": 5659594 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 17.54, "males": 4216437, "females": 4066079 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 41.82, "males": 9788057, "females": 9958982 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 8.9, "males": 1973215, "females": 2230609 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 7.17, "males": 1412209, "females": 1974771 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 45.6, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 35.4, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 10.2, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 9.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 29.6, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 28.7, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 30.6, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 119, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1.02, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 16.3, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 5.4, "global_rank": 176, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -0.6, "global_rank": 133, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "the majority of people live in the north and west where agricultural opportunities and natural resources are found; the vast grasslands of the llanos to the south and east, which make up approximately 60% of the country, are sparsely populated", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 76.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 1.66, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Bogota", "population": 9765000, "is_capital": true }, { "place": "Medellin", "population": 3911000 }, { "place": "Cali", "population": 2646000 }, { "place": "Barranquilla", "population": 1991000 }, { "place": "Bucaramanga", "population": 1215000 }, { "place": "Cartagena", "population": 1092000 } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.98, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.88, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.72, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.98, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 21.4, "date": "2010" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 64, "global_rank": 80, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 14.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 17.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 10.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 75.7, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 72.6, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 79, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 98, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.02, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 79.1, "units": "%", "date": "2009" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 7.2, "global_rank": 85, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 1.57, "date": "2010" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 1.5, "date": "2012" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 96.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 73.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 91.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 3.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 26.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 8.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 85.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 67.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 81.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 14.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 32.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 18.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.48, "global_rank": 76, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 146000, "global_rank": 38, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 2300, "global_rank": 32, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "dengue fever", "malaria", "yellow fever" ], "note": "active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus", "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 20.7, "global_rank": 112, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 3.4, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2010" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.5, "global_rank": 95, "date": "2015" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 94.7, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 94.6, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 94.8, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 988362, "percentage": { "value": 9, "units": "%" }, "note": "data represent children ages 5-17", "date": "2009" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 18.7, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 14.6, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 24.3, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 50, "date": "2014" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Colombia", "conventional_short_form": "Colombia", "local_long_form": "Republica de Colombia", "local_short_form": "Colombia", "etymology": "the country is named after explorer Christopher COLUMBUS" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Bogota", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 4, "minutes": 36, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 74, "minutes": 5, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -5, "note": "same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1810-07-20", "note": "from Spain" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "20 July", "original_year": "1810" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest promulgated 5 July 1991; amended many times, last in 2015 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system influenced by the Spanish and French civil codes", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "least one parent must be a citizen or permanent resident of Colombia", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "5 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Juan Manuel SANTOS Calderon (since 7 August 2010); Vice President Ret. Gen. Oscar Adolfo NARANJO Trujillo (since 30 March 2017); note - Vice President German VARGAS Lleras' resignation on 15 March 2017 became effective on 21 March 2017, the president is both chief of state and head of government", "head_of_government": "President Juan Manuel SANTOS Calderon (since 7 August 2010); Vice President Ret. Gen. Oscar Adolfo NARANJO Trujillo (since 30 March 2017)", "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term; election last held on 25 May 2014 with a runoff held on 15 June 2014 (next to be held on 27 May 2018); note - recent political reform eliminated presidential reelection; beginning in 2018, presidents can only serve one 4-year term", "election_results": "Juan Manuel SANTOS Calderon reelected president in runoff; percent of vote - Juan Manuel SANTOS Calderon (U Party) 51.0%, Oscar Ivan ZULUAGA (CD) 45.0%, other 4.0%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Congress or Congreso consists of the Senate or Senado (102 seats; 100 members elected nationally - not by district or state - and two elected on a special ballot for indigenous communities to serve 4-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Camara de Representantes (166 seats; members elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)", "elections": "Senate - last held on 9 March 2014 (next to be held in March 2018); Chamber of Representatives - last held on 9 March 2014 (next to be held in March 2018)", "election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - U Party 21, CD 20, PC 18, PL 17, CR 9, PDA 5, Green Party 5, other 7; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PL 39, U Party 37, PC 27, CD 19, CR 16, Green Party 6, PDA 3, other 19" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (consists of the Civil-Agrarian and Labor Chambers each with 7 judges, and the Penal Chamber with 9 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 magistrates); Council of State (consists of 31 members); Superior Judiciary Council (consists of 13 magistrates)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the Supreme Court members from candidates submitted by the Superior Judiciary Council; judges elected for individual 8-year terms; Constitutional Court magistrates - nominated by the president, by the Supreme Court, and elected by the Senate; judges elected for individual 8-year terms; Council of State members appointed by the State Council plenary from lists nominated by the Superior Judiciary Council", "subordinate_courts": "Superior Tribunals (appellate courts for each of the judicial districts); regional courts; civil municipal courts; Superior Military Tribunal; first instance administrative courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Alternative Democratic Pole", "name_alternative": "PDA", "leaders": [ "Clara LOPEZ" ] }, { "name": "Conservative Party", "name_alternative": "PC", "leaders": [ "David BARGUIL" ] }, { "name": "Democratic Center Party", "name_alternative": "CD", "leaders": [ "Alvaro URIBE Velez", "Oscar Ivan ZULUAGA", "Carlos HOLMES TRUJILLO", "Ivan DUQUE" ] }, { "name": "Green Alliance", "leaders": [ "Jorge LONDONO", "Antonio SANGUINO", "Luis AVELLANEDA", "Camilo ROMERO" ] }, { "name": "Liberal Party", "name_alternative": "PL", "leaders": [ "Horacio SERPA" ] }, { "name": "Citizens Option", "name_alternative": "OC", "leaders": [ "Angel ALIRIO Moreno" ], "note": "Opcion Ciudadana; formerly known as the National Integration Party or PIN" }, { "name": "Radical Change", "name_alternative": "CR", "leaders": [ "Carlos Fernando GALAN" ] }, { "name": "Social National Unity Party", "name_alternative": "U Party", "leaders": [ "Roy BARRERAS", "Jose David NAME" ] } ], "note": "Colombia has eight major political parties, numerous smaller movements" }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Central Union of Workers", "name_alternative": "CUT" }, { "name": "Colombian Confederation of Workers", "name_alternative": "CTC" }, { "name": "General Confederation of Workers", "name_alternative": "CGT" }, { "name": "National Liberation Army", "name_alternative": "ELN" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "BCIE" }, { "organization": "BIS" }, { "organization": "CAN" }, { "organization": "Caricom ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CDB" }, { "organization": "CELAC" }, { "organization": "EITI ", "note": "candidate country" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-3" }, { "organization": "G-24" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IADB" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "LAES" }, { "organization": "LAIA" }, { "organization": "Mercosur ", "note": "associate" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OAS" }, { "organization": "OPANAL" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "Pacific Alliance" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNASUR" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "Union Latina" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant)", "chancery": "2118 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 387-8338", "fax": "[1] (202) 232-8643", "consulates_general": "Atlanta, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Newark (NJ), Orlando, San Juan (Puerto Rico)", "consulates": "Boston, Chicago, San Francisco" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Kevin WHITAKER (since 11 June 2014)", "embassy": "Calle 24 Bis No. 48-50, Bogota, D.C.", "mailing_address": "Carrera 45 No. 24B-27, Bogota, D.C.", "telephone": "[57] (1) 275-2000", "fax": "[57] (1) 275-4600" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; the flag retains the three main colors of the banner of Gran Colombia, the short-lived South American republic that broke up in 1830; various interpretations of the colors exist and include: yellow for the gold in Colombia's land, blue for the seas on its shores, and red for the blood spilled in attaining freedom; alternatively, the colors have been described as representing more elemental concepts such as sovereignty and justice (yellow), loyalty and vigilance (blue), and valor and generosity (red); or simply the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity", "note": "similar to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of arms superimposed in the center" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "Andean condor" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "yellow" }, { "color": "blue" }, { "color": "red" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Himno Nacional de la Republica de Colombia\" (National Anthem of the Republic of Colombia)", "lyrics_music": "Rafael NUNEZ/Oreste SINDICI", "note": "adopted 1920; the anthem was created from an inspirational poem written by President Rafael NUNEZ", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/CO.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Colombia’s economy benefits from free trade and sound fiscal policies but it has slowed in 2016 because of falling global oil prices, a strong dollar, and moderate inflation. Colombia heavily depends on energy and mining exports, making it vulnerable to a drop in commodity prices. Colombia is the world's fourth largest coal exporter, the world’s second largest coffee and cut flowers exporter, and Latin America’s fourth largest oil producer. Economic development is hampered by inadequate infrastructure, poverty, narcotrafficking, and an uncertain security situation.\n\nAlthough real GDP growth averaged 4.7% for the past decade, growth fell to 2.0% in 2016. The El Ni�o weather pattern in early 2016 and a 40 day truckers strike caused food and energy prices to rise, with inflation spiking to a high of nearly 9% in July 2016. Declining oil prices have reduced government revenues. Colombia received about $1 billion in oil revenue in 2016, compared with $6 billion in 2014; oil accounts for 20% of government revenues. President Juan Manuel SANTOS signed into law a tax reform bill in December 2016 aimed at offsetting lost revenue from the drop in oil prices by decreasing corporate taxes to incentivize investment and by increasing the value added tax. The enactment of the tax reform bill was key to maintaining Colombia’s BBB investment-grade credit rating. Foreign investment has been hampered by Colombia’s struggle to address its fiscal problems. As of September 2016, FDI in Colombia had risen to $10.2 billion, up from $9.3 billion over the same period in 2015.\n\nColombia has signed or is negotiating Free Trade Agreements (FTA) with more than a dozen countries; the US-Colombia FTA went into force in May 2012. The US and Colombia have benefitted from the FTA, but Colombia’s ability to take full advantage of its enhanced access to American markets continues to be constrained by lack of export diversification. Nontariff measures remain a point of contention for bilateral trade relations. The Colombian government acted in 2016 to address several bilateral trade irritants with the US, including truck scrappage, distilled spirits, pharmaceuticals, ethanol imports, and labor rights. US and industry stakeholders are still evaluating the implementation of recent reforms. Colombia is a founding member of the Pacific Alliance - a regional trade block formed in 2012 by Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru to promote regional trade and economic integration. In 2013, Colombia began its accession process to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 688000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 674500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 654200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 32, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 274100000000.00003, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 4.4, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 135 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14100, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 13800, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 13400, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 117, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 63.3, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 18.8, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 26.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.9, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 13.5, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -22.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 6.8, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 34, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 59.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 21.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 21.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 21.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 74 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "coffee", "cut flowers", "bananas", "rice", "tobacco", "corn", "sugarcane", "cocoa beans", "oilseed", "vegetables", "shrimp", "forest products" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "textiles", "food processing", "oil", "clothing", "footwear", "beverages", "chemicals", "cement", "gold", "coal", "emeralds" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 1.9, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 24430000, "global_rank": 28, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 17, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 21, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 62, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9.2, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 8.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 114 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 27.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 1.1, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 42.2, "units": "%" }, "date": "2014" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 53.5, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 56.9, "units": "gini_index", "date": "1996" } ], "global_rank": 10 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 78100000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 88000000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 28.5, "global_rank": 84, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -3.6, "global_rank": 125, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 44.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 41.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 108, "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 182 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 6.5, "units": "%", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 42 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 11.45, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 45 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 38290000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 34430000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 56 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 138200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 123700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 50 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 140300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 140300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 49 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 85960000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 146700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 202700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 43 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -12540000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -18780000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 184 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 32700000000.000004, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 35700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 56 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "petroleum", "coal", "emeralds", "coffee", "nickel", "cut flowers", "bananas", "apparel" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 27.5 }, { "name": "Panama", "percent": 7.2 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 5.2 }, { "name": "Spain", "percent": 4.4 }, { "name": "Ecuador", "percent": 4 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 44890000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 54060000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 49 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "industrial equipment", "transportation equipment", "consumer goods", "chemicals", "paper products", "fuels", "electricity" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 28.8 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 18.6 }, { "name": "Mexico", "percent": 7.1 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 4.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 46700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 46700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 39 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 109600000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 110500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 47 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 161700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 163200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 33 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 50300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 47300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 43 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3051.1, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2741.8, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2001, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 2001.1, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1798, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Colombian pesos (COP) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 1200000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 97, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 88, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 68000000000, "global_rank": 40, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 60000000000, "global_rank": 43, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 800000000, "global_rank": 60, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "kWh": 47000000, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 16000000, "global_rank": 48, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 28.4, "global_rank": 184, "date": "2013" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 71, "date": "2013" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 68.5, "global_rank": 25, "date": "2013" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 3.1, "global_rank": 69, "date": "2013" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 1018999.9999999999, "global_rank": 20, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 859000, "global_rank": 18, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 178, "date": "2016" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 2300000000, "global_rank": 37, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 323700, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 299000, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 97820, "global_rank": 47, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 76180, "global_rank": 63, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 11860000000, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 10900000000, "global_rank": 48, "date": "2015-06-01" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 1102000000, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 180, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 134699999999.99998, "global_rank": 50, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 74000000, "global_rank": 49, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 7109254, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 15, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 57327000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 123, "global_rank": 28, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "modern system in many respects with a nationwide microwave radio relay system, a domestic satellite system with 41 earth stations, and a fiber-optic network linking 50 cities; telecommunications sector liberalized during the 1990s; multiple providers of both fixed-line and mobile-cellular services", "domestic": "fixed-line connections stand at about 15 per 100 persons; mobile cellular telephone subscribership is about 120 per 100 persons; competition among cellular service providers is resulting in falling local and international calling rates and contributing to the steep decline in the market share of fixed-line services", "international": "country code - 57; multiple submarine cable systems provide links to the US, parts of the Caribbean, and Central and South America; satellite earth stations - 10 (6 Intelsat, 1 Inmarsat, 3 fully digitalized international switching centers) (2011)" } }, "broadcast_media": "combination of state-owned and privately owned broadcast media provide service; more than 500 radio stations and many national, regional, and local TV stations (2007)", "internet": { "country_code": ".co", "users": { "total": 26128000, "percent_of_population": 55.9, "global_rank": 25, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 12, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 157, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 30742928, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 1317562271, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "HJ, HK", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 836, "global_rank": 8, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 121, "over_3047_metres": 2, "2438_to_3047_metres": 9, "1524_to_2437_metres": 39, "914_to_1523_metres": 53, "under_914_metres": 18, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 715, "over_3047_metres": 1, "1524_to_2437_metres": 25, "914_to_1523_metres": 201, "under_914_metres": 488, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 3, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 4991, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 6796, "units": "km" }, { "type": "refined products", "length": 3429, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 2141, "units": "km" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 150, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 1991, "units": "km", "gauge": "0.914-m" }, "global_rank": 70, "date": "2015" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 204855, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 25, "date": "2015" }, "waterways": { "value": 24725, "units": "km", "note": "18,300 km navigable; the most important waterway, the River Magdalena, of which 1,488 km is navigable, is dredged regularly to ensure safe passage of cargo vessels and container barges", "global_rank": 6, "date": "2012" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 12, "by_type": [ { "type": "cargo", "count": 9 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 1 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 2 } ], "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 4, "by_country": [ { "country": "Antigua and Barbuda", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Panama", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Portugal", "count": 1 } ] }, "global_rank": 105, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Atlantic Ocean (Caribbean) - Cartagena", "Santa Marta", "Turbo", "Pacific Ocean - Buenaventura" ], "river_ports": [ "Barranquilla (Rio Magdalena)" ], "oil_terminals": [ "Covenas offshore terminal" ], "dry_bulk_cargo_ports": [ { "place": "Puerto Bolivar", "type": "coal" } ], "container_ports": [ { "place": "Cartagena", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 1853342 } ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.24, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3.38, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3.13, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 3.29, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 3.17, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 17 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "National Army (Ejercito Nacional)", "Republic of Colombia Navy (Armada Republica de Colombia", "ARC", "includes Naval Aviation", "Naval Infantry (Infanteria de Marina", "IM)", "Coast Guard)", "Colombian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea de Colombia", "FAC) (2012)" ] }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18-24 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; service obligation is 18 months", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "in December 2007, ICJ allocated San Andres, Providencia, and Santa Catalina islands to Colombia under 1928 Treaty but did not rule on 82 degrees W meridian as maritime boundary with Nicaragua", "managed dispute with Venezuela over maritime boundary and Venezuelan-administered Los Monjes Islands near the Gulf of Venezuela", "Colombian-organized illegal narcotics, guerrilla, and paramilitary activities penetrate all neighboring borders and have caused Colombian citizens to flee mostly into neighboring countries", "Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Jamaica, and the US assert various claims to Bajo Nuevo and Serranilla Bank" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "internally_displaced_persons": { "people": 7401031, "note": "conflict between government and illegal armed groups and drug traffickers since 1985; about 300,000 new internally_displaced_persons each year since 2000", "date": "2017" }, "stateless_persons": { "people": 11, "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "illicit producer of coca, opium poppy, and cannabis; world's leading coca cultivator with 83,000 hectares in coca cultivation in 2011, a 17% decrease over 2010, producing a potential of 195 mt of pure cocaine; the world's largest producer of coca derivatives; supplies cocaine to nearly all of the US market and the great majority of other international drug markets; in 2012, aerial eradication dispensed herbicide to treat over 100,549 hectares combined with manual eradication of 30,486 hectares; a significant portion of narcotics proceeds are either laundered or invested in Colombia through the black market peso exchange; important supplier of heroin to the US market; opium poppy cultivation is estimated to have fallen to 1,100 hectares in 2009 while pure heroin production declined to 2.1 mt; most Colombian heroin is destined for the US market (2013)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-02", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170702064748/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/co.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170702000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/co.html" } }, "comoros": { "data": { "name": "Comoros", "introduction": { "background": "The archipelago of the Comoros in the Indian Ocean, composed of the islands of Mayotte, Anjouan, Moheli, and Grand Comore declared independence from France on 6 July 1975. France did not recognize the independence of Mayotte, which remains under French administration. Since independence, Comoros has endured political instability through realized and attempted coups. In 1997, the islands of Anjouan and Moheli declared independence from Comoros. In 1999, military chief Col. AZALI Assoumani seized power of the entire government in a bloodless coup; he initiated the 2000 Fomboni Accords, a power-sharing agreement in which the federal presidency rotates among the three islands, and each island maintains its local government. AZALI won the 2002 federal presidential election as president of the Union of the Comoros from Grand Comore Island, which held the first five-year term. AZALI stepped down in 2006 and President Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed SAMBI was elected to office as president from Anjouan. In 2007, Mohamed BACAR effected Anjouan's de-facto secession from the Union of the Comoros, refusing to step down when Comoros' other islands held legitimate elections in July. The African Union (AU) initially attempted to resolve the political crisis by applying sanctions and a naval blockade to Anjouan, but in March 2008 the AU and Comoran soldiers seized the island. The island's inhabitants generally welcomed the move. In May 2011, Ikililou DHOININE won the presidency in peaceful elections widely deemed to be free and fair. In closely-contested elections in 2016, former President AZALI Assoumani won a second term, when the rotating presidency returned to Grande Comore." }, "geography": { "location": "Southern Africa, group of islands at the northern mouth of the Mozambique Channel, about two-thirds of the way between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 12, "minutes": 10, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 44, "minutes": 15, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Africa", "area": { "total": { "value": 2235, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 2235, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 180, "comparative": "slightly more than 12 times the size of Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 340, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)", "terrain": "volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains to low hills", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Indian Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Karthala", "elevation": { "value": 2360, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "fish" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 84.4, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 46.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 29.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 8.1, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 1.4, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 14.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 1.3, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "cyclones possible during rainy season (December to April)", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "volcanic activity on Grand Comore", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "Karthala (elev. 2,361 m) on Grand Comore Island last erupted in 2007; a 2005 eruption forced thousands of people to be evacuated and produced a large ash cloud", "type": "volcanism" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "soil degradation and erosion results from crop cultivation on slopes without proper terracing", "deforestation" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "important location at northern end of Mozambique Channel" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 794678, "global_rank": 164, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Comoran(s)", "adjective": "Comoran" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Antalote" }, { "name": "Cafre" }, { "name": "Makoa" }, { "name": "Oimatsaha" }, { "name": "Sakalava" } ] }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Arabic", "note": "official" }, { "name": "French", "note": "official" }, { "name": "Shikomoro", "note": "official; a blend of Swahili and Arabic; Comorian" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Sunni Muslim", "percent": 98 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 2, "note": "including Shia Muslim, Roman Catholic, Jehovah's Witness, Protestant" } ], "note": "Islam is the state religion" }, "demographic_profile": "Comoros’ population is a m�lange of Arabs, Persians, Indonesians, Africans, and Indians, and the much smaller number of Europeans that settled on the islands between the 8th and 19th centuries, when they served as a regional trade hub. The Arab and Persian influence is most evident in the islands’ overwhelmingly Muslim majority – about 98% of Comorans are Sunni Muslims. The country is densely populated, averaging nearly 350 people per square mile, although this varies widely among the islands, with Anjouan being the most densely populated.\nGiven the large share of land dedicated to agriculture and Comoros’ growing population, habitable land is becoming increasingly crowded. The combination of increasing population pressure on limited land and resources, widespread poverty, and poor job prospects motivates thousands of Comorans each year to attempt to illegally migrate using small fishing boats to the neighboring island of Mayotte, which is a French territory. The majority of legal Comoran migration to France came after Comoros’ independence from France in 1975, with the flow peaking in the mid-1980s.\nAt least 150,000 to 200,000 people of Comoran citizenship or descent live abroad, mainly in France, where they have gone seeking a better quality of life, job opportunities, higher education (Comoros has no universities), advanced health care, and to finance elaborate traditional wedding ceremonies (aada). Remittances from the diaspora are an economic mainstay, in 2013 representing approximately 25% of Comoros’ GDP and significantly more than the value of its exports of goods and services (only 15% of GDP). Grand Comore, Comoros’ most populous island, is both the primary source of emigrants and the main recipient of remittances. Most remittances are spent on private consumption, but this often goes toward luxury goods and the aada and does not contribute to economic development or poverty reduction. Although the majority of the diaspora is now French-born with more distant ties to Comoros, it is unclear whether they will sustain the current level of remittances.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 40.1, "males": 158809, "females": 159840 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 19.23, "males": 73947, "females": 78831 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 32.58, "males": 122936, "females": 135962 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 4.21, "males": 14850, "females": 18611 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 3.89, "males": 14321, "females": 16571 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 75.6, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 70.7, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 4.9, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 20.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 19.6, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 19, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 20.2, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 194, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1.71, "global_rank": 67, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 26.9, "global_rank": 47, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 7.4, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -2.5, "global_rank": 175, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 28.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 2.67, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Moroni", "population": 56000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 0.94, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.9, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.8, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.88, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.94, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 24.6, "date": "2012" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 335, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 61.8, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 72.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 51, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 19, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 64.2, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 61.9, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 66.6, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 184, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 3.47, "global_rank": 45, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 19.4, "units": "%", "date": "2012" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 6.7, "global_rank": 153, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 2.2, "date": "2006" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 92.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 89.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 90.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 7.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 10.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 9.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 48.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 30.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 35.8, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 51.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 69.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 64.2, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 5.8, "global_rank": 164, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 16.9, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2012" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 5.1, "global_rank": 15, "date": "2014" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 77.8, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 81.8, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 73.7, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 11, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 11, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 11, "units": "years" }, "date": "2014" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Union of the Comoros", "conventional_short_form": "Comoros", "local_long_form": "Udzima wa Komori (Comorian); Union des Comores (French); Jumhuriyat al Qamar al Muttahidah (Arabic)", "local_short_form": "Komori (Comorian); Comores (French); Juzur al Qamar (Arabic)", "etymology": "name derives from the Arabic designation \"Juzur al Qamar\" meaning \"Islands of the Moon\"" }, "government_type": "federal presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Moroni", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 11, "minutes": 42, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 43, "minutes": 14, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 3, "note": "8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Anjouan (Ndzuwani)", "type": "island" }, { "name": "Domoni", "type": "municipality" }, { "name": "Fomboni", "type": "municipality" }, { "name": "Grande Comore (N'gazidja)", "type": "island" }, { "name": "Moheli (Mwali)", "type": "island" }, { "name": "Moroni", "type": "municipality" }, { "name": "Moutsamoudou", "type": "municipality" } ], "independence": { "date": "1975-07-06", "note": "from France" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "6 July", "original_year": "1975" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1996; latest ratified 23 December 2001; amended 2009, 2014 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "mixed legal system of Islamic religious law, the French civil code of 1975, and customary law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of the Comoros", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "10 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President AZALI Assoumani(since 26 May 2016); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government", "head_of_government": "President AZALI Assoumani (since 26 May 2016)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president", "elections_appointments": "the Union presidency rotates among the 3 islands; president directly elected by simple majority popular vote in 2 rounds for a single nonrenewable 5-year term (in the first round or primary, 3 candidates with the highest vote count by voters on the island concerned compete in the second round; second round winner determined by simple majority vote by voters on all 3 islands; election last held on 21 February 2016 and second round held 10 April 2016 (next to be held in 2021); note - in addition to the Union president, each island elects its own president", "election_results": "AZALI Assoumani elected president in the second round of voting by a plurality; percent of vote in first round - Mohamed Ali SOILIHI 17.6%, Mouigni BARAKA 15.1%, AZALI Assoumani 15.0%, Fahmi Said IBRAHIM 14.5%; percent of vote in second round - AZALI Assoumani 41.0%, Mohamed Ali SOILIHI 39.9%; Mouigni BARAKA 19.1%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Assembly of the Union (33 seats; 24 members elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed and 9 members indirectly selected by island assemblies; members serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 25 January and 22 February 2015 (next to be held in 2020)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - UPDC 8, PJ 7, RDC 2, CRC 2, RADHI 1, PEC 1, independents 3; note - in addition 9 seats will be filled by nominations from the 3 island assemblies" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of 7 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 8 members)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges - 2 selected by the president of the Union, 2 by the Assembly of the Union, and 1 each by the 3 island councils; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Court members appointed - 1 by the president, 1 each by the 3 vice presidents, 1 by the Assembly, and 1 each by the island executives; all members serve 6-year renewable terms", "subordinate_courts": "Court of Appeals (in Moroni); Tribunal de premiere instance; island village (community) courts; religious courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros", "name_alternative": "CRC", "leaders": [ "AZALI Assoumani" ] }, { "name": "Democratic Rally of the Comoros", "name_alternative": "RDC", "leaders": [ "Mouigni BARAKA" ] }, { "name": "Juwa Party", "name_alternative": "PJ", "leaders": [ "Ahmed Abdallah SAMBI" ] }, { "name": "Party for the Comorian Agreement", "name_alternative": "PEC", "leaders": [ "Fahmi Said IBRAHIM" ], "note": "Partie Pour l'Entente Commorienne" }, { "name": "Rally for an Alternative of Harmonious and Integrated Development", "name_alternative": "RADHI", "leaders": [ "Abdou SOEFO" ] }, { "name": "Rally with a Development Intiiative for Enlightened Youth", "name_alternative": "RIDJA", "leaders": [ "Said LARIFOU" ] }, { "name": "Union for the Development of the Comoros", "name_alternative": "UPDC", "leaders": [ "Mohamed HALIFA" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Federation Comorienne des Consomateurs", "name_alternative": "FCC", "leaders": [ "Mohamed Said Abdallah MCHANGANA" ] }, { "name": "Mouvement des Entreprises comorienne", "name_alternative": "MODEC", "leaders": [ "Faharate HOUSSEIN" ] }, { "name": "Union des Chambres de Commerce et de l'Industrie et de l'Agriculture", "name_alternative": "UCCIA", "leaders": [ "Fahmy THABIT" ] }, { "name": "Confederation des Travailleurs Comoriens", "name_alternative": "CTC" }, { "name": "environmentalists" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AfDB" }, { "organization": "AMF" }, { "organization": "AOSIS" }, { "organization": "AU" }, { "organization": "CAEU ", "note": "candidates" }, { "organization": "COMESA" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "FZ" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IDB" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "InOC" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "LAS" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OIC" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO ", "note": "observer" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Soilihi Mohamed SOILIHI (since 18 November 2014)", "chancery": "Mission to the US, 866 United Nations Plaza, Suite 418, New York, NY 10017", "telephone": "[1] (212) 750-1637", "fax": "[1] (212) 750-1657" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "four equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), white, red, and blue, with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist; centered within the triangle is a white crescent with the convex side facing the hoist and four white, five-pointed stars placed vertically in a line between the points of the crescent; the horizontal bands and the four stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali, N'gazidja, Ndzuwani, and Mahore (Mayotte - department of France, but claimed by Comoros)", "note": "the crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "four stars and crescent" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "green" }, { "color": "white" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Udzima wa ya Masiwa\" (The Union of the Great Islands)", "lyrics_music": "Said Hachim SIDI ABDEREMANE/Said Hachim SIDI ABDEREMANE and Kamildine ABDALLAH", "note": "adopted 1978", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/CN.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "One of the world's poorest countries, the Comoros is made up of three islands that are hampered by inadequate transportation links, a young and rapidly increasing population, and few natural resources. The low educational level of the labor force contributes to a subsistence level of economic activity and a heavy dependence on foreign grants and technical assistance. Agriculture, including fishing, hunting, and forestry, accounts for 50% of GDP, employs 80% of the labor force, and provides most of the exports. Export income is heavily reliant on the three main crops of vanilla, cloves, and ylang ylang (perfume essence); and the Comoros' export earnings are easily disrupted by disasters such as fires and extreme weather. Despite agriculture’s importance to the economy, the country imports roughly 70% of its food; rice, the main staple, accounts for the bulk of imports. Remittances from about 300,000 Comorans contribute about 25% of the country’s GDP.\n\nThe new government, elected in mid-2016, will be challenged to provide basic services, upgrade education and technical training, privatize commercial and industrial enterprises, improve health services, diversify exports, promote tourism, and reduce the high population growth rate. Recurring political instability, sometimes initiated from outside the country, has inhibited growth. In late 2015, Saudi Arabia provided a large budget grant to the Comorian government, allowing arrears to be cleared and resulting in an overall fiscal surplus for 2016. The newly-elected government has moved to improve revenue mobilization, reduce expenditures and improve electricity access.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1259000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1232000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1220000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 200, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 622000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.2, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 123 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1500, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1500, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1600, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 219, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 104.9, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 19.2, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 11.2, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 10.3, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 19.4, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -65, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 50, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 12.1, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 37.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 19.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 12.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 146 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "vanilla", "cloves", "ylang-ylang", "perfume essence", "coconuts", "bananas", "cassava", "manioc" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "fishing", "tourism", "perfume distillation" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 0.5, "global_rank": 166, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 245200, "global_rank": 167, "date": "2013" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 80, "units": "%" }, "industry_and_services": { "value": 20, "units": "%" } }, "date": "1996" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.5, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 78 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 44.8, "units": "%", "date": "2004" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 0.9, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 55.2, "units": "%" }, "date": "2004" }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 165000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 185500000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 26.5, "global_rank": 102, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -3.3, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 28.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 24.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 151 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.2, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 76 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.93, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" }, { "value": 2.21, "units": "%", "date": "2009-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 116 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 10.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 10.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 81 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 201800000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 169000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 183 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 303000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 251700000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 189 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 180100000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 142400000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 182 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -58000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 70 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 19200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 18900000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 211 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "vanilla", "ylang-ylang (perfume essence)", "cloves" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "India", "percent": 33.4 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 15.9 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 8.1 }, { "name": "Saudi Arabia", "percent": 6.7 }, { "name": "Singapore", "percent": 6.2 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 5.7 }, { "name": "Mauritius", "percent": 4.9 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 191200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 195900000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 207 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "rice", "other foodstuffs", "consumer goods", "petroleum products", "cement", "construction materials", "transport equipment" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 18.7 }, { "name": "Pakistan", "percent": 16 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 14.6 }, { "name": "UAE", "percent": 11.2 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 6.3 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 133300000.00000001, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 132800000.00000001, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 192 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 449.1, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 443.6, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 443.6, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 370.81, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 382.9, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Comoran francs (KMF) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 200000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 69, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 89, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 62, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 44000000, "global_rank": 210, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 40920000, "global_rank": 210, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 126, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 136, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 22000, "global_rank": 204, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 95.5, "global_rank": 67, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 70, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 4.5, "global_rank": 129, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 170, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 118, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 111, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 177, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 119, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 129, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 1300, "global_rank": 203, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 172, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 1350, "global_rank": 198, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 171, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 132, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 83, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 179, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 126, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 200000, "global_rank": 202, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 24000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 3, "global_rank": 178, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 422000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 54, "global_rank": 173, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "sparse system of microwave radio relay and HF radiotelephone communication stations", "domestic": "fixed-line connections only about 3 per 100 persons; mobile cellular usage over 50 per 100 persons; two companies, Comoros Telecom and Telma, provide domestic and international mobile service and wireless data.", "international": "country code - 269; landing point for the EASSy fiber-optic submarine cable system connecting East Africa with Europe and North America; HF radiotelephone communications to Madagascar and Reunion (2017)" } }, "broadcast_media": "national state-owned TV station and a TV station run by Anjouan regional government; national state-owned radio; regional governments on the islands of Grande Comore and Anjouan each operate a radio station; a few independent and small community radio stations operate on the islands of Grande Comore and Moheli, and these two islands have access to Mayotte Radio and French TV (2007)", "internet": { "country_code": ".km", "users": { "total": 58000, "percent_of_population": 7.5, "global_rank": 182, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 2, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 9, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "D6", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 4, "global_rank": 186, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 4, "2438_to_3047_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 3, "date": "2013" } } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 880, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 673, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 207, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 188, "date": "2002" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 149, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 16 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 83 }, { "type": "carrier", "count": 5 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 5 }, { "type": "container", "count": 2 }, { "type": "passenger", "count": 2 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 1 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 17 }, { "type": "refrigerated cargo", "count": 10 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 8 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 73, "by_country": [ { "country": "Bangladesh", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Bulgaria", "count": 4 }, { "country": "China", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Cyprus", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Greece", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Kenya", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Kuwait", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Latvia", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Lebanon", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Lithuania", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Nigeria", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Norway", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Pakistan", "count": 5 }, { "country": "Russia", "count": 12 }, { "country": "Syria", "count": 5 }, { "country": "Turkey", "count": 8 }, { "country": "UAE", "count": 8 }, { "country": "UK", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Ukraine", "count": 10 }, { "country": "US", "count": 2 } ] }, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Moroni", "Mutsamudu" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "National Army for Development (l'Armee Nationale de Developpement", "AND)", "Comoran Security Force (also called Comoran Defense Force (Force Comorienne de Defense", "FCD)", "includes Gendarmerie)", "Comoran Coast Guard", "Comoran Federal Police (2015)" ] }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 years of age for 2-year voluntary male and female military service; no conscription", "date": "2015" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "claims French-administered Mayotte and challenges France's and Madagascar's claims to Banc du Geyser, a drying reef in the Mozambique Channel", "in May 2008, African Union forces assisted the Comoros military recapture Anjouan Island from rebels who seized it in 2001" ], "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "Comoros is a source country for children subjected to forced labor and, reportedly, sex trafficking domestically, and women and children are subjected to forced labor in Mayotte; it is possibly a transit and destination country for Malagasy women and girls and a transit country for East African women and girls exploited in domestic service in the Middle East; Comoran children are forced to labor in domestic service, roadside and street vending, baking, fishing, and agriculture; some Comoran students at Koranic schools are exploited for forced agricultural or domestic labor, sometimes being subjected to physical and sexual abuse; Comoros may be particularly vulnerable to transnational trafficking because of inadequate border controls, government corruption, and the presence of international criminal networks", "tier_rating": "Tier 3 – Comoros does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and was placed on Tier 3 after being on the Tier 2 Watch List for two consecutive years without making progress; Parliament passed revisions to the penal code in 2014, including anti-trafficking provisions and enforcement guidelines, but these amendments have not yet been passed approved by the President and put into effect; a new child labor law was passed in 2015 prohibiting child trafficking, but existing laws do not criminalize the forced prostitution of adults; authorities did not investigate, prosecute, or convict alleged trafficking offenders, including complicit officials; the government lacked victim identification and care referral procedures, did not assist any victims during 2014, and provided minimal support to NGOs offering victims psychosocial services (2015)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624100339/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cn.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cn.html" } }, "congo_democratic_republic_of_the": { "data": { "name": "Congo, Democratic Republic Of The", "introduction": { "background": "Established as an official Belgian colony in 1908, the then-Republic of the Congo gained its independence in 1960, but its early years were marred by political and social instability. Col. Joseph MOBUTU seized power and declared himself president in a November 1965 coup. He subsequently changed his name - to MOBUTU Sese Seko - as well as that of the country - to Zaire. MOBUTU retained his position for 32 years through several sham elections, as well as through brutal force. Ethnic strife and civil war, touched off by a massive inflow of refugees in 1994 from fighting in Rwanda and Burundi, led in May 1997 to the toppling of the MOBUTU regime by a rebellion backed by Rwanda and Uganda and fronted by Laurent KABILA. KABILA renamed the country the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), but in August 1998 his regime was itself challenged by a second insurrection again backed by Rwanda and Uganda. Troops from Angola, Chad, Namibia, Sudan, and Zimbabwe intervened to support KABILA's regime. In January 2001, KABILA was assassinated and his son, Joseph KABILA, was named head of state. In October 2002, the new president was successful in negotiating the withdrawal of Rwandan forces occupying the eastern DRC; two months later, the Pretoria Accord was signed by all remaining warring parties to end the fighting and establish a government of national unity. A transitional government was set up in July 2003; it held a successful constitutional referendum in December 2005 and elections for the presidency, National Assembly, and provincial legislatures took place in 2006.\nIn 2009, following a resurgence of conflict in the eastern DRC, the government signed a peace agreement with the National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP), a primarily Tutsi rebel group. An attempt to integrate CNDP members into the Congolese military failed, prompting their defection in 2012 and the formation of the M23 armed group - named after the 23 March 2009 peace agreements. Renewed conflict led to large population displacements and significant human rights abuses before the M23 was pushed out of DRC to Uganda and Rwanda in late 2013 by a joint DRC and UN offensive. In addition, the DRC continues to experience violence committed by other armed groups including the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda, the Allied Democratic Forces, and assorted Mai Mai militias. In the most recent national elections, held in November 2011, disputed results allowed Joseph KABILA to be reelected to the presidency. The DRC Constitution bars President KABILA from running for a third term, but the DRC Government has delayed national elections originally slated for November 2016. The failure to hold elections as scheduled has fueled sporadic street protests by KABILA’s opponents. In late December 2016, government officials and opposition leaders struck a last-minute deal that will require KABILA to step down after elections to be held by the end of 2017." }, "geography": { "location": "Central Africa, northeast of Angola", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 0, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 25, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Africa", "area": { "total": { "value": 2344858, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 2267048, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 77810, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 11, "comparative": "slightly less than one-fourth the size of the US" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 10481, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Angola", "border_length": { "value": 2646, "units": "km" }, "note": "of which 225 km is the boundary of Angola's discontiguous Cabinda Province" }, { "country": "Burundi", "border_length": { "value": 236, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Central African Republic", "border_length": { "value": 1747, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Republic of the Congo", "border_length": { "value": 1229, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Rwanda", "border_length": { "value": 221, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "South Sudan", "border_length": { "value": 714, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Tanzania", "border_length": { "value": 479, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Uganda", "border_length": { "value": 877, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Zambia", "border_length": { "value": 2332, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 37, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 2011, "note": "the DRC has a Common Interest Zone agreement with Angola for the mutual development of off-shore resources" } }, "climate": "tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season (April to October), dry season (December to February); south of Equator - wet season (November to March), dry season (April to October)", "terrain": "vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in east", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 726, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Atlantic Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Pic Marguerite on Mont Ngaliema (Mount Stanley)", "elevation": { "value": 5110, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "cobalt", "copper", "niobium", "tantalum", "petroleum", "industrial", "gem diamonds", "gold", "silver", "zinc", "manganese", "tin", "uranium", "coal", "hydropower", "timber" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 11.4, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 3.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.3, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 8, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 67.9, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 20.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 110, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "periodic droughts in south", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "Congo River floods (seasonal)", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "active volcanoes in the east along the Great Rift Valley", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "Nyiragongo (elev. 3,470 m), which erupted in 2002 and is experiencing ongoing activity, poses a major threat to the city of Goma, home to a quarter million people; the volcano produces unusually fast-moving lava, known to travel up to 100 km /hr; Nyiragongo has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; its neighbor, Nyamuragira, which erupted in 2010, is Africa's most active volcano; Visoke is the only other historically active volcano", "type": "volcanism" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "poaching threatens wildlife populations", "water pollution", "deforestation", "refugees responsible for significant deforestation", "soil erosion", "and wildlife poaching", "mining of minerals (coltan - a mineral used in creating capacitors", "diamonds", "and gold) causing environmental damage" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Tropical Timber 83", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [ "Environmental Modification" ] } }, "note": "second largest country in Africa (after Algeria) and largest country in Sub-Saharan Africa; straddles the equator; has narrow strip of land that controls the lower Congo River and is only outlet to South Atlantic Ocean; dense tropical rain forest in central river basin and eastern highlands" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 81331050, "global_rank": 18, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Congolese (singular and plural)", "adjective": "Congolese or Congo" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "over African ethnic groups of which the majority are Bantu; the four largest tribes - Mongo", "percent": 200 }, { "name": "Luba" }, { "name": "Kongo", "note": "all Bantu" }, { "name": "and the Mangbetu-Azande make up about of the population", "percent": 45, "note": "Hamitic" } ] }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "French", "note": "official" }, { "name": "Lingala", "note": "a lingua franca trade language" }, { "name": "Kingwana", "note": "a dialect of Kiswahili or Swahili" }, { "name": "Kikongo" }, { "name": "Tshiluba" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 50 }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 20 }, { "name": "Kimbanguist", "percent": 10 }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 10 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 10, "note": "includes syncretic sects and indigenous beliefs" } ] }, "demographic_profile": "Despite a wealth of fertile soil, hydroelectric power potential, and mineral resources, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) struggles with many socioeconomic problems, including high infant and maternal mortality rates, malnutrition, poor vaccination coverage, lack of access to improved water sources and sanitation, and frequent and early fertility. Ongoing conflict, mismanagement of resources, and a lack of investment have resulted in food insecurity; almost 30 percent of children under the age of 5 are malnourished. The overall coverage of basic public services – education, health, sanitation, and potable water – is very limited and piecemeal, with substantial regional and rural/urban disparities. Fertility remains high at almost 5 children per woman and is likely to remain high because of the low use of contraception and the cultural preference for larger families.\nThe DRC is a source and host country for refugees. Between 2012 and 2014, more than 119,000 Congolese refugees returned from the Republic of Congo to the relative stability of northwest DRC, but more than 540,000 Congolese refugees remained abroad as of year-end 2015. In addition, more than 1.7 million Congolese are internally displaced, the vast majority fleeing violence in the DRC’s eastern provinces between rebel group and Congolese armed forces. Thousands of refugees have come to the DRC from neighboring countries, including Rwanda, the Central African Republic, and Burundi.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 42.2, "males": 17300707, "females": 17024082 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 21.44, "males": 8747038, "females": 8694000 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 30.13, "males": 12227971, "females": 12273304 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 3.58, "males": 1374050, "females": 1535973 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 2.65, "males": 910456, "females": 1243469 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 95.9, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 90.1, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 5.8, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 17.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 18.4, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 18.1, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 18.6, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 210, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 2.42, "global_rank": 28, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 34.2, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 9.9, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -0.2, "global_rank": 111, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 42.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 3.96, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Kinshasa", "population": 11587000, "is_capital": true }, { "place": "Lubumbashi", "population": 2015000.0000000002 }, { "place": "Mbuji-Mayi" }, { "place": "Kananga", "population": 1169000 }, { "place": "Kisangani", "population": 1040000 }, { "place": "Bukavu", "population": 832000 } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.02, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.89, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.73, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 19.9, "date": "2013" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 693, "global_rank": 17, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 69.8, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 73.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 66.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 12, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 57.3, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 55.8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 58.9, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 207, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 4.53, "global_rank": 23, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 20.4, "units": "%", "date": "2013" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.3, "global_rank": 123, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 9, "date": "2009" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 0.8, "date": "2006" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 81.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 31.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 52.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 18.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 68.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 47.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 28.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 28.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 28.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 71.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 71.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 71.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.85, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 374100, "global_rank": 17, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 21700, "global_rank": 12, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "very high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "protozoal diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "malaria", "dengue fever", "trypanosomiasis-gambiense (African sleeping sickness)" ], "water_contact_diseases": [ "schistosomiasis" ], "animal_contact_diseases": [ "rabies" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 3.7, "global_rank": 185, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 23.4, "global_rank": 25, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 2.2, "global_rank": 157, "date": "2013" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write French, Lingala, Kingwana, or Tshiluba", "total_population": { "value": 63.8, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 78.1, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 50, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 9, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 10, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 8, "units": "years" }, "date": "2013" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 8284395, "percentage": { "value": 42, "units": "%" }, "date": "2010" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "conventional_short_form": "DRC", "local_long_form": "Republique Democratique du Congo", "local_short_form": "RDC", "former": "Congo Free State, Belgian Congo, Congo/Leopoldville, Congo/Kinshasa, Zaire", "abbreviation": "DRC", "etymology": "named for the Congo River, most of which lies within the DRC; the river name derives from Kongo, a Bantu kingdom that occupied its mouth at the time of Portuguese discovery in the late 15th century and whose name stems from its people the Bakongo, meaning \"hunters\"" }, "government_type": "semi-presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Kinshasa", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 4, "minutes": 19, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 15, "minutes": 18, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 1, "note": "6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1960-06-30", "note": "from Belgium" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "30 June", "original_year": "1960" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest adopted 13 May 2005, approved by referendum 18-19 December 2005, promulgated 18 February 2006; amended 2011 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system primarily based on Belgian law, but also customary, and tribal law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "5 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": true }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Joseph KABILA (since 17 January 2001)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Bruno TSHIBALA (since 7 April 2017); Deputy Prime Ministers Jose MAKILA, Leonard She OKITUNDU, Emmanuel RAMAZANI Shadary (since December 2016)", "cabinet": "Ministers of State appointed by the president", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by simple majority vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 November 2011 (next originally scheduled for 27 November 2016 but expected by end of 2017 per agreement between the government and opposition); prime minister appointed by the president", "election_results": "Joseph KABILA reelected president; percent of vote - Joseph KABILA (PPRD) 49%, Etienne TSHISEKEDI (UDPS) 32.3%, other 18.7%; note - election marred by serious voting irregularities" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate (108 seats; members indirectly elected by provincial assemblies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms) and the National Assembly (500 seats; 439 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 61 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; members serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "Senate - last held on 19 January 2007 (follow-on elections have been delayed); National Assembly - last held on 28 November 2011 (next to be held on 27 November 2016)", "election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PPRD 22, MLC 14, FR 7, RCD 7, PDC 6, CDC 3, MSR 3, PALU 2, independent 26, other 18; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PPRD 62, UDPS 41, PPPD 29, MSR 27, MLC 22, PALU 19, UNC 17, ARC 16, AFDC 15, ECT 11, RRC 11, independent 16, other 214 (includes numerous political parties that won 10 or fewer seats and 2 constituencies where voting was halted); note - the November 2011 election was marred by violence including the destruction of ballots in two constituencies resulting in the closure of polling sites; election results were delayed three months, strongly contested, and continue to be unresolved" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation (consists of 26 justices and organized into legislative and judiciary sections); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Court of Cassation judges nominated by the Judicial Service Council, an independent body of public prosecutors and selected judges of the lower courts; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by the president, 3 by the Judicial Service Council, and 3 by the legislature; judges appointed by the president to serve 9-year non-renewable terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 3 years", "subordinate_courts": "State Security Court; Court of Appeals (organized into administrative and judiciary sections); Tribunal de Grande; magistrates' courts; customary courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Christian Democrat Party", "name_alternative": "PDC", "leaders": [ "Jose ENDUNDO" ] }, { "name": "Congolese Rally for Democracy", "name_alternative": "RCD", "leaders": [ "Azarias RUBERWA" ] }, { "name": "Convention of Christian Democrats", "name_alternative": "CDC" }, { "name": "Forces of Renewal", "name_alternative": "FR", "leaders": [ "Mbusa NYAMWISI" ] }, { "name": "Movement for the Liberation of the Congo", "name_alternative": "MLC", "leaders": [ "Jean-Pierre BEMBA" ] }, { "name": "People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy", "name_alternative": "PPRD", "leaders": [ "Henri MOVA" ] }, { "name": "Social Movement for Renewal", "name_alternative": "MSR", "leaders": [ "Pierre LUMBI" ] }, { "name": "Unified Lumumbist Party", "name_alternative": "PALU", "leaders": [ "Antoine GIZENGA" ] }, { "name": "Union for the Congolese Nation", "name_alternative": "UNC", "leaders": [ "Vital KAMERHE" ] }, { "name": "Union for Democracy and Social Progress", "name_alternative": "UDPS", "leaders": [ "Felix TSHISEKEDI" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Allied Democratic Forces", "name_alternative": "ADF" }, { "name": "Forces Arm�es de la R�publique D�mocratique du Congo", "name_alternative": "FARDC", "note": "Army of the Democratic Republic of the Congo" }, { "name": "Forces Democratiques de Liberation du Rwanda", "name_alternative": "FDLR", "note": "Rwandan militia group made up of some of the perpetrators of Rwanda's genocide in 1994" }, { "name": "Le Rassemblement ", "note": "established in 2016 as a coalition of members from several political parties" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AfDB" }, { "organization": "AU" }, { "organization": "CEMAC" }, { "organization": "CEPGL" }, { "organization": "COMESA" }, { "organization": "EITI ", "note": "compliant country" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-24" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "SADC" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Francois Nkuna BALUMUENE (since 23 September 2015)", "chancery": "1726 M Street, NW, Suite 601, Washington, DC, 20036", "telephone": "[1] (202) 234-7690 through 7691", "fax": "[1] (202) 234-2609", "representative_office": "New York New York" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Robert WHITEHEAD (since January 2016)", "embassy": "310 Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa, Gombe", "mailing_address": "Unit 2220, DPO AE 09828", "telephone": "[243] (081) 556-0151", "fax": "[243] (081) 556-0175" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "sky blue field divided diagonally from the lower hoist corner to upper fly corner by a red stripe bordered by two narrow yellow stripes; a yellow, five-pointed star appears in the upper hoist corner; blue represents peace and hope, red the blood of the country's martyrs, and yellow the country's wealth and prosperity; the star symbolizes unity and the brilliant future for the country" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "leopard" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "sky blue" }, { "color": "red" }, { "color": "yellow" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Debout Congolaise\" (Arise Congolese)", "lyrics_music": "Joseph LUTUMBA/Simon-Pierre BOKA di Mpasi Londi", "note": "adopted 1960; replaced when the country was known as Zaire; but readopted in 1997" } }, "economy": { "overview": "The economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - a nation endowed with vast natural resource wealth - continues to struggle.\n\nSystemic corruption since independence in 1960, combined with countrywide instability and conflict that began in the early-90s, has dramatically reduced national output and government revenue and increased external debt. With the installation of a transitional government in 2003 after peace accords, economic conditions slowly began to improve as the transitional government reopened relations with international financial institutions and international donors, and President KABILA began implementing reforms.\n\nRenewed activity in the mining sector, the source of most export income, boosted Kinshasa's fiscal position and GDP growth, but low commodity prices are leading to slower growth, rising inflation, and a growing fiscal deficit. An uncertain legal framework, corruption, and a lack of transparency in government policy are long-term problems for the large mining sector and for the economy as a whole.\n\nMuch economic activity still occurs in the informal sector and is not reflected in GDP data. The DRC signed a Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility with the IMF in 2009 and received $12 billion in multilateral and bilateral debt relief in 2010, but, at the end of 2012, the IMF suspended the last three payments under the loan facility - worth $240 million - because of concerns about the lack of transparency in mining contracts. In 2012, the DRC updated its business laws by adhering to OHADA, the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa. The price of copper – the DRC’s primary export - plummeted in 2015 and remained at record lows during 2016, reducing government revenues, expenditures, and foreign exchange reserves.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 65040000000.00001, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 63510000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 59400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 101, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 39820000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.4, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 9.5, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 58 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 800, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 800, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 700, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 227, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 73.6, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 13.9, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 21, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.1, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 23.7, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -32.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 20.1, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 31.7, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 48.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 15.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 27.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 125 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "coffee", "sugar", "palm oil", "rubber", "tea", "cotton", "cocoa", "quinine", "cassava", "manioc", "tapioca", "bananas", "plantains", "peanuts", "root crops", "corn", "fruits", "wood products" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "mining", "copper", "cobalt", "gold", "diamonds", "coltan", "zinc", "tin", "tungsten", "mineral processing", "consumer products", "textiles", "plastics", "footwear", "cigarettes", "metal products", "processed foods", "beverages", "timber", "cement", "commercial ship repair" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 1.2, "global_rank": 140, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 31080000, "global_rank": 21, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "agriculture": "NA%", "industry": "NA%", "services": "NA%" } }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 63, "units": "%", "date": "2012" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2.3, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 34.7, "units": "%" }, "date": "2006" }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 5448000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 5837000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 13.7, "global_rank": 199, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -1, "global_rank": 57, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 18.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 17.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 172 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.6, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 100 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4, "units": "%", "date": "2012-12-31" }, { "value": 20, "units": "%", "date": "2011-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 98 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 19.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 19.37, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 19 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1212000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1213000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 147 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5018000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 4402000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 131 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3701000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 3381000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 129 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -1830000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -1504000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 146 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9316000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 10350000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 89 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "diamonds", "copper", "gold", "cobalt", "wood products", "crude oil", "coffee" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 48 }, { "name": "Zambia", "percent": 17.2 }, { "name": "South Korea", "percent": 5.4 }, { "name": "Belgium", "percent": 5.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 10200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 10460000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 93 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "foodstuffs", "mining", "other machinery", "transport equipment", "fuels" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 22.2 }, { "name": "South Africa", "percent": 16.1 }, { "name": "Zambia", "percent": 8.3 }, { "name": "Belgium", "percent": 7.5 }, { "name": "Zimbabwe", "percent": 5.6 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 5.1 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 4.3 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 774000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1216000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 132 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5331000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 5106000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 130 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 971.6, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 925.99, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 925.99, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 925.23, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 920.25, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Congolese francs (CDF) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 61400000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 9, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 19, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 2, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 8700000000, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 9300000000, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 69000000, "global_rank": 84, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "kWh": 1100000000, "global_rank": 64, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 2600000, "global_rank": 103, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 1.4, "global_rank": 208, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 66, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 98.6, "global_rank": 7, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 167, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 20000, "global_rank": 71, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 20000, "global_rank": 58, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 175, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 180000000, "global_rank": 63, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 127, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 24000, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 173, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 22250, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 8495000, "global_rank": 92, "date": "2011" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 8495000, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2011" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 79, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 176, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 991100000, "global_rank": 105, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 1400000, "global_rank": 159, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 59534, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 8, "global_rank": 217, "date": "2012-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 37753000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 48, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "barely adequate wire and microwave radio relay service in and between urban areas; domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations; inadequate fixed-line infrastructure", "domestic": "state-owned operator providing less than 1 fixed-line connection per 100 persons; given the backdrop of a wholly inadequate fixed-line infrastructure, the use of mobile-cellular services has surged and mobile teledensity is over 45 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 243; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "state-owned TV broadcast station with near national coverage; more than a dozen privately owned TV stations - 2 with near national coverage; 2 state-owned radio stations are supplemented by more than 100 private radio stations; transmissions of at least 2 international broadcasters are available (2007)", "internet": { "country_code": ".cd", "users": { "total": 3016000, "percent_of_population": 3.8, "global_rank": 143, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 8, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 13, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 476352, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 85839, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "9Q", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 198, "global_rank": 27, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 26, "over_3047_metres": 3, "2438_to_3047_metres": 3, "1524_to_2437_metres": 17, "914_to_1523_metres": 2, "under_914_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 172, "1524_to_2437_metres": 20, "914_to_1523_metres": 87, "under_914_metres": 65, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 62, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 77, "units": "km" }, { "type": "refined products", "length": 756, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 4007, "units": "km" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 3882, "electrified": 858, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.067-m" }, "global_rank": 44, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 153497, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 2794, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 150703, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2004" }, "waterways": { "value": 15000, "units": "km", "note": "including the Congo, its tributaries, and unconnected lakes", "global_rank": 8, "date": "2011" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 1, "by_type": [ { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 1 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 1, "by_country": [ { "country": "Republic of the Congo", "count": 1 } ] }, "global_rank": 147, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Banana" ], "river_and_lake_ports": [ "Boma", "Bumba", "Kinshasa", "Kisangani", "Matadi", "Mbandaka (Congo)", "Kindu (Lualaba)", "Bukavu", "Goma (Lake Kivu)", "Kalemie (Lake Tanganyika)" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.39, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.04, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.25, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.21, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 49 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Forces d'Armees de la Republique Democratique du Congo", "FARDC)", "Army", "National Navy (La Marine Nationale)", "Congolese Air Force (Force Aerienne Congolaise", "FAC)" ], "date": "2011" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18-45 years of age for voluntary and compulsory military service", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "heads of the Great Lakes states and UN pledged in 2004 to abate tribal, rebel, and militia fighting in the region, including northeast Congo, where the UN Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC), organized in 1999, maintains over 16,500 uniformed peacekeepers", "members of Uganda's Lords Resistance Army forces continue to seek refuge in Congo's Garamba National Park as peace talks with the Uganda Government evolve", "the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River with the Republic of the Congo is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area", "Uganda and DRC dispute Rukwanzi Island in Lake Albert and other areas on the Semliki River with hydrocarbon potential", "boundary commission continues discussions over Congolese-administered triangle of land on the right bank of the Lunkinda River claimed by Zambia near the DRC village of Pweto", "DRC accuses Angola of shifting monuments" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 245052, "country_of_origin": 2017 } ], "date": "2016" }, "internally_displaced_persons": { "people": 2200000, "note": "fighting between government forces and rebels since mid-1990s; most internally_displaced_persons are in eastern provinces", "date": "2016" } }, "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a source, destination, and possibly a transit country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; the majority of this trafficking is internal, and much of it is perpetrated by armed groups and rogue government forces outside official control in the country's unstable eastern provinces; Congolese adults are subjected to forced labor, including debt bondage, in unlicensed mines, and women may be forced into prostitution; Congolese women and girls are subjected to forced marriages where they are vulnerable to domestic servitude or sex trafficking, while children are forced to work in agriculture, mining, mineral smuggling, vending, portering, and begging; Congolese women and children migrate to countries in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe where some are subjected to forced prostitution, domestic servitude, and forced labor in agriculture and diamond mining; indigenous and foreign armed groups, including the Lord’s Resistance Army, abduct and forcibly recruit Congolese adults and children to serve as laborers, porters, domestics, combatants, and sex slaves; some elements of the Congolese national army (FARDC) also forced adults to carry supplies, equipment, and looted goods, but no cases of the FARDC recruiting child soldiers were reported in 2014 – a significant change", "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - The Democratic Republic of the Congo does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government took significant steps to hold military and police officials complicit in human trafficking accountable with convictions for sex slavery and arrests of armed group commanders for the recruitment and use of child soldiers; the government appears to have ceased the recruitment of child soldiers through the implementation of a UN-backed action plan; little effort was made to address labor and sex trafficking crimes committed by persons other than officials, or to identify the victims, or to provide or refer the victims to care services; awareness of various forms of trafficking is limited among law enforcement personnel and training and resources are inadequate to conduct investigations (2015)" }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "one of Africa's biggest producers of cannabis, but mostly for domestic consumption; traffickers exploit lax shipping controls to transit pseudoephedrine through the capital; while rampant corruption and inadequate supervision leave the banking system vulnerable to money laundering, the lack of a well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center (2008)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102511/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html" } }, "congo_republic_of_the": { "data": { "name": "Congo, Republic Of The", "introduction": { "background": "Upon independence in 1960, the former French region of Middle Congo became the Republic of the Congo. A quarter century of experimentation with Marxism was abandoned in 1990 and a democratically elected government took office in 1992. A brief civil war in 1997 restored former Marxist President Denis SASSOU-Nguesso, and ushered in a period of ethnic and political unrest. Southern-based rebel groups agreed to a final peace accord in March 2003. The Republic of Congo is one of Africa's largest petroleum producers, but with declining production it will need new offshore oil finds to sustain its oil earnings over the long term." }, "geography": { "location": "Central Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Angola and Gabon", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 1, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 15, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Africa", "area": { "total": { "value": 342000, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 341500, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 500, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 64, "comparative": "slightly smaller than Montana" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 5008, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Angola", "border_length": { "value": 231, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Cameroon", "border_length": { "value": 494, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Central African Republic", "border_length": { "value": 487, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "border_length": { "value": 1229, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Gabon", "border_length": { "value": 2567, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 169, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); persistent high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator", "terrain": "coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern basin", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 430, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Atlantic Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mount Berongou", "elevation": { "value": 903, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "petroleum", "timber", "potash", "lead", "zinc", "uranium", "copper", "phosphates", "gold", "magnesium", "natural gas", "hydropower" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 31.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 1.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.2, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 29.3, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 65.6, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 3.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 20, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "seasonal flooding", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "air pollution from vehicle emissions", "water pollution from raw sewage", "tap water is not potable", "deforestation" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Tropical Timber 83", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "about 70% of the population lives in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, or along the railroad between them" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 4852412, "global_rank": 125, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Congolese (singular and plural)", "adjective": "Congolese or Congo" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Kongo", "percent": 48 }, { "name": "Sangha", "percent": 20 }, { "name": "M'Bochi", "percent": 12 }, { "name": "Teke", "percent": 17 }, { "name": "Europeans and other", "percent": 3 } ] }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "French", "note": "official" }, { "name": "Lingala and Monokutuba", "note": "lingua franca trade languages" }, { "name": "many local languages and dialects", "note": "of which Kikongo is the most widespread" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 33.1 }, { "name": "Awakening Churches/Christian Revival", "percent": 22.3 }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 19.9 }, { "name": "Salutiste", "percent": 2.2 }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 1.6 }, { "name": "Kimbanguiste", "percent": 1.5 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 8.1 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 11.3 } ], "date": "2010" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 41.53, "males": 1016677, "females": 998331 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 17.26, "males": 419248, "females": 418397 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 34, "males": 831091, "females": 818853 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 4.18, "males": 101118, "females": 101879 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 3.03, "males": 64519, "females": 82299 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 86.2, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 79.4, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 6.8, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 14.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 19.7, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 19.6, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 19.9, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 192, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 2.06, "global_rank": 44, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 35.1, "global_rank": 21, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 9.7, "global_rank": 49, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -4.8, "global_rank": 191, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 65.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 3.22, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Brazzaville", "population": 1888000, "is_capital": true }, { "place": "Pointe-Noire" } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.02, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.78, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 19.8, "date": "2011" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 442, "global_rank": 16, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 56.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 61.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 51.3, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 59.3, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 58.1, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 60.6, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 201, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 4.63, "global_rank": 21, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 30.1, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 5.2, "global_rank": 179, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.11, "date": "2007" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 95.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 40, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 76.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 4.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 60, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 23.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 20, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 5.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 15, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 80, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 94.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 85, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 2.75, "global_rank": 22, "date": "2014" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 80700, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2014" }, "deaths": { "total": 4400, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2014" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "very high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "protozoal diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "malaria", "dengue fever" ], "animal_contact_diseases": [ "rabies" ], "water_contact_diseases": [ "schistosomiasis" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 9.7, "global_rank": 163, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 12.3, "global_rank": 61, "date": "2015" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 6.2, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2010" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 79.3, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 86.4, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 72.9, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 11, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 11, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 11, "units": "years" }, "date": "2012" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 252171, "percentage": { "value": 25, "units": "%" }, "date": "2005" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of the Congo", "conventional_short_form": "Congo (Brazzaville)", "local_long_form": "Republique du Congo", "local_short_form": "Congo", "former": "French Congo, Middle Congo, People's Republic of the Congo, Congo/Brazzaville", "etymology": "named for the Congo River, which makes up much of the country's eastern border; the river name derives from Kongo, a Bantu kingdom that occupied its mouth at the time of Portuguese discovery in the late 15th century and whose name stems from its people the Bakongo, meaning \"hunters\"" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Brazzaville", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 4, "minutes": 15, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 15, "minutes": 17, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 1, "note": "6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1960-08-15", "note": "from France" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "15 August", "original_year": "1960" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1992; latest approved by referendum 20 January 2002; amended 2015", "note": "the constitutional referendum approved in October 2015 changed the head of government from the president to the prime minister, eliminated the presidential age maximum, reduced the presidential term from 7 to 5 years and limited total presidential terms to 3 (2017)" }, "legal_system": "mixed legal system of French civil law and customary law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of the Republic of the Congo", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "10 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Denis SASSOU-Nguesso (since 25 October 1997)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Clement MOUAMBA (since 23 April 2016); note - a constitutional referendum held in 2015 approved the change of the head of government from the president to the prime minister", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for 2 additional terms); election last held on 20 March 2016 (next to be held in 2021)", "election_results": "Denis SASSOU-Nguesso reelected president; percent of vote - Denis SASSOU-Nguesso (PCT) 60.4%, Guy Price Parfait KOLELAS (MCDDI) 15.1%, Jean-Marie MOKOKO (independent) 13.9%, Pascal Tsaty MABIALA (UPADS) 4.4%, other 6.2%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate (72 seats; members indirectly elected by regional councils by simple majority vote to serve 6-year terms with one-half of membership renewed every three years) and the National Assembly (139 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority popular vote in two rounds if needed; members serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "Senate - last held on 12 October 2014 for 36 of the expiry seats (next to be held in 2020); National Assembly - last held on 15 July and 5 August 2012 (next to be held in July 2017)", "election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - RMP 33, FDU 23, UPADS 2, other 7, independent 7; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PCT 89, MCDDI 7, UPADS 7, RDPS 5, MAR 4, RC 3, MUST 2, UPDP 2, CPR 1, PRL 1, PUR 1, UFD 1, UR 1, independent 12, vacant 3" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of NA judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members); note - a High Court of Justice, outside the judicial authority, tries cases involving treason by the president of the republic", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges elected by Parliament and serve until age 65; Constitutional Court members appointed by the president of the republic - 3 directly by the president and 6 nominated by Parliament; members appointed for renewable 9-year terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 3 years", "subordinate_courts": "Court of Audit and Budgetary Discipline; courts of appeal; regional and district courts; employment tribunals; juvenile courts;" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Action Movement for Renewal", "name_alternative": "MAR", "leaders": [ "Roland BOUITI-VIAUDO" ] }, { "name": "Citizen's Rally", "name_alternative": "RC" }, { "name": "Congolese Labour Party", "name_alternative": "PCT", "leaders": [ "Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO" ] }, { "name": "Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development", "name_alternative": "MCDDI", "leaders": [ "Guy Price Parfait KOLELAS" ] }, { "name": "Movement for Unity, Solidarity, Work", "name_alternative": "MUST", "leaders": [ "Claudine MUNARI" ] }, { "name": "Pan-African Union for Social Development", "name_alternative": "UPADS", "leaders": [ "Pascal Tsaty MABIALA" ] }, { "name": "Party for the Unity of the Republic", "name_alternative": "PUR" }, { "name": "Patriotic Union for Democracy and Progress", "name_alternative": "UPDP [Auguste-Celestin GONGARD NKOUA" }, { "name": "Prospects and Realities Club", "name_alternative": "CPR" }, { "name": "Rally for Democracy and Social Progress", "name_alternative": "RDPS", "leaders": [ "Bernard BATCHI" ] }, { "name": "Rally of the Presidential Majority", "name_alternative": "RMP" }, { "name": "Republican and Liberal Party", "name_alternative": "PRL" }, { "name": "Union for the Republic", "name_alternative": "UR" }, { "name": "Union of Democratic Forces" }, { "name": "Union for Democracy and Republic", "name_alternative": "UDR" }, { "name": "United Democratic Forces", "name_alternative": "FDU; many smaller parties", "leaders": [ "Sebastian EBAO" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Congolese Trade Union Congress", "name_alternative": "CSC" }, { "name": "General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students", "name_alternative": "UGEEC" }, { "name": "Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women", "name_alternative": "URFC" }, { "name": "Union of Congolese Socialist Youth", "name_alternative": "UJSC" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AfDB" }, { "organization": "AU" }, { "organization": "BDEAC" }, { "organization": "CEMAC" }, { "organization": "EITI ", "note": "compliant country" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "FZ" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO ", "note": "correspondent" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNITAR" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Serge MOMBOULI (since 31 July 2001)", "chancery": "1720 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009", "telephone": "[1] (202) 726-5500", "fax": "[1] (202) 726-1860" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Mary DASCHBACH (since January 2015)", "embassy": "70-83 Section D, Maya-Maya Boulevard, Brazzaville", "mailing_address": "B.P. 1015, Brazzaville", "telephone": "[242] 06 612-2000" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red; green symbolizes agriculture and forests, yellow the friendship and nobility of the people, red is unexplained but has been associated with the struggle for independence", "note": "uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "lion" }, { "symbol": "elephant" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "green" }, { "color": "yellow" }, { "color": "red" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"La Congolaise\" (The Congolese)", "lyrics_music": "Jacques TONDRA and Georges KIBANGHI/Jean ROYER and Joseph SPADILIERE", "note": "originally adopted 1959, restored 1991", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/CF.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "The economy is a mixture of subsistence farming and hunting, an industrial sector based largely on oil and support services, and government spending. Oil has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy, providing a major share of government revenues and exports. Natural gas is increasingly being converted to electricity rather than being flared, greatly improving energy prospects. New mining projects, particularly iron ore, which entered production in late 2013, may add as much as $1 billion to annual government revenue.\n\nEconomic reform efforts have been undertaken with the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank and the IMF, including the recently concluded Article IV consultations. The current administration faces difficult economic challenges of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty. The recent drop in oil prices has constrained government spending; lower oil prices forced the government to cut more than $1 billion in planned spending. However, the government increased infrastructure spending for the September 2015 All-Africa Games and the March 2016 presidential election, which put further pressure on the budget. The fiscal deficit exceeded 18% of GDP in 2015. Substantial macroeconomic imbalances continued in 2016 following sustained low oil prices.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 30270000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 29750000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 29080000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 130, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 8834000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.7, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 6.8, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 151 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6800, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6800, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 6800, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 157, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 50, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 10.5, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 48.7, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.2, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 44.5, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -53.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 4.9, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 69.8, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 25.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 22.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 12.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 38.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 68 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "cassava", "manioc", "tapioca", "sugar", "rice", "corn", "peanuts", "vegetables", "coffee", "cocoa", "forest products" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "petroleum extraction", "cement", "lumber", "brewing", "sugar", "palm oil", "soap", "flour", "cigarettes" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 3.5, "global_rank": 68, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 1807000, "global_rank": 124, "date": "2013" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 35.4, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 20.6, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 42.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2005" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 36, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 200 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 46.5, "units": "%", "date": "2011" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2.1, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 37.1, "units": "%" }, "date": "2005" }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 3562000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 4232999999.9999995, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 40.3, "global_rank": 38, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -7.6, "global_rank": 190, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 70, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 48, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 46 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.2, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.6, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 169 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.25, "units": "%", "date": "2009-12-31" }, { "value": 4.75, "units": "%", "date": "2008-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 88 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 14.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 49 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3274000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 3131000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 115 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4875000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 4858000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 132 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1825000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1807000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 142 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -2270000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -3668000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 153 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4777000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 5231000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 108 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "petroleum", "lumber", "plywood", "sugar", "cocoa", "coffee", "diamonds" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 41.9 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 16.8 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 4.9 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 4.9 }, { "name": "Portugal", "percent": 4.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3447000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3934000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 135 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "capital equipment", "construction materials", "foodstuffs" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 20.6 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 14.4 }, { "name": "South Korea", "percent": 10 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 4.9 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 4.5 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 4.2 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 4.1 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1989000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2244000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 116 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4817000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 4324000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 134 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 589.4, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 591.45, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 591.45, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 494.42, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 510.53, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 2600000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 42, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 62, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 5, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 1700000000, "global_rank": 141, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 900000000, "global_rank": 156, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 22000000, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "kWh": 18000000, "global_rank": 111, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 500000, "global_rank": 148, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 12.2, "global_rank": 197, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 65, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 87.8, "global_rank": 15, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 166, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 269000, "global_rank": 33, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 252300, "global_rank": 28, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 174, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 1600000000, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 18550, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 16000, "global_rank": 144, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 5426, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 2615, "global_rank": 182, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 1500000000, "global_rank": 60, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 1500000000, "global_rank": 84, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 39000000, "global_rank": 50, "date": "2012" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 175, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 90610000000, "global_rank": 55, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 6500000, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 17000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 1, "global_rank": 193, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 5216000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 110, "global_rank": 118, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "primary network consists of microwave radio relay and coaxial cable with services barely adequate for government use; key exchanges are in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, and Loubomo; intercity lines frequently out of order", "domestic": "fixed-line infrastructure inadequate, providing less than 1 connection per 100 persons; in the absence of an adequate fixed-line infrastructure, mobile-cellular subscribership has surged to 110 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 242; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "1 state-owned TV and 3 state-owned radio stations; several privately owned TV and radio stations; satellite TV service is available; rebroadcasts of several international broadcasters are available (2007)", "internet": { "country_code": ".cg", "users": { "total": 362000, "percent_of_population": 7.6, "global_rank": 171, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 3, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 12, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 657926, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 2987493, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "TN", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 27, "global_rank": 125, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 8, "over_3047_metres": 2, "2438_to_3047_metres": 1, "1524_to_2437_metres": 5, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 19, "1524_to_2437_metres": 8, "914_to_1523_metres": 9, "under_914_metres": 2, "date": "2013" } } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 232, "units": "km" }, { "type": "liquid petroleum gas", "length": 4, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 982, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 510, "units": "km" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 510, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.067-m" }, "global_rank": 113, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 17000, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 1212, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 15788, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 119, "date": "2006" }, "waterways": { "value": 1120, "units": "km", "note": "commercially navigable on Congo and Oubanqui Rivers above Brazzaville; there are many ferries across the river to Kinshasa; the Congo south of Brazzaville-Kinshasa to the coast is not navigable because of rapids, necessitating a rail connection to Pointe Noire; other rivers are used for local traffic only", "global_rank": 61, "date": "2011" }, "merchant_marine": { "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 1, "by_country": [ { "country": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "count": 1 } ] }, "global_rank": 148, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Pointe-Noire" ], "river_ports": [ "Brazzaville (Congo)", "Impfondo (Oubangi)", "Ouesso (Sangha)", "Oyo (Alima)" ], "oil_terminals": [ "Djeno" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.97, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 2.61, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" } ] }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Congolese Armed Forces (Forces Armees Congolaises", "FAC)", "Army (Armee de Terre)", "Navy", "Congolese Air Force (Armee de l'Air Congolaise)", "Gendarmerie", "Special Presidential Security Guard (GSSP)" ], "date": "2013" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; women may serve in the Armed Forces", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River with the Democratic Republic of the Congo is undefined except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 9202, "country_of_origin": 2017 } ], "date": "2016" }, "internally_displaced_persons": { "people": 33000, "note": "multiple civil wars since 1992", "date": "2016" } }, "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "the Republic of the Congo is a source and destination country for children, men, and women, subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; most trafficking victims are from Benin, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and, to a lesser extent, other neighboring countries and are subjected to domestic servitude and market vending by West African and Congolese nationals; adults and children, the majority from the DRC, are also sex trafficked in Congo, mainly Brazzaville; internal trafficking victims, often from rural areas, are exploited as domestic servants or forced to work in quarries, bakeries, fishing, and agriculture", "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - the Republic of the Congo does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the country drafted an action plan based on anti-trafficking legislation, which remains pending in the Supreme Court; the government made minimal anti-trafficking law enforcement efforts in 2014, failing to prosecute or convict suspected traffickers from cases dating back to 2010; serious allegations of official complicity continue to be reported; the government lacks a systematic means of identifying victims and relies on NGOs and international organizations to identify victims and NGOs and foster families to provide care to victims; the quality of care varied widely because the foster care system was allegedly undermined by inadequate security and official complicity (2015)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102512/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cf.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cf.html" } }, "cook_islands": { "data": { "name": "Cook Islands", "introduction": { "background": "Named after Captain COOK, who sighted them in 1770, the islands became a British protectorate in 1888. By 1900, administrative control was transferred to New Zealand; in 1965, residents chose self-government in free association with New Zealand. The emigration of skilled workers to New Zealand, government deficits, and limited natural resources are of continuing concern." }, "geography": { "location": "Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 21, "minutes": 14, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 159, "minutes": 46, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Oceania", "area": { "total": { "value": 236, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 236, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 215, "comparative": "1.3 times the size of Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 120, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "nm", "note": "or to the edge of the continental margin" } }, "climate": "tropical oceanic; moderated by trade winds; a dry season from April to November and a more humid season from December to March", "terrain": "low coral atolls in north; volcanic, hilly islands in south", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Pacific Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Te Manga", "elevation": { "value": 652, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "coconuts", "copra" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 8.4, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 4.2, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 4.2, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 64.6, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 27, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "typhoons (November to March)", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "NA" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection" ] } }, "note": "the northern Cook Islands are seven low-lying, sparsely populated, coral atolls; the southern Cook Islands, where most of the population lives, consist of eight elevated, fertile, volcanic isles, including the largest, Rarotonga, at 67 sq km" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 9556, "global_rank": 225, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Cook Islander(s)", "adjective": "Cook Islander" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Cook Island Maori", "percent": 81.3, "note": "Polynesian" }, { "name": "part Cook Island Maori", "percent": 6.7 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 11.9 } ], "date": "2011" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "English", "percent": 86.4, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Cook Islands Maori", "percent": 76.2, "note": "Rarotongan; official" }, { "name": "other", "percent": 8.3 } ], "note": "shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census", "date": "2011" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 62.8, "breakdown": [ { "name": "Cook Islands Christian Church", "percent": 49.1 }, { "name": "Seventh Day Adventist", "percent": 7.9 }, { "name": "Assemblies of God", "percent": 3.7 }, { "name": "Apostolic Church", "percent": 2.1 } ] }, { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 17 }, { "name": "Mormon", "percent": 4.4 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 8 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 5.6 }, { "name": "no response", "percent": 2.2 } ], "date": "2011" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 21.61, "males": 1093, "females": 972 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 17.2, "males": 877, "females": 767 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 38.08, "males": 1822, "females": 1817 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 11.34, "males": 584, "females": 500 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 11.76, "males": 554, "females": 570 }, "date": "2016" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 35.9, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 35.3, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 36.4, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 74, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": -2.88, "global_rank": 235, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 14.1, "global_rank": 137, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 8.3, "global_rank": 84, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 74.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.88, "units": "%" } }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.12, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.14, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 1.17, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.97, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.07, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 13.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 16.3, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 10.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 75.8, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 73, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 78.8, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 95, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.21, "global_rank": 97, "date": "2016" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 3.4, "global_rank": 175, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 1.19, "date": "2009" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 99.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 99.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 99.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 97.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 97.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 97.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 2.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 2.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 2.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 50, "global_rank": 3, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4, "global_rank": 137, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 16, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Cook Islands", "etymology": "named after Captain James COOK, the British explorer who visited the islands in 1773 and 1777" }, "government_type": "self-governing parliamentary democracy (Parliament of the Cook Islands) in free association with New Zealand", "capital": { "name": "Avarua", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 21, "minutes": 12, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 159, "minutes": 46, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -10, "note": "5 hours behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "note": "became self-governing in free association with New Zealand on 4 August 1965 and has the right at any time to move to full independence by unilateral action" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Constitution Day", "day": "first Monday in August", "original_year": "1965" } ], "constitution": { "history": "4 August 1965 (Cook Islands Constitution Act 1964); amended many times, last in 2004 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "common law similar to New Zealand common law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration (New Zealand normally retains responsibility for external affairs)", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Tom J. MARSTERS (since 9 August 2013); New Zealand High Commissioner Peter MARSHALL (since 10 January 2017)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Henry PUNA (since 30 November 2010)", "cabinet": "Cabinet chosen by the prime minister", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; UK representative appointed by the monarch; New Zealand high commissioner appointed by the New Zealand Government; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually becomes prime minister" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Parliament, formerly the Legislative Assembly (24 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms); note - the House of Ariki, a 24-member parliamentary body of traditional leaders appointed by the Queen's representative serves as a consultative body to the Parliament", "elections": "last held on 9 July 2014 (next to be held by 2018)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CIP 13, Demo 8, One Cook Islands Movement 2, 1 undecided" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_resident_courts": "Court of Appeal (consists of the chief justice and 3 judges of the High Court); High Court (consists of the chief justice and at least 4 judges and organized into civil, criminal, and land divisions); note - appeals beyond the Cook Islands Court of Appeal are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "High Court chief justice appointed by the Queen's Representative on the advice of the Executive Council tendered by the prime minister; other judges appointed by the Queen's Representative, on the advice of the Executive Council tendered by the chief justice, High Court chief justice, and the minister of justice; chief justice and judges appointed for 3-year renewable terms", "subordinate_courts": "justices of the peace" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Cook Islands Party", "name_alternative": "CIP", "leaders": [ "Henry PUNA" ] }, { "name": "Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "Demo", "leaders": [ "William HEATHER" ] }, { "name": "One Cook Islands Movement", "leaders": [ "Teina BISHOP" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Reform Conference ", "note": "lobby for political system changes" }, { "name": "various groups lobbying for political change" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "ADB" }, { "organization": "AOSIS" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "PIF" }, { "organization": "Sparteca" }, { "organization": "SPC" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WMO" } ], "flag_description": { "description": "blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large circle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for every island) centered in the outer half of the flag" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "a circle of 15, five-pointed" }, { "symbol": "white stars on a blue field" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "blue" }, { "color": "white" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Te Atua Mou E\" (To God Almighty)", "lyrics_music": "Tepaeru Te RITO/Thomas DAVIS", "note": "adopted 1982; as prime minister, Sir Thomas DAVIS composed the anthem; his wife, a tribal chief, wrote the lyrics", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/CW.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Like many other South Pacific island nations, the Cook Islands' economic development is hindered by the isolation of the country from foreign markets, the limited size of domestic markets, lack of natural resources, periodic devastation from natural disasters, and inadequate infrastructure. Agriculture, employing more than one-quarter of the working population, provides the economic base with major exports of copra and citrus fruit. Black pearls are the Cook Islands' leading export. Manufacturing activities are limited to fruit processing, clothing, and handicrafts. Trade deficits are offset by remittances from emigrants and by foreign aid overwhelmingly from New Zealand. In the 1980s and 1990s, the country lived beyond its means, maintaining a bloated public service and accumulating a large foreign debt. Subsequent reforms, including the sale of state assets, the strengthening of economic management, the encouragement of tourism, and a debt restructuring agreement, have rekindled investment and growth.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 244100000, "units": "USD", "date": "2010" }, { "value": 183200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2005" } ], "global_rank": 218 }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 244100000, "date": "2010" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.1, "units": "%", "date": "2005" } ], "global_rank": 193 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12300, "units": "USD", "date": "2010" }, { "value": 9100, "units": "USD", "date": "2005" } ], "global_rank": 122 }, "composition": { "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 5.1, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 12.7, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 82.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2010" } } }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "copra", "citrus", "pineapples", "tomatoes", "beans", "pawpaws", "bananas", "yams", "taro", "coffee", "pigs", "poultry" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "fruit processing", "tourism", "fishing", "clothing", "handicrafts" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 1, "global_rank": 147, "date": "2002" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 6820, "global_rank": 218, "date": "2001" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 29, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 15, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 56, "units": "%" } }, "date": "1995" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 13.1, "units": "%", "date": "2005" } ], "global_rank": 148 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 86900000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 77900000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2010" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 35.6, "global_rank": 54, "date": "2010" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": 3.7, "global_rank": 11, "date": "2010" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 April", "end": "31 March" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.2, "units": "%", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 117 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 38990000, "units": "USD", "date": "2011-12-31" }, { "value": 38990000, "units": "USD", "date": "2011-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 190 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 148200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2011-12-31" }, { "value": 170900000, "units": "USD", "date": "2010-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 192 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 26670000, "units": "USD", "date": "2005" } ], "global_rank": 57 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3125000, "units": "USD", "date": "2011" }, { "value": 5163000, "units": "USD", "date": "2010" } ], "global_rank": 220 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "copra", "papayas", "fresh", "canned citrus fruit", "coffee", "fish", "pearls", "pearl shells", "clothing" ] } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 109300000, "units": "USD", "date": "2011" }, { "value": 90620000, "units": "USD", "date": "2010" } ], "global_rank": 216 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "foodstuffs", "textiles", "fuels", "timber", "capital goods" ] } }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 141000000, "units": "USD", "date": "1996" } ], "global_rank": 191 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.4279, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.441, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.4279, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.23, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "NZ dollars (NZD) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "production": { "kWh": 34000000, "global_rank": 211, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 31620000, "global_rank": 212, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 131, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 141, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 9000, "global_rank": 209, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 99.5, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 76, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 168, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0.5, "global_rank": 105, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 122, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 182, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 123, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 133, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 530, "global_rank": 210, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 174, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 528, "global_rank": 207, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 175, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 136, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 88, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 185, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 200000, "global_rank": 201, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total": 7800, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 75, "global_rank": 202, "date": "2013" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 11000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 105, "global_rank": 213, "date": "2013" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "Telecom Cook Islands offers international direct dialing, Internet, email, fax, and Telex", "domestic": "individual islands are connected by a combination of satellite earth stations, microwave systems, and VHF and HF radiotelephone; within the islands, service is provided by small exchanges connected to subscribers by open-wire, cable, and fiber-optic cable", "international": "country code - 682; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "1 privately owned TV station broadcasts from Rarotonga providing a mix of local news and overseas-sourced programs (2016)", "internet": { "country_code": ".ck", "users": { "total": 6000, "percent_of_population": 61, "global_rank": 216, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 1, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 1, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "E5", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 11, "global_rank": 153, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 1, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 10, "1524_to_2437_metres": 2, "914_to_1523_metres": 7, "under_914_metres": 1, "date": "2013" } } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 320, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 33, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 287, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 204, "date": "2003" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 35, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 2 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 25 }, { "type": "passenger", "count": 1 }, { "type": "refrigerated cargo", "count": 6 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 1 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 23, "by_country": [ { "country": "Estonia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Germany", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Lithuania", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Norway", "count": 8 }, { "country": "NZ", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Russia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Sweden", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Turkey", "count": 4 }, { "country": "UK", "count": 2 } ] }, "global_rank": 81, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Avatiu" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "no regular military forces", "National Police Department" ] }, "note": "defense is the responsibility of New Zealand in consultation with the Cook Islands and at its request" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ] } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624001017/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cw.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cw.html" } }, "coral_sea_islands": { "data": { "name": "Coral Sea Islands", "introduction": { "background": "Scattered over more than three-quarters of a million square kilometers of ocean, the Coral Sea Islands were declared a territory of Australia in 1969. They are uninhabited except for a small meteorological staff on the Willis Islets. Automated weather stations, beacons, and a lighthouse occupy many other islands and reefs. The Coral Sea Islands Act 1969 was amended in 1997 to extend the boundaries of the Coral Sea Islands Territory around Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs." }, "geography": { "location": "Oceania, islands in the Coral Sea, northeast of Australia", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 18, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 152, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Oceania", "area": { "total": { "value": 3, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 3, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "note": "includes numerous small islands and reefs scattered over a sea area of about 780,000 sq km (300,000 sq mi) with the Willis Islets the most important", "global_rank": 252, "comparative": "about four times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 3095, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 3, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_fishing_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical", "terrain": "sand and coral reefs and islands (cays)", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Pacific Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "unnamed location on Cato Island", "elevation": { "value": 6, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "fish" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 100, "units": "%", "note": "mostly grass or scrub cover" } }, "date": "2011" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "occasional tropical cyclones", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "no permanent freshwater resources" ] }, "note": "important nesting area for birds and turtles" }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Coral Sea Islands Territory", "conventional_short_form": "Coral Sea Islands", "etymology": "self-descriptive name to reflect the islands' position in the Coral Sea off the northeastern coast of Australia" }, "legal_system": "the common law legal system of Australia, where applicable, applies", "flag_description": { "description": "the flag of Australia is used" } }, "economy": { "overview": "no economic activity" }, "communications": { "note": "automatic weather stations on many of the isles and reefs relay data to the mainland" }, "military_and_security": { "note": "defense is the responsibility of Australia" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ] } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-02", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170702115125/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cr.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170702000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cr.html" } }, "costa_rica": { "data": { "name": "Costa Rica", "introduction": { "background": "Although explored by the Spanish early in the 16th century, initial attempts at colonizing Costa Rica proved unsuccessful due to a combination of factors, including disease from mosquito-infested swamps, brutal heat, resistance by natives, and pirate raids. It was not until 1563 that a permanent settlement of Cartago was established in the cooler, fertile central highlands. The area remained a colony for some two and a half centuries. In 1821, Costa Rica became one of several Central American provinces that jointly declared their independence from Spain. Two years later it joined the United Provinces of Central America, but this federation disintegrated in 1838, at which time Costa Rica proclaimed its sovereignty and independence. Since the late 19th century, only two brief periods of violence have marred the country's democratic development. In 1949, Costa Rica dissolved its armed forces. Although it still maintains a large agricultural sector, Costa Rica has expanded its economy to include strong technology and tourism industries. The standard of living is relatively high. Land ownership is widespread." }, "geography": { "location": "Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Nicaragua and Panama", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 10, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 84, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Central America and the Caribbean", "area": { "total": { "value": 51100, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 51060, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 40, "units": "sq km" }, "note": "includes Isla del Coco", "global_rank": 130, "comparative": "slightly smaller than West Virginia" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 661, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Nicaragua", "border_length": { "value": 313, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Panama", "border_length": { "value": 348, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 1290, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands", "terrain": "coastal plains separated by rugged mountains including over 100 volcanic cones, of which several are major active volcanoes", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 746, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Pacific Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Cerro Chirripo", "elevation": { "value": 3810, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "hydropower" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 37.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 4.9, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 6.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 25.5, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 51.5, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 11.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 1015, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "roughly half of the nation's population resides in urban areas; the capital of San Jose is the largest city and home to approximately one-fifth of the population", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "frequent flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season and landslides", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "active volcanoes", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "Arenal (elev. 1,670 m), which erupted in 2010, is the most active volcano in Costa Rica; a 1968 eruption destroyed the town of Tabacon; Irazu (elev. 3,432 m), situated just east of San Jose, has the potential to spew ash over the capital city as it did between 1963 and 1965; other historically active volcanoes include Miravalles, Poas, Rincon de la Vieja, and Turrialba", "type": "volcanism" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "deforestation and land use change", "largely a result of the clearing of land for cattle ranching and agriculture", "soil erosion", "coastal marine pollution", "fisheries protection", "solid waste management", "air pollution" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Wetlands", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [ "Marine Life Conservation" ] } }, "note": "four volcanoes, two of them active, rise near the capital of San Jose in the center of the country; one of the volcanoes, Irazu, erupted destructively in 1963-65" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 4872543, "global_rank": 124, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Costa Rican(s)", "adjective": "Costa Rican" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "white or mestizo", "percent": 83.6 }, { "name": "mulato", "percent": 6.7 }, { "name": "indigenous", "percent": 2.4 }, { "name": "black of African descent", "percent": 1.1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.1 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 2.9 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 2.2 } ], "date": "2011" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Spanish", "note": "official" }, { "name": "English" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 76.3 }, { "name": "Evangelical", "percent": 13.7 }, { "name": "Jehovah's Witness", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "other Protestant", "percent": 0.7 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 4.8 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 3.2 } ] }, "demographic_profile": "Costa Rica's political stability, high standard of living, and well-developed social benefits system set it apart from its Central American neighbors. Through the government's sustained social spending - almost 20% of GDP annually - Costa Rica has made tremendous progress toward achieving its goal of providing universal access to education, healthcare, clean water, sanitation, and electricity. Since the 1970s, expansion of these services has led to a rapid decline in infant mortality, an increase in life expectancy at birth, and a sharp decrease in the birth rate. The average number of children born per women has fallen from about 7 in the 1960s to 3.5 in the early 1980s to below replacement level today. Costa Rica's poverty rate is lower than in most Latin American countries, but it has stalled at around 20% for almost two decades.\nCosta Rica is a popular regional immigration destination because of its job opportunities and social programs. Almost 9% of the population is foreign-born, with Nicaraguans comprising nearly three-quarters of the foreign population. Many Nicaraguans who perform unskilled seasonal labor enter Costa Rica illegally or overstay their visas, which continues to be a source of tension. Less than 3% of Costa Rica's population lives abroad. The overwhelming majority of expatriates have settled in the United States after completing a university degree or in order to work in a highly skilled field.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 22.82, "males": 568738, "females": 543312 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 16.75, "males": 416046, "females": 399931 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 43.99, "males": 1078000, "females": 1065327 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 8.9, "males": 211670, "females": 222183 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 7.54, "males": 169646, "females": 197690 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 45.4, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 32.4, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 12.9, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 7.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 30.9, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 30.4, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 31.3, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1.19, "global_rank": 98, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 15.7, "global_rank": 122, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 4.6, "global_rank": 201, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 0.8, "global_rank": 62, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "roughly half of the nation's population resides in urban areas; the capital of San Jose is the largest city and home to approximately one-fifth of the population", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 76.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 2.74, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "San Jose", "population": 1170000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.95, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.86, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 25, "global_rank": 115, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 8.3, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 7.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 151, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 78.6, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 75.9, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 81.4, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 58, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.9, "global_rank": 137, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 76.2, "units": "%", "date": "2011" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 9.3, "global_rank": 23, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 1.15, "date": "2013" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 1.2, "date": "2012" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 99.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 91.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 97.8, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 8.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 2.2, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 95.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 92.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 94.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 4.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 7.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 5.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.33, "global_rank": 89, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 10000, "global_rank": 97, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 200, "global_rank": 103, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "intermediate", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "dengue fever" ], "note": "active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus", "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 24, "global_rank": 73, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 1.1, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2009" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 7.6, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2015" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 97.8, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 97.7, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 97.8, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 16, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 39082, "percentage": { "value": 5, "units": "%" }, "date": "2002" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 25, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 21.3, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 31.4, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 62, "date": "2014" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Costa Rica", "conventional_short_form": "Costa Rica", "local_long_form": "Republica de Costa Rica", "local_short_form": "Costa Rica", "etymology": "the name means \"rich coast\" in Spanish and was first applied in the early colonial period of the 16th century" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "San Jose", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 9, "minutes": 56, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 84, "minutes": 5, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -6, "note": "1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1821-09-15", "note": "from Spain" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "15 September", "original_year": "1821" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1825; latest effective 8 November 1949; amended many times, last in 2015 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system based on Spanish civil code; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "yes", "citizenship_by_descent": "yes", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "7 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": true }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Luis Guillermo SOLIS Rivera (since 8 May 2014); First Vice President Helio FALLAS Venega (since 8 May 2014); Second Vice President Ana Helena CHACON Echeverria (since 8 May 2014); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government", "head_of_government": "President Luis Guillermo SOLIS Rivera (since 8 May 2014); First Vice President Helio FALLAS Venegas (since 8 May 2014); Second Vice President Ana Helena CHACON Echeverria (since 8 May 2014)", "cabinet": "Cabinet selected by the president", "elections_appointments": "president and vice presidents directly elected on the same ballot by modified majority popular vote (40% threshold) for a 4-year term (eligible for non-consecutive terms); election last held on 2 February 2014 with a runoff on 6 April 2014 (next to be held in February 2018)", "election_results": "Luis Guillermo SOLIS Rivera elected president; percent of vote - Luis Guillermo SOLIS Rivera (PAC) 77.8%; Johnny ARAYA (PLN) 22.2%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Legislative Assembly or Asamblea Legislativa (57 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies - corresponding to the country's 7 provinces - by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 2 February 2014 (next to be held in February 2018)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PLN 18, PAC 13, FA 9, PUSC 8, PML 4, other 5" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Justice (consists of 22 judges organized into 3 cassation chambers each with 5 judges, and the Constitutional Chamber with 7 judges)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court of Justice judges elected by the National Assembly for 8-year terms with renewal decided by the National Assembly", "subordinate_courts": "appellate courts; trial courts; first instance and justice of the peace courts; Superior Electoral Tribunal" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Accessibility Without Exclusion", "name_alternative": "PASE", "leaders": [ "Oscar Andres LOPEZ Arias" ] }, { "name": "Broad Front", "name_alternative": "PFA", "leaders": [ "Ana Patricia MORA" ], "note": "Frente Amplio" }, { "name": "Citizen Action Party", "name_alternative": "PAC", "leaders": [ "Olivier PEREZ Gonzalez" ] }, { "name": "Costa Rican Renovation Party", "name_alternative": "PRC", "leaders": [ "Gerardo Justo OROZCO Alvarez" ] }, { "name": "Libertarian Movement Party", "name_alternative": "ML", "leaders": [ "Victor Danilo CUBERO Corrales" ] }, { "name": "National Integration Party", "name_alternative": "PIN", "leaders": [ "Walter MUNOZ Cespedes" ] }, { "name": "National Liberation Party", "name_alternative": "PLN", "leaders": [ "Bernal JIMENEZ" ] }, { "name": "National Restoration Party", "name_alternative": "PRN", "leaders": [ "Carlos AVENDANO" ] }, { "name": "Patriotic Alliance", "leaders": [ "Jorge ARAYA Westover" ] }, { "name": "Popular Vanguard", "leaders": [ "Humberto VARGAS" ] }, { "name": "Social Christian Unity Party", "name_alternative": "PUSC", "leaders": [ "Gerardo VARGAS" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers", "name_alternative": "CATD", "note": "Communist Party affiliate" }, { "name": "Chamber of Coffee Growers" }, { "name": "Confederated Union of Workers", "name_alternative": "CUT", "note": "Communist Party affiliate" }, { "name": "Confederation of Workers Rerum Novarum", "name_alternative": "CTRN", "note": "National Libertion Party affiliate" }, { "name": "Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers", "name_alternative": "CCTD", "note": "National Libertion Party affiliate" }, { "name": "Costa Rican Exporter's Chamber", "name_alternative": "CADEXCO" }, { "name": "Costa Rican Solidarity Movement" }, { "name": "Costa Rican Union of Private Sector Enterprises", "name_alternative": "UCCAEP" }, { "name": "Federation of Public Service Workers", "name_alternative": "FTSP" }, { "name": "National Association for Economic Development", "name_alternative": "ANFE" }, { "name": "National Association of Educators", "name_alternative": "ANDE" }, { "name": "National Association of Public and Private Employees", "name_alternative": "ANEP" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "BCIE" }, { "organization": "CACM" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CELAC" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IADB" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "LAES" }, { "organization": "LAIA ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OAS" }, { "organization": "OIF ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OPANAL" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "Pacific Alliance ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "SICA" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "Union Latina" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Roman MACAYA Hayes (since 18 September 2014)", "chancery": "2114 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 480-2200", "fax": "[1] (202) 265-4795", "consulates_general": "Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Juan (Puerto Rico), Tampa (FL), Washington DC", "consulates": "San Francisco" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Stafford Fitzgerald HANEY (since 30 June 2015)", "embassy": "Calle 98 Via 104, Pavas, San Jose", "mailing_address": "APO AA 34020", "telephone": "[506] 2519-2000", "fax": "[506] 2519-2305" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and blue, with the coat of arms in a white elliptical disk placed toward the hoist side of the red band; Costa Rica retained the earlier blue-white-blue flag of Central America until 1848 when, in response to revolutionary activity in Europe, it was decided to incorporate the French colors into the national flag and a central red stripe was added; today the blue color is said to stand for the sky, opportunity, and perseverance, white denotes peace, happiness, and wisdom, while red represents the blood shed for freedom, as well as the generosity and vibrancy of the people", "note": "somewhat resembles the flag of North Korea; similar to the flag of Thailand but with the blue and red colors reversed" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "yiguirro ", "note": "clay-colored robin" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "blue" }, { "color": "white" }, { "color": "red" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Himno Nacional de Costa Rica\" (National Anthem of Costa Rica)", "lyrics_music": "Jose Maria ZELEDON Brenes/Manuel Maria GUTIERREZ", "note": "adopted 1949; the anthem's music was originally written for an 1853 welcome ceremony for diplomatic missions from the US and UK; the lyrics were added in 1903", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/CS.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Since 2010 Costa Rica has enjoyed strong and stable economic growth - 4.3% in 2016. Exports of bananas, coffee, sugar, and beef are the backbone of its commodity exports. Various industrial and processed agricultural products have broadened exports in recent years, as have high value-added goods, including medical devices. And Costa Rica's impressive biodiversity makes it a key destination for ecotourism.\n\nForeign investors remain attracted by the country's political stability and relatively high education levels, as well as the incentives offered in the free-trade zones; Costa Rica has attracted one of the highest levels of foreign direct investment per capita in Latin America. The US-Central American-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR), which entered into force on 1 January, helped increase foreign direct investment in key sectors of the economy, including insurance and telecommunication. However, poor infrastructure, high energy costs, a complex bureaucracy, weak investor protection, and uncertainty of contract enforcement impede greater investment.\n\nCosta Rica’s economy also faces challenges due to a rising fiscal deficit, rising public debt, and relatively low levels of domestic revenue. Poverty has remained around 20-25% for nearly 20 years, and the government’s strong social safety net has eroded due to increased constraints on its expenditures. Costa Rica’s credit rating was downgraded from stable to negative in 2015, upping pressure on lending rates - which could hurt small business, on the budget deficit - which could hurt infrastructure development, and on the rate of return on investment - which could soften foreign direct investment. Unlike the rest of Central America, Costa Rica is not highly dependent on remittances - which represented just 0.7% of GDP in 2015, but instead relies on FDI - which accounted for 4% of GDP.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 79260000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 76020000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 73330000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 93, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 57690000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.3, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3.5, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 50 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 16100, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 15700, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 15300, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 102, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 62.3, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 16.9, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 22.2, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.5, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 29.6, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -31.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 5.5, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 18.6, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 75.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 15.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 14.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 123 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "bananas", "pineapples", "coffee", "melons", "ornamental plants", "sugar", "corn", "rice", "beans", "potatoes", "beef", "poultry", "dairy", "timber" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "medical equipment", "food processing", "textiles", "clothing", "construction materials", "fertilizer", "plastic products" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 4, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 2295000, "global_rank": 120, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 14, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 22, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 64, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2006" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9.3, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 9.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 115 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 21.7, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 1.5, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 36.9, "units": "%" }, "date": "2014" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 48.5, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 49.2, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 22 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 8115000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 11310000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 14.1, "global_rank": 196, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -5.5, "global_rank": 169, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 62.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 60.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 63 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.6, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 58 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 21.5, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 100 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 14.24, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 44 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5946000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 5273000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 94 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 21550000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 18000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 88 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 35800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 30530000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 72 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2015000000.0000002, "units": "USD", "date": "2012-12-31" }, { "value": 1443000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2011-12-31" }, { "value": 1445000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2010-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 101 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -2055000000.0000002, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -2493000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 150 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9824000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 9422000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 87 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "bananas", "pineapples", "coffee", "melons", "ornamental plants", "sugar", "beef", "seafood", "electronic components", "medical equipment" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 35.2 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 6.5 }, { "name": "Mexico", "percent": 4.8 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 4.4 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14760000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 14380000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 82 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "raw materials", "consumer goods", "capital equipment", "petroleum", "construction materials" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 46.8 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 10.1 }, { "name": "Mexico", "percent": 7.3 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7960000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 7834000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 80 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 24910000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 23180000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 82 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 31860000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 28750000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 66 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3354000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 3154000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 74 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 543.4, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 534.57, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 534.57, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 538.32, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 502.9, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Costa Rican colones (CRC) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 24362, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 99.5, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 99.9, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 98.3, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 10000000000, "global_rank": 99, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 9200000000, "global_rank": 99, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 600000000, "global_rank": 66, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "kWh": 800000000, "global_rank": 70, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 2900000, "global_rank": 98, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 30.7, "global_rank": 180, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 72, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 55.9, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 13.3, "global_rank": 26, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 119, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 1300, "global_rank": 79, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 179, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 120, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 53000, "global_rank": 105, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 175, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 51300, "global_rank": 81, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 172, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 133, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 84, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 181, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 127, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 7616000, "global_rank": 111, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 859514, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 18, "global_rank": 82, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 7536000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 157, "global_rank": 104, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "good domestic telephone service in terms of breadth of coverage", "domestic": "point-to-point and point-to-multi-point microwave, fiber-optic, and coaxial cable link rural areas; Internet service is available", "international": "country code - 506; landing points for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1), MAYA-1, and the Pan American Crossing submarine cables that provide links to South and Central America, parts of the Caribbean, and the US; connected to Central American Microwave System; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "multiple privately owned TV stations and 1 publicly owned TV station; cable network services are widely available; more than 100 privately owned radio stations and a public radio network (2017)", "internet": { "country_code": ".cr", "users": { "total": 2877000, "percent_of_population": 59.8, "global_rank": 92, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 1, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 39, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 1617075, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 9284160, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "TI", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 161, "global_rank": 35, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 47, "2438_to_3047_metres": 2, "1524_to_2437_metres": 2, "914_to_1523_metres": 27, "under_914_metres": 16, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 114, "914_to_1523_metres": 18, "under_914_metres": 96, "date": "2013" } } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "refined products", "length": 662, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 278, "units": "km" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 278, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.067-m" }, "note": "the entire rail network fell into disrepair and out of use at the end of the 20th century; since 2005, certain sections of rail have been rehabilitated", "global_rank": 124, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 39018, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 10133, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 28885, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2010" }, "waterways": { "value": 730, "units": "km", "note": "seasonally navigable by small craft", "global_rank": 74, "date": "2011" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 1, "by_type": [ { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 1 } ], "global_rank": 149, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Atlantic Ocean (Caribbean) - Puerto Limon", "Pacific Ocean - Caldera" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "no regular military forces", "Ministry of Public Security", "Government", "Police" ], "date": "2011" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Costa Rica and Nicaragua regularly file border dispute cases over the delimitations of the San Juan River and the northern tip of Calero Island to the International Court of Justice (ICJ)", "in 2009, the ICJ ruled that Costa Rican vessels carrying out police activities could not use the river, but official Costa Rican vessels providing essential services to riverside inhabitants and Costa Rican tourists could travel freely on the river", "in 2011, the ICJ provisionally ruled that both countries must remove personnel from the disputed area", "in 2013, the ICJ rejected Nicaragua's 2012 suit to halt Costa Rica's construction of a highway paralleling the river on the grounds of irreparable environmental damage", "in 2013, the ICJ, regarding the disputed territory, ordered that Nicaragua should refrain from dredging or canal construction and refill and repair damage caused by trenches connecting the river to the Caribbean and upheld its 2010 ruling that Nicaragua must remove all personnel", "in early 2014, Costa Rica brought Nicaragua to the ICJ over offshore oil concessions in the disputed region" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "stateless_persons": { "people": 127, "date": "2016" } }, "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "Costa Rica is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; Costa Rican women and children, as well as those from Nicaragua, the Dominican Republic, and other Latin American countries, are sex trafficked in Costa Rica; child sex tourism is a particular problem with offenders coming from the US and Europe; men and children from Central America, including indigenous Panamanians, and Asia are exploited in agriculture, construction, fishing, and commerce; Nicaraguans transit Costa Rica to reach Panama, where some are subjected to forced labor or sex trafficking", "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List – Costa Rica does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; anti-trafficking law enforcement efforts declined in 2014, with fewer prosecutions and no convictions and no actions taken against complicit government personnel; some officials conflated trafficking with smuggling, and authorities reported the diversion of funds to combat smuggling hindered anti-trafficking efforts; the government identified more victims than the previous year but did not make progress in ensuring that victims received adequate protective services; specialized services were limited and mostly provided by NGOs without government support, even from a dedicated fund for anti-trafficking efforts; victims services were virtually non-existent outside of the capital (2015)" }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "transshipment country for cocaine and heroin from South America; illicit production of cannabis in remote areas; domestic cocaine consumption, particularly crack cocaine, is rising; significant consumption of amphetamines; seizures of smuggled cash in Costa Rica and at the main border crossing to enter Costa Rica from Nicaragua have risen in recent years (2008)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624100707/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cs.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cs.html" } }, "cote_d'_ivoire": { "data": { "name": "Cote D'Ivoire", "introduction": { "background": "Close ties to France following independence in 1960, the development of cocoa production for export, and foreign investment all made Cote d'Ivoire one of the most prosperous of the West African states but did not protect it from political turmoil. In December 1999, a military coup - the first ever in Cote d'Ivoire's history - overthrew the government. Junta leader Robert GUEI blatantly rigged elections held in late 2000 and declared himself the winner. Popular protest forced him to step aside and an election brought Laurent GBAGBO into power. Ivoirian dissidents and disaffected members of the military launched a failed coup attempt in September 2002 that developed into a rebellion and then a civil war. In 2003, a cease-fire resulted in the country being divided with the rebels holding the north, the government the south, and peacekeeping forces a buffer zone between the two. In March 2007, President GBAGBO and former New Forces rebel leader Guillaume SORO signed an agreement in which SORO joined GBAGBO's government as prime minister and the two agreed to reunite the country by dismantling the buffer zone, integrating rebel forces into the national armed forces, and holding elections. Difficulties in preparing electoral registers delayed balloting until 2010. In November 2010, Alassane Dramane OUATTARA won the presidential election over GBAGBO, but GBAGBO refused to hand over power, resulting in a five-month resumption of violent conflict. In April 2011, after widespread fighting, GBAGBO was formally forced from office by armed OUATTARA supporters with the help of UN and French forces. The UN peacekeeping mission is drawing down and is scheduled to depart in June 2017. OUATTARA is focused on rebuilding the country's economy and infrastructure while rebuilding the security forces. GBAGBO is in The Hague on trial for crimes against humanity." }, "geography": { "location": "Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Ghana and Liberia", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 8, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 5, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Africa", "area": { "total": { "value": 322463, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 318003, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 4460, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 69, "comparative": "slightly larger than New Mexico" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 3458, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Burkina Faso", "border_length": { "value": 545, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Ghana", "border_length": { "value": 720, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Guinea", "border_length": { "value": 816, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Liberia", "border_length": { "value": 778, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Mali", "border_length": { "value": 599, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 515, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October)", "terrain": "mostly flat to undulating plains; mountains in northwest", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 250, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Gulf of Guinea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Monts Nimba", "elevation": { "value": 1752, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "petroleum", "natural gas", "diamonds", "manganese", "iron ore", "cobalt", "bauxite", "copper", "gold", "nickel", "tantalum", "silica sand", "clay", "cocoa beans", "coffee", "palm oil", "hydropower" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 64.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 9.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 14.2, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 41.5, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 32.7, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 2.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 730, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "during the rainy season torrential flooding is possible", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "deforestation (most of the country's forests - once the largest in West Africa - have been heavily logged)", "water pollution from sewage and industrial and agricultural effluents" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Tropical Timber 83", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "most of the inhabitants live along the sandy coastal region; apart from the capital area, the forested interior is sparsely populated" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 23740424, "global_rank": 54, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Ivoirian(s)", "adjective": "Ivoirian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Akan", "percent": 28.8 }, { "name": "Voltaique or Gur", "percent": 16.1 }, { "name": "Northern Mande", "percent": 14.5 }, { "name": "Kru", "percent": 8.5 }, { "name": "Southern Mande", "percent": 6.9 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.9 }, { "name": "non-Ivoirian", "percent": 42.3 } ], "date": "2014" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "French", "note": "official" }, { "name": "native dialects of which Dioula is the most widely spoken", "percent": 60 } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 42.9 }, { "name": "Catholic", "percent": 17.2 }, { "name": "Evangelical", "percent": 11.8 }, { "name": "Methodist", "percent": 1.7 }, { "name": "other Christian", "percent": 3.2 }, { "name": "animist", "percent": 3.6 }, { "name": "other religion", "percent": 0.5 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 19.1 } ], "note": "the majority of foreign migrant workers are Muslim (72.7%) and Christian (17.7%)", "date": "2014" }, "demographic_profile": "Cote d’Ivoire’s population is likely to continue growing for the foreseeable future because almost 60% of the populace is younger than 25, the total fertility rate is holding steady at about 3.5 children per woman, and contraceptive use is under 20%. The country will need to improve education, health care, and gender equality in order to turn its large and growing youth cohort into human capital. Even prior to 2010 unrest that shuttered schools for months, access to education was poor, especially for women. As of 2015, only 53% of men and 33% of women were literate. The lack of educational attainment contributes to Cote d’Ivoire’s high rates of unskilled labor, adolescent pregnancy, and HIV/AIDS prevalence.\nFollowing its independence in 1960, Cote d’Ivoire’s stability and the blossoming of its labor-intensive cocoa and coffee industries in the southwest made it an attractive destination for migrants from other parts of the country and its neighbors, particularly Burkina Faso. The HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY administration continued the French colonial policy of encouraging labor immigration by offering liberal land ownership laws. Foreigners from West Africa, Europe (mainly France), and Lebanon composed about 25% of the population by 1998.\nOngoing economic decline since the 1980s and the power struggle after HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY’s death in 1993 ushered in the politics of “Ivoirite,” institutionalizing an Ivoirian identity that further marginalized northern Ivoirians and scapegoated immigrants. The hostile Muslim north-Christian south divide snowballed into a 2002 civil war, pushing tens of thousands of foreign migrants, Liberian refugees, and Ivoirians to flee to war-torn Liberia or other regional countries and more than a million people to be internally displaced. Subsequently, violence following the contested 2010 presidential election prompted some 250,000 people to seek refuge in Liberia and other neighboring countries and again internally displaced as many as a million people. By July 2012, the majority had returned home, but ongoing inter-communal tension and armed conflict continue to force people from their homes.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 37.45, "males": 4483215, "females": 4407595 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 20.93, "males": 2504188, "females": 2463970 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 34.05, "males": 4133975, "females": 3950734 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 4.15, "males": 493722, "females": 491230 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 3.42, "males": 389551, "females": 422244 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 83.5, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 77.9, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 5.6, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 18, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 20.7, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 20.8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 20.6, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 187, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1.88, "global_rank": 54, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 28.2, "global_rank": 45, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 9.5, "global_rank": 55, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 0, "global_rank": 85, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 54.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 3.69, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Yamoussoukro", "population": 259000, "is_capital": true }, { "place": "Abidjan", "population": 4860000, "note": "seat of government" }, { "place": "Bouake", "population": 762000, "note": "2015" } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.02, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.02, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.93, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.02, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 19.8, "date": "2011" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 645, "global_rank": 27, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 57.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 63.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 51.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 22, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 58.7, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 57.5, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 59.9, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 203, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 3.46, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 18.2, "units": "%", "date": "2011" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 5.7, "global_rank": 78, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.14, "date": "2008" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 0.4, "date": "2006" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 93.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 68.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 81.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 6.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 31.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 18.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 32.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 10.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 22.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 67.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 89.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 77.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 3.17, "global_rank": 18, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 464700, "global_rank": 16, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 25100, "global_rank": 14, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "very high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "malaria", "dengue fever", "yellow fever" ], "water_contact_diseases": [ "schistosomiasis" ], "animal_contact_diseases": [ "rabies" ], "respiratory_diseases": [ "meningococcal meningitis" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 8, "global_rank": 149, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 15.7, "global_rank": 43, "date": "2012" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.7, "global_rank": 89, "date": "2014" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 43.1, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 53.1, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 32.5, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 9, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 10, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 8, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 1796802, "percentage": { "value": 35, "units": "%" }, "date": "2006" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Cote d'Ivoire", "conventional_short_form": "Cote d'Ivoire", "local_long_form": "Republique de Cote d'Ivoire", "local_short_form": "Cote d'Ivoire", "note": "pronounced coat-div-whar", "former": "Ivory Coast", "etymology": "name reflects the intense ivory trade that took place in the region from the 15th to 17th centuries" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Yamoussoukro; note - although Yamoussoukro has been the official capital since 1983, Abidjan remains the commercial and administrative center; the US, like other countries, maintains its Embassy in Abidjan", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 6, "minutes": 49, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 5, "minutes": 16, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 0, "note": "5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Abidjan", "type": "autonomous district" }, { "name": "Bas-Sassandra", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Comoe", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Denguele", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Goh-Djiboua", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Lacs", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Lagunes", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Montagnes", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Sassandra-Marahoue", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Savanes", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Vallee du Bandama", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Woroba", "type": "district" }, { "name": "Yamoussoukro", "type": "autonomous district" }, { "name": "Zanzan", "type": "district" } ], "independence": { "date": "1960-08-07", "note": "from France" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "7 August", "original_year": "1960" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1960, 2000; latest draft completed 24 September 2016,approved by the National Assembly 11 October 2016, approved by referendum 30 October 2016, promulgated 8 November 2016 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system based on the French civil code; judicial review of legislation held in the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Cote d'Ivoire", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "5 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Alassane Dramane OUATTARA (since 4 December 2010); Vice President Daniel Kablan DUNCAN (since 16 January 2017); note - the constitution of 2016 calls for the position of a vice-president", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Amadou Gon COULIBALY (since 11 January 2017)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 25 October 2015 (next to be held in 2020); prime minister appointed by the president; note - the new constitution limits the presidential tenure to two terms beginning with the 2020 election; the vice president is named by the president", "election_results": "Alassane OUATTARA elected president; percent of vote - Alassane OUATTARA (RDR) 83.7%, Pascal Affi N'GUESSAN (ADF) 9.3%, Konan Bertin KOUADIO (independent) 3.9%, other 3.1%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Parliament consists of the National Assembly (255 seats; members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms); note - the new constitution of November 2016 calls for a bicameral legislature with the addition of a Senate, with one-third of members appointed by the president", "elections": "last held on 18 December 2011 (next to be held on December 2021)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - RHDP 50.3%, FPI 5.8%, UDPCI 3.0%, UPCI 1.0%, independents 38.5%, other 1.39%; seats by party - RHDP 167, FPI 3, UDPCI 6, UPCI 3, independents 76" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (organized into Judicial, Audit, Constitutional, and Administrative Chambers; consists of the court president, 3 vice-presidents for the Judicial, Audit, and Administrative chambers, and 9 associate justices or magistrates)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges nominated by the Superior Council of the Magistrature, a 7-member body consisting of the national president (chairman), 3 \"bench\" judges, and 3 public prosecutors; judges appointed for life", "subordinate_courts": "Courts of Appeal (organized into civil, criminal, and social chambers); first instance courts; peace courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Democratic Party of Cote d'Ivoire", "name_alternative": "PDCI", "leaders": [ "Henri Konan BEDIE" ] }, { "name": "Ivorian Popular Front", "name_alternative": "FPI", "leaders": [ "Pascal Affi N'GUESSAN" ] }, { "name": "Liberty and Democracy for the Republic", "name_alternative": "LIDER", "leaders": [ "Mamadou KOULIBALY" ] }, { "name": "Movement of the Future Forces", "name_alternative": "MFA", "leaders": [ "Innocent Augustin ANAKY KOBENA" ] }, { "name": "Rally of the Republicans", "name_alternative": "RDR", "leaders": [ "Alassane Dramane OUATTARA" ] }, { "name": "Union for Cote d'Ivoire", "name_alternative": "UPCI", "leaders": [ "Gnamien KONA" ] }, { "name": "Union for Democracy and Peace in Cote d'Ivoire", "name_alternative": "UDPCI", "leaders": [ "Albert Toikeuse MABRI" ] }, { "name": "More than 144 smaller registered parties" } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Federation of University and High School Students of Cote d'Ivoire", "name_alternative": "FESCI", "leaders": [ "Augustin MIAN" ] }, { "name": "National Congress for the Resistance and Democracy", "name_alternative": "CNRD", "leaders": [ "Bernard DADIE" ] }, { "name": "Panafrican Congress for Justice and Peoples Equality", "name_alternative": "COJEP", "leaders": [ "Roselin BLY" ] } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AfDB" }, { "organization": "AU" }, { "organization": "ECOWAS" }, { "organization": "EITI ", "note": "compliant country" }, { "organization": "Entente" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "FZ" }, { "organization": "G-24" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IDB" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINUSMA" }, { "organization": "MONUSCO" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OIC" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "Union Latina" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WADB ", "note": "regional" }, { "organization": "WAEMU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Daouda DIABATE (since 11 February 2011)", "chancery": "2424 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 797-0300", "fax": "[1] (202) 462-9444" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Charge d'Affaires Andrew Haviland (since 2016); Ambassador Terence Patrick MCCULLEY retired in 2016", "embassy": "Cocody Riviera Golf 01, Abidjan", "mailing_address": "B. P. 1712, Abidjan 01", "telephone": "[225] 22 49 40 00", "fax": "[225] 22 49 43 23" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green; orange symbolizes the land (savannah) of the north and fertility, white stands for peace and unity, green represents the forests of the south and the hope for a bright future", "note": "similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and has the colors reversed - green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is green (hoist side), white, and red; design was based on the flag of France" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "elephant" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "orange" }, { "color": "white" }, { "color": "green" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"L'Abidjanaise\" (Song of Abidjan)", "lyrics_music": "Mathieu EKRA, Joachim BONY, and Pierre Marie COTY/Pierre Marie COTY and Pierre Michel PANGO", "note": "adopted 1960; although the nation's capital city moved from Abidjan to Yamoussoukro in 1983, the anthem still owes its name to the former capital", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/IV.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Cote d'Ivoire is heavily dependent on agriculture and related activities, which engage roughly two-thirds of the population. Cote d'Ivoire is the world's largest producer and exporter of cocoa beans and a significant producer and exporter of coffee and palm oil. Consequently, the economy is highly sensitive to fluctuations in international prices for these products and in climatic conditions. Cocoa, oil, and coffee are the country's top export revenue earners, but the country has targeted the agricultural processing of cocoa, cashews, mangoes, and other commodities as a high priority. Mining gold and exporting electricity are growing industries outside agriculture.\n\nFollowing the end of more than a decade of civil conflict in 2011, Cote d’Ivoire has experienced a boom in foreign investment and economic growth. In June 2012, the IMF and the World Bank announced $4.4 billion in debt relief for Cote d'Ivoire under the Highly Indebted Poor Countries Initiative. For the last 5 years Cote d'Ivoire's growth rate has been among the highest in the world.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 87120000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 80680000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 74330000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 88, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 34650000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 8.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 7.9, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 5 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3600, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3400, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3200, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 181, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 66, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 15.2, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 16.9, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.8, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 43.3, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -42.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 17.6, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 19.5, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 62.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 18.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 16.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 19.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 98 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "coffee", "cocoa beans", "bananas", "palm kernels", "corn", "rice", "cassava", "manioc", "tapioca", "sweet potatoes", "sugar", "cotton", "rubber", "timber" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "foodstuffs", "beverages", "wood products", "oil refining", "gold mining", "truck", "bus assembly", "textiles", "fertilizer", "building materials", "electricity" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 8.5, "global_rank": 8, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 8543000, "global_rank": 60, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 68, "units": "%" } }, "industry_and_services": "NA%", "date": "2007" } }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 46.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2.2, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 31.8, "units": "%" }, "date": "2008" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 41.5, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2008" }, { "value": 36.7, "units": "gini_index", "date": "1995" } ], "global_rank": 55 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 6839000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 8170000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 19.7, "global_rank": 155, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -3.8, "global_rank": 131, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 50.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 49.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 92 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.2, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 78 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.25, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" }, { "value": 4.25, "units": "%", "date": "2009-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 91 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 172 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9416000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 8516000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 85 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 13920000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 12550000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 100 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11190000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 9812000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 104 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12490000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 11710000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 11820000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 71 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -774000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -323000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 115 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11730000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 11980000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 80 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "cocoa", "coffee", "timber", "petroleum", "cotton", "bananas", "pineapples", "palm oil", "fish" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 8.6 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 6.2 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 5.7 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 5.6 }, { "name": "Nigeria", "percent": 5.6 }, { "name": "Burkina Faso", "percent": 5.5 }, { "name": "Belgium", "percent": 5.3 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 4.7 }, { "name": "Ghana", "percent": 4.4 }, { "name": "Switzerland", "percent": 4.1 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8966000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 8609000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 99 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "fuel", "capital equipment", "foodstuffs" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Nigeria", "percent": 21.8 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 14.3 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 11.3 }, { "name": "The", "percent": 5 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4952000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 4716000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 92 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12840000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 11710000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 103 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 604.4, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 591.45, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 591.45, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 494.42, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 510.29, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 15000000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 26, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 42, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 8, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 7900000000, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 5800000000, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 900000000, "global_rank": 58, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "kWh": 54000000, "global_rank": 104, "date": "2012" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 1900000, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2016" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 60.3, "global_rank": 132, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 39.7, "global_rank": 60, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 184, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 45000, "global_rank": 63, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 35150, "global_rank": 48, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 74960, "global_rank": 49, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 100000000, "global_rank": 71, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 76910, "global_rank": 73, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 38000, "global_rank": 113, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 44020, "global_rank": 59, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 3369, "global_rank": 177, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 1996000000, "global_rank": 57, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 1996000000, "global_rank": 80, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 210, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 28320000000, "global_rank": 70, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 8995000, "global_rank": 118, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 277248, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 1, "global_rank": 124, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 25408000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 109, "global_rank": 54, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "well-developed by African standards; telecommunications sector privatized in late 1990s and operational fixed lines have increased since that time with 2 fixed-line providers operating over open-wire lines, microwave radio relay, and fiber-optics; 90% digitalized", "domestic": "with multiple mobile-cellular service providers competing in the market, usage has increased sharply to about 110 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 225; landing point for the SAT-3/WASC fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to Europe and Asia; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) (2016)" } }, "broadcast_media": "2 state-owned TV stations; no private terrestrial TV stations, but satellite TV subscription service is available; 2 state-owned radio stations; some private radio stations; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available (2007)", "internet": { "country_code": ".ci", "users": { "total": 4892000, "percent_of_population": 21, "global_rank": 129, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 1, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 10, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 359260, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 4719120, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "TU", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 27, "global_rank": 124, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 7, "over_3047_metres": 1, "2438_to_3047_metres": 2, "1524_to_2437_metres": 4, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 20, "1524_to_2437_metres": 6, "914_to_1523_metres": 11, "under_914_metres": 3, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "condensate", "length": 101, "units": "km" }, { "type": "gas", "length": 256, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 118, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil/gas/water", "length": 5, "units": "km" }, { "type": "water", "length": 7, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 660, "units": "km" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 660, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.000-m" }, "note": "an additional 622 km of this railroad extends into Burkina Faso", "global_rank": 106, "date": "2008" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 81996, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 6502, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 75494, "units": "km" }, "note": "includes intercity and urban roads; another 20,000 km of dirt roads are in poor condition and 150,000 km of dirt roads are impassable", "global_rank": 60, "date": "2007" }, "waterways": { "value": 980, "units": "km", "note": "navigable rivers, canals, and numerous coastal lagoons", "global_rank": 66, "date": "2011" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Abidjan", "San-Pedro" ], "oil_terminals": [ "Espoir Offshore Terminal" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.47, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.53, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.38, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.51, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 1.41, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 55 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Republican Forces of Cote d'Ivoire (Force Republiques de Cote d'Ivoire", "FRCI)", "Army", "Navy", "Cote d'Ivoire Air Force (Force Aerienne de la Cote d'Ivoire)" ], "date": "2015" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18-25 years of age for compulsory and voluntary male and female military service; conscription is not enforced; voluntary recruitment of former rebels into the new national army is restricted to ages 22-29", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "disputed maritime border between Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "internally_displaced_persons": { "people": 301000, "note": "post-election conflict in 2010-2011, as well as civil war from 2002-2004; most pronounced in western and southwestern regions", "date": "2016" }, "stateless_persons": { "people": 694000, "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for local consumption; utility as a narcotic transshipment point to Europe reduced by ongoing political instability; while rampant corruption and inadequate supervision leave the banking system vulnerable to money laundering, the lack of a developed financial system limits the country's utility as a major money-laundering center (2008)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102513/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iv.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iv.html" } }, "croatia": { "data": { "name": "Croatia", "introduction": { "background": "The lands that today comprise Croatia were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the close of World War I. In 1918, the Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes formed a kingdom known after 1929 as Yugoslavia. Following World War II, Yugoslavia became a federal independent communist state under the strong hand of Marshal TITO. Although Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, it took four years of sporadic, but often bitter, fighting before occupying Serb armies were mostly cleared from Croatian lands, along with a majority of Croatia's ethnic Serb population. Under UN supervision, the last Serb-held enclave in eastern Slavonia was returned to Croatia in 1998. The country joined NATO in April 2009 and the EU in July 2013." }, "geography": { "location": "Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 45, "minutes": 10, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 15, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Europe", "area": { "total": { "value": 56594, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 55974, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 620, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 127, "comparative": "slightly smaller than West Virginia" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 2237, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "border_length": { "value": 956, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Hungary", "border_length": { "value": 348, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Montenegro", "border_length": { "value": 19, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Serbia", "border_length": { "value": 314, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Slovenia", "border_length": { "value": 600, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 5835, "units": "km", "note": "mainland 1,777 km, islands 4,058 km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "m", "note": "depth or to the depth of exploitation" } }, "climate": "Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast", "terrain": "geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low mountains and highlands near Adriatic coastline and islands", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 331, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Adriatic Sea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Dinara", "elevation": { "value": 1831, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "oil", "some coal", "bauxite", "low-grade iron ore", "calcium", "gypsum", "natural asphalt", "silica", "mica", "clays", "salt", "hydropower" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 23.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 16, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 1.5, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 6.2, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 34.4, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 41.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 240, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "more of the population lives in the northern half of the country, with approximately a quarter of the populace residing in and around the capital of Zagreb; many of the islands are sparsely populated", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "destructive earthquakes", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "air pollution (from metallurgical plants) and resulting acid rain is damaging the forests", "coastal pollution from industrial and domestic waste", "landmine removal and reconstruction of infrastructure consequent to 1992-95 civil strife" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Air Pollution", "Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides", "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants", "Air Pollution-Sulfur 94", "Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish Straits; most Adriatic Sea islands lie off the coast of Croatia - some 1,200 islands, islets, ridges, and rocks" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 4313707, "global_rank": 127, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Croat(s), Croatian(s)", "adjective": "Croatian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Croat", "percent": 90.4 }, { "name": "Serb", "percent": 4.4 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 4.4, "note": "including Bosniak, Hungarian, Slovene, Czech, and Romani" }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.8 } ], "date": "2011" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Croatian", "percent": 95.6, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Serbian", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 3, "note": "including Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and Albanian" }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.2 } ], "date": "2011" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 86.3 }, { "name": "Orthodox", "percent": 4.4 }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 1.5 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.5 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 2.5 }, { "name": "not religious or atheist", "percent": 3.8 } ], "date": "2011" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 14.22, "males": 315971, "females": 297339 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 11.4, "males": 252285, "females": 239634 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 40.75, "males": 878971, "females": 878707 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 14.83, "males": 312621, "females": 326929 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 18.81, "males": 320418, "females": 490832 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 51.1, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 22.5, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 28.6, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 3.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 42.7, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 40.8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 44.8, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 20, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": -0.5, "global_rank": 226, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 9, "global_rank": 210, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 12.1, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -1.9, "global_rank": 159, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "more of the population lives in the northern half of the country, with approximately a quarter of the populace residing in and around the capital of Zagreb; many of the islands are sparsely populated", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 59, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.11, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Zagreb", "population": 687000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.96, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.69, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.93, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 28, "date": "2013" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 8, "global_rank": 142, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 9.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 9.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 9.8, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 141, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 75.9, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 72.7, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 79.2, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 94, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.39, "global_rank": 213, "date": "2016" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 7.8, "global_rank": 84, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 3.13, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 5.9, "date": "2014" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 99.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 99.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 99.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 97.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 95.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 97, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 2.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 4.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "intermediate", "vectorborne_diseases": [ "tickborne encephalitis" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 25.6, "global_rank": 66, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.6, "global_rank": 99, "date": "2013" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 99.3, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 99.7, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 98.9, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 16, "units": "years" }, "date": "2014" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 45.5, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 44.9, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 46.4, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 9, "date": "2014" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Croatia", "conventional_short_form": "Croatia", "local_long_form": "Republika Hrvatska", "local_short_form": "Hrvatska", "former": "People's Republic of Croatia, Socialist Republic of Croatia", "etymology": "name derives from the Croats, a Slavic tribe who migrated to the Balkans in the 7th century A.D." }, "government_type": "parliamentary republic", "capital": { "name": "Zagreb", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 45, "minutes": 48, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 16, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 1, "note": "6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, "independence": { "date": "1991-06-25", "note": "from Yugoslavia" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "8 October", "original_year": "1991" }, { "name": "Statehood Day", "day": "25 June", "original_year": "1991", "note": "25 June 1991 was the day the Croatian parliament voted for independence. Following a three-month moratorium to allow the European Community to solve the Yugoslav crisis peacefully, parliament adopted a decision on 8 October 1991 to sever constitutional relations with Yugoslavia" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest adopted 22 December 1990", "amendments": "proposed by at least one-fifth of the Assembly membership, by the president of the republic, by the Government of Croatia, or through petition by at least 10% of the total electorate; proceedings to amend require majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; passage by petition requires a majority vote in a referendum, and promulgation by the Assembly; amended several times, last in 2014 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system influenced by legal heritage of Austria-Hungary; note - Croatian law was fully harmonized with the European Community acquis as of the June 2010 completion of EU accession negotiations", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Croatia", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "5 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false, "note": "18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal" }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Kolinda GRABAR-KITAROVIC (since 19 February 2015)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Andrej PLENKOVIC (since 19 October 2016); Deputy Prime Ministers Davor Ivo STIER, Damir KRSTICEVIC, Martina DALIC, Ivan KOVACIC (since 19 October 2016)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and approved by the Assembly", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 December 2014 and 11 January 2015 (next to be held in 2019); the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the president and approved by the Assembly", "election_results": "Kolinda GRABAR-KITAROVIC elected president; percent of vote in the second round - Kolinda GRABAR-KITAROVIC (HDZ) 50.7%, Ivo JOSIPOVIC (Forward Croatia Progressive Alliance) 49.3%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Assembly or Hrvatski Sabor (151 seats; 140 members in 10 multi-seat constituencies and 3 members in a single constituency for Croatian diaspora directly elected by proportional representation vote using the D'Hondt method with a 5% threshold; an additional 8 members elected from a nationwide constituency by simple majority by voters belonging to minorities recognized by Croatia; the Serb minority elects 3 Assembly members, the Hungarian and Italian minorities elect 1 each, the Czech and Slovak minorities elect 1 jointly, and all other minorities elect 2; all members serve 4-year terms", "elections": "last held on 11 September 2016 (next to be held in September 2020) - Assembly voted on 20 June 2016 to dissolve on 15 July 2016, resulting in snap elections", "election_results": "percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; number of seats by party/coalition - HDZ coalition 61, People's Coalition 54, Most-NL 13, Only Option 8, minorities 8 (includes SDSS 3), other 7", "note": "as of March 2017, seats by party - HDZ 56, SDP 37, MOST-NL 14, HNS 9, HSS 5, IDS 3, SDSS 3, Human Blockade 3, HDS 2, PH 2, other 7, independent 10" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the court president and vice president, 25 civil department justices, and 16 criminal department justices)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "president of Supreme Court nominated by president of Croatia and elected by Croatian Sabor for a 4-year term; other Supreme Court justices appointed by National Judicial Council; all judges serve until age 70", "subordinate_courts": "Administrative Court; county, municipal, and specialized courts; note - there is an 11-member Constitutional Court with jurisdiction limited to constitutional issues but is outside Croatia's judicial system" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Bloc of Pensioners Together", "name_alternative": "BUZ", "leaders": [ "Milivoj SPIKA" ] }, { "name": "Bridge of Independent Lists", "name_alternative": "Most-NL", "leaders": [ "Bozo PETROV" ] }, { "name": "Croatian Christian Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "HDS", "leaders": [ "Goran DODIG" ] }, { "name": "Croatian Democratic Congress of Slavonia and Baranja", "name_alternative": "HDSSB", "leaders": [ "Dragan VULIN" ] }, { "name": "Croatian Democratic Union", "name_alternative": "HDZ", "leaders": [ "Andrej PLENKOVIC" ] }, { "name": "Croatian Laborists - Labor Party", "name_alternative": "HL", "leaders": [ "David BREGOVAC" ] }, { "name": "Croatian Party of Rights - dr. Ante Starcevic", "name_alternative": "HSP AS", "leaders": [ "Hrvoje NICE" ] }, { "name": "Croatian Peasant Party", "name_alternative": "HSS", "leaders": [ "Kreso BELJAK" ] }, { "name": "Croatian Pensioner Party", "name_alternative": "HSU", "leaders": [ "Silvano HRELJA" ] }, { "name": "Croatian People's Party - Liberal Democrats", "name_alternative": "HNS", "leaders": [ "Ivan VRDOLJAK" ] }, { "name": "Croatian Social Liberal Party", "name_alternative": "HSLS", "leaders": [ "Darinko KOSOR" ] }, { "name": "Forward Croatia Progressive Alliance", "leaders": [ "Ivo JOSIPOVIC" ] }, { "name": "Human Blockade ", "leaders": [ "Ivan SINCIC" ], "note": "\"Living Wall\"" }, { "name": "Independent Democratic Serb Party", "name_alternative": "SDSS", "leaders": [ "Vojislav STANIMIROVIC" ] }, { "name": "Istrian Democratic Assembly", "name_alternative": "IDS", "leaders": [ "Boris MILETIC" ] }, { "name": "Let's Change Croatia", "name_alternative": "PH", "leaders": [ "Ivan LOVRINOVIC" ] }, { "name": "Milan Bandic 365 - Party of Labor and Solidarity", "name_alternative": "BM365-SRS", "leaders": [ "Milan BANDIC" ] }, { "name": "Movement for Successful Croatia", "name_alternative": "HRAST", "leaders": [ "Ladislav ILCIC" ] }, { "name": "People's Party - Reformists Party", "leaders": [ "Radimir CACIC" ] }, { "name": "Smart Party", "name_alternative": "PAMETNO", "leaders": [ "Marijana PULJAK" ] }, { "name": "Social Democratic Party of Croatia", "name_alternative": "SDP", "leaders": [ "Davor BERNARDIC" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "human rights groups" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "Australia Group" }, { "organization": "BIS" }, { "organization": "BSEC ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CE" }, { "organization": "CEI" }, { "organization": "EAPC" }, { "organization": "EBRD" }, { "organization": "ECB" }, { "organization": "EMU" }, { "organization": "EU" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-11" }, { "organization": "IADB" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINURSO" }, { "organization": "NAM ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "NATO" }, { "organization": "NSG" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OIF ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OSCE" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "SELEC" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNFICYP" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNIFIL" }, { "organization": "UNMIL" }, { "organization": "UNMOGIP" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" }, { "organization": "ZC" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Josip \"Josko\" PARO (since 20 April 2012)", "chancery": "2343 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 588-5899", "fax": "[1] (202) 588-8936", "consulates_general": "Chicago, Los Angeles, New York" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Julieta Valls NOYES (since 5 October 2015)", "embassy": "2 Thomas Jefferson Street, 10010 Zagreb", "mailing_address": "use embassy street address", "telephone": "[385] (1) 661-2200", "fax": "[385] (1) 661-2373" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue - the Pan-Slav colors - superimposed by the Croatian coat of arms; the coat of arms consists of one main shield (a checkerboard of 13 red and 12 silver (white) fields) surmounted by five smaller shields that form a crown over the main shield; the five small shields represent five historic regions (from left to right): Croatia, Dubrovnik, Dalmatia, Istria, and Slavonia", "note": "the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "red-white checkerboard" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "white" }, { "color": "blue" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Lijepa nasa domovino\" (Our Beautiful Homeland)", "lyrics_music": "Antun MIHANOVIC/Josip RUNJANIN", "note": "adopted 1972; \"Lijepa nasa domovino,\" whose lyrics were written in 1835, served as an unofficial anthem beginning in 1891", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/HR.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Though still one of the wealthiest of the former Yugoslav republics, Croatia's economy suffered badly during the 1991-95 war. The country's output during that time collapsed, and Croatia missed the early waves of investment in Central and Eastern Europe that followed the fall of the Berlin Wall. Between 2000 and 2007, however, Croatia's economic fortunes began to improve with moderate but steady GDP growth between 4% and 6% led by a rebound in tourism and credit-driven consumer spending. Inflation over the same period remained tame and the currency, the kuna, stable.\n\nCroatia experienced an abrupt slowdown in the economy in 2008 and is slowly recovering; economic growth was stagnant or negative in each year since 2009, but picked up in 2015-16. Difficult problems still remain including a stubbornly high unemployment rate, uneven regional development, and a challenging investment climate. In 2016, Croatia demonstrated a commitment to improving the business climate, including by simplifying its tax code, to stimulate growth from domestic consumption and foreign investment. Since at least 2016, Croatia has worked to become a regional energy player and plans to import liquefied natural gas through a prospective import terminal and pump natural gas to European consumers.\n\nOn 1 July 2013, Croatia joined the EU, following a decade-long application process. Croatia will be a member of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, with its currency effectively pegged to the euro, until it meets the criteria for joining the Economic and Monetary Union and adopts the euro as its currency. EU accession has increased pressure on the government to reduce Croatia’s relatively high public debt, which triggered the EU’s excessive deficit procedure for fiscal consolidation. Zagreb has cut spending since 2012, and the government also raised additional revenues through more stringent tax collection and by raising the value-added tax. The government has also sought to accelerate privatization of non-strategic assets, with mixed success.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 94240000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 92480000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 90980000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 85, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 49860000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.9, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.6, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": -0.4, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 142 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 22400, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 21900, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 21500, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 81, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 59.1, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 19.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 19.1, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": -0.4, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 50.8, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -47.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 4.2, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 26.6, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 69.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 21.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 23.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 19, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 73 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "arable crops", "wheat", "corn", "barley", "sugar beet", "sunflower", "rapeseed", "alfalfa", "clover", "vegetables", "potatoes", "cabbage", "onion", "tomato", "pepper", "fruits", "apples", "plum", "mandarins", "olives", "grapes", "livestock", "cattle", "cows", "pigs", "dairy products" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "chemicals", "plastics", "machine tools", "fabricated metal", "electronics", "pig iron", "rolled steel products", "aluminum", "paper", "wood products", "construction materials", "textiles", "shipbuilding", "petroleum", "petroleum refining", "food", "beverages", "tourism" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 3.5, "global_rank": 65, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 1610000, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 1.9, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 27.6, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 70.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2014" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 15.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 17.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 165 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 19.5, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 3.3, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 27.5, "units": "%" }, "date": "2008" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 32, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2010" }, { "value": 29, "units": "gini_index", "date": "1998" } ], "global_rank": 113 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 21470000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 22720000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 43.1, "global_rank": 29, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -2.5, "global_rank": 88, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 88.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 86.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 25 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -0.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 6 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7, "units": "%", "date": "2013-12-31" }, { "value": 7, "units": "%", "date": "2012-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 49 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 5.83, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 144 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 10850000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 10110000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 81 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 42360000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 41100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 74 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 40070000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 42410000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 70 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 36290000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 33750000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" }, { "value": 33439999999.999996, "units": "USD", "date": "2012-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 60 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1961000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2482000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 37 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12410000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 11910000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 77 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "transport equipment", "machinery", "textiles", "chemicals", "foodstuffs", "fuels" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Italy", "percent": 13.4 }, { "name": "Slovenia", "percent": 12.5 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 11.4 }, { "name": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "percent": 9.9 }, { "name": "Austria", "percent": 6.6 }, { "name": "Serbia", "percent": 4.9 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 19980000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 19280000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 70 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "transport", "electrical equipment", "chemicals", "fuels", "lubricants", "foodstuffs" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Germany", "percent": 15.5 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 13.1 }, { "name": "Slovenia", "percent": 10.7 }, { "name": "Austria", "percent": 9.2 }, { "name": "Hungary", "percent": 7.8 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14460000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 14970000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 68 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 48110000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 50880000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 63 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 41170000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 39740000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 60 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8484000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 8050000000.000001, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 62 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.971, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6.8583, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 6.8583, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 5.7482, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 5.85, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "kuna (HRK) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 13000000000, "global_rank": 91, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 16969999999.999998, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 2866000000, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "kWh": 6592000000, "global_rank": 35, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 4400000, "global_rank": 80, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 37.1, "global_rank": 167, "date": "2013" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 7.7, "global_rank": 21, "date": "2013" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 48.5, "global_rank": 51, "date": "2013" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 6.6, "global_rank": 52, "date": "2013" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 12420, "global_rank": 78, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 139, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 37300, "global_rank": 59, "date": "2014" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 71000000, "global_rank": 77, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 56650, "global_rank": 80, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 70000, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 29060, "global_rank": 66, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 32890, "global_rank": 97, "date": "2014" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 1363000000, "global_rank": 61, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 2810000000, "global_rank": 73, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 422000000, "global_rank": 44, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 1089000000, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2014" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 24920000000, "global_rank": 73, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 19000000, "global_rank": 84, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 1476506, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 33, "global_rank": 66, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 4416000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 99, "global_rank": 123, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "the telecommunications network has improved steadily since the mid-1990s, covering much of what were once inaccessible areas; local lines are digital", "domestic": "fixed-line teledensity has droped somewhat to about 35 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions now even with the population", "international": "country code - 385; digital international service is provided through the main switch in Zagreb; Croatia participates in the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic project, which consists of 2 fiber-optic trunk connections with Slovenia and a fiber-optic trunk line from Rijeka to Split and Dubrovnik; the ADRIA-1 submarine cable provides connectivity to Albania and Greece (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "the national state-owned public broadcaster, Croatian Radiotelevision, operates 4 terrestrial TV networks, a satellite channel that rebroadcasts programs for Croatians living abroad, and 6 regional TV centers; 2 private broadcasters operate national terrestrial networks; roughly 25 privately owned regional TV stations; multi-channel cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; state-owned public broadcaster operates 3 national radio networks and 9 regional radio stations; 2 privately owned national radio networks and more than 170 regional, county, city, and community radio stations (2012)", "internet": { "country_code": ".hr", "users": { "total": 3117000, "percent_of_population": 69.8, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 3, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 46, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 1782666, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 775320, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "9A", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 69, "global_rank": 72, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 24, "over_3047_metres": 2, "2438_to_3047_metres": 6, "1524_to_2437_metres": 3, "914_to_1523_metres": 3, "under_914_metres": 10, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 45, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 6, "under_914_metres": 38, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 2410, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 610, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2011" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 2722, "units": "km" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 2722, "electrified": 985, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "global_rank": 61, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 26958, "units": "km", "note": "includes 1,416 km of expressways" }, "global_rank": 98, "date": "2015" }, "waterways": { "value": 785, "units": "km", "global_rank": 73, "date": "2009" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 77, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 24 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 7 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 8 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 27 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 10 }, { "type": "refrigerated cargo", "count": 1 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 2, "by_country": [ { "country": "Norway", "count": 2 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 31, "by_country": [ { "country": "Bahamas", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Belize", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Liberia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Malta", "count": 6 }, { "country": "Marshall Islands", "count": 12 }, { "country": "Panama", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "count": 8 } ] }, "global_rank": 57, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Ploce", "Rijeka", "Sibernik", "Split" ], "river_ports": [ "Vukovar (Danube)" ], "oil_terminals": [ "Omisalj" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.55, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.59, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.66, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.69, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 1.78, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 51 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia (Oruzane Snage Republike Hrvatske", "OSRH) consists of five major commands directly subordinate to a General Staff", "Ground Forces (Hrvatska Kopnena Vojska", "HKoV)", "Naval Forces (Hrvatska Ratna Mornarica", "HRM", "includes coast guard)", "Air Force", "Air Defense Command (Hrvatsko Ratno Zrakoplovstvo I Protuzracna Obrana)", "Joint Education", "Training Command", "Logistics Command", "Military Police Force supports each of the three Croatian military forces" ], "date": "2012" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18-27 years of age for voluntary military service; 6-month service obligation", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "dispute remains with Bosnia and Herzegovina over several small sections of the boundary related to maritime access that hinders ratification of the 1999 border agreement", "since the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, Croatia and Slovenia have each claimed sovereignty over Pirin Bay and four villages, and Slovenia has objected to Croatia's claim of an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic Sea", "in 2009, however Croatia and Slovenia signed a binding international arbitration agreement to define their disputed land and maritime borders, which led to Slovenia lifting its objections to Croatia joining the EU", "Slovenia continues to impose a hard border Schengen regime with Croatia, which joined the EU in 2013 but has not yet fulfilled Schengen requirements" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "stateless_persons": { "people": 2873, "date": "2016" }, "note": "659,105 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015 - December 2016)" }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "transit point along the Balkan route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western Europe; has been used as a transit point for maritime shipments of South American cocaine bound for Western Europe (2008)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-02", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170702231832/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hr.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170702000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hr.html" } }, "cuba": { "data": { "name": "Cuba", "introduction": { "background": "The native Amerindian population of Cuba began to decline after the European discovery of the island by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1492 and following its development as a Spanish colony during the next several centuries. Large numbers of African slaves were imported to work the coffee and sugar plantations, and Havana became the launching point for the annual treasure fleets bound for Spain from Mexico and Peru. Spanish rule eventually provoked an independence movement and occasional rebellions that were harshly suppressed. US intervention during the Spanish-American War in 1898 assisted the Cubans in overthrowing Spanish rule. The Treaty of Paris established Cuban independence from Spain in 1898 and, following three-and-a-half years of subsequent US military rule, Cuba became an independent republic in 1902 after which the island experienced a string of governments mostly dominated by the military and corrupt politicians. Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959; his authoritarian rule held the subsequent regime together for nearly five decades. He stepped down as president in February 2008 in favor of his younger brother Raul CASTRO. Cuba's communist revolution, with Soviet support, was exported throughout Latin America and Africa during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.\nThe country faced a severe economic downturn in 1990 following the withdrawal of former Soviet subsidies worth $4-6 billion annually. Cuba at times portrays the US embargo, in place since 1961, as the source of its difficulties. Over the past decade, there has been growing communication with the Cuban Government to address national interests. As a result of efforts begun in December 2014 to re-establish diplomatic relations with the Cuban Government, which were severed in January 1961, the US and Cuba reopened embassies in their respective countries on 20 July 2015. However, the embargo remains in place.\nIllicit migration of Cuban nationals to the US via maritime and overland routes has been a longstanding challenge. In FY 2016, the US Coast Guard interdicted 5,228 Cuban nationals at sea. Also in FY 2016, 44,553 Cuban migrants presented themselves at various land border ports of entry throughout the US. On 12 January 2017, the US and Cuba signed a Joint Statement ending the so-called “wet-foot, dry-foot” policy – by which Cuban nationals who reached US soil were permitted to stay – facilitating the repatriation of Cuban migrants. Illicit Cuban migration has since dropped significantly." }, "geography": { "location": "Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, 150 km south of Key West, Florida", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 21, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 80, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Central America and the Caribbean", "area": { "total": { "value": 110860, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 109820, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 1040, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 106, "comparative": "slightly smaller than Pennsylvania" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 28.5, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": "US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay 28.5 km", "note": "Guantanamo Naval Base is leased by the US and remains part of Cuba" }, "coastline": { "value": 3735, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October)", "terrain": "mostly flat to rolling plains, with rugged hills and mountains in the southeast", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 108, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Caribbean Sea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Pico Turquino", "elevation": { "value": 1974, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "cobalt", "nickel", "iron ore", "chromium", "copper", "salt", "timber", "silica", "petroleum", "arable land" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 60.3, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 33.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 3.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 22.9, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 27.3, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 12.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 8700, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "large population clusters found throughout the country, the more significant ones being in the larger towns and cities, particularly the capital of Havana", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "the east coast is subject to hurricanes from August to November (in general, the country averages about one hurricane every other year)", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "droughts are common", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "air and water pollution", "biodiversity loss", "deforestation" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Antarctic Treaty", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [ "Marine Life Conservation" ] } }, "note": "largest country in Caribbean and westernmost island of the Greater Antilles" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 11179995, "global_rank": 79, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Cuban(s)", "adjective": "Cuban" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "white", "percent": 64.1 }, { "name": "mulatto or mixed", "percent": 26.6 }, { "name": "black", "percent": 9.3 } ], "note": "data represent racial self-identification from Cuba's 2012 national census", "date": "2012" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Spanish", "note": "official" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "nominally Roman Catholic", "percent": 85 }, { "name": "Protestant" }, { "name": "Jehovah's Witnesses" }, { "name": "Jewish" }, { "name": "Santeria" } ], "note": "prior to CASTRO assuming power" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 16.7, "males": 960832, "females": 905904 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 12.44, "males": 721390, "females": 669960 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 44.95, "males": 2526467, "females": 2498882 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 11.27, "males": 610190, "females": 649656 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 14.64, "males": 751621, "females": 885093 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 43.4, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 23.4, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 20, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 41.1, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 40, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 42.2, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": -0.3, "global_rank": 220, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 10.8, "global_rank": 183, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 8.6, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -5.3, "global_rank": 196, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "large population clusters found throughout the country, the more significant ones being in the larger towns and cities, particularly the capital of Havana", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 77.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.07, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Havana", "population": 2137000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.08, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.94, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.81, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 39, "global_rank": 85, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 4.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 181, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 78.7, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 76.4, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 81.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 55, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.71, "global_rank": 172, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 73.7, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 11.1, "global_rank": 47, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 7.52, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 5.3, "date": "2012" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 96.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 89.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 94.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 3.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 10.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 5.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 94.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 89.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 93.2, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 5.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 10.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 6.8, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.31, "global_rank": 94, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 21900, "global_rank": 82, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 200, "global_rank": 126, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "intermediate", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "hepatitis A" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "dengue fever" ], "note": "active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus", "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 27.2, "global_rank": 85, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 12.8, "global_rank": 2, "date": "2010" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 99.8, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 99.9, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 99.8, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 6.1, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 6.4, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 5.6, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 131, "date": "2010" }, "note": "illicit emigration is a continuing problem; Cubans attempt to depart the island and enter the US using homemade rafts, alien smugglers, direct flights, or falsified visas; Cubans also use non-maritime routes to enter the US including direct flights to Miami and overland via the southwest border; the number of Cubans migrating to the US has surged since the beginning of improved US-Cuban relations in late December 2014" }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Cuba", "conventional_short_form": "Cuba", "local_long_form": "Republica de Cuba", "local_short_form": "Cuba", "etymology": "name derives from the Taino Indian designation for the island \"coabana\" meaning \"great place\"" }, "government_type": "communist state", "capital": { "name": "Havana", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 23, "minutes": 7, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 82, "minutes": 21, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -5, "note": "same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November; note - Cuba has been known to alter the schedule of DST on short notice in an attempt to conserve electricity for lighting" }, "independence": { "date": "1902-05-20" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Triumph of the Revolution", "day": "1 January", "original_year": "1959", "note": "Liberation Day" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest adopted by referendum 15 February 1976, effective 24 February 1976; amended 1978, 1992, 2002 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system based on Spanish civil code", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "non-party state to the ICCt" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "yes", "citizenship_by_descent": "yes", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "unknown" }, "suffrage": { "age": 16, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (president since 24 February 2008); First Vice President of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of Ministers Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (since 24 February 2013); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government", "head_of_government": "President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (president since 24 February 2008); First Vice President of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of Ministers Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (since 24 February 2013)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers proposed by the president of the Council of State and appointed by the National Assembly; it is subordinate to the 31-member Council of State, which is elected by the Assembly to act on its behalf when it is not in session", "elections_appointments": "president and vice presidents indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (may be re-elected for another 5-year term); election last held on 24 February 2013 (next to be held in 2018)", "election_results": "Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (PCC) reelected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 100%; Miguel DIAZ-CANEL (PCC) Bermudez elected vice president; percent of National Assembly vote- 100%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral National Assembly of People's Power or Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular (614 seats; members directly elected by absolute majority in a modified two-round vote; members serve 5-year terms); note - the National Candidature Commission submits a slate of approved candidates who must obtain 50-percent of valid votes to be elected; if not, a byelection may be held or the seat remains vacant", "elections": "last held on 3 February 2013 (next to be held in 2018)", "election_results": "Cuba's Communist Party is the only legal party, and officially sanctioned candidates run unopposed" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "People's Supreme Court (consists of court president, vice president, 41 professional justices, and NA lay judges); organization includes the State Council, criminal, civil, administrative, labor, crimes against the state, and military courts)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "professional judges elected by the National Assembly are not subject to a specific term; lay judges nominated by workplace collectives and neighborhood associations and elected by municipal or provincial assemblies; lay judges appointed for 5-year terms and serve up to 30 days per year", "subordinate_courts": "People's Provincial Courts; People's Regional Courts; People's Courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Cuban Communist Party", "name_alternative": "PCC", "leaders": [ "Raul CASTRO Ruz", "first secretary" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Cuban Commission for Human Rights and National Reconciliation ", "note": "CCDHRN" }, { "name": "Damas de Blanco ", "note": "Ladies in White" }, { "name": "Patriotic Union of Cuba ", "note": "UNPACU" }, { "name": "political dissidents and bloggers" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "ALBA" }, { "organization": "AOSIS" }, { "organization": "CELAC" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "LAES" }, { "organization": "LAIA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "excluded from formal participation since 1962" }, { "organization": "OPANAL" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "Petrocaribe" }, { "organization": "PIF ", "note": "partner" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "Union Latina" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Jose Ramon CABANAS Rodriguez (since 17 September 2015)", "chancery": "2630 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009", "telephone": "[1] (202) 797-8518", "fax": "NA", "consulates_general": "NA" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Jeffrey DELAURENTIS (since 20 July 2015)", "embassy": "Calzada between L \u0026 M Streets, Vedado, Havana", "mailing_address": "use embassy street address", "telephone": "[53] (7) 839-4100", "fax": "NA" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "five equal horizontal bands of blue (top, center, and bottom) alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white, five-pointed star in the center; the blue bands refer to the three old divisions of the island: central, occidental, and oriental; the white bands describe the purity of the independence ideal; the triangle symbolizes liberty, equality, and fraternity, while the red color stands for the blood shed in the independence struggle; the white star, called La Estrella Solitaria (the Lone Star) lights the way to freedom and was taken from the flag of Texas", "note": "design similar to the Puerto Rican flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "royal palm" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "white" }, { "color": "blue" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"La Bayamesa\" (The Bayamo Song)", "lyrics_music": "Pedro FIGUEREDO", "note": "adopted 1940; Pedro FIGUEREDO first performed \"La Bayamesa\" in 1868 during the Ten Years War against the Spanish; a leading figure in the uprising, FIGUEREDO was captured in 1870 and executed by a firing squad; just prior to the fusillade he is reputed to have shouted, \"Morir por la Patria es vivir\" (To die for the country is to live), a line from the anthem", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/CU.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "The government continues to balance the need for loosening its socialist economic system against a desire for firm political control. In April 2011, the government held the first Cuban Communist Party Congress in almost 13 years, during which leaders approved a plan for wide-ranging economic changes. Since then, the government has slowly and incrementally implemented limited economic reforms, including allowing Cubans to buy electronic appliances and cell phones, stay in hotels, and buy and sell used cars. The government has cut state sector jobs as part of the reform process, and it has opened up some retail services to \"self-employment,\" leading to the rise of so-called \"cuentapropistas\" or entrepreneurs. Approximately 476,000 Cuban workers are currently registered as self-employed.\n\nThe Cuban regime has updated its economic model to include permitting the private ownership and sale of real estate and new vehicles, allowing private farmers to sell agricultural goods directly to hotels, allowing the creation of non-agricultural cooperatives, adopting a new foreign investment law, and launching a “Special Development Zone” around the Mariel port.\n\nSince late 2000, Venezuela has provided petroleum products to Cuba on preferential terms, supplying nearly 100,000 barrels per day. Cuba has been paying for the oil, in part, with the services of Cuban personnel in Venezuela, including some 30,000 medical professionals.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 132900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 134199999999.99998, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 128500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 78, "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 81560000000, "date": "2013" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -0.9, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 201 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11900, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 12200, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 11600, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 127, "note": "data are in 2014 US dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 55.9, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 34.2, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 9.6, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": -0.1, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 17.5, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -17.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 3.9, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 23, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 72.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 12.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 13.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 165 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "sugar", "tobacco", "citrus", "coffee", "rice", "potatoes", "beans", "livestock" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "petroleum", "nickel", "cobalt", "pharmaceuticals", "tobacco", "construction", "steel", "cement", "agricultural machinery", "sugar" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": -0.2, "global_rank": 174, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 5117000, "global_rank": 79, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 18, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 10, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 72, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2013" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 18, "note": "these are official rates; unofficial estimates are about double the official figures" }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 49500000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 55280000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2015" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 60.7, "global_rank": 8, "date": "2015" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -7.1, "global_rank": 187, "date": "2015" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 32.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 34.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 143 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4.6, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 172 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 19950000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 18910000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 68 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 43920000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 42590000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 70 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -145700000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1996000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 80 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3428000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3572000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 119 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "petroleum", "nickel", "medical products", "sugar", "tobacco", "fish", "citrus", "coffee" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Canada", "percent": 17.7 }, { "name": "Venezuela", "percent": 13.8 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 13 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 6.4 }, { "name": "Spain", "percent": 5.4 }, { "name": "Belize", "percent": 4.7 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12340000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 11750000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 89 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "petroleum", "food", "machinery", "equipment", "chemicals" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 21.3 }, { "name": "Venezuela", "percent": 17.7 }, { "name": "Spain", "percent": 12.1 }, { "name": "Brazil", "percent": 5.8 }, { "name": "Canada", "percent": 4.4 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 4.2 }, { "name": "Mexico", "percent": 4 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 13100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 12100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 69 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 26320000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 26000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 80 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4138000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2006" } ], "global_rank": 70 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 22.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Cuban pesos (CUP) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 200000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 99.9, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 95, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 20290000000, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 20290000000, "global_rank": 70, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 129, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 139, "date": "2015" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 6280000, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2015" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 99.5, "global_rank": 45, "date": "2015" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 74, "date": "2015" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0.2, "global_rank": 150, "date": "2015" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0.2, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2015" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 67000, "global_rank": 50, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 63300, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 94120, "global_rank": 44, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 124000000, "global_rank": 68, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 94670, "global_rank": 71, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 142600, "global_rank": 72, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 19690, "global_rank": 70, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 64970, "global_rank": 70, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 1200000000, "global_rank": 63, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 902800000, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 183, "date": "2016" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 70790000000, "global_rank": 57, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 26000000, "global_rank": 77, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 1295857, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 12, "global_rank": 67, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 3335000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 30, "global_rank": 144, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "fixed-line and mobile services run by the state-run ETESCA; mobile-cellular telephone service is expensive and must be paid in convertible pesos; Cuban Government has opened several hundred Wi-Fi hotspots around the island, which are expensive, and launched a new residential Internet pilot in Havana", "domestic": "fixed-line density remains low at about 10 per 100 inhabitants; mobile-cellular service expanding but remains only about 30 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 53; the ALBA-1 fiber-optic submarine cable links Cuba, Jamaica, and Venezuela; fiber-optic cable laid to but not linked to US network; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); several US telecommunication companies have signed voice and data deals to serve their custormers while in Cuba (2017)" } }, "broadcast_media": "government owns and controls all broadcast media with private ownership of electronic media prohibited; however, several online independent news sites exist and those that are not openly critical of the government are often tolerated; government operates 5 national TV networks and many local TV stations; government operates 6 national radio networks, an international station, and many local radio stations; Radio-TV Marti is beamed from the US (2017)", "internet": { "country_code": ".cu", "users": { "total": 3432000, "percent_of_population": 31.1, "note": "private citizens are prohibited from buying computers or accessing the Internet without special authorization; foreigners may access the Internet in large hotels but are subject to firewalls; some Cubans buy illegal passwords on the black market or take advantage of public outlets to access limited email and the government-controlled \"intranet\"", "global_rank": 85, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 3, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 18, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 1294458, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 20919645, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "CU", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 133, "global_rank": 43, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 64, "over_3047_metres": 7, "2438_to_3047_metres": 10, "1524_to_2437_metres": 16, "914_to_1523_metres": 4, "under_914_metres": 27, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 69, "914_to_1523_metres": 11, "under_914_metres": 58, "date": "2013" } } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 41, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 230, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 8367, "units": "km" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 8195, "electrified": 105, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 172, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.000-m" }, "note": { "length": 70, "units": "km", "gauge": "of" }, "global_rank": 26, "date": "2015" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 60858, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 29820, "units": "km", "note": "includes 639 km of expressways" }, "unpaved": { "value": 31038, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 69, "date": "2001" }, "waterways": { "value": 240, "units": "km", "note": "almost all navigable inland waterways are near the mouths of rivers", "global_rank": 94, "date": "2011" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 3, "by_type": [ { "type": "cargo", "count": 1 }, { "type": "passenger", "count": 1 }, { "type": "refrigerated cargo", "count": 1 } ], "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 5, "by_country": [ { "country": "Curacao", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Panama", "count": 2 }, { "country": "unknown", "count": 2 } ] }, "global_rank": 135, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Antilla", "Cienfuegos", "Guantanamo", "Havana", "Matanzas", "Mariel", "Nuevitas Bay", "Santiago de Cuba" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.08, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3.54, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 3.51, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 3.94, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 3.08, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ] }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Revolutionary Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias", "FAR)", "Revolutionary Army (Ejercito Revolucionario", "ER", "includes Territorial Militia Troops (Milicia de Tropas de Territoriales", "MTT))", "Revolutionary Navy (Marina de Guerra Revolucionaria", "MGR", "includes Marine Corps)", "Revolutionary Air", "Air Defense Forces (Defensas Anti-Aereas y Fuerza Aerea Revolucionaria", "DAAFAR)", "Youth Labor Army (Ejercito Juvenil del Trabajo", "EJT) (2013)" ] }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 17, "note": "17-28 years of age for compulsory military service; 2-year service obligation for males, optional for females", "date": "2017" }, "note": "the collapse of the Soviet Union deprived the Cuban military of its major economic and logistic support and had a significant impact on the state of Cuban equipment; the army remains well trained and professional in nature; the lack of replacement parts for its existing equipment has increasingly affected operational capabilities (2013)" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the facility can terminate the lease" ], "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "Cuba is a source country for adults and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; child sex trafficking and child sex tourism occur in Cuba, while some Cubans are forced into prostitution in South America and the Caribbean; allegations have been made that some Cubans have been forced or coerced to work at Cuban medical missions abroad; assessing the scope of trafficking within Cuba is difficult because of the lack of information", "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - Cuba does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; Cuba’s penal code does not criminalize all forms of human trafficking, but the government reported that it is in the process of amending its criminal code to comply with the 2000 UN TIP Protocol, to which it acceded in 2013; the government in 2014 prosecuted and convicted 13 sex traffickers and provided services to the victims in those cases but does not have shelters specifically for trafficking victims; the government did not recognize forced labor as a problem and took no action to address it; state media produced newspaper articles and TV and radio programs to raise public awareness about sex trafficking (2015)" }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "territorial waters and air space serve as transshipment zone for US- and European-bound drugs; established the death penalty for certain drug-related crimes in 1999 (2008)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-28", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170628171344/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170628000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html" } }, "curacao": { "data": { "name": "Curacao", "introduction": { "background": "Originally settled by Arawak Indians, Curacao was seized by the Dutch in 1634 along with the neighboring island of Bonaire. Once the center of the Caribbean slave trade, Curacao was hard hit economically by the abolition of slavery in 1863. Its prosperity (and that of neighboring Aruba) was restored in the early 20th century with the construction of the Isla Refineria to service the newly discovered Venezuelan oil fields. In 1954, Curacao and several other Dutch Caribbean possessions were reorganized as the Netherlands Antilles, part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In referenda in 2005 and 2009, the citizens of Curacao voted to become a self-governing country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The change in status became effective in October 2010 with the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles." }, "geography": { "location": "Caribbean, an island in the Caribbean Sea, 30 nm off the coast of Venezuela", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 12, "minutes": 10, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 69, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Central America and the Caribbean", "area": { "total": { "value": 444, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 444, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 200, "comparative": "more than twice the size of Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 364, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_fishing_zone": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical marine climate, ameliorated by northeast trade winds, results in mild temperatures; semiarid with average rainfall of 60 cm/year", "terrain": "generally low, hilly terrain", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Caribbean Sea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mt. Christoffel", "elevation": { "value": 372, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "calcium phosphates", "aloes", "sorghum", "peanuts", "vegetables", "tropical fruit" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 10, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 10, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 90, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "population_distribution": "largest concentration on the island is Willemstad; smaller settlements near the coast can be found throughout the island, particularly in the northwest", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "Curacao is south of the Caribbean hurricane belt and is rarely threatened", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "NA" ] }, "note": "Curacao is a part of the Windward Islands (southern) group" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 149035, "global_rank": 189, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Curacaoan", "adjective": "Curacaoan; Dutch" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Afro-Caribbean majority; Dutch" }, { "name": "French" }, { "name": "Latin American" }, { "name": "East Asian" }, { "name": "South Asian" }, { "name": "Jewish minorities" } ] }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Papiamento", "percent": 81.2, "note": "official; a creole language that is a mixture of Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, English, and, to a lesser extent, French, as well as elements of African languages and the language of the Arawak" }, { "name": "Dutch", "percent": 8, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Spanish", "percent": 4 }, { "name": "English", "percent": 2.9, "note": "official" }, { "name": "other", "percent": 3.9, "note": "2001 census" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 72.8 }, { "name": "Pentecostal", "percent": 6.6 }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 3.2 }, { "name": "Adventist", "percent": 3 }, { "name": "Jehovah's Witness", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "Evangelical", "percent": 1.9 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 3.8 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 6 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.6 } ], "date": "2011" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 20.17, "males": 15327, "females": 14733 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 14.46, "males": 11239, "females": 10314 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 37.24, "males": 27132, "females": 28370 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 13.49, "males": 8706, "females": 11396 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 14.64, "males": 8993, "females": 12825 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 51.1, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 28.7, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 22.4, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 4.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 36, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 33.3, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 39.8, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 73, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.42, "global_rank": 165, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 13.8, "global_rank": 141, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 8.3, "global_rank": 85, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -1.3, "global_rank": 151, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "largest concentration on the island is Willemstad; smaller settlements near the coast can be found throughout the island, particularly in the northwest", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 89.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 2.04, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Willemstad", "population": 145000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.09, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.96, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.76, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.7, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.92, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 7.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 8.3, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 7.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 156, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 78.3, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 76, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 80.7, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 60, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.06, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2016" }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "note": "active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus", "date": "2016" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.9, "date": "2013" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 18, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 18, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 19, "units": "years" }, "date": "2013" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Curacao", "local_long_form": "Land Curacao (Dutch); Pais Korsou (Papiamento)", "local_short_form": "Curacao (Dutch); Korsou (Papiamento)", "former": "Netherlands Antilles; Curacao and Dependencies", "etymology": "the most plausible name derivation is that the island was designated Isla de la Curacion (Spanish meaning \"Island of the Cure\" or \"Island of Healing\") or Ilha da Curacao (Portuguese meaning the same) to reflect the locale's function as a recovery stop for sick crewmen" }, "government_type": "parliamentary", "capital": { "name": "Willemstad", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 12, "minutes": 6, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 68, "minutes": 55, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -4, "note": "1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "note": "part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "King's Day", "day": "27 April", "original_year": "1967" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1947, 1955; latest adopted 5 September 2010, entered into force 10 October 2010 (regulates governance of Curacao but is subordinate to the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands)", "note": "in October 2010, with the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles, Curacao became a constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands" }, "legal_system": "based on Dutch civil law system with some English common law influence", "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "King WILLEM-ALEXANDER of the Netherlands (since 30 April 2013); represented by Governor Lucille A. GEORGE-WOUT (since 4 November 2013)", "head_of_government": "Interim Prime Minister Gilmar PISAS (25 March 2017); screening of intended Interim Prime Minister Charles COOPER is ongoing", "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the governor", "elections": "the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party is usually elected prime minister by the parliament" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Estates of Curacao or Staten van Curacao (21 seats; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)", "elections": "last held 28 April 2017 (next to be held on 2021); early elections are being held after Prime Minister Hensley KOEIMAN resigned on 12 February 2017, when the coalition government lost its majority", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - PAR 23.3%, MAN 20.4%, MFK 19.9%, KdnT 9.4%, PIN 5.3%, PS 5.1%, MP 4.9%; seats by party - PAR 6, MAN 5, MFK 5, KdnT 2, PIN 1, PS 1, MP 1" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Common Court of Justice of Aruba, Curacao, Sint Maarten, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (consists of judges from the subordinate courts)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "NA", "subordinate_courts": "first instance courts, appeals court; specialized courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Korsou di Nos Tur", "name_alternative": "KdnT", "leaders": [ "Amparo dos SANTOS" ] }, { "name": "Movementu Futuro Korsou", "name_alternative": "MFK", "leaders": [ "Gerrit SCHOTTE" ] }, { "name": "Movementu Progresivo", "name_alternative": "MP", "leaders": [ "Marylin MOSES" ] }, { "name": "Movishon Antia Nobo", "name_alternative": "MAN", "leaders": [ "Hensley KOEIMAN" ] }, { "name": "Partido Antia Restruktura", "name_alternative": "PAR", "leaders": [ "Eugene RHUGGENAATH" ] }, { "name": "Partido Inovashon Nashonal", "name_alternative": "PIN", "leaders": [ "Suzanne CAMELIA-ROMER" ] }, { "name": "Partido pa Adelanto I Inovashon Soshal", "name_alternative": "PAIS", "leaders": [ "Alex ROSARIA" ] }, { "name": "Partido Nashonal di Pueblo", "name_alternative": "PNP", "leaders": [ "Humphrey DAVELAAR" ] }, { "name": "Pueblo Soberano", "name_alternative": "PS", "leaders": [ "Jaime CORDOBA" ] }, { "name": "Un Korsou Hustu", "leaders": [ "Omayra LEEFLANG" ] } ] }, "diplomatic_representation": { "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Consul General James R. Moore (since June 2013); note - also accredited to Aruba and Sint Martin", "consulates_general": "J. B. Gorsiraweg", "mailing_address": "P. O. Box 158, Willemstad, Curacao", "telephone": "[599] (9) 4613066", "fax": "[599] (9) 4616489" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "on a blue field a horizontal yellow band somewhat below the center divides the flag into proportions of 5:1:2; two five-pointed white stars - the smaller above and to the left of the larger - appear in the canton; the blue of the upper and lower sections symbolizes the sky and sea respectively; yellow represents the sun; the stars symbolize Curacao and its uninhabited smaller sister island of Klein Curacao; the five star points signify the five continents from which Curacao's people derive" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "laraha ", "note": "citrus tree" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "blue" }, { "color": "yellow" }, { "color": "white" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "Himmo di Korsou (Anthem of Curacao)", "lyrics_music": "Guillermo ROSARIO, Mae HENRIQUEZ, Enrique MULLER, Betty DORAN/Frater Candidus NOWENS, Errol \"El Toro\" COLINA", "note": "adapted 1978; the lyrics, originally written in 1899, were rewritten in 1978 to make them less colonial in nature" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Most of Curacao’s GDP results from services. Tourism, petroleum refining and bunkering, offshore finance, and transportation and communications are the mainstays of this small island economy, which is closely tied to the outside world. Curacao has limited natural resources, poor soil, and inadequate water supplies, and budgetary problems complicate reform of the health and education systems. Although GDP grew only slightly during the past decade, Curacao enjoys a high per capita income and a well-developed infrastructure compared to other countries in the region.\n\nCuracao has an excellent natural harbor that can accommodate large oil tankers, and the port of Willemstad hosts a free trade zone and a dry dock. Venezuelan state-owned oil company PdVSA, under a contract in effect until 2019, leases the single refinery on the island from the government, directly employing some 1,000 people; most of the oil for the refinery is imported from Venezuela; most of the refined products are exported to the US and Asia. Almost all consumer and capital goods are imported, with the US, the Netherlands, and Venezuela being the major suppliers.\n\nThe government is attempting to diversify its industry and trade. Cura�ao is an Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT) of the European Union. Nationals of Cura�ao are citizens of the European Union, even though it is not a member. Based on its OCT status, products that originate in Cura�ao have preferential access to the EU and are exempt from import duties. Cura�ao is a beneficiary of the Caribbean Basin Initiative and, as a result, products originating in Cura�ao can be imported tax free into the US if at least 35% has been added to the value of these products in Cura�ao. The island has state of the art Information and Communication Technology connectivity with the rest of the world, including a Tier IV datacenter. With several direct satellite and submarine optic fiber cables, Curacao has one of the best Internet speed and reliability in the Western Hemisphere.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3128000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 3020000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2011" }, { "value": 2960000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2010" } ], "global_rank": 186, "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 5600000000, "date": "2012" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.6, "units": "%", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 2, "units": "%", "date": "2011" }, { "value": 0.1, "units": "%", "date": "2010" } ], "global_rank": 73 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 15000, "units": "USD", "date": "2004" } ], "global_rank": 108 }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 66.9, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 33.6, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 19.4, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 17.5, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -37.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 0.7, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 15.5, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 83.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2012" } } }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "aloe", "sorghum", "peanuts", "vegetables", "tropical fruit" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "tourism", "petroleum refining", "petroleum transshipment", "light manufacturing", "financial", "business services" ] }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 73010, "global_rank": 184, "date": "2013" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 1.2, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 16.9, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 81.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2008" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 13, "units": "%", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 9.8, "units": "%", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 147 }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 16.6, "global_rank": 174, "date": "2012" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -0.4, "global_rank": 44, "date": "2012" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 33.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 40.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 140 }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.6, "units": "%", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 2.8, "units": "%", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 128 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1607000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2011" }, { "value": 1440000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2010" } ], "global_rank": 146 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "petroleum products" ] } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1285000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2011" }, { "value": 1275000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2010" } ], "global_rank": 175 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "crude petroleum", "food", "manufactures" ] } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.79, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.79, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.79, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.79, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Netherlands Antillean guilders (ANG) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 14903, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 91, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 91, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 80, "units": "%" }, "date": "2012" }, "production": { "kWh": 1785000000, "global_rank": 140, "date": "2012" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 968000000, "global_rank": 154, "date": "2008" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 120, "date": "2009" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 131, "date": "2009" } }, "crude_oil": { "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 116, "date": "2011-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 531, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2010" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 72000, "global_rank": 92, "date": "2010" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 211100, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2009" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 291700, "global_rank": 26, "date": "2009" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 167, "date": "2009" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2009" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 76, "date": "2009" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 172, "date": "2009" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 122, "date": "2011-01-01" } } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "system": { "international": "country code - 599" } }, "broadcast_media": "government-run TeleCuracao operates a TV station and a radio station; 3 other privately owned TV stations and several privately owned radio stations (2017)", "internet": { "country_code": ".cw", "users": { "total": 138750, "percent_of_population": 93.9, "date": "2014-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 2, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 11, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "PJ", "date": "2016" } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 550, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 194 }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Willemstad" ], "oil_terminals": [ "Bullen Baai (Curacao Terminal)" ], "bulk_cargo_ports": [ "Fuik Bay (phosphate rock)" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "no regular military forces", "the Dutch Government controls foreign", "defense policy" ], "date": "2012" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "note": "no conscription", "date": "2010" }, "note": "defense is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands" } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624195631/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cc.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cc.html" } }, "cyprus": { "data": { "name": "Cyprus", "introduction": { "background": "A former British colony, Cyprus became independent in 1960 following years of resistance to British rule. Tensions between the Greek Cypriot majority and Turkish Cypriot minority came to a head in December 1963, when violence broke out in the capital of Nicosia. Despite the deployment of UN peacekeepers in 1964, sporadic intercommunal violence continued, forcing most Turkish Cypriots into enclaves throughout the island. In 1974, a Greek Government-sponsored attempt to overthrow the elected president of Cyprus was met by military intervention from Turkey, which soon controlled more than a third of the island. In 1983, the Turkish Cypriot administered area declared itself the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"), but it is recognized only by Turkey. A UN-mediated agreement, the Annan Plan, failed to win approval by both communities in 2004. In February 2014, after a hiatus of nearly two years, the leaders of the two communities resumed formal discussions under UN auspices aimed at reuniting the divided island. Talks were suspended in October 2014, but resumed in earnest in May 2015 following the election of a new Turkish Cypriot \"president.\" The entire island entered the EU on 1 May 2004, although the EU acquis - the body of common rights and obligations - applies only to the areas under the internationally recognized government, and is suspended in the area administered by Turkish Cypriots. However, individual Turkish Cypriots able to document their eligibility for Republic of Cyprus citizenship legally enjoy the same rights accorded to other citizens of EU states." }, "geography": { "location": "Middle East, island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Turkey; note - Cyprus views itself as part of Europe; geopolitically, it can be classified as falling within Europe, the Middle East, or both", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 35, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 33, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Middle East", "area": { "total": { "value": 9251, "units": "sq km", "note": "of which 3,355 sq km are in north Cyprus" }, "land": { "value": 9241, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 10, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 171, "comparative": "about 0.6 times the size of Connecticut" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 156, "units": "km" }, "border_sovereign_base_areas": "Akrotiri 48 km, Dhekelia 108 km" }, "coastline": { "value": 648, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "m", "note": "depth or to the depth of exploitation" } }, "climate": "temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters", "terrain": "central plain with mountains to north and south; scattered but significant plains along southern coast", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 91, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Mediterranean Sea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mount Olympus", "elevation": { "value": 1951, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "copper", "pyrites", "asbestos", "gypsum", "timber", "salt", "marble", "clay earth pigment" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 13.4, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 9.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 3.2, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 0.4, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 18.8, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 67.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 460, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "population concentrated in central Nicosia and in the major cities of the south: Paphos, Limassol, and Larnaca", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "moderate earthquake activity", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "droughts", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "water resource problems (no natural reservoir catchments", "seasonal disparity in rainfall", "sea water intrusion to island's largest aquifer", "increased salination in the north)", "water pollution from sewage and industrial wastes", "coastal degradation", "loss of wildlife habitats from urbanization" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Air Pollution", "Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides", "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants", "Air Pollution-Sulfur 94", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily and Sardinia)" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 1205575, "global_rank": 161, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Cypriot(s)", "adjective": "Cypriot" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Greek", "percent": 98.8 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1, "note": "includes Maronite, Armenian, Turkish-Cypriot" }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.2 } ], "note": "data represent only the government-controlled area of Cyprus", "date": "2011" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Greek", "percent": 80.9, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Turkish", "percent": 0.2, "note": "official" }, { "name": "English", "percent": 4.1 }, { "name": "Romanian", "percent": 2.9 }, { "name": "Russian", "percent": 2.5 }, { "name": "Bulgarian", "percent": 2.2 }, { "name": "Arabic", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "Filipino", "percent": 1.1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 4.3 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.6 } ], "note": "data represent only the government-controlled area of Cyprus", "date": "2011" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Orthodox Christian", "percent": 89.1 }, { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 2.9 }, { "name": "Protestant/Anglican", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 1.8 }, { "name": "Buddhist", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.4, "note": "includes Maronite, Armenian Church, Hindu" }, { "name": "unknown", "percent": 1.1 }, { "name": "none/atheist", "percent": 0.6 } ], "note": "data represent only the government-controlled area of Cyprus", "date": "2011" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 15.58, "males": 96582, "females": 91296 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 14.37, "males": 94262, "females": 78982 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 46.99, "males": 298368, "females": 268080 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 11.26, "males": 65005, "females": 70752 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 11.8, "males": 61581, "females": 80667 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 41.6, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 23.4, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 18.2, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 5.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 36.4, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 35.1, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 38, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 69, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1.38, "global_rank": 84, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 11.4, "global_rank": 173, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 6.7, "global_rank": 138, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 9.1, "global_rank": 11, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "population concentrated in central Nicosia and in the major cities of the south: Paphos, Limassol, and Larnaca", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 66.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.89, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Nicosia", "population": 251000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.19, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.11, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.92, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.77, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 28.5, "date": "2010" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 7, "global_rank": 154, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 8.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 9.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 6.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 153, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 78.7, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 75.8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 81.6, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 53, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.47, "global_rank": 201, "date": "2016" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 7.4, "global_rank": 72, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 2.5, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 3.5, "date": "2011" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.06, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2013" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 400, "global_rank": 125, "date": "2013" }, "deaths": { "total": 100, "global_rank": 124, "date": "2013" } }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 24.5, "global_rank": 53, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 604, "global_rank": 19, "date": "2013" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 99.1, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 99.5, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 98.7, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 35.9, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 37.4, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 34.6, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 32, "date": "2014" }, "note": "demographic data for Cyprus represent the population of the government-controlled area and the area administered by Turkish Cypriots, unless otherwise indicated" }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Cyprus", "conventional_short_form": "Cyprus", "local_long_form": "Kypriaki Dimokratia/Kibris Cumhuriyeti", "local_short_form": "Kypros/Kibris", "note": "the Turkish Cypriot community, which administers the northern part of the island, refers to itself as the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" or \"TRNC\" (\"Kuzey Kibris Turk Cumhuriyeti\" or \"KKTC\")", "etymology": "the derivation of the name \"Cyprus\" is unknown, but the extensive mining of copper metal on the island in antiquity gave rise to the Latin word \"cuprum\" for copper" }, "government_type": "Republic of Cyprus - presidential democracy; Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (self-declared) - semi-presidential democracy\nnote: a separation of the two main ethnic communities inhabiting the island began following the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified when a Greek military-junta-supported coup attempt prompted the Turkish intervention in July 1974 that gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government on the island; on 15 November 1983, then Turkish Cypriot \"President\" Rauf DENKTAS declared independence and the formation of a \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"), which is recognized only by Turkey", "capital": { "name": "Nicosia (Lefkosia/Lefkosa)", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 35, "minutes": 10, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 33, "minutes": 22, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 2, "note": "7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, "independence": { "date": "1960-08-16", "note": "from the UK; note - Turkish Cypriots proclaimed self-rule on 13 February 1975 and independence in 1983, but these proclamations are recognized only by Turkey" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "1 October", "original_year": "1983", "note": "Turkish Cypriots celebrate 15 November as \"Republic Day\"" } ], "constitution": { "history": "ratified 16 August 1960", "note": "in 1963, the constitution was partly suspended as Turkish Cypriots withdrew from the government; Turkish-held territory in 1983 was declared the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"); in 1985, the \"TRNC\" approved its own constitution", "amendments": "constitution of the Republic of Cyprus - proposed by the House of Representatives; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the total membership of the “Greek Community” and the “Turkish Community”; however, all seats of Turkish Cypriot members have remained vacant since 1964; amended several times, last in 2016\nconstitution of the “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus” - proposed by at least 10 members of the Assembly of the Republic; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the total Assembly membership and approval by referendum; amended 2014" }, "legal_system": "mixed legal system of English common law and civil law with European law supremacy", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Cyprus", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "7 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Nikos ANASTASIADIS (since 28 February 2013); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government; vice president (vacant); note - vice presidency reserved for Turkish Cypriot", "head_of_government": "President Nikos ANASTASIADIS (since 28 February 2013)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - under the 1960 constitution, 3 of the ministerial posts reserved for Turkish Cypriots, appointed by the vice president; positions currently filled by Greek Cypriots", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term; election last held on 17 and 24 February 2013 (next to be held in February 2018)", "election_results": "Nikos ANASTASIADIS elected president; percent of vote in first round - Nikos ANASTASIADIS (DISY) 45.5%, Stavros MALAS (AKEL) 26.9%, Giorgos LILLIKAS (SP) 24.9%, other 2.7%; percent of vote in second round - Nikos ANASTASIADIS 57.5%, Savros MALAS 42.5%", "note": "Mustafa AKINCI assumed office as \"president\" of the \"TRNC\" on 30 April 2015; percent of vote in first round (19 April 2015) - Dervis EROGLU (UBP) 28.2%, Mustafa AKINCI (TDP) 26.9%, other 44.9%; percent of vote in runoff (26 April 2015) - AKINCI 60.5%, EROGLU 39.5%; Huseyin OZGURGUN is \"TRNC prime minister\" since 8 April 2016" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "area under government control: unicameral House of Representatives or Vouli Antiprosopon (80 seats; 56 assigned to Greek Cypriots, 24 to Turkish Cypriots, but only those assigned to Greek Cypriots are filled; members directly elected by both proportional representation and preferential vote; members serve 5-year terms); area administered by Turkish Cypriots: unicameral Assembly of the Republic or Cumhuriyet Meclisi (50 seats; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "area under government control: last held on 22 May 2016 (next to be held in May 2021); area administered by Turkish Cypriots: last held on 28 July 2013 (next to be held on July 2018)", "election_results": "area under government control: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - DISY 30.7%, AKEL 25.7%, DIKO 14.5%, KS-EDEK 6.2%, Citizen's Alliance 6.0% Solidarity Movement 5.2%, other 11.7%; seats by party - DISY 18, AKEL 16, DIKO 9, KS-EDEK 3, Citizen's Alliance 3, Solidarity Movement 3, other 4; area administered by Turkish Cypriots: \"Assembly of the Republic\" - percent of vote by party - CTP-BG 38.4%, UBP 27.3%, DP-UG 23.2%, TDP 7.4%, other 3.7%; seats by party - CTP-BG 20, UBP 18, DP-UG 5, TDP 2, TKP 1" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Cyprus (consists of 13 judges including the court president); note - the highest court in the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC)\" is the \"Supreme Court\" (consists of 8 \"judges\" including the \"court president\")", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Republic of Cyprus Supreme Court judges appointed by the president of the republic upon the recommendation of the Supreme Court judges; judges can serve until age 68; \"TRNC Supreme Court\" judges appointed by the \"Supreme Council of Judicature,\" a 12-member body of judges, the attorney general, appointees - 1 each by the president of the \"TRNC\" and by the \"Legislative Assembly\" - and 1 member elected by the bar association; judge tenure NA", "subordinate_courts": "Republic of Cyprus district courts; Assize Courts; Administrative Court; specialized courts for issues relating to family, industrial disputes, military, and rent control; \"TRNC Assize Courts\"; \"district and family courts\"" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Citizens' Alliance", "name_alternative": "SP", "leaders": [ "Giorgos LILLIKAS" ] }, { "name": "Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "DIKO", "leaders": [ "Nikolas PAPADOPOULOS" ] }, { "name": "Democratic Rally", "name_alternative": "DISY", "leaders": [ "Averof NEOPHYTOU" ] }, { "name": "Ecological and Environmental Movement", "name_alternative": "KOP", "leaders": [ "Giorgos PERDIKIS" ], "note": "Green party" }, { "name": "Movement of Social Democrats-United Democratic Center Union", "name_alternative": "KS-EDEK", "leaders": [ "Marinos SIZOPOULOS" ] }, { "name": "National Popular Front", "name_alternative": "ELAM", "leaders": [ "Christos CHRISTOU" ] }, { "name": "Progressive Party of the Working People", "name_alternative": "AKEL", "leaders": [ "Andros KYPRIANOU" ], "note": "Communist party" }, { "name": "Solidarity Movement", "leaders": [ "Eleni THEOCHAROUS" ] }, { "name": "United Democrats", "name_alternative": "EDI", "leaders": [ "Praxoula ANTONIADOU" ] }, { "name": "Communal Democracy Party", "name_alternative": "TDP", "leaders": [ "Cemal OZYIGIT" ] }, { "name": "Communal Liberatin Party", "name_alternative": "TKP", "leaders": [ "Mehmet CAKICI" ] }, { "name": "Cyprus Socialist Party", "name_alternative": "KSP", "leaders": [ "Mehmet BIRINCI" ] }, { "name": "Democrat Party- National Forces", "name_alternative": "DP-UG", "leaders": [ "Serdar DENKTAS" ] }, { "name": "National Justice Party", "name_alternative": "UAP", "leaders": [ "Fatma SOLMAZ" ] }, { "name": "National Unity Party", "name_alternative": "UBP", "leaders": [ "Huseyin OZGURGUN" ] }, { "name": "New Cyprus Party", "name_alternative": "YKP", "leaders": [ "Murat KANATLI" ] }, { "name": "People's Party", "name_alternative": "HP", "leaders": [ "Kudret OZERSAY" ] }, { "name": "Re-birth Party", "name_alternative": "YDP", "leaders": [ "Erhan ARIKLI" ] }, { "name": "Republican Turkish Party-United Forces", "name_alternative": "CTP-BG", "leaders": [ "Tufan ERHURMAN" ] }, { "name": "Social Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "SDP", "leaders": [ "Tozun TUNALI" ] }, { "name": "United Cyprus Party", "name_alternative": "BKP", "leaders": [ "Izzet IZCAN" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Confederation of Cypriot Workers", "name_alternative": "SEK", "leaders": [ "Andreas MATSAS" ], "note": "pro-West" }, { "name": "Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation", "name_alternative": "PEO", "leaders": [ "Pambis KYRITSIS" ], "note": "Communist controlled" }, { "name": "Federation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions", "name_alternative": "Turk-Sen", "leaders": [ "Asian BICAKLI" ] } ], "note": "area administered by Turkish Cypriots: Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions or Dev-Is" }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "Australia Group" }, { "organization": "C" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CE" }, { "organization": "EBRD" }, { "organization": "ECB" }, { "organization": "EIB" }, { "organization": "EMU" }, { "organization": "EU" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "NSG" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OSCE" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNIFIL" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Leonidas PANTELIDIS (since 27 June 2016)", "chancery": "2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 462-5772, 462-0873", "fax": "[1] (202) 483-6710", "consulates_general": "New York", "note": "representative of the Turkish Cypriot community in the US is Ismet KORUKOGLU; office at 1667 K Street NW, Washington, DC; telephone [1] (202) 887-6198" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Kathleen Ann DOHERTY (since 7 October 2015)", "embassy": "corner of Metochiou and Ploutarchou Streets, 2407 Engomi, Nicosia", "mailing_address": "P. O. Box 24536, 1385 Nicosia", "telephone": "[357] (22) 393939", "fax": "[357] (22) 393344" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "centered on a white field is a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the island has long been famous for its copper deposits) above two olive-green-colored, crossed olive branches; the branches symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities", "note_1": "one of only two national flags that uses a map as a design element; the flag of Kosovo is the other", "note_2": "the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" flag retains the white field of the Cyprus national flag but displays narrow horizontal red stripes positioned a small distance from the top and bottom edges between which are centered a red crescent and a red five-pointed star; the banner is modeled after the Turkish national flag but with the colors reversed" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "Cypriot mouflon ", "note": "wild sheep" }, { "symbol": "white dove" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "blue" }, { "color": "white" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Ymnos eis tin Eleftherian\" (Hymn to Liberty)", "lyrics_music": "Dionysios SOLOMOS/Nikolaos MANTZAROS", "note": "adopted 1960; Cyprus adopted the Greek national anthem as its own; the Turkish Cypriot community in Cyprus uses the anthem of Turkey" } }, "economy": { "overview": "The area of the Republic of Cyprus under government control has a market economy dominated by the services sector, which accounts for more than four-fifths of GDP. Tourism, financial services, shipping, and real estate have traditionally been the most important sectors. Cyprus has been a member of the EU since May 2004 and adopted the euro as its national currency in January 2008.\n\nDuring the first five years of EU membership, the Cyprus economy grew at an average rate of about 4%, with unemployment between 2004 and 2008 averaging about 4%. However, the economy tipped into recession in 2009 as the ongoing global financial crisis and resulting low demand hit the tourism and construction sectors. An overextended banking sector with excessive exposure to Greek debt added to the contraction. Cyprus’ biggest two banks were among the largest holders of Greek bonds in Europe and had a substantial presence in Greece through bank branches and subsidiaries. Following numerous downgrades of its credit rating, Cyprus lost access to international capital markets in May 2011. In July 2012, Cyprus became the fifth euro-zone government to request an economic bailout program from the European Commission, European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund - known collectively as the \"Troika.\"\n\nShortly after the election of President Nikos ANASTASIADES in February 2013, Cyprus reached an agreement with the Troika on a $13 billion bailout that triggered a two-week bank closure and the imposition of capital controls that remained partially in place until April 2015. Cyprus' two largest banks merged and the combined entity was recapitalized through conversion of some large bank deposits to shares and imposition of losses on bank bondholders. As with other EU countries, the Troika conditioned the bailout on passing financial and structural reforms and privatizing state-owned enterprises. Despite downsizing and restructuring, the Cypriot financial sector throughout 2015 remained burdened by the largest stock of non-performing loans in the euro zone, equal to nearly half of all loans. Since the bailout, Cyprus has received positive appraisals by the Troika and outperformed fiscal targets but has struggled to overcome political opposition to bailout-mandated legislation, particularly regarding privatizations. Cyprus emerged from recession in 2015 and its economy grew an estimated 1.5% for the year, setting a positive tone for the scheduled end of the bailout program in March 2016. Growth recovered to 2.8% in 2016. The European Commission projects continued GDP growth in Cyprus of 2.5% in 2017 and a reduction in unemployment to 11.1%, but the rate of non-performing loans (NPLs) is still very high at around 49%. If Cypriot banks can increase the pace of resolution of these NPLs, economic growth could exceed the projection.\n\nIn October 2013, a US-Israeli consortium completed preliminary appraisals of hydrocarbon deposits in Cyprus’ exclusive economic zone (EEZ), which revealed an estimated gross mean reserve of about 130 billion cubic meters. Though exploration continues in Cyprus’ EEZ, no additional commercially exploitable reserves were identified during the exploratory drilling in 2014/2015. Developing offshore hydrocarbon resources remains a critical component of the government’s economic recovery efforts, but development has been delayed as a result of regional developments and disagreements about exploitation methods.\nEconomy - overview: Even though the whole of the island is part of the EU, implementation of the EU \"acquis communautaire\" has been suspended in the area administered by Turkish Cypriots, known locally as the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"), until political conditions permit the reunification of the island. The market-based economy of the \"TRNC\" is roughly one-fifth the size of its southern neighbor and is likewise dominated by the service sector with a large portion of the population employed by the government. In 2012 - the latest year for which data are available - the services sector, which includes the public sector, trade, tourism, and education, contributed 58.7% to economic output. In the same year, light manufacturing and agriculture contributed 2.7% and 6.2%, respectively. Manufacturing is limited mainly to food and beverages, furniture and fixtures, construction materials, metal and non-metal products, textiles and clothing. The “TRNC” maintains few economic ties with the Republic of Cyprus outside of trade in construction materials. Since its creation, the \"TRNC\" has heavily relied on financial assistance from Turkey, which supports the \"TRNC\" defense, telecommunications, water and postal services. The Turkish Lira is the preferred currency, though foreign currencies are widely accepted in business transactions. The \"TRNC\" remains vulnerable to the Turkish market and monetary policy because of its use of the Turkish Lira. The \"TRNC\" weathered the European financial crisis relatively unscathed - compared to the Republic of Cyprus - because of the lack of financial sector development, the health of the Turkish economy, and its separation from the rest of the island. The \"TRNC\" economy experienced growth estimated at 2.8% in 2013 and 2.3% in 2014 and is projected to grow 3.8% in 2015.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 29260000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 28470000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 28050000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 132, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars; GDP (purchasing power parity): $1.829 billion (2007 est.)" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 19930000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": -2.5, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 103 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 34400, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 33600, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 32700, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 56, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 69.1, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 15.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 11.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 1.9, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 60.9, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -58.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 2.3, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 10.4, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 87.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 11.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 8.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 156 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "citrus", "vegetables", "barley", "grapes", "olives", "vegetables", "poultry", "pork", "lamb", "dairy", "cheese", "citrus fruit", "dairy", "potatoes", "grapes", "olives", "poultry", "lamb" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "tourism", "food", "beverage processing", "cement", "gypsum", "ship repair", "refurbishment", "textiles", "light chemicals", "metal products", "wood", "paper", "stone", "clay products", "foodstuffs", "textiles", "clothing", "ship repair", "clay", "gypsum", "copper", "furniture" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 1.5, "global_rank": 132, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 415100, "global_rank": 159, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 3.8, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 15.2, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 81, "units": "%" } }, "labor_force___by_occupation": "agriculture: 14.5%, industry: 29%, services: 56.5% (2004)", "date": "2014" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 14.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 9.4, "units": "%", "date": "2005" } ], "global_rank": 139 }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 3.3, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 28.8, "units": "%" }, "date": "2014" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 34.8, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 32.4, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 95 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 7588000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 7809000000, "units": "USD" }, "budget": { "value": 2500000000, "note": "USD, expenditures: 2.5 billion USD (2006" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 38.1, "global_rank": 44, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -1.1, "global_rank": 59, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 104.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 108.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 13, "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -0.3, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -2.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 23 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.25, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 0.3, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 136, "note": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area" }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 4.69, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 149 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3975000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 4030999999.9999995, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 106, "note": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders" }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 43410000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 47990000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 71 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 57960000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 59580000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 63 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2692000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 4030999999.9999995, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 2105000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 99 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -481000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -570000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 100 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2635000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2759000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 132, "note": "Exports: $68.1 million, f.o.b. (2007 est.)" }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "citrus", "potatoes", "pharmaceuticals", "cement", "clothing" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Greece", "percent": 10.9 }, { "name": "Ireland", "percent": 10.2 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 7.2 }, { "name": "Israel", "percent": 6 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6042000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6286000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 116, "note": "Imports: $1.2 billion, f.o.b. (2007 est.)" }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "consumer goods", "petroleum", "lubricants", "machinery", "transport equipment" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Greece", "percent": 25.7 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 9.1 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 8 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 7.5 }, { "name": "Israel", "percent": 5.5 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 4.8 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 4.1 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 776800000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 807600000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 131, "note": "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $NA" }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 95280000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" }, { "value": 103500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 49, "note": "Debt - external: $NA" }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 142100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 140400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 37 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 136800000000.00002, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 135199999999.99998, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 32 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.9214, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.885, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.885, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0.7634, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.78, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "euros (EUR) per US dollar; Exchange rates: Turkish new lira per US dollar: 1.9 (2013) 1.8 (2012) 1.67 (2011) 1.5 (2010) 1.55 (2009)" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 4099999999.9999995, "global_rank": 122, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 3900000000, "global_rank": 125, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 132, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 142, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 1700000, "global_rank": 116, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 90, "global_rank": 77, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 77, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 169, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 10, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 123, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 115, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 183, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 124, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 134, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 45000, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 176, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 46690, "global_rank": 85, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 176, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 137, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 89, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 186, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 141600000000, "global_rank": 48, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 9100000, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 323707, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 27, "global_rank": 112, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 1111000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 93, "global_rank": 157, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "excellent in both area under government control and area administered by Turkish Cypriots", "domestic": "open-wire, fiber-optic cable, and microwave radio relay", "international": "country code - 357 (area administered by Turkish Cypriots uses the country code of Turkey - 90); a number of submarine cables, including the SEA-ME-WE-3, combine to provide connectivity to Western Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; tropospheric scatter; satellite earth stations - 8 (3 Intelsat - 1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean, 2 Eutelsat, 2 Intersputnik, and 1 Arabsat) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "mixture of state and privately run TV and radio services; the public broadcaster operates 2 TV channels and 4 radio stations; 6 private TV broadcasters, satellite and cable TV services including telecasts from Greece and Turkey, and a number of private radio stations are available; in areas administered by Turkish Cypriots, there are 2 public TV stations, 4 public radio stations, and 7 privately owned TV and 21 radio broadcast stations plus 6 radio and 4 TV channels of local universities, plus 1 radio station of military, security forces and 1 radio station of civil defense cooperation, as well as relay stations from Turkey (2017)", "internet": { "country_code": ".cy", "users": { "total": 853000, "percent_of_population": 71.7, "global_rank": 127, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 2, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 6, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 23404, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 230600, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "5B", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 15, "global_rank": 145, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 13, "2438_to_3047_metres": 7, "1524_to_2437_metres": 2, "914_to_1523_metres": 3, "under_914_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 2, "under_914_metres": 2, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 9, "date": "2013" } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 20006, "units": "km" }, "government_control": { "value": 13006, "units": "km", "note": "includes 2,277 km of expressways" }, "paved": { "value": 8564, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 4442, "units": "km" }, "turkish_cypriot_control": { "value": 7000, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2011" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 838, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 278 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 163 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 77 }, { "type": "container", "count": 201 }, { "type": "liquefied gas", "count": 11 }, { "type": "passenger", "count": 3 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 25 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 62 }, { "type": "refrigerated cargo", "count": 5 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 9 }, { "type": "vehicle carrier", "count": 4 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 622, "by_country": [ { "country": "Angola", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Austria", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Belgium", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Bermuda", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Canada", "count": 2 }, { "country": "China", "count": 6 }, { "country": "Denmark", "count": 6 }, { "country": "Estonia", "count": 6 }, { "country": "France", "count": 16 }, { "country": "Germany", "count": 192 }, { "country": "Greece", "count": 201 }, { "country": "Hong Kong", "count": 2 }, { "country": "India", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Iran", "count": 10 }, { "country": "Ireland", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Italy", "count": 6 }, { "country": "Japan", "count": 16 }, { "country": "Netherlands", "count": 23 }, { "country": "Norway", "count": 14 }, { "country": "Philippines", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Poland", "count": 24 }, { "country": "Portugal", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Russia", "count": 46 }, { "country": "Singapore", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Slovenia", "count": 5 }, { "country": "Spain", "count": 6 }, { "country": "Sweden", "count": 5 }, { "country": "Turkey", "count": 1 }, { "country": "UAE", "count": 3 }, { "country": "UK", "count": 7 }, { "country": "Ukraine", "count": 3 }, { "country": "US", "count": 5 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 152, "by_country": [ { "country": "Bahamas", "count": 23 }, { "country": "Cambodia", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Comoros", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Finland", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Gibraltar", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Greece", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Hong Kong", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Liberia", "count": 9 }, { "country": "Malta", "count": 32 }, { "country": "Marshall Islands", "count": 40 }, { "country": "Norway", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Panama", "count": 5 }, { "country": "Russia", "count": 13 }, { "country": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Sierra Leone", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Singapore", "count": 6 }, { "country": "unknown", "count": 4 } ] }, "global_rank": 13, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "area under government control: Larnaca", "Limassol", "Vasilikos", "area administered by Turkish Cypriots: Famagusta", "Kyrenia" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.81, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.54, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.66, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 1.75, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 37 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Republic of Cyprus", "Cypriot National Guard (Ethniki Froura", "EF", "includes naval", "air elements)", "Northern Cyprus", "Turkish Cypriot Security Force (GKK)" ], "date": "2014" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "note": "Cypriot National Guard (CNG): 18-50 years of age for compulsory military service for all Greek Cypriot males; 17 years of age for voluntary service; 14-month service obligation", "date": "2016" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto autonomous entities, the internationally recognized Cypriot Government and a Turkish-Cypriot community (north Cyprus)", "the 1,000-strong UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) has served in Cyprus since 1964 and maintains the buffer zone between north and south", "on 1 May 2004, Cyprus entered the EU still divided, with the EU's body of legislation and standards (acquis communitaire) suspended in the north", "Turkey protests Cypriot Government creating hydrocarbon blocks and maritime boundary with Lebanon in March 2007" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "internally_displaced_persons": { "people": 272000, "note": "both Turkish and Greek Cypriots; many displaced since 1974", "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "minor transit point for heroin and hashish via air routes and container traffic to Europe, especially from Lebanon and Turkey; some cocaine transits as well; despite a strengthening of anti-money-laundering legislation, remains vulnerable to money laundering; reporting of suspicious transactions in offshore sector remains weak (2008)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624042109/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.html" } }, "czechia": { "data": { "name": "Czechia", "introduction": { "background": "At the close of World War I, the Czechs and Slovaks of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire merged to form Czechoslovakia. During the interwar years, having rejected a federal system, the new country's predominantly Czech leaders were frequently preoccupied with meeting the increasingly strident demands of other ethnic minorities within the republic, most notably the Slovaks, the Sudeten Germans, and the Ruthenians (Ukrainians). On the eve of World War II, Nazi Germany occupied the territory that today comprises Czechia, and Slovakia became an independent state allied with Germany. After the war, a reunited but truncated Czechoslovakia (less Ruthenia) fell within the Soviet sphere of influence. In 1968, an invasion by Warsaw Pact troops ended the efforts of the country's leaders to liberalize communist rule and create \"socialism with a human face,\" ushering in a period of repression known as \"normalization.\" The peaceful \"Velvet Revolution\" swept the Communist Party from power at the end of 1989 and inaugurated a return to democratic rule and a market economy. On 1 January 1993, the country underwent a nonviolent \"velvet divorce\" into its two national components, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. The country changed its short-form name to Czechia in 2016." }, "geography": { "location": "Central Europe, between Germany, Poland, Slovakia, and Austria", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 49, "minutes": 45, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 15, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Europe", "area": { "total": { "value": 78867, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 77247, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 1620, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 116, "comparative": "about two-thirds the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than South Carolina" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 2143, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Austria", "border_length": { "value": 402, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Germany", "border_length": { "value": 704, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Poland", "border_length": { "value": 796, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Slovakia", "border_length": { "value": 241, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 0, "units": "km", "note": "landlocked" }, "climate": "temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters", "terrain": "Bohemia in the west consists of rolling plains, hills, and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; Moravia in the east consists of very hilly country", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 433, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Labe (Elbe) River", "elevation": { "value": 115, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Snezka", "elevation": { "value": 1602, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "hard coal", "soft coal", "kaolin", "clay", "graphite", "timber", "arable land" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 54.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 41, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 12.8, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 34.4, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 10.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 320, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, but the northern and eastern regions tend to have larger urban concentrations", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "flooding", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "air and water pollution in areas of northwest Bohemia and in northern Moravia around Ostrava present health risks", "acid rain damaging forests", "efforts to bring industry up to EU code should improve domestic pollution" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Air Pollution", "Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides", "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants", "Air Pollution-Sulfur 85", "Air Pollution-Sulfur 94", "Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds", "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol", "Antarctic Treaty", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and most significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 10644842, "global_rank": 87, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Czech(s)", "adjective": "Czech" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Czech", "percent": 64.3 }, { "name": "Moravian", "percent": 5 }, { "name": "Slovak", "percent": 1.4 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.8 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 27.5 } ], "date": "2011" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Czech", "percent": 95.4, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Slovak", "percent": 1.6 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 3, "note": "2011 census" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 10.4 }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 1.1, "note": "includes Czech Brethren and Hussite" }, { "name": "other and unspecified", "percent": 54 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 34.5 } ], "date": "2011" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 15.09, "males": 826005, "females": 782470 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 9.89, "males": 542433, "females": 511941 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 43.79, "males": 2396550, "females": 2271974 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 12.73, "males": 658784, "females": 698782 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 18.5, "males": 817550, "females": 1154443 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 49.5, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 22.5, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 27, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 3.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 41.7, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 40.4, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 43, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 33, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.14, "global_rank": 191, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 9.5, "global_rank": 203, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 10.4, "global_rank": 35, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 2.3, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, but the northern and eastern regions tend to have larger urban concentrations", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 73, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.35, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Prague", "population": 1314000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.94, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.7, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.97, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 28.1, "date": "2013" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 4, "global_rank": 173, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 2.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 2.8, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 2.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 217, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 78.6, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 75.7, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 81.8, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.45, "global_rank": 204, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 86.3, "units": "%", "note": "percent of women aged 18-44", "date": "2008" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 7.4, "global_rank": 63, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 3.68, "date": "2013" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 6.8, "date": "2011" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 99.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 99.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 99.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.05, "global_rank": 120, "date": "2013" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 3400, "global_rank": 111, "date": "2013" }, "deaths": { "total": 100, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2013" } }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 29.1, "global_rank": 21, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.1, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2013" }, "literacy": { "definition": "NA", "total_population": { "value": 99, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 99, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 99, "units": "%" }, "date": "2011" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 17, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 16, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 18, "units": "years" }, "date": "2014" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 15.9, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 15, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 17.1, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 57, "date": "2014" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Czech Republic", "conventional_short_form": "Czechia", "local_long_form": "Ceska republika", "local_short_form": "Cesko", "etymology": "name derives from the Czechs, a West Slavic tribe who rose to prominence in the late 9th century A.D." }, "government_type": "parliamentary republic", "capital": { "name": "Prague", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 50, "minutes": 5, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 14, "minutes": 28, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 1, "note": "6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, "independence": { "date": "1993-01-01", "note": "Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia; note - although 1 January is the day the Czech Republic came into being, the Czechs commemorate 28 October 1918, the day the former Czechoslovakia declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as their independence day" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Czechoslovak Founding Day", "day": "28 October", "original_year": "1918" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1960; latest ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993", "amendments": "passage requires at least three-fifths concurrence by members present in both houses of Parliament; amended several times, last in 2013 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "new civil code enacted in 2014, replacing civil code of 1964 - based on former Austro-Hungarian civil codes and socialist theory - and reintroducing former Czech legal terminology", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of the Czech Republic", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "5 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Milos ZEMAN (since 8 March 2013)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Bohuslav SOBOTKA (since 17 January 2014); First Deputy Prime Minister Richard BRABEC (since 24 May 2017) and Deputy Prime Minister Pavel BELOBRADEK (since 29 January 2014)", "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (limited to 2 consecutive terms); elections last held on 11-12 January 2013 with a runoff on 25-26 January 2013 (next to be held in January 2018); prime minister appointed by the president for a 4-year term", "election_results": "Milos ZEMAN elected president; percent of popular vote - Milos ZEMAN (SPO) 54.8%, Karel SCHWARZENBERG (TOP 09) 45.2%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (81 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in two rounds if needed; members serve 6-year terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 2 years) and the Chamber of Deputies or Poslanecka Snemovna (200 seats; members directly elected in 14 multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote with a 5% threshold required to fill a seat; members serve 4-year terms)", "elections": "Senate - last held in two rounds on 7-8 and 14-15 October 2016 (next to be held in October 2018); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 25-26 October 2013 (next to be held in October 2017)", "election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party as of 20 May 2017 - CSSD 25, KDU-CSL 16, STAN and TOP 09 11, ODS 10, ANO 7, SPO 2, SZ 2, S.cz. 1, KSCM 1, Movement for Prague 1, independent 5; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - CSSD 25%, ANO 23.5%, KSCM 16.5%, TOP 09 12.5%, ODS 8%, KDU-CSL 7%, Usvit 3.5%, other 4%; seats by party - CSSD 50, ANO 47, KSCM 33, TOP 09 + STAN 25, ODS 16, KDU-CSL 14, Usvit 7, independent 8" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (organized into Civil Law and Commercial Division, and Criminal Division each with a court chief justice, vice justice, and several judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 justices); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 28 judges)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges proposed by the Chamber of Deputies and appointed by the president; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate; judges appointed for 10-year, renewable terms; Supreme Administrative Court judges selected by the president of the Court; judge term unlimited", "subordinate_courts": "High Court; superior, regional, and district courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "ANO", "leaders": [ "Andrej BABIS" ] }, { "name": "Christian Democratic Union-Czechoslovak People's Party", "name_alternative": "KDU-CSL", "leaders": [ "Pavel BELOBRADEK" ] }, { "name": "Civic Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "ODS", "leaders": [ "Petr FIALA" ] }, { "name": "Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia", "name_alternative": "KSCM", "leaders": [ "Vojtech FILIP" ] }, { "name": "Czech Social Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "CSSD", "leaders": [ "Bohuslav SOBOTKA" ] }, { "name": "Dawn - National Coalition", "name_alternative": "Usvit-NK", "leaders": [ "Miroslav LIDINSKY" ] }, { "name": "Green Party", "name_alternative": "SZ", "leaders": [ "Matej STROPNICKY" ] }, { "name": "Mayors and Independents", "name_alternative": "STAN", "leaders": [ "Petr GAZDIK" ] }, { "name": "Movement for Prague" }, { "name": "Nestranici", "name_alternative": "NK", "leaders": [ "Vera RYBOVA" ], "note": "Non-Partisans" }, { "name": "North Bohemians", "name_alternative": "S.cz", "leaders": [ "Bronislav SCHWARZ" ] }, { "name": "Party of Civic Rights", "name_alternative": "SPO", "leaders": [ "Jan VELEBA" ] }, { "name": "Tradition Responsibility Prosperity 09", "name_alternative": "TOP 09", "leaders": [ "Miroslav KALOUSEK" ] }, { "name": "Free Citizens Party", "name_alternative": "Svobodni", "leaders": [ "Petr MACH" ] }, { "name": "Freedom and Direct Democracy", "name_alternative": "SPD", "leaders": [ "Tomio OKAMURA" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions", "name_alternative": "CMKOS", "leaders": [ "Josef STREDULA" ] } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "Australia Group" }, { "organization": "BIS" }, { "organization": "BSEC ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CE" }, { "organization": "CEI" }, { "organization": "CERN" }, { "organization": "EAPC" }, { "organization": "EBRD" }, { "organization": "ECB" }, { "organization": "EIB" }, { "organization": "ESA" }, { "organization": "EU" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IEA" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MONUSCO" }, { "organization": "NATO" }, { "organization": "NEA" }, { "organization": "NSG" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OECD" }, { "organization": "OIF ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OSCE" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "Schengen Convention" }, { "organization": "SELEC" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" }, { "organization": "ZC" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Hynek KMONICEK (since 24 April 2017)", "chancery": "3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 274-9100", "fax": "[1] (202) 966-8540", "consulates_general": "Chicago, Los Angeles, New York" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Kelly ADAMS-SMITH (since 20 January 2017)", "embassy": "Trziste 15, 118 01 Prague 1 - Mala Strana", "mailing_address": "use embassy street address", "telephone": "[420] 257 022 000", "fax": "[420] 257 022 809" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side", "note": "combines the white and red colors of Bohemia with blue from the arms of Moravia; is identical to the flag of the former Czechoslovakia" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "double-tailed lion" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "white" }, { "color": "red" }, { "color": "blue" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Kde domov muj?\" (Where is My Home?)", "lyrics_music": "Josef Kajetan TYL/Frantisek Jan SKROUP", "note": "adopted 1993; the anthem was originally written as incidental music to the play \"Fidlovacka\" (1834), it soon became very popular as an unofficial anthem of the Czech nation; its first verse served as the official Czechoslovak anthem beginning in 1918, while the second verse (Slovak) was dropped after the split of Czechoslovakia in 1993", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/EZ.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Czechia is a prosperous market economy that boasts one of the highest GDP growth rates and lowest unemployment levels in the EU, but its dependence on exports makes its economic growth vulnerable to contractions in external demand. Czechia’s exports comprise some 80% of GDP and largely consist of automobiles, the country’s single largest industry. Czechia acceded to the EU in 2004 but has yet to join the Euro zone. While the flexible koruna helps Czechia weather external shocks, Czechia’s central bank (Czech National Bank - CNB) has since November 2013 intervened in the foreign exchange markets to cap the value of the koruna at 27/Euro, with a 2% inflation target. This intervention has also helped to keep exports competitively priced. After inflation exceeded the bank's 2% target in early 2017, the CNB indicated it expects to end its intervention in the first half of 2017, though it will continue to intervene as necessary to maintain stability of the currency.\n\nAfter slowly recovering from a steep recession in 2009, the Czech economy again fell into recession in 2012 and 2013 because of a slump in demand within the EU and government austerity measures. Inflows of EU development funds underpinned a rebound in 2014-2015. Real GDP growth reached 4.5% in 2015, in part due to last-minute spending of EU funds, and fell to 2.5% in 2016, still one of the highest rates in the EU. The Czech unemployment rate was 5.2% in 2016, one of the lowest rates in the EU.\n\nSince coming to power in 2014, the government has undertaken some reforms to try to reduce corruption, attract investment, and improve social welfare programs, which could help increase the government’s revenues and improve living conditions for Czechs. The government introduced in December 2016 an online tax reporting system intended to reduce tax evasion and increase revenues; the government also plans to remove labor market rigidities to improve the business climate, bring procurement procedures in line with EU best practices, and boost wages. The country's low unemployment rate has led to steady increases in salaries – 4-5% in each of the past two years - and the government is facing pressure from businesses to allow greater migration of qualified workers, at least from Ukraine and neighboring Central European countries.\n\nLong term challenges include dealing with a rapidly aging population, a shortage of skilled workers, a lagging education system, funding an unsustainable pension and health care system, and diversifying away from manufacturing and toward a more high-tech, services-based, knowledge economy.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 350900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 342500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 327600000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 51, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 193500000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2.7, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 113 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 33200, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 32500, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 31200, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 57, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 47.9, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 19.7, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 25.7, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 81.5, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -74.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 2.5, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 37.5, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 60, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 27.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 28.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 26.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 36 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "wheat", "potatoes", "sugar beets", "hops", "fruit", "pigs", "poultry" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "motor vehicles", "metallurgy", "machinery", "equipment", "glass", "armaments" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 2.8, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 5494000, "global_rank": 72, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 2.8, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 38, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 59.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5.2, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 66 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 9.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 4.1, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 21.7, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 25, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 25.1, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 143 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 73740000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 74750000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 38.1, "global_rank": 43, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -0.5, "global_rank": 45, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 40.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 41.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 122 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 52 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.05, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 0.05, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 145, "note": "this is the two-week repo, the main rate CNB uses" }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.2, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 4.28, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 153 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 137900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 124900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 29 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 155100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 144100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 47 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 129199999999.99998, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 127500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 50 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 44500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 39910000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 45630000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 55 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2152000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1682000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 35 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 141700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 131000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 32 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "transport equipment", "raw materials", "fuel", "chemicals" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Germany", "percent": 32.4 }, { "name": "Slovakia", "percent": 9 }, { "name": "Poland", "percent": 5.8 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 5.3 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 5.1 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 4.3 }, { "name": "Austria", "percent": 4.1 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 132400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 122500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 31 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "transport equipment", "raw materials", "fuels", "chemicals" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Germany", "percent": 26.4 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 12.4 }, { "name": "Poland", "percent": 8.3 }, { "name": "Slovakia", "percent": 5.1 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 4.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 78620000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 64489999999.99999, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 30 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 128900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 126200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 45 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 139100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 136100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 38 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 45280000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 41480000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 44 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 25.02, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 24.599, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 24.599, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 20.758, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 19.59, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "koruny (CZK) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 80000000000, "global_rank": 37, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 60000000000, "global_rank": 44, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 28000000000, "global_rank": 6, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "kWh": 12000000000, "global_rank": 18, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 22000000, "global_rank": 40, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 55.6, "global_rank": 140, "date": "2014" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 18.8, "global_rank": 10, "date": "2014" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 10, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2014" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 14.6, "global_rank": 22, "date": "2014" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 2836, "global_rank": 87, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 520.1, "global_rank": 84, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 142500, "global_rank": 37, "date": "2015" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 15000000, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 164800, "global_rank": 57, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 193400, "global_rank": 58, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 53720, "global_rank": 53, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 82060, "global_rank": 60, "date": "2015" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 259000000, "global_rank": 76, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 7522000000, "global_rank": 54, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 1000000, "global_rank": 54, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 7249000000, "global_rank": 28, "date": "2014" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 3964000000, "global_rank": 97, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 103000000, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 1949800, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 18, "global_rank": 60, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 13925000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 131, "global_rank": 70, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "good telephone and Internet service; there are 3 major mobile phone providers, though the government is facing criticism for failing to promote sufficient competition, with critics complaining that Czech mobile phone and data prices are among the highest in the EU", "domestic": "access to the fixed-line telephone network expanded throughout the 1990s, but the number of fixed-line connections has been dropping since then; mobile telephone usage increased sharply beginning in the mid-1990s, and the number of cellular telephone subscriptions now greatly exceeds the population", "international": "country code - 420; satellite earth stations - 6 (2 Intersputnik - Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions, 1 Intelsat, 1 Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat, 1 Globalstar) (2017)" } }, "broadcast_media": "roughly 130 TV broadcasters operating some 350 channels with 4 publicly operated and the remainder in private hands; 16 TV stations have national coverage with 4 being publicly operated; cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; 63 radio broadcasters are registered operating roughly 80 radio stations with 15 stations publicly operated; 10 radio stations provide national coverage with the remainder local or regional (2008)", "internet": { "country_code": ".cz", "users": { "total": 8654000, "percent_of_population": 81.3, "global_rank": 49, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 4, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 48, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 4971616, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 26619650, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "OK", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 128, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 41, "over_3047_metres": 2, "2438_to_3047_metres": 9, "1524_to_2437_metres": 12, "914_to_1523_metres": 2, "under_914_metres": 16, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 87, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 25, "under_914_metres": 61, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 7160, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 536, "units": "km" }, { "type": "refined products", "length": 94, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 9621.5, "units": "km" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 9519.5, "electrified": 3240.5, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 102, "units": "km", "gauge": "0.760-m" }, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 130661, "units": "km", "note": "includes urban roads" }, "paved": { "value": 130661, "units": "km", "note": "includes 730 km of expressways" }, "global_rank": 40, "date": "2011" }, "waterways": { "value": 664, "units": "km", "note": "principally on Elbe, Vltava, Oder, and other navigable rivers, lakes, and canals", "global_rank": 76, "date": "2010" }, "merchant_marine": { "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 1, "by_country": [ { "country": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "count": 1 } ] }, "global_rank": 150, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "river_ports": [ "Prague (Vltava)", "Decin", "Usti nad Labem (Elbe)" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.98, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.96, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.97, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0.99, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.03, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 94 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Army of the Czech Republic (Armada Ceske Republiky)", "General Staff (Generalni Stab", "includes Land Forces (Pozemni Sily)", "Air Forces (Vzdusne Sily)) (2015)" ] }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18-28 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "stateless_persons": { "people": 1502, "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and minor transit point for Latin American cocaine to Western Europe; producer of synthetic drugs for local and regional markets; susceptible to money laundering related to drug trafficking, organized crime; significant consumer of ecstasy (2008)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102639/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ez.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ez.html" } }, "denmark": { "data": { "name": "Denmark", "introduction": { "background": "Once the seat of Viking raiders and later a major north European power, Denmark has evolved into a modern, prosperous nation that is participating in the general political and economic integration of Europe. It joined NATO in 1949 and the EEC (now the EU) in 1973. However, the country has opted out of certain elements of the EU's Maastricht Treaty, including the European Economic and Monetary Union, European defense cooperation, and issues concerning certain justice and home affairs." }, "geography": { "location": "Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, on a peninsula north of Germany (Jutland); also includes several major islands (Sjaelland, Fyn, and Bornholm)", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 56, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 10, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Europe", "area": { "total": { "value": 43094, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 42434, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 660, "units": "sq km" }, "note": "includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest of metropolitan Denmark (the Jutland Peninsula, and the major islands of Sjaelland and Fyn), but excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland", "global_rank": 134, "comparative": "slightly less than twice the size of Massachusetts" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 140, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Germany", "border_length": { "value": 140, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 7314, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "m", "note": "depth or to the depth of exploitation" } }, "climate": "temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers", "terrain": "low and flat to gently rolling plains", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 34, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Lammefjord", "elevation": { "value": -7, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mollehoj/Ejer Bavnehoj", "elevation": { "value": 171, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "petroleum", "natural gas", "fish", "arable land", "salt", "limestone", "chalk", "stone", "gravel", "sand" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 63.4, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 58.9, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 4.4, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 12.9, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 23.7, "units": "%" } }, "note": "highest percentage of agricultural land arable land: for any country in the world", "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 4350, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "with excellent access to the North Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat, and the Baltic Sea, population centers tend to be along coastal areas, particularly in Copenhagen and the eastern side of the country's mainland", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "flooding is a threat in some areas of the country (e.g., parts of Jutland, along the southern coast of the island of Lolland) that are protected from the sea by a system of dikes", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "air pollution", "principally from vehicle and power plant emissions", "nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of the North Sea", "drinking and surface water becoming polluted from animal wastes and pesticides" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Air Pollution", "Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides", "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants", "Air Pollution-Sulfur 85", "Air Pollution-Sulfur 94", "Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds", "Antarctic Treaty", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Marine Life Conservation", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Tropical Timber 83", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "controls Danish Straits (Skagerrak and Kattegat) linking Baltic and North Seas; about one-quarter of the population lives in greater Copenhagen" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 5593785, "global_rank": 116, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Dane(s)", "adjective": "Danish" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Scandinavian" }, { "name": "Inuit" }, { "name": "Faroese" }, { "name": "Turkish" }, { "name": "Polish" }, { "name": "Syrian" }, { "name": "German" }, { "name": "Iraqi" } ], "date": "2017" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Danish" }, { "name": "Faroese" }, { "name": "Greenlandic", "note": "an Inuit dialect" }, { "name": "German", "note": "small minority" } ], "note": "English is the predominant second language" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Evangelical Lutheran", "percent": 76, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 4 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 20, "breakdown": [ { "name": "denominations of less than each", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "includes Roman Catholic" }, { "name": "Jehovah's Witness" }, { "name": "Serbian Orthodox Christian" }, { "name": "Jewish" }, { "name": "Baptist and Buddhist" } ] } ], "date": "2017" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 16.58, "males": 475763, "females": 451557 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 13.12, "males": 374806, "females": 359344 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 38.88, "males": 1082404, "females": 1092672 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 12.45, "males": 346371, "females": 350093 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 18.96, "males": 475330, "females": 585445 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 55.9, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 26.3, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 29.6, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 3.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 42, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 41.1, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 43, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 29, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.22, "global_rank": 184, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 10.4, "global_rank": 190, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 10.3, "global_rank": 37, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 2.1, "global_rank": 48, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "with excellent access to the North Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat, and the Baltic Sea, population centers tend to be along coastal areas, particularly in Copenhagen and the eastern side of the country's mainland", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 87.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.6, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Copenhagen", "population": 1268000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.81, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.97, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 29.1, "date": "2012" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 6, "global_rank": 151, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 4.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 3.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 193, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 79.4, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 77, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 82, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 47, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.73, "global_rank": 166, "date": "2016" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 10.8, "global_rank": 14, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 3.65, "date": "2013" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 3.5, "date": "2010" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 99.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 99.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 99.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.16, "global_rank": 102, "date": "2014" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 6000, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2014" }, "deaths": { "total": 100, "global_rank": 123, "date": "2014" } }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 21, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 8.6, "global_rank": 8, "date": "2013" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 19, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 18, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 20, "units": "years" }, "date": "2014" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 12.6, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 13.7, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 11.5, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 84, "date": "2014" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Kingdom of Denmark", "conventional_short_form": "Denmark", "local_long_form": "Kongeriget Danmark", "local_short_form": "Danmark", "etymology": "the name derives from the words \"Dane(s)\" and \"mark\"; the latter referring to a march (borderland) or forest" }, "government_type": "parliamentary constitutional monarchy", "capital": { "name": "Copenhagen", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 55, "minutes": 40, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 12, "minutes": 35, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 1, "note": "6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October", "note": "applies to continental Denmark only, not to its North Atlantic components" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Constitution Day", "day": "5 June", "original_year": "1849", "note": "closest equivalent to a national holiday" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest adopted 5 June 1953", "amendments": "proposed by the Folketing with consent of the government; passage requires approval by the next Folketing following a general election, approval by simple majority vote of at least 40% of voters in a referendum, and assent by the chief of state; changed several times, last in 2009 (Danish Act of Succession) (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law; judicial review of legislative acts", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Denmark", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "7 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972); Heir Apparent Crown Prince FREDERIK, elder son of the monarch (born on 26 May 1968)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Lars LOKKE RASMUSSEN (since 28 June 2015)", "cabinet": "Council of State appointed by the monarch", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral People's Assembly or Folketing (179 seats, including 2 representing Greenland and 2 representing the Faroe Islands; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms unless the Folketing is dissolved earlier)", "elections": "last held on 18 June 2015 (next to be held by June 2019)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - SDP 26.3%, DF 21.1%, V 19.5%, EL 7.8%, LA 7.5%, AP 4.8%, SLP 4.6%, SF 4.2%, C 3.4%, other 0.9%; seats by party - SDP 47, DF 37, V 34, EL 14, LA 13, AP 9, SLP 8, SF 7, C 6; note - does not include each of the two seats from Greenland and the Faroe Islands" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the court president and 18 judges)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges appointed by the monarch upon the recommendation of the Minister of Justice with the advice of the Judicial Appointments Council, a 6-member independent body of judges and lawyers; judges appointed for life with retirement at age 70", "subordinate_courts": "Special Court of Indictment and Revision; 2 High Courts; Maritime and Commercial Court; county courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Alternative Party", "name_alternative": "AP", "leaders": [ "Uffe ELBAEK" ] }, { "name": "Conservative People's Party", "name_alternative": "C", "leaders": [ "Soren PAPE POULSEN" ] }, { "name": "Danish People's Party", "name_alternative": "DF", "leaders": [ "Kristian THULESEN DAHL" ] }, { "name": "Liberal Alliance", "name_alternative": "LA", "leaders": [ "Anders SAMUELSEN" ] }, { "name": "Liberal Party", "name_alternative": "V", "leaders": [ "Lars LOKKE RA/SMUSSEN" ] }, { "name": "Red-Green Alliance", "name_alternative": "EL", "leaders": [ "collective leadership", "spokesperson Pernille SKIPPER" ], "note": "Unity List" }, { "name": "Social Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "S", "leaders": [ "Mette FREDERIKSEN" ] }, { "name": "Social Liberal Party", "name_alternative": "R", "leaders": [ "Morten OSTERGAARD" ] }, { "name": "Socialist People's Party", "name_alternative": "SF", "leaders": [ "Pia OLSEN DYHR" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Confederation of Danish Employers", "name_alternative": "DA", "leaders": [ "CEO Jacob HOLBRAAD" ] }, { "name": "Confederation of Danish Industries", "name_alternative": "DI", "leaders": [ "CEO Karsten DYBVAD" ] }, { "name": "Confederation of Danish Labor Unions", "name_alternative": "LO", "leaders": [ "President Lizette RISGAARD" ] }, { "name": "DaneAge Association", "leaders": [ "President Bjarne HASTRUP" ] }, { "name": "Danish Shipowners' Association]", "leaders": [ "Director General and CEO Anne STEFFENSEN" ] }, { "name": "Danish Bankers Association", "leaders": [ "CEO Ulrik NODGAARD" ] }, { "name": "Danish Society for Nature Conservation", "name_alternative": "DN", "leaders": [ "President Ella Maria BISSCHOP-LARSEN" ] }, { "name": "environmental groups" }, { "name": "humanitarian relief" }, { "name": "development assistance" }, { "name": "human rights NGOs" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ADB ", "note": "nonregional member" }, { "organization": "AfDB ", "note": "nonregional member" }, { "organization": "Arctic Council" }, { "organization": "Australia Group" }, { "organization": "BIS" }, { "organization": "CBSS" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CE" }, { "organization": "CERN" }, { "organization": "EAPC" }, { "organization": "EBRD" }, { "organization": "ECB" }, { "organization": "EIB" }, { "organization": "EITI ", "note": "implementing country" }, { "organization": "ESA" }, { "organization": "EU" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "FATF" }, { "organization": "G-9" }, { "organization": "IADB" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IEA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IGAD ", "note": "partners" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINUSMA" }, { "organization": "NATO" }, { "organization": "NC" }, { "organization": "NEA" }, { "organization": "NIB" }, { "organization": "NSG" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OECD" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OSCE" }, { "organization": "Paris Club" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "Schengen Convention" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNMIL" }, { "organization": "UNMISS" }, { "organization": "UNRWA" }, { "organization": "UNTSO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" }, { "organization": "ZC" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Lars Gert LOSE (since 17 September 2015)", "chancery": "3200 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 234-4300", "fax": "[1] (202) 328-1470", "consulates_general": "Chicago, New York" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Laura LOCHMAN (since 20 January 2017)", "embassy": "Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2100 Copenhagen 0", "mailing_address": "Unit 5280, DPO, AE 09716", "telephone": "[45] 33 41 71 00", "fax": "[45] 35 43 02 23" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side; the banner is referred to as the Dannebrog (Danish flag) and is one of the oldest national flags in the world; traditions as to the origin of the flag design vary, but the best known is a legend that the banner fell from the sky during an early-13th century battle; caught up by the Danish king before it ever touched the earth, this heavenly talisman inspired the royal army to victory; in actuality, the flag may derive from a crusade banner or ensign", "note": "the shifted cross design element was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "lion" }, { "symbol": "mute swan" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "white" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Der er et yndigt land\" (There is a Lovely Land); \"Kong Christian\" (King Christian)", "lyrics_music": "Adam Gottlob OEHLENSCHLAGER/Hans Ernst KROYER; Johannes EWALD/unknown", "note": "Denmark has two national anthems with equal status; \"Der er et yndigt land,\" adopted 1844, is a national anthem, while \"Kong Christian,\" adopted 1780, serves as both a national and royal anthem; \"Kong Christian\" is also known as \"Kong Christian stod ved hojen mast\" (King Christian Stood by the Lofty Mast) and \"Kongesangen\" (The King's Anthem); within Denmark, the royal anthem is played only when royalty is present and is usually followed by the national anthem; when royalty is not present, only the national anthem is performed; outside Denmark, the royal anthem is played, unless the national anthem is requested", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/DA.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "This thoroughly modern market economy features a high-tech agricultural sector, advanced industry with world-leading firms in pharmaceuticals, maritime shipping and renewable energy, and a high dependence on foreign trade. Denmark is a net exporter of food, oil, and gas and enjoys a comfortable balance of payments surplus, but depends on imports of raw materials for the manufacturing sector. Danes enjoy a high standard of living and the Danish economy is characterized by extensive government welfare measures and an equitable distribution of income. An aging population will be a long-term issue.\n\nDenmark is a member of the EU; Danish legislation and regulations conform to EU standards on almost all issues. Despite previously meeting the criteria to join the European Economic and Monetary Union, Denmark has negotiated an opt-out with the EU and is not required to adopt the euro. Within the EU, Denmark is among the strongest supporters of trade liberalization.\n\nDenmark is experiencing a modest economic expansion. The economy grew by 1.6% in 2015 and an estimated 1.0% in 2016. The expansion is expected to continue at similar rates in 2017 and 2018. The labor market has strengthened since 2013, and unemployment stood at 4.2% in early 2017, based on the national measure. By early 2017 some sectors were experiencing difficulties attracting qualified labor. Productivity growth was significantly below the OECD average from the mid-nineties until 2011, but has increased in recent years. Improvement in productivity is needed to ensure continued growth.\n\nDenmark maintained a healthy budget surplus for many years up to 2008, but with the global financial crisis the budget balance swung into deficit. For 2016 the budget deficit was 1.4%. The government projects lower deficits in 2017 and 2018. Public debt (EMU debt) is projected to continue to decline. Household indebtedness is still relatively high at more than 292% of net disposable income in 2015, while household net worth - from private pension schemes and other assets - amounted to 497% of net disposable income.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 264800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 262200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 259600000000.00003, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 61, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 306100000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.3, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.6, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.7, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 170 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 46600, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 46300, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 46100, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 33, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 47.5, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 25.6, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 18.9, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.3, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 50.8, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -43.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 1.1, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 23.4, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 75.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 26.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 26.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 27.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 42 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "barley", "wheat", "potatoes", "sugar beets", "pork", "dairy products", "fish" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "iron", "steel", "nonferrous metals", "chemicals", "food processing", "machinery", "transportation equipment", "textiles", "clothing", "electronics", "construction", "furniture", "other wood products", "shipbuilding", "refurbishment", "windmills", "pharmaceuticals", "medical equipment" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 0.8, "global_rank": 156, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 2939000, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 2.4, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 18.3, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 79.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.2, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4.6, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 44 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 13.4, "units": "%", "date": "2011" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 1.9, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 28.7, "units": "%" }, "date": "2007" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 28.8, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 25.7, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2005" } ], "global_rank": 132 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 156900000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 164500000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 51.2, "global_rank": 13, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -2.5, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 34.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 33.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 135, "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.3, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 45 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.05, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.05, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 148 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.7, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 3.42, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 158 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 148100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 151900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 27 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 181100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 189200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 43 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 619800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 632900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 21 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 224900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012-12-31" }, { "value": 179500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2011-12-31" }, { "value": 231700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2010-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 32 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 24830000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 27590000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 12 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 94220000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 94520000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 34 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "instruments", "meat", "meat products", "dairy products", "fish", "pharmaceuticals", "furniture", "design", "windmills" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Germany", "percent": 15.1 }, { "name": "Sweden", "percent": 11.4 }, { "name": "Norway", "percent": 6.2 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 6 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 5 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 4.5 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 4.2 } ], "date": "2016" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 85010000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 85220000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 36 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "equipment", "raw materials", "semimanufactures for industry", "chemicals", "grain", "foodstuffs", "consumer goods" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Germany", "percent": 21.4 }, { "name": "Sweden", "percent": 12.3 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 8 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 7.6 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 4.2 }, { "name": "Norway", "percent": 4.2 } ], "date": "2016" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 61800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 65190000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 31 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 484800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-03-31" }, { "value": 519799999999.99994, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-03-31" } ], "global_rank": 25 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 135100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 138600000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 40 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 242700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 209700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 24 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.865, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6.7236, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 6.7236, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 5.6125, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 5.79, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 27700000000, "global_rank": 66, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 33299999999.999996, "global_rank": 60, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "kWh": 9733000000, "global_rank": 23, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "kWh": 15640000000, "global_rank": 12, "date": "2015" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 14010000, "global_rank": 52, "date": "2015" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 56.8, "global_rank": 139, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 78, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0.1, "global_rank": 153, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 43.1, "global_rank": 2, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 156300, "global_rank": 40, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 98430, "global_rank": 37, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 86480, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2015" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 611000000, "global_rank": 47, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 189400, "global_rank": 55, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 154500, "global_rank": 65, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 167800, "global_rank": 37, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 182700, "global_rank": 35, "date": "2015" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 4634000000, "global_rank": 54, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 3182000000, "global_rank": 70, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 2093000000, "global_rank": 38, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 625000000, "global_rank": 63, "date": "2014" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 29930000000, "global_rank": 68, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 42000000, "global_rank": 67, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 1694051, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 30, "global_rank": 61, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 7266000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 130, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "excellent telephone and Internet services", "domestic": "buried and submarine cables and microwave radio relay form trunk network; multiple mobile-cellular communications systems", "international": "country code - 45; a series of fiber-optic submarine cables link Denmark with Canada, Faroe Islands, Germany, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and UK; satellite earth stations - 18 (6 Intelsat, 10 Eutelsat, 1 Orion, 1 Inmarsat (Blaavand-Atlantic-East)); note - the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) share the Danish earth station and the Eik, Norway, station for worldwide Inmarsat access (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "strong public-sector TV presence with state-owned Danmarks Radio (DR) operating 6 channels and publicly owned TV2 operating roughly a half-dozen channels; broadcasts of privately owned stations are available via satellite and cable feed; DR operates 4 nationwide FM radio stations, 10 digital audio broadcasting stations, and 14 web-based radio stations; in 2010, there were 140 commercial and 187 community (non-commercial) radio stations (2012)", "internet": { "country_code": ".dk", "users": { "total": 5377000, "percent_of_population": 96.3, "global_rank": 62, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 10, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 76, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 582011, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 0, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "OY", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 80, "global_rank": 68, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 28, "over_3047_metres": 2, "2438_to_3047_metres": 7, "1524_to_2437_metres": 5, "914_to_1523_metres": 12, "under_914_metres": 2, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 52, "914_to_1523_metres": 5, "under_914_metres": 47, "date": "2013" } } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 1536, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 330, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2015" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 3476, "units": "km" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 3476, "electrified": 1756, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "global_rank": 62, "date": "2017" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 74558, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 74558, "units": "km", "note": "includes 1,205 km of expressways" }, "global_rank": 64, "date": "2017" }, "waterways": { "value": 400, "units": "km", "global_rank": 87, "date": "2010" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 666, "by_type": [ { "type": "towing- and supply ships", "count": 193 }, { "type": "container", "count": 118 }, { "type": "product tanker", "count": 91 }, { "type": "passenger", "count": 80 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 64 }, { "type": "guard ships", "count": 40 }, { "type": "other dry bulk", "count": 33 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 20 }, { "type": "liquefied gas", "count": 11 }, { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 7 }, { "type": "oil tanker", "count": 5 }, { "type": "cable ships", "count": 4 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 27, "by_country": [ { "country": "Germany", "count": 9 }, { "country": "Greenland", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Norway", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Sweden", "count": 15 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 582 }, "global_rank": 27, "date": "2016" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Baltic Sea - Aarhus", "Copenhagen", "Fredericia", "Kalundborg", "North Sea - Esbjerg" ], "river_ports": [ "Aalborg (Langerak)" ], "dry_bulk_cargo_ports": [ { "place": "Ensted", "type": "coal" } ], "cruise_ports": [ "Copenhagen" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.17, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.14, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.16, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.23, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.34, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 71 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Danish Army", "Royal Danish Navy", "Royal Danish Air Force" ], "date": "2017" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscripts serve an initial training period that varies from 4 to 12 months according to specialization; former conscripts are assigned to mobilization units; women eligible to volunteer for military service; in addition to full time employment, the Danish Military offers reserve contracts in all three branches", "date": "2016" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm", "sovereignty dispute with Canada over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland", "Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 18215, "country_of_origin": "Syria" } ], "date": "2016" }, "stateless_persons": { "people": 7610, "date": "2016" } } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102640/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/da.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/da.html" } }, "dhekelia": { "data": { "name": "Dhekelia", "introduction": { "background": "By terms of the 1960 Treaty of Establishment that created the independent Republic of Cyprus, the UK retained full sovereignty and jurisdiction over two areas of almost 254 square kilometers - Akrotiri and Dhekelia. The larger of these is the Dhekelia Sovereign Base Area, which is also referred to as the Eastern Sovereign Base Area." }, "geography": { "location": "Eastern Mediterranean, on the southeast coast of Cyprus near Famagusta", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 34, "minutes": 59, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 33, "minutes": 45, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Middle East", "area": { "total": { "value": 130.8, "units": "sq km" }, "note": "area surrounds three Cypriot enclaves", "global_rank": 223, "comparative": "about three-quarters the size of Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 108, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Cyprus", "border_length": { "value": 108, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 27.5, "units": "km" }, "climate": "temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters", "environment": { "current_issues": [ "netting and trapping of small migrant songbirds in the spring and autumn" ] }, "note": "British extraterritorial rights also extended to several small off-post sites scattered across Cyprus; of the Sovereign Base Area (SBA) land, 60% is privately owned and farmed, 20% is owned by the Ministry of Defense, and 20% is SBA Crown land" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 15700 }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "English" }, { "name": "Greek" } ] } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Dhekelia" }, "capital": { "name": "Episkopi Cantonment (base administrative center for Akrotiri and Dhekelia); located in Akrotiri", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 34, "minutes": 40, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 32, "minutes": 51, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 2, "note": "7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, "constitution": { "history": "presented 3 August 1960, effective 16 August 1960 (The Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in Council 1960, serves as a basic legal document); amended 1966 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "laws applicable to the Cypriot population are, as far as possible, the same as the laws of the Republic of Cyprus; note - the Sovereign Base Area Administration has its own court system to deal with civil and criminal matters", "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)", "head_of_government": "Administrator Air Vice-Marshall Michael WIGSTON (since 21 January 2015); note - reports to the British Ministry of Defense", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; administrator appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Ministry of Defense" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Senior Judges' Court (consists of several visiting judges from England and Wales)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "see entry for United Kingdom", "subordinate_courts": "Resident Judges' Court; military courts" }, "flag_description": { "description": "the flag of the UK is used" }, "national_anthem": { "note": "as a United Kingdom area of special sovereignty, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/DX.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Economic activity is limited to providing services to the military and their families located in Dhekelia. All food and manufactured goods must be imported.", "exchange_rates": { "note": "uses the euro" } }, "communications": { "broadcast_media": "British Forces Broadcast Service (BFBS) provides multi-channel satellite TV service as well as BFBS radio broadcasts to the Dhekelia Sovereign Base (2009)" }, "military_and_security": { "note": "defense is the responsibility of the UK; includes Dhekelia Garrison and Ayios Nikolaos Station connected by a roadway" } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-05-15", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170515142511/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dx.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170515000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dx.html" } }, "djibouti": { "data": { "name": "Djibouti", "introduction": { "background": "The French Territory of the Afars and the Issas became Djibouti in 1977. Hassan Gouled APTIDON installed an authoritarian one-party state and proceeded to serve as president until 1999. Unrest among the Afar minority during the 1990s led to a civil war that ended in 2001 with a peace accord between Afar rebels and the Somali Issa-dominated government. In 1999, Djibouti's first multiparty presidential election resulted in the election of Ismail Omar GUELLEH as president; he was reelected to a second term in 2005 and extended his tenure in office via a constitutional amendment, which allowed him to serve a third term in 2011 and begin a fourth term in 2016. Djibouti occupies a strategic geographic location at the intersection of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden and serves as an important shipping portal for goods entering and leaving the east African highlands and transshipments between Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. The government holds longstanding ties to France, which maintains a significant military presence in the country, and has strong ties with the US. Djibouti hosts several thousand members of US armed services at US-run Camp Lemonnier." }, "geography": { "location": "Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea, between Eritrea and Somalia", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 11, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 43, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Africa", "area": { "total": { "value": 23200, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 23180, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 20, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 151, "comparative": "slightly smaller than New Jersey" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 528, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Eritrea", "border_length": { "value": 125, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Ethiopia", "border_length": { "value": 342, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Somalia", "border_length": { "value": 61, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 314, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "desert; torrid, dry", "terrain": "coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountains", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 430, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Lac Assal", "elevation": { "value": -155, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Moussa Ali", "elevation": { "value": 2028, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "potential geothermal power", "gold", "clay", "granite", "limestone", "marble", "salt", "diatomite", "gypsum", "pumice", "petroleum" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 73.4, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 0.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 73.3, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 0.2, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 26.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 10, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "earthquakes", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "droughts", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "occasional cyclonic disturbances from the Indian Ocean bring heavy rains and flash floods", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "experiences limited volcanic activity; Ardoukoba (elev. 298 m) last erupted in 1978; Manda-Inakir, located along the Ethiopian border, is also historically active", "type": "volcanism" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "inadequate supplies of potable water", "limited arable land", "desertification", "endangered species" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and close to Arabian oilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia; mostly wasteland; Lac Assal (Lake Assal) is the lowest point in Africa and the saltiest lake in the world" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 846687, "global_rank": 163, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Djiboutian(s)", "adjective": "Djiboutian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Somali", "percent": 60 }, { "name": "Afar", "percent": 35 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 5, "note": "includes French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian" } ] }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "French", "note": "official" }, { "name": "Arabic", "note": "official" }, { "name": "Somali" }, { "name": "Afar" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 94 }, { "name": "Christian", "percent": 6 } ] }, "demographic_profile": "Djibouti is a poor, predominantly urban country, characterized by high rates of illiteracy, unemployment, and childhood malnutrition. More than 75% of the population lives in cities and towns (predominantly in the capital, Djibouti). The rural population subsists primarily on nomadic herding. Prone to droughts and floods, the country has few natural resources and must import more than 80% of its food from neighboring countries or Europe. Health care, particularly outside the capital, is limited by poor infrastructure, shortages of equipment and supplies, and a lack of qualified personnel. More than a third of health care recipients are migrants because the services are still better than those available in their neighboring home countries. The nearly universal practice of female genital cutting reflects Djibouti’s lack of gender equality and is a major contributor to obstetrical complications and its high rates of maternal and infant mortality. A 1995 law prohibiting the practice has never been enforced.\nBecause of its political stability and its strategic location at the confluence of East Africa and the Gulf States along the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea, Djibouti is a key transit point for migrants and asylum seekers heading for the Gulf States and beyond. Each year some hundred thousand people, mainly Ethiopians and some Somalis, journey through Djibouti, usually to the port of Obock, to attempt a dangerous sea crossing to Yemen. However, with the escalation of the ongoing Yemen conflict, Yemenis began fleeing to Djibouti in March 2015, with more than 35,000 arriving by April 2016. Most Yemenis remain unregistered and head for Djibouti City rather than seeking asylum at one of Djibouti’s three spartan refugee camps. Djibouti has been hosting refugees and asylum seekers, predominantly Somalis and lesser numbers of Ethiopians and Eritreans, at camps for 20 years, despite lacking potable water, food shortages, and unemployment.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 31.71, "males": 134604, "females": 133840 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 21.54, "males": 85805, "females": 96587 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 38.37, "males": 134945, "females": 189930 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 4.7, "males": 18257, "females": 21538 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 3.68, "males": 13992, "females": 17189 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 58.5, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 51.9, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 6.6, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 15.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 23.5, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 21.8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 24.9, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 166, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 2.18, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 23.6, "global_rank": 65, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 7.6, "global_rank": 111, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 5.9, "global_rank": 19, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 77.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 1.6, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Djibouti", "population": 529000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 0.89, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.71, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.85, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.82, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.84, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 229, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 47.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 54.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 40.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 40, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 63.2, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 60.7, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 65.8, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 189, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.35, "global_rank": 85, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 19, "units": "%", "date": "2012" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 10.6, "global_rank": 44, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.23, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 1.4, "date": "2012" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 97.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 64.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 90, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 2.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 35.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 10, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 59.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 5.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 47.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 40.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 94.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 52.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 1.55, "global_rank": 32, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 9400, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 600, "global_rank": 80, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "protozoal diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "dengue fever" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 8.5, "global_rank": 134, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 29.8, "global_rank": 14, "date": "2012" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.5, "global_rank": 11, "date": "2010" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 6, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 7, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 6, "units": "years" }, "date": "2011" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 13176, "percentage": { "value": 8, "units": "%" }, "date": "2006" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Djibouti", "conventional_short_form": "Djibouti", "local_long_form": "Republique de Djibouti/Jumhuriyat Jibuti", "local_short_form": "Djibouti/Jibuti", "former": "French Territory of the Afars and Issas, French Somaliland", "etymology": "the country name derives from the capital city of Djibouti" }, "government_type": "semi-presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Djibouti", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 11, "minutes": 35, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 43, "minutes": 9, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 3, "note": "8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1977-06-27", "note": "from France" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "27 June", "original_year": "1977" } ], "constitution": { "history": "approved by referendum 4 September 1992; amended 2006, 2008, 2010 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "mixed legal system based primarily on the French civil code (as it existed in 1997), Islamic religious law (in matters of family law and successions), and customary law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "the mother must be a citizen of Djibouti", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "10 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Ismail Omar GUELLEH (since 8 May 1999)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Abdoulkader Kamil MOHAMED (since 1 April 2013)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term; (constitution amended in 2010 to allow a third term); election last held on 8 April 2016 (next to be held by 2021); prime minister appointed by the president", "election_results": "Ismail Omar GUELLEH reelected president for a fourth term; percent of vote - Ismail Omar GUELLEH (RPP) 87%, Omar Elmi KHAIREH (represented the USN) 7.3%, other 5.6%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale, formerly the Chamber of Deputies (65 seats; 52 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 13 directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 22 February 2013 (next to be held in 2018)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - UMP 55, USN 10" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of NA magistrates); Constitutional Council (consists of 6 magistrates)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court magistrates appointed by the president with the advice of the Superior Council of the Magistracy or CSM, a 10-member body consisting of 4 judges, 3 members (non parliamentarians and judges) appointed by the president, and 3 appointed by the National Assembly president or speaker; magistrates appointed for life with retirement at age 65; Constitutional Council magistrate appointments - 2 by the president of the republic, 2 by the president of the National Assembly, and 2 by the CSM; magistrates appointed for 8-year, non-renewable terms", "subordinate_courts": "High Court of Appeal; 5 Courts of First Instance; customary courts; State Court (replaced sharia courts in 2003)" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Alliance of Movements for the Alternation and the Nation", "name_alternative": "AMAN", "note": "CDU, RADDE, ARD" }, { "name": "Democratic National Party", "name_alternative": "PND", "leaders": [ "Abdallah Mohamed DABALEH" ] }, { "name": "Democratic National Party", "name_alternative": "PND", "note": "Abdourahman Mohamed ALLALEH" }, { "name": "Democratic Renewal Party", "name_alternative": "PRD", "leaders": [ "Abdillahi HAMARITEH" ] }, { "name": "Djibouti Development Party", "name_alternative": "PDD", "leaders": [ "Mohamed Daoud CHEHEM" ] }, { "name": "Front pour la Restauration de l'Unite Democratique", "name_alternative": "FRUD", "leaders": [ "Ali Mohamed DAOUD" ] }, { "name": "Movement for Development and Liberty", "name_alternative": "MODEL", "leaders": [ "Ismail Ahmed WABERI" ] }, { "name": "People's Rally for Progress", "name_alternative": "RPP", "leaders": [ "Ismail Omar GUELLEH" ], "note": "governing party" }, { "name": "Peoples Social Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "PPSD", "leaders": [ "Hasna Moumin BAHDON" ] }, { "name": "Republican Alliance for Democracy", "name_alternative": "ARD", "leaders": [ "Ahmed YOUSSOUF" ] }, { "name": "Republican Alliance for Democracy", "name_alternative": "ARD", "note": "Kassim Ahmed DINI" }, { "name": "Union for a Presidential Majority", "name_alternative": "UMP", "note": "a coalition of parties including RPP, FRUD, PND, PPSD" }, { "name": "Union for Democracy and Justice", "name_alternative": "UDJ", "leaders": [ "Ilya Ismail GUEDI Hared" ] }, { "name": "Union for National Salvation", "name_alternative": "USN", "leaders": [ "Ahmed Youssouf HOUMED" ], "note": "an umbrella coalition comprising PDD, PND, ARD-DINI faction, UDJ" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AfDB" }, { "organization": "AFESD" }, { "organization": "AMF" }, { "organization": "AU" }, { "organization": "CAEU ", "note": "candidates" }, { "organization": "COMESA" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IDB" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IGAD" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "LAS" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINURSO" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OIC" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge D’Affaires Mark BOULWARE (since February 2017)", "chancery": "1156 15th Street NW, Suite 515, Washington, DC 20005", "telephone": "[1] (202) 331-0270", "fax": "[1] (202) 331-0302" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Mark BOULWARE (since February 2017)", "embassy": "Lot 350-B, Haramouss", "mailing_address": "B.P. 185, Djibouti", "telephone": "[253] 21 45 30 00", "fax": "[253] 21 45 31 29" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed star in the center; blue stands for sea and sky and the Issa Somali people; green symbolizes earth and the Afar people; white represents peace; the red star recalls the struggle for independence and stands for unity" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "red star" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "light blue" }, { "color": "green" }, { "color": "white" }, { "color": "red" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Jabuuti\" (Djibouti)", "lyrics_music": "Aden ELMI/Abdi ROBLEH", "note": "adopted 1977", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/DJ.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Djibouti's economy is based on service activities connected with the country's strategic location as a deepwater port on the Red Sea. Three-fourths of Djibouti's inhabitants live in the capital city; the remainder are mostly nomadic herders. Scant rainfall and less than 4% arable land limits crop production to small quantities of fruits and vegetables, and most food must be imported.\n\nDjibouti provides services as both a transit port for the region and an international transshipment and refueling center. Imports, exports, and re-exports represent 70% of port activity at Djibouti's container terminal. Reexports consist primarily of coffee from landlocked neighbor Ethiopia. Djibouti has few natural resources and little industry. The nation is, therefore, heavily dependent on foreign assistance to help support its balance of payments and to finance development projects. An official unemployment rate of nearly 50% - with youth unemployment near 80% - continues to be a major problem. Inflation was at 3% in 2014-2016, due to low international food prices and a decline in electricity tariffs.\n\nDjibouti’s reliance on diesel-generated electricity and imported food and water leave average consumers vulnerable to global price shocks, though in mid-2015 Djibouti passed new legislation to liberalize the energy sector. The government has emphasized infrastructure development for transportation and energy and Djibouti – with the help of foreign partners, particularly China – has begun to increase and modernize its port capacity.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3345000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3141000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2949000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 183, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 1894000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 6, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 14 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3400, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3300, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3100, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 186, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 60.5, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 32, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 42.2, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.4, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 34.8, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -69.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 2.9, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 20.8, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 76.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 10.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 28.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 18.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 150 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "fruits", "vegetables", "goats", "sheep", "camels", "animal hides" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "construction", "agricultural processing", "shipping" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 4.7, "global_rank": 40, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 294600, "global_rank": 163, "date": "2012" }, "by_occupation": { "agriculture": "NA%", "industry": "NA%", "services": "NA%" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 60, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 48.4, "units": "%", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 205 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 23, "units": "%", "note": "percent of population below $1.25 per day at purchasing power parity", "date": "2015" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2.4, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 30.9, "units": "%" }, "date": "2002" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 40.9, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2002" } ], "global_rank": 56 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 685700000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 885900000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 36.2, "global_rank": 52, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -10.6, "global_rank": 203, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 60.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 38.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 68 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 140 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11.7, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 11.62, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 73 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1207000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1182000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 148 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1710000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1572000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 162 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 652000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 597600000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 168 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -542000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -549000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 104 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 146100000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 141900000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 190 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "reexports", "hides", "skins", "coffee (in transit)", "scrap metal" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Somalia", "percent": 79.7 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 5.4 }, { "name": "Yemen", "percent": 4.6 }, { "name": "UAE", "percent": 4 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 992000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1038000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 180 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "foods", "beverages", "transport equipment", "chemicals", "petroleum products", "clothing" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 41.8 }, { "name": "Saudi Arabia", "percent": 14.2 }, { "name": "Indonesia", "percent": 5.9 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 4.3 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1339000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1090000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 161 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1767000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1368000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 113 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 177.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 177.72, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 177.72, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 177.72, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 177.72, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Djiboutian francs (DJF) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 400000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 50, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 61, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 14, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 400000000, "global_rank": 170, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 400000000, "global_rank": 173, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 133, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 143, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 100000, "global_rank": 174, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 98.9, "global_rank": 50, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 79, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 170, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 1.1, "global_rank": 97, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 124, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 116, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 184, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 125, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 135, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 6000, "global_rank": 168, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 403, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 6509, "global_rank": 156, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 177, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 138, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 187, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 131, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 1800000, "global_rank": 151, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 23000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 3, "global_rank": 181, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 312000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 38, "global_rank": 177, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "telephone facilities in the city of Djibouti are adequate, as are the microwave radio relay connections to outlying areas of the country", "domestic": "Djibouti Telecom is the sole provider of telecommunications services and utilizes mostly a microwave radio relay network; fiber-optic cable is installed in the capital; rural areas connected via wireless local loop radio systems; mobile cellular coverage is primarily limited to the area in and around Djibouti city", "international": "country code - 253; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 and EASSy fiber-optic submarine cable systems providing links to Asia, the Middle East, Europe and North America; satellite earth stations - 2 (1 Intelsat - Indian Ocean and 1 Arabsat); Medarabtel regional microwave radio relay telephone network (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "state-owned Radiodiffusion-Television de Djibouti operates the sole terrestrial TV station, as well as the only 2 domestic radio networks; no private TV or radio stations; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available (2007)", "internet": { "country_code": ".dj", "users": { "total": 99000, "percent_of_population": 11.9, "global_rank": 178, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 2, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 4, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "J2", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 13, "global_rank": 152, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 3, "over_3047_metres": 1, "2438_to_3047_metres": 1, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 10, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 7, "under_914_metres": 2, "date": "2013" } } }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 97, "units": "km" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 97, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2017" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 3065, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 1379, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 1686, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 165, "date": "2000" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Djibouti" ] }, "note": "while attacks continued to decrease, with only 4 in 2014, the International Maritime Bureau reports offshore waters in the Gulf of Aden remain a high risk for piracy; the presence of several naval task forces in the Gulf of Aden and additional anti-piracy measures on the part of ship operators, including the use of on-board armed security teams, contributed to the drop in incidents" }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "Djibouti Armed Forces (Forces Armees Djiboutiennes", "FAD)", "Djibouti National Army (includes Navy", "Djiboutian Air Force (Force Aerienne Djiboutienne", "FAD)", "National Gendarmerie (GN)) (2013)" ] }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; 16-25 years of age for voluntary military training; no conscription", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Djibouti maintains economic ties and border accords with \"Somaliland\" leadership while maintaining some political ties to various factions in Somalia", "Kuwait is chief investor in the 2008 restoration and upgrade of the Ethiopian-Djibouti rail link", "in 2008, Eritrean troops moved across the border on Ras Doumera peninsula and occupied Doumera Island with undefined sovereignty in the Red Sea" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 13021, "country_of_origin": "Somalia; Yemen" } ], "date": "2016" } }, "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "Djibouti is a transit, source, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; economic migrants from East Africa en route to Yemen and other Middle East locations are vulnerable to exploitation in Djibouti; some women and girls may be forced into domestic servitude or prostitution after reaching Djibouti City, the Ethiopia-Djibouti trucking corridor, or Obock – the main crossing point into Yemen; Djiboutian and foreign children may be forced to beg, to work as domestic servants, or to commit theft and other petty crimes", "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List – Djibouti does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, Djibouti was granted a waiver from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3 because its government has a written plan that, if implemented would constitute making significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; one forced labor trafficker was convicted in 2014 but received a suspended sentence inadequate to deter trafficking; authorities did not investigate or prosecute any other forced labor crimes, any sex trafficking offenses, or any officials complicit in human trafficking, and remained limited in their ability to recognize or protect trafficking victims; official round-ups, detentions, and deportations of non-Djiboutian residents, including children without screening for trafficking victims remained routine; the government did not provide care to victims but supported local NGOs operating centers that assisted victims (2015)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624100344/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html" } }, "dominica": { "data": { "name": "Dominica", "introduction": { "background": "Dominica was the last of the Caribbean islands to be colonized by Europeans due chiefly to the fierce resistance of the native Caribs. France ceded possession to Great Britain in 1763, which colonized the island in 1805. In 1980, two years after independence, Dominica's fortunes improved when a corrupt and tyrannical administration was replaced by that of Mary Eugenia CHARLES, the first female prime minister in the Caribbean, who remained in office for 15 years. Some 3,000 Carib Indians still living on Dominica are the only pre-Columbian population remaining in the eastern Caribbean." }, "geography": { "location": "Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, about halfway between Puerto Rico and Trinidad and Tobago", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 15, "minutes": 25, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 61, "minutes": 20, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Central America and the Caribbean", "area": { "total": { "value": 751, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 751, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 189, "comparative": "slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 148, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall", "terrain": "rugged mountains of volcanic origin", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Caribbean Sea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Morne Diablotins", "elevation": { "value": 1447, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "timber", "hydropower", "arable land" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 34.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 24, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 2.7, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 59.2, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 6.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "population_distribution": "population is mosly clustered along the coast, with roughly a third living in the parish of St. George, in or around the capital of Roseau; the volcanic interior is sparsely populated", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "flash floods are a constant threat", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "destructive hurricanes can be expected during the late summer months", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "NA" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "known as \"The Nature Island of the Caribbean\" due to its spectacular, lush, and varied flora and fauna, which are protected by an extensive natural park system; the most mountainous of the Lesser Antilles, its volcanic peaks are cones of lava craters and include Boiling Lake, the second-largest, thermally active lake in the world" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 73757, "global_rank": 202, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Dominican(s)", "adjective": "Dominican" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "black", "percent": 86.6 }, { "name": "mixed", "percent": 9.1 }, { "name": "indigenous", "percent": 2.9 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.2 } ], "date": "2001" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "English", "note": "official" }, { "name": "French patois" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 61.4 }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 28.6, "breakdown": [ { "name": "includes Evangelical", "percent": 6.7 }, { "name": "Seventh Day Adventist", "percent": 6.1 }, { "name": "Pentecostal", "percent": 5.6 }, { "name": "Baptist", "percent": 4.1 }, { "name": "Methodist", "percent": 3.7 }, { "name": "Church of God", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.2 } ] }, { "name": "Rastafarian", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "Jehovah's Witness", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.3 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 6.1 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 1.1 } ], "date": "2001" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 21.84, "males": 8239, "females": 7871 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 15.7, "males": 5960, "females": 5618 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 41.97, "males": 15693, "females": 15264 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 9.6, "males": 3787, "females": 3294 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 10.89, "males": 3561, "females": 4470 }, "date": "2016" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 33, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 32.5, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 33.5, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 91, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.2, "global_rank": 186, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 15.2, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 7.9, "global_rank": 101, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -5.4, "global_rank": 197, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "population is mosly clustered along the coast, with roughly a third living in the parish of St. George, in or around the capital of Roseau; the volcanic interior is sparsely populated", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 69.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.84, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Roseau", "population": 15000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 1.15, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.79, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.02, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 10.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 14.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 7.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 77, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 74, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 80.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 78, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.04, "global_rank": 111, "date": "2016" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 5.5, "global_rank": 112, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 3.8, "date": "2012" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 95.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 4.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 79.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 84.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 81.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 20.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 15.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 18.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2007" }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "note": "active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus", "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 25.9, "global_rank": 61, "date": "2014" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Commonwealth of Dominica", "conventional_short_form": "Dominica", "etymology": "the island was named by explorer Christopher COLUMBUS for the day of the week on which he spotted it, Sunday (\"Domingo\" in Latin), 3 November 1493" }, "government_type": "parliamentary republic", "capital": { "name": "Roseau", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 15, "minutes": 18, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 61, "minutes": 24, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -4, "note": "1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Saint Andrew", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint David", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint George", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint John", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint Joseph", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint Luke", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint Mark", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint Patrick", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint Paul", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint Peter", "type": "parish" } ], "independence": { "date": "1978-11-03", "note": "from the UK" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "3 November", "original_year": "1978" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1967 (preindependence); latest presented 25 July 1978, entered into force 3 November 1978; amended several times, last in 2015 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "common law based on the English model", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "yes", "citizenship_by_descent": "yes", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "5 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Charles A. SAVARIN (since 2 October 2013)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Roosevelt SKERRIT (since 8 January 2004)", "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister", "elections_appointments": "president nominated by the prime minister and leader of the opposition party and elected by the House of Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 30 September 2013 (next to be held in October 2018); prime minister appointed by the president", "election_results": "Charles A. SAVARIN (DLP) elected president by a vote of 19-0 on 30 September 2013" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral House of Assembly (32 seats; 21 representatives directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 9 senators appointed by the Assembly, and 2 ex-officio members - the House Speaker and the Clerk of the House; members serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 8 December 2014 (next to be held in 2019); note - tradition dictates that the election is held within five years of the last election, but technically it is five years from the first seating of parliament plus a 90-day grace period", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - DLP 15, UWP 6" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (ECSC) is the itinerant superior court of record for the 9-member Organization of Eastern Caribbean States to include Dominica; the ECSC - based on St. Lucia - is headed by the chief justice and is comprised of the Court of Appeal with 3 justices and the High Court with 16 judges; sittings of the Court of Appeal and High Court rotate among the 9 member states; 2 High Court judges reside in Dominica; note - Dominica is a member of the Caribbean Court of Justice", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "chief justice of Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court appointed by the Her Majesty, Queen ELIZABETH II; other justices and judges appointed by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission, an independent body of judicial officials; Court of Appeal justices appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 65; High Court judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 62", "subordinate_courts": "Court of Summary Jurisdiction; magistrates' courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Dominica Freedom Party", "name_alternative": "DFP", "leaders": [ "Judith PESTAINA" ] }, { "name": "Dominica Labor Party", "name_alternative": "DLP", "leaders": [ "Roosevelt SKERRIT" ] }, { "name": "Dominica United Workers Party", "name_alternative": "UWP", "leaders": [ "Hector JOHN" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Dominica Liberation Movement", "name_alternative": "DLM", "note": "a small leftist party" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AOSIS" }, { "organization": "C" }, { "organization": "Caricom" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CDB" }, { "organization": "CELAC" }, { "organization": "Commonwealth of Nations" }, { "organization": "ECCU" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "ISO ", "note": "correspondent" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OAS" }, { "organization": "OECS" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPANAL" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "Petrocaribe" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WFTU" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Hubert J. CHARLES (since 16 July 2010)", "chancery": "3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016", "telephone": "[1] (202) 364-6781", "fax": "[1] (202) 364-6791", "consulates_general": "New York" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "green with a centered cross of three equal bands - the vertical part is yellow (hoist side), black, and white and the horizontal part is yellow (top), black, and white; superimposed in the center of the cross is a red disk bearing a Sisserou parrot, unique to Dominica, encircled by 10 green, five-pointed stars edged in yellow; the 10 stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes); green symbolizes the island's lush vegetation; the triple-colored cross represents the Christian Trinity; the yellow color denotes sunshine, the main agricultural products (citrus and bananas), and the native Carib Indians; black is for the rich soil and the African heritage of most citizens; white signifies rivers, waterfalls, and the purity of aspirations; the red disc stands for social justice" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "Sisserou parrot" }, { "symbol": "Carib Wood flower" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "green" }, { "color": "yellow" }, { "color": "black" }, { "color": "white" }, { "color": "red" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Isle of Beauty\"", "lyrics_music": "Wilfred Oscar Morgan POND/Lemuel McPherson CHRISTIAN", "note": "adopted 1967", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/DO.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "The Dominican economy has been dependent on agriculture - primarily bananas - in years past, but increasingly has been driven by tourism as the government seeks to promote Dominica as an \"ecotourism\" destination. Moreover, Dominica has an offshore medical education sector. In order to diversify the island's economy, the government is also attempting to foster an offshore financial industry and plans to sign agreements with the private sector to develop geothermal energy resources. In 2003, the government began a comprehensive restructuring of the economy - including the elimination of price controls, privatization of the state banana company, and tax increases - to address an economic and financial crisis and to meet IMF requirements. In 2009 and 2013, the economy contracted as a result of the global recession; growth remains anemic. Although public debt levels continue to exceed pre-recession levels, the debt burden declined from 78% of GDP in 2011 to approximately 70% in 2012.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 812000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 799600000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 814000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 205, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 524000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -1.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 4.2, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 159 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11400, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 11300, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 11500, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 132, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 70.5, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 18.8, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 10.8, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 28.6, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -28.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 14.7, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 15.5, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 69.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 7.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 4.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 169 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "bananas", "citrus", "mangos", "root crops", "coconuts", "cocoa", "note: forest", "fishery potential not exploited" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "soap", "coconut oil", "tourism", "copra", "furniture", "cement blocks", "shoes" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 1.6, "global_rank": 124, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 25000, "global_rank": 208, "date": "2000" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 40, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 32, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 28, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2002" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 23, "units": "%", "date": "2000" } ], "global_rank": 179 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 29, "units": "%", "date": "2009" }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 148100000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 148100000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 28.3, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": 0, "global_rank": 32, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 70, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 78, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2009" } ], "global_rank": 47 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 July", "end": "30 June" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.4, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -0.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 85 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.5, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" }, { "value": 6.5, "units": "%", "date": "2009-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 53 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8.6, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 8.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 97 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 114600000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 96590000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 188 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 504800000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 480700000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 184 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 296300000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 259300000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 180 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -41000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -41000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 67 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 38300000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 35200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 206 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "bananas", "soap", "bay oil", "vegetables", "grapefruit", "oranges" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Japan", "percent": 37.9 }, { "name": "Jamaica", "percent": 18.9 }, { "name": "Antigua and Barbuda", "percent": 10.4 }, { "name": "Trinidad and Tobago", "percent": 6.2 }, { "name": "St. Lucia", "percent": 4.7 }, { "name": "St. Kitts and Nevis", "percent": 4.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 186500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 182900000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 208 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "manufactured goods", "machinery", "equipment", "food", "chemicals" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Japan", "percent": 42.2 }, { "name": "Trinidad and Tobago", "percent": 17.1 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 11.9 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 6.1 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 126200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 167 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 288600000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 275400000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 186 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 2.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 2.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "East Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 5900, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 93, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 99, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 80, "units": "%" }, "date": "2012" }, "production": { "kWh": 97000000, "global_rank": 202, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 90210000, "global_rank": 203, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 134, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 144, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 33200, "global_rank": 200, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 60.2, "global_rank": 133, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 80, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 18.1, "global_rank": 99, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 21.7, "global_rank": 14, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 125, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 185, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 126, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 136, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 1000, "global_rank": 205, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 177, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 978, "global_rank": 204, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 178, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 139, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 91, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 188, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 132, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 100000, "global_rank": 207, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 15123, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 21, "global_rank": 188, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 77000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 105, "global_rank": 192, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "fully automatic network", "domestic": "fixed-line connections continued to decline slowly with the two active operators providing about 20 fixed-line connections per 100 persons; subscribership among the three mobile-cellular providers is about 105 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 1-767; landing points for the East Caribbean Fiber Optic System (ECFS) and the Global Caribbean Network (GCN) submarine cables providing connectivity to other islands in the eastern Caribbean extending from the British Virgin Islands to Trinidad; microwave radio relay and SHF radiotelephone links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; VHF and UHF radiotelephone links to Saint Lucia (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "no terrestrial TV service available; subscription cable TV provider offers some locally produced programming plus channels from the US, Latin America, and the Caribbean; state-operated radio broadcasts on 6 stations; privately owned radio broadcasts on about 15 stations (2007)", "internet": { "country_code": ".dm", "users": { "total": 50000, "percent_of_population": 67.6, "global_rank": 190, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 0, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 0, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 0, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 0, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "J7", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 2, "global_rank": 199, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 2, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 1, "date": "2013" } } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 1512, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 762, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 750, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 178, "date": "2010" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 43, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 11 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 22 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 2 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 4 }, { "type": "refrigerated cargo", "count": 3 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 1 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 32, "by_country": [ { "country": "Australia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Estonia", "count": 6 }, { "country": "Germany", "count": 5 }, { "country": "Greece", "count": 4 }, { "country": "India", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Latvia", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Norway", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Russia", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Saudi Arabia", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Syria", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Turkey", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Ukraine", "count": 1 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 1, "by_country": [ { "country": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "count": 1 } ] }, "global_rank": 73, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Portsmouth", "Roseau" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "no regular military forces", "Commonwealth of Dominica Police Force (includes Coast Guard)" ], "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Dominica is the only Caribbean state to challenge Venezuela's sovereignty claim over Aves Island and joins the other island nations in challenging whether the feature sustains human habitation, a criterion under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ and continental shelf claims over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea" ], "illicit_drugs": { "note": "transshipment point for narcotics bound for the US and Europe; minor cannabis producer (2008)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-17", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170617101536/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/do.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170617000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/do.html" } }, "dominican_republic": { "data": { "name": "Dominican Republic", "introduction": { "background": "The Taino - indigenous inhabitants of Hispaniola prior to the arrival of the Europeans - divided the island into five chiefdoms and territories. Christopher COLUMBUS explored and claimed the island on his first voyage in 1492; it became a springboard for Spanish conquest of the Caribbean and the American mainland. In 1697, Spain recognized French dominion over the western third of the island, which in 1804 became Haiti. The remainder of the island, by then known as Santo Domingo, sought to gain its own independence in 1821 but was conquered and ruled by the Haitians for 22 years; it finally attained independence as the Dominican Republic in 1844. In 1861, the Dominicans voluntarily returned to the Spanish Empire, but two years later they launched a war that restored independence in 1865. A legacy of unsettled, mostly non-representative rule followed, capped by the dictatorship of Rafael Leonidas TRUJILLO from 1930 to 1961. Juan BOSCH was elected president in 1962 but was deposed in a military coup in 1963. In 1965, the US led an intervention in the midst of a civil war sparked by an uprising to restore BOSCH. In 1966, Joaquin BALAGUER defeated BOSCH in the presidential election. BALAGUER maintained a tight grip on power for most of the next 30 years when international reaction to flawed elections forced him to curtail his term in 1996. Since then, regular competitive elections have been held in which opposition candidates have won the presidency. Former President Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna (first term 1996-2000) won election to a new term in 2004 following a constitutional amendment allowing presidents to serve more than one term, and was later reelected to a second consecutive term. In 2012, Danilo MEDINA Sanchez became president; he was reelected in 2016." }, "geography": { "location": "Caribbean, eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of Haiti", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 19, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 70, "minutes": 40, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Central America and the Caribbean", "area": { "total": { "value": 48670, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 48320, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 350, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 132, "comparative": "slightly more than twice the size of New Jersey" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 376, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Haiti", "border_length": { "value": 376, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 1288, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "nm", "note": "or to the edge of the continental margin" } }, "climate": "tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall", "terrain": "rugged highlands and mountains interspersed with fertile valleys", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 424, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Lago Enriquillo", "elevation": { "value": -46, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Pico Duarte", "elevation": { "value": 3175, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "nickel", "bauxite", "gold", "silver", "arable land" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 51.5, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 16.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 10.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 24.8, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 40.8, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 7.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 3070, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "coastal development is significant, especially in the southern coastal plains and the Cibao Valley, where population density is highest; smaller population clusters exist in the interior mountains (Cordillera Central)", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "occasional flooding", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "periodic droughts", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "water shortages", "soil eroding into the sea damages coral reefs", "deforestation" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Marine Dumping", "Marine Life Conservation", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [ "Law of the Sea" ] } }, "note": "shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti (eastern two-thirds makes up the Dominican Republic, western one-third is Haiti)" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 10606865, "global_rank": 88, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Dominican(s)", "adjective": "Dominican" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "mixed", "percent": 73 }, { "name": "white", "percent": 16 }, { "name": "black", "percent": 11 } ] }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Spanish", "note": "official" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 95 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 5 } ] }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 27.06, "males": 1460389, "females": 1410226 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 18.3, "males": 989020, "females": 952375 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 39.54, "males": 2146082, "females": 2047860 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 7.67, "males": 409166, "females": 403977 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 7.43, "males": 363791, "females": 423979 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 57.8, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 47.3, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 10.5, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 9.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 27.8, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 27.6, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 28, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 135, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1.21, "global_rank": 94, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 18.6, "global_rank": 92, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 4.6, "global_rank": 203, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -1.9, "global_rank": 162, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "coastal development is significant, especially in the southern coastal plains and the Cibao Valley, where population density is highest; smaller population clusters exist in the interior mountains (Cordillera Central)", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 79, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 2.6, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Santo Domingo", "population": 2945000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.86, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 21.3, "date": "2013" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 92, "global_rank": 62, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 18.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 20, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 16.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 78.1, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 75.9, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 80.5, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 64, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.31, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 69.5, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.4, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 1.49, "date": "2011" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 1.7, "date": "2011" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 85.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 81.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 84.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 14.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 18.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 15.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 86.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 75.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 84, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 13.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 24.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 16, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 1.03, "global_rank": 45, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 67900, "global_rank": 52, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 3100, "global_rank": 44, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "dengue fever" ], "note": "active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus", "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 23, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 4, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2013" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 2.1, "global_rank": 163, "date": "2007" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 91.8, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 91.2, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 92.3, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "date": "2014" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 31.4, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 22.2, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 46.7, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 26, "date": "2013" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Dominican Republic", "conventional_short_form": "The Dominican", "local_long_form": "Republica Dominicana", "local_short_form": "La Dominicana", "etymology": "the country name derives from the capital city of Santo Domingo (Saint Dominic)" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Santo Domingo", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 18, "minutes": 28, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 69, "minutes": 54, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -4, "note": "1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1844-02-27", "note": "from Haiti" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "27 February", "original_year": "1844" } ], "constitution": { "history": "many previous (38 total); latest proclaimed 26 January 2010", "note": "the Dominican Republic Government has a practice of promulgating a \"new\" constitution whenever an amendment is ratified (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system based on the French civil code; Criminal Procedures Code modified in 2004 to include important elements of an accusatory system", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of the Dominican Republic", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "2 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": true, "note": "18 years of age, universal and compulsory; married persons regardless of age can vote; note - members of the armed forces and national police by law cannot vote" }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Danilo MEDINA Sanchez (since 16 August 2012); Vice President Margarita CEDENO DE FERNANDEZ (since 16 August 2012); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government", "head_of_government": "President Danilo MEDINA Sanchez (since 16 August 2012); Vice President Margarita CEDENO DE FERNANDEZ (since 16 August 2012)", "cabinet": "Cabinet nominated by the president", "elections_appointments": "president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for consecutive terms); election last held on 15 May 2016 (next to be held in 2020)", "election_results": "Danilo MEDINA Sanchez reelected president; percent of vote - Danilo MEDINA Sanchez (PLD) 61.7%, Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona (PRM) 35%, other 3.3%; Margarita CEDENO DE FERNANDEZ (PLD) reelected vice president" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the Senate or Senado (32 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Camara de Diputados (190 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)", "elections": "Senate - last held on 15 May 2016 (next to be held in May 2020); House of Representatives - last held on 15 May 2016 (next to be held in May 2020)", "election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PLD 26, 2PRM, 1 BIS, 1 PLRD, 1 PRD, PRSC 1; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PLD 106, PRM 42, PRSC 18, PRD 16, PLRD 3, other 5" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia (consists of a minimum of 16 magistrates); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional (consists of 13 judges); note - the Constitutional Court was established in 2010 by constitutional amendment", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary comprised of the president, the leaders of both chambers of congress, the president of the Supreme Court, and a non-governing party congressional representative; Supreme Court judges appointed for 7-year terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed for 9-year terms", "subordinate_courts": "courts of appeal; courts of first instance; justices of the peace; special courts for juvenile, labor, and land cases; Contentious Administrative Court for cases filed against the government" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Dominican Liberation Party", "name_alternative": "PLD", "leaders": [ "Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna" ] }, { "name": "Dominican Revolutionary Party", "name_alternative": "PRD", "leaders": [ "Miguel VARGAS Maldonado" ] }, { "name": "Institutional Social Democratic Bloc", "name_alternative": "BIS" }, { "name": "Liberal Reformist Party", "name_alternative": "PLRD" }, { "name": "Modern Revolutionary Party", "name_alternative": "PRM", "leaders": [ "Andres BAUTISTA Garcia" ] }, { "name": "National Progressive Front", "leaders": [ "Vinicio CASTILLO", "Pelegrin CASTILLO" ] }, { "name": "Social Christian Reformist Party", "name_alternative": "PRSC", "leaders": [ "Federico ANTUN" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Citizen Participation Group ", "note": "Participacion Ciudadania" }, { "name": "Collective of Popular Organizations", "name_alternative": "COP" }, { "name": "Foundation for Institution-Building and Justice", "name_alternative": "FINJUS" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AOSIS" }, { "organization": "BCIE" }, { "organization": "Caricom ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CELAC" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IADB" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO ", "note": "correspondent" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "LAES" }, { "organization": "LAIA" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINUSMA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OAS" }, { "organization": "OIF ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OPANAL" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "Pacific Alliance ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "Petrocaribe" }, { "organization": "SICA ", "note": "associated member" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "Union Latina" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Jose Tomas PEREZ Vazquez(since 23 February 2015)", "chancery": "1715 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 332-6280", "fax": "[1] (202) 265-8057", "consulates_general": "Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico), Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Juan (Puerto Rico)", "consulates": "San Francisco" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Patrick DUNN (since 20 January 2017)", "embassy": "Av. Republica de Colombia", "mailing_address": "Unit 5500, APO AA 34041-5500", "telephone": "[1] (809) 567-7775", "fax": "[1] (809) 686-7437" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "a centered white cross that extends to the edges divides the flag into four rectangles - the top ones are ultramarine blue (hoist side) and vermilion red, and the bottom ones are vermilion red (hoist side) and ultramarine blue; a small coat of arms featuring a shield supported by a laurel branch (left) and a palm branch (right) is at the center of the cross; above the shield a blue ribbon displays the motto, DIOS, PATRIA, LIBERTAD (God, Fatherland, Liberty), and below the shield, REPUBLICA DOMINICANA appears on a red ribbon; in the shield a bible is opened to a verse that reads \"Y la verdad nos hara libre\" (And the truth shall set you free); blue stands for liberty, white for salvation, and red for the blood of heroes" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "palmchat ", "note": "bird" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "white" }, { "color": "blue" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Himno Nacional\" (National Anthem)", "lyrics_music": "Emilio PRUD'HOMME/Jose REYES", "note": "adopted 1934; also known as \"Quisqueyanos valientes\" (Valient Sons of Quisqueye); the anthem never refers to the people as Dominican but rather calls them \"Quisqueyanos,\" a reference to the indigenous name of the island", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/DR.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "The Dominican Republic was for most of its history primarily an exporter of sugar, coffee, and tobacco, but in recent years the service sector has overtaken agriculture as the economy's largest employer, due to growth in construction, tourism, and free trade zones. The mining sector has also played a greater role in the export market since late 2012 with the commencement of the extraction phase of the Pueblo Viejo Gold and Silver mine, one of the largest gold mines in the world. The country suffers from marked income inequality; the poorest half of the population receives less than one-fifth of GDP, while the richest 10% enjoys nearly 40% of GDP. High unemployment, a large informal sector, and underemployment remain important long-term challenges.\n\nThe economy is highly dependent upon the US, the destination for approximately half of exports. Remittances from the US amount to about 7% of GDP, equivalent to about a third of exports and two-thirds of tourism receipts. The Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) came into force in March 2007, boosting investment and manufacturing exports.\n\nThe Dominican Republic's economy rebounded from the global recession in 2010-16, and the fiscal situation is improving. A tax reform package passed in November 2012, a reduction in government spending, and lower energy costs helped to narrow the central government budget deficit from 6.6% of GDP in 2012 to 2.6% in 2016. A liability management operation in January 2015, in which the government paid down over $4 billion of the country’s Petrocaribe debt at a discount of 52% with proceeds from the sale of $2.5 billion in global bonds, reduced the country’s debt load by approximately by 4% of GDP. Since 2015 the Dominican Republic has posted the fastest economic growth in Latin America.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 161900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 151900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 142000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 74, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 71460000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.6, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 7.3, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 12 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 15900, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 15200, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 14400, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 103, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 67.4, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 10.7, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 24.8, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": -0.1, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 24, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -26.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 5.1, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 32.8, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 62.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "cocoa", "tobacco", "sugarcane", "coffee", "cotton", "rice", "beans", "potatoes", "corn", "bananas", "cattle", "pigs", "dairy products", "beef", "eggs" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "tourism", "sugar processing", "gold mining", "textiles", "cement", "tobacco", "electrical components", "medical devices" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 7, "global_rank": 16, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 5113000, "global_rank": 80, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 14.4, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 20.8, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 64.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2014" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 13.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 14, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 153 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 30.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 1.9, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 37.4, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 47.1, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 45.7, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 28 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 10290000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 11900000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 14.4, "global_rank": 194, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -2.3, "global_rank": 79, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 44, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 44.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 109 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.6, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 95 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5.87, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 5.86, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 130 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6536000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 5986000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 92 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 20130000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 18430000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 90 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 33080000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 30900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 75 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -1066000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -1335000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 126 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9822000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 9523000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 88 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "gold", "silver", "cocoa", "sugar", "coffee", "tobacco", "meats", "consumer goods" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 42.2 }, { "name": "Haiti", "percent": 16.4 }, { "name": "Canada", "percent": 8 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 5.4 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 16670000000.000002, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 16860000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 80 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "petroleum", "foodstuffs", "cotton", "fabrics", "chemicals", "pharmaceuticals" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 43.4 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 9.5 }, { "name": "Trinidad and Tobago", "percent": 4.7 }, { "name": "Mexico", "percent": 4.3 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6924000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 5852000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 85 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 26050000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 25710000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 81 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 33390000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 31050000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 65 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 372000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 272000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 90 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 46.2, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 45.052, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 45.052, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 43.556, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 39.34, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Dominican pesos (DOP) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 300000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 98, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 99, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 97, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 18460000000, "global_rank": 77, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 15540000000, "global_rank": 79, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 135, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 145, "date": "2015" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 3800000, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 85.2, "global_rank": 88, "date": "2013" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 81, "date": "2013" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 13.2, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2013" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 1.6, "global_rank": 87, "date": "2013" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 126, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 118, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 5990, "global_rank": 77, "date": "2015" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 127, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 25390, "global_rank": 89, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 116000, "global_rank": 77, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 178, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 57940, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2015" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 179, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 1069000000, "global_rank": 85, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 92, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 1069000000, "global_rank": 57, "date": "2014" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 133, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 22000000, "global_rank": 79, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 1304968, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 12, "global_rank": 68, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 8797000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 84, "global_rank": 94, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "relatively efficient system based on island-wide microwave radio relay network", "domestic": "fixed-line teledensity is about 10 per 100 persons; multiple providers of mobile-cellular service with a subscribership of nearly 85 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 1-809; 1-829; 1-849; landing point for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1), Antillas 1, AMX-1, and the Fibralink submarine cables that provide links to South and Central America, parts of the Caribbean, and US; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "combination of state-owned and privately owned broadcast media; 1 state-owned TV network and a number of private TV networks; networks operate repeaters to extend signals throughout country; combination of state-owned and privately owned radio stations with more than 300 radio stations operating (2015)", "internet": { "country_code": ".do", "users": { "total": 5442000, "percent_of_population": 51.9, "global_rank": 69, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 1, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 6, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 14463, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 0, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "HI", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 36, "global_rank": 110, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 16, "over_3047_metres": 3, "2438_to_3047_metres": 4, "1524_to_2437_metres": 4, "914_to_1523_metres": 4, "under_914_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 20, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 1, "under_914_metres": 18, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 27, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 103, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 496, "units": "km" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 354, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 142, "units": "km", "gauge": "0.762-m" }, "global_rank": 115, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 19705, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 9872, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 9833, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 110, "date": "2002" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Puerto Haina", "Puerto Plata", "Santo Domingo" ], "oil_terminals": [ "Punta Nizao oil terminal" ], "liquid_natural_gas_terminals_import": [ "Andres liquid_natural_gas terminal(s) (Boca Chica)" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.65, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.67, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0.62, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.65, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 0.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 121 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Army (Ejercito Nacional", "EN)", "Navy (Marina de Guerra", "MdG", "includes naval infantry)", "Dominican Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Dominicana", "FAD)" ], "date": "2017" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 17, "note": "17-21 years of age for voluntary military service; recruits must have completed primary school and be Dominican Republic citizens; women may volunteer", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Haitian migrants cross the porous border into the Dominican Republic to find work", "illegal migrants from the Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage each year to Puerto Rico to find better work" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "stateless_persons": { "people": 133770, "date": "2015" }, "note": "revised estimate includes only individuals born to parents who were both born abroad; it does not include individuals born in the country to one Dominican-born and one foreign-born parent or subsequent generations of individuals of foreign descent; the estimate, as such, does not include all stateless persons (2015)" }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US and Europe; has become a transshipment point for ecstasy from the Netherlands and Belgium destined for US and Canada; substantial money laundering activity in particular by Colombian narcotics traffickers; significant amphetamine consumption (2008)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624100710/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dr.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dr.html" } }, "ecuador": { "data": { "name": "Ecuador", "introduction": { "background": "What is now Ecuador formed part of the northern Inca Empire until the Spanish conquest in 1533. Quito became a seat of Spanish colonial government in 1563 and part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717. The territories of the Viceroyalty - New Granada (Colombia), Venezuela, and Quito - gained their independence between 1819 and 1822 and formed a federation known as Gran Colombia. When Quito withdrew in 1830, the traditional name was changed in favor of the \"Republic of the Equator.\" Between 1904 and 1942, Ecuador lost territories in a series of conflicts with its neighbors. A border war with Peru that flared in 1995 was resolved in 1999. Although Ecuador marked 30 years of civilian governance in 2004, the period was marred by political instability. Protests in Quito contributed to the mid-term ouster of three of Ecuador's last four democratically elected presidents. In late 2008, voters approved a new constitution, Ecuador's 20th since gaining independence. General elections were held in February 2013, and voters reelected President Rafael CORREA." }, "geography": { "location": "Western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator, between Colombia and Peru", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 2, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 77, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "South America", "area": { "total": { "value": 283561, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 276841, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 6720, "units": "sq km" }, "note": "includes Galapagos Islands", "global_rank": 74, "comparative": "slightly smaller than Nevada" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 2237, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Colombia", "border_length": { "value": 708, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Peru", "border_length": { "value": 1529, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 2237, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 100, "units": "nm", "note": "from 2,500 m isobath" } }, "climate": "tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands", "terrain": "coastal plain (costa), inter-Andean central highlands (sierra), and flat to rolling eastern jungle (oriente)", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 1117, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Pacific Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Chimborazo", "elevation": { "value": 6267, "units": "m" } }, "note": "because the earth is not a perfect sphere and has an equatorial bulge, the highest point on the planet farthest from its center is Mount Chimborazo not Mount Everest, which is merely the highest peak above sea level" }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "petroleum", "fish", "timber", "hydropower" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 29.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 4.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 5.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 19.4, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 38.9, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 31.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 15000, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "nearly half of the population is concentrated in the interior in the Andean intermontane basins and valleys, with large concentrations also found along the western coastal strip; the rainforests of the east remain sparsely populated", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "frequent earthquakes", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "landslides", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "volcanic activity", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "floods", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "periodic droughts", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "volcanic activity concentrated along the Andes Mountains; Sangay (elev. 5,230 m), which erupted in 2010, is mainland Ecuador's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes in the Andes include Antisana, Cayambe, Chacana, Cotopaxi, Guagua Pichincha, Reventador, Sumaco, and Tungurahua; Fernandina (elev. 1,476 m), a shield volcano that last erupted in 2009, is the most active of the many Galapagos volcanoes; other historically active Galapagos volcanoes include Wolf, Sierra Negra, Cerro Azul, Pinta, Marchena, and Santiago", "type": "volcanism" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "deforestation", "soil erosion", "desertification", "water pollution", "pollution from oil production wastes in ecologically sensitive areas of the Amazon Basin and Galapagos Islands" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol", "Antarctic Treaty", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Tropical Timber 83", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 16080778, "global_rank": 68, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Ecuadorian(s)", "adjective": "Ecuadorian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "mestizo", "percent": 71.9, "note": "mixed Amerindian and white" }, { "name": "Montubio", "percent": 7.4 }, { "name": "Amerindian", "percent": 7 }, { "name": "white", "percent": 6.1 }, { "name": "Afroecuadorian", "percent": 4.3 }, { "name": "mulato", "percent": 1.9 }, { "name": "black", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.4 } ], "date": "2010" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Spanish", "percent": 93, "note": "Castilian; official" }, { "name": "Quechua", "percent": 4.1 }, { "name": "other indigenous", "percent": 0.7 }, { "name": "foreign", "percent": 2.2 } ], "note": "(Quechua and Shuar are official languages of intercultural relations; other indigenous languages are in official use by indigenous peoples in the areas they inhabit)", "date": "2010" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 74 }, { "name": "Evangelical", "percent": 10.4 }, { "name": "Jehovah's Witness", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 6.4, "note": "includes Mormon Buddhist, Jewish, Spiritualist, Muslim, Hindu, indigenous religions, African American religions, Pentecostal" }, { "name": "atheist", "percent": 7.9 }, { "name": "agnostic", "percent": 0.1 } ], "note": "data represent persons at least 16 years of age from five Ecuadoran cities", "date": "2012" }, "demographic_profile": "Ecuador's high poverty and income inequality most affect indigenous, mixed race, and rural populations. The government has increased its social spending to ameliorate these problems, but critics question the efficiency and implementation of its national development plan. Nevertheless, the conditional cash transfer program, which requires participants' children to attend school and have medical check-ups, has helped improve educational attainment and healthcare among poor children. Ecuador is stalled at above replacement level fertility and the population most likely will keep growing rather than stabilize.\nAn estimated 2 to 3 million Ecuadorians live abroad, but increased unemployment in key receiving countries - Spain, the United States, and Italy - is slowing emigration and increasing the likelihood of returnees to Ecuador. The first large-scale emigration of Ecuadorians occurred between 1980 and 2000, when an economic crisis drove Ecuadorians from southern provinces to New York City, where they had trade contacts. A second, nationwide wave of emigration in the late 1990s was caused by another economic downturn, political instability, and a currency crisis. Spain was the logical destination because of its shared language and the wide availability of low-skilled, informal jobs at a time when increased border surveillance made illegal migration to the US difficult. Ecuador has a small but growing immigrant population and is Latin America's top recipient of refugees; 98% are neighboring Colombians fleeing violence in their country.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 27.52, "males": 2257535, "females": 2168198 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 18.47, "males": 1508341, "females": 1461207 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 39.38, "males": 3086599, "females": 3245266 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 7.39, "males": 581560, "females": 606821 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 7.25, "males": 554371, "females": 610880 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 55.6, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 45.1, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 10.4, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 9.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 27.4, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 26.7, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 28.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 142, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1.31, "global_rank": 87, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 18.2, "global_rank": 97, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 5.1, "global_rank": 187, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 0, "global_rank": 80, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "nearly half of the population is concentrated in the interior in the Andean intermontane basins and valleys, with large concentrations also found along the western coastal strip; the rainforests of the east remain sparsely populated", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 63.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 1.9, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Guayaquil", "population": 2709000 }, { "place": "Quito", "population": 1726000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.95, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.96, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.91, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 64, "global_rank": 67, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 16.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 19.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 13.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 99, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 76.8, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 73.8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 79.9, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 83, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.22, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 80.1, "units": "%", "date": "2012" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 9.2, "global_rank": 98, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 1.67, "date": "2011" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 1.6, "date": "2011" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 93.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 75.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 86.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 6.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 24.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 13.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 87, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 80.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 84.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 13, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 19.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 15.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.29, "global_rank": 80, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 29100, "global_rank": 67, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 900, "global_rank": 63, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "dengue fever", "malaria" ], "note": "active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus", "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 18, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 6.4, "global_rank": 82, "date": "2013" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.9, "global_rank": 94, "date": "2015" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 94.5, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 95.4, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 93.5, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 16, "units": "years" }, "date": "2012" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 227599, "percentage": { "value": 8, "units": "%" }, "date": "2008" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 10.9, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 8.4, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 15.7, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2013" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Ecuador", "conventional_short_form": "Ecuador", "local_long_form": "Republica del Ecuador", "local_short_form": "Ecuador", "etymology": "the country's position on the globe, straddling the Equator, accounts for its Spanish name" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Quito", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 0, "minutes": 13, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 78, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -5, "note": "same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1822-05-24", "note": "from Spain" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "10 August", "original_year": "1809", "note": "independence of Quito" } ], "constitution": { "history": "many previous; latest approved 20 October 2008; amended 2011", "note": "a 2015 constitutional amendment lifting presidential term limits becomes effective May 2017 (2017)" }, "legal_system": "civil law based on the Chilean civil code with modifications; traditional law in indigenous communities", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "yes", "citizenship_by_descent": "yes", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "3 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": true, "note": "18-65 years of age, universal and compulsory; 16-18, over 65, and other eligible voters, voluntary" }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Lenin MORENO Garces (since 24 May 2017); Vice President Jorge GLAS Espinel (since 24 May 2013); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government", "head_of_government": "President Lenin MORENO Garces (since 24 May 2017); Vice President Jorge GLAS Espinel (since 24 May 2013)", "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president", "elections_appointments": "president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 19 February 2017, with a runoff election on 2 April 2017 (next to be held in 2021)", "election_results": "Lenin MORENO Garces elected president; percent of vote - Lenin MORENO (Alianza PAIS Movement) 51.1%, Guillermo LASSO (CREO) 48.9%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (137 seats; 116 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 15 members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote, and 6 directly elected in multi-seat constituencies for Ecuadorians living abroad by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 19 February 2017 (next to be held in 2021)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PAIS 74, SUMA 34, PSC 15, ID 4, MUPP 4, Independents 3, PSP 2, Fuerza Ecuador 1; note - defections by members of National Assembly are commonplace, resulting in frequent changes in the numbers of seats held by the various parties" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "National Court of Justice or Corte Nacional de Justicia (consists of 21 judges including the chief justice and organized into 5 specialized chambers); Constitutional Court or Corte Constitucional (consists of 9 judges)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "justices of National Court of Justice elected by the Judiciary Council, a 9-member independent body of law professionals; judges elected for 9-year, non-renewable terms, with one-third of the membership renewed every 3 years; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the executive, legislative, and Citizen Participation branches of government; judges appointed for 9-year non-renewable terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 3 years", "subordinate_courts": "Fiscal Tribunal; Election Dispute Settlement Courts, provincial courts (one for each province); cantonal courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Alianza PAIS movement", "leaders": [ "Rafael Vicente CORREA Delgado" ] }, { "name": "Avanza Party", "name_alternative": "AVANZA", "leaders": [ "Ramiro GONZALEZ" ] }, { "name": "Creating Opportunities Movement", "name_alternative": "CREO", "leaders": [ "Guillermo LASSO" ] }, { "name": "Democratic Left", "name_alternative": "ID", "leaders": [ "Paco MONCAYO" ] }, { "name": "Forward Ecuador Movement", "leaders": [ "Alvaro NOBOA" ] }, { "name": "Fuerza Ecuador", "leaders": [ "Abdala BUCARAM" ] }, { "name": "Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement", "name_alternative": "MUPP", "leaders": [ "Rafael ANTUNI" ] }, { "name": "Patriotic Society Party", "name_alternative": "PSP", "leaders": [ "Lucio GUTIERREZ Borbua" ] }, { "name": "Popular Democracy Movement", "name_alternative": "MPD", "leaders": [ "Luis VILLACIS" ] }, { "name": "Roldosist Party", "name_alternative": "PRE" }, { "name": "Social Christian Party", "name_alternative": "PSC" }, { "name": "Socialist Party", "leaders": [ "Fabian SOLANO" ] }, { "name": "Society United for More Action", "name_alternative": "SUMA", "leaders": [ "Mauricio RODAS" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador", "name_alternative": "CONAIE", "leaders": [ "Humberto CHOLANGO" ] }, { "name": "Federation of Indigenous Evangelists of Ecuador", "name_alternative": "FEINE", "leaders": [ "Manuel CHUGCHILAN", "president" ] }, { "name": "National Federation of Indigenous Afro-Ecuatorianos and Peasants", "name_alternative": "FENOCIN" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "CAN" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CELAC" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-11" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IADB" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "LAES" }, { "organization": "LAIA" }, { "organization": "Mercosur ", "note": "associate" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINUSTAH" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OAS" }, { "organization": "OPANAL" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OPEC" }, { "organization": "Pacific Alliance ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "SICA ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNAMID" }, { "organization": "UNASUR" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "Union Latina" }, { "organization": "UNISFA" }, { "organization": "UNMIL" }, { "organization": "UNMISS" }, { "organization": "UNOCI" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Jose Francisco BORJA Cevallos (since 18 May 2015)", "chancery": "2535 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009", "telephone": "[1] (202) 234-7200", "fax": "[1] (202) 667-3482", "consulates_general": "Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New Haven (CT), New Orleans, New York, Newark (NJ), Phoenix, San Francisco" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Todd CHAPMAN (since 14 April 2016)", "embassy": "Avenida Avigiras E12-170 y Avenida Eloy Alfaro, Quito", "mailing_address": "Avenida Guayacanes N52-205 y Avenida Avigiras", "telephone": "[593] (2) 398-5000", "fax": "[593] (2) 398-5100", "consulates_general": "Guayaquil" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; the flag retains the three main colors of the banner of Gran Colombia, the South American republic that broke up in 1830; the yellow color represents sunshine, grain, and mineral wealth, blue the sky, sea, and rivers, and red the blood of patriots spilled in the struggle for freedom and justice", "note": "similar to the flag of Colombia, which is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "Andean condor" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "yellow" }, { "color": "blue" }, { "color": "red" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Salve, Oh Patria!\" (We Salute You, Our Homeland)", "lyrics_music": "Juan Leon MERA/Antonio NEUMANE", "note": "adopted 1948; Juan Leon MERA wrote the lyrics in 1865; only the chorus and second verse are sung", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/EC.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Ecuador is substantially dependent on its petroleum resources, which have accounted for more than half of the country's export earnings and approximately 25% of public sector revenues in recent years.\n\nIn 1999/2000, Ecuador's economy suffered from a banking crisis, with GDP contracting by 5.3% and poverty increasing significantly. In March 2000, the Congress approved a series of structural reforms that also provided for the adoption of the US dollar as legal tender. Dollarization stabilized the economy, and positive growth returned in the years that followed, helped by high oil prices, remittances, and increased non-traditional exports. The economy grew an average of 4.3% per year from 2002 to 2006, the highest five-year average in 25 years. After moderate growth in 2007, the economy reached a growth rate of 6.4% in 2008, buoyed by high global petroleum prices and increased public sector investment. President Rafael CORREA Delgado, who took office in January 2007, defaulted in December 2008 on Ecuador's sovereign debt, which, with a total face value of approximately US$3.2 billion, represented about 30% of Ecuador's public external debt. In May 2009, Ecuador bought back 91% of its \"defaulted\" bonds via an international reverse auction.\n\nEconomic policies under the CORREA administration - for example, an announcement in late 2009 of its intention to terminate 13 bilateral investment treaties, including one with the US - have generated economic uncertainty and discouraged private investment. China has become Ecuador's largest foreign lender since Quito defaulted in 2008, allowing the government to maintain a high rate of social spending; Ecuador contracted with the Chinese government for more than $9.9 billion in forward oil sales, project financing, and budget support loans as of December 2013.\n\nThe level of foreign investment in Ecuador continues to be one of the lowest in the region as a result of an unstable regulatory environment, weak rule of law, and the crowding-out effect of public investments. Faced with a 2013 trade deficit of $1.1 billion, Ecuador erected technical barriers to trade in December 2013, causing tensions with its largest trading partners. Ecuador also decriminalized intellectual property rights violations in February 2014. In March, 2015 Ecuador imposed tariff surcharges from 5% to 45% on an estimated 32% of imports. In 2014, oil output increased slightly and production remained steady in 2015 however the oil price decrease from 2014 onward affected government revenue. Ecuador’s economy fell in to recession in 2015 and remained in recession in 2016. As a result, CORREA cut the budget twice in 2015, and reduced it further in 2016.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 182400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 186600000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 186100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 66, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 99120000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -2.3, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3.7, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 208 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 11500, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 11600, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 136, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 62, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 13.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 25.5, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.1, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 19.8, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -20.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 6.2, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 34, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 59.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 23.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 25.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 28.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 60 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "bananas", "coffee", "cocoa", "rice", "potatoes", "cassava", "manioc", "tapioca", "plantains", "sugarcane", "cattle", "sheep", "pigs", "beef", "pork", "dairy products", "fish", "shrimp", "balsa wood" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "petroleum", "food processing", "textiles", "wood products", "chemicals" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": -3.2, "global_rank": 192, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 4848000, "global_rank": 84, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 27.8, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 17.8, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 54.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2012" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 74 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 25.6, "units": "%", "note": "December 2013 est" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 1.4, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 35.4, "units": "%" }, "note": "data for urban households only", "date": "2012" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 48.5, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2013-12-01" }, { "value": 50.5, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2010-12-01" } ], "global_rank": 23, "note": "data are for urban households" }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 30900000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 34900000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 31.2, "global_rank": 70, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -4, "global_rank": 135, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 33, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 30.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 141 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.4, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 121 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8.17, "units": "%", "date": "2011-12-31" }, { "value": 8.68, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 38 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 8.33, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 94 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 20790000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-09-30" }, { "value": 19040000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 67 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 43250000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 39650000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 72 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 33299999999.999996, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 33400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 74 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5911000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012-12-31" }, { "value": 5779000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2011-12-31" }, { "value": 5263000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2010-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 83 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1109000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -2201000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 42 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 16770000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 19050000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 70 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "petroleum", "bananas", "cut flowers", "shrimp", "cacao", "coffee", "wood", "fish" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 39.5 }, { "name": "Chile", "percent": 6.2 }, { "name": "Peru", "percent": 5.1 }, { "name": "Vietnam", "percent": 4.3 }, { "name": "Colombia", "percent": 4.3 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 17740000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 20700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 78 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "industrial materials", "fuels", "lubricants", "nondurable consumer goods" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 27.1 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 15.3 }, { "name": "Colombia", "percent": 8.3 }, { "name": "Panama", "percent": 4.9 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2290000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 99 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 33220000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 30790000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 77 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 17830000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 15630000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 81 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6330000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012-12-31" }, { "value": 6330000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2011-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 67 } }, "exchange_rates": { "note": "the US dollar became Ecuador's currency in 2001, 1 (2016 est.), 1 (2015 est.)" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 500000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 97, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 92, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 23000000000, "global_rank": 72, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 21000000000, "global_rank": 69, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 47000000, "global_rank": 87, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "kWh": 800000000, "global_rank": 71, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 6300000, "global_rank": 74, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 57.3, "global_rank": 137, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 82, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 41.5, "global_rank": 57, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 1.1, "global_rank": 98, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 543100, "global_rank": 27, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 432900, "global_rank": 23, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 186, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 8832000000, "global_rank": 18, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 193600, "global_rank": 54, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 282000, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 15600, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 153600, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2015" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 496900000, "global_rank": 71, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 578000000, "global_rank": 94, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 189, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 10990000000, "global_rank": 80, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 38000000, "global_rank": 70, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 2512657, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 16, "global_rank": 55, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 12888000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 81, "global_rank": 65, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "elementary fixed-line service but increasingly sophisticated mobile-cellular network", "domestic": "fixed-line services provided by multiple telecommunications operators; fixed-line teledensity stands at about 15 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular use has surged and subscribership has reached 80 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 593; landing points for the PAN-AM and South America-1 submarine cables that provide links to the west coast of South America, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and extending onward to Aruba and the US Virgin Islands in the Caribbean; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "multiple TV networks and many local channels, as well as more than 300 radio stations; many TV and radio stations are privately owned; the government owns or controls 5 national TV stations and multiple radio stations; broadcast media required by law to give the government free air time to broadcast programs produced by the state (2007)", "internet": { "country_code": ".ec", "users": { "total": 7766000, "percent_of_population": 48.9, "global_rank": 59, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 7, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 35, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 5762485, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 86128720, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "HC", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 432, "global_rank": 20, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 104, "over_3047_metres": 4, "2438_to_3047_metres": 5, "1524_to_2437_metres": 18, "914_to_1523_metres": 26, "under_914_metres": 51, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 328, "914_to_1523_metres": 37, "under_914_metres": 291, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 2, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "extra heavy crude", "length": 527, "units": "km" }, { "type": "gas", "length": 71, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 2131, "units": "km" }, { "type": "refined products", "length": 1526, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 965, "units": "km" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 965, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.067-m" }, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 43670, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 6472, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 37198, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 84, "date": "2007" }, "waterways": { "value": 1500, "units": "km", "note": "most inaccessible", "global_rank": 52, "date": "2012" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 44, "by_type": [ { "type": "cargo", "count": 1 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 4 }, { "type": "liquefied gas", "count": 1 }, { "type": "passenger", "count": 9 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 28 }, { "type": "refrigerated cargo", "count": 1 } ], "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 4, "by_country": [ { "country": "Panama", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Peru", "count": 1 } ] }, "global_rank": 72, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Esmeraldas", "Manta", "Puerto Bolivar" ], "river_ports": [ "Guayaquil (Guayas)" ], "container_ports": [ { "place": "Guayaquil", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 1405762 } ] }, "note": "the International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters as at risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; vessels, including commercial shipping and pleasure craft, have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; crews have been robbed and stores or cargoes stolen" }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.82, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.86, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.94, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 2.08, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.97, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 24 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Ecuadorian Armed Forces", "Ecuadorian Land Force (Fuerza Terrestre Ecuatoriana", "FTE)", "Ecuadorian Navy (Fuerza Naval del Ecuador", "FNE", "includes Naval Infantry", "Naval Aviation", "Coast Guard)", "Ecuadorian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Ecuatoriana", "FAE)" ], "date": "2012" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 years of age for selective conscript military service; conscription has been suspended; 18 years of age for voluntary military service; Air Force 18-22 years of age, Ecuadorian birth requirement; 1-year service obligation", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia penetrate across Ecuador's shared border, which thousands of Colombians also cross to escape the violence in their home country" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 101161, "country_of_origin": "Colombia" } ], "date": "2016" }, "internally_displaced_persons": { "people": 11137, "note": "earthquake April 2016", "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "significant transit country for cocaine originating in Colombia and Peru, with much of the US-bound cocaine passing through Ecuadorian Pacific waters; importer of precursor chemicals used in production of illicit narcotics; attractive location for cash-placement by drug traffickers laundering money because of dollarization and weak anti-money-laundering regime; increased activity on the northern frontier by trafficking groups and Colombian insurgents (2008)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624100711/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ec.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ec.html" } }, "egypt": { "data": { "name": "Egypt", "introduction": { "background": "The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C., and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. It was the Arabs who introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and who ruled for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the Mamluks took control about 1250 and continued to govern after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. Completion of the Suez Canal in 1869 elevated Egypt as an important world transportation hub. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914. Partially independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty from Britain in 1952. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to meet the demands of Egypt's population through economic reform and massive investment in communications and physical infrastructure.\nInspired by the 2010 Tunisian revolution, Egyptian opposition groups led demonstrations and labor strikes countrywide, culminating in President Hosni MUBARAK's ouster in 2011. Egypt's military assumed national leadership until a new parliament was in place in early 2012; later that same year, Mohammed MORSI won the presidential election. Following often violent protests throughout the spring of 2013 against MORSI's government and the Muslim Brotherhood, the Egyptian Armed Forces intervened and removed MORSI from power in July 2013 and replaced him with interim president Adly MANSOUR. In January 2014, voters approved a new constitution by referendum and in May 2014 elected Abdelfattah ELSISI president. Egypt elected a new legislature in December 2015, the first parliament since 2012." }, "geography": { "location": "Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 27, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 30, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Africa", "area": { "total": { "value": 1001450, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 995450, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 6000, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 30, "comparative": "more than eight times the size of Ohio; slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 2612, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Gaza Strip", "border_length": { "value": 13, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Israel", "border_length": { "value": 208, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Libya", "border_length": { "value": 1115, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Sudan", "border_length": { "value": 1276, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 2450, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm", "note": "or the equidistant median line with Cyprus" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters", "terrain": "vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 321, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Qattara Depression", "elevation": { "value": -133, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mount Catherine", "elevation": { "value": 2629, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "petroleum", "natural gas", "iron ore", "phosphates", "manganese", "limestone", "gypsum", "talc", "asbestos", "lead", "rare earth elements", "zinc" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 3.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 2.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 0.1, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 96.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 36500, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "approximately 95% of the population lives within 20 km of the Nile River and its delta; vast areas of the country remain sparsely populated or uninhabited", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "periodic droughts", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "frequent earthquakes", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "flash floods", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "landslides", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "hot, driving windstorms called khamsin occur in spring", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "dust storms", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "sandstorms", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands", "increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam", "desertification", "oil pollution threatening coral reefs", "beaches", "and marine habitats", "other water pollution from agricultural pesticides", "raw sewage", "and industrial effluents", "limited natural freshwater resources away from the Nile", "which is the only perennial water source", "rapid growth in population overstraining the Nile and natural resources" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Tropical Timber 83", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, a sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; size, and juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics; dependence on upstream neighbors; dominance of Nile basin issues; prone to influxes of refugees from Sudan and the Palestinian territories" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 94666993, "global_rank": 16, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Egyptian(s)", "adjective": "Egyptian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Egyptian", "percent": 99.6 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.4, "note": "2006 census" } ] }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Arabic", "note": "official" }, { "name": "English and French widely understood by educated classes" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 90, "note": "predominantly Sunni" }, { "name": "Christian", "percent": 10, "note": "majority Coptic Orthodox, other Christians include Armenian Apostolic, Catholic, Maronite, Orthodox, and Anglican" } ], "africa": ":EGYPT", "date": "2015" }, "demographic_profile": "Egypt is the most populous country in the Arab world and the third most populous country in Africa, behind Nigeria and Ethiopia. Most of the country is desert, so about 95% of the population is concentrated in a narrow strip of fertile land along the Nile River, which represents only about 5% of Egypt’s land area. Egypt’s rapid population growth – 46% between 1994 and 2014 – stresses limited natural resources, jobs, housing, sanitation, education, and health care.\nAlthough the country’s total fertility rate (TFR) fell from roughly 5.5 children per woman in 1980 to just over 3 in the late 1990s, largely as a result of state-sponsored family planning programs, the population growth rate dropped more modestly because of decreased mortality rates and longer life expectancies. During the last decade, Egypt’s TFR decline stalled for several years and then reversed, reaching 3.6 in 2011, and has plateaued the last few years. Contraceptive use has held steady at about 60%, while preferences for larger families and early marriage may have strengthened in the wake of the recent 2011 revolution. The large cohort of women of or nearing childbearing age will sustain high population growth for the foreseeable future (an effect called population momentum).\nNevertheless, post-MUBARAK governments have not made curbing population growth a priority. To increase contraceptive use and to prevent further overpopulation will require greater government commitment and substantial social change, including encouraging smaller families and better educating and empowering women. Currently, literacy, educational attainment, and labor force participation rates are much lower for women than men. In addition, the prevalence of violence against women, the lack of female political representation, and the perpetuation of the nearly universal practice of female genital cutting continue to keep women from playing a more significant role in Egypt’s public sphere.\nPopulation pressure, poverty, high unemployment, and the fragmentation of inherited land holdings have historically motivated Egyptians, primarily young men, to migrate internally from rural and smaller urban areas in the Nile Delta region and the poorer rural south to Cairo, Alexandria, and other urban centers in the north, while a much smaller number migrated to the Red Sea and Sinai areas. Waves of forced internal migration also resulted from the 1967 Arab-Israeli War and the floods caused by the completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1970. Limited numbers of students and professionals emigrated temporarily prior to the early 1970s, when economic problems and high unemployment pushed the Egyptian Government to lift restrictions on labor migration. At the same time, high oil revenues enabled Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and other Gulf states, as well as Libya and Jordan, to fund development projects, creating a demand for unskilled labor (mainly in construction), which attracted tens of thousands of young Egyptian men.\nBetween 1970 and 1974 alone, Egyptian migrants in the Gulf countries increased from approximately 70,000 to 370,000. Egyptian officials encouraged legal labor migration both to alleviate unemployment and to generate remittance income (remittances continue to be one of Egypt’s largest sources of foreign currency and GDP). During the mid-1980s, however, depressed oil prices resulting from the Iran-Iraq War, decreased demand for low-skilled labor, competition from less costly South Asian workers, and efforts to replace foreign workers with locals significantly reduced Egyptian migration to the Gulf States. The number of Egyptian migrants dropped from a peak of almost 3.3 million in 1983 to about 2.2 million at the start of the 1990s, but numbers gradually recovered.\nIn the 2000s, Egypt began facilitating more labor migration through bilateral agreements, notably with Arab countries and Italy, but illegal migration to Europe through overstayed visas or maritime human smuggling via Libya also rose. The Egyptian Government estimated there were 6.5 million Egyptian migrants in 2009, with roughly 75% being temporary migrants in other Arab countries (Libya, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates) and 25% being predominantly permanent migrants in the West (US, UK, Italy, France, and Canada).\nDuring the 2000s, Egypt became an increasingly important transit and destination country for economic migrants and asylum seekers, including Palestinians, East Africans, and South Asians and, more recently, Iraqis and Syrians. Egypt draws many refugees because of its resettlement programs with the West; Cairo has one of the largest urban refugee populations in the world. Many East African migrants are interned or live in temporary encampments along the Egypt-Israel border, and some have been shot and killed by Egyptian border guards.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 33.21, "males": 16268862, "females": 15169039 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 19.24, "males": 9371819, "females": 8839999 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 37.47, "males": 18020332, "females": 17448871 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 5.91, "males": 2771399, "females": 2826094 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 4.17, "males": 1937119, "females": 2013459 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 62.3, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 53.8, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 8.5, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 11.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 23.8, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 23.5, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 24.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 164, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 2.51, "global_rank": 21, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 30.3, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 4.7, "global_rank": 198, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -0.5, "global_rank": 127, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "approximately 95% of the population lives within 20 km of the Nile River and its delta; vast areas of the country remain sparsely populated or uninhabited", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 43.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 1.68, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Cairo", "population": 18772000, "is_capital": true }, { "place": "Alexandria", "population": 4778000 } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.07, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.98, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.82, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 22.7, "date": "2014" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 33, "global_rank": 92, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 19.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 21, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 18.3, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 85, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 72.7, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 71.4, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 74.2, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 142, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 3.53, "global_rank": 43, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 58.5, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 5.6, "global_rank": 142, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.81, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 0.5, "date": "2012" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 99, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 99.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 96.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 93.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 94.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 3.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 6.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 5.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.02, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 11500, "global_rank": 98, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 300, "global_rank": 98, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "intermediate", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "water_contact_diseases": [ "schistosomiasis" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 27.7, "global_rank": 17, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 7, "global_rank": 77, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 3.8, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2008" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 73.8, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 82.2, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 65.4, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "date": "2014" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 34.3, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 28.7, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 52.2, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 37, "date": "2013" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Arab Republic of Egypt", "conventional_short_form": "Egypt", "local_long_form": "Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah", "local_short_form": "Misr", "former": "United Arab Republic (with Syria)", "etymology": "the English name \"Egypt\" derives from the ancient Greek name for the country \"Aigyptos\"; the Arabic name \"Misr\" can be traced to the ancient Akkadian \"misru\" meaning border or frontier" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Cairo", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 30, "minutes": 3, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 31, "minutes": 15, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 2, "note": "7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1922-02-28" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Revolution Day", "day": "23 July", "original_year": "1952" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest approved by a constitutional committee in December 2013, approved by referendum held on 14-15 January 2014, ratified by interim president on 19 January 2014", "amendments": "proposed by the president of the republic or by one-fifth of the House of Representatives members; a decision to accept the proposal requires majority vote by House members; passage of amendment requires a two-thirds majority vote by House members and passage by majority vote in a referendum; articles of reelection of the president and principles of freedom normally not amendable (2016)" }, "legal_system": "mixed legal system based on Napoleonic civil and penal law, Islamic religious law, and vestiges of colonial-era laws; judicial review of the constitutionality of laws by the Supreme Constitutional Court", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations", "non-party state to the ICCt" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "if the father was born in Egypt", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "only with prior permission from the government", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "10 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": true }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Abdelfattah Said ELSISI (since 8 June 2014)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Sherif ISMAIL (since 12 September 2015); note - Prime Minister Ibrahim MEHLAB resigned 12 September 2015", "cabinet": "Cabinet sworn in 19 September 2015", "elections_appointments": "president elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 26-28 May 2014 (next to be held in May 2018); prime minister appointed by the president, approved by the House of Representatives", "election_results": "Abdelfattah Said ELSISI elected president; percent of vote in 1 round - Abdelfattah Said ELSISI (independent) 96.6%, Hamdeen SABAHI (Egyptian Current Party) 3.4%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral House of Representatives (Majlis Al-Nowaab); 596 seats; 448 members directly elected by individual candidacy system, 120 members - with quotas for women, youth, Christians and workers - elected in party-list constituencies by simple majority popular vote, and 28 members selected by the president; member term 5 years; note - inaugural session held on 10 January 2016", "elections": "multi-phase election completed on 16 December 2015 (next election 2020)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party -– Free Egyptians Party 65, Nation’s Future Party 53, New Wafd Party 36, Homeland’s Protector Party 18, Republican People’s Party 13, Congress Party 12, al-Nour Party 11, Conservative Party 6, Democratic Peace Party 5, Egyptian Social Democratic Party 4, Egyptian National Movement 4, Modern Egypt Party 4, Reform and Development Party 3, Freedom Party 3, My Homeland Egypt Party 3, National Progressive Unionist Party 2, Arab Democratic Nasserist Party 1, Revolutionary Guards Party 1, Free Egyptian Building Party 1, independent 351" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Constitutional Court or SCC (consists of the court president and 10 justices); the SCC serves as the final court of arbitrator on the constitutionality of laws and conflicts between lower courts regarding jurisdiction and rulings; Court of Cassation (CC) (consists of the court president and 550 judges organized in circuits with cases heard by panels of 5 judges); the CC is the highest appeals body for civil and criminal cases, also known as “ordinary justices\"; Supreme Administrative Court (SAC) - consists of the court president and organized in circuits with cases heard by panels of 5 judges); the SAC is the highest court of the State Council", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "under the 2014 constitution, all judges and justices selected by the Supreme Judiciary Council and appointed by the president of the Republic; judges appointed for life", "subordinate_courts": "Courts of Appeal; Courts of First Instance; courts of limited jurisdiction; Family Court (established in 2004)" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Al-Nour", "leaders": [ "Yunis MAKHYUN" ] }, { "name": "Arab Democratic Nasserist Party", "leaders": [ "Sameh ASHOUR" ] }, { "name": "Congress Party", "leaders": [ "Omar Mokhtar SEMEIDA" ] }, { "name": "Conservative Party", "leaders": [ "Akmal KOURTAM" ] }, { "name": "Democratic Peace Party", "leaders": [ "Ahmed FADALY" ] }, { "name": "Egyptian National Movement Party", "leaders": [ "Ibrahim DARWISH" ] }, { "name": "Egyptian Social Democratic Party", "leaders": [ "Mervat TALAWAY" ] }, { "name": "El Tagamu'u Party " }, { "name": "Freedom Party", "leaders": [ "Mamdouh HASSAN" ] }, { "name": "Free Egyptian Building Party" }, { "name": "Free Egyptians Party", "leaders": [ "Essam KHALIL" ] }, { "name": "Homeland’s Protector Party", "leaders": [ "Lt. Gen. Galal AL-HARIDI" ], "note": "retired" }, { "name": "Modern Egypt Party", "leaders": [ "Nabil DEIBIS" ] }, { "name": "Mostaqbal Watan Party", "leaders": [ "Mohamed Ashraf RASHAD" ], "note": "Nation’s Future" }, { "name": "My Homeland Egypt Party", "leaders": [ "Qadry ABU HUSSEIN" ] }, { "name": "National Progressive Unionist Party", "leaders": [ "Sayed Abdel AAL" ], "note": "Tagammu" }, { "name": "Nation's Future Party", "leaders": [ "Ashraf RASHAD", "secretary general" ] }, { "name": "New Wafd Party", "leaders": [ "Sayed al-BADAWI" ] }, { "name": "Reform and Development Party", "leaders": [ "Mohamad Anwar al-SADAT" ] }, { "name": "Republican People’s Party", "leaders": [ "Hazim AMR" ] }, { "name": "Revolutionary Guards Party", "leaders": [ "Magdy EL-SHARIF" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "NA" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ABEDA" }, { "organization": "AfDB" }, { "organization": "AFESD" }, { "organization": "AMF" }, { "organization": "AU" }, { "organization": "BSEC ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "CAEU" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CICA" }, { "organization": "COMESA" }, { "organization": "D-8" }, { "organization": "EBRD" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-15" }, { "organization": "G-24" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IDB" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "LAS" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINURSO" }, { "organization": "MINUSMA" }, { "organization": "MONUSCO" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OAPEC" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OIC" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OSCE ", "note": "partner" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNAMID" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNMISS" }, { "organization": "UNOCI" }, { "organization": "UNRWA" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Yasser REDA (since 19 September 2015)", "chancery": "3521 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 895-5400", "fax": "[1] (202) 244-5131", "consulates_general": "Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador R. Stephen BEECROFT (since 18 December 2014)", "embassy": "5 Tawfik Diab St., Garden City, Cairo", "mailing_address": "Unit 64900, Box 15, APO AE 09839-4900; 5 Tawfik Diab Street, Garden City, Cairo", "telephone": "[20] (2) 2797-3300", "fax": "[20] (2) 2797-3200" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the national emblem (a gold Eagle of Saladin facing the hoist side with a shield superimposed on its chest above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white)", "note": "similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and Yemen, which has a plain white band" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "golden eagle" }, { "symbol": "white lotus" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "white" }, { "color": "black" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Bilady, Bilady, Bilady\" (My Homeland, My Homeland, My Homeland)", "lyrics_music": "Younis-al QADI/Sayed DARWISH", "note": "adopted 1979; the current anthem, less militaristic than the previous one, was created after the signing of the 1979 peace treaty with Israel; Sayed DARWISH, commonly considered the father of modern Egyptian music, composed the anthem", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/EG.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Occupying the northeast corner of the African continent, Egypt is bisected by the highly fertile Nile valley, where most economic activity takes place. Egypt's economy was highly centralized during the rule of former President Gamal Abdel NASSER but opened up considerably under former Presidents Anwar EL-SADAT and Mohamed Hosni MUBARAK.\n\nCairo from 2004 to 2008 pursued business climate reforms to attract foreign investment and facilitate growth. Poor living conditions and limited job opportunities for the average Egyptian contribute to public discontent, a major factor leading to the January 2011 revolution that ousted MUBARAK. The uncertain political, security, and policy environment since 2011 caused economic growth to slow significantly, hurting tourism, manufacturing, and other sectors and pushing up unemployment, which remains above 10%.\n\nWeak growth and limited foreign exchange earnings have made public finances unsustainable, leaving authorities dependent on expensive borrowing for deficit finance and on Gulf allies to help cover the import bill. In 2015-16, higher levels of foreign investment contributed to a slight rebound in GDP growth after a particularly depressed post-revolution period. In 2016, Cairo enacted a value-added tax, implemented fuel and electricity subsidy cuts, and floated its currency, which led to a sharp depreciation of the pound and corresponding inflation. In November 2016, the IMF approved a $12 billion, three-year loan for Egypt and disbursed the first $2.75 billion tranche.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1105000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1064000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1020999999999.9999, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 23, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 342800000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2.2, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 60 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12100, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 12000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 11800, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 125, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 84.4, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 12, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 12.1, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.4, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 12.7, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -21.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 11.3, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 35.8, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 52.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 10.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 13, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 158 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "cotton", "rice", "corn", "wheat", "beans", "fruits", "vegetables", "cattle", "water buffalo", "sheep", "goats" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "textiles", "food processing", "tourism", "chemicals", "pharmaceuticals", "hydrocarbons", "construction", "cement", "metals", "light manufactures" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 0.6, "global_rank": 160, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 31960000, "global_rank": 20, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 29.2, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 23.5, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 47.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2013" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 13.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 12.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 149 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 25.2, "units": "%", "date": "2011" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 4, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 26.6, "units": "%" }, "date": "2008" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 30.8, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2008" }, { "value": 32.1, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2005" } ], "global_rank": 119 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 60090000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 92370000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 17.5, "global_rank": 170, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -9.4, "global_rank": 199, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 92.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 90.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 18, "note": "data cover central government debt and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 July", "end": "30 June" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 10.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 208 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9.75, "units": "%", "date": "2014-10-30" }, { "value": 8.75, "units": "%", "date": "2013-12-05" } ], "global_rank": 24 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 11.63, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 64 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 55960000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 66489999999.99999, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 47 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 210800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 243400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 41 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 260300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 297400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 39 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 55190000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 70080000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 61630000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 49 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -18660000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -12180000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 188 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14730000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 19030000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 73 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "crude oil", "petroleum products", "fruits", "vegetables", "cotton", "textiles", "metal products", "chemicals", "processed food" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Saudi Arabia", "percent": 9.1 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 7.5 }, { "name": "Turkey", "percent": 5.8 }, { "name": "UAE", "percent": 5.1 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 5.1 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 4.4 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 4.1 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 50070000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 57170000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 47 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "equipment", "foodstuffs", "chemicals", "wood products", "fuels" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 13 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 7.7 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 5.9 }, { "name": "Turkey", "percent": 4.5 }, { "name": "Russia", "percent": 4.4 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 4.4 }, { "name": "Saudi Arabia", "percent": 4.1 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 15060000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 15490000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 64 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 50670000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 44610000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 62 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 94510000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 89650000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 47 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8042000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 7362000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 64 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9.71, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 7.7133, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 7.7133, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 7.08, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 6.06, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Egyptian pounds (EGP) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 300000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 99.6, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 99.3, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 162000000000, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 143000000000, "global_rank": 23, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 500000000, "global_rank": 68, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "kWh": 81000000, "global_rank": 101, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 38000000, "global_rank": 28, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 87.7, "global_rank": 79, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 83, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 9.5, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 2.8, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 511600, "global_rank": 29, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 193400, "global_rank": 31, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 59600, "global_rank": 54, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 4400000000, "global_rank": 27, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 547800, "global_rank": 32, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 797000, "global_rank": 26, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 45500, "global_rank": 58, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 215600, "global_rank": 31, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 48800000000, "global_rank": 17, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 48080000000, "global_rank": 17, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 720000000, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 2832000000, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 2186000000000, "global_rank": 16, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 207000000, "global_rank": 27, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 6235133, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 7, "global_rank": 26, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 94016000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 106, "global_rank": 17, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "Telecom Egypt remains largely state owned; principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia, Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable and microwave radio relay", "domestic": "largest fixed-line system in Africa and the Arab region; multiple mobile-cellular networks with a near 100-percent penetration of the market", "international": "country code - 20; landing point for Aletar, the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks, Link Around the Globe (FLAG) Falcon and FLAG FEA; satellite earth stations - 4 (2 Intelsat - Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean, 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat); tropospheric scatter to Sudan; microwave radio relay to Israel; a participant in Medarabtel (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "mix of state-run and private broadcast media; state-run TV operates 2 national and 6 regional terrestrial networks, as well as a few satellite channels; about 20 private satellite channels and a large number of Arabic satellite channels are available via subscription; state-run radio operates about 70 stations belonging to 8 networks; 2 privately owned radio stations operational (2008)", "internet": { "country_code": ".eg", "users": { "total": 31767000, "percent_of_population": 35.9, "global_rank": 15, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 14, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 101, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 10159464, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 397531535, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "SU", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 83, "global_rank": 66, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 72, "over_3047_metres": 15, "2438_to_3047_metres": 36, "1524_to_2437_metres": 15, "under_914_metres": 6, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 11, "2438_to_3047_metres": 1, "1524_to_2437_metres": 3, "914_to_1523_metres": 4, "under_914_metres": 3, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 7, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "condensate", "length": 486, "units": "km" }, { "type": "condensate/gas", "length": 74, "units": "km" }, { "type": "gas", "length": 7986, "units": "km" }, { "type": "liquid petroleum gas", "length": 957, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 5225, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil/gas/water", "length": 37, "units": "km" }, { "type": "refined products", "length": 895, "units": "km" }, { "type": "water", "length": 65, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 5085, "units": "km" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 5085, "electrified": 62, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "global_rank": 37, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 137430, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 126742, "units": "km", "note": "includes 838 km of expressways" }, "unpaved": { "value": 10688, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 38, "date": "2010" }, "waterways": { "value": 3500, "units": "km", "note": "includes the Nile River, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and numerous smaller canals in Nile Delta; the Suez Canal (193.5 km including approaches; ; ", "global_rank": 29 }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 67, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 16 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 20 }, { "type": "container", "count": 3 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 7 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 12 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 9 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 13, "by_country": [ { "country": "Denmark", "count": 1 }, { "country": "France", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Greece", "count": 8 }, { "country": "Jordan", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Lebanon", "count": 1 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 42, "by_country": [ { "country": "Cambodia", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Georgia", "count": 7 }, { "country": "Honduras", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Liberia", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Malta", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Marshall Islands", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Moldova", "count": 5 }, { "country": "Panama", "count": 11 }, { "country": "Saint Kitts and Nevis", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Saudi Arabia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Sierra Leone", "count": 3 }, { "country": "unknown", "count": 1 } ] }, "global_rank": 62, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Mediterranean Sea - Alexandria", "Damietta", "El Dekheila", "Port Said", "Gulf of Suez - Suez" ], "oil_terminals": [ "Ain Sukhna terminal", "Sidi Kerir terminal" ], "container_ports": [ { "place": "Alexandria", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 1108826 }, { "place": "Port Said", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 2617043 }, { "place": "Port Said", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 1138753 } ], "liquid_natural_gas_terminals_export": [ "Damietta", "Idku (Abu Qir Bay)" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.73, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.71, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.62, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.67, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 1.93, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 53 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Army", "Navy", "Air Force", "Air Defense Forces" ], "date": "2015" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18-30 years of age for male conscript military service; service obligation - 18-36 months, followed by a 9-year reserve obligation; voluntary enlistment possible from age 15", "date": "2017" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Sudan claims but Egypt de facto administers security and economic development of Halaib region north of the 22nd parallel boundary", "Egypt no longer shows its administration of the Bir Tawil trapezoid in Sudan on its maps", "Gazan breaches in the security wall with Egypt in January 2008 highlight difficulties in monitoring the Sinai border", "Saudi Arabia claims Egyptian-administered islands of Tiran and Sanafir" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 70027, "country_of_origin": 2017 } ], "date": "2016" }, "internally_displaced_persons": { "people": 78000, "date": "2016" }, "stateless_persons": { "people": 19, "date": "2016" } }, "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "Egypt is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; Egyptian children, including the large population of street children are vulnerable to forced labor in domestic service, begging and agriculture or may be victims of sex trafficking or child sex tourism, which occurs in Cairo, Alexandria, and Luxor; some Egyptian women and girls are sold into “temporary” or “summer” marriages with Gulf men, through the complicity of their parents or marriage brokers, and are exploited for prostitution or forced labor; Egyptian men are subject to forced labor in neighboring countries, while adults from South and Southeast Asia and East Africa – and increasingly Syrian refugees – are forced to work in domestic service, construction, cleaning, and begging in Egypt; women and girls, including migrants and refugees, from Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Middle East are sex trafficked in Egypt; the Egyptian military cracked down on criminal group’s smuggling, abducting, trafficking, and extorting African migrants in the Sinai Peninsula, but the practice has reemerged in along Egypt’s western border with Libya", "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List – Egypt does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government gathered data nationwide on trafficking cases to better allocated and prioritize anti-trafficking efforts, but overall it did not demonstrate increased progress; prosecutions increased in 2014, but no offenders were convicted for the second consecutive year; fewer trafficking victims were identified in 2014, which represents a significant and ongoing decrease from the previous two reporting periods; the government relied on NGOs and international organizations to identify and refer victims to protective services, and focused on Egyptian victims and refused to provide some services to foreign victims, at times including shelter (2015)" }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "transit point for cannabis, heroin, and opium moving to Europe, Israel, and North Africa; transit stop for Nigerian drug couriers; concern as money laundering site due to lax enforcement of financial regulations" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-02", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170702200427/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170702000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html" } }, "el_salvador": { "data": { "name": "El Salvador", "introduction": { "background": "El Salvador achieved independence from Spain in 1821 and from the Central American Federation in 1839. A 12-year civil war, which cost about 75,000 lives, was brought to a close in 1992 when the government and leftist rebels signed a treaty that provided for military and political reforms. El Salvador is beset by one of the world’s highest homicide rates and pervasive criminal gangs." }, "geography": { "location": "Central America, bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and Honduras", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 13, "minutes": 50, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 88, "minutes": 55, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Central America and the Caribbean", "area": { "total": { "value": 21041, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 20721, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 320, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 153, "comparative": "about the same size as New Jersey" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 590, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Guatemala", "border_length": { "value": 199, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Honduras", "border_length": { "value": 391, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 307, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands", "terrain": "mostly mountains with narrow coastal belt and central plateau", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 442, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Pacific Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Cerro El Pital", "elevation": { "value": 2730, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "hydropower", "geothermal power", "petroleum", "arable land" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 74.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 33.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 10.9, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 30.7, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 13.6, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 11.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 452, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "known as the Land of Volcanoes", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "frequent and sometimes destructive earthquakes and volcanic activity", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "extremely susceptible to hurricanes", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "significant volcanic activity; San Salvador (elev. 1,893 m), which last erupted in 1917, has the potential to cause major harm to the country's capital, which lies just below the volcano's slopes; San Miguel (elev. 2,130 m), which last erupted in 2002, is one of the most active volcanoes in the country; other historically active volcanoes include Conchaguita, Ilopango, Izalco, and Santa Ana", "type": "volcanism" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "deforestation", "soil erosion", "water pollution", "contamination of soils from disposal of toxic wastes" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [ "Law of the Sea" ] } }, "note": "smallest Central American country and only one without a coastline on Caribbean Sea" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 6156670, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Salvadoran(s)", "adjective": "Salvadoran" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "mestizo", "percent": 86.3 }, { "name": "white", "percent": 12.7 }, { "name": "Amerindian", "percent": 0.2, "note": "includes Lenca, Kakawira, Nahua-Pipil" }, { "name": "black", "percent": 0.1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.6 } ], "date": "2007" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Spanish", "note": "official" }, { "name": "Nawat", "note": "among some Amerindians" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 50 }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 36 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 12 } ], "date": "2014" }, "demographic_profile": "El Salvador is the smallest and most densely populated country in Central America. It is well into its demographic transition, experiencing slower population growth, a decline in its number of youths, and the gradual aging of its population. The increased use of family planning has substantially lowered El Salvador's fertility rate, from approximately 6 children per woman in the 1970s to replacement level today. A 2008 national family planning survey showed that female sterilization remained the most common contraception method in El Salvador - its sterilization rate is among the highest in Latin America and the Caribbean - but that the use of injectable contraceptives is growing. Fertility differences between rich and poor and urban and rural women are narrowing.\nSalvadorans fled during the 1979 to 1992 civil war mainly to the United States but also to Canada and to neighboring Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Emigration to the United States increased again in the 1990s and 2000s as a result of deteriorating economic conditions, natural disasters (Hurricane Mitch in 1998 and earthquakes in 2001), and family reunification. At least 20% of El Salvador's population lives abroad. The remittances they send home account for close to 20% of GDP, are the second largest source of external income after exports, and have helped reduce poverty.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 26.58, "males": 839392, "females": 797323 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 20.51, "males": 635100, "females": 627648 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 38.66, "males": 1098619, "females": 1281822 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 6.96, "males": 190386, "females": 238206 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 7.28, "males": 197945, "females": 250229 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 54.3, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 41.7, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 12.6, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 7.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 26.6, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 25.1, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 28.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 146, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.25, "global_rank": 180, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 16.3, "global_rank": 115, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 5.7, "global_rank": 173, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -8.1, "global_rank": 210, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "athough it is the smallest country in land area in Central America, El Salvador has a population that is 18 times larger than Belize; at least 20% of the population lives abroad; high population density country-wide, with particular concentration around the capital of San Salvador", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 66.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 1.4, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "San Salvador", "population": 1098000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.86, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.8, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.8, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.93, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 20.8, "date": "2008" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 54, "global_rank": 81, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 17.3, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 19.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 15.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 97, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 74.7, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 71.4, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 78.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.89, "global_rank": 140, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 72, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 6.8, "global_rank": 91, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 1.92, "date": "2008" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 1.1, "date": "2012" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 97.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 86.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 93.8, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 2.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 13.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 6.2, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 82.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 60, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 75, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 17.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 40, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 25, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.51, "global_rank": 65, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 19800, "global_rank": 76, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 400, "global_rank": 94, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "protozoal diarrhea" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "dengue fever" ], "note": "active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus", "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 20.1, "global_rank": 51, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 5, "global_rank": 78, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 3.4, "global_rank": 129, "date": "2014" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 88, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 90.4, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 86, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "date": "2014" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 179303, "percentage": { "value": 4, "units": "%" }, "note": "data represent children ages 5-17", "date": "2007" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 12.4, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 11.8, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 13.6, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 89, "date": "2013" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of El Salvador", "conventional_short_form": "El Salvador", "local_long_form": "Republica de El Salvador", "local_short_form": "El Salvador", "etymology": "name is an abbreviation of the original Spanish conquistador designation for the area \"Provincia de Nuestro Senor Jesus Cristo, el Salvador del Mundo\" (Province of Our Lord Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the World), which became simply \"El Salvador\" (The Savior)" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "San Salvador", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 13, "minutes": 42, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 89, "minutes": 12, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -6, "note": "1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1821-09-15", "note": "from Spain" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "15 September", "original_year": "1821" } ], "constitution": { "history": "many previous; latest drafted 16 December 1983, enacted 23 December 1983; amended many times, last in 2014 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system with minor common law influence; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "non-party state to the ICCt" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "yes", "citizenship_by_descent": "yes", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "5 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Salvador SANCHEZ CEREN (since 1 June 2014); Vice President Salvador Oscar ORTIZ (since 1 June 2014); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government", "head_of_government": "President Salvador SANCHEZ CEREN (since 1 June 2014); Vice President Salvador Oscar ORTIZ (since 1 June 2014)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers selected by the president", "elections_appointments": "president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 5-year term; election last held on 2 February 2014, with a runoff on 9 March 2014 (next to be held in early 2019)", "election_results": "Salvador SANCHEZ CEREN elected president; percent of vote: first-round results - Salvador SANCHEZ CEREN (FMLN) 48.9%, Norman QUIJANO (ARENA) 39%, Antonio SACA (CN) 11.4%, other 0.7%; second-round results - Salvador SANCHEZ CEREN 50.1%, Norman QUIJANO 49.9%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Legislative Assembly or Asamblea Legislativa (84 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies and a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote to serve 3-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 1 March 2015 (next to be held in March 2018)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - ARENA 37.1%, FMLN 35.2%, GANA 9.4%, PCN 7.7%, PDC 2.3%, other 8.3%; seats by party - ARENA 35, FMLN 31, GANA 11, PCN 6, PDC 1" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Corte Suprema de Justicia (CSJ) (consists of 15 judges assigned to constitutional, civil, penal, and administrative conflict divisions)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges elected by the Legislative Assembly on the recommendation of both the National Council of the Judicature, an independent body elected by the Legislative Assembly and the Bar Association; judges elected for a 9-year term, with renewal of one-third of judges every 3 years; consecutive re-election is allowed", "subordinate_courts": "Appellate Courts; Courts of First Instance; Courts of Peace" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Christian Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "PDC", "leaders": [ "Rodolfo Antonio PARKER Soto" ] }, { "name": "Democratic Change", "name_alternative": "CD", "leaders": [ "Douglas AVILES" ], "note": "Cambio Democratico; formerly United Democratic Center or CDU" }, { "name": "Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front", "name_alternative": "FMLN", "leaders": [ "Medardo GONZALEZ" ] }, { "name": "Great Alliance for National Unity", "name_alternative": "GANA", "leaders": [ "Jose Andres ROVIRA Caneles" ] }, { "name": "National Conciliation Party", "name_alternative": "PCN", "leaders": [ "Manuel RODRIGUEZ" ] }, { "name": "Nationalist Republican Alliance", "name_alternative": "ARENA", "leaders": [ "Mauricio INTERIANO" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Electrical Industry Union of El Salvador", "name_alternative": "SIES" }, { "name": "Federation of the Construction Industry, Similar Transport and other activities,", "name_alternative": "FESINCONTRANS" }, { "name": "National Confederation of Salvadoran Workers", "name_alternative": "CNTS" }, { "name": "National Trade Union Federation of Salvadoran Workers", "name_alternative": "FENASTRAS" }, { "name": "National Union of Salvadoran Workers", "name_alternative": "UNTS" }, { "name": "Port Industry Union of El Salvador", "name_alternative": "SIPES" }, { "name": "Salvadoran Workers Central", "name_alternative": "CTS" }, { "name": "Union of Judiciary Workers", "name_alternative": "SITTOJ" }, { "name": "Union of Workers of the Ministry of Treasury", "name_alternative": "SITRAMI" }, { "name": "Workers Union of Electrical Corporation", "name_alternative": "STCEL" }, { "name": "American Chamber of Commerce in El Salvador" }, { "name": "National Association of Private Enterprise", "name_alternative": "ANEP" }, { "name": "Salvadoran Chamber of Commerce" }, { "name": "Salvadoran Chamber of the Construction Industry", "name_alternative": "CASALCO" }, { "name": "Salvadoran Industrial Association", "name_alternative": "ASI" } ], "note": "labor organizations:; business organizations:" }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "BCIE" }, { "organization": "CACM" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CELAC" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-11" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IADB" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO ", "note": "correspondent" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "LAES" }, { "organization": "LAIA ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINURSO" }, { "organization": "MINUSTAH" }, { "organization": "NAM ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OAS" }, { "organization": "OPANAL" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "Pacific Alliance ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "Petrocaribe" }, { "organization": "SICA" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNIFIL" }, { "organization": "Union Latina" }, { "organization": "UNISFA" }, { "organization": "UNMISS" }, { "organization": "UNOCI" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Claudia Ivette CANJURA de Centeno (since 17 June 2016)", "chancery": "1400 16th Street NW, Suite 100, Washington, DC 20036", "telephone": "[1] (202) 595-7517", "fax": "[1] (202) 232-1928", "consulates_general": "Atlanta, Boston, Brentwood (NY), Chicago, Coral Gables (FL), Dallas, Houston, Las Vegas (NV), Los Angeles, McAllen (TX), New York, Nogales (AZ), San Francisco, Seattle, Tucson (AZ), Washington, DC, Woodbridge (VA), Woodstock (GA)", "consulates": "Elizabeth (NJ), Newark (NJ)" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Jean MANES (since January 2016)", "embassy": "Final Boulevard Santa Elena Sur, Antiguo Cuscatlan, La Libertad, San Salvador", "mailing_address": "Unit 3450, APO AA 34023; 3450 San Salvador Place, Washington, DC 20521-3450", "telephone": "[503] 2501-2999", "fax": "[503] 2501-2150" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal horizontal bands of cobalt blue (top), white, and cobalt blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL; the banner is based on the former blue-white-blue flag of the Federal Republic of Central America; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, while the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water, as well as peace and prosperity", "note": "similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which has a different coat of arms centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "turquoise-browed motmot ", "note": "bird" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "blue" }, { "color": "white" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Himno Nacional de El Salvador\" (National Anthem of El Salvador)", "lyrics_music": "Juan Jose CANAS/Juan ABERLE", "note": "officially adopted 1953, in use since 1879; at 4:20 minutes the anthem of El Salvador is one of the world's longest", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/ES.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "The smallest country in Central America geographically, El Salvador has the fourth largest economy in the region. With the global recession, real GDP contracted in 2009 and economic growth has since remained low, averaging less than 2% from 2010 to 2014, but recovered somewhat in 2015-16 with an average annual growth rate of 2.4%. Remittances accounted for approximately 17.1% of GDP in 2016 and were received by about a third of all households.\n\nIn 2006, El Salvador was the first country to ratify the Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement, which has bolstered the export of processed foods, sugar, and ethanol, and supported investment in the apparel sector amid increased Asian competition. In September 2015, El Salvador kicked off a five-year $277 million second compact with the Millennium Challenge Corporation - a US Government agency aimed at stimulating economic growth and reducing poverty - to improve El Salvador's competitiveness and productivity in international markets..\n\nThe Salvadoran Government maintained fiscal discipline during post-war reconstruction and rebuilding following earthquakes in 2001 and hurricanes in 1998 and 2005, but El Salvador's public debt, estimated at 61.1% of GDP in 2016, has been growing over the last several years. Total external debt was nearly 60% of GDP in 2016.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 54790000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 53500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 52220000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 108, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 26610000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.4, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.4, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 118 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8900, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 8700, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 8600, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 144, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 91.5, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 12.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 14.4, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": -0.1, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 26.2, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -44.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 10.6, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 25.3, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 64.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 10.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 8.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 144 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "coffee", "sugar", "corn", "rice", "beans", "oilseed", "cotton", "sorghum", "beef", "dairy products" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "food processing", "beverages", "petroleum", "chemicals", "fertilizer", "textiles", "furniture", "light metals" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 2.4, "global_rank": 97, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 2788000, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 21, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 20, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 58, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 5.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 65, "note": "data are official rates; but underemployment is high" }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 34.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2.2, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 32.3, "units": "%" }, "date": "2014" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 37, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 38, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 79 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 5443000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 6318000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 20.5, "global_rank": 151, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -3.3, "global_rank": 118, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 64.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 65.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 56, "note": "El Salvador's total public debt includes non-financial public sector debt, financial public sector debt, and central bank debt" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -0.9, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 8 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-23" }, { "value": 6.72, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-25" } ], "global_rank": 118 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3129000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 3253000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 116 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11970000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 11610000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 105 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11390000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 10850000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 102 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-01" }, { "value": 3816000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-01" }, { "value": 3535000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-01" } ], "global_rank": 91 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -669000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -920000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 112 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5335000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 5485000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 104 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "offshore assembly exports", "coffee", "sugar", "textiles", "apparel", "ethanol", "chemicals", "electricity", "iron", "steel manufactures" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 47.1 }, { "name": "Honduras", "percent": 13.9 }, { "name": "Guatemala", "percent": 13.6 }, { "name": "Nicaragua", "percent": 6.6 }, { "name": "Costa Rica", "percent": 4.5 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9855000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 10420000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 95 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "raw materials", "consumer goods", "capital goods", "fuels", "foodstuffs", "petroleum", "electricity" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 39.4 }, { "name": "Guatemala", "percent": 9.6 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 8.1 }, { "name": "Mexico", "percent": 7.4 }, { "name": "Honduras", "percent": 5.7 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3238000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2787000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 102 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 16320000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 15510000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 97 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 10560000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 9158000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 96 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 811800000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 951800000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 85 } }, "exchange_rates": { "note": "the US dollar is used as a medium of exchange and circulates freely in the economy" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 400000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 94, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 98, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 86, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 5482000000, "global_rank": 116, "date": "2016" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 6351000000, "global_rank": 111, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "kWh": 74300000, "global_rank": 82, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "kWh": 1066000000, "global_rank": 66, "date": "2016" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 1792000, "global_rank": 115, "date": "2016" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 42.3, "global_rank": 162, "date": "2016" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 88, "date": "2016" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 31.8, "global_rank": 73, "date": "2016" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 25.9, "global_rank": 6, "date": "2016" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 190, "date": "2015" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 131, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 140, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 34580, "global_rank": 118, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 554, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 47810, "global_rank": 84, "date": "2015" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 182, "date": "2016" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 141, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 97, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 192, "date": "2016" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 136, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 4318000, "global_rank": 129, "date": "2015" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 944266, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 15, "global_rank": 79, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 9334000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 152, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "multiple mobile-cellular began rolling out Long Term Evolution (LTE) data services in late-2016; growth in fixed-line services has slowed in the face of mobile-cellular competition; Internet usage grew almost 400% between 2007 and 2015", "domestic": "nationwide microwave radio relay system", "international": "country code - 503; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to Central American Microwave System (2017)" } }, "broadcast_media": "multiple privately owned national terrestrial TV networks, supplemented by cable TV networks that carry international channels; hundreds of commercial radio broadcast stations and 1 government-owned radio broadcast station; transition to digital transmission to begin in 2018 along with adaptation of the Japanese-Brazilian Digital Standard (ISDB-T) (2017)", "internet": { "country_code": ".sv", "users": { "total": 1653000, "percent_of_population": 26.9, "global_rank": 102, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 2, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 36, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 2597649, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 13873884, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "YS", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 68, "global_rank": 74, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 5, "over_3047_metres": 1, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 2, "under_914_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 63, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 11, "under_914_metres": 51, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 2, "date": "2013" } }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 12.5, "units": "km" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 12.5, "units": "km", "gauge": "0.914-m" }, "global_rank": 135, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 6979, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 4414, "units": "km", "note": "includes 341 km of expressways" }, "unpaved": { "value": 2565, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 147, "date": "2016" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Puerto Cutuco" ], "oil_terminals": [ "Acajutla offshore terminal" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.86, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.93, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0.98, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.94, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 0.95, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 101 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Salvadoran Armed Forces (Fuerza Armada de El Salvador", "FAES)", "Salvadoran Army (Ejercito de El Salvador", "ES)", "Salvadoran Navy (Fuerza Naval de El Salvador", "FNES)", "Salvadoran Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Salvadorena", "FAS)" ], "date": "2017" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 years of age for selective compulsory military service; 16-22 years of age for voluntary male or female service; service obligation is 12 months, with 11 months for officers and NCOs", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled on the delimitation of \"bolsones\" (disputed areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras boundary, in 1992, with final agreement by the parties in 2006 after an Organization of American States survey and a further ICJ ruling in 2003", "the 1992 ICJ ruling advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca advocating Honduran access to the Pacific", "El Salvador continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not identified in the ICJ decision, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "internally_displaced_persons": { "people": 289000, "date": "2015" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "transshipment point for cocaine; small amounts of marijuana produced for local consumption; significant use of cocaine" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102811/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/es.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/es.html" } }, "equatorial_guinea": { "data": { "name": "Equatorial Guinea", "introduction": { "background": "Equatorial Guinea gained independence in 1968 after 190 years of Spanish rule; it is one of the smallest countries in Africa consisting of a mainland territory and five inhabited islands. The capital of Malabo is located on the island of Bioko, approximately 25 km from the Cameroonian coastline in the Gulf of Guinea. Between 1968 and 1979, autocratic President Francisco MACIAS NGUEMA virtually destroyed all of the country's political, economic, and social institutions before being deposed by his nephew Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO in a coup. President OBIANG has ruled since October 1979 and was reelected in 2016. Although nominally a constitutional democracy since 1991, presidential and legislative elections since 1996 have generally been labeled as flawed. The president exerts almost total control over the political system and has placed legal and bureaucratic barriers that prevent political opposition. Equatorial Guinea has experienced rapid economic growth due to the discovery of large offshore oil reserves, and in the last decade has become Sub-Saharan Africa's third largest oil exporter. Despite the country's economic windfall from oil production, resulting in a massive increase in government revenue in recent years, the drop in global oil prices has placed significant strain on the state budget. Equatorial Guinea continues to seek to diversify its economy and to increase foreign investment despite limited improvements in the population's living standards. Equatorial Guinea is the host of major regional and international conferences and continues to seek a greater role in regional affairs." }, "geography": { "location": "Central Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, between Cameroon and Gabon", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 2, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 10, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Africa", "area": { "total": { "value": 28051, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 28051, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 146, "comparative": "slightly smaller than Maryland" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 528, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Cameroon", "border_length": { "value": 183, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Gabon", "border_length": { "value": 345, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 296, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical; always hot, humid", "terrain": "coastal plains rise to interior hills; islands are volcanic", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 577, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Atlantic Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Pico Basile", "elevation": { "value": 3008, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "petroleum", "natural gas", "timber", "gold", "bauxite", "diamonds", "tantalum", "sand", "gravel", "clay" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 10.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 4.3, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 2.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 3.7, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 57.5, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 32.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "violent windstorms", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "flash floods", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "Santa Isabel (elev. 3,007 m), which last erupted in 1923, is the country's only historically active volcano; Santa Isabel, along with two dormant volcanoes, form Bioko Island in the Gulf of Guinea", "type": "volcanism" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "tap water is non-potable", "deforestation" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "insular and continental regions widely separated" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 759451, "global_rank": 165, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Equatorial Guinean(s) or Equatoguinean(s)", "adjective": "Equatorial Guinean or Equatoguinean" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Fang", "percent": 85.7 }, { "name": "Bubi", "percent": 6.5 }, { "name": "Mdowe", "percent": 3.6 }, { "name": "Annobon", "percent": 1.6 }, { "name": "Bujeba", "percent": 1.1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.4, "note": "1994 census" } ] }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Spanish", "percent": 67.6, "note": "official" }, { "name": "other , Fang, Bubi census", "percent": 1994, "note": "includes French (official; ; " } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "nominally Christian and predominantly Roman Catholic" }, { "name": "pagan practices" } ] }, "demographic_profile": "Equatorial Guinea is one of the smallest and least populated countries in continental Africa and is the only independent African country where Spanish is an official language. Despite a boom in oil production in the 1990s, authoritarianism, corruption, and resource mismanagement have concentrated the benefits among a small elite. These practices have perpetuated income inequality and unbalanced development, such as low public spending on education and health care. Unemployment remains problematic because the oil-dominated economy employs a small labor force dependent on skilled foreign workers. The agricultural sector, Equatorial Guinea’s main employer, continues to deteriorate because of a lack of investment and the migration of rural workers to urban areas. About three-quarters of the population lives below the poverty line.\nEquatorial Guinea’s large and growing youth population – about 60% are under the age of 25 – is particularly affected because job creation in the non-oil sectors is limited, and young people often do not have the skills needed in the labor market. Equatorial Guinean children frequently enter school late, have poor attendance, and have high dropout rates. Thousands of Equatorial Guineans fled across the border to Gabon in the 1970s to escape the dictatorship of MACIAS NGUEMA; smaller numbers have followed in the decades since. Continued inequitable economic growth and high youth unemployment increases the likelihood of ethnic and regional violence.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 40.15, "males": 154896, "females": 150010 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 19.63, "males": 75914, "females": 73194 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 31.94, "males": 120999, "females": 121587 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 4.3, "males": 14052, "females": 18583 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 3.98, "males": 12627, "females": 17589 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 72.9, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 67.9, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 5, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 20, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 19.6, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 19.1, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 20.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 196, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 2.48, "global_rank": 22, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 32.8, "global_rank": 32, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 8, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 0, "global_rank": 81, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 39.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 3.12, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Malabo", "population": 145000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.76, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.72, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 342, "global_rank": 47, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 67.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 68.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 66.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 14, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 64.2, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 63.1, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 65.4, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 183, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 4.48, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 12.6, "units": "%", "date": "2011" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 3.8, "global_rank": 149, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 2.1, "date": "2010" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 72.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 31.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 47.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 27.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 68.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 52.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 79.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 71, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 74.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 20.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 29, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 25.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 4.88, "global_rank": 11, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 27400, "global_rank": 70, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 1100, "global_rank": 71, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "very high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "protozoal diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "malaria", "dengue fever" ], "animal_contact_diseases": [ "rabies" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 16.2, "global_rank": 129, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 5.6, "global_rank": 87, "date": "2010" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 95.3, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 97.4, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 93, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Equatorial Guinea", "conventional_short_form": "Equatorial Guinea", "local_long_form": "Republica de Guinea Ecuatorial/Republique de Guinee Equatoriale", "local_short_form": "Guinea Ecuatorial/Guinee Equatoriale", "former": "Spanish Guinea", "etymology": "the country is named for the Guinea region of West Africa that lies along the Gulf of Guinea and stretches north to the Sahel; the \"equatorial\" refers to the fact that the country lies just north of the Equator" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Malabo; note - a new capital of Oyala is being built on the mainland near Djibloho; Malabo is on the island of Bioko", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 3, "minutes": 45, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 8, "minutes": 47, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 1, "note": "6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1968-10-12", "note": "from Spain" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "12 October", "original_year": "1968" } ], "constitution": { "history": "approved by referendum 17 November 1991; amended several times, last in 2012 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "mixed system of civil and customary law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "non-party state to the ICCt" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Equatorial Guinea", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "10 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG Nguema Mbasogo (since 3 August 1979 when he seized power in a military coup)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Francisco Pascual Eyegue OBAMA Asue (since 23 June 2016); First Deputy Prime Minister Clemente Engonga NGUEMA Onguene; Second Deputy Prime Minister Alfonso Mesie MIBUY; Third Deputy Prime Minister Alfonso Nsue MOKUY", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 April 2016 (next to be held in 2023); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president", "election_results": "Teodoro OBIANG Nguema Mbasogo reelected president; percent of vote - Teodoro OBIANG Nguema Mbasogo (PDGE) 93.7%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral National Assembly or Asemblea Nacional, formerly the unicameral Parliament, consists of the Senate or Senado (70 seats; 55 members directly elected by simple majority vote and 15 appointed by the president) and the House of People's Representatives or Camara de Representantes del Pueblo (100 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms); note - the constitutional referendum of 2011 established the Senate and was implemented at the time of the May 2013 elections", "elections": "last held on 26 May 2013 (next to be held in 2018)", "election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PDGE 54, CPDS 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PDGE 99, CPDS 1" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the chief justice - who is also chief of state - and 9 judges and organized into civil, criminal, commercial, labor, administrative, and customary sections); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president and 4 members)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president for 5-year terms; Constitutional Court members appointed by the president, 2 of which are nominated by the Chamber of Deputies", "subordinate_courts": "Court of Guarantees; military courts; Courts of Appeal; first instance tribunals; district and county tribunals" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Convergence Party for Social Democracy", "name_alternative": "CPDS", "leaders": [ "Andres ESONO ONDO" ] }, { "name": "Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea", "name_alternative": "PDGE", "leaders": [ "Teodoro OBIANG Nguema Mbasogo" ], "note": "ruling party" }, { "name": "Electoral Coalition", "name_alternative": "EC" }, { "name": "Popular Action of Equatorial Guinea", "name_alternative": "APGE", "leaders": [ "Carmelo MBA BACALE" ] }, { "name": "Popular Union", "name_alternative": "UP", "leaders": [ "Daniel MARTINEZ AYECABA" ] }, { "name": "Democratic Republican Force", "name_alternative": "FDR", "leaders": [ "Guillermo NGUEMA ELA" ] }, { "name": "Independent Candidacy", "name_alternative": "CI", "leaders": [ "Gabriel NSE OBIANG OBONO" ] }, { "name": "Party for Progress of Equatorial Guinea", "name_alternative": "PPGE", "leaders": [ "Severo MOTO" ] }, { "name": "Union for the Center Right", "name_alternative": "UDC", "leaders": [ "Avelino MOCACHE MEAENGA" ] } ], "note": "in November 2014, the government hosted a National Dialogue process to engage with the political opposition; the opposition particiapated with limited attendance and engagement; on March 18, 2015, the CPDS, FDR, UP formed a coalition called the Front of Democratic Opposition or FOD" }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "ASODEGUE ", "note": "Madrid-based pressure group for democratic reform" }, { "name": "Coalicion CEIBA ", "note": "group formed by diverse, exiled political parties" }, { "name": "C.O.R.E.D. ", "note": "originally led by Raimundo Ela Nsang; based in Paris" }, { "name": "EG Justice ", "note": "US-based anti-corruption group" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AfDB" }, { "organization": "AU" }, { "organization": "BDEAC" }, { "organization": "CEMAC" }, { "organization": "CPLP ", "note": "associate" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "FZ" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WTO ", "note": "observer" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Miguel Ntutumu EVUNA ANDEME (since 23 February 2015)", "chancery": "2020 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009", "telephone": "[1] (202) 518-5700", "fax": "[1] (202) 518-5252", "consulates_general": "Houston" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Julie FURUTA-TOY (since January 2016)", "embassy": "Carretera Malabo II, Malabo, Guinea Ecuatorial", "mailing_address": "US Embassy Malabo, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-2520", "telephone": "[240] 333 09 57 41" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red, with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side and the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms has six yellow six-pointed stars (representing the mainland and five offshore islands) above a gray shield bearing a silk-cotton tree and below which is a scroll with the motto UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice); green symbolizes the jungle and natural resources, blue represents the sea that connects the mainland to the islands, white stands for peace, and red recalls the fight for independence" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "silk cotton tree" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "green" }, { "color": "white" }, { "color": "red" }, { "color": "blue" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Caminemos pisando la senda\" (Let Us Tread the Path)", "lyrics_music": "Atanasio Ndongo MIYONO/Atanasio Ndongo MIYONO or Ramiro Sanchez LOPEZ (disputed)", "note": "adopted 1968" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Exploitation of oil and gas deposits, beginning in the 1990s, has driven economic growth in Equatorial Guinea; a recent rebasing of GDP resulted in an upward revision of the size of the economy by approximately 30%. Forestry and farming are minor components of GDP. Although preindependence Equatorial Guinea counted on cocoa production for hard currency earnings, the neglect of the rural economy since independence has diminished the potential for agriculture-led growth. Subsistence farming is the dominant form of livelihood. Declining revenue from hydrocarbon production, high levels of infrastructure expenditures, lack of economic diversification, and corruption have pushed the economy into decline in recent years and limited improvements in the general population’s living conditions. Equatorial Guinea’s real GDP growth has been weak in recent years, averaging -0.5% per year from 2010-14, because of a declining hydrocarbon sector. Inflation remained very low in 2016, down from an average of 4% in 2014.\n\nForeign assistance programs by the World Bank and the IMF have been cut since 1993 because of corruption and mismanagement, and as a middle income country Equatorial Guinea is now ineligible for most low-income donor funding. The government has been widely criticized for its lack of transparency and misuse of oil revenues and has attempted to address this issue by working toward compliance with the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. US foreign assistance to Equatorial Guinea is limited in part because of US restrictions pursuant to the Trafficking Victims Protection Act.\n\nEquatorial Guinea hosted two economic diversification symposia in 2014 that focused on attracting investment in five sectors: agriculture and animal ranching, fishing, mining and petrochemicals, tourism, and financial services. Undeveloped mineral resources include gold, zinc, diamonds, columbite-tantalite, and other base metals.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 31770000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 35250000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 38080000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 128, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 11640000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -9.9, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -7.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": -0.5, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 222 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 38700, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 44100, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 48900, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 45, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 25.6, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 5.7, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 69.7, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.1, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 53.4, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -54.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 8.8, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 71.7, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 16.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 19.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 36.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 46.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 93 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "coffee", "cocoa", "rice", "yams", "cassava", "manioc", "tapioca", "bananas", "palm oil nuts", "livestock", "timber" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "petroleum", "natural gas", "sawmilling" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": -6.7, "global_rank": 199, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 195200, "global_rank": 172, "date": "2007" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8.6, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 22.3, "units": "%", "date": "2009" } ], "global_rank": 103 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 2436000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 2862000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 20.9, "global_rank": 147, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -3.7, "global_rank": 126, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 24.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 16.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 163 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 11.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 143 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8.5, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" }, { "value": 4.25, "units": "%", "date": "2009-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 36 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 14, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 48 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1445000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1888000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 140 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3788000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 3841000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 141 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1443000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1557000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 155 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -2008000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -1855000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 149 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5064000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 7410000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 106 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "petroleum products", "timber" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 17.2 }, { "name": "South Korea", "percent": 15.6 }, { "name": "Spain", "percent": 9.4 }, { "name": "Brazil", "percent": 8.5 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 7.1 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 6.2 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 6 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 5.9 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 4 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3030000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3953000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 140 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "petroleum sector equipment", "other equipment", "construction materials", "vehicles" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 17 }, { "name": "Spain", "percent": 16.5 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 15 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 9 }, { "name": "Cote dIvoire", "percent": 6 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 4.8 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 621900000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1205000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 139 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1364000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1194000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 160 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 605.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 591.45, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 591.45, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 494.42, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 510.53, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 300000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 66, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 93, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 48, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 98000000, "global_rank": 201, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 91140000, "global_rank": 202, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 136, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 146, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 200000, "global_rank": 162, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 22.6, "global_rank": 190, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 85, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 77.4, "global_rank": 18, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 172, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 250000, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 290100, "global_rank": 27, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 187, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 1100000000, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 137, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 5200, "global_rank": 175, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 179, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 5197, "global_rank": 165, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 6550000000, "global_rank": 47, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 1594000000, "global_rank": 83, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 4956000000, "global_rank": 32, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 190, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 36810000000, "global_rank": 66, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 3700000, "global_rank": 136, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 11334, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 2, "global_rank": 194, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 533000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 72, "global_rank": 170, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "digital fixed-line network in most major urban areas and decent mobile cellular coverage", "domestic": "fixed-line density is about 2 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has been increasing and in 2015 stood at about 70 percent of the population", "international": "country code - 240; international communications from Bata and Malabo to African and European countries; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "state maintains control of broadcast media with domestic broadcast media limited to 1 state-owned TV station, 1 private TV station owned by the president's eldest son, 1 state-owned radio station, and 1 private radio station owned by the president's eldest son; satellite TV service is available; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are accessible (2013)", "internet": { "country_code": ".gq", "users": { "total": 158000, "percent_of_population": 21.3, "global_rank": 167, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 6, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 15, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 400759, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 461650, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "3C", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 7, "global_rank": 166, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 6, "over_3047_metres": 1, "2438_to_3047_metres": 2, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "under_914_metres": 2, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 1, "2438_to_3047_metres": 1, "date": "2013" } } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "condensate", "length": 42, "units": "km" }, { "type": "condensate/gas", "length": 5, "units": "km" }, { "type": "gas", "length": 79, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 71, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 2880, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 168, "date": "2000" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 5, "by_type": [ { "type": "cargo", "count": 1 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 1 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 3 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 1, "by_country": [ { "country": "Norway", "count": 1 } ] }, "global_rank": 124, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Bata", "Luba", "Malabo" ], "liquid_natural_gas_terminals_export": [ "Bioko Island" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.78, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ] }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Equatorial Guinea Armed Forces (FAGE)", "Equatorial Guinea National Guard (Guardia Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial", "GNGE (Army)", "Navy", "Air Force" ], "date": "2013" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 years of age for selective compulsory military service, although conscription is rare in practice; 2-year service obligation; women hold only administrative positions in the Navy", "date": "2013" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "in 2002, ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement of Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of Guinea, but a dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River and imprecisely defined maritime coordinates in the ICJ decision delayed final delimitation", "UN urged Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to resolve the sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane and lesser islands and to create a maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay" ], "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "Equatorial Guinea is a source country for children subjected to sex trafficking and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor; Equatorial Guinean girls may be encouraged by their parents to engage in the sex trade in urban centers to receive groceries, gifts, housing, and money; children are also trafficked from nearby countries for work as domestic servants, market laborers, ambulant vendors, and launderers; women are trafficked to Equatorial Guinea from Cameroon, Benin, other neighboring countries, and China for forced labor or prostitution", "tier_rating": "Tier 3 – Equatorial Guinea does not fully comply with the minimum standards on the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, the government made no efforts to investigate or prosecute any suspected trafficking offenders or to identify or protect victims, despite its 2004 law prohibiting all forms of trafficking and mandating the provision of services to victims; undocumented migrants continued to be deported without being screened to assess whether any were trafficking victims; authorities did not undertake any trafficking awareness campaigns, implement any programs to address forced child labor, or make any other efforts to prevent trafficking (2015)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-17", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170617101231/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ek.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170617000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ek.html" } }, "eritrea": { "data": { "name": "Eritrea", "introduction": { "background": "After independence from Italian colonial control in 1941 and 10 years of British administrative control, the UN established Eritrea as an autonomous region within the Ethiopian federation in 1952. Ethiopia's full annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a violent 30-year struggle for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean rebels defeating government forces. Eritreans overwhelmingly approved independence in a 1993 referendum. ISAIAS Afworki has been Eritrea's only president since independence; his rule, particularly since 2001, has been highly autocratic and repressive. His government has created a highly militarized society by pursuing an unpopular program of mandatory conscription into national service, sometimes of indefinite length. A two-and-a-half-year border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN auspices in December 2000. A UN peacekeeping operation was established that monitored a 25 km-wide Temporary Security Zone. The Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC) created in April 2003 was tasked \"to delimit and demarcate the colonial treaty border based on pertinent colonial treaties (1900, 1902, and 1908) and applicable international law.\" The EEBC on 30 November 2007 remotely demarcated the border, assigning the town of Badme to Eritrea, despite Ethiopia's maintaining forces there from the time of the 1998-2000 war. Eritrea insisted that the UN terminate its peacekeeping mission on 31 July 2008. Eritrea has accepted the EEBC's \"virtual demarcation\" decision and repeatedly called on Ethiopia to remove its troops. Ethiopia has not accepted the demarcation decision, and neither party has entered into meaningful dialogue to resolve the impasse. Eritrea is subject to several UN Security Council Resolutions (initially in 2009 and renewed annually) imposing an arms embargo and a travel ban and assets freeze on certain individuals, in view of evidence that it has supported armed opposition groups in the region." }, "geography": { "location": "Eastern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Djibouti and Sudan", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 15, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 39, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Africa", "area": { "total": { "value": 117600, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 101000, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 16600, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 101, "comparative": "slightly larger than Pennsylvania" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 1840, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Djibouti", "border_length": { "value": 125, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Ethiopia", "border_length": { "value": 1033, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Sudan", "border_length": { "value": 682, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 2234, "units": "km", "note": "mainland on Red Sea 1,151 km, islands in Red Sea 1,083 km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands", "terrain": "dominated by extension of Ethiopian north-south trending highlands, descending on the east to a coastal desert plain, on the northwest to hilly terrain and on the southwest to flat-to-rolling plains", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 853, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "near Kulul within the Danakil Depression", "elevation": { "value": -75, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Soira", "elevation": { "value": 3018, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "gold", "potash", "zinc", "copper", "salt", "possibly oil", "natural gas", "fish" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 75.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 6.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 68.3, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 15.1, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 9.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 210, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "frequent droughts, rare earthquakes and volcanoes", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "locust swarms", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "Dubbi (elev. 1,625 m), which last erupted in 1861, was the country's only historically active volcano until Nabro (2,218 m) came to life on 12 June 2011", "type": "volcanism" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "deforestation", "desertification", "soil erosion", "overgrazing", "loss of infrastructure from civil warfare" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Ozone Layer Protection" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest shipping lanes; Eritrea retained the entire coastline of Ethiopia along the Red Sea upon de jure independence from Ethiopia on 24 May 1993" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 5869869, "global_rank": 113, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Eritrean(s)", "adjective": "Eritrean" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "nine recognized ethnic groups: Tigrinya", "percent": 55 }, { "name": "Tigre", "percent": 30 }, { "name": "Saho", "percent": 4 }, { "name": "Kunama", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "Rashaida", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "Bilen", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 5, "note": "Afar, Beni Amir, Nera" } ], "date": "2010" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Tigrinya", "note": "official" }, { "name": "Arabic", "note": "official" }, { "name": "English", "note": "official" }, { "name": "Tigre" }, { "name": "Kunama" }, { "name": "Afar" }, { "name": "other Cushitic languages" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Muslim" }, { "name": "Coptic Christian" }, { "name": "Roman Catholic" }, { "name": "Protestant" } ] }, "demographic_profile": "Eritrea is a persistently poor country that has made progress in some socioeconomic categories but not in others. Education and human capital formation are national priorities for facilitating economic development and eradicating poverty. To this end, Eritrea has made great strides in improving adult literacy – doubling the literacy rate over the last 20 years – in large part because of its successful adult education programs. The overall literacy rate was estimated to be almost 74% in 2015; more work needs to be done to raise female literacy and school attendance among nomadic and rural communities. Subsistence farming fails to meet the needs of Eritrea’s growing population because of repeated droughts, dwindling arable land, overgrazing, soil erosion, and a shortage of farmers due to conscription and displacement. The government’s emphasis on spending on defense over agriculture and its lack of foreign exchange to import food also contribute to food insecurity.\nEritrea has been a leading refugee source country since at least the 1960s, when its 30-year war for independence from Ethiopia began. Since gaining independence in 1993, Eritreans have continued migrating to Sudan, Ethiopia, Yemen, Egypt, or Israel because of a lack of basic human rights or political freedom, educational and job opportunities, or to seek asylum because of militarization. Eritrea’s large diaspora has been a source of vital remittances, funding its war for independence and providing 30% of the country’s GDP annually since it became independent.\nIn the last few years, Eritreans have increasingly been trafficked and held hostage by Bedouins in the Sinai Desert, where they are victims of organ harvesting, rape, extortion, and torture. Some Eritrean trafficking victims are kidnapped after being smuggled to Sudan or Ethiopia, while others are kidnapped from within or around refugee camps or crossing Eritrea’s borders. Eritreans composed approximately 90% of the conservatively estimated 25,000-30,000 victims of Sinai trafficking from 2009-2013, according to a 2013 consultancy firm report.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 40.66, "males": 1199355, "females": 1187467 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 19.39, "males": 566199, "females": 571743 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 32.33, "males": 933825, "females": 963812 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 3.73, "males": 93325, "females": 125411 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 3.9, "males": 97248, "females": 131484 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 83.2, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 78.4, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 4.8, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 20.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 19.4, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 19, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 19.9, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 200, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.81, "global_rank": 136, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 30.1, "global_rank": 40, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 7.3, "global_rank": 119, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -14.7, "global_rank": 219, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 22.6, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 5.11, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Asmara", "population": 804000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.97, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.74, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.75, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.97, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 21.3, "date": "2010" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 501, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 45.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 52.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 38.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 64.9, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 62.4, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 67.5, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 180, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 4.07, "global_rank": 35, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 8.4, "units": "%", "date": "2010" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 3.3, "global_rank": 184, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 0.7, "date": "2011" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 73.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 53.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 57.8, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 26.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 46.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 42.2, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 44.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 7.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 15.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 55.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 92.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 84.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.61, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 14100, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 500, "global_rank": 78, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "malaria", "dengue fever" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 3.4, "global_rank": 188, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 38.8, "global_rank": 7, "date": "2010" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 73.8, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 82.4, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 65.5, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 5, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 6, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 5, "units": "years" }, "date": "2014" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "State of Eritrea", "conventional_short_form": "Eritrea", "local_long_form": "Hagere Ertra", "local_short_form": "Ertra", "former": "Eritrea Autonomous Region in Ethiopia", "etymology": "the country name derives from the ancient Greek appellation \"Erythra Thalassa\" meaning Red Sea, which is the major water body bordering the country" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Asmara (Asmera)", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 15, "minutes": 20, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 38, "minutes": 56, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 3, "note": "8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "date": "1993-05-24", "note": "from Ethiopia" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "24 May", "original_year": "1991" } ], "constitution": { "history": "adopted 23 May 1997 (not fully implemented)", "note": "drafting of a new constitution, which began in 2014, continued into 2016 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "mixed legal system of civil, customary, and Islamic religious law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "non-party state to the ICCt" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Eritrea", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "20 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President ISAIAS Afworki (since 8 June 1993); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government and is head of the State Council and National Assembly", "head_of_government": "President ISAIAS Afworki (since 8 June 1993)", "cabinet": "State Council appointed by the president", "elections_appointments": "president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); the only election was held on 8 June 1993, following independence from Ethiopia (next election postponed indefinitely)", "election_results": "ISAIAS Afworki elected president by the transitional National Assembly; percent of National Assembly vote - ISAIAS Afworki (PFDJ) 95%, other 5%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral National Assembly or Hagerawi Baito (150 seats; 75 members indirectly elected by the ruling party and 75 directly elected by simple majority vote; members serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "in May 1997, following the adoption of the new constitution, 75 members of the PFDJ Central Committee (the old Central Committee of the EPLF), 60 members of the 527-member Constituent Assembly, which had been established in 1997 to discuss and ratify the new constitution, and 15 representatives of Eritreans living abroad were formed into a Transitional National Assembly to serve as the country's legislative body until countrywide elections to form a National Assembly were held; although only 75 of 150 members of the Transitional National Assembly were elected, the constitution stipulates that once past the transition stage, all members of the National Assembly will be elected by secret ballot of all eligible voters; National Assembly elections scheduled for December 2001 were postponed indefinitely due to the war with Ethiopia" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "High Court (consists of 20 judges and organized into civil, commercial, criminal, labor, administrative, and customary sections)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "High Court judges appointed by the president", "subordinate_courts": "regional/zonal courts; community courts; special courts; sharia courts (for issues dealing with Muslim marriage, inheritance, and family); military courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "People's Front for Democracy and Justice", "name_alternative": "PFDJ", "leaders": [ "ISAIAS Afworki" ], "note": "the only party recognized by the government" } ], "note": "a National Assembly committee drafted a law on political parties in January 2001, but the full National Assembly never debated or voted on it" }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Democratic Movement for the Liberation of Eritrean Kunama", "name_alternative": "DMLEK" }, { "name": "Eritrean Democratic Alliance", "name_alternative": "EDA" }, { "name": "Eritrean Islamic Party for Justice and Development", "name_alternative": "EIPJD , Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement , Eritrean Islamic Salvation, the Eritrean Islamic Foundation", "note": "includes the Eritrean Islamic Jihad (EIJ; EIJM; " }, { "name": "Eritrean National Congress for Democratic Change", "name_alternative": "ENCDC" }, { "name": "Eritrean National Salvation Front", "name_alternative": "ENSF" }, { "name": "Eritrean People's Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "EPDP" }, { "name": "Red Sea Afar Democratic Organization", "name_alternative": "RSADO" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AfDB" }, { "organization": "AU" }, { "organization": "COMESA" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "ISO ", "note": "correspondent" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "LAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires BERHANE Gebrehiwet Solomon (since 15 March 2011)", "chancery": "1708 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009", "telephone": "[1] (202) 319-1991", "fax": "[1] (202) 319-1304" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Natalie E. BROWN (since September 2016)", "embassy": "179 Ala Street, Asmara", "mailing_address": "P.O. Box 211, Asmara", "telephone": "[291] (1) 120004", "fax": "[291] (1) 127584" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing the flag into two right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the lower one is blue; a gold wreath encircling a gold olive branch is centered on the hoist side of the red triangle; green stands for the country's agriculture economy, red signifies the blood shed in the fight for freedom, and blue symbolizes the bounty of the sea; the wreath-olive branch symbol is similar to that on the first flag of Eritrea from 1952; the shape of the red triangle broadly mimics the shape of the country", "note": "one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, and Vanuatu" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "camel" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "green" }, { "color": "red" }, { "color": "blue" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Ertra, Ertra, Ertra\" (Eritrea, Eritrea, Eritrea)", "lyrics_music": "SOLOMON Tsehaye Beraki/Isaac Abraham MEHAREZGI and ARON Tekle Tesfatsion", "note": "adopted 1993; upon independence from Ethiopia", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/ER.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Since formal independence from Ethiopia in 1993, Eritrea has faced many economic problems, including lack of financial resources and chronic drought, which have been exacerbated by restrictive economic policies. Eritrea has a command economy under the control of the sole political party, the People's Front for Democracy and Justice. Like the economies of many African nations, a large share of the population - nearly 80% in Eritrea - is engaged in subsistence agriculture, but the sector only produces a small share of the country's total output.\n\nSince the conclusion of the Ethiopia-Eritrea war in 2000, the government has expanded use of military and party-owned businesses to complete President ISAIAS's development agenda. The government has strictly controlled the use of foreign currency by limiting access and availability; new regulations in 2013 aimed at relaxing currency controls have had little economic effect. Few large private enterprises exist in Eritrea and most operate in conjunction with government partners, including a number of large international mining ventures, which began production in 2013. In late 2015, the government of Eritrea introduced a new currency, retaining the name Nakfa, and restricted the amount of hard currency individuals could withdraw from banks per month. The changeover has resulted in exchange fluctuations and the scarcity of hard currency available in the market.\n\nWhile reliable statistics on Eritrea are difficult to obtain, erratic rainfall and the percentage of the labor force tied up in national service continue to interfere with agricultural production and economic development. Eritrea's harvests generally cannot meet the food needs of the country without supplemental grain purchases. Copper, potash, and gold production are likely to continue to drive economic growth and government revenue over the next few years, but military spending will continue to compete with development and investment plans.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9169000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 8845000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 8442000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 159, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 5352000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.7, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 5, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 65 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1300, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1300, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1300, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 221, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 80.6, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 23.4, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 9, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.1, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 9.7, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -22.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 12.1, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 29.5, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 58.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 172 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "sorghum", "lentils", "vegetables", "corn", "cotton", "tobacco", "sisal", "livestock", "goats", "fish" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "food processing", "beverages", "clothing", "textiles", "light manufacturing", "salt", "cement" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 12.2, "global_rank": 5, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 2620000, "global_rank": 113, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 80, "units": "%" }, "industry_and_services": { "value": 20, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2004" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8.6, "units": "%", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 10, "units": "%", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 104 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 50, "units": "%", "date": "2004" }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 1580000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 2165000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 29.5, "global_rank": 79, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -10.9, "global_rank": 204, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 119.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 121.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 8 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 9.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 207 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2709000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2386000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 120 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6058000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 5259000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 125 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5371000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 4774000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 120 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -3000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -102000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 62 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 485200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 415300000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 173 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "gold", "other minerals", "livestock", "sorghum", "textiles", "food", "small industry manufactures" ] } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1022000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1024000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 179 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "petroleum products", "food", "manufactured goods" ] } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 213100000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 209500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 160 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 820200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 831200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 170 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 15.38, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 15.375, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 15.375, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 15.375, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 15.375, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "nakfa (ERN) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 4300000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 32, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 86, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 17, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 300000000, "global_rank": 179, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 300000000, "global_rank": 177, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 137, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 147, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 100000, "global_rank": 173, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 98.7, "global_rank": 51, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 87, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 171, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 1.3, "global_rank": 94, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 129, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 120, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 189, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 139, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 3500, "global_rank": 183, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 180, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 3539, "global_rank": 175, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 181, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 140, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 191, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 135, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 800000, "global_rank": 169, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 66000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 1, "global_rank": 154, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 475000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 7, "global_rank": 172, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "woefully inadequate service provided by state-owned telecom monopoly; most fixed-line telephones are in Asmara; cell phone use only slowly increasing throughout the country; no data service", "domestic": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular subscribership is less than 10 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 291 (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "government controls broadcast media with private ownership prohibited; 1 state-owned TV station; state-owned radio operates 2 networks; purchases of satellite dishes and subscriptions to international broadcast media are permitted (2007)", "internet": { "country_code": ".er", "users": { "total": 71000, "percent_of_population": 1.1, "global_rank": 180, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 1, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 1, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "E3", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 13, "global_rank": 151, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 4, "over_3047_metres": 2, "2438_to_3047_metres": 2, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 9, "over_3047_metres": 1, "2438_to_3047_metres": 1, "1524_to_2437_metres": 5, "914_to_1523_metres": 2, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 306, "units": "km" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 306, "units": "km", "gauge": "0.950-m" }, "global_rank": 122, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 4010, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 874, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 3136, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 158, "date": "2000" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 4, "by_type": [ { "type": "cargo", "count": 2 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 1 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 1 } ], "global_rank": 129, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Assab", "Massawa" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "Eritrean Armed Forces", "Eritrean Ground Forces", "Eritrean Navy", "Eritrean Air Force (includes Air Defense Force)" ], "date": "2011" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18-40 years of age for male and female voluntary and compulsory military service; 16-month conscript service obligation", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002 Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but neither party responded to the revised line detailed in the November 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement", "Sudan accuses Eritrea of supporting eastern Sudanese rebel groups", "in 2008, Eritrean troops moved across the border on Ras Doumera peninsula and occupied Doumera Island with undefined sovereignty in the Red Sea" ], "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "Eritrea is a source country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of forced labor domestically and, to a lesser extent, sex and labor trafficking abroad; the country’s national service program is often abused, with conscripts detained indefinitely and subjected to forced labor; Eritrean migrants, often fleeing national service, face strict exit control procedures and limited access to passports and visas, making them vulnerable to trafficking; Eritrean secondary school children are required to take part in public works projects during their summer breaks and must attend military and educational camp in their final year to obtain a high school graduation certificate and to gain access to higher education and some jobs; some Eritreans living in or near refugee camps, particularly in Sudan, are kidnapped by criminal groups and held for ransom in the Sinai Peninsula and Libya, where they are subjected to forced labor and abuse", "tier_rating": "Tier 3 – Eritrea does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government failed to investigate or prosecute any trafficking offenses or to identify or protect any victims; while the government continued to warn citizens of the dangers of human trafficking through awareness-raising events and poster campaigns, authorities lacked an understanding of the crime, conflating trafficking with transnational migration; Eritrea is not a party to the 2000 UN TIP Protocol (2015)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-17", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170617101232/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/er.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170617000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/er.html" } }, "estonia": { "data": { "name": "Estonia", "introduction": { "background": "After centuries of Danish, Swedish, German, and Russian rule, Estonia attained independence in 1918. Forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1940 - an action never recognized by the US - it regained its freedom in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since the last Russian troops left in 1994, Estonia has been free to promote economic and political ties with the West. It joined both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004, formally joined the OECD in late 2010, and adopted the euro as its official currency on 1 January 2011." }, "geography": { "location": "Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 59, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 26, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Europe", "area": { "total": { "value": 45228, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 42388, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 2840, "units": "sq km" }, "note": "includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea", "global_rank": 133, "comparative": "about twice the size of New Jersey" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 657, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Latvia", "border_length": { "value": 333, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Russia", "border_length": { "value": 324, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 3794, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": "limits as agreed to by Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Sweden, and Russia" }, "climate": "maritime; wet, moderate winters, cool summers", "terrain": "marshy, lowlands; flat in the north, hilly in the south", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 61, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Baltic Sea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Suur Munamagi", "elevation": { "value": 318, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "oil shale", "peat", "rare earth elements", "phosphorite", "clay", "limestone", "sand", "dolomite", "arable land", "sea mud" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 22.2, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 14.9, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 7.2, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 52.1, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 25.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 40, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "sometimes flooding occurs in the spring", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "air polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning power plants in northeast", "however", "the amounts of pollutants emitted to the air have fallen dramatically", "the pollution load of wastewater at purification plants has decreased substantially", "Estonia has more than 1", "400 natural and manmade lakes", "the smaller of which in agricultural areas need to be monitored", "coastal seawater is polluted in certain locations" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Air Pollution", "Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides", "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants", "Air Pollution-Sulfur 85", "Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds", "Antarctic Treaty", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "the mainland terrain is flat, boggy, and partly wooded; offshore lie more than 1,500 islands" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 1258545, "global_rank": 159, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Estonian(s)", "adjective": "Estonian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Estonian", "percent": 68.7 }, { "name": "Russian", "percent": 24.8 }, { "name": "Ukrainian", "percent": 1.7 }, { "name": "Belarusian", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "Finn", "percent": 0.6 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.6 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 1.6 } ], "date": "2011" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Estonian", "percent": 68.5, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Russian", "percent": 29.6 }, { "name": "Ukrainian", "percent": 0.6 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.1 } ], "date": "2011" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Lutheran", "percent": 9.9 }, { "name": "Orthodox", "percent": 16.2 }, { "name": "other Christian", "percent": 2.2, "note": "including Methodist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal" }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.9 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 54.1 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 16.7 } ], "date": "2011" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 16.12, "males": 104011, "females": 98809 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 9.3, "males": 60714, "females": 56291 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 41.64, "males": 263762, "females": 260334 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 13.47, "males": 76063, "females": 93479 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 19.47, "males": 82968, "females": 162114 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 53.5, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 24.7, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 28.8, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 3.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 42.4, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 39, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 45.8, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 23, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": -0.54, "global_rank": 228, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 10.3, "global_rank": 191, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 12.5, "global_rank": 21, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -3.2, "global_rank": 181, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 67.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": -0.45, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Tallinn", "population": 391000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.08, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.81, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.51, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.88, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 26.5, "date": "2013" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 9, "global_rank": 184, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 3.8, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 3.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 3.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 197, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 76.7, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 71.9, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 81.7, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 85, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.6, "global_rank": 184, "date": "2016" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 6.4, "global_rank": 113, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 3.32, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 5.3, "date": "2011" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 99, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 99.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 97.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 96.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 97.2, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 2.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 3.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 2.8, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 1.3, "global_rank": 37, "date": "2013" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 8600, "global_rank": 99, "date": "2013" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "intermediate", "vectorborne_diseases": [ "tickborne encephalitis" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 24.5, "global_rank": 95, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.8, "global_rank": 52, "date": "2013" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 99.8, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 99.8, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 99.8, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 16, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 16, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 17, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 15, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 19.3, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 10, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 53, "date": "2014" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Estonia", "conventional_short_form": "Estonia", "local_long_form": "Eesti Vabariik", "local_short_form": "Eesti", "former": "Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic", "etymology": "the country name may be derived from the Aesti, an ancient people who lived along the eastern Baltic Sea in the first centuries A.D." }, "government_type": "parliamentary republic", "capital": { "name": "Tallinn", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 59, "minutes": 26, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 24, "minutes": 43, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 2, "note": "7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, "independence": { "date": "1991-08-20", "note": "declared; 6 September 1991 (recognized by the Soviet Union)" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "24 February", "original_year": "1918", "note": "24 February 1918 was the date Estonia declared its independence from Soviet Russia and established its statehood" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest adopted 28 June 1992", "amendments": "proposed by at least one-fifth of Parliament members or by the president of the republic; passage requires three readings of the proposed amendment and a simple majority vote in two successive memberships of Parliament; passage of amendments to the “General Provisions” and “Amendment of the Constitution” chapters requires at least three-fifths majority vote by Parliament to conduct a referendum and majority vote in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2015 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Estonia", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "5 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false, "note": "18 years of age; universal for all Estonian citizens" }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Kersti KALJULAID (since 10 October 2016)", "head_of_government": "Juri RATAS (since 23 November 2016)", "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the prime minister, approved by Parliament", "elections_appointments": "president indirectly elected by Parliament for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); if a candidate does not secure two-thirds of the votes after 3 rounds of balloting, then an electoral college consisting of Parliament members and local council members elects the president, choosing between the 2 candidates with the highest number of votes; election last held on 29-30 August 2016 but three rounds were inconclusive; two electoral college votes on 24 September 2016 were also indecisive, so the election passed back to Parliament; on 3 October the Parliament elected Kersti KALJULAID as president; prime minister nominated by the president and approved by Parliament", "election_results": "Kersti KALJULAID elected president; Parliament vote - Kersti KALJULAID (independent) 81 of 98 votes; note - KALJULAID is Estonia's first female president" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Parliament or Riigikogu (101 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 1 March 2015 (next to be held in March 2019)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - RE 27.7%, K 24.8%, SDE 15.2%, IRL 13.7%, EV 8.7%, EKRE 8.1%, other 1.8%; seats by party - RE 30, K 27, SDE 15, IRL 14, EV 8, EKRE 7" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of 19 justices including the chief justice and organized into civil, criminal, administrative, and constitutional review chambers)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "the chief justice is proposed by the president of the republic and appointed by the Riigikogu; other justices proposed by the chief justice and appointed by the Riigikogu; justices appointed for life", "subordinate_courts": "circuit (appellate) courts; administrative, county, city, and specialized courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Center Party of Estonia", "name_alternative": "K", "leaders": [ "Juri RATAS" ], "note": "Keskerakond" }, { "name": "Estonian Conservative People's Party", "name_alternative": "EKRE", "leaders": [ "Mart HELME" ], "note": "Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond" }, { "name": "Estonian Reform Party", "name_alternative": "RE", "leaders": [ "Hanno PEVKUR" ], "note": "Reformierakond" }, { "name": "Free Party", "name_alternative": "EV", "leaders": [ "Andres HERKEL" ] }, { "name": "Social Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "SDE", "leaders": [ "Jevgeni OSSINOVSKI" ] }, { "name": "Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica", "name_alternative": "IRL", "leaders": [ "Margus TSAHKNA" ], "note": "Isamaa je Res Publica Liit" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "Australia Group" }, { "organization": "BA" }, { "organization": "BIS" }, { "organization": "CBSS" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CE" }, { "organization": "EAPC" }, { "organization": "EBRD" }, { "organization": "ECB" }, { "organization": "EIB" }, { "organization": "EMU" }, { "organization": "ESA ", "note": "cooperating state" }, { "organization": "EU" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IEA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINUSMA" }, { "organization": "NATO" }, { "organization": "NIB" }, { "organization": "NSG" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OECD" }, { "organization": "OIF ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OSCE" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "Schengen Convention" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNTSO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Eerik MARMEI (since 18 September 2014)", "chancery": "2131 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 588-0101", "fax": "[1] (202) 588-0108", "consulates_general": "New York" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador James D. MELVILLE Jr. (since 8 December 2015)", "embassy": "Kentmanni 20, 15099 Tallinn", "mailing_address": "use embassy street address", "telephone": "[372] 668-8100", "fax": "[372] 668-8265" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white; various interpretations are linked to the flag colors; blue represents faith, loyalty, and devotion, while also reminiscent of the sky, sea, and lakes of the country; black symbolizes the soil of the country and the dark past and suffering endured by the Estonian people; white refers to the striving towards enlightenment and virtue, and is the color of birch bark and snow, as well as summer nights illuminated by the midnight sun" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "barn swallow" }, { "symbol": "cornflower" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "blue" }, { "color": "black" }, { "color": "white" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Mu isamaa, mu onn ja room\" (My Native Land, My Pride and Joy)", "lyrics_music": "Johann Voldemar JANNSEN/Fredrik PACIUS", "note": "adopted 1920, though banned between 1940 and 1990 under Soviet occupation; the anthem, used in Estonia since 1869, shares the same melody as Finland's but has different lyrics", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/EN.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Estonia, a member of the EU since 2004 and the euro zone since 2011, has a modern market-based economy and one of the higher per capita income levels in Central Europe and the Baltic region, but its economy is highly dependent on trade, leaving it vulnerable to external shocks. Estonia's successive governments have pursued a free market, pro-business economic agenda, and sound fiscal policies that have resulted in balanced budgets and low public debt.\n\nThe economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications sectors and strong trade ties with Finland, Sweden, Germany, and Russia. After two years of robust recovery in 2011 and 2012, the Estonian economy faltered in 2013 with only 1.6% GDP growth, mainly due to continuing recession in much of the EU. GDP growth in 2014 picked up to 2.9% but dropped below 2% in 2015-16 due to lower demand in key Scandinavian and Russian export markets. In 2016 the government implemented modest increases in fiscal spending, which may contribute to GDP growth in 2017.\n\nEstonia is challenged by a shortage of labor, both skilled and unskilled, although the government has amended its immigration law to allow easier hiring of highly qualified foreign workers.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 38930000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 38280000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 37720000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 116, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 23480000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.7, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2.7, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 160 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 29500, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 29000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 28700, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 64, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 51.2, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 20.9, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 24.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": -1, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 79.2, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -74.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 3.5, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 28.1, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 68.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 24.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 26.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 27.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 55 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "grain", "potatoes", "vegetables", "livestock", "dairy products", "fish" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "food", "engineering", "electronics", "wood", "wood products", "textiles", "information technology", "telecommunications" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 3.2, "global_rank": 76, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 651200, "global_rank": 154, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 3.1, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 20.2, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 76.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 79 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 21.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2.3, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 25.6, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 34.8, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 35.6, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 96 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 9559000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 9489000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 40.7, "global_rank": 37, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": 0.3, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 10.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 184, "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -0.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 48 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 0.05, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 150 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 4.48, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 143 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12850000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 10960000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 76, "note": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders" }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14710000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 14050000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 98 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 21290000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 19880000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 85 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6760000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 6799000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 7127000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 80 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 613000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 496000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 46 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 13240000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 12240000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 78 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "electrical equipment", "food products", "beverages", "mineral fuels", "wood", "wood products", "articles of base metals", "furniture", "bedding", "vehicles", "parts", "chemicals" ], "date": "2016" }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Sweden", "percent": 18.8 }, { "name": "Finland", "percent": 16 }, { "name": "Latvia", "percent": 10.4 }, { "name": "Russia", "percent": 6.7 }, { "name": "Lithuania", "percent": 5.9 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 5.2 }, { "name": "Norway", "percent": 4.1 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 15000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 13190000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 88 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "electrical equipment 28", "mineral fuels", "food", "food products", "vehicles", "chemical products", "metals" ], "date": "2015" }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Finland", "percent": 14.5 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 11 }, { "name": "Lithuania", "percent": 9 }, { "name": "Sweden", "percent": 8.5 }, { "name": "Latvia", "percent": 8.3 }, { "name": "Poland", "percent": 7.4 }, { "name": "Russia", "percent": 6.1 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 5.5 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 4.8 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 475500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 414800000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 150 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 19050000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 18300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 92 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 22860000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 22020000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 74 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9414000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 9164000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 61 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.8985, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.9012, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.9012, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0.7525, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" } ], "note": "kroon (EEK) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 10420000000, "global_rank": 94, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 7440000000, "global_rank": 101, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "kWh": 6377000000, "global_rank": 28, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "kWh": 5452000000, "global_rank": 47, "date": "2015" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 2818000, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2015" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 84.4, "global_rank": 84, "date": "2015" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2014" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 151, "date": "2015" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 15.6, "global_rank": 29, "date": "2015" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 15190, "global_rank": 60, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 188, "date": "2015" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 129, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 138, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 27710, "global_rank": 123, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 6954, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 32610, "global_rank": 98, "date": "2015" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 180, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 471000000, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 95, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 471000000, "global_rank": 65, "date": "2015" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 134, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 5800000, "global_rank": 123, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 387607, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 31, "global_rank": 103, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 1904000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 150, "global_rank": 150, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "foreign investment in the form of joint business ventures greatly improved telephone service with a wide range of high-quality voice, data, and Internet services available", "domestic": "substantial fiber-optic cable systems carry telephone, TV, and radio traffic in the digital mode; Internet services are widely available; schools and libraries are connected to the Internet, a large percentage of the population files income tax returns online, and online voting - in local and parliamentary elections - has climbed steadily since first introduced in 2005; 85% of Estonian households have broadband access", "international": "country code - 372; fiber-optic cables to Finland, Sweden, Latvia, and Russia provide worldwide packet-switched service; 2 international switches are located in Tallinn (2016)" } }, "broadcast_media": "the publicly owned broadcaster, Eesti Rahvusringhaaling (ERR), operates 3 TV channels and 5 radio networks; growing number of private commercial radio stations broadcasting nationally, regionally, and locally; fully transitioned to digital television in 2010; national private TV channels expanding service; a range of channels are aimed at Russian-speaking viewers; in 2016, there were 42 on-demand services available in Estonia, including 19 pay TVOD and SVOD services; roughly 85% of households accessed digital television services (2016)", "internet": { "country_code": ".ee", "users": { "total": 1119000, "percent_of_population": 88.4, "global_rank": 122, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 3, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 14, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 512388, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 870362, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "ES", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 18, "global_rank": 141, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 13, "over_3047_metres": 2, "2438_to_3047_metres": 8, "1524_to_2437_metres": 2, "914_to_1523_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 5, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 1, "under_914_metres": 3, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 1, "date": "2012" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 2360, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2016" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 2146, "units": "km" }, "broad_gauge": { "length": 2146, "electrified": 132, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.520-m" }, "note": "includes 1,510 km public and 636 km non-public railway", "global_rank": 86, "date": "2016" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 58412, "units": "km", "note": "includes urban roads" }, "paved": { "value": 10427, "units": "km", "note": "includes 115 km of expressways" }, "unpaved": { "value": 47985, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 73, "date": "2011" }, "waterways": { "value": 335, "units": "km", "note": "320 km are navigable year round", "global_rank": 90, "date": "2011" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 109, "by_type": [ { "type": "cargo", "count": 15 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 18 }, { "type": "fishing vessels", "count": 41 }, { "type": "technical and support vessels", "count": 35 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 3, "by_country": [ { "country": "Germany", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Norway", "count": 2 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 63 }, "global_rank": 89, "date": "2016" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Kuivastu", "Kunda", "Muuga", "Parnu Reid", "Sillamae", "Tallinn" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.16, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.07, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.94, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.89, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 39 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Estonian Defense Forces (Eesti Kaitsevagi)", "Ground Forces (Maavagi)", "Navy (Merevagi)", "Air Force (Ohuvagi)", "Reserves (Kaitseliit)" ], "date": "2016" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18-27 for compulsory military or governmental service, conscript service requirement 8-11 months depending on education; NCOs, reserve officers, and specialists serve 11 months", "date": "2016" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Russia and Estonia in May 2005 signed a technical border agreement, but Russia in June 2005 recalled its signature after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu", "Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text", "Russia demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia", "as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Estonia implements strict Schengen border rules with Russia" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "stateless_persons": { "people": 82585, "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "growing producer of synthetic drugs; increasingly important transshipment zone for cannabis, cocaine, opiates, and synthetic drugs since joining the European Union and the Schengen Accord; potential money laundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking is a concern, as is possible use of the gambling sector to launder funds; major use of opiates and ecstasy" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701100026/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/en.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/en.html" } }, "ethiopia": { "data": { "name": "Ethiopia", "introduction": { "background": "Unique among African countries, the ancient Ethiopian monarchy maintained its freedom from colonial rule with the exception of a short-lived Italian occupation from 1936-41. In 1974, a military junta, the Derg, deposed Emperor Haile SELASSIE (who had ruled since 1930) and established a socialist state. Torn by bloody coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and massive refugee problems, the regime was finally toppled in 1991 by a coalition of rebel forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front. A constitution was adopted in 1994, and Ethiopia's first multiparty elections were held in 1995. A border war with Eritrea in the late 1990s ended with a peace treaty in December 2000. In November 2007, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Border Commission (EEBC) issued specific coordinates as virtually demarcating the border and pronounced its work finished. Alleging that the EEBC acted beyond its mandate in issuing the coordinates, Ethiopia has not accepted them and has not withdrawn troops from previously contested areas pronounced by the EEBC as belonging to Eritrea. In August 2012, longtime leader Prime Minister MELES Zenawi died in office and was replaced by his Deputy Prime Minister HAILEMARIAM Desalegn, marking the first peaceful transition of power in decades." }, "geography": { "location": "Eastern Africa, west of Somalia", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 8, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 38, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Africa", "area": { "total": { "value": 1104300, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 1000000, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 104300, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 27, "comparative": "slightly less than twice the size of Texas" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 5925, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Djibouti", "border_length": { "value": 342, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Eritrea", "border_length": { "value": 1033, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Kenya", "border_length": { "value": 867, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Somalia", "border_length": { "value": 1640, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "South Sudan", "border_length": { "value": 1299, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Sudan", "border_length": { "value": 744, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 0, "units": "km", "note": "landlocked" }, "climate": "tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation", "terrain": "high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 1330, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Danakil Depression", "elevation": { "value": -125, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Ras Dejen", "elevation": { "value": 4533, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "small reserves of gold", "platinum", "copper", "potash", "natural gas", "hydropower" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 36.3, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 15.2, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 1.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 20, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 12.2, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 51.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 2900, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "frequent droughts", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "volcanic activity in the Great Rift Valley; Erta Ale (elev. 613 m), which has caused frequent lava flows in recent years, is the country's most active volcano; Dabbahu became active in 2005, forcing evacuations; other historically active volcanoes include Alayta, Dalaffilla, Dallol, Dama Ali, Fentale, Kone, Manda Hararo, and Manda-Inakir", "type": "volcanism" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "deforestation", "overgrazing", "soil erosion", "desertification", "water shortages in some areas from water-intensive farming and poor management" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Ozone Layer Protection" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [ "Environmental Modification", "Law of the Sea" ] } }, "note": "landlocked - entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure independence of Eritrea on 24 May 1993; Ethiopia is, therefore, the most populous landlocked country in the world; the Blue Nile, the chief headstream of the Nile by water volume, rises in T'ana Hayk (Lake Tana) in northwest Ethiopia; three major crops are believed to have originated in Ethiopia: coffee, grain sorghum, and castor bean" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 102374044, "global_rank": 14, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Ethiopian(s)", "adjective": "Ethiopian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Oromo", "percent": 34.4 }, { "name": "Amhara", "percent": 27, "note": "Amara" }, { "name": "Somali", "percent": 6.2, "note": "Somalie" }, { "name": "Tigray", "percent": 6.1, "note": "Tigrinya" }, { "name": "Sidama", "percent": 4 }, { "name": "Gurage", "percent": 2.5 }, { "name": "Welaita", "percent": 2.3 }, { "name": "Hadiya", "percent": 1.7 }, { "name": "Afar", "percent": 1.7, "note": "Affar" }, { "name": "Gamo", "percent": 1.5 }, { "name": "Gedeo", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "Silte", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "Kefficho", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 8.8 } ], "date": "2007" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Oromo", "percent": 33.8, "note": "official working language in the State of Oromiya" }, { "name": "Amharic", "percent": 29.3, "note": "official national language" }, { "name": "Somali", "percent": 6.2, "note": "official working language of the State of Sumale" }, { "name": "Tigrigna", "percent": 5.9, "note": "Tigrinya; official working language of the State of Tigray" }, { "name": "Sidamo", "percent": 4 }, { "name": "Wolaytta", "percent": 2.2 }, { "name": "Gurage", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "Afar", "percent": 1.7, "note": "official working language of the State of Afar" }, { "name": "Hadiyya", "percent": 1.7 }, { "name": "Gamo", "percent": 1.5 }, { "name": "Gedeo", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "Opuuo", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "Kafa", "percent": 1.1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 8.1 }, { "name": "English", "note": "major foreign language taught in schools" }, { "name": "Arabic" } ], "date": "2007" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Ethiopian Orthodox", "percent": 43.5 }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 33.9 }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 18.5 }, { "name": "traditional", "percent": 2.7 }, { "name": "Catholic", "percent": 0.7 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.6 } ], "date": "2007" }, "demographic_profile": "Ethiopia is a predominantly agricultural country – more than 80% of the population lives in rural areas – that is in the early stages of demographic transition. Infant, child, and maternal mortality have fallen sharply over the past decade, but the total fertility rate has declined more slowly and the population continues to grow. The rising age of marriage and the increasing proportion of women remaining single have contributed to fertility reduction. While the use of modern contraceptive methods among married women has increased significantly from 6 percent in 2000 to 27 percent in 2012, the overall rate is still quite low.\nEthiopia’s rapid population growth is putting increasing pressure on land resources, expanding environmental degradation, and raising vulnerability to food shortages. With more than 40 percent of the population below the age of 15 and a fertility rate of over 5 children per woman (and even higher in rural areas), Ethiopia will have to make further progress in meeting its family planning needs if it is to achieve the age structure necessary for reaping a demographic dividend in the coming decades.\nPoverty, drought, political repression, and forced government resettlement have driven Ethiopia’s internal and external migration since the 1960s. Before the 1974 revolution, only small numbers of the Ethiopian elite went abroad to study and then returned home, but under the brutal Derg regime thousands fled the country, primarily as refugees. Between 1982 and 1991 there was a new wave of migration to the West for family reunification. Since the defeat of the Derg in 1991, Ethiopians have migrated to escape violence among some of the country’s myriad ethnic groups or to pursue economic opportunities. Internal and international trafficking of women and children for domestic work and prostitution is a growing problem.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 43.71, "males": 22430798, "females": 22316910 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 20.04, "males": 10182973, "females": 10332626 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 29.45, "males": 14970645, "females": 15178999 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 3.89, "males": 1939635, "females": 2047041 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 2.91, "males": 1338985, "females": 1635432 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 81.6, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 75.2, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 6.3, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 15.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 17.8, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 17.6, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 18, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 217, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 2.88, "global_rank": 9, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 36.9, "global_rank": 13, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 7.9, "global_rank": 102, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -0.2, "global_rank": 112, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 19.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 4.89, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Addis Ababa", "population": 3238000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.95, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.82, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 19.6, "date": "2011" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 353, "global_rank": 33, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 51.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 58.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 43.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 32, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 62.2, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 59.8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 64.7, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 194, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 5.07, "global_rank": 14, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 37.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.9, "global_rank": 166, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.03, "date": "2009" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 6.3, "date": "2011" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 93.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 48.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 57.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 6.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 51.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 42.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 27.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 28.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 28, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 72.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 71.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 72, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 1.15, "global_rank": 40, "date": "2014" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 730300, "global_rank": 12, "date": "2014" }, "deaths": { "total": 23400, "global_rank": 13, "date": "2014" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "very high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "protozoal diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "malaria", "dengue fever" ], "respiratory_diseases": [ "meningococcal meningitis" ], "animal_contact_diseases": [ "rabies" ], "water_contact_diseases": [ "schistosomiasis" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 3.3, "global_rank": 191, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 25.2, "global_rank": 15, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.5, "global_rank": 85, "date": "2013" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 49.1, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 57.2, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 41.1, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 8, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 9, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 8, "units": "years" }, "date": "2012" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 10693164, "percentage": { "value": 53, "units": "%" }, "date": "2005" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 7.3, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 5, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 9.6, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 36, "date": "2013" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia", "conventional_short_form": "Ethiopia", "local_long_form": "Ityop'iya Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripeblik", "local_short_form": "Ityop'iya", "former": "Abyssinia, Italian East Africa", "abbreviation": "FDRE", "etymology": "the country name derives from the Greek word \"Aethiopia,\" which in classical times referred to lands south of Egypt in the Upper Nile region" }, "government_type": "federal parliamentary republic", "capital": { "name": "Addis Ababa", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 9, "minutes": 2, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 38, "minutes": 42, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 3, "note": "8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Derg Downfall Day", "day": "28 May", "original_year": "1991", "note": "defeat of MENGISTU regime" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest drafted June 1994, adopted 8 December 1994, entered into force 21 August 1995 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "non-party state to the ICCt" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Ethiopia", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "4 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President MULATU Teshome Wirtu (since 7 October 2013)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister HAILEMARIAM Desalegn (since 21 September 2012); Deputy Prime Minister DEMEKE Mekonnen Hassen", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers selected by the prime minister and approved by the House of People's Representatives", "elections_appointments": "president indirectly elected by both chambers of Parliament for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 October 2013 (next to be held in October 2019); prime minister designated by the majority party following legislative elections", "election_results": "MULATU Teshome Wirtu (OPDO) elected president by acclamation" }, "legislative_branch": { "elections": "last held on 24 May 2015 (next to be held in 2020)", "election_results": "House of Representatives percent of vote - NA; seats by party - EPRDF 501, SPDP 24, BGPDP 9, ANDP 8, GPUDM 3, APDO 1, HNL 1" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Federal Supreme Court (consists of 11 judges); note - the House of Federation has jurisdiction for all constitutional issues", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "president and vice president of Federal Supreme Court recommended by the prime minister and appointed by the House of People's Representatives; other Supreme Court judges nominated by the Federal Judicial Administrative Council (a 10-member body chaired by the president of the Federal Supreme Court) and appointed by the House of People's Representatives; judges serve until retirement at age 60", "subordinate_courts": "federal high courts and federal courts of first instance; state court systems (mirror structure of federal system); sharia courts and customary and traditional courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Afar National Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "ANDP", "leaders": [ "Taha AHMED" ] }, { "name": "Argoba People Democratic Organization", "name_alternative": "APDO" }, { "name": "Benishangul Gumuz People's Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "BGPDP" }, { "name": "Blue Party ", "leaders": [ "Solomon TESSEMA", "spokesman" ], "note": "Semayawi Party" }, { "name": "Ethiopian Federal Democratic Unity Forum", "name_alternative": "MEDREK", "leaders": [ "Beyene PETROS" ], "note": "a 4-party alliance" }, { "name": "Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front", "name_alternative": "EPRDF", "leaders": [ "Hailemarian DESALEGN" ], "note": "including the following organizations: Amhara National Democratic Movement or ANDM; Oromo People's Democratic Organization or OPDO; Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement or SEPDM; Tigray People's Liberation Front or TPLF" }, { "name": "Gambella Peoples Unity Democratic Movement", "name_alternative": "GPUDM" }, { "name": "Harari National League", "name_alternative": "HNL", "leaders": [ "Murad ABDULHADI" ] }, { "name": "Somali People's Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "SPDP" } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Ginbot 7 Movement" }, { "name": "Ogaden National Liberation Front", "name_alternative": "ONLF" }, { "name": "Oromo Liberation Front", "name_alternative": "OLF", "leaders": [ "DAOUD Ibsa" ] } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AfDB" }, { "organization": "AU" }, { "organization": "COMESA" }, { "organization": "EITI ", "note": "candidate country" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-24" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IGAD" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNAMID" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNISFA" }, { "organization": "UNMIL" }, { "organization": "UNOCI" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO ", "note": "observer" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador GIRMA Birru Geda (since 6 January 2011)", "chancery": "3506 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 364-1200", "fax": "[1] (202) 587-0195", "consulates_general": "Los Angeles, Seattle", "consulates": "Houston, New York" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Peter H. VROOMAN (since 2016)", "embassy": "Entoto Street, Addis Ababa", "mailing_address": "P.O. Box 1014, Addis Ababa", "telephone": "[251] 11 130-6000", "fax": "124-2401 [251] 11 124 2401" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red, with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands; green represents hope and the fertility of the land, yellow symbolizes justice and harmony, while red stands for sacrifice and heroism in the defense of the land; the blue of the disk symbolizes peace and the pentagram represents the unity and equality of the nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia", "note": "Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and the three main colors of her flag (adopted ca. 1895) were so often appropriated by other African countries upon independence that they became known as the Pan-African colors; the emblem in the center of the current flag was added in 1996" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "Abyssinian lion ", "note": "traditional" }, { "symbol": "yellow pentagram with five rays of light on a blue field ", "note": "promoted by current government" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "green" }, { "color": "yellow" }, { "color": "red" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Whedefit Gesgeshi Woud Enat Ethiopia\" (March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia)", "lyrics_music": "DEREJE Melaku Mengesha/SOLOMON Lulu", "note": "adopted 1992", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/ET.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Ethiopia - the second most populous country in Africa - is a one-party state with a planned economy. For more than a decade before 2016, Ethiopia grew at a rate between 8% and 11% annually – one of the fastest growing states among the 188 IMF member countries. This growth was driven by government investment in infrastructure, as well as sustained progress in the agricultural and service sectors. More than 70% of Ethiopia’s population is still employed in the agricultural sector, but services have surpassed agriculture as the principal source of GDP.\n\nEthiopia has the lowest level of income-inequality in Africa and one of the lowest in the world, with a Gini coefficient comparable to that of the Scandinavian countries. Yet despite progress toward eliminating extreme poverty, Ethiopia remains one of the poorest countries in the world, due both to rapid population growth and a low starting base. Changes in rainfall associated with world-wide weather patterns resulted in the worst drought in thirty years in 2015/2016, creating food insecurity for millions of Ethiopians.\n\nThe state is heavily engaged in the economy. Ongoing infrastructure projects include power production and distribution, roads, rails, airports and industrial parks. Key sectors are state-owned, including telecommunications, banking and insurance, and power distribution. Under Ethiopia's constitution, the state owns all land and provides long-term leases to tenants. Title rights in urban areas, particularly Addis Ababa, are poorly regulated, and subject to corruption.\n\nEthiopia’s foreign exchange earnings are led by the services sector - primarily the state-run Ethiopian Airlines - followed by exports of several commodities. While coffee remains the largest foreign exchange earner, Ethiopia is diversifying exports, and commodities such as gold, sesame, khat, livestock and horticulture products are becoming increasingly important. Manufacturing represented less than 8% of total exports in 2016, but manufacturing exports should increase due to a growing international presence.\n\nThe banking, insurance, telecommunications, and micro-credit industries are restricted to domestic investors, but Ethiopia has attracted roughly $8.5 billion in foreign direct investment, mostly from China, Turkey, India and the EU; US FDI is $567 million. Investment has been primarily in infrastructure, construction, agriculture/horticulture, agricultural processing, textiles, leather and leather products.\n\nIn the fall of 2015, the government finalized and published the current 2016-2020 five-year plan, known as the Growth and Transformation Plan II, which emphasizes developing manufacturing in sectors where Ethiopia has a comparative advantage, such as textiles and garments, leather goods, and processed agricultural products. To support industrialization, Ethiopia plans to increase installed power generation capacity by 8,320 MW, up from a capacity of 2,000 MW, by building three more major dams and expanding to other sources of renewable energy.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 174700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 164100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 148900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 69, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 69220000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 10.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 10.3, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 15 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1900, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1800, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1700, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 207, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 65.9, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 10.2, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 37.6, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": -0.1, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 8.7, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -22.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 36.2, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 17, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 46.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 29, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 31.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 30.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 29 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "cereals", "coffee", "oilseed", "cotton", "sugarcane", "vegetables", "khat", "cut flowers", "hides", "cattle", "sheep", "goats", "fish" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "food processing", "beverages", "textiles", "leather", "garments", "chemicals", "metals processing", "cement" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 9, "global_rank": 7, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 50970000, "global_rank": 14, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 72.7, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 7.4, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 19.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2013" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 17.5, "units": "%", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 18, "units": "%", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 170 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 29.6, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 4.1, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 25.6, "units": "%" }, "date": "2005" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 33, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2011" }, { "value": 30, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2000" } ], "global_rank": 107 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 10070000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 11850000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 14.6, "global_rank": 193, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -2.6, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 54.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 49.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 82, "note": "official data cover central government debt, including debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury and treasury debt owned by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "8 July", "end": "7 July" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7.7, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 10.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 198 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12.2, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 11.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 69 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14430000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 11970000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 73 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 28000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 24400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 80 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 36330000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 28410000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 71 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -7206000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -7483000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 177 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2932000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2935000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 126 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "coffee", "by value)", "oilseeds (17%)", "edible vegetables", "khat (17%)", "gold (13%)", "flowers (7%)", "live animals (7%)", "raw leather products (3%)", "meat products (3%)" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Switzerland", "percent": 14.3 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 11.7 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 9.5 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 8.7 }, { "name": "Saudi Arabia", "percent": 5.9 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 5.7 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 15870000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 83 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "aircraft", "by value)", "metal", "metal products", "(14%)", "electrical materials", "(13%)", "petroleum products (12%)", "motor vehicles", "(10%)", "chemicals", "fertilizers (4%)" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 20.5 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 9.2 }, { "name": "Saudi Arabia", "percent": 6.5 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 4.5 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2956000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 3113000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 104 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 22490000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 19040000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 84 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 23.25, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 21.55, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 21.55, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 19.8, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 17.71, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "birr (ETB) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 71200000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 24, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 85, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 10, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 9500000000, "global_rank": 101, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 6700000000, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 1100000000, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 148, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 2400000, "global_rank": 104, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 8.3, "global_rank": 199, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 89, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 88.2, "global_rank": 14, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 3.6, "global_rank": 65, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 131, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 122, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 191, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 430000, "global_rank": 100, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 141, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 61000, "global_rank": 97, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 181, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 58740, "global_rank": 74, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 183, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 142, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 98, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 193, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 24920000000, "global_rank": 72, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 9300000, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 890642, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 1, "global_rank": 87, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 42312000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 43, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "Ethio Telecom maintains a monopoly over telecommunication services; open-wire, microwave radio relay; radio communication in the HF, VHF, and UHF frequencies; 2 domestic satellites provide the national trunk service", "domestic": "the number of mobile telephones is increasing steadily from a small base and now stands at over 40 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 251; open-wire to Sudan and Djibouti; microwave radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "6 public TV stations broadcasting nationally and 10 public radio broadcasters; 7 private radio stations and 19 community radio stations (2017)", "internet": { "country_code": ".et", "users": { "total": 11538000, "percent_of_population": 11.6, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 1, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 75, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 7074779, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 1228738320, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "ET", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 57, "global_rank": 83, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 17, "over_3047_metres": 3, "2438_to_3047_metres": 8, "1524_to_2437_metres": 4, "under_914_metres": 2, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 40, "2438_to_3047_metres": 3, "1524_to_2437_metres": 9, "914_to_1523_metres": 20, "under_914_metres": 8, "date": "2013" } } }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 659, "units": "km" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 659, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "note": "electric railway with redundant power supplies; under joint control of Djibouti and Ethiopia and managed by a Chinese contractor", "global_rank": 102, "date": "2017" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 110414, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 14354, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 96060, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 44, "date": "2015" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 8, "by_type": [ { "type": "cargo", "count": 8 } ], "global_rank": 121, "date": "2010" } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.71, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.73, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0.81, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.87, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 1.09, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 107 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF)", "Ground Forces", "Ethiopian Air Force (Ye Ityopya Ayer Hayl", "ETAF)" ], "date": "2013" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no compulsory military service, but the military can conduct callups when necessary and compliance is compulsory", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002 Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but neither party responded to the revised line detailed in the November 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement", "the undemarcated former British administrative line has little meaning as a political separation to rival clans within Ethiopia's Ogaden and southern Somalia's Oromo region", "Ethiopian forces invaded southern Somalia and routed Islamist courts from Mogadishu in January 2007", "\"Somaliland\" secessionists provide port facilities in Berbera and trade ties to landlocked Ethiopia", "civil unrest in eastern Sudan has hampered efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 375685, "country_of_origin": "South Sudan; refugees and asylum seekers; Somalia; refugees; Eritrea; refugees and asylum seekers; Sudan; refugees and asylum seekers" } ], "date": "2017" }, "internally_displaced_persons": { "people": 258000, "note": "border war with Eritrea from 1998-2000; ethnic clashes; and ongoing fighting between the Ethiopian military and separatist rebel groups in the Sumale and Oromiya regions; natural disasters; intercommunal violence; most internally_displaced_persons live in Sumale state", "date": "2015" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "transit hub for heroin originating in Southwest and Southeast Asia and destined for Europe, as well as cocaine destined for markets in southern Africa; cultivates qat (khat) for local use and regional export, principally to Djibouti and Somalia (legal in all three countries); the lack of a well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a money laundering center" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624100347/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html" } }, "falkland_islands_islas_malvinas": { "data": { "name": "Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)", "introduction": { "background": "Although first sighted by an English navigator in 1592, the first landing (English) did not occur until almost a century later in 1690, and the first settlement (French) was not established until 1764. The colony was turned over to Spain two years later and the islands have since been the subject of a territorial dispute, first between Britain and Spain, then between Britain and Argentina. The UK asserted its claim to the islands by establishing a naval garrison there in 1833. Argentina invaded the islands on 2 April 1982. The British responded with an expeditionary force that landed seven weeks later and after fierce fighting forced an Argentine surrender on 14 June 1982. With hostilities ended and Argentine forces withdrawn, UK administration resumed. In response to renewed calls from Argentina for Britain to relinquish control of the islands, a referendum was held in March 2013, which resulted in 99.8% of the population voting to remain a part of the UK." }, "geography": { "location": "Southern South America, islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, about 500 km east of southern Argentina", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 51, "minutes": 45, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 59, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "South America", "area": { "total": { "value": 12173, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 12173, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "note": "includes the two main islands of East and West Falkland and about 200 small islands", "global_rank": 165, "comparative": "slightly smaller than Connecticut" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 1288, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_fishing_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 60 cm in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but typically does not accumulate", "terrain": "rocky, hilly, mountainous with some boggy, undulating plains", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Atlantic Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mount Usborne", "elevation": { "value": 705, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "fish", "squid", "wildlife", "calcified seaweed", "sphagnum moss" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 92.4, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 92.4, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 7.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "population_distribution": "a very small population, with most residents living in and around Stanley", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "strong winds persist throughout the year", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "overfishing by unlicensed vessels is a problem", "reindeer - introduced to the islands in 2001 from South Georgia - are part of a farming effort to produce specialty meat and diversify the islands' economy", "this is the only commercial reindeer herd in the world unaffected by the 1986 Chornobyl disaster" ] }, "note": "deeply indented coast provides good natural harbors; short growing season" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 2931, "global_rank": 230, "date": "2014" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Falkland Islander(s)", "adjective": "Falkland Island" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Falkland Islander", "percent": 57 }, { "name": "British", "percent": 24.6 }, { "name": "St. Helenian", "percent": 9.8 }, { "name": "Chilean", "percent": 5.3 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 3.4 } ], "date": "2012" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "English", "percent": 89 }, { "name": "Spanish", "percent": 7.7 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 3.3 } ], "date": "2006" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Christian", "percent": 66 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 32 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 2 } ], "date": "2012" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.01, "global_rank": 194, "date": "2014" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 10.9, "global_rank": 182, "date": "2012" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 4.9, "global_rank": 192, "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "a very small population, with most residents living in and around Stanley", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 76.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.96, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Stanley", "population": 2000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "infant_mortality_rate": {}, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 77.9 }, "male": { "value": 75.6 }, "female": { "value": 79.6 }, "date": "2012" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)", "etymology": "the archipelago takes its name from the Falkland Sound, the strait separating the two main islands; the channel itself was named after the Viscount of Falkland who sponsored an expedition to the islands in 1690; the Spanish name for the archipelago derives from the French \"Iles Malouines,\" the name applied to the islands by French explorer Louis-Antoine de BOUGAINVILLE in 1764" }, "government_type": "parliamentary democracy (Legislative Assembly); self-governing overseas territory of the UK", "capital": { "name": "Stanley", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 51, "minutes": 42, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 57, "minutes": 51, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -4, "note": "1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": {}, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Liberation Day", "day": "14 June", "original_year": "1982" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1985; latest entered into force 1 January 2009 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "English common law and local statutes", "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Colin ROBERTS (since 28 April 2014)", "head_of_government": "Chief Executive Barry ROWLAND (since 3 October 2016)", "cabinet": "Executive Council elected by the Legislative Council", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; chief executive appointed by the governor" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Legislative Assembly, formerly the Legislative Council (10 seats; 8 members directly elected by majority vote and 2 appointed ex officio members - the chief executive, appointed by the governor, and the financial secretary; members serve 4-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 7 November 2013 (next to be held in November 2017)", "election_results": "percent of vote - NA; seats - independent 8" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_resident_courts": "Court of Appeal (consists of the court president, the chief justice as an ex officio, non-resident member, and 2 justices of appeal); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice); note - appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are referred to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "all justices appointed by the governor; tenure specified in each justice's instrument of appointment", "subordinate_courts": "Magistrate's Court (senior magistrate presides over civil and criminal divisions); Court of Summary Jurisdiction" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "note": "none; all independents" }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Falkland Islands Association ", "note": "supports freedom of the people from external causes" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "UPU" } ], "flag_description": { "description": "blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Falkland Island coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising was once the major economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "ram" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Song of the Falklands\"\"", "lyrics_music": "Christopher LANHAM", "note": "adopted 1930s; the song is the local unofficial anthem; as a territory of the United Kingdom, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)" } }, "economy": { "overview": "The economy was formerly based on agriculture, mainly sheep farming, but fishing and tourism currently comprise the bulk of economic activity. In 1987, the government began selling fishing licenses to foreign trawlers operating within the Falkland Islands' exclusive fishing zone. These license fees net more than $40 million per year, which help support the island's health, education, and welfare system. The waters around the Falkland Islands are known for their squid, which account for around 75% of the annual 200,000 ton catch.\n\nDairy farming supports domestic consumption; crops furnish winter fodder. Foreign exchange earnings come from shipments of high-grade wool to the UK and from the sale of postage stamps and coins. In 2001, the government purchased 100 reindeer with the intent to increase the number to 10,000 over the following 20 years so that venison could be exported to Scandinavia and Chile.\n\nTourism, especially ecotourism, is increasing rapidly, with about 69,000 visitors in 2009. The British military presence also provides a sizable economic boost. The islands are now self-financing except for defense.\n\nIn 1993, the British Geological Survey announced a 200-mile oil exploration zone around the islands, and early seismic surveys suggest substantial reserves capable of producing 500,000 barrels per day. Political tensions between the UK and Argentina remain high following the start of oil drilling activities in the waters. In September 2011, a British exploration firm announced that it plans to commence oil production in 2016.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 281800000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 164500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2007" }, { "value": 105100000, "units": "USD", "date": "2002" } ], "global_rank": 216 }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 164500000, "date": "2007" }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 96200, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 55400, "units": "USD", "date": "2002" } ], "global_rank": 5 }, "composition": { "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 95, "units": "%" } }, "industry": "NA%", "services": "NA%", "date": "1996" } } }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "fodder", "vegetable crops", "venison", "sheep", "dairy products", "fish", "squid" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "fish", "wool processing", "tourism" ] }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 1944, "global_rank": 227, "date": "2012" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 95, "units": "%", "note": "mostly sheepherding and fishing" }, "industry_and_services": { "value": 5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "1996" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.1, "units": "%", "date": "2010" } ], "global_rank": 41 }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 36, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 89 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 67099999.99999999, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 75300000, "units": "USD", "note": "FY09/10" } }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 40.8, "global_rank": 36 }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -5, "global_rank": 160 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 April", "end": "31 March" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.4, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 86 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 257300000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 125000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2004" } ], "global_rank": 184 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "wool", "hides", "meat", "venison", "fish", "squid" ] } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 90000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2004" } ], "global_rank": 218 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "fuel", "food", "drink", "building materials", "clothing" ] } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.7391, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.6542, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.6542, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.6391, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.63, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Falkland pounds (FKP) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "production": { "kWh": 15000000, "global_rank": 216, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 13950000, "global_rank": 216, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 139, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 150, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 10000, "global_rank": 208, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 90, "global_rank": 76, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 91, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 172, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 10, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 134, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 125, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 193, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 134, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 143, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 300, "global_rank": 213, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 182, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 292, "global_rank": 211, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 185, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 144, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 101, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 195, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 139, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 45570, "global_rank": 211, "date": "2012" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 2000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 68, "global_rank": 214, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 5000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 171, "global_rank": 216, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "domestic": "government-operated radiotelephone and private VHF/CB radiotelephone networks provide effective service to almost all points on both islands", "international": "country code - 500; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) with links through London to other countries (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "TV service provided by a multi-channel service provider; radio services provided by the public broadcaster, Falkland Islands Radio Service, broadcasting on both AM and FM frequencies, and by the British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) (2007)", "internet": { "country_code": ".fk", "users": { "total": 3000, "percent_of_population": 98.3, "global_rank": 209, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 1, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 5, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "VP-F", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 7, "global_rank": 170, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 2, "2438_to_3047_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 5, "under_914_metres": 5, "date": "2013" } } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 440, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 50, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 390, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 199, "date": "2008" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Stanley" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "no regular military forces" ] }, "note": "defense is the responsibility of the UK" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Argentina, which claims the islands in its constitution and briefly occupied them by force in 1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force", "UK continues to reject Argentine requests for sovereignty talks" ] } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624200950/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fk.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fk.html" } }, "faroe_islands": { "data": { "name": "Faroe Islands", "introduction": { "background": "The population of the Faroe Islands is largely descended from Viking settlers who arrived in the 9th century. The islands have been connected politically to Denmark since the 14th century. A high degree of self-government was granted the Faroese in 1948, who have autonomy over most internal affairs while Denmark is responsible for justice, defense, and foreign affairs. The Faroe Islands are not part of the European Union." }, "geography": { "location": "Northern Europe, island group between the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, about halfway between Iceland and Norway", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 62, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 7, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Europe", "area": { "total": { "value": 1393, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 1393, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km", "note": "some lakes and streams" }, "global_rank": 183, "comparative": "eight times the size of Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 1117, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 3, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "nm", "note": "or agreed boundaries or median line" }, "exclusive_fishing_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm", "note": "or agreed boundaries or median line" } }, "climate": "mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy", "terrain": "rugged, rocky, some low peaks; cliffs along most of coast", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Atlantic Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Slaettaratindur", "elevation": { "value": 882, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "fish", "whales", "hydropower", "possible oil", "possible gas" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 2.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 2.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 0.1, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 97.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "population_distribution": "the island of Streymoy is by far the most populous with over 40% of the population; it has approximately twice as many inhabitants as Eysturoy, the second most populous island; seven of the inhabited islands have less than 100 people", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "NA", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "NA" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Marine Dumping - associate member to the London Convention and Ship Pollution" ] } }, "note": "archipelago of 17 inhabited islands and one uninhabited island, and a few uninhabited islets; strategically located along important sea lanes in northeastern Atlantic; precipitous terrain limits habitation to small coastal lowlands" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 50456, "global_rank": 212, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Faroese (singular and plural)", "adjective": "Faroese" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Faroese", "percent": 89.2, "note": "Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon descent" }, { "name": "Danish", "percent": 7.1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 3.7, "note": "includes Icelander, Norwegian, Greenlander, Filipino, Thai, British" } ], "note": "data represent respondents by country of birth", "date": "2011" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Faroese", "percent": 93.8, "note": "derived from Old Norse" }, { "name": "Danish", "percent": 3.2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 3 } ], "date": "2011" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Christian", "percent": 89.3, "note": "predominantly Evangelical Lutheran" }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.7 }, { "name": "more than one religion", "percent": 0.2 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 3.8 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 6 } ], "date": "2011" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 19.98, "males": 5212, "females": 4870 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 14.62, "males": 3784, "females": 3592 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 37.25, "males": 10191, "females": 8605 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 11.66, "males": 3032, "females": 2851 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 16.49, "males": 4023, "females": 4296 }, "date": "2016" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 37.7, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 37.1, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 38.4, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 64, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.53, "global_rank": 158, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 14, "global_rank": 139, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 8.7, "global_rank": 73, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 0, "global_rank": 82, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "the island of Streymoy is by far the most populous with over 40% of the population; it has approximately twice as many inhabitants as Eysturoy, the second most populous island; seven of the inhabited islands have less than 100 people", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 42, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.47, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Torshavn", "population": 21000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.07, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.07, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.18, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.94, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.08, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 5.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 5.8, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 5.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 171, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 80.4, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 77.8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 83.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 38, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.36, "global_rank": 83, "date": "2016" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 2.63, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 5.14, "date": "2014" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Faroe Islands", "local_long_form": "none", "local_short_form": "Foroyar", "etymology": "the archipelgo's name may derive from the Old Norse word \"faer,\" meaning sheep" }, "government_type": "parliamentary democracy (Faroese Parliament); part of the Kingdom of Denmark", "capital": { "name": "Torshavn", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 62, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 6, "minutes": 46, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 0, "note": "5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, "independence": {}, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Olaifest", "day": "29 July", "note": "Olavsoka" } ], "constitution": { "history": "5 June 1953 (Danish Constitution), 23 March 1948 (Home Rule Act), and 24 June 2005 (Takeover Act) serve as the Faroe Islands constitutional position in the Unity of the Realm", "amendments": "see entry for Denmark (2016)" }, "legal_system": "the laws of Denmark, where applicable, apply", "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Dan Michael KNUDSEN, chief administrative officer (since 1 January 2008)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Aksel V. JOHANNESEN (since 15 September 2015)", "cabinet": "Landsstyri appointed by the prime minister", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; high commissioner appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually elected prime minister by the Faroese Parliament; election last held on 1 September 2015", "election_results": "Aksel V. JOHANNESEN elected prime minister; Parliament vote - NA" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Faroese Parliament or Logting (33 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)", "note": "election of 2 seats to the Danish Parliament was last held on 18 June 2015 (next to be held no later than June 2019); percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Social Democratic Party 1, Republican Party 1", "elections": "last held on 1 September 2015 (next to be held no later than October 2019)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - Social Democratic Party 25.1%, Republic 20.7%, People's Party, 18.9%, Union Party 18.7%, Progressive Party 6.9%, Center Party 5.5%, Self-Government Party 4.1%; seats by party - Social Democratic Party 8, Republic 7, People's Party 6, Union Party 6, Center Party 2, Progressive Party 2, Self-Government Party 2" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Faroese Court or Raett (Rett - Danish) decides both civil and criminal cases; the Court is part of the Danish legal system", "subordinate_courts": "Court of the First Instance or Tribunal de Premiere Instance; Court of Administrative Law or Tribunal Administratif; Mixed Commercial Court; Land Court - expected to begin in 2016" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Center Party ", "leaders": [ "Jenis av RANA" ], "note": "Midflokkurin" }, { "name": "New Self-Government Party ", "leaders": [ "Jogvan SKORHEIM" ], "note": "Nytt Sjalvstyri; formerly Self-Govenment Party; Sjalvstyrisflokkurin" }, { "name": "People's Party ", "leaders": [ "Jorgen NICLASEN" ], "note": "Folkaflokkurin" }, { "name": "Progressive Party ", "leaders": [ "Poul MICHELSEN" ], "note": "Framsokn" }, { "name": "Republic ", "leaders": [ "Hogni HOYDAL" ], "note": "Tjodveldi; formerly the Republican Party" }, { "name": "Social Democratic Party ", "leaders": [ "Aksel V. JOHANNESEN" ], "note": "Javnadarflokkurin" }, { "name": "Union Party ", "leaders": [ "Bardur a STEIG NIELSEN" ], "note": "Sambandsflokkurin" } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "conservationists" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "Arctic Council" }, { "organization": "IMO ", "note": "associate" }, { "organization": "NC" }, { "organization": "NIB" }, { "organization": "UNESCO ", "note": "associate" }, { "organization": "UPU" } ], "flag_description": { "description": "white with a red cross outlined in blue extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted toward the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); referred to as Merkid, meaning \"the banner\" or \"the mark,\" the flag resembles those of neighboring Iceland and Norway, and uses the same three colors - but in a different sequence; white represents the clear Faroese sky as well as the foam of the waves; red and blue are traditional Faroese colors", "note": "the blue on the flag is a lighter blue (azure) than that found on the flags of Iceland or Norway" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "ram" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "white" }, { "color": "blue" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Mitt alfagra land\" (My Fairest Land)", "lyrics_music": "Simun av SKAROI/Peter ALBERG", "note": "adopted 1948; the anthem is also known as \"Tu alfagra land mitt\" (Thou Fairest Land of Mine); as a self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark, the Faroe Islands are permitted their own national anthem" } }, "economy": { "overview": "The Faroese economy has experienced a period of significant growth since 2011, due to higher fish prices and increased salmon farming and catches in the pelagic fisheries. Nominal GDP, measured in current prices, grew 8.0% in 2015 and 7.8% in 2016. The fisheries sector accounts for about 97% of exports and half of GDP. Dependence on fishing makes the economy vulnerable to price fluctuations. Unemployment is low, estimated at 2.5% in early 2017. Aided by an annual subsidy from Denmark, which amounts to about 4% of Faroese GDP, Faroese have a standard of living equal to that of Denmark.\n\nFor the first time in 8 years the Faroe Islands managed to generate a public budget surplus in 2016, a trend which is continuing in 2017. The local government intends to use this to reduce public debt, which reached 38% of GDP in 2015. Increasing public infrastructure investments are likely to lead to continued growth in the short term, but could contribute to an overheating of the economy. Signs of overheating led the Danish Central Bank in fall of 2016 to advise the Faroese local government to initiate measures to cool the economy, including postponing spending on infrastructure spending. The local government is planning to allocate part of the expected public surplus to a business cycle-equalization fund.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2001000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1890000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1608000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 197 }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 2765000000, "date": "2010" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5.9, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 7.5, "units": "%", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 2.4, "units": "%", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 25 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 40000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 42 }, "composition": { "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 18, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 39, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 43, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2013" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 25.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 25.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" }, { "value": 25.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2010" } ], "global_rank": 45 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "milk", "potatoes", "vegetables", "sheep", "salmon", "herring", "mackerel", "fish" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "fishing", "fish processing", "tourism", "small ship repair", "refurbishment", "handicrafts" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 3.4, "global_rank": 69, "date": "2009" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 28900, "global_rank": 205, "date": "2015" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 15, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 15, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 70, "units": "%", "note": "December 2016 est" } } } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 22 }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 22.7, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 21.6, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 148 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 835600000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 883800000, "units": "USD" }, "note": "Denmark supplies the Faroe Islands with almost one-third of their public funds", "date": "2014" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 30.2, "global_rank": 77, "date": "2014" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -1.7, "global_rank": 68, "date": "2014" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 35, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 134 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -0.3, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -1.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 25 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1184000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1018999999.9999999, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 154 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "fish", "fish products (97%)" ], "date": "2017" }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Russia", "percent": 25.9 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 8.8 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 8.6 }, { "name": "Denmark", "percent": 7.5 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 5.3 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 5.2 }, { "name": "Nigeria", "percent": 5 }, { "name": "Norway", "percent": 5 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 4 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 978400000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 906100000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 181 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "goods for household consumption", "machinery", "transport equipment", "fuels", "raw materials", "semi-manufactures", "cars" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Denmark", "percent": 27.7 }, { "name": "Norway", "percent": 15.3 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 10 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 6.2 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 6 }, { "name": "Sweden", "percent": 4.7 }, { "name": "Turkey", "percent": 4 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 387600000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 274500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2010" } ], "global_rank": 183 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.865, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6.7236, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 5.6183, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 5.6125, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 5.79, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 317400000, "global_rank": 174, "date": "2016" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 291400000, "global_rank": 187, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 141, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 152, "date": "2016" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 100000, "global_rank": 171, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 50.1, "global_rank": 145, "date": "2016" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2016" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 33.5, "global_rank": 67, "date": "2016" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 16.4, "global_rank": 17, "date": "2016" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 136, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 127, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 195, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 136, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 145, "date": "2016" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 3947, "global_rank": 180, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 183, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 3947, "global_rank": 172, "date": "2016" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 187, "date": "2016" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 145, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 102, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 196, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 141, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 800000, "global_rank": 171, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 17000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 34, "global_rank": 189, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 63000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 126, "global_rank": 199, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "good international communications; good domestic facilities", "domestic": "conversion to digital system completed in 1998; both NMT (analog) and GSM (digital) mobile telephone systems are installed", "international": "country code - 298; satellite earth stations - 1 Orion; 1 fiber-optic submarine cable to the Shetland Islands, linking the Faroe Islands with Denmark and Iceland; fiber-optic submarine cable connection to Canada-Europe cable (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "1 publicly owned TV station; the Faroese telecommunications company distributes local and international channels through its digital terrestrial network; publicly owned radio station supplemented by 3 privately owned stations broadcasting over multiple frequencies (2015)", "internet": { "country_code": ".fo", "users": { "total": 47000, "percent_of_population": 94.2, "global_rank": 188, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 1, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 3, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "OY-H", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 1, "global_rank": 217, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 1, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "date": "2013" } } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 960, "units": "km" }, "note": "those islands not commected by roads (bridges or tunnels) are connected by seven different ferry links operated by the nationally owned company SSL", "global_rank": 187, "date": "2017" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 37, "by_type": [ { "type": "cargo", "count": 20 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 7 }, { "type": "container", "count": 2 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 3 }, { "type": "refrigerated cargo", "count": 3 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 2 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 28, "by_country": [ { "country": "Iceland", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Norway", "count": 13 }, { "country": "Sweden", "count": 11 } ] }, "global_rank": 79, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Fuglafjordur", "Torshavn", "Vagur" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "no regular military forces or conscription", "the Government of Denmark has responsibility for defense", "as such", "the Danish military’s Joint Arctic Command in Nuuk", "Greenland is responsible for territorial defense of the Faroe Islands", "the Joint Arctic Command has a contact element in the capital of Torshavn" ], "date": "2017" }, "note": "defense is the responsibility of Denmark" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "because anticipated offshore hydrocarbon resources have not been realized, earlier Faroese proposals for full independence have been deferred", "Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim to UNCLOS that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm" ] } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624193917/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fo.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fo.html" } }, "fiji": { "data": { "name": "Fiji", "introduction": { "background": "Fiji became independent in 1970 after nearly a century as a British colony. Democratic rule was interrupted by two military coups in 1987 caused by concern over a government perceived as dominated by the Indian community (descendants of contract laborers brought to the islands by the British in the 19th century). The coups and a 1990 constitution that cemented native Melanesian control of Fiji led to heavy Indian emigration; the population loss resulted in economic difficulties, but ensured that Melanesians became the majority. A new constitution enacted in 1997 was more equitable. Free and peaceful elections in 1999 resulted in a government led by an Indo-Fijian, but a civilian-led coup in 2000 ushered in a prolonged period of political turmoil. Parliamentary elections held in 2001 provided Fiji with a democratically elected government led by Prime Minister Laisenia QARASE. Reelected in May 2006, QARASE was ousted in a December 2006 military coup led by Commodore Voreqe BAINIMARAMA, who initially appointed himself acting president but in January 2007 became interim prime minister. Following years of political turmoil, long-delayed legislative elections were held in September 2014 that were deemed \"credible\" by international observers and that resulted in BAINIMARAMA being reelected." }, "geography": { "location": "Oceania, island group in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 18, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 175, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Oceania", "area": { "total": { "value": 18274, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 18274, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 157, "comparative": "slightly smaller than New Jersey" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 1129, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "m", "note": "depth or to the depth of exploitation; rectilinear shelf claim added" } }, "climate": "tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation", "terrain": "mostly mountains of volcanic origin", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Pacific Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Tomanivi", "elevation": { "value": 1324, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "timber", "fish", "gold", "copper", "offshore oil potential", "hydropower" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 23.3, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 9, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 4.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 9.6, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 55.7, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 21, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 40, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "cyclonic storms can occur from November to January", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "deforestation", "soil erosion" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Life Conservation", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Tropical Timber 83", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "includes 332 islands; approximately 110 are inhabited" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 915303, "global_rank": 162, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Fijian(s)", "adjective": "Fijian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "iTaukei", "percent": 56.8, "note": "predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian admixture" }, { "name": "Indian", "percent": 37.5 }, { "name": "Rotuman", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 4.5, "note": "European, part European, other Pacific Islanders, Chinese" } ], "note": "a 2010 law replaces 'Fijian' with 'iTuakei' when referring to the original and native settlers of Fiji", "date": "2007" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "English", "note": "official" }, { "name": "Fijian", "note": "official" }, { "name": "Hindustani" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 45, "breakdown": [ { "name": "Methodist", "percent": 34.6 }, { "name": "Assembly of God", "percent": 5.7 }, { "name": "Seventh Day Adventist", "percent": 3.9 }, { "name": "and Anglican", "percent": 0.8 } ] }, { "name": "Hindu", "percent": 27.9 }, { "name": "other Christian", "percent": 10.4 }, { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 9.1 }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 6.3 }, { "name": "Sikh", "percent": 0.3 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.3 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 0.8 } ], "date": "2007" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 27.88, "males": 130414, "females": 124774 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 16.42, "males": 76709, "females": 73565 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 41.11, "males": 192605, "females": 183681 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 8.29, "males": 38427, "females": 37412 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 6.31, "males": 26534, "females": 31182 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 52.8, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 43.9, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 8.9, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 11.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 28.6, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 28.4, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 28.8, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 127, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.63, "global_rank": 152, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 19, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 6.1, "global_rank": 155, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -6.6, "global_rank": 204, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 53.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 1.45, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Suva", "population": 176000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.85, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 30, "global_rank": 129, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 9.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 10.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 8.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 139, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 72.7, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 70, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 75.5, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 140, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.44, "global_rank": 81, "date": "2016" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.5, "global_rank": 160, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.44, "date": "2009" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 2, "date": "2009" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 99.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 91.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 95.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 8.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 4.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 93.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 88.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 91.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 6.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 11.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 8.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.13, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2014" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 700, "global_rank": 122, "date": "2014" }, "deaths": { "total": 100, "global_rank": 120, "date": "2014" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "note": "active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus", "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 35.9, "global_rank": 25, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 3.9, "global_rank": 102, "date": "2013" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 18.7, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 14.8, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 25.4, "units": "%" }, "date": "2007" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Fiji", "conventional_short_form": "Fiji", "local_long_form": "Republic of Fiji/Matanitu ko Viti", "local_short_form": "Fiji/Viti", "etymology": "the Fijians called their home Viti, but the neighboring Tongans called it Fisi, and in the Anglicized spelling of the Tongan pronunciation - promulgated by explorer Captain James COOK - the designation became Fiji" }, "government_type": "parliamentary republic", "capital": { "name": "Suva (on Viti Levu)", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 18, "minutes": 8, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 178, "minutes": 25, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 12, "note": "17 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins fourth Sunday in October; ends third Sunday in January" }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Ba", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Bua", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Cakaudrove", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Kadavu", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Lau", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Lomaiviti", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Macuata", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Nadroga and Navosa", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Naitasiri", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Namosi", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Ra", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Rewa", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Rotuma", "type": "dependency" }, { "name": "Serua", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Tailevu", "type": "province" } ], "independence": { "date": "1970-10-10", "note": "from the UK" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Fiji Day", "day": "10 October", "original_year": "1970", "note": "Independence" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest signed into law September 2013 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "common law system based on the English model", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Fiji", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "5 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Jioji Konousi KONROTE (since 12 November 2015)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Voreqe \"Frank\" BAINIMARAMA (since 22 September 2014)", "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among members of Parliament and is responsible to Parliament", "elections_appointments": "under the constitution, president elected by the Parliament for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president", "election_results": "Jioji Konousi KONROTE elected 12 Ocotber 2015 defeating Ratu Epeli GANILAU 31 to 14" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Parliament (50 seats - 51 beginning in 2018; members directly elected in a nationwide, multi-seat constituency by open-list proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms", "elections": "last held on 17 September 2014 (next to be held in 2018)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - Fiji First 59.2%, SDL 28.2%, National Federation Party 5.5%, other 7.1%; seats by party - Fiji First 32, SDL 15, National Federation Party 3" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice, all justices of the Court of Appeal, and judges appointed specifically as Supreme Court judges); Court of Appeal (consists of the court president, all puisne judges of the High Court, and judges specifically appointed to the Court of Appeal); High Court (chaired by the chief justice and includes a minimum of 10 puisne judges; High Court organized into civil, criminal, family, employment, and tax divisions)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "chief justice appointed by the president of Fiji on the advice of the prime minister following consultation with the parliamentary leader of the opposition; judges of the Supreme Court, the president of the Court of Appeal, the justices of the Court of Appeal, and puisne judges of the High Court appointed by the president of Fiji upon the nomination of the Judicial Service Commission after consulting with the cabinet minister and the committee of the House of Representatives responsible for the administration of justice; the chief justice, Supreme Court judges and justices of Appeal generally required to retire at age 70 but may be waived for one or more sessions of the court; puisne judges appointed for not less than 4 years nor more than 7 years with mandatory retirement at age 65", "subordinate_courts": "Magistrates' Court (organized into civil, criminal, juvenile, and small claims divisions)" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "FijiFirst", "leaders": [ "Aiyaz SAYED-KHAIYUM" ] }, { "name": "Fiji Labor Party", "name_alternative": "FLP", "leaders": [ "Mahendra CHAUDHRY" ] }, { "name": "Fiji United Freedon Party", "name_alternative": "FUFP", "leaders": [ "Jagath KARUNARATNE" ] }, { "name": "National Federation Party", "name_alternative": "NFP", "leaders": [ "Dalip KUMAR" ], "note": "primarily Indian" }, { "name": "Peoples Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "PDP", "leaders": [ "Adi Sivia QORO" ] }, { "name": "Social Democratic Liberal Party", "name_alternative": "SODELPA", "leaders": [ "Pio TABAIWALU" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Group Against Racial Discrimination", "name_alternative": "GARD", "leaders": [ "Dr. Anirudk SINGH" ], "note": "suports restoration of a democratic government" }, { "name": "Viti Landowners Association" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "ADB" }, { "organization": "AOSIS" }, { "organization": "C" }, { "organization": "CP" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "PIF" }, { "organization": "Sparteca ", "note": "suspended" }, { "organization": "SPC" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNDOF" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNMISS" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Solo MARA (since 28 January 2016)", "chancery": "2000 M Street NW, Suite 710, Washington, DC 20036", "telephone": "[1] (202) 466-8320", "fax": "[1] (202) 466-8325" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Judith CEFKIN (since 3 February 2015); note - also accredited to Kiribati, Nauru, Tonga, and Tuvalu", "embassy": "158 Princes Rd, Tamavua", "mailing_address": "P. O. Box 218, Suva", "telephone": "[679] 331-4466", "fax": "[679] 330-8685" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the blue symbolizes the Pacific ocean and the Union Jack reflects the links with Great Britain; the shield - taken from Fiji's coat of arms - depicts a yellow lion above a white field quartered by the cross of Saint George; the four quarters depict stalks of sugarcane, a palm tree, bananas, and a white dove" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "Fijian canoe" }, { "symbol": "national color: light blue" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"God Bless Fiji\"", "lyrics_music": "Michael Francis Alexander PRESCOTT/C. Austin MILES (adapted by Michael Francis Alexander PRESCOTT)", "note": "adopted 1970; known in Fijian as \"Meda Dau Doka\" (Let Us Show Pride); adapted from the hymn, \"Dwelling in Beulah Land,\" the anthem's English lyrics are generally sung, although they differ in meaning from the official Fijian lyrics", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/FJ.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Fiji, endowed with forest, mineral, and fish resources, is one of the most developed and connected of the Pacific island economies. Earnings from the tourism industry, with an estimated 792,300 tourists visiting in 2016, and remittances from Fijian’s working abroad are the country’s largest foreign exchange earners.\n\nFiji's sugar sector remains a significant industry and a major export, but crops and one of the sugar mills suffered damage during Cyclone Winston in 2016. The sector also faces the complete withdrawal of European Union preferential prices in 2017. Fiji’s trade imbalance continues to widen with increased imports and sluggish performance of domestic exports.\n\nThe return to parliamentary democracy and successful elections in September 2014 improved investor confidence, but increasing bureaucratic regulation, new taxes and lack of consultation with relevant stakeholders brought four consecutive years of decline for Fiji on the World Bank Ease of Doing Business index. Private sector investment in 2016 exceeded 20% of GDP, compared to 13% in 2013.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8374000000.000001, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 8170000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 7833000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 162, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 4556000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 5.3, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 109 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9400, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 9200, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 8800, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 142, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 72.5, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 11, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 20.5, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 50.4, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -54.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 10.6, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 18.4, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 71, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 8.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 142 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "sugarcane", "coconuts", "cassava", "manioc", "tapioca", "rice", "sweet potatoes", "bananas", "cattle", "pigs", "horses", "goats", "fish" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "tourism", "sugar", "clothing", "copra", "gold", "silver", "lumber", "small cottage industries" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 1.5, "global_rank": 126, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 350.1, "global_rank": 232, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 70, "units": "%" }, "industry_and_services": { "value": 30, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2001" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8.8, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 8.7, "units": "%", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 108 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 31, "units": "%", "date": "2009" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2.6, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 34.9, "units": "%" }, "date": "2009" }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 1232000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 1469000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 27, "global_rank": 97, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -5.2, "global_rank": 165, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 50.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 48.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 95 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 114 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.75, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" }, { "value": 3, "units": "%", "date": "2009-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 118 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5.9, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 5.79, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 128 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2083000000.0000002, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1931000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 129 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3620000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 3325000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 143 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3365000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 3068000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 132 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 452500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012-12-31" }, { "value": 392200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2011-12-31" }, { "value": 418800000, "units": "USD", "date": "2010-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 114 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -139000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -67000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 79 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 986300000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1233000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 158 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "sugar", "garments", "gold", "timber", "fish", "molasses", "coconut oil", "mineral water" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 13.4 }, { "name": "Australia", "percent": 10.2 }, { "name": "Samoa", "percent": 6.7 }, { "name": "Tonga", "percent": 5.9 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2397000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2283000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 155 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "manufactured goods", "machinery", "transport equipment", "petroleum products", "food", "chemicals" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 16.1 }, { "name": "South Korea", "percent": 15.7 }, { "name": "NZ", "percent": 14.2 }, { "name": "Australia", "percent": 13.4 }, { "name": "Singapore", "percent": 8.7 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 7 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 884000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 918800000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 128 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 833400000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 820100000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 169 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4347000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 4046999999.9999995, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 104 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 192600000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 189600000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 100 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.11, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.0976, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2.0976, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.8874, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.79, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Fijian dollars (FJD) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 375274, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 59, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 72, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 45, "units": "%" }, "date": "2012" }, "production": { "kWh": 900000000, "global_rank": 153, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 800000000, "global_rank": 159, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 138, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 149, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 300000, "global_rank": 156, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 46.3, "global_rank": 151, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 48.3, "global_rank": 52, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 5.4, "global_rank": 55, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 133, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 124, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 192, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 133, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 142, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 16000, "global_rank": 145, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 184, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 15970, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 184, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 143, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 100, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 194, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 138, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 1700000, "global_rank": 156, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 72565, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 8, "global_rank": 150, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 966000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 106, "global_rank": 161, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "modern local, interisland, and international (wire/radio integrated) public and special-purpose telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facilities; regional radio communications center; subject to occasional devastating cyclones", "domestic": "telephone or radio telephone links to almost all inhabited islands; most towns and large villages have automatic telephone exchanges and direct dialing; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 115 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 679; access to important cable links between US and Canada, as well as between NZ and Australia; satellite earth stations - 2 Inmarsat (Pacific Ocean) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "Fiji TV, a publicly traded company, operates a free-to-air channel, as well as Sky Fiji and Sky Pacific multi-channel pay-TV services; state-owned commercial company, Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Ltd, operates 6 radio stations - 2 public broadcasters and 4 commercial broadcasters with multiple repeaters; 5 radio stations with repeaters operated by Communications Fiji, Ltd; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2009)", "internet": { "country_code": ".fj", "users": { "total": 421000, "percent_of_population": 46.3, "global_rank": 139, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 2, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 12, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 1336976, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 83686504, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "DQ", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 28, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 4, "over_3047_metres": 1, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 2, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 24, "914_to_1523_metres": 5, "under_914_metres": 19, "date": "2013" } } }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 597, "units": "km" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 597, "units": "km", "gauge": "0.600-m" }, "note": "belongs to the government-owned Fiji Sugar Corporation; used to haul sugarcane during the harvest season, which runs from May to December", "global_rank": 110, "date": "2008" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 3440, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 1686, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 1754, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 162, "date": "2011" }, "waterways": { "value": 203, "units": "km", "note": "122 km are navigable by motorized craft and 200-metric-ton barges", "global_rank": 97, "date": "2012" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 11, "by_type": [ { "type": "passenger", "count": 4 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 4 }, { "type": "refrigerated cargo", "count": 1 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 2 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 2, "by_country": [ { "country": "Australia", "count": 2 } ] }, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Lautoka", "Levuka", "Suva" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.12, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.97, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.39, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.49, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 1.61, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 61 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF)", "Land Forces", "Naval Forces" ], "date": "2011" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; mandatory retirement at age 55", "date": "2013" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ] } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701021252/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fj.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fj.html" } }, "finland": { "data": { "name": "Finland", "introduction": { "background": "Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries, and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It gained complete independence in 1917. During World War II, Finland successfully defended its independence through cooperation with Germany and resisted subsequent invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with some loss of territory. In the subsequent half century, Finland transformed from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is among the highest in Western Europe. A member of the EU since 1995, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro single currency at its initiation in January 1999. In the 21st century, the key features of Finland's modern welfare state are high quality education, promotion of equality, and a national social welfare system - currently challenged by an aging population and the fluctuations of an export-driven economy." }, "geography": { "location": "Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 64, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 26, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Europe", "area": { "total": { "value": 338145, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 303815, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 34330, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 65, "comparative": "slightly more than two times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Montana" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 2563, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Norway", "border_length": { "value": 709, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Sweden", "border_length": { "value": 545, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Russia", "border_length": { "value": 1309, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 1250, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm", "note": "in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_fishing_zone": { "value": 12, "note": "nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden, Estonia, and Russia" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "m", "note": "depth or to the depth of exploitation" } }, "climate": "cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes", "terrain": "mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 164, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Baltic Sea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Halti (alternatively Haltia, Haltitunturi, Haltiatunturi)", "elevation": { "value": 1328, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "timber", "iron ore", "copper", "lead", "zinc", "chromite", "nickel", "gold", "silver", "limestone" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 7.5, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 7.4, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 0.1, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 72.9, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 19.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 690, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely poplulated", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "NA", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain", "water pollution from industrial wastes", "agricultural chemicals", "habitat loss threatens wildlife populations" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Air Pollution", "Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides", "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants", "Air Pollution-Sulfur 85", "Air Pollution-Sulfur 94", "Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds", "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol", "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources", "Antarctic Treaty", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Marine Life Conservation", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Tropical Timber 83", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 5498211, "global_rank": 118, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Finn(s)", "adjective": "Finnish" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Finn", "percent": 93.4 }, { "name": "Swede", "percent": 5.6 }, { "name": "Russian", "percent": 0.5 }, { "name": "Estonian", "percent": 0.3 }, { "name": "Romani", "percent": 0.1 }, { "name": "Sami", "percent": 0.1 } ], "date": "2006" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Finnish", "percent": 88.3, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Swedish", "percent": 5.3, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Russian", "percent": 1.4 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 5 } ], "date": "2016" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Lutheran", "percent": 72 }, { "name": "Orthodox", "percent": 1.1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.6 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 25.3 } ], "date": "2016" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 16.42, "males": 461432, "females": 441244 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 11.6, "males": 325919, "females": 312045 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 37.9, "males": 1063494, "females": 1020194 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 13.42, "males": 362788, "females": 374985 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 20.66, "males": 492143, "females": 643967 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 58.3, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 25.9, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 32.4, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 3.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 42.4, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 40.8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 44.3, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 25, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.38, "global_rank": 169, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 10.7, "global_rank": 185, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 9.9, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 3, "global_rank": 37, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely poplulated", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 84.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.5, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Helsinki", "population": 1180000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.97, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.76, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.97, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 28.5, "date": "2012" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 3, "global_rank": 174, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 2.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 2.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 2.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 220, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 80.9, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 77.9, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 84, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 31, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.75, "global_rank": 162, "date": "2016" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 9.7, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 3.01, "date": "2013" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 4.53, "date": "2014" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 99.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 88, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 97.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 12, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 2.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 22.8, "global_rank": 77, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 7.2, "global_rank": 27, "date": "2013" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 19, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 19, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 20, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 20.5, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 22.8, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 18.4, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 65, "date": "2014" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Finland", "conventional_short_form": "Finland", "local_long_form": "Suomen tasavalta/Republiken Finland", "local_short_form": "Suomi/Finland", "etymology": "name may derive from the ancient Fenni peoples who are first described as living in northeastern Europe in the first centuries A.D." }, "government_type": "parliamentary republic", "capital": { "name": "Helsinki", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 60, "minutes": 10, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 24, "minutes": 56, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 2, "note": "7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, "independence": { "date": "1917-12-06", "note": "from Russia" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "6 December", "original_year": "1917" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1906, 1919; latest drafted 17 June 1997, approved by Parliament 11 June 1999, entered into force 1 March 2000", "amendments": "proposed by Parliament; passage normally requires simple majority vote in two readings in the first parliamentary session and at least two-thirds majority vote in a single reading by the newly elected Parliament; proposals declared “urgent” by five-sixths of Parliament members can be passed by at least two-thirds majority vote in the first parliamentary session only; amended several times, last in 2012 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system based on the Swedish model", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Finland", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "6 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Sauli NIINISTO (since 1 March 2012)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Juha SIPILA (since 28 May 2015)", "cabinet": "Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 5 February 2012 (next to be held in February 2018); prime minister appointed by Parliament in 2015", "election_results": "percent of vote in first round - Sauli NIINISTO (Kok) 37%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 18.8%, Paavo VAYRYNEN (Kesk) 17.5%, Timo SOINI (TF) 9.4%, Paavo LIPPONEN (SDP) 6.7%, Paavo ARHINMAKI (Vas) 5.5%, Eva BIAUDET (SFP) 2.7%, Sari ESSAYAH (KD) 2.5%; Sauli NIINISTO elected president in second round held on 5 February 2012 - NIINISTO 62.6%, HAAVISTO 37.4%; Juha SIPILA appointed prime minister" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; 199 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 1 member in the province of Aland directly elected by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 19 April 2015 (next to be held by April 2019)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - Kesk 21.1%, PS 17.6%, Kok 18.2%, SDP 16.5%, Vihr 8.5%, Vas 7.1%, SFP 4.9%, KD 3.5%, other 2.6%; seats by party - Kesk 49, PS 38, Kok 37, SDP 34, Vihr 15, Vas 12, SFP 9, KD 5, other 1 (Aland Coalition)" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (consists of the court president and 18 judges); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 21 judges including the court president and organized into 3 chambers); note - Finland has a dual judicial system - courts with civil and criminal jurisdiction, and administrative courts with jurisdiction for litigation between individuals and administrative organs of the state and communities", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court judges appointed by the president of the republic; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 65", "subordinate_courts": "6 Courts of Appeal; 8 regional administrative courts; 27 district courts; special courts for issues relating to markets, labor, insurance, impeachment, land, tenancy, and water rights" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Center Party", "name_alternative": "Kesk", "leaders": [ "Juha SIPILA" ] }, { "name": "Christian Democrats", "name_alternative": "KD", "leaders": [ "Sari ESSAYAH" ] }, { "name": "Finns Party", "name_alternative": "PS", "leaders": [ "Jussi HALLA-AHO" ] }, { "name": "Green League", "name_alternative": "Vihr", "leaders": [ "Ville NIINISTO" ] }, { "name": "Left Alliance", "name_alternative": "Vas]", "leaders": [ "Li ANDERSSON" ] }, { "name": "National Coalition Party", "name_alternative": "Kok", "leaders": [ "Petteri ORPO" ] }, { "name": "Social Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "SDP", "leaders": [ "Antti RINNE" ] }, { "name": "Swedish People's Party", "name_alternative": "SFP", "leaders": [ "Anna-Maja HENRIKSSON" ] } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ADB ", "note": "nonregional member" }, { "organization": "AfDB ", "note": "nonregional member" }, { "organization": "Arctic Council" }, { "organization": "Australia Group" }, { "organization": "BIS" }, { "organization": "CBSS" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CE" }, { "organization": "CERN" }, { "organization": "EAPC" }, { "organization": "EBRD" }, { "organization": "ECB" }, { "organization": "EIB" }, { "organization": "EITI ", "note": "implementing country" }, { "organization": "EMU" }, { "organization": "ESA" }, { "organization": "EU" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "FATF" }, { "organization": "G-9" }, { "organization": "IADB" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IEA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINUSMA" }, { "organization": "NC" }, { "organization": "NEA" }, { "organization": "NIB" }, { "organization": "NSG" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OECD" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OSCE" }, { "organization": "Pacific Alliance ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "Paris Club" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "PFP" }, { "organization": "Schengen Convention" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNIFIL" }, { "organization": "UNMIL" }, { "organization": "UNMOGIP" }, { "organization": "UNRWA" }, { "organization": "UNTSO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" }, { "organization": "ZC" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Kirsti KAUPPI (since 17 September 2015)", "chancery": "3301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 298-5800", "fax": "[1] (202) 298-6030", "consulates_general": "Los Angeles, New York" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Donna Ann WELTON (since 20 January 2017)", "embassy": "Itainen Puistotie 14B, 00140 Helsinki", "mailing_address": "APO AE 09723", "telephone": "[358] (9) 616250", "fax": "[358] (9) 6162 5800" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the blue represents the thousands of lakes scattered across the country, while the white is for the snow that covers the land in winter" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "lion" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "blue" }, { "color": "white" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Maamme\" (Our Land)", "lyrics_music": "Johan Ludvig RUNEBERG/Fredrik PACIUS", "note": "in use since 1848; although never officially adopted by law, the anthem has been popular since it was first sung by a student group in 1848; Estonia's anthem uses the same melody as that of Finland", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/FI.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy with per capita GDP almost as high as that of Austria and the Netherlands and slightly above that of Germany and Belgium. Trade is important, with exports accounting for over one-third of GDP in recent years. The government is open to, and actively takes steps to attract, foreign direct investment.\n\nFinland is historically competitive in manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Finland excels in export of technology as well as promotion of startups in the information and communications technology, gaming, cleantech, and biotechnology sectors. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the cold climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export industry, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population.\n\nFinland had been one of the best performing economies within the EU before 2009 and its banks and financial markets avoided the worst of global financial crisis. However, the world slowdown hit exports and domestic demand hard in that year, causing Finland’s economy to contract from 2012-14. The recession affected general government finances and the debt ratio. The economy returned to growth in 2015, posting a 0.3% GDP increase before growing 1.4% in 2016.\n\nFinland's main challenges will be reducing high labor costs and boosting demand for its exports. In June 2016, the Government enacted a Competitiveness Pact aimed at reducing labor costs, increasing hours worked, and introducing more flexibility into the wage bargaining system. The Government was also seeking to reform the health care system and social services. In the long term, Finland must address a rapidly aging population and decreasing productivity in traditional industries that threaten competitiveness, fiscal sustainability, and economic growth.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 225700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 222600000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 221900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 63, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 239200000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.4, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": -0.5, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 167 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 40600, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 40700, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 41000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 41, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 55.1, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 24.2, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 20.2, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": -0.1, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 35.4, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -34.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 2.5, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 26.9, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 70.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 20, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 19.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 19.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 88 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "barley", "wheat", "sugar beets", "potatoes", "dairy cattle", "fish" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "metals", "metal products", "electronics", "machinery", "scientific instruments", "shipbuilding", "pulp", "paper", "foodstuffs", "chemicals", "textiles", "clothing" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 0.8, "global_rank": 152, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 2675000, "global_rank": 112, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture_and_forestry": { "value": 4.5, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 24, "units": "%" }, "construction": { "value": 71.5, "units": "%" }, "commerce": { "value": 21.3, "units": "%" }, "finance_insurance_and_business_services": { "value": 13.3, "units": "%" }, "transport_and_communications": { "value": 9.9, "units": "%" }, "public_services": { "value": 28.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 8.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 9.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 109 }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 4.2, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 21.5, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 21.5, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 26.8, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2008" } ], "global_rank": 149 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 128500000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 132699999999.99998, "units": "USD" }, "note": "Central Government Budget", "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 53.7, "global_rank": 9, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -1.8, "global_rank": 71, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 63.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 63.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 58, "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.4, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -0.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 49 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.25, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 0.3, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 134, "note": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area" }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.46, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 182 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 130199999999.99998, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 123700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 30, "note": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders" }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 177300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 174100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 44 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 355300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 357900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 32 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 133699999999.99998, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 154400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 38 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -2511000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -968000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 155 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 59600000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 57450000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 42 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "electrical", "optical equipment", "machinery", "transport equipment", "paper", "pulp", "chemicals", "basic metals", "timber" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Germany", "percent": 13.9 }, { "name": "Sweden", "percent": 10.1 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 7 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 6.6 }, { "name": "Russia", "percent": 5.9 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 5.2 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 4.7 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 60510000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 60460000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 43 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "foodstuffs", "petroleum", "petroleum products", "chemicals", "transport equipment", "iron", "steel", "machinery", "computers", "electronic industry products", "textile yarn", "fabrics", "grains" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Germany", "percent": 17 }, { "name": "Sweden", "percent": 16.1 }, { "name": "Russia", "percent": 10.9 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 9 }, { "name": "Denmark", "percent": 4.1 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 10600000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 10000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 73 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 544700000000.00006, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-03-31" }, { "value": 524700000000.00006, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-03-31" } ], "global_rank": 20 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 153500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 135900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 35 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 140600000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 141100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 31 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.9214, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.885, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.885, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0.7634, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.78, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "euros (EUR) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 66160000000, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 82490000000, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "kWh": 5122000000, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "kWh": 21460000000, "global_rank": 8, "date": "2015" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 16000000, "global_rank": 49, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 51.6, "global_rank": 142, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 16.2, "global_rank": 12, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 18.9, "global_rank": 97, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 13.3, "global_rank": 25, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 132, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 123, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 226100, "global_rank": 29, "date": "2015" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 132, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 265000, "global_rank": 47, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 192300, "global_rank": 59, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 134900, "global_rank": 43, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 109500, "global_rank": 52, "date": "2015" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 4000000, "global_rank": 97, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 3063000000, "global_rank": 71, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 99, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 3063000000, "global_rank": 43, "date": "2014" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 43000000, "global_rank": 66, "date": "2016" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 537000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 10, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 7399000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 135, "global_rank": 99, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "modern system with excellent service", "domestic": "digital fiber-optic, fixed-line network and an extensive mobile-cellular network provide domestic needs", "international": "country code - 358; submarine cables provide links to Estonia and Sweden; satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "a mix of 3 publicly operated TV stations and numerous privately owned TV stations; several free and special-interest pay-TV channels; cable and satellite multi-channel subscription services are available; all TV signals are broadcast digitally; Internet television, such as Netflix and others, is available; public broadcasting maintains a network of 13 national and 25 regional radio stations; a large number of private radio broadcasters and access to Internet radio (2017)", "internet": { "country_code": ".fi; note - Aland Islands assigned .ax", "users": { "total": 5074000, "percent_of_population": 92.6, "global_rank": 64, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 3, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 73, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 9972333, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 713484000, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "OH", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 148, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 74, "over_3047_metres": 3, "2438_to_3047_metres": 26, "1524_to_2437_metres": 10, "914_to_1523_metres": 21, "under_914_metres": 14, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 74, "914_to_1523_metres": 3, "under_914_metres": 71, "date": "2013" } } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas transmission pipes", "length": 1286, "units": "km" }, { "type": "distribution pipes", "length": 1932, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2016" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 5923, "units": "km" }, "broad_gauge": { "length": 5923, "electrified": 3262, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.524-m" }, "global_rank": 32, "date": "2015" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 454000, "units": "km" }, "highways": { "value": 78000, "units": "km", "note": "50,000 paved, including 700 km of expressways; 28,000 unpaved" }, "urban_roads": { "value": 26000, "units": "km" }, "private_and_forest_roads": { "value": 350000, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 16, "date": "2012" }, "waterways": { "value": 8000, "units": "km", "note": "includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern part leased from Russia; water transport used frequently in the summer and widely replaced with sledges on the ice in winter; there are 187,888 lakes in Finland that cover 31,500 km", "global_rank": 17, "date": "2013" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 105, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 4 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 28 }, { "type": "carrier", "count": 1 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 6 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 14 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 34 }, { "type": "other", "count": 18 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 5 }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 47 }, "global_rank": 51, "date": "2015" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Helsinki", "Kotka", "Naantali", "Porvoo", "Raahe", "Rauma" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.33, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2017" }, { "value": 1.37, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.29, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.41, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 62 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Finnish Defense Forces (FDF)", "Army (Puolustusvoimat)", "Navy (Merivoimat", "includes Coastal Defense Forces)", "Air Force (Ilmavoimat)" ], "date": "2016" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "note": "all Finnish men are called-up for military service the year they turn 18; at 18, women may volunteer for military service; service obligation 6-12 months; individuals enter the reserve upon completing their initial obligation; military obligation to age 60", "date": "2016" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the former Soviet Union, but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 6781, "country_of_origin": "Iraq" } ], "date": "2016" }, "stateless_persons": { "people": 2671, "date": "2016" } } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701095802/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fi.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fi.html" } }, "france": { "data": { "name": "France", "introduction": { "background": "France today is one of the most modern countries in the world and is a leader among European nations. It plays an influential global role as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, NATO, the G-7, the G-20, the EU, and other multilateral organizations. France rejoined NATO's integrated military command structure in 2009, reversing DE GAULLE's 1966 decision to withdraw French forces from NATO. Since 1958, it has constructed a hybrid presidential-parliamentary governing system resistant to the instabilities experienced in earlier, more purely parliamentary administrations. In recent decades, its reconciliation and cooperation with Germany have proved central to the economic integration of Europe, including the introduction of a common currency, the euro, in January 1999. In the early 21st century, five French overseas entities - French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion - became French regions and were made part of France proper." }, "geography": { "location": "Western Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay and English Channel, between Belgium and Spain, southeast of the UK; bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Italy and Spain", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 46, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 2, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Europe", "area": { "total": { "value": 551500, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 549970, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 1530, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 43, "note": "metropolitan France", "comparative": "slightly more than four times the size of Georgia; slightly less than the size of Texas" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 2751, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Andorra", "border_length": { "value": 55, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Belgium", "border_length": { "value": 556, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Germany", "border_length": { "value": 418, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Italy", "border_length": { "value": 476, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Luxembourg", "border_length": { "value": 69, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Monaco", "border_length": { "value": 6, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Spain", "border_length": { "value": 646, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Switzerland", "border_length": { "value": 525, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 3427, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm", "note": "does not apply to the Mediterranean Sea" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "m", "note": "depth or to the depth of exploitation" } }, "climate": "generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral", "terrain": "mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west; remainder is mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 375, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Rhone River delta", "elevation": { "value": -2, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mont Blanc", "elevation": { "value": 4807, "units": "m" } }, "note": "to assess the possible effects of climate change on the ice and snow cap of Mont Blanc, its surface and peak have been extensively measured in recent years; these new peak measurements have exceeded the traditional height of 4,807 m and have varied between 4,808 m and 4,811 m; the actual rock summit is 4,792 m and is 40 m away from the ice-covered summit" }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "coal", "iron ore", "bauxite", "zinc", "uranium", "antimony", "arsenic", "potash", "feldspar", "fluorspar", "gypsum", "timber", "arable land", "fish" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 52.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 33.4, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 1.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 17.5, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 29.2, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 18.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 26000, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "much of the population is concentrated in the north and southeast; although there are many urban agglomerations throughout the country, Paris is by far the largest city, with Lyon ranked a distant second", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "flooding", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "avalanches", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "midwinter windstorms", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "drought", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "forest fires in south near the Mediterranean", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "some forest damage from acid rain", "air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions", "water pollution from urban wastes", "agricultural runoff" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Air Pollution", "Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides", "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants", "Air Pollution-Sulfur 85", "Air Pollution-Sulfur 94", "Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds", "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol", "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources", "Antarctic Seals", "Antarctic Treaty", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Marine Life Conservation", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Tropical Timber 83", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "largest West European nation; most major French rivers - the Meuse, Seine, Loire, Charente, Dordogne, and Garonne - flow northward or westward into the Atlantic Ocean, only the Rhone flows southward into the Mediterranean Sea" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 66836154, "global_rank": 22, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)", "adjective": "French" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Celtic and Latin with Teutonic" }, { "name": "Slavic" }, { "name": "North African" }, { "name": "Indochinese" }, { "name": "Basque minorities" } ], "overseas_departments": "black, white, mulatto, East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "French", "percent": 100, "note": "official" }, { "name": "declining regional dialects and languages", "note": "Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish, Occitan, Picard" } ], "overseas_departments": "French, Creole patois, Mahorian (a Swahili dialect)" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Christian", "percent": 63, "note": "overwhelmingly Roman Catholic" }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 7 }, { "name": "Buddhist", "percent": 0.5 }, { "name": "Jewish", "percent": 0.5 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.5 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 23 } ], "note": "France maintains a tradition of secularism and has not officially collected data on religious affiliation since the 1872 national census, which complicates assessments of France's religious composition; an 1872 law prohibiting state authorities from collecting data on individuals' ethnicity or religious beliefs was reaffirmed by a 1978 law emphasizing the prohibition of the collection or exploitation of personal data revealing an individual's race, ethnicity, or political, philosophical, or religious opinions; a 1905 law codified France's separation of church and state", "date": "2015" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 18.59, "males": 6354241, "females": 6070971 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 11.8, "males": 4035407, "females": 3853153 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 38.04, "males": 12799923, "females": 12625781 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 12.44, "males": 4011853, "females": 4303261 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 19.12, "males": 5510337, "females": 7271227 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 60.3, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 29.6, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 30.6, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 3.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 41.2, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 39.5, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 42.9, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.41, "global_rank": 166, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 12.3, "global_rank": 161, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 9.3, "global_rank": 61, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 1.1, "global_rank": 59, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "much of the population is concentrated in the north and southeast; although there are many urban agglomerations throughout the country, Paris is by far the largest city, with Lyon ranked a distant second", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 79.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.84, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Paris", "population": 10843000, "is_capital": true }, { "place": "Lyon", "population": 1609000 }, { "place": "Marseille-Aix-En-Provence" }, { "place": "Lille", "population": 1026999.9999999999 }, { "place": "Nice-Cannes" }, { "place": "Toulouse", "population": 938000 } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.93, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.75, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.96, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 28.1, "date": "2010" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 8, "global_rank": 158, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 3.3, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 3.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 2.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 212, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 81.8, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 78.7, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 85.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 20, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.07, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 83, "units": "%", "date": "2010" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 11.5, "global_rank": 9, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 3.23, "date": "2015" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 6.4, "date": "2011" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 98.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 98.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 98.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 1.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 1.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 1.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "deaths": { "total": 1500, "global_rank": 59, "date": "2013" } }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 25.7, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 5.5, "global_rank": 43, "date": "2013" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 16, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 16, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 17, "units": "years" }, "date": "2014" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 23.2, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 24.1, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 22.1, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 39, "date": "2014" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "French Republic", "conventional_short_form": "France", "local_long_form": "Republique francaise", "local_short_form": "France", "etymology": "name derives from the Latin \"Francia\" meaning \"Land of the Franks\"; the Franks were a group of Germanic tribes located along the middle and lower Rhine River in the 3rd century A.D. who merged with Gallic-Roman populations in succeeding centuries and to whom they passed on their name" }, "government_type": "semi-presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Paris", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 48, "minutes": 52, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 2, "minutes": 20, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 1, "note": "6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October", "note": "applies to metropolitan France only, not to its overseas departments, collectivities, or territories" }, "dependent_areas": { "areas": [ "Clipperton Island", "French Polynesia", "French Southern and Antarctic Lands", "New Caledonia", "Saint Barthelemy", "Saint Martin", "Saint Pierre and Miquelon", "Wallis and Futuna" ], "note": "the US Government does not recognize claims to Antarctica; New Caledonia has been considered a \"sui generis\" collectivity of France since 1998, a unique status falling between that of an independent country and a French overseas department" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Fete de la Federation", "day": "14 July", "original_year": "1790", "note": "although often incorrectly referred to as Bastille Day, the celebration actually commemorates the holiday held on the first anniversary of the storming of the Bastille and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy; on 14 July 1789" } ], "constitution": { "history": "many previous; latest effective 4 October 1958", "amendments": "proposed by the president of the republic (upon recommendation of the prime minister and Parliament) or by Parliament; proposals submitted by Parliament members require passage by both houses followed by approval in a referendum; passage of proposals submitted by the government can bypass a referendum if submitted by the president to Parliament and passed by at least three-fifths majority vote by Parliament’s National Assembly; amended many times, last in 2008 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law; review of administrative but not legislative acts", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of France", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "5 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Emmanuel MACRON (since 14 May 2017)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Edouard PHILIPPE (since 15 May 2017)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president at the suggestion of the prime minister", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 23 April and 7 May 2017 (next to be held on April (first round) and May (second round) 2022); prime minister appointed by the president", "election_results": "Emmanuel MACRON elected president; percent of vote in first round - Emmanuel MACRON (EM) 24.0%, Marine LE PEN (FN) 21.3%, Francois FILLON (LR) 20.0%, Jean-Luc MELENCHON (FI) 19.6%, Benoit HAMON (PS) 6.4%, other 8.7%; percent of vote in second round - MACRON 66.1%%, LE PEN 33.9%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Senat (348 seats - 328 for metropolitan France and overseas departments and regions of Guadeloupe, Martinque, French Guiana, Reunion, and Mayotte, 2 for New Caledonia, 2 for French Polynesia, 1 for Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, 1 for Saint-Barthelemy, 1 for Saint-Martin, 1 for Wallis and Futuna, and 12 for French nationals abroad; members indirectly elected by departmental electoral colleges using absolute majority vote in two rounds if needed for departments with 1-3 members and proportional representation vote in departments with 4 or more members; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years) and the National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (577 seats - 556 for metropolitan France, 10 for overseas departments, and 11 for citizens abroad; members directly elected by absolute majority vote in two rounds if needed to serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "Senate - last held on 28 September 2014 (next to be held 24 September 2017); National Assembly - last held on 10 and 17 June 2012 (next to be held 11 and 18 June 2017)", "election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - UMP 187, PS 152, other 9; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - PS 48.5%, UMP 33.6%, miscellaneous left wing parties 3.8%, Greens 3.0%, miscellaneous right wing parties 2.6%, NC 2.1%, PRG 2.1%, FDG 1.7%, other 2.6%; seats by party - PS 280, UMP 194, miscellaneous left wing parties 22, Greens 17, miscellaneous right wing parties 15, NC 12, PRG 12, FDG 10, other 15" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation (consists of the court president, 6 divisional presiding judges, 120 trial judges, and 70 deputy judges organized into 6 divisions - 3 civil, 1 commercial, 1 labor, and 1 criminal); Constitutional Council (consists of 9 members)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Court of Cassation judges appointed by the president of the republic from nominations from the High Council of the Judiciary, presided by the Court of Cassation and 15 appointed members; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Council members appointed - 3 by the president of the republic and 3 each by the National Assembly and Senate presidents; members serve 9-year, non-renewable terms with one third of the membership renewed every 3 years", "subordinate_courts": "appellate courts or Cour d'Appel; regional courts or Tribunal de Grande Instance; first instance courts or Tribunal d'instance" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Democratic Movement", "name_alternative": "MODEM", "leaders": [ "Francois BAYROU" ] }, { "name": "Europe Ecology - The Greens", "name_alternative": "EELV", "leaders": [ "David CORMAND" ] }, { "name": "Forward!", "name_alternative": "EM", "leaders": [ "Catherine BARBAROUX", "acting" ], "note": "En Marche!" }, { "name": "French Communist Party", "name_alternative": "PCF", "leaders": [ "Pierre LAURENT" ] }, { "name": "La France insoumise", "name_alternative": "FI", "leaders": [ "Jean-Luc MELENCHON" ] }, { "name": "Left Front Coalition", "name_alternative": "FDG", "leaders": [ "Jean-Luc MELENCHON" ] }, { "name": "Left Party", "name_alternative": "PG]", "leaders": [ "collective leadership; main leaders Jean-Luc MELENCHON and Francois COCO", "linked with the movement La France Insoumise or FI [Jean-Luc MELENCHON" ] }, { "name": "Left Radical Party", "name_alternative": "PRG", "leaders": [ "Sylvia PINEL" ], "note": "previously Radical Socialist Party or PRS and the Left Radical Movement or MRG" }, { "name": "Movement for France", "name_alternative": "MPF", "leaders": [ "Philippe DE VILLIERS" ] }, { "name": "National Front", "name_alternative": "FN", "leaders": [ "Marine LE PEN" ] }, { "name": "New Anticapitalist Party", "name_alternative": "NPA", "leaders": [ "collective leadership; main spokesperson Christine POUPIN; presidential candIdate Philippe POUTOU" ] }, { "name": "Rally for France", "name_alternative": "RPF", "leaders": [ "Igor KUREK" ] }, { "name": "Republican and Citizen Movement", "name_alternative": "MRC", "leaders": [ "Jean-Luc LAURENT" ] }, { "name": "Socialist Party", "name_alternative": "PS", "leaders": [ "vacant" ] }, { "name": "Stand Up France ", "leaders": [ "Nicolas DUPONT-AIGNAN" ], "note": "Debout La France" }, { "name": "The Centrists ", "leaders": [ "Herve MORIN" ], "note": "formerly new Center of NC" }, { "name": "The Republicans", "name_alternative": "LR", "leaders": [ "vacant" ], "note": "formerly Union for a Popular Movement or UMP" }, { "name": "Union des Democrates et Independants or UDI and Democratic Movement or MoDem [Francois BAYROU] ; together known as UDI-Modem; Radical Party [Laurent HENART] is a member of UDI", "name_alternative": "", "leaders": [ "Jean-Christohe LAGARDE" ], "note": "previously Union for French Democracy or UDF" }, { "name": "United Republic", "name_alternative": "RS", "leaders": [ "Dominique DE VILLEPIN" ] }, { "name": "Worker's Struggle", "name_alternative": "LO; also known as Communist Union;", "leaders": [ "collective leadership; spokespersons Nathalie ARTHAUD and Arlette LAGUILLER" ], "note": "Lutte Ouvriere" } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Confederation francaise de l'encadrement - Confederation generale des cadres", "name_alternative": "CFE-CGC", "leaders": [ "Francois HOMMERIL", "president" ], "note": "French Confederation of Management - General Confederation of Executives; independent white-collar union with 140,000 members" }, { "name": "Confederation Francaise Democratique du Travail", "name_alternative": "CFDT", "leaders": [ "Laurent BERGER", "secretary general" ], "note": "French Democratic Confederation of Labor; left-leaning labor union with approximately 875,000 members" }, { "name": "Confederation francaise des travailleurs chretiens", "name_alternative": "CFTC", "leaders": [ "Philippe LOUIS", "president" ], "note": "French Confederation of Christian Workers; independent labor union founded by Catholic workers that claims 142,000 members" }, { "name": "Confederation generale du travail", "name_alternative": "CGT", "leaders": [ "Philippe MARTINEZ", "secretary general" ], "note": "General Confederation of Labor; historically communist labor union with approximately 710,000 members" }, { "name": "Confederation generale du travail - Force ouvriere", "name_alternative": "FO", "leaders": [ "Jean-Claude MAILLY", "secretary general" ], "note": "General Confederation of Labor - Worker's Force; independent labor union with an estimated 300,000 members" }, { "name": "Mouvement des entreprises de France", "name_alternative": "MEDEF", "leaders": [ "Pierre GATTAZ", "president" ], "note": "employers' union with claimed 750,000 companies as members" }, { "name": "French Guiana:" }, { "name": "Guadeloupe:" }, { "name": "Christian Movement for the Liberation of Guadeloupe", "name_alternative": "KLPG" }, { "name": "General Federation of Guadeloupe Workers", "name_alternative": "CGT-G" }, { "name": "General Union of Guadeloupe Workers", "name_alternative": "UGTG" }, { "name": "Movement for an Independent Guadeloupe", "name_alternative": "MPGI" }, { "name": "The Socialist Renewal Movement" }, { "name": "Martinique:" }, { "name": "Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance", "name_alternative": "ARC" }, { "name": "Central Union for Martinique Workers", "name_alternative": "CSTM" }, { "name": "Frantz Fanon Circle" }, { "name": "League of Workers and Peasants" }, { "name": "Proletarian Action Group", "name_alternative": "GAP" }, { "name": "Reunion:" }, { "name": "NA" } ], "note": "conservationists; gold mining pressure groups; hunting pressure groups" }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ADB ", "note": "nonregional member" }, { "organization": "AfDB ", "note": "nonregional member" }, { "organization": "Arctic Council ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "Australia Group" }, { "organization": "BDEAC" }, { "organization": "BIS" }, { "organization": "BSEC ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "CBSS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "CE" }, { "organization": "CERN" }, { "organization": "EAPC" }, { "organization": "EBRD" }, { "organization": "ECB" }, { "organization": "EIB" }, { "organization": "EITI ", "note": "implementing country" }, { "organization": "EMU" }, { "organization": "ESA" }, { "organization": "EU" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "FATF" }, { "organization": "FZ" }, { "organization": "G-5" }, { "organization": "G-7" }, { "organization": "G-8" }, { "organization": "G-10" }, { "organization": "G-20" }, { "organization": "IADB" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IEA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IGAD ", "note": "partners" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "InOC" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINURSO" }, { "organization": "MINUSMA" }, { "organization": "MINUSTAH" }, { "organization": "MONUSCO" }, { "organization": "NATO" }, { "organization": "NEA" }, { "organization": "NSG" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OECD" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OSCE" }, { "organization": "Pacific Alliance ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "Paris Club" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "PIF ", "note": "partner" }, { "organization": "Schengen Convention" }, { "organization": "SELEC ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "SPC" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNIFIL" }, { "organization": "Union Latina" }, { "organization": "UNMIL" }, { "organization": "UNOCI" }, { "organization": "UNRWA" }, { "organization": "UNSC ", "note": "permanent" }, { "organization": "UNTSO" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" }, { "organization": "ZC" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Gerard ARAUD (since 18 September 2014)", "chancery": "4101 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007", "telephone": "[1] (202) 944-6000", "fax": "[1] (202) 944-6166", "consulates_general": "Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, Washington DC" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Uzra ZEYA (since 20 January 2017) note - also accredited to Monaco", "embassy": "2 Avenue Gabriel, 75382 Paris Cedex 08", "mailing_address": "PSC 116, APO AE 09777", "telephone": "[33] (1) 43-12-22-22", "fax": "[33] (1) 42 66 97 83", "consulates_general": "Marseille, Strasbourg", "consulates": "Bordeaux, Lyon, Rennes, Toulouse" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the \"Le drapeau tricolore\" (French Tricolor), the origin of the flag dates to 1790 and the French Revolution when the \"ancient French color\" of white was combined with the blue and red colors of the Parisian militia; the official flag for all French dependent areas", "note": "the design and/or colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "Gallic rooster" }, { "symbol": "fleur-de-lis" }, { "symbol": "Marianne ", "note": "female personification" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "blue" }, { "color": "white" }, { "color": "red" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"La Marseillaise\" (The Song of Marseille)", "lyrics_music": "Claude-Joseph ROUGET de Lisle", "note": "adopted 1795, restored 1870; originally known as \"Chant de Guerre pour l'Armee du Rhin\" (War Song for the Army of the Rhine), the National Guard of Marseille made the song famous by singing it while marching into Paris in 1792 during the French Revolutionary Wars", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/FR.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "The French economy is diversified across all sectors. The government has partially or fully privatized many large companies, including Air France, France Telecom, Renault, and Thales. However, the government maintains a strong presence in some sectors, particularly power, public transport, and defense industries. Despite terrorist attacks, labor strikes, and bad weather, France is still the most visited country in the world with 83 million foreign tourists in 2016, including 530,000 who came for the 2016 Euro Cup. France's leaders remain committed to a capitalism in which they maintain social equity by means of laws, tax policies, and social spending that mitigate economic inequality.\n\nFrance's real GDP grew by 1.1% in 2016, down from 1.3% the year before. The unemployment rate (including overseas territories) increased from 7.8% in 2008 to 10.2% in 2015, before slightly falling to 10% in 2016. Youth unemployment in metropolitan France decreased from 24.6% in the fourth quarter of 2014 to 24% in the fourth quarter of 2016.\n\nLower-than-expected growth and high spending have strained France's public finances. Despite measures to restore public finances since President Fran�ois HOLLANDE took office in 2012, the budget deficit rose from 3.3% of GDP in 2008 to 7.5% of GDP in 2009 before improving to 3.4% of GDP in 2016. Meanwhile, France's public debt rose from 89.5% of GDP in 2012 to 96% in 2016.\n\nPresident HOLLANDE’s policies have aimed to enhance French industry’s competitiveness and to lower high jobless figures. The Competitiveness and Employment Tax Credit of 2012, the Responsibility and Solidarity Pact of 2014, the Investment Stimulus Plan, and the Emergency Jobs Plan represent more than $42.6 billion in support for businesses in 2017 by lowering French labor costs, but so far the results of these policies have been marginal on France’s competitiveness and job creation. In an effort to bolster social justice, the 2017 budget bill contained provisions to reduce income taxes for households and for small and medium sized enterprises.\n\nDuring his mandate, President HOLLANDE oversaw two highly unpopular economic reforms that led to widespread protests. The “Macron Law” of 2015, enacted to boost economic growth, authorized businesses to open some Sundays of each month and allowed flexibility to negotiate pay and working hours. The “El Khomri law,” imposed by decree in 2016, aimed to make it easier for businesses to employ people and gave employers more leeway to negotiate hours, wages, and time off.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2699000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2670000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2667000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 11, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 2488000000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.6, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 174 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 42400, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 42000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 41700, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 39, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 53.5, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 26.4, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 21.8, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 1.3, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 30.4, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -33.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 1.7, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 19.4, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 78.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 21.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 22.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 21.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 71 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "wheat", "cereals", "sugar beets", "potatoes", "wine grapes", "beef", "dairy products", "fish" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "machinery", "chemicals", "automobiles", "metallurgy", "aircraft", "electronics", "textiles", "food processing", "tourism" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 0.5, "global_rank": 146, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 30480000, "global_rank": 22, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 2.4, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 18.3, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 79.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9.7, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 10.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 119, "note": "includes overseas territories" }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 14, "units": "%", "date": "2013" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 3.6, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 25.4, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 29.2, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 30.5, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 129 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 1308000000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 1392000000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 52.5, "global_rank": 12, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -3.4, "global_rank": 120, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 96, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 95.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 17, "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.3, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 47 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 0.05, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 154, "note": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area" }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1.93, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 177 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1144000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1079000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 6, "note": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders" }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2541000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 2771000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 7 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3640000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 3528000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 6 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1591000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2017-03-31" }, { "value": 2088000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 2085999999999.9998, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 9 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -26850000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -4832000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 193 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 489100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 493600000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 6 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "transportation equipment", "aircraft", "plastics", "chemicals", "pharmaceutical products", "iron", "steel", "beverages" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Germany", "percent": 16.1 }, { "name": "Spain", "percent": 7.5 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 7.4 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 7.3 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 7 }, { "name": "Belgium", "percent": 6.8 } ], "date": "2016" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 561000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 563400000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 6 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "equipment", "vehicles", "crude oil", "aircraft", "plastics", "chemicals" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Germany", "percent": 16.9 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 9.1 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 7.5 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 7 }, { "name": "Belgium", "percent": 6.7 }, { "name": "Spain", "percent": 6.4 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 6 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 4.3 } ], "date": "2016" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 153900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-04-29" }, { "value": 138200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 16 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5360000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-03-31" }, { "value": 5250000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-03-31" } ], "global_rank": 4 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 796800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 772000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 13 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1339000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1314000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 9 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.9214, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.885, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.885, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0.7634, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.7752, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "euros (EUR) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 562800000000, "global_rank": 9, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 415300000000, "global_rank": 10, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 75060000000, "global_rank": 2, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "kWh": 7873000000, "global_rank": 30, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 129000000, "global_rank": 10, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 20.3, "global_rank": 195, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 48.8, "global_rank": 2, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 14.2, "global_rank": 105, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 11.2, "global_rank": 30, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 16670, "global_rank": 74, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 21960, "global_rank": 57, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 1174000, "global_rank": 11, "date": "2015" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 84080000, "global_rank": 75, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 1277000, "global_rank": 18, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 1691000, "global_rank": 15, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 444900, "global_rank": 17, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 866500, "global_rank": 8, "date": "2015" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 17000000, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 36720000000, "global_rank": 28, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 7077000000, "global_rank": 28, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 45130000000, "global_rank": 9, "date": "2014" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 8750000000, "global_rank": 83, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 385600000, "global_rank": 17, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 38929000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 58, "global_rank": 8, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 66681000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 100, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "highly developed", "domestic": "extensive cable and microwave radio relay; extensive use of fiber-optic cable; domestic satellite system", "international": "country code - 33; numerous submarine cables provide links throughout Europe, Asia, Australia, the Middle East, and US; satellite earth stations - more than 3 (2 Intelsat (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for Indian Ocean and 3 for Atlantic Ocean), NA Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat - Atlantic Ocean region); HF radiotelephone communications with more than 20 countries", "overseas_departments": "country codes: French Guiana - 594; Guadeloupe - 590; Martinique - 596; Mayotte - 262; Reunion - 262 (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "a mix of both publicly operated and privately owned TV stations; state-owned France television stations operate 4 networks, one of which is a network of regional stations, and has part-interest in several thematic cable/satellite channels and international channels; a large number of privately owned regional and local TV stations; multi-channel satellite and cable services provide a large number of channels; public broadcaster Radio France operates 7 national networks, a series of regional networks, and operates services for overseas territories and foreign audiences; Radio France Internationale, under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is a leading international broadcaster; a large number of commercial FM stations, with many of them consolidating into commercial networks (2008)", "internet": { "country_code": "metropolitan France - .fr; French Guiana - .gf; Guadeloupe - .gp; Martinique - .mq; Mayotte - .yt; Reunion - .re", "users": { "total": 56367000, "percent_of_population": 84.7, "global_rank": 11, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 30, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 485, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 65039503, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 4098310000.0000005, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "F", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 464, "global_rank": 17, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 294, "over_3047_metres": 14, "2438_to_3047_metres": 25, "1524_to_2437_metres": 97, "914_to_1523_metres": 83, "under_914_metres": 75, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 170, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 64, "under_914_metres": 105, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 15322, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 2939, "units": "km" }, { "type": "refined products", "length": 5084, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 29640, "units": "km" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 29473, "electrified": 15561, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 167, "electrified": 63, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.000-m" }, "global_rank": 9, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 1028446, "units": "km", "note": "metropolitan France" }, "paved": { "value": 1028446, "units": "km", "note": "includes 11,416 km of expressways" }, "note": "not included are 5,100 km of roadways in overseas departments", "global_rank": 8, "date": "2010" }, "waterways": { "value": 8501, "units": "km", "note": "1,621 km navigable by craft up to 3,000 metric tons", "date": "2010" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 169, "by_type": [ { "type": "container", "count": 24 }, { "type": "dry bulk", "count": 1 }, { "type": "liquefied gas", "count": 6 }, { "type": "passenger", "count": 67 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 21 }, { "type": "tanker", "count": 34 }, { "type": "other", "count": 16 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 50 }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 151 }, "global_rank": 36, "date": "2016" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Brest", "Calais", "Dunkerque", "Le Havre", "Marseille", "Nantes" ], "river_ports": [ "Paris", "Rouen (Seine)", "Strasbourg (Rhine)", "Bordeaux (Garronne)" ], "container_ports": [ { "place": "Le Havre", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 2215262 } ], "cruise_ferry_ports": [ "Calais", "Cherbourg", "Le Havre" ], "liquid_natural_gas_terminals_import": [ "Fos Cavaou", "Fos Tonkin", "Montoir de Bretagne" ], "date": "2011" } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.78, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2.24, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 2.22, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 2.24, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 47 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Army (Armee de Terre", "includes Marines", "Foreign Legion", "Army Light Aviation)", "Navy (Marine Nationale)", "Air Force (Armee de l'Air (AdlA)", "includes Air Defense) (2011)" ] }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18-25 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; 1-year service obligation; women serve in noncombat posts", "date": "2013" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Madagascar claims the French territories of Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de Nova Island", "Comoros claims Mayotte", "Mauritius claims Tromelin Island", "territorial dispute between Suriname and the French overseas department of French Guiana", "France asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Adelie Land)", "France and Vanuatu claim Matthew and Hunter Islands, east of New Caledonia" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 24326, "country_of_origin": "Sri Lanka; Russia; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Serbia and Kosovo; Cambodia; Turkey; Syria; Vietnam; Afghanistan; Sudan; Laos; Guinea; Iraq; Mauritania" } ], "date": "2016" }, "stateless_persons": { "people": 1370, "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "metropolitan_france": "transshipment point for South American cocaine, Southwest Asian heroin, and European synthetics", "french_guiana": "small amount of marijuana grown for local consumption; minor transshipment point to Europe", "martinique": "transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for the US and Europe" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102115/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html" } }, "french_polynesia": { "data": { "name": "French Polynesia", "introduction": { "background": "The French annexed various Polynesian island groups during the 19th century. In September 1995, France stirred up widespread protests by resuming nuclear testing on the Mururoa Atoll after a three-year moratorium. The tests were halted in January 1996. In recent years, French Polynesia's autonomy has been considerably expanded." }, "geography": { "location": "Oceania, five archipelagoes (Archipel des Tuamotu, Iles Gambier, Iles Marquises, Iles Tubuai, Society Islands) in the South Pacific Ocean about halfway between South America and Australia", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 15, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 140, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Oceania", "area": { "total": { "value": 4167, "units": "sq km", "note": "118 islands and atolls; 67 are inhabited" }, "land": { "value": 3827, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 340, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 175, "comparative": "slightly less than one-third the size of Connecticut" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 2525, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical, but moderate", "terrain": "mixture of rugged high islands and low islands with reefs", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Pacific Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mont Orohena", "elevation": { "value": 2241, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "timber", "fish", "cobalt", "hydropower" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 12.5, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 0.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 6.3, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 5.5, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 43.7, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 43.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 10, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "occasional cyclonic storms in January", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "NA" ] }, "note": "includes five archipelagoes: four volcanic (Iles Gambier, Iles Marquises, Iles Tubuai, Society Islands) and one coral (Archipel des Tuamotu); Makatea in the Tuamotu archipelago is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and Nauru" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 285321, "global_rank": 182, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "French Polynesian(s)", "adjective": "French Polynesian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Polynesian", "percent": 78 }, { "name": "Chinese", "percent": 12 }, { "name": "local French", "percent": 6 }, { "name": "metropolitan French", "percent": 4 } ] }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "French", "percent": 70, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Polynesian", "percent": 28.2, "note": "official" }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.8 } ], "date": "2012" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 54 }, { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 30 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 10 }, { "name": "no religion", "percent": 6 } ] }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 22.9, "males": 33600, "females": 31727 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 16.03, "males": 23751, "females": 21999 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 44.27, "males": 64759, "females": 61562 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 9.13, "males": 13399, "females": 12648 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 7.67, "males": 10592, "females": 11284 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 42.2, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 31.5, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 10.7, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 9.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 31.5, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 31.3, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 31.7, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.91, "global_rank": 124, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 15, "global_rank": 131, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 5.1, "global_rank": 189, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -0.8, "global_rank": 136, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 55.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.85, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Papeete", "population": 133000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.08, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.94, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 4.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 5.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 4.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 178, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 77.2, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 74.9, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 79.6, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 72, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.9, "global_rank": 136, "date": "2016" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 3.17, "date": "2009" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 98.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 98.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 98.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 1.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 1.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 1.5, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 34.2, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 31.4, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 38.5, "units": "%" }, "date": "2007" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Overseas Lands of French Polynesia", "conventional_short_form": "French Polynesia", "local_long_form": "Pays d'outre-mer de la Polynesie Francaise", "local_short_form": "Polynesie Francaise", "former": "French Colony of Oceania", "etymology": "the term \"Polynesia\" is an 18th-century construct composed of two Greek words, \"poly\" (many) and \"nesoi\" (islands), and refers to the more than 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean" }, "government_type": "parliamentary democracy (Assembly of French Polynesia); an overseas collectivity of France", "capital": { "name": "Papeete (located on Tahiti)", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 17, "minutes": 32, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 149, "minutes": 34, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -10, "note": "5 hours behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "independence": { "note": "overseas lands of France" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Fete de la Federation", "day": "14 July", "original_year": "1880", "note": "the local holiday is Internal Autonomy Day, 29 June" } ], "constitution": { "history": "4 October 1958 (French Constitution)" }, "legal_system": "the laws of France, where applicable, apply", "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Emmanuel MACRON (since 14 May 2017), represented by High Commissioner of the Republic Rene BIDALL (since 30 May 2016)", "head_of_government": "President of French Polynesia Edouard FRITCH (since 12 September 2014)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers approved by the Assembly from a list of its members submitted by the president", "elections_appointments": "French president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); high commissioner appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior; French Polynesia president indirectly elected by Assembly of French Polynesia for a 5-year term (no term limits)" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Assembly of French Polynesia or Assemblee de la Polynesie Francaise (57 seats; elections held in two rounds; in the second round, 38 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; the party receiving the most votes gets an additional 19 seats; members serve 5-year terms)", "note": "two seats were elected to the French Senate for a 6-year term on 20 September 2014 (next to be held in September 2022); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Popular Rally 1, People's Servant Party 1; two seats were elected to the French National Assembly for a 5-year term on 17 June 2012 (next to be held by June 2017); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - UMP 2; the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) is France's ruling party,", "elections": "last held on 21 April 2013 and 5 May 2013 (next to be held in 2018)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - Popular Rally 45.1%, UPD 29.3%, A Tia Porinetia 25.6%; seats by party - Popular Rally 38, UPD 11, A Tia Porinetia 8" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel (composition NA); note - appeals beyond the French Polynesia Court of Appeal are heard by the Court of Cassation (in Paris)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges assigned from France normally for 3 years", "subordinate_courts": "Court of the First Instance or Tribunal de Premiere Instance; Court of Administrative Law or Tribunal Administratif" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "A Tia Porinetia", "leaders": [ "Teva ROHFRITSCH" ] }, { "name": "Alliance for a New Democracy", "name_alternative": "ADN", "note": "includes the parties The New Star and This Country is Yours" }, { "name": "New Fatherland Party ", "leaders": [ "Emile VERNAUDON" ], "note": "Ai'a Api" }, { "name": "Our Home alliance" }, { "name": "People's Servant Party ", "leaders": [ "Oscar TEMARU" ], "note": "Tavini Huiraatira" }, { "name": "Popular Rally ", "leaders": [ "Gaston FLOSSE" ], "note": "Tahoeraa Huiraatira" }, { "name": "Tavini Huiraatira", "leaders": [ "James CHANCELOR" ] }, { "name": "Union for Democracy alliance", "name_alternative": "UPD", "leaders": [ "Oscar TEMARU" ] } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "PIF ", "note": "associate member" }, { "organization": "SPC" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WMO" } ], "flag_description": { "description": "two red horizontal bands encase a wide white band in a 1:2:1 ratio; centered on the white band is a disk with a blue and white wave pattern depicting the sea on the lower half and a gold and white ray pattern depicting the sun on the upper half; a Polynesian canoe rides on the wave pattern; the canoe has a crew of five represented by five stars that symbolize the five island groups; red and white are traditional Polynesian colors", "note": "identical to the red-white-red flag of Tahiti, the largest and most populous of the islands in French Polynesia, but which has no emblem in the white band; the flag of France is used for official occasions" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "outrigger canoe" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "white" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Ia Ora 'O Tahiti Nui\" (Long Live Tahiti Nui)", "lyrics_music": "Maeva BOUGES, Irmine TEHEI, Angele TEROROTUA, Johanna NOUVEAU, Patrick AMARU, Louis MAMATUI, and Jean-Pierre CELESTIN (the compositional group created both the lyrics and music)", "note": "adopted 1993; serves as a local anthem; as a territory of France, \"La Marseillaise\" is official (see France)" }, "note": "under certain acts of France, French Polynesia has acquired autonomy in all areas except those relating to police, monetary policy, tertiary education, immigration, and defense and foreign affairs; the duties of its president are fashioned after those of the French prime minister" }, "economy": { "overview": "Since 1962, when France stationed military personnel in the region, French Polynesia has changed from a subsistence agricultural economy to one in which a high proportion of the work force is either employed by the military or supports the tourist industry. With the halt of French nuclear testing in 1996, the military contribution to the economy fell sharply.\n\nAfter growing at an average yearly rate of 4.2% from 1997-2007, the economic and financial crisis in 2008 marked French Polynesia’s entry into recession. However, since 2014, French Polynesia has shown signs of recovery. Business turnover reached 1.8% year-on-year in September 2016, tourism increased 1.8% in 2015, and GDP grew 2.0% in 2015.\n\nFrench Polynesia’s tourism-dominated service sector accounted for 85% of total value added for the economy in 2012. Tourism employs 17% of the workforce. Pearl farming is the second biggest industry in French Polynesia, accounting for 54% of exports in 2015; however, the output has decreased to 12.5 tons – the lowest level since 2008. A small manufacturing sector predominantly processes commodities from French Polynesia’s primary sector - 8% of total economy in 2012 - including agriculture and fishing.\n\nFrance has agreed to finance infrastructure, marine businesses, and cultural and ecological sites at roughly $80 million per year between 2015 and 2020. Japan, the US, and China are French Polynesia’s three largest trade partners.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5490000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 5383000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 6963000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2010" } ], "global_rank": 169 }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 4795000000, "date": "2012" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": -2.7, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, { "value": -2.5, "units": "%", "date": "2010" } ], "global_rank": 133 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 17000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 20100, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 22700, "units": "USD", "date": "2010" } ], "global_rank": 97 }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 66.9, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 33.6, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 19.4, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 17.5, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 17.5, "units": "%" } } }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 2.5, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 13, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 84.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2009" } } }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "coconuts", "vanilla", "vegetables", "fruits", "coffee", "poultry", "beef", "dairy products", "fish" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "tourism", "pearls", "agricultural processing", "handicrafts", "phosphates" ] }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 126300, "global_rank": 179, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 13, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 19, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 68, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2013" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 21.8, "units": "%", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 11.7, "units": "%", "date": "2010" } ], "global_rank": 177 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 19.7, "units": "%", "date": "2009" }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 1891000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 1833000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2011" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 26.4, "global_rank": 103, "date": "2012" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": 0.8, "global_rank": 21, "date": "2012" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.3, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 34 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3810000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 140 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 207700000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 158800000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 52 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1245000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1168000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 151 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "cultured pearls", "coconut products", "mother-of-pearl", "vanilla", "shark meat" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Japan", "percent": 35 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 24 }, { "name": "Hong Kong", "percent": 17 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 9.1 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 4.2 } ], "date": "2014" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2235000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 2271000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 156 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "fuels", "foodstuffs", "machinery", "equipment" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "France", "percent": 24 }, { "name": "South Korea", "percent": 10 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 9.6 }, { "name": "USA", "percent": 9.3 }, { "name": "New Zealand", "percent": 8.5 }, { "name": "Singapore", "percent": 8.2 }, { "name": "Australia", "percent": 4 } ], "date": "2014" } }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 905000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 822300000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 116 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 349300000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 310800000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 91 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 89.85, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 90.56, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 116981, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 59, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 72, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 45, "units": "%" }, "date": "2012" }, "production": { "kWh": 800000000, "global_rank": 157, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 700000000, "global_rank": 163, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 142, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 153, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 200000, "global_rank": 161, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 79, "global_rank": 95, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 94, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 21, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 173, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 137, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 196, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 137, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 146, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 6700, "global_rank": 165, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 185, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 6636, "global_rank": 154, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 188, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 146, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 103, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 197, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 142, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 1100000, "global_rank": 164, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 60000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 21, "global_rank": 159, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 268000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 95, "global_rank": 180, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "domestic": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular density is roughly 115 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 689; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2011)" } }, "broadcast_media": "the publicly owned French Overseas Network (RFO), which operates in France's overseas departments and territories, broadcasts on 2 TV channels and 1 radio station; 1 government-owned TV station; a small number of privately owned radio stations (2008)", "internet": { "country_code": ".pf", "users": { "total": 183000, "percent_of_population": 64.6, "global_rank": 163, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 2, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 21, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "F-OH", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 54, "global_rank": 87, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 45, "over_3047_metres": 2, "1524_to_2437_metres": 5, "914_to_1523_metres": 33, "under_914_metres": 5, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 9, "914_to_1523_metres": 4, "under_914_metres": 5, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 2590, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 1735, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 855, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 171, "date": "1999" }, "merchant_marine": { "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 12, "by_country": [ { "country": "Cambodia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "France", "count": 11 } ] }, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Papeete" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "no regular military forces" ], "date": "2011" }, "note": "defense is the responsibility of France" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ] } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624174610/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fp.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fp.html" } }, "gabon": { "data": { "name": "Gabon", "introduction": { "background": "Following, independence from France in 1960, El Hadj Omar BONGO Ondimba - one of the longest-ruling heads of state in the world - dominated the country's political scene for four decades (1967-2009). President BONGO introduced a nominal multiparty system and a new constitution in the early 1990s. However, allegations of electoral fraud during local elections in December 2002 and the presidential election in 2005 exposed the weaknesses of formal political structures in Gabon. Following President BONGO's death in 2009, a new election brought his son, Ali BONGO Ondimba, to power. Despite constrained political conditions, Gabon's small population, abundant natural resources, and considerable foreign support have helped make it one of the more stable African countries.\nPresident Ali BONGO Ondimba’s controversial August 2016 reelection sparked unprecedented opposition protests that resulted in the burning of the parliament building. The election was contested by the opposition after fraudulent results were flagged by international election observers. Gabon’s Constitutional Court reviewed the election results but ruled in favor of President BONGO, upholding his win and extending his mandate to 2023." }, "geography": { "location": "Central Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean at the Equator, between Republic of the Congo and Equatorial Guinea", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 1, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "S" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 11, "minutes": 45, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Africa", "area": { "total": { "value": 267667, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 257667, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 10000, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 77, "comparative": "slightly smaller than Colorado" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 3261, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Cameroon", "border_length": { "value": 349, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Republic of the Congo", "border_length": { "value": 2567, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Equatorial Guinea", "border_length": { "value": 345, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 885, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical; always hot, humid", "terrain": "narrow coastal plain; hilly interior; savanna in east and south", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 377, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Atlantic Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mont Iboundji", "elevation": { "value": 1575, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "petroleum", "natural gas", "diamond", "niobium", "manganese", "uranium", "gold", "timber", "iron ore", "hydropower" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 19, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 1.2, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 17.2, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 81, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 0, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 40, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "NA", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "deforestation", "poaching" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Tropical Timber 83", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "a small population and oil and mineral reserves have helped Gabon become one of Africa's wealthier countries; in general, these circumstances have allowed the country to maintain and conserve its pristine rain forest and rich biodiversity" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 1738541, "global_rank": 154, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Gabonese (singular and plural)", "adjective": "Gabonese" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Bantu tribes" }, { "name": "including four major tribal groupings ; other Africans and Europeans", "note": "Fang, Bapounou, Nzebi, Obamba" }, { "percent": 154 }, { "percent": 0 }, { "name": "including", "percent": 10 }, { "name": "French and", "percent": 11 }, { "name": "persons of dual nationality", "percent": 0 } ] }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "French", "note": "official" }, { "name": "Fang" }, { "name": "Myene" }, { "name": "Nzebi" }, { "name": "Bapounou/Eschira" }, { "name": "Bandjabi" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Catholic", "percent": 41.9 }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 13.7 }, { "name": "other Christian", "percent": 32.4 }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 6.4 }, { "name": "animist", "percent": 0.3 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.3 }, { "name": "none/no answer", "percent": 5 } ], "date": "2012" }, "demographic_profile": "Gabon’s oil revenues have given it one of the highest per capita income levels in sub-Saharan Africa, but the wealth is not evenly distributed and poverty is widespread. Unemployment is especially prevalent among the large youth population; more than 60% of the population is under the age of 25. With a fertility rate still averaging more than 4 children per woman, the youth population will continue to grow and further strain the mismatch between Gabon’s supply of jobs and the skills of its labor force.\nGabon has been a magnet to migrants from neighboring countries since the 1960s because of the discovery of oil, as well as the country’s political stability and timber, mineral, and natural gas resources. Nonetheless, income inequality and high unemployment have created slums in Libreville full of migrant workers from Senegal, Nigeria, Cameroon, Benin, Togo, and elsewhere in West Africa. In 2011, Gabon declared an end to refugee status for 9,500 remaining Congolese nationals to whom it had granted asylum during the Republic of the Congo’s civil war between 1997 and 2003. About 5,400 of these refugees received permits to reside in Gabon.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 41.98, "males": 366875, "females": 363031 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 20.37, "males": 177501, "females": 176653 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 29.59, "males": 257841, "females": 256604 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 4.28, "males": 35895, "females": 38533 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 3.77, "males": 28137, "females": 37471 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 73.1, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 64.3, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 8.8, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 11.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 18.6, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 18.4, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 18.8, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 207, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 1.92, "global_rank": 52, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 34.3, "global_rank": 23, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 13.1, "global_rank": 16, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -2, "global_rank": 166, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 87.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 2.7, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Libreville", "population": 707000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.93, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.75, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 20.3, "date": "2012" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 291, "global_rank": 50, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 45.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 52, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 38, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 43, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 52.1, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 51.6, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 52.5, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 220, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 4.43, "global_rank": 28, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 31.1, "units": "%", "date": "2012" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 3.4, "global_rank": 173, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 6.3, "date": "2010" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 97.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 66.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 93.2, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 2.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 33.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 6.8, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 43.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 31.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 41.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 56.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 68.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 58.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 3.76, "global_rank": 16, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 46700, "global_rank": 57, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 1300, "global_rank": 61, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "very high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "malaria", "dengue fever" ], "water_contact_diseases": [ "schistosomiasis" ], "animal_contact_diseases": [ "rabies" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 15.8, "global_rank": 124, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 6.5, "global_rank": 79, "date": "2012" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 2.7, "date": "2014" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 83.2, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 85.3, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 81, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 35.7, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 30.6, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 41.9, "units": "%" }, "date": "2010" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Gabonese Republic", "conventional_short_form": "Gabon", "local_long_form": "Republique Gabonaise", "local_short_form": "Gabon", "etymology": "name originates from the Portuguese word \"gabao\" meaning \"cloak,\" which is roughly the shape that the early explorers gave to the estuary of the Komo River by the capital of Libreville" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Libreville", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 0, "minutes": 23, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 9, "minutes": 27, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 1, "note": "6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Estuaire", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Haut-Ogooue", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Moyen-Ogooue", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Ngounie", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Nyanga", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Ogooue-Ivindo", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Ogooue-Lolo", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Ogooue-Maritime", "type": "province" }, { "name": "Woleu-Ntem", "type": "province" } ], "independence": { "date": "1960-08-17", "note": "from France" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "17 August", "original_year": "1960" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1961; latest drafted May 1990, adopted 15 March 1991, promulgated 26 March 1991; amended several times, last in 2011 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "mixed legal system of French civil law and customary law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Gabon", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "10 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Ali BONGO Ondimba (since 16 October 2009)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Emmanuel ISSOZE-NGONDET (since 29 September 2016)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the president", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (no term limits); election last held on 27 August 2016 (next to be held in August 2023); prime minister appointed by the president", "election_results": "Ali BONGO Ondimba re-elected president; percent of vote - Ali BONGO Ondimba (PDG) 49.8%, Jean PING (UFC) 48.2%, other 2.0%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Senat (number of seats not fixed; members indirectly elected by municipal councils and departmental assemblies by absolute majority vote in two rounds; members serve 6-year terms) and the National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (120 seats; members elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in two rounds if needed; members serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "Senate - last held on 13 December 2014 (next to be held in January 2021); National Assembly - last held on 17 December 2011 (next to be held by July 2017)", "election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PDG 81, CLR 7, PSD 2, ADERE-UPG 1, UPG 1, PGCI 1, independent 7; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PDG 114, RPG 3, other 3" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of 4 permanent specialized supreme courts - Supreme Court or Cour de Cassation, Administrative Supreme Court or Conseil d'Etat, Accounting Supreme Court or Cour des Comptes, Constitutional Court or Cour Constitutionnelle - and the non-permanent Court of State Security, initiated only for cases of high treason by the president and criminal activity by executive branch officials", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "appointment and tenure of Supreme, Administrative, Accounting, and State Security courts NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed - 3 by the national president, 3 by the president of the Senate, and 3 by the president of the National Assembly; judges serve 7-year, single renewable terms", "subordinate_courts": "Courts of Appeal; county courts; military courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Circle of Liberal Reformers", "name_alternative": "CLR", "leaders": [ "General Jean-Boniface ASSELE" ] }, { "name": "Democratic and Republican Alliance", "name_alternative": "ADERE", "leaders": [ "DIDJOB Divungui di Ndinge" ] }, { "name": "Gabonese Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "PDG", "leaders": [ "Ali BONGO Ondimba" ] }, { "name": "Independent Center Party of Gabon", "name_alternative": "PGCI", "leaders": [ "Luccheri GAHILA" ] }, { "name": "National Rally of Woodcutters-Democratic", "name_alternative": "RNB-D", "leaders": [ "Pierre Andre KOMBILA" ] }, { "name": "Social Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "PSD", "leaders": [ "Pierre Claver MAGANGA-MOUSSAVOU" ] }, { "name": "Union for the New Republic", "name_alternative": "UPRN", "leaders": [ "Louis Gaston MAYILA" ] }, { "name": "Union of Gabonese People", "name_alternative": "UPG", "leaders": [ "Richard MOULOMBA" ] }, { "name": "United Forced for Change", "name_alternative": "UFC", "leaders": [ "Jean PING" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "NA" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AfDB" }, { "organization": "AU" }, { "organization": "BDEAC" }, { "organization": "CEMAC" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "FZ" }, { "organization": "G-24" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IDB" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OIC" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Michael MOUSSA-NDONG (since September 19, 2011)", "chancery": "2034 20th Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20009", "telephone": "[1] (202) 797-1000", "fax": "[1] (301) 332-0668" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Cythia AKUETTEH (since 13 August 2014); note - also accredited to Sao Tome and Principe", "embassy": "Boulevard du Bord de Mer, Libreville", "mailing_address": "Centre Ville, B. P. 4000, Libreville; pouch: 2270 Libreville Place, Washington, DC 20521-2270", "telephone": "[241] 01-45-71-00", "fax": "[241] 01-74-55-07" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue; green represents the country's forests and natural resources, gold represents the equator (which transects Gabon) as well as the sun, blue represents the sea" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "black panther" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "green" }, { "color": "yellow" }, { "color": "blue" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"La Concorde\" (The Concorde)", "lyrics_music": "Georges Aleka DAMAS", "note": "adopted 1960", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/GB.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Gabon enjoys a per capita income four times that of most sub-Saharan African nations, but because of high income inequality, a large proportion of the population remains poor. Gabon relied on timber and manganese exports until oil was discovered offshore in the early 1970s. From 2010 to 2016, oil accounted for approximately 80% of Gabon’s exports, 45% of its GDP, and 60% of its state budget revenues.\n\nGabon faces fluctuating prices for its oil, timber, and manganese exports. A rebound of oil prices from 2001 to 2013 helped growth, but declining production, as some fields passed their peak production, has hampered Gabon from fully realizing potential gains. GDP grew nearly 6% per year over the 2010-14 period, but slowed significantly in 2015 as oil prices declined. Low oil prices also weakened government revenue and negatively affected the trade and current account balances.\n\nDespite an abundance of natural wealth, poor fiscal management and over-reliance on oil has stifled the economy. There are frequent power cuts and water shortages. Significant cuts in budget expenditures -- Gabon’s budget has contracted for four years in a row -- have not extended to the government’s priority projects, like a new stadium for the Africa Cup of Nations.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 35980000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 35100000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 33750000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 121, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 14560000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 4.3, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 110 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 19300, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 18900, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 18500, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 88, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 40.8, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 15.8, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 31.1, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.1, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 39.8, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -27.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 4.5, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 46.4, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 49.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 28.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 35.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 42.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 33 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "cocoa", "coffee", "sugar", "palm oil", "rubber", "cattle", "okoume", "fish" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "petroleum extraction", "refining", "manganese", "gold", "chemicals", "ship repair", "food", "beverages", "textiles", "lumbering", "plywood", "cement" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": -1.5, "global_rank": 185, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 674700, "global_rank": 153, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 64, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 12, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 24, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2005" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 28, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 20.4, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 189 }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2.5, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 32.7, "units": "%" }, "date": "2005" }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 2917000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 3464000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 20, "global_rank": 154, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -3.8, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 43.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 39.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 110 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.6, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 73 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" }, { "value": 4.25, "units": "%", "date": "2009-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 104 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 15.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 15.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 37 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2314000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2251000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 124 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4545000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 4421000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 133 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2425000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2382000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 136 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -1279000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -779000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 135 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4395000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 5181000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 110 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "crude oil", "timber", "manganese", "uranium" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 15.6 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 7.4 }, { "name": "Trinidad and Tobago", "percent": 7.2 }, { "name": "Australia", "percent": 7.1 }, { "name": "Spain", "percent": 6.4 }, { "name": "South Korea", "percent": 5.5 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 5 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 4.8 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3002000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3061000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 142 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "equipment", "foodstuffs", "chemicals", "construction materials" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 21.5 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 19.7 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 6.6 }, { "name": "Benin", "percent": 4.7 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 4 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1585000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1878000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 122 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5158000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 4883000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 132 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 590.8, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 591.45, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 591.45, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 494.42, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 510.53, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 200000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 89, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 97, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 38, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 2300000000, "global_rank": 135, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 2100000000, "global_rank": 141, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 144, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 400000000, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 600000, "global_rank": 142, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 59, "global_rank": 136, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 41, "global_rank": 58, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 175, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 213300, "global_rank": 38, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 200000, "global_rank": 30, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 198, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 2000000000, "global_rank": 38, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 21750, "global_rank": 91, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 19000, "global_rank": 135, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 7212, "global_rank": 89, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 5364, "global_rank": 163, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 420000000, "global_rank": 74, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 420000000, "global_rank": 101, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 105, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 199, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 28320000000, "global_rank": 69, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 6000000, "global_rank": 122, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 18758, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 1, "global_rank": 190, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 2958000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 173, "global_rank": 128, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "adequate system of cable, microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, radiotelephone communication stations, and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations", "domestic": "a growing mobile cellular network with multiple providers is making telephone service more widely available with mobile cellular teledensity exceeding 170 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 241; landing point for the SAT-3/WASC fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to Europe and Asia; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "state owns and operates 2 TV stations and 2 radio broadcast stations; a few private radio and TV stations; transmissions of at least 2 international broadcasters are accessible; satellite service subscriptions are available (2007)", "internet": { "country_code": ".ga", "users": { "total": 401000, "percent_of_population": 23.5, "global_rank": 161, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 5, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 7, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 137331, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 0, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "TR", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 44, "global_rank": 99, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 14, "over_3047_metres": 1, "2438_to_3047_metres": 2, "1524_to_2437_metres": 9, "914_to_1523_metres": 1, "under_914_metres": 1, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 30, "1524_to_2437_metres": 7, "914_to_1523_metres": 9, "under_914_metres": 14, "date": "2013" } } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 807, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 1639, "units": "km" }, { "type": "water", "length": 3, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 649, "units": "km" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 649, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 9170, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 1097, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 8073, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 140, "date": "2007" }, "waterways": { "value": 1600, "units": "km", "note": "310 km on Ogooue River", "global_rank": 49, "date": "2010" }, "merchant_marine": { "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 2, "by_country": [ { "country": "Cambodia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Panama", "count": 1 } ] }, "global_rank": 140, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Libreville", "Owendo", "Port-Gentil" ], "oil_terminals": [ "Gamba", "Lucina" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.19, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.62, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 1.46, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 76 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Gabonese Defense Forces (Forces de Defense Gabonaise)", "Land Force (Force Terrestre)", "Gabonese Navy (Marine Gabonaise)", "Gabonese Air Forces (Forces Aerienne Gabonaises", "FAG)" ], "date": "2012" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 20, "note": "20 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "UN urges Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to resolve the sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island and lesser islands and to establish a maritime boundary in hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay" ], "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "Gabon is primarily a destination and transit country for adults and children from West and Central African countries subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; boys are forced to work as street vendors, mechanics, or in the fishing sector, while girls are subjected to domestic servitude or forced to work in markets or roadside restaurants; West African women are forced into domestic servitude or prostitution; men are reportedly forced to work on cattle farms; some foreign adults end up in forced labor in Gabon after initially seeking the help of human smugglers to help them migrate clandestinely; traffickers operate in loose, ethnic-based criminal networks, with female traffickers recruiting and facilitating the transport of victims from source countries; in some cases, families turn child victims over to traffickers, who promise paid jobs in Gabon", "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List – Gabon does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; Gabon’s existing laws do not prohibit all forms of trafficking, and the government failed to pass a legal amendment drafted in 2013 to criminalize the trafficking of adults; anti-trafficking law enforcement decreased in 2014, dropping from 50 investigations to 16, and the only defendant to face prosecution fled the country; government efforts to identify and refer victims to protective services declined from 50 child victims in 2013 to just 3 in 2014, none of whom was referred to a care facility; the government provided support to four centers offering services to orphans and vulnerable children – 14 child victims identified by an NGO received government assistance; no adult victims have been identified since 2009 (2015)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-17", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170617101235/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gb.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170617000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gb.html" } }, "gambia_the": { "data": { "name": "Gambia, The", "introduction": { "background": "The Gambia gained its independence from the UK in 1965. Geographically surrounded by Senegal, it formed a short-lived Confederation of Senegambia between 1982 and 1989. In 1991 the two nations signed a friendship and cooperation treaty, but tensions have flared up intermittently since then. Yahya JAMMEH led a military coup in 1994 that overthrew the president and banned political activity. A new constitution and presidential election in 1996, followed by parliamentary balloting in 1997, completed a nominal return to civilian rule. JAMMEH was elected president in all subsequent elections including most recently in late 2011. After 22 years of increasingly authoritarian rule, President JAMMEH was defeated in free and fair elections in December 2016. Due to The Gambia’s poor human rights record under JAMMEH, international development partners had distanced themselves, and substantially reduced aid to the country. These channels may re-open under the administration of President" }, "geography": { "location": "Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and Senegal", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 13, "minutes": 28, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 16, "minutes": 34, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Africa", "area": { "total": { "value": 11300, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 10120, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 1180, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 167, "comparative": "slightly less than twice the size of Delaware" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 749, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Senegal", "border_length": { "value": 749, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 80, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 18, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_fishing_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": "extent not specified" }, "climate": "tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May)", "terrain": "flood plain of the Gambia River flanked by some low hills", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 34, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Atlantic Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "unnamed elevation", "elevation": { "value": 53, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "fish", "clay", "silica sand", "titanium", "rutile", "ilmenite", "tin", "zircon" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 56.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 41, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.5, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 14.6, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 43.9, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 0, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 50, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "drought (rainfall has dropped by 30% in the last 30 years)", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "deforestation", "desertification", "water-borne diseases prevalent" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "almost an enclave of Senegal; smallest country in Africa" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 2009648, "global_rank": 147, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Gambian(s)", "adjective": "Gambian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Mandinka/Jahanka", "percent": 33.8 }, { "name": "Fulani/Tukulur/Lorobo", "percent": 22.1 }, { "name": "Wolof", "percent": 12.2 }, { "name": "Jola/Karoninka", "percent": 10.9 }, { "name": "Serahuleh", "percent": 7 }, { "name": "Serer", "percent": 3.2 }, { "name": "Manjago", "percent": 2.1 }, { "name": "Bambara", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "Creole/Aku Marabout", "percent": 0.8 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.9 }, { "name": "non-Gambian", "percent": 5.2 }, { "name": "no answer", "percent": 0.7 } ], "date": "2013" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "English", "note": "official" }, { "name": "Mandinka" }, { "name": "Wolof" }, { "name": "Fula" }, { "name": "other indigenous vernaculars" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 95.7 }, { "name": "Christian", "percent": 4.2 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 0.1 }, { "name": "no answer", "percent": 0.1 } ], "date": "2013" }, "demographic_profile": "The Gambia’s youthful age structure – almost 60% of the population is under the age of 25 – is likely to persist because the country’s total fertility rate remains strong at nearly 4 children per woman. The overall literacy rate is around 55%, and is significantly lower for women than for men. At least 70% of the populace are farmers who are reliant on rain-fed agriculture and cannot afford improved seeds and fertilizers. Crop failures caused by droughts between 2011 and 2013 have increased poverty, food shortages, and malnutrition.\nThe Gambia is a source country for migrants and a transit and destination country for migrants and refugees. Since the 1980s, economic deterioration, drought, and high unemployment, especially among youths, have driven both domestic migration (largely urban) and migration abroad (legal and illegal). Emigrants are largely skilled workers, including doctors and nurses, and provide a significant amount of remittances. The top receiving countries for Gambian emigrants are Spain, the US, Nigeria, Senegal, and the UK. While the Gambia and Spain do not share historic, cultural, or trade ties, rural Gambians have migrated to Spain in large numbers because of its proximity and the availability of jobs in its underground economy (this flow slowed following the onset of Spain’s late 2007 economic crisis).\nThe Gambia’s role as a host country to refugees is a result of wars in several of its neighboring West African countries. Since 2006, refugees from the Casamance conflict in Senegal have replaced their pattern of flight and return with permanent settlement in The Gambia, often moving in with relatives along the Senegal-Gambia border. The strain of providing for about 7,400 Casamance refugees has increased poverty among Gambian villagers.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 37.88, "males": 382215, "females": 379029 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 20.64, "males": 204979, "females": 209866 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 33.92, "males": 333875, "females": 347779 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 4.14, "males": 39978, "females": 43177 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 3.42, "males": 32011, "females": 36739 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 94.2, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 89.7, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 4.5, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 22.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 20.7, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 20.4, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 21, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 186, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 2.11, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 30.1, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 7.1, "global_rank": 126, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -2, "global_rank": 165, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 59.6, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 4.33, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Banjul", "population": 504000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 0.98, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.96, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.93, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.88, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.98, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 20.9, "date": "2013" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 706, "global_rank": 29, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 62, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 67.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 56.5, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 18, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 64.9, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 62.5, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 67.3, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 178, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 3.63, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 9, "units": "%", "date": "2013" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 7.3, "global_rank": 144, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.11, "date": "2008" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 1.1, "date": "2011" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 94.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 84.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 90.2, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 5.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 15.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 9.8, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 61.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 55, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 58.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 38.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 45, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 41.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 1.82, "global_rank": 28, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 20500, "global_rank": 77, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 1000, "global_rank": 68, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "very high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "protozoal diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "malaria", "dengue fever" ], "water_contact_diseases": [ "schistosomiasis" ], "respiratory_diseases": [ "meningococcal meningitis" ], "animal_contact_diseases": [ "rabies" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 9.1, "global_rank": 138, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 16.4, "global_rank": 38, "date": "2013" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 2.8, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2013" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 55.5, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 63.9, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 47.6, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 9, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 9, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 9, "units": "years" }, "date": "2010" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 103389, "percentage": { "value": 25, "units": "%" }, "date": "2006" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of The Gambia", "conventional_short_form": "The Gambia", "etymology": "named for the Gambia River that flows through the heart of the country" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Banjul", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 13, "minutes": 27, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 16, "minutes": 34, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 0, "note": "5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Banjul", "type": "city" }, { "name": "Central River", "type": "region" }, { "name": "Kanifing", "type": "municipality" }, { "name": "Lower River", "type": "region" }, { "name": "North Bank", "type": "region" }, { "name": "Upper River", "type": "region" }, { "name": "West Coast", "type": "region" } ], "independence": { "date": "1965-02-18", "note": "from the UK" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "18 February", "original_year": "1965" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1970; latest adopted 8 April 1996, approved by referendum 8 August 1996, effective 16 January 1997; amended several times, last in 2010 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "mixed legal system of English common law, Islamic law, and customary law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "yes", "citizenship_by_descent": "yes", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "5 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Adama BARROW (since 19 January 2017); Vice President Fatoumata JALLOW-TAMBAJANG (since 23 January 2017); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government", "head_of_government": "President Adama BARROW (since 19 January 2017); Vice President Fatoumata JALLOW-TAMBAJANG (since 23 January 2017)", "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 24 November 2011 (next to be held on 1 December 2016); vice president appointed by the president", "election_results": "Adama BARROW elected president; percent of vote - Adama BARROW (opposition coalition) 45.5%, Yahya JAMMEH (APRC)36.7%, Mamma KANDEH (G" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral National Assembly (58 seats; 53 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 5 appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 6 April 2017 (next to be held in 2022)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - UDP 31, APRC 5, NRP 5, GDC, 5, PDOIS 4, PP 2, independent 1" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of The Gambia (consists of the chief justice and 6 other justices; court sessions held with 5 justices)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "justices appointed by the president after consultation with the Judicial Service Commission, a 6-member independent body of high-level judicial officials, a presidential appointee, and a National Assembly appointee; justices appointed for life or until mandatory retirement age", "subordinate_courts": "Court of Appeal; High Court; Special Criminal Court; Khadis or Muslim courts; district tribunals; magistrates courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction", "name_alternative": "APRC", "leaders": [ "Fabakary JATTA" ] }, { "name": "Coalition 2016 ", "leaders": [ "collective leadership" ], "note": "electoral coalition including UDP, PDOIS, NRP, GMC, GDC, PPP, GPDP" }, { "name": "Gambia Democratic Congress", "name_alternative": "GDC", "leaders": [ "Mama KANDEH" ] }, { "name": "Gambia Moral Congress", "name_alternative": "GMC", "leaders": [ "Mai FATTY" ] }, { "name": "Gambia Party for Democracy and Progress", "name_alternative": "GPDP", "leaders": [ "Henry GOMEZ" ] }, { "name": "National Reconciliation Party", "name_alternative": "NRP", "leaders": [ "Samba JALLOW" ] }, { "name": "National Convention Party", "name_alternative": "NCP", "leaders": [ "Ebrima Janko SANYANG" ] }, { "name": "People's Democratic Organization for Independence and Socialism", "name_alternative": "PDOIS", "leaders": [ "Sidia JATTA" ] }, { "name": "People's Progressive Party", "name_alternative": "PPP", "leaders": [ "Yaya CEESAY" ], "note": "" }, { "name": "United Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "UDP", "leaders": [ "Ousainou DARBOE" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "The Association of Non-Governmental Organizations", "name_alternative": "TANGO" }, { "name": "Female Lawyers Association of Gambia", "name_alternative": "FLAG" }, { "name": "Gambia Committee on Traditional Practices", "name_alternative": "GAMCOTRAP" }, { "name": "Gambia Press Union", "name_alternative": "GPU" }, { "name": "West African Peace Building Network-Gambian Chapter", "name_alternative": "WANEB-GAMBIA" }, { "name": "Youth Employment Network Gambia", "name_alternative": "YENGambia" }, { "name": "special needs group advocates" }, { "name": "teachers and principals" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AfDB" }, { "organization": "AU" }, { "organization": "ECOWAS" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IDB" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO ", "note": "correspondent" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINUSMA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OIC" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNAMID" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNMIL" }, { "organization": "UNOCI" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Manneh HAMBA (since 3 May 2017)", "chancery": "2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Georgetown Plaza, Suite 240, Washington, DC 20007", "telephone": "[1] (202) 785-1379, 1399, 1425 [1] (202) 785-1379, 1399, 1425", "fax": "[1] (202) 342-0240" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador C. Patricia ALSUP (since 11 January 2016)", "embassy": "Kairaba Avenue, Fajara, Banjul", "mailing_address": "P.M.B. 19, Banjul", "telephone": "[220] 439-2856", "fax": "[220] 439-2475" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white edges, and green; red stands for the sun and the savannah, blue represents the Gambia River, and green symbolizes forests and agriculture; the white stripes denote unity and peace" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "lion" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "blue" }, { "color": "green" }, { "color": "white" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"For The Gambia, Our Homeland\"", "lyrics_music": "Virginia Julie HOWE/adapted by Jeremy Frederick HOWE", "note": "adopted 1965; the music is an adaptation of the traditional Mandinka song \"Foday Kaba Dumbuya\"", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/GA.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "The government has invested in the agriculture sector because three-quarters of the population depends on the sector for its livelihood and agriculture provides for about one-third of GDP, making The Gambia largely reliant on sufficient rainfall. The agricultural sector has untapped potential - less than half of arable land is cultivated and agricultural productivity is low. Small-scale manufacturing activity features the processing of cashews, groundnuts, fish, and hides. The Gambia's re-export trade accounts for almost 80% of goods exports and China has been its largest trade partner for both exports and imports for several years.\n\nThe Gambia has sparse natural resource deposits. It relies heavily on remittances from workers overseas and tourist receipts. Remittance inflows to The Gambia amount to about one-fifth of the country’s GDP. The Gambia's location on the ocean and proximity to Europe has made it one of the most frequented tourist destinations in West Africa, boosted by private sector investments in eco-tourism and facilities. Tourism normally brings in about 20% of GDP, but it suffered in 2014 from tourists’ fears of Ebola virus in neighboring West African countries. Unemployment and underemployment remain high.\n\nEconomic progress depends on sustained bilateral and multilateral aid, on responsible government economic management, and on continued technical assistance from multilateral and bilateral donors. International donors and lenders were concerned about the quality of fiscal management under the administration of former President Yahya Jammeh, who reportedly stole hundreds of millions of dollars of the country’s funds during his 22 years in power, but anticipate significant improvements under the new administration of President Adama BARROW, who assumed power on January 19, 2017. As of April 2017, the IMF, the World Bank, the European Union, and the African Development Bank were all negotiating with the new government of The Gambia to provide financial support in the coming months to ease the country’s financial crisis.\n\nThe country’s GDP contracted in 2016 largely as a result of the limited availability of foreign exchange, weak agricultural output, the border closure with Senegal during the first half of the year, and a slowdown in tourism during the political impasse that occurred at the height of the tourist season. The country faces a large fiscal deficit and a high domestic debt burden that has crowded out private sector investment and driven interest rates to new highs. The new government has committed to taking steps to reduce the deficit, including through expenditure caps, debt consolidation, and reform of state-owned enterprises.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3387000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3310000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3172000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 182, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 886000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.3, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": -0.2, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 122 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1700, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1700, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1600, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 214, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 80.7, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 9.7, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 19.1, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": -1.5, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 24.8, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -32.8, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 21.4, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 15.6, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 63, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 14.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 147 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "rice", "millet", "sorghum", "peanuts", "corn", "sesame", "cassava", "manioc", "tapioca", "palm kernels", "cattle", "sheep", "goats" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "peanuts", "fish", "hides", "tourism", "beverages", "agricultural machinery assembly", "woodworking", "metalworking", "clothing" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 1.2, "global_rank": 141, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 777100, "global_rank": 151, "date": "2007" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 75, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 19, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "1996" } }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 48.4, "units": "%", "date": "2010" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 36.9, "units": "%" }, "date": "2003" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 50.2, "units": "gini_index", "date": "1998" } ], "global_rank": 17, "note": "" }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 231500000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 323600000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 26.1, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -10.4, "global_rank": 201, "date": "2016" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7.4, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 197 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9, "units": "%", "date": "2009-12-31" }, { "value": 11, "units": "%", "date": "2008-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 33 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 30.6, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 30.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 7 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 236900000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 275400000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 180 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 534700000.00000006, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 511500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 182 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 420800000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 466700000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 178 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -97000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -134000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 75 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 120000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 113200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 194 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "peanut products", "fish", "cotton lint", "palm kernels" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 47.7 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 27.1 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 5.9 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 4.9 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 363900000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 365100000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 198 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "foodstuffs", "manufactures", "fuel", "machinery", "transport equipment" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 34.3 }, { "name": "Brazil", "percent": 8.2 }, { "name": "Senegal", "percent": 6.9 }, { "name": "India", "percent": 5.8 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 4.8 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 91700000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 83800000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 168 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 502500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 176, "note": "g: $541.8 million (31 December 2016 est.)" }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 44.5, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 41.89, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 41.89, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 41.733, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 32.08, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "dalasis (GMD) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 1200000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 36, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 60, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 2, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 300000000, "global_rank": 180, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 300000000, "global_rank": 186, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 143, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 154, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 91000, "global_rank": 178, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 100, "global_rank": 10, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 95, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 173, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 174, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 138, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 129, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 197, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 138, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 147, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 3500, "global_rank": 182, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 42, "global_rank": 125, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 3552, "global_rank": 174, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 189, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 147, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 104, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 198, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 143, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 500000, "global_rank": 184, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 45000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 2, "global_rank": 158, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 2586000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 131, "global_rank": 146, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "adequate microwave radio relay and open-wire network; state-owned Gambia Telecommunications partially privatized in 2007", "domestic": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity, aided by multiple mobile-cellular providers, is roughly 130 per 100 persons", "international": "country code - 220; microwave radio relay links to Senegal and Guinea-Bissau; a landing station for the Africa Coast to Europe (ACE) undersea fiber-optic cable completed in 2011 and launched in 2012; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "state-owned, single-channel TV service; state-owned radio station and 15 privately owned radio stations; 6 community radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available, some via shortwave radio; cable and satellite TV subscription services are obtainable in some parts of the country (2015)", "internet": { "country_code": ".gm", "users": { "total": 337000, "percent_of_population": 17.1, "global_rank": 147, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "C5", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 1, "global_rank": 218, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 1, "over_3047_metres": 1, "date": "2013" } } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 3740, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 711, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 3029, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 159, "date": "2011" }, "waterways": { "value": 390, "units": "km", "note": "on River Gambia; small oceangoing vessels can reach 190 km", "global_rank": 88, "date": "2010" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 4, "by_type": [ { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 3 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 1 } ], "global_rank": 130, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Banjul" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.48, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.72, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.15, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.22, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ] }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Office of the Chief of Defense Staff", "Gambian National Army (GNA)", "Gambian Navy (GN)", "Republican National Guard (RNG)" ], "date": "2010" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; service obligation 6 months", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "attempts to stem refugees, cross-border raids, arms smuggling, and other illegal activities by separatists from southern Senegal's Casamance region, as well as from conflicts in other west African states" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 7470, "country_of_origin": "Senegal" } ], "date": "2016" } }, "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "The Gambia is a source and destination country for women and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Gambian women, girls, and, to a lesser extent, boys are exploited for prostitution and domestic servitude; women, girls, and boys from West African countries are trafficked to The Gambia for commercial sexual exploitation, particularly by European sex tourists; boys in some Koranic schools are forced into street vending or begging; some Gambian children have been identified as victims of forced labor in neighboring West African countries", "tier_rating": "Tier 3 – The Gambia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government demonstrated minimal anti-trafficking law enforcement efforts, investigating one trafficking case but not prosecuting or convicting any offenders in 2014; authorities did not investigate, prosecute, or convict any government employees complicit in trafficking, although corruption was a serious problem; the government identified and repatriated 19 Gambian girls subjected to domestic servitude in Lebanon but did not identify or provide protective services to any trafficking victims in The Gambia; a government program continued to provide resources and financial support to 12 Koranic schools on the condition that their students were not forced to beg (2015)" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102520/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ga.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ga.html" } }, "gaza_strip": { "data": { "name": "Gaza Strip", "introduction": { "background": "Inhabited since at least the 15th century B.C., Gaza has been dominated by many different peoples and empires throughout its history; it was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in the early 16th century. Gaza fell to British forces during World War I, becoming a part of the British Mandate of Palestine. Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Egypt administered the newly formed Gaza Strip; it was captured by Israel in the Six-Day War in 1967. Under a series of agreements known as the Oslo accords signed between 1994 and 1999, Israel transferred to the newly-created Palestinian Authority (PA) security and civilian responsibility for many Palestinian-populated areas of the Gaza Strip as well as the West Bank. Negotiations to determine the permanent status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip stalled in 2001, after which the area witnessed a violent intifada or uprising.\n\nIn early 2003, the \"Quartet\" of the US, EU, UN, and Russia presented a roadmap to a final peace settlement by 2005, calling for two states. Following PA President Yasir ARAFAT's death in late 2004 and the subsequent election of Mahmud ABBAS (head of the Fatah political faction) as the PA president in 2005, Israel and the Palestinians agreed to move the peace process forward. Israel by late 2005 unilaterally withdrew all of its settlers and soldiers and dismantled its military facilities in the Gaza Strip, but it continues to control the Gaza Strip’s land and maritime borders and airspace. In early 2006, the Islamic Resistance Movement (HAMAS) won a majority in the Palestinian Legislative Council election. Attempts to form a unity government between Fatah and HAMAS failed and violent clashes between their respective supporters ensued, culminating in HAMAS's violent seizure of all military and governmental institutions in the Gaza Strip in June 2007. Since HAMAS’s takeover, Israel and Egypt have enforced tight restrictions on movement and access of goods and individuals into and out of the territory. Fatah and HAMAS have since reached a series of agreements aimed at restoring political unity between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank but have struggled to implement them. In April 2014, the two factions signed an agreement and two months later President ABBAS formed an interim government of independent technocrats, none of whom were affiliated with HAMAS. The factions have since met periodically for further negotiations, but they continue to disagree over how to implement the deal and HAMAS remains in de facto control of the Gaza Strip.\n\nIn July 2014, HAMAS and other Gaza-based militant groups engaged in a 51-day conflict with Israel — the third conflict since HAMAS’s takeover in 2007 — culminating in late August with an open-ended truce that continues to hold despite the absence of a negotiated cease-fire and occasional violations by both sides. Reconstruction efforts since the end of the conflict have been hampered by Israeli restrictions on goods entering the Gaza Strip and inadequate donor aid. The UN in 2015 published a study assessing that the Gaza Strip could become uninhabitable by 2020 absent a substantial easing on border restrictions. In an attempt to reenergize peace talks between the Israelis and Palestinians, France in June 2016 hosted a ministerial meeting that included participants from 29 countries, although not Israel or the Palestinians, to lay the groundwork for an envisioned \"multilateral peace conference\" later in the year." }, "geography": { "location": "Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Israel", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 31, "minutes": 25, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 34, "minutes": 20, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Middle East", "area": { "total": { "value": 360, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 360, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 206, "comparative": "slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 72, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Egypt", "border_length": { "value": 13, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Israel", "border_length": { "value": 59, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 40, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "note": "effective 3 January 2009, the Gaza maritime area is closed to all maritime traffic and is under blockade imposed by Israeli Navy until further notice" }, "climate": "temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers", "terrain": "flat to rolling, sand- and dune-covered coastal plain", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Mediterranean Sea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Abu 'Awdah (Joz Abu 'Awdah)", "elevation": { "value": 105, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "arable land", "natural gas" ] }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 240, "units": "sq", "note": "km; note - includes West Bank", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "population concentrated in major cities, particularly Gaza City in the north", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "droughts", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "desertification", "salination of fresh water", "sewage treatment", "water-borne disease", "soil degradation", "depletion and contamination of underground water resources" ] }, "note": "strategic strip of land along Mideast-North African trade routes has experienced an incredibly turbulent history; the town of Gaza itself has been besieged countless times in its history; there are no Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip; the Gaza Strip settlements were evacuated in 2005 (2014)" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 1753327, "global_rank": 153, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "NA", "adjective": "NA" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Palestinian Arab" } ] }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Arabic" }, { "name": "Hebrew", "note": "spoken by many Palestinians" }, { "name": "English", "note": "widely understood" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Muslim -", "percent": 99, "note": "predominantly Sunni" }, { "name": "Christian", "percent": 1 }, { "name": "other" }, { "name": "unaffiliated" }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 1 } ], "note": "dismantlement of Israeli settlements was completed in September 2005; Gaza has had no Jewish population since then", "middle_east": ":GAZA STRIP", "date": "2012" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 45.4, "males": 408601, "females": 387463 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 21.21, "males": 187229, "females": 184619 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 27.56, "males": 237162, "females": 246021 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 3.32, "males": 30575, "females": 27717 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 2.51, "males": 22613, "females": 21327 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 76, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 70.8, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 5.2, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 19.2, "units": "%" } }, "note": "data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank", "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 16.9, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 16.6, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 17.2, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 224, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 2.39, "global_rank": 30, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 32.3, "global_rank": 33, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 3.2, "global_rank": 221, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -5.2, "global_rank": 195, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "population concentrated in major cities, particularly Gaza City in the north", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 75.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 2.81, "units": "%" }, "note": "data represent Gaza Strip and West Bank" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.96, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 1.1, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.71, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.02, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 19, "date": "2004" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 45, "global_rank": 94, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 17.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 18.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 15.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 98, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 73.9, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 72.3, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 75.7, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 125, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 4.3, "global_rank": 32, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 57.2, "units": "%", "note": "includes Gaza Strip and West Bank", "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 2.1, "date": "2013" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 1.4, "date": "2014" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 50.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 81.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 58.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 49.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 18.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 41.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 93, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 90.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 92.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 7, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 9.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 7.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 1.3, "date": "2015" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 96.5, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 98.4, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 94.5, "units": "%" }, "note": "estimates are for Gaza and the West Bank", "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 13, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 12, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 14, "units": "years" }, "note": "data represent Gaza and the West Bank", "date": "2015" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 41, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 37, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 64.7, "units": "%" }, "note": "includes the West Bank", "global_rank": 14, "date": "2013" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Gaza Strip", "local_long_form": "none", "local_short_form": "Qita' Ghazzah", "etymology": "named for the largest city in the region, Gaza, whose settlement can be traced back to at least the 15th century B.C. (as \"Ghazzat\")" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Israeli security measures and Israeli-Palestinian violence continue to degrade economic conditions in the Gaza Strip, the smaller of the two areas comprising the Palestinian territories. Israeli-imposed border controls became more restrictive after HAMAS seized control of the territory in June 2007. They have produced high unemployment, elevated poverty rates, and a sharp contraction of the private sector, which had relied primarily on export markets.\n\nEgypt’s ongoing crackdown on the Gaza Strip’s extensive tunnel-based smuggling network has exacerbated fuel, construction material, and consumer goods shortages in the territory. The 51-day conflict in July 2014 that HAMAS and other Gaza-based militant groups fought with Israel further depressed the Gaza Strip’s already aid-dependent economy. Donor support for reconstruction and relaxed Israeli import restrictions in 2014 and 2015 have fallen short of postconflict needs, with almost 100,000 people remaining internally displaced because their homes have yet to be rebuilt or repaired.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "note": "see entry for the West Bank" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 2938000000, "date": "2014" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -15.2, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 5.6, "units": "%", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 7, "units": "%", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 225, "note": "excludes the West Bank" }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "note": "see entry for the the West Bank" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 90, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 25.6, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 24.8, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": -0.1, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 16.5, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -56.8, "units": "%" } }, "note": "data exclude the West Bank", "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "note": "data exclude the West Bank", "date": "2016" } } }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "olives", "fruit", "vegetables", "flowers", "beef", "dairy products" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "textiles", "food processing", "furniture" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 4.5, "global_rank": 44, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 1157000, "global_rank": 141, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 5.2, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 10, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 84.8, "units": "%" } }, "note": "data exclude the West Bank", "date": "2015" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 26.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 25.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 184, "note": "data exclude the West Bank" }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 30, "units": "%", "note": "data exclude the West Bank", "date": "2011" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2.9, "units": "%" } ], "global_rank": 39 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "note": "see entry for the West Bank" }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "note": "see entry for the West Bank" }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2356000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 2160000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 151 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1551000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1418000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 153 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -2894000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": -1412000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 157, "note": "excludes the West Bank" }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1370000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1343000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 148 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "strawberries", "carnations", "vegetables", "fish (small", "irregular shipments", "as permitted to transit the Israeli-controlled Kerem Shalom crossing)" ] } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "note": "see entry for the West Bank" }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "food", "consumer goods", "fuel" ] } }, "external_debt": { "note": "see entry for the West Bank" }, "exchange_rates": { "note": "see entry for the West Bank" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 80930, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 98, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 99, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 93, "units": "%" }, "note": "data for Gaza Strip and West Bank combined", "date": "2012" }, "production": { "kWh": 51000, "global_rank": 221, "date": "2011" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 202000, "global_rank": 219, "date": "2009" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 151, "date": "2011" }, "imports": { "kWh": 193000, "global_rank": 116, "date": "2011" } }, "crude_oil": { "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 145, "date": "2010-01-01" } } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "mobile_cellular": { "total": 3531000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 76, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "Gaza continues to repair the damage to its telecommunications infrastructure caused by fighting in 2009", "domestic": "Israeli company BEZEK and the Palestinian company PALTEL are responsible for fixed-line services; the Palestinian JAWWAL company provides cellular services", "international": "country code - 970 (2010)" } }, "broadcast_media": "1 TV station and about 10 radio stations; satellite TV accessible (2008)", "internet": { "country_code": ".ps; note - same as the West Bank", "users": { "total": 2673000, "percent_of_population": 57.4, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "airports": { "total": { "airports": 1, "global_rank": 219, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 1, "over_3047_metres": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "roadways": { "note": "see entry for the West Bank" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Gaza" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "HAMAS does not have a conventional military in the Gaza Strip but maintains security forces in addition to its military wing", "the 'Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades", "the military wing reports to the Hamas Political Bureau leadership", "which remains scattered throughout the region since relocating from its Damascus headquarters in early 2012" ], "date": "2015" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "the status of the Gaza Strip is a final status issue to be resolved through negotiations", "Israel removed settlers and military personnel from Gaza Strip in September 2005" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 1311920, "country_of_origin": "Palestinian refugees" } ], "date": "2016" }, "internally_displaced_persons": { "people": 193000, "note": "includes persons displaced within the Gaza strip due to the intensification of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict since June 2014 and other Palestinian internally_displaced_persons in the Gaza Strip and West Bank who fled as long ago as 1967, although confirmed cumulative data do not go back beyond 2006", "date": "2016" } } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-27", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170627164324/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gz.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170627000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gz.html" } }, "georgia": { "data": { "name": "Georgia", "introduction": { "background": "The region of present day Georgia contained the ancient kingdoms of Colchis and Kartli-Iberia. The area came under Roman influence in the first centuries A.D., and Christianity became the state religion in the 330s. Domination by Persians, Arabs, and Turks was followed by a Georgian golden age (11th-13th centuries) that was cut short by the Mongol invasion of 1236. Subsequently, the Ottoman and Persian empires competed for influence in the region. Georgia was absorbed into the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Independent for three years (1918-1921) following the Russian revolution, it was forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1921 and regained its independence when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991.\nMounting public discontent over rampant corruption and ineffective government services, followed by an attempt by the incumbent Georgian Government to manipulate parliamentary elections in November 2003, touched off widespread protests that led to the resignation of Eduard SHEVARDNADZE, president since 1995. In the aftermath of that popular movement, which became known as the \"Rose Revolution,\" new elections in early 2004 swept Mikheil SAAKASHVILI into power along with his United National Movement (UNM) party. Progress on market reforms and democratization has been made in the years since independence, but this progress has been complicated by Russian assistance and support to the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Periodic flare-ups in tension and violence culminated in a five-day conflict in August 2008 between Russia and Georgia, including the invasion of large portions of undisputed Georgian territory. Russian troops pledged to pull back from most occupied Georgian territory, but in late August 2008 Russia unilaterally recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and Russian military forces remain in those regions.\nBillionaire philanthropist Bidzina IVANISHVILI's unexpected entry into politics in October 2011 brought the divided opposition together under his Georgian Dream coalition, which won a majority of seats in the October 2012 parliamentary elections and removed UNM from power. Conceding defeat, SAAKASHVILI named IVANISHVILI as prime minister and allowed Georgian Dream to create a new government. Georgian Dream's Giorgi MARGVELASHVILI was inaugurated as president on 17 November 2013, ending a tense year of power-sharing between SAAKASHVILI and IVANISHVILI. IVANISHVILI voluntarily resigned from office after the presidential succession, and Georgia's legislature on 20 November 2013 confirmed Irakli GARIBASHVILI as his replacement. GARIBASHVILI was replaced by Giorgi KVIRIKASHVILI in December 2015. KVIRIKASHVILI remained Prime Minister following Georgian Dream’s success in the October 2016 parliamentary elections, where the party won a constitutional majority. These changes in leadership represent unique examples of a former Soviet state that emerged to conduct democratic and peaceful government transitions of power. Popular and government support for integration with the West is high in Georgia. Joining the EU and NATO are among the country's top foreign policy goals." }, "geography": { "location": "Southwestern Asia, bordering the Black Sea, between Turkey and Russia, with a sliver of land north of the Caucasus extending into Europe; note - Georgia views itself as part of Europe; geopolitically, it can be classified as falling within Europe, the Middle East, or both", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 42, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 43, "minutes": 30, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Asia", "area": { "total": { "value": 69700, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 69700, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "note": "approximately 12,560 sq km, or about 18% of Georgia's area, is Russian occupied", "global_rank": 121, "comparative": "slightly smaller than South Carolina; slightly larger than West Virginia" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 1814, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Armenia", "border_length": { "value": 219, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Azerbaijan", "border_length": { "value": 428, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Russia", "border_length": { "value": 894, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Turkey", "border_length": { "value": 273, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 310, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast", "terrain": "largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and Lesser Caucasus Mountains in the south; Kolkhet'is Dablobi (Kolkhida Lowland) opens to the Black Sea in the west; Mtkvari River Basin in the east; fertile soils in river valley flood plains and foothills of Kolkhida Lowland", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 1432, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Black Sea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mt'a Shkhara", "elevation": { "value": 5201, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "timber", "hydropower", "manganese deposits", "iron ore", "copper", "minor coal deposits", "minor oil deposits", "tea", "citrus" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 35.5, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 5.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 1.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 27.9, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 39.4, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 25.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 4330, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "settlement coincides closely to the central valley, with emphasis on the capital city of Tbilisi in the east; smaller urban agglomerations dot the Black Sea coast, with Bat'umi being the largest", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "earthquakes", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "air pollution", "particularly in Rust'avi", "heavy pollution of Mtkvari River and the Black Sea", "inadequate supplies of potable water", "soil pollution from toxic chemicals" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Air Pollution", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "strategically located east of the Black Sea; Georgia controls much of the Caucasus Mountains and the routes through them" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 4928052, "global_rank": 123, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Georgian(s)", "adjective": "Georgian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Georgian", "percent": 86.8 }, { "name": "Azeri", "percent": 6.3 }, { "name": "Armenian", "percent": 4.5 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 2.3, "note": "includes Russian, Ossetian, Yazidi, Ukrainian, Kist, Greek" } ], "date": "2014" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Georgian", "percent": 87.6, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Azeri", "percent": 6.2 }, { "name": "Armenian", "percent": 3.9 }, { "name": "Russian", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1 } ], "note": "Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia", "date": "2014" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Orthodox", "percent": 83.4, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 10.7 }, { "name": "Armenian Apostolic", "percent": 2.9 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.2, "note": "includes Catholic, Jehovah's Witness, Yazidi, Protestant, Jewish" }, { "name": "none", "percent": 0.5 }, { "name": "unspecified/no answer", "percent": 1.2 } ], "date": "2014" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 17.91, "males": 463526, "females": 419334 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 12.61, "males": 326675, "females": 294912 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 40.93, "males": 980024, "females": 1037044 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 12.77, "males": 282067, "females": 347287 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 15.77, "males": 304668, "females": 472515 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 45.7, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 25.2, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 20.4, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 4.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 38, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 35.1, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 40.7, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 61, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": -0.05, "global_rank": 206, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 12.5, "global_rank": 158, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 10.9, "global_rank": 33, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -2.2, "global_rank": 170, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "settlement coincides closely to the central valley, with emphasis on the capital city of Tbilisi in the east; smaller urban agglomerations dot the Black Sea coast, with Bat'umi being the largest", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 53.6, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": -0.1, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Tbilisi", "population": 1147000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.08, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.11, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.11, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.95, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.81, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.64, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.92, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 24.4, "date": "2013" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 36, "global_rank": 91, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 15.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 17.8, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 13.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 100, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 76.2, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 72.1, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 80.6, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 88, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.76, "global_rank": 159, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 53.4, "units": "%", "note": "percent of women aged 15-44", "date": "2010" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 7.4, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 4.78, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 2.6, "date": "2012" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 95.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 75.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 86.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 4.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 24.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 13.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.39, "global_rank": 86, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 9600, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 200, "global_rank": 119, "date": "2015" } }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 22.1, "global_rank": 82, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 1.1, "global_rank": 131, "date": "2009" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 2, "global_rank": 167, "date": "2012" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 99.8, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 99.8, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 99.7, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 15, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 16, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 121659, "percentage": { "value": 18, "units": "%" }, "date": "2005" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 35.6, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 35.3, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 36.4, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 23, "date": "2013" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Georgia", "local_long_form": "none", "local_short_form": "Sak'art'velo", "former": "Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic", "etymology": "the Western name may derive from the Persian designation \"gurgan\" meaning \"Land of the Wolves\"; the native name \"Sak'art'velo\" means \"Land of the Kartvelians\" and refers to the core central Georgian region of Kartli" }, "government_type": "semi-presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Tbilisi", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 41, "minutes": 41, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 44, "minutes": 50, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 4, "note": "9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "mkhare)", "type": "region" }, { "name": "1 city (kalaki)", "type": "region" }, { "name": "and 2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy respubliki", "type": "region" }, { "name": "singular - avtom respublika)", "type": "region" } ], "independence": { "date": "1991-04-09", "note": "from the Soviet Union; notable earlier date: A.D. 1008 (Georgia unified under King BAGRAT III)" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "26 May", "original_year": "1918", "note": "26 May 1918 was the date of independence from Soviet Russia, 9 April 1991 was the date of independence from the Soviet Union" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1921, 1978 (based on 1977 Soviet Union constitution); latest approved 24 August 1995, effective 17 October 1995", "amendments": "proposed as a draft law supported by more than one-half of the Parliament membership or by petition of at least 200,000 voters; passage requires support by at least three-fourths of the Parliament membership in two successive sessions three months apart and the signature and promulgation by the president of Georgia; amended several times, last in 2013 (2017)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Georgia", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "no", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "10 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Giorgi MARGVELASHVILI (since 17 November 2013)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Giorgi KVIRIKASHVILI (since 30 December 2015); First Deputy Prime Minister Dimitry KUMSISHVILI", "cabinet": "Cabinet of Ministers", "elections_appointments": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 27 October 2013 (next to be held in October 2018); prime minister nominated by Parliament, appointed by the president", "election_results": "Giorgi MARGVELASHVILI elected president; percent of vote - Giorgi MARGVELASHVILI (Georgian Dream) 62.1%, Davit BAKRADZE (UNM) 21.7%, Nino BURJANADZE 10.2%, other 6%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Parliament or Sakartvelos Parlamenti (150 seats; 77 members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote and 73 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 8 October and 30 October 2016 (next to be held in 2020)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - Georgian Dream 48.7%, UNM 27.1%, Alliance of Patriots 5%, other 19.2%; seats by party - Georgian Dream 115, UNM 27, Alliance of Patriots 6, IWSG 1, independent 1" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (organized into several specialized judicial chambers; number of judges determined by the president of Georgia); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges); note - the Abkhazian and Ajarian Autonomous republics each have a supreme court and a hierarchy of lower courts", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the Parliament; judges serve not less than 10-year terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president following candidate selection by the Justice Council of Georgia, a 12-member consultative body of high-level judges, and presidential and parliamentary appointees; judges appointed for 10-year terms", "subordinate_courts": "Courts of Appeal; regional (town) and district courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Alliance of Patriots", "leaders": [ "Irma INASHVILI" ] }, { "name": "European Georgia", "leaders": [ "Davit BAKRADZE" ] }, { "name": "Georgian Dream-Democratic Georgia", "leaders": [ "Giorgi KVIRIKASHVILI" ] }, { "name": "Industry Will Save Georgia", "name_alternative": "IWSG", "leaders": [ "Giorgi TOPADZE" ], "note": "Industrialists" }, { "name": "National Forum", "leaders": [ "Kakhaber SHARTAVA" ] }, { "name": "Free Democrats ", "leaders": [ "Tamar KEKENADZE" ], "note": "FD" }, { "name": "Republican Party", "leaders": [ "Khatuna SAMNIDZE" ] }, { "name": "State for the People Party", "leaders": [ "formerly Paata BURCHULADZE " ] }, { "name": "United Democratic Movement", "leaders": [ "Nino BURJANADZE" ] }, { "name": "United National Movement", "name_alternative": "UNM", "leaders": [ "Nika MELIA" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "separatists in the Russian-occupied regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ADB" }, { "organization": "BSEC" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CE" }, { "organization": "CPLP ", "note": "associate" }, { "organization": "EAPC" }, { "organization": "EBRD" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-11" }, { "organization": "GCTU" }, { "organization": "GUAM" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO ", "note": "correspondent" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OIF ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OSCE" }, { "organization": "PFP" }, { "organization": "SELEC ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Davit BAKRADZE (since November 2016)", "chancery": "1824 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009", "telephone": "[1] (202) 387-2390", "fax": "[1] (202) 387-0864", "consulates_general": "New York" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Ian C. KELLY (since 17 September 2015)", "embassy": "11 George Balanchine Street, T'bilisi 0131", "mailing_address": "7060 T'bilisi Place, Washington, DC 20521-7060", "telephone": "[995] (32) 227-70-00", "fax": "[995] (32) 253-23-10" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "white rectangle with a central red cross extending to all four sides of the flag; each of the four quadrants displays a small red bolnur-katskhuri cross; sometimes referred to as the Five-Cross Flag; although adopted as the official Georgian flag in 2004, the five-cross design appears to date back to the 14th century" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "Saint George" }, { "symbol": "lion" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "white" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Tavisupleba\" (Liberty)", "lyrics_music": "Davit MAGRADSE/Zakaria PALIASHVILI (adapted by Joseb KETSCHAKMADSE)", "note": "adopted 2004; after the Rose Revolution, a new anthem with music based on the operas \"Abesalom da Eteri\" and \"Daisi\" was adopted", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/GG.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Georgia's main economic activities include cultivation of agricultural products such as grapes, citrus fruits, and hazelnuts; mining of manganese, copper, and gold; and producing alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, metals, machinery, and chemicals in small-scale industries. The country imports nearly all of its needed supplies of natural gas and oil products. It has sizeable hydropower capacity that now provides most of its energy needs.\n\nGeorgia has overcome the chronic energy shortages and gas supply interruptions of the past by renovating hydropower plants and by increasingly relying on natural gas imports from Azerbaijan instead of from Russia. Construction of the Baku-T'bilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, the South Caucasus gas pipeline, and the Kars-Akhalkalaki railroad are part of a strategy to capitalize on Georgia's strategic location between Europe and Asia and develop its role as a transit hub for gas, oil, and other goods.\n\nGeorgia's economy sustained GDP growth of more than 10% in 2006-07, based on strong inflows of foreign investment and robust government spending. However, GDP growth slowed following the August 2008 conflict with Russia, and sunk to negative 4% in 2009 as foreign direct investment and workers' remittances declined in the wake of the global financial crisis. The economy rebounded in 2010-16, but FDI inflows, the engine of Georgian economic growth prior to the 2008 conflict, have not recovered fully. Unemployment has also remained high.\n\nThe country is pinning its hopes for renewed growth on a continued effort to liberalize the economy by reducing regulation, taxes, and corruption in order to attract foreign investment, with a focus on hydropower, agriculture, tourism, and textiles production. Georgia has historically suffered from a chronic failure to collect tax revenues; however, since 2004 the government has simplified the tax code, increased tax enforcement, and cracked down on petty corruption, leading to higher revenues. Georgia plans to improve the domestic investment environment through a four-year economic plan targeting the tax system, educational standards, infrastructure, and governance. The government has received high marks from the World Bank for improvements in business transparency. Since 2012, the Georgian Dream-led government has continued the previous administration's low-regulation, low-tax, free market policies, while modestly increasing social spending, strengthening anti-trust policy, and amending the labor code to comply with International Labor Standards. In mid-2014, Georgia signed an association agreement with the EU, paving the way to free trade and visa-free travel. Georgia is also seeking to expand trade with China, concluding substantive negotiations on a trade agreement in October 2016.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 37270000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 36150000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 35170000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 118, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 14460000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.8, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 4.6, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 90 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 10100, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 9700, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 9400, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 138, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 66.9, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 16, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 26.8, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 3.8, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 38.1, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -51.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 9.2, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 21.6, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 68.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 21.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 20.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 19.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 77 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "citrus", "grapes", "tea", "hazelnuts", "vegetables", "livestock" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "steel", "machine tools", "electrical appliances", "mining", "manganese", "copper", "gold", "chemicals", "wood products", "wine" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 1.4, "global_rank": 138, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 2021999.9999999998, "global_rank": 123, "date": "2015" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 55.6, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 8.9, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 35.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2006" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 12, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 142 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 9.2, "units": "%", "date": "2010" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 31.3, "units": "%" }, "date": "2008" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 40.1, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 46, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 62 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 4266000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 4541000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 29.5, "global_rank": 80, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -1.9, "global_rank": 73, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 42.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 41.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 117, "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities; Georgia does not maintain intra-governmental debt or social funds" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 113 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.5, "units": "%" }, { "value": 7, "units": "%", "date": "2015-09-23" } ], "global_rank": 54, "note": "this is the Refinancing Rate, the key monetary policy rate of the National Bank of Georgia" }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12.9, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 12.49, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 59 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2165000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2063000000.0000002, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 127 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2670000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2402000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 147 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7186000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 6946000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 112 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1155000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 943400000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012-12-31" }, { "value": 795700000, "units": "USD", "date": "2011-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 106 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -1764000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -1680000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 145 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2926000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3043000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 127 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "vehicles", "ferro-alloys", "fertilizers", "nuts", "scrap metal", "gold", "copper ores" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Azerbaijan", "percent": 10.9 }, { "name": "Bulgaria", "percent": 9.7 }, { "name": "Turkey", "percent": 8.4 }, { "name": "Armenia", "percent": 8.2 }, { "name": "Russia", "percent": 7.4 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 5.7 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 4.7 }, { "name": "Uzbekistan", "percent": 4.4 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6803000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 7730000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 111 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "fuels", "vehicles", "machinery", "parts", "grain", "other foods", "pharmaceuticals" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Turkey", "percent": 17.2 }, { "name": "Russia", "percent": 8.1 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 7.6 }, { "name": "Azerbaijan", "percent": 7 }, { "name": "Ireland", "percent": 5.9 }, { "name": "Ukraine", "percent": 5.9 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 5.6 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2855000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 2521000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 106 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 13650000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 13310000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 101 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 13680000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 12640000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 90 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1933000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1773000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 81 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.18, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.2694, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2.2694, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.7657, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.65, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "laris (GEL) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 11570000000, "global_rank": 97, "date": "2016" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 12440000000, "global_rank": 84, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "kWh": 560000000, "global_rank": 67, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "kWh": 478900000, "global_rank": 81, "date": "2016" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 3718000, "global_rank": 91, "date": "2015" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 39.2, "global_rank": 164, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 97, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 60.8, "global_rank": 36, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 176, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 930.7, "global_rank": 94, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 3535, "global_rank": 72, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 3086, "global_rank": 78, "date": "2015" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 35000000, "global_rank": 82, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 269, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 20000, "global_rank": 134, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 2574, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 31190, "global_rank": 100, "date": "2015" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 5663000, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2011" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 2297000000, "global_rank": 78, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 106, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 2180000000, "global_rank": 49, "date": "2014" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 8494999999.999999, "global_rank": 84, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 7000000, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 950167, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 19, "global_rank": 73, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 5551000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 113, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "fixed-line telecommunications network has limited coverage outside Tbilisi; multiple mobile-cellular providers provide services to an increasing subscribership throughout the country", "domestic": "cellular telephone networks cover the entire country; mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 110 per 100 persons; intercity facilities include a fiber-optic line between T'bilisi and K'ut'aisi", "international": "country code - 995; the Georgia-Russia fiber-optic submarine cable provides connectivity to Russia; international service is available by microwave, landline, and satellite through the Moscow switch; international electronic mail and telex service are available (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "Tbilisi-based Georgian Public Broadcaster (GPB) includes Channel 1, Channel 2, as well as the Batumi-based Adjara TV (also a part of GPB); all three are funded from the state budget; there are a number of independent commercial TV stations, including but not limited to Rustavi 2, Imedi, Maestro, Kavkasia, GDS, and TV1; the Georgian Orthodox Church also operates a satellite-based TV station called Unanimity; 26 regional TV broadcasters across Georgia are members of the Georgian Association of Regional Broadcasters (GARB) that seeks to strengthen the regional media's capacities and to distribute regional products; a nationwide digital switchover occurred in 2015; there are several dozen private radio stations; GPB operates 2 radio stations (2016)", "internet": { "country_code": ".ge", "users": { "total": 2227000, "percent_of_population": 45.2, "global_rank": 91, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 5, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 13, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 232263, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 185040, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "4L", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 22, "global_rank": 135, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 18, "over_3047_metres": 1, "2438_to_3047_metres": 7, "1524_to_2437_metres": 3, "914_to_1523_metres": 5, "under_914_metres": 2, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 4, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 2, "under_914_metres": 1, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 2, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 1596, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 1175, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 1363, "units": "km" }, "broad_gauge": { "length": 1326, "electrified": 1251, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.520-m" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 37, "electrified": 37, "units": "km", "gauge": "0.912-m" }, "global_rank": 82, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 19109, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 19109, "units": "km", "note": "includes 69 km of expressways" }, "global_rank": 113, "date": "2010" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 142, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 13 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 114 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 1 }, { "type": "container", "count": 1 }, { "type": "liquefied gas", "count": 1 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 1 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 3 }, { "type": "refrigerated cargo", "count": 1 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 5 }, { "type": "vehicle carrier", "count": 2 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 95, "by_country": [ { "country": "Bulgaria", "count": 1 }, { "country": "China", "count": 10 }, { "country": "Egypt", "count": 7 }, { "country": "Hong Kong", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Israel", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Italy", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Latvia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Lebanon", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Romania", "count": 7 }, { "country": "Russia", "count": 6 }, { "country": "Syria", "count": 24 }, { "country": "Turkey", "count": 14 }, { "country": "UAE", "count": 2 }, { "country": "UK", "count": 5 }, { "country": "Ukraine", "count": 10 }, { "country": "US", "count": 1 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 1, "by_country": [ { "country": "unknown", "count": 1 } ] }, "global_rank": 40, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Black Sea - Bat'umi", "P'ot'i" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.23, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.34, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2.26, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 2.53, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 3.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 27 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Georgian Armed Forces", "Land Forces (include Air", "Air Defense Forces)", "separatist Abkhazia Armed Forces", "Ground Forces", "Air Forces", "separatist South Ossetia Armed Forces\nnote", "Georgian naval forces have been incorporated into the Coast Guard", "which is part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs rather than the Ministry of Defense" ], "date": "2015" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18 to 27 years of age for compulsory and voluntary active duty military service; conscript service obligation is 12 months", "date": "2014" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Russia's military support and subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia independence in 2008 continue to sour relations with Georgia" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "internally_displaced_persons": { "people": 208000, "note": "displaced in the 1990s as a result of armed conflict in the breakaway republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia; displaced in 2008 by fighting between Georgia and Russia over South Ossetia", "date": "2016" }, "stateless_persons": { "people": 250, "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for domestic consumption; used as transshipment point for opiates via Central Asia to Western Europe and Russia" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624100531/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gg.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gg.html" } }, "germany": { "data": { "name": "Germany", "introduction": { "background": "As Europe's largest economy and second most populous nation (after Russia), Germany is a key member of the continent's economic, political, and defense organizations. European power struggles immersed Germany in two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945. With the advent of the Cold War, two German states were formed in 1949: the western Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic (GDR). The democratic FRG embedded itself in key western economic and security organizations, the EC, which became the EU, and NATO, while the communist GDR was on the front line of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The decline of the USSR and the end of the Cold War allowed for German reunification in 1990. Since then, Germany has expended considerable funds to bring eastern productivity and wages up to western standards. In January 1999, Germany and 10 other EU countries introduced a common European exchange currency, the euro." }, "geography": { "location": "Central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, between the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 51, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 9, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Europe", "area": { "total": { "value": 357022, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 348672, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 8350, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 63, "comparative": "three times the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Montana" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 3714, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Austria", "border_length": { "value": 801, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Belgium", "border_length": { "value": 133, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Czech Republic", "border_length": { "value": 704, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Denmark", "border_length": { "value": 140, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "France", "border_length": { "value": 418, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Luxembourg", "border_length": { "value": 128, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Netherlands", "border_length": { "value": 575, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Poland", "border_length": { "value": 467, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Switzerland", "border_length": { "value": 348, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 2389, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "m", "note": "depth or to the depth of exploitation" } }, "climate": "temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind", "terrain": "lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 263, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Neuendorf bei Wilster", "elevation": { "value": -3.54, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Zugspitze", "elevation": { "value": 2963, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "coal", "lignite", "natural gas", "iron ore", "copper", "nickel", "uranium", "potash", "salt", "construction materials", "timber", "arable land" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 48, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 34.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 13.3, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 31.8, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 20.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 6500, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "most populous country in Europe; a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations, particularly in the far western part of the industrial state of North Rhine-Westphalia", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "flooding", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution", "acid rain", "resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions", "is damaging forests", "pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany", "hazardous waste disposal", "government established a mechanism for ending the use of nuclear power by 2022", "government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the EU's Flora", "Fauna", "and Habitat directive" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Air Pollution", "Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides", "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants", "Air Pollution-Sulfur 85", "Air Pollution-Sulfur 94", "Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds", "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol", "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources", "Antarctic Seals", "Antarctic Treaty", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Tropical Timber 83", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the Baltic Sea; most major rivers in Germany - the Rhine, Weser, Oder, Elbe - flow northward; the Danube, which originates in the Black Forest, flows eastward" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 80722792, "global_rank": 19, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "German(s)", "adjective": "German" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "German", "percent": 91.5 }, { "name": "Turkish", "percent": 2.4 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 6.1, "note": "made up largely of Polish, Italian, Romanian, Syrian, and Greek" } ] }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "German", "note": "official" } ], "note": "Danish, Frisian, Sorbian, and Romani are official minority languages; Low German, Danish, North Frisian, Sater Frisian, Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian, and Romani are recognized as regional languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 29 }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 27 }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 4.4 }, { "name": "Orthodox Christian", "percent": 1.9 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.7 }, { "name": "none or members of unrecorded religious groups", "percent": 36 } ], "date": "2015" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 12.83, "males": 5317183, "females": 5040664 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 10.22, "males": 4203985, "females": 4044789 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 40.96, "males": 16721667, "females": 16345911 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 14.23, "males": 5695117, "females": 5788493 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 21.76, "males": 7709799, "females": 9855184 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 51.8, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 19.6, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 32.2, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 3.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 46.8, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 45.7, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 47.9, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 3, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": -0.16, "global_rank": 211, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 8.5, "global_rank": 217, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 11.6, "global_rank": 27, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 1.5, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "most populous country in Europe; a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations, particularly in the far western part of the industrial state of North Rhine-Westphalia", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 75.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.16, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Berlin", "population": 3563000, "is_capital": true }, { "place": "Hamburg", "population": 1831000 }, { "place": "Munich", "population": 1438000 }, { "place": "Cologne", "population": 1036999.9999999999 } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.04, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.02, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.98, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.78, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.97, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 29.2, "date": "2012" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 6, "global_rank": 165, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 3.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 3.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 3.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 205, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 80.7, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 78.4, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 83.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.44, "global_rank": 205, "date": "2016" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 11.3, "global_rank": 13, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 4.13, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 8.2, "date": "2011" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 99.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 99, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 99.2, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0.8, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.15, "global_rank": 103, "date": "2013" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 77500, "global_rank": 48, "date": "2013" }, "deaths": { "total": 400, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2013" } }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 22.7, "global_rank": 59, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 1.1, "global_rank": 132, "date": "2006" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 4.9, "global_rank": 74, "date": "2013" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 17, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 17, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 17, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 7.7, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 8.3, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 7.1, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 112, "date": "2014" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Federal Republic of Germany", "conventional_short_form": "Germany", "local_long_form": "Bundesrepublik Deutschland", "local_short_form": "Deutschland", "former": "German Empire, German Republic, German Reich", "etymology": "the Gauls (Celts) of Western Europe may have referred to the newly arriving Germanic tribes who settled in neighboring areas east of the Rhine during the first centuries B.C. as \"Germani,\" a term the Romans adopted as \"Germania\"; the native designation \"Deutsch\" comes from the Old High German \"diutisc\" meaning \"of the people\"" }, "government_type": "federal parliamentary republic", "capital": { "name": "Berlin", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 52, "minutes": 31, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 13, "minutes": 24, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 1, "note": "6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, "independence": { "date": "1871-01-18", "note": "establishment of the German Empire; divided into four zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and France) in 1945 following World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed on 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed on 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR zone; West Germany and East Germany unified on 3 October 1990; all four powers formally relinquished rights on 15 March 1991; notable earlier dates: 10 August 843 (Eastern Francia established from the division of the Carolingian Empire); 2 February 962 (crowning of OTTO I, recognized as the first Holy Roman Emperor)" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Unity Day", "day": "3 October", "original_year": "1990" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1919 (Weimar Constitution); latest drafted 10 to 23 August 1948, approved 12 May 1949, promulgated 23 May 1949, entered into force 24 May 1949", "amendments": "proposed by Parliament; passage and enactment into law require two-thirds majority vote by both the Bundesrat (upper house) and the Bundestag (lower house) of Parliament; articles including those on basic human rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended many times, last in 2012 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil law system", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a German citizen or a resident alien who has lived in Germany at least 8 years", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes, but requires prior permission from government", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "8 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Frank-Walter STEINMEIER (since 19 March 2017; inaugurated 22 March 2017)", "head_of_government": "Chancellor Angela MERKEL (since 22 November 2005)", "cabinet": "Cabinet or Bundesminister (Federal Ministers) recommended by the chancellor, appointed by the president", "elections_appointments": "president indirectly elected for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term) by a Federal Convention consisting of the 630-member Federal Parliament (Bundestag) and 630 delegates indirectly elected by the state parliaments; election last held on 12 February 2017 (next to be held February 2022); chancellor indirectly elected by absolute majority by the Federal Parliament for a 4-year term; Federal Parliament vote for chancellor last held on 17 December 2013 (next to be held following the general election, 24 September 2017)", "election_results": "Frank-Walter STEINMEIER elected president; Federal Convention vote count - Frank-Walter STEINMEIER (SPD) 931, Christopher BUTTERWEGGE (Left Party) 128, Albrecht GLASER (Alternative for Germany AfD) 42, Alexander HOLD (Free Voters FW) 25, Engelbert SONNEBORN (Pirates Party) 10; Angela MERKEL (CDU) reelected chancellor; Federal Parliament vote - 462 for, 150 against, 49 abstentions" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Federal Council or Bundesrat (69 seats; members appointed by each of the 16 state governments) and the Federal Diet or Bundestag (631 seats - total seats can vary each electoral term; approximately one-half of members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and approximately one-half directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)", "elections": "Bundestag - last held on 22 September 2013 (next to be held 24 September 2017); most all postwar German governments have been coalitions; note - there are no elections for the Bundesrat; composition is determined by the composition of the state-level governments; the composition of the Bundesrat has the potential to change any time one of the 16 states holds an election", "election_results": "Bundestag - percent of vote by party - CDU/CSU 41.5%, SPD 25.7%, Left 8.6%, Greens 8.4%, FDP 4.8%, other 10.9%; seats by party - CDU/CSU 311, SPD 193, Left 64, Greens 63" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Federal Court of Justice (court consists of 127 judges including the court president, vice-presidents, presiding judges, and other judges, and organized into 25 Senates subdivided into 12 civil panels, 5 criminal panels, and 8 special panels; Federal Constitutional Court or Bundesverfassungsgericht (consists of 2 Senates each subdivided into 3 chambers, each with a chairman and 8 members)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Federal Court of Justice judges selected by the Judges Election Committee, which consists of the Secretaries of Justice from each of the 16 federated States and 16 members appointed by the Federal Parliament; judges appointed by the president of Germany; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 65; Federal Constitutional Court judges - one-half elected by the House of Representatives and one-half by the Senate; judges appointed for 12-year terms with mandatory retirement at age 68", "subordinate_courts": "Federal Administrative Court; Federal Finance Court; Federal Labor Court; Federal Social Court; each of the 16 German states or Land has its own constitutional court and a hierarchy of ordinary (civil, criminal, family) and specialized (administrative, finance, labor, social) courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Alliance '90/Greens", "leaders": [ "Cem OEZDEMIR and Simone PETER" ] }, { "name": "Alternative for Germany", "name_alternative": "AfD", "leaders": [ "Frauke PETRY and Joerg MEUTHEN" ] }, { "name": "Christian Democratic Union", "name_alternative": "CDU", "leaders": [ "Angela MERKEL" ] }, { "name": "Christian Social Union", "name_alternative": "CSU", "leaders": [ "Horst SEEHOFER" ] }, { "name": "Free Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "FDP", "leaders": [ "Christian LINDNER" ] }, { "name": "Left Party", "name_alternative": "Die Linke", "leaders": [ "Katja KIPPING and Bernd RIEXINGER" ] }, { "name": "Social Democratic Party", "name_alternative": "SPD", "leaders": [ "Martin SCHULZ" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "business associations and employers' organizations" } ], "note": "trade unions; religious, immigrant, expellee, veterans groups" }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ADB ", "note": "nonregional member" }, { "organization": "AfDB ", "note": "nonregional member" }, { "organization": "Arctic Council ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "Australia Group" }, { "organization": "BIS" }, { "organization": "BSEC ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "CBSS" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CDB" }, { "organization": "CE" }, { "organization": "CERN" }, { "organization": "EAPC" }, { "organization": "EBRD" }, { "organization": "ECB" }, { "organization": "EIB" }, { "organization": "EITI ", "note": "implementing country" }, { "organization": "EMU" }, { "organization": "ESA" }, { "organization": "EU" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "FATF" }, { "organization": "G-5" }, { "organization": "G-7" }, { "organization": "G-8" }, { "organization": "G-10" }, { "organization": "G-20" }, { "organization": "IADB" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IEA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IGAD ", "note": "partners" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINURSO" }, { "organization": "MINUSMA" }, { "organization": "NATO" }, { "organization": "NEA" }, { "organization": "NSG" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OECD" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OSCE" }, { "organization": "Pacific Alliance ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "Paris Club" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "Schengen Convention" }, { "organization": "SELEC ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "SICA ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNAMID" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNIFIL" }, { "organization": "UNMISS" }, { "organization": "UNRWA" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" }, { "organization": "ZC" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Hans Peter WITTIG (since 21 May 2014)", "chancery": "4645 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007", "telephone": "[1] (202) 298-4000", "fax": "[1] (202) 298-4249", "consulates_general": "Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Kent LOGSDON (since 20 January 2017)", "embassy": "Pariser Platz 2", "mailing_address": "Clayallee 170, 14191 Berlin", "telephone": "[49] (30) 8305-0", "fax": "[49] (30) 8305-1215", "consulates_general": "Duesseldorf, Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and gold; these colors have played an important role in German history and can be traced back to the medieval banner of the Holy Roman Emperor - a black eagle with red claws and beak on a gold field" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "golden eagle" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "black" }, { "color": "red" }, { "color": "yellow" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Das Lied der Deutschen\" (Song of the Germans)", "lyrics_music": "August Heinrich HOFFMANN VON FALLERSLEBEN/Franz Joseph HAYDN", "note": "adopted 1922; the anthem, also known as \"Deutschlandlied\" (Song of Germany), was originally adopted for its connection to the March 1848 liberal revolution; following appropriation by the Nazis of the first verse, specifically the phrase, \"Deutschland, Deutschland ueber alles\" (Germany, Germany above all) to promote nationalism, it was banned after 1945; in 1952, its third verse was adopted by West Germany as its national anthem; in 1990, it became the national anthem for the reunited Germany", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/GM.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "The German economy - the fifth largest economy in the world in PPP terms and Europe's largest - is a leading exporter of machinery, vehicles, chemicals, and household equipment and benefits from a highly skilled labor force. Like its Western European neighbors, Germany faces significant demographic challenges to sustained long-term growth. Low fertility rates and a large increase in net immigration are increasing pressure on the country's social welfare system and necessitate structural reforms.\n\nReforms launched by the government of Chancellor Gerhard SCHROEDER (1998-2005), deemed necessary to address chronically high unemployment and low average growth, contributed to strong growth and falling unemployment. These advances, as well as a government subsidized, reduced working hour scheme, help explain the relatively modest increase in unemployment during the 2008-09 recession - the deepest since World War II. The German Government introduced a minimum wage in 2015 that increased to $9.79 (8.84 euros) on 1 January 2017.\n\nStimulus and stabilization efforts initiated in 2008 and 2009 and tax cuts introduced in Chancellor Angela MERKEL's second term increased Germany's total budget deficit - including federal, state, and municipal - to 4.1% in 2010, but slower spending and higher tax revenues reduced the deficit to 0.8% in 2011 and in 2016 Germany reached a budget surplus of 0.6%. A constitutional amendment approved in 2009 limits the federal government to structural deficits of no more than 0.35% of GDP per annum as of 2016, though the target was already reached in 2012.\n\nThe German economy suffers from low levels of investment, and a government plan to invest 15 billion euros during 2016-18, largely in infrastructure, is intended to spur needed private investment. Following the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, Chancellor Angela MERKEL announced in May 2011 that eight of the country's 17 nuclear reactors would be shut down immediately and the remaining plants would close by 2022. Germany plans to replace nuclear power largely with renewable energy, which accounted for 29.5% of gross electricity consumption in 2016, up from 9% in 2000. Before the shutdown of the eight reactors, Germany relied on nuclear power for 23% of its electricity generating capacity and 46% of its base-load electricity production. Domestic consumption, bolstered by low energy prices and a weak euro, and exports are likely to drive German GDP growth again in 2017.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3979000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3911000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3854000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 6, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 3495000000000 }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.7, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.5, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.6, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 148 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 48200, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 47600, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 47500, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 30, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 53.7, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 19.5, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 20.1, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": -1, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 45.7, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -38, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 0.6, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 30.3, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 69.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 27.9, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 27.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 27, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 34 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "potatoes", "wheat", "barley", "sugar beets", "fruit", "cabbages", "milk products", "cattle", "pigs", "poultry" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "most technologically advanced producers of iron", "steel", "coal", "cement", "chemicals", "machinery", "vehicles", "machine tools", "electronics", "automobiles", "food", "beverages", "shipbuilding", "textiles" ], "note": "among the world's largest" }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 1.5, "global_rank": 133, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 45300000, "global_rank": 15, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 1.4, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 24.2, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 74.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4.3, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4.6, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 46 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 16.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 3.6, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 24, "units": "%" }, "date": "2000" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 27, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2006" }, { "value": 30, "units": "gini_index", "date": "1994" } ], "global_rank": 137 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 1523000000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 1497000000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 43.6, "global_rank": 27, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": 0.7, "global_rank": 23, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 68.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 71.2, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 51, "note": "general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; the series are presented as a percentage of GDP and in millions of euro; GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product at current market prices; data expressed in national currency are converted into euro using end-of-year exchange rates provided by the European Central Bank" }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.3, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 50 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.25, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 0.3, "units": "%", "date": "2010-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 133, "note": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area" }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.7, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1.84, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 180 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2049000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1923000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 5, "note": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders" }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4347000000000.0005, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 4451000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 5 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4327000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 4452000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 5 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1716000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 1739000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 1936000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 7 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 294300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 280300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 2 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1283000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1309000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 3 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "motor vehicles", "machinery", "chemicals", "computer", "electronic products", "electrical equipment", "pharmaceuticals", "metals", "transport equipment", "foodstuffs", "textiles", "rubber", "plastic products" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "US", "percent": 9.6 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 8.6 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 7.5 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 6.6 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 6 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 4.9 }, { "name": "Austria", "percent": 4.8 }, { "name": "Poland", "percent": 4.4 }, { "name": "Switzerland", "percent": 4.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 987600000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1016999999999.9999, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 3 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "data processing equipment", "vehicles", "chemicals", "oil", "gas", "metals", "electric equipment", "pharmaceuticals", "foodstuffs", "agricultural products" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 13.7 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 7.6 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 7.3 }, { "name": "Belgium", "percent": 6 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 5.2 }, { "name": "Poland", "percent": 5 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 4.7 }, { "name": "Czech Republic", "percent": 4.5 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 4.2 }, { "name": "Austria", "percent": 4.2 }, { "name": "Switzerland", "percent": 4.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 173700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 173700000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 15 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5326000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-03-31" }, { "value": 5210000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-03-31" } ], "global_rank": 5 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1416000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1360000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 6 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2080000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 1972000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 3 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.9214, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.885, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.885, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0.7634, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.7752, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "euros (EUR) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 646900000000, "global_rank": 163, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 530600000000, "global_rank": 170, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "kWh": 82000000000, "global_rank": 81, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "kWh": 26600000000, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2016" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 204000000, "global_rank": 7, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 43.2, "global_rank": 158, "date": "2014" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 6.3, "global_rank": 23, "date": "2014" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 5.1, "global_rank": 127, "date": "2014" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 41.6, "global_rank": 3, "date": "2014" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 48060, "global_rank": 58, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 6569, "global_rank": 69, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 1844000, "global_rank": 7, "date": "2015" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 100000000, "global_rank": 72, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 2175000, "global_rank": 9, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 2372000, "global_rank": 12, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 462700, "global_rank": 16, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 785700, "global_rank": 10, "date": "2015" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 9469000000, "global_rank": 43, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 79210000000, "global_rank": 9, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 22270000000, "global_rank": 14, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 89890000000, "global_rank": 3, "date": "2014" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 47400000000, "global_rank": 64, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 744000000, "global_rank": 7, "date": "2015" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 45352000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 56, "global_rank": 5, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 96360000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 119, "global_rank": 15, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "one of the world's most technologically advanced telecommunications systems; as a result of intensive capital expenditures since reunification, the formerly backward system of the eastern part of the country, dating back to World War II, has been modernized and integrated with that of the western part", "domestic": "extensive system of automatic telephone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-optic cable, coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, and a domestic satellite system; cellular telephone service is widely available, expanding rapidly, and includes roaming service to many foreign countries", "international": "country code - 49; Germany's international service is excellent worldwide, consisting of extensive land and undersea cable facilities as well as earth stations in the Inmarsat, Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "a mixture of publicly operated and privately owned TV and radio stations; national and regional public broadcasters compete with nearly 400 privately owned national and regional TV stations; more than 90% of households have cable or satellite TV; hundreds of radio stations including multiple national radio networks, regional radio networks, and a large number of local radio stations (2008)", "internet": { "country_code": ".de", "users": { "total": 70820000, "percent_of_population": 87.6, "global_rank": 8, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 20, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 1113, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 115540886, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 6985007915, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "D", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 539, "global_rank": 13, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 318, "over_3047_metres": 14, "2438_to_3047_metres": 49, "1524_to_2437_metres": 60, "914_to_1523_metres": 70, "under_914_metres": 125, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 221, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 35, "under_914_metres": 185, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 23, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "condensate", "length": 37, "units": "km" }, { "type": "gas", "length": 26985, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 2826, "units": "km" }, { "type": "refined products", "length": 4479, "units": "km" }, { "type": "water", "length": 8, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 43468.3, "units": "km" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 43209.3, "electrified": 19973, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 220, "electrified": 79, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.000-m" }, "global_rank": 6, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 645000, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 645000, "units": "km", "note": "includes 12,800 km of expressways" }, "note": "includes local roads", "global_rank": 12, "date": "2010" }, "waterways": { "value": 7467, "units": "km", "note": "Rhine River carries most goods; Main-Danube Canal links North Sea and Black Sea", "global_rank": 18, "date": "2012" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 427, "by_type": [ { "type": "barge carrier", "count": 2 }, { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 6 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 51 }, { "type": "carrier", "count": 1 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 15 }, { "type": "container", "count": 298 }, { "type": "liquefied gas", "count": 6 }, { "type": "passenger", "count": 4 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 24 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 10 }, { "type": "refrigerated cargo", "count": 3 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 6 }, { "type": "vehicle carrier", "count": 1 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 6, "by_country": [ { "country": "Finland", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Netherlands", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Switzerland", "count": 2 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 3420, "by_country": [ { "country": "Antigua and Barbuda", "count": 1094 }, { "country": "Australia", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Bahamas", "count": 30 }, { "country": "Bermuda", "count": 14 }, { "country": "Brazil", "count": 6 }, { "country": "Bulgaria", "count": 12 }, { "country": "Burma", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Cayman Islands", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Cook Islands", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Curacao", "count": 25 }, { "country": "Cyprus", "count": 192 }, { "country": "Denmark", "count": 9 }, { "country": "Dominica", "count": 5 }, { "country": "Estonia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "France", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Gibraltar", "count": 123 }, { "country": "Hong Kong", "count": 10 }, { "country": "Isle of Man", "count": 56 }, { "country": "Jamaica", "count": 10 }, { "country": "Liberia", "count": 1185 }, { "country": "Luxembourg", "count": 9 }, { "country": "Malta", "count": 135 }, { "country": "Marshall Islands", "count": 248 }, { "country": "Morocco", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Netherlands", "count": 86 }, { "country": "NZ", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Panama", "count": 24 }, { "country": "Papua New Guinea", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Philippines", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Portugal", "count": 14 }, { "country": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Singapore", "count": 32 }, { "country": "Slovakia", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Spain", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Sri Lanka", "count": 8 }, { "country": "Sweden", "count": 3 }, { "country": "UK", "count": 59 }, { "country": "US", "count": 5 }, { "country": "Venezuela", "count": 1 } ] }, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Baltic Sea - Rostock", "North Sea - Wilhelmshaven" ], "river_ports": [ "Bremen (Weser)", "Bremerhaven (Geeste)", "Duisburg", "Karlsruhe", "Neuss-Dusseldorf (Rhine)", "Brunsbuttel", "Hamburg (Elbe)", "Lubeck (Wakenitz)" ], "oil_terminals": [ "Brunsbuttel Canal terminals" ], "container_ports": [ { "place": "Bremen/Bremerhaven", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 5480000 }, { "place": "Hamburg", "twenty_foot_equivalent_units": 8821000 } ], "liquid_natural_gas_terminals_import": [ "Hamburg" ], "date": "2015" } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.19, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1.19, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.19, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1.23, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.31, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 74 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Federal Armed Forces (Bundeswehr)", "Army (Heer)", "Navy (Deutsche Marine", "includes naval air arm)", "Air Force (Luftwaffe)", "Joint Support Service (Streitkraeftebasis", "SKB)", "Central Medical Service (Zentraler Sanitaetsdienst", "ZSanDstBw)", "Cyber", "Information Space Command (Kommando Cyber- und Informationsraum", "Kdo CIR)" ], "date": "2017" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 17, "note": "17-23 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription ended 1 July 2011; service obligation 8-23 months or 12 years; women have been eligible for voluntary service in all military branches and positions since 2001", "date": "2013" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 375122, "country_of_origin": "Syria; Iraq; Afghanistan; Eritrea; Iran; Turkey; Serbia and Kosovo; Somalia; Russia; Pakistan" } ], "date": "2016" }, "stateless_persons": { "people": 12017, "date": "2016" } }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors; transshipment point for and consumer of Southwest Asian heroin, Latin American cocaine, and European-produced synthetic drugs; major financial center" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102645/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html" } }, "ghana": { "data": { "name": "Ghana", "introduction": { "background": "Formed from the merger of the British colony of the Gold Coast and the Togoland trust territory, Ghana in 1957 became the first sub-Saharan country in colonial Africa to gain its independence. Ghana endured a series of coups before Lt. Jerry RAWLINGS took power in 1981 and banned political parties. After approving a new constitution and restoring multiparty politics in 1992, RAWLINGS won presidential elections in 1992 and 1996 but was constitutionally prevented from running for a third term in 2000. John KUFUOR of the opposition New Patriotic Party (NPP) succeeded him and was reelected in 2004. John Atta MILLS of the National Democratic Congress won the 2008 presidential election and took over as head of state, but he died in July 2012 and was constitutionally succeeded by his vice president, John Dramani MAHAMA, who subsequently won the December 2012 presidential election. In 2016, however, Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO of the NPP defeated MAHAMA, marking the third time that the Ghana’s presidency has changed parties since the return to democracy." }, "geography": { "location": "Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Cote d'Ivoire and Togo", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 8, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 2, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Africa", "area": { "total": { "value": 238533, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 227533, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 11000, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 82, "comparative": "slightly smaller than Oregon" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 2420, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Burkina Faso", "border_length": { "value": 602, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Cote d'Ivoire", "border_length": { "value": 720, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Togo", "border_length": { "value": 1098, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 539, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "contiguous_zone": { "value": 24, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north", "terrain": "mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 190, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Atlantic Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mount Afadjato", "elevation": { "value": 885, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "gold", "timber", "industrial diamonds", "bauxite", "manganese", "fish", "rubber", "hydropower", "petroleum", "silver", "salt", "limestone" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 69.1, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 20.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 11.9, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 36.5, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 21.2, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 9.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 340, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "dry, dusty, northeastern harmattan winds from January to March", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "droughts", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "recurrent drought in north severely affects agricultural activities", "deforestation", "overgrazing", "soil erosion", "poaching and habitat destruction threatens wildlife populations", "water pollution", "inadequate supplies of potable water" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Tropical Timber 83", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [ "Marine Life Conservation" ] } }, "note": "Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake (manmade reservoir) by surface area (8,482 sq km; 3,275 sq mi); the lake was created following the completion of the Akosombo Dam in 1965, which holds back the White Volta and Black Volta Rivers" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 26908262, "global_rank": 49, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Ghanaian(s)", "adjective": "Ghanaian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Akan", "percent": 47.5 }, { "name": "Mole-Dagbon", "percent": 16.6 }, { "name": "Ewe", "percent": 13.9 }, { "name": "Ga-Dangme", "percent": 7.4 }, { "name": "Gurma", "percent": 5.7 }, { "name": "Guan", "percent": 3.7 }, { "name": "Grusi", "percent": 2.5 }, { "name": "Mande", "percent": 1.1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.4 } ], "date": "2010" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Asante", "percent": 16 }, { "name": "Ewe", "percent": 14 }, { "name": "Fante", "percent": 11.6 }, { "name": "Boron", "percent": 4.9, "note": "Brong" }, { "name": "Dagomba", "percent": 4.4 }, { "name": "Dangme", "percent": 4.2 }, { "name": "Dagarte", "percent": 3.9, "note": "Dagaba" }, { "name": "Kokomba", "percent": 3.5 }, { "name": "Akyem", "percent": 3.2 }, { "name": "Ga", "percent": 3.1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 31.2 } ], "note": "English is the official language", "date": "2010" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Christian", "percent": 71.2, "breakdown": [ { "name": "Pentecostal/Charismatic", "percent": 28.3 }, { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 18.4 }, { "name": "Catholic", "percent": 13.1 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 11.4 } ] }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 17.6 }, { "name": "traditional", "percent": 5.2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.8 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 5.2 } ], "date": "2010" }, "demographic_profile": "Ghana has a young age structure, with approximately 57% of the population under the age of 25. Its total fertility rate fell significantly during the 1980s and 1990s but has stalled at around four children per woman for the last few years. Fertility remains higher in the northern region than the Greater Accra region. On average, desired fertility has remained stable for several years; urban dwellers want fewer children than rural residents. Increased life expectancy, due to better health care, nutrition, and hygiene, and reduced fertility have increased Ghana’s share of elderly persons; Ghana’s proportion of persons aged 60+ is among the highest in sub-Saharan Africa. Poverty has declined in Ghana, but it remains pervasive in the northern region, which is susceptible to droughts and floods and has less access to transportation infrastructure, markets, fertile farming land, and industrial centers. The northern region also has lower school enrollment, higher illiteracy, and fewer opportunities for women.\nGhana was a country of immigration in the early years after its 1957 independence, attracting labor migrants largely from Nigeria and other neighboring countries to mine minerals and harvest cocoa – immigrants composed about 12% of Ghana’s population in 1960. In the late 1960s, worsening economic and social conditions discouraged immigration, and hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mostly Nigerians, were expelled.\nDuring the 1970s, severe drought and an economic downturn transformed Ghana into a country of emigration; neighboring Cote d’Ivoire was the initial destination. Later, hundreds of thousands of Ghanaians migrated to Nigeria to work in its booming oil industry, but most were deported in 1983 and 1985 as oil prices plummeted. Many Ghanaians then turned to more distant destinations, including other parts of Africa, Europe, and North America, but the majority continued to migrate within West Africa. Since the 1990s, increased emigration of skilled Ghanaians, especially to the US and the UK, drained the country of its health care and education professionals. Internally, poverty and other developmental disparities continue to drive Ghanaians from the north to the south, particularly to its urban centers.", "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 38.2, "males": 5164505, "females": 5113185 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 18.66, "males": 2498185, "females": 2522353 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 34.05, "males": 4445321, "females": 4716311 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 4.91, "males": 642984, "females": 678784 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 4.19, "males": 520589, "females": 606045 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 73, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 67.2, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 5.9, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 17, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 21, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 20.5, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 21.5, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 184, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 2.18, "global_rank": 40, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 30.8, "global_rank": 38, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 7.1, "global_rank": 133, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -1.9, "global_rank": 161, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 54, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 3.4, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Kumasi", "population": 2599000 }, { "place": "Accra", "population": 2277000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.94, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.95, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.86, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.97, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 22.6, "date": "2014" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 319, "global_rank": 32, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 36.3, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 40.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 32.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 66.6, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 64.1, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 69.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 172, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 4.03, "global_rank": 37, "date": "2016" }, "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { "value": 34.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 3.6, "global_rank": 133, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 0.1, "date": "2010" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 0.9, "date": "2011" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 92.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 84, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 88.7, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 7.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 16, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 11.3, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 20.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 8.6, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 14.9, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 79.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 91.4, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 85.1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 1.61, "global_rank": 34, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 274600, "global_rank": 23, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 12600, "global_rank": 26, "date": "2015" } }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "degree_of_risk": "very high", "food_or_waterborne_diseases": [ "bacterial diarrhea", "protozoal diarrhea", "hepatitis A", "typhoid fever" ], "vectorborne_diseases": [ "malaria", "dengue fever", "yellow fever" ], "water_contact_diseases": [ "schistosomiasis" ], "respiratory_diseases": [ "meningococcal meningitis" ], "animal_contact_diseases": [ "rabies" ], "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 10.9, "global_rank": 140, "date": "2014" }, "underweight_children": { "percent_of_children_under_the_age_of_five": 11, "global_rank": 55, "date": "2014" }, "education_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 6.2, "global_rank": 13, "date": "2014" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 76.6, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 82, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 71.4, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 12, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 12, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 12, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" }, "child_labor": { "total_number": 1806750, "percentage": { "value": 34, "units": "%" }, "date": "2006" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 11.2, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 10.2, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 12, "units": "%" }, "date": "2010" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Ghana", "conventional_short_form": "Ghana", "former": "Gold Coast", "etymology": "named for the medieval West African kingdom of the same name, but whose location was actually further north than the modern country" }, "government_type": "presidential republic", "capital": { "name": "Accra", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 5, "minutes": 33, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 0, "minutes": 13, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 0, "note": "5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Ashanti", "type": "region" }, { "name": "Brong-Ahafo", "type": "region" }, { "name": "Central", "type": "region" }, { "name": "Eastern", "type": "region" }, { "name": "Greater Accra", "type": "region" }, { "name": "Northern", "type": "region" }, { "name": "Upper East", "type": "region" }, { "name": "Upper West", "type": "region" }, { "name": "Volta", "type": "region" }, { "name": "Western", "type": "region" } ], "independence": { "date": "1957-03-06", "note": "from the UK" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "6 March", "original_year": "1957" } ], "constitution": { "history": "several previous; latest drafted 31 March 1992, approved and promulgated 28 April 1992, entered into force 7 January 1993; amended 1996 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "mixed system of English common law and customary law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent or grandparent must be a citizen of Ghana", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "5 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO (since 7 January 2017); Vice President Mahamudu BAWUMIA (NPP) (since 7 January 2017); the president is both chief of state and head of government", "head_of_government": "President Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO (since 7 January 2017); Vice President Mahamudu BAWUMIA (NPP) (since 7 January 2017)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers; nominated by the president, approved by Parliament", "elections_appointments": "president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote; a runoff between the top two candidates may occur if no candidate earns 50 percent plus one in the first round; eligible for a second term; election last held on 7 December 2016 (next to be held in December 2020)", "election_results": "Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO elected president; percent of vote - Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO (NPP) 53.8%, John Dramani MAHAMA (NDC) 44.4%, other 1.8%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Parliament (275 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 7 December 2016 (next to be held in December 2020)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NPP 171, NDC 104" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of a chief justice and 12 justices)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "chief justice appointed by the president in consultation with the Council of State (a small advisory body of prominent citizens) and with the approval of Parliament; other justices appointed by the president upon the advice of the Judicial Council (an 18-member independent body of judicial, military and police officials, and presidential nominees) and on the advice of the Council of State; justices can retire at age 60, with compulsory retirement at age 70", "subordinate_courts": "Court of Appeal; High Court; Circuit Court; District Court; regional tribunals" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Convention People's Party", "name_alternative": "CPP" }, { "name": "National Democratic Congress", "name_alternative": "NDC" }, { "name": "New Patriotic Party", "name_alternative": "NPP" }, { "name": "People's National Convention", "name_alternative": "PNC" }, { "name": "Peoples Progressive Party", "name_alternative": "PPP" } ], "note": "listed are five of the more popular political parties as of May 2017; there are more than 20 registered parties" }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Public Policy Think Tanks: Institute for Democratic Governance ; IMANI Center for Policy and Education; Ghana Center for Democratic Development; Institute for Economic Affairs", "note": "IDEG" }, { "name": "Professional and Trade Groups: Ghana Bar Association; Ghana Trades Union Congress; American Chamber of Commerce; British Chamber of Commerce; and a host of religious organizations" }, { "name": "Also" }, { "name": "a wide range of international and domestic" }, { "name": "human rights and policy advocacy groups" }, { "name": "environmental groups" }, { "name": "business organizations" }, { "name": "traditional leaders and youth groups" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AfDB" }, { "organization": "AU" }, { "organization": "C" }, { "organization": "ECOWAS" }, { "organization": "EITI ", "note": "compliant country" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-24" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "MINURSO" }, { "organization": "MINUSMA" }, { "organization": "MONUSCO" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNAMID" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNIFIL" }, { "organization": "UNISFA" }, { "organization": "UNMIL" }, { "organization": "UNMISS" }, { "organization": "UNOCI" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires E.B. ASARE-ASIEDU (since January 2017)", "chancery": "3512 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 686-4520", "fax": "[1] (202) 686-4527", "consulates_general": "New York" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Robert P. JACKSON (since 4 February 2016)", "embassy": "24 Fourth Circular Rd., Cantonments, Accra", "mailing_address": "P.O. Box 194, Accra", "telephone": "[233] 030-274-1000", "fax": "[233] 030-274-1389" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green, with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; red symbolizes the blood shed for independence, yellow represents the country's mineral wealth, while green stands for its forests and natural wealth; the black star is said to be the lodestar of African freedom", "note": "uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "black star" }, { "symbol": "golden eagle" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "yellow" }, { "color": "green" }, { "color": "black" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"God Bless Our Homeland Ghana\"", "lyrics_music": "unknown/Philip GBEHO", "note": "music adopted 1957, lyrics adopted 1966; the lyrics were changed twice, in 1960 when a republic was declared and after a 1966 coup", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/GH.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Ghana's economy was strengthened by a quarter century of relatively sound management, a competitive business environment, and sustained reductions in poverty levels, but in recent years has suffered the consequences of loose fiscal policy, high budget and current account deficits, and a depreciating currency. Ghana has a market-based economy with relatively few policy barriers to trade and investment in comparison with other countries in the region, and Ghana is well-endowed with natural resources.\n\nAgriculture accounts for about 20% of GDP and employs more than half of the workforce, mainly small landholders. Gold and cocoa exports, and individual remittances, are major sources of foreign exchange. Expansion of Ghana’s nascent oil industry has boosted economic growth, but the fall in oil prices since 2015 reduced by half Ghana’s oil revenue. Production at Jubilee, Ghana's offshore oilfield, began in mid-December 2010. The country’s first gas processing plant at Atubao is also producing natural gas from the Jubilee field, providing power to several of Ghana’s thermal power plants.\n\nAs of 2016, key economic concerns facing the government include the lack of reliable electricity and the high debt burden, even amidst strong GDP growth. While the MAHAMA administration attempted to ameliorate these concerns, little progress has been made, leaving much work to be done in 2017 by the incoming AKUFO-ADDO administration. Ghana signed a $920 million extended credit facility with the IMF in April 2015 to help it address its growing economic crisis. The IMF fiscal targets require Ghana to reduce the deficit by cutting subsidies, decreasing the bloated public sector wage bill, strengthening revenue administration, and boosting tax revenues. Priorities for the AKUFO-ADDO’s administration include rescheduling some of Ghana’s $31 billion debt, stimulating economic growth, reducing inflation, and stabilizing the currency. Prospects for new oil and gas production, potentially higher global gold prices, and follow-through on tighter fiscal management are likely to help Ghana’s economy in 2017.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 120800000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 116900000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 112500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 82, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 42760000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.3, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 4, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 79 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 4400, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 4300, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 4300, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 174, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 66.6, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 19.6, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 24.5, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": 0.8, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 36.7, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -48.2, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 19.5, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 24, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 56.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 16.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 17.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 17, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 114 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "cocoa", "rice", "cassava", "manioc", "tapioca", "peanuts", "corn", "shea nuts", "bananas", "timber" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "mining", "lumbering", "light manufacturing", "aluminum smelting", "food processing", "cement", "small commercial ship building", "petroleum" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": -0.5, "global_rank": 176, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 11990000, "global_rank": 48, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 44.7, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 14.4, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 40.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2013" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11.9, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 5.2, "units": "%", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 63 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 24.2, "units": "%", "date": "2013" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 2, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 32.8, "units": "%" }, "date": "2006" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 42.3, "units": "gini_index" }, { "value": 41.9, "units": "gini_index" } ], "global_rank": 52 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 8552000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 12270000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 20, "global_rank": 141, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -8.7, "global_rank": 172, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 73.7, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 71.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 39 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 17.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 17.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 217 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 25.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 26, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 4 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 31.8, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 28.6, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 6 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5914000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 5736000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 95 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 13020000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 12420000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 102 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 13390000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 12930000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 97 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12550000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 15050000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 3465000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 94 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -2784000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -2872000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 156 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 11060000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 10360000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 86 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "oil", "gold", "cocoa", "timber", "tuna", "bauxite", "aluminum", "manganese ore", "diamonds", "horticultural products" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "India", "percent": 27.4 }, { "name": "Switzerland", "percent": 11.8 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 10.2 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 5.5 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 12750000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 13470000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 86 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "capital equipment", "refined petroleum", "foodstuffs" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "China", "percent": 32.6 }, { "name": "Nigeria", "percent": 14.1 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 5.5 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 5.5 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6137000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 5885000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 89 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 21170000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 19150000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 87 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 19850000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" }, { "value": 118000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 77 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 16620000000.000002, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" }, { "value": 109000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 54 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3.992, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 3.712, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 3.712, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 2.895, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 1.8, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "cedis (GHC) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 7300000, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 72, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 92, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 50, "units": "%" }, "date": "2013" }, "production": { "kWh": 11500000000, "global_rank": 92, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 9600000000, "global_rank": 98, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "kWh": 552000000, "global_rank": 69, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "kWh": 223000000, "global_rank": 105, "date": "2015" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 3656000, "global_rank": 99, "date": "2015" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 56.2, "global_rank": 152, "date": "2015" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 98, "date": "2015" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 43.2, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2015" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0.6, "global_rank": 177, "date": "2015" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 88250, "global_rank": 43, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 99890, "global_rank": 35, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 26040, "global_rank": 62, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 660000000, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 10640, "global_rank": 103, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 83000, "global_rank": 87, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 1977, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 72850, "global_rank": 67, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 63540000, "global_rank": 83, "date": "2016" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 655000000, "global_rank": 92, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 584000000, "global_rank": 64, "date": "2015" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 22650000000, "global_rank": 74, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 11000000, "global_rank": 102, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 275570, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 1, "global_rank": 120, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 35008000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 133, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "primarily microwave radio relay; wireless local loop has been installed; outdated and unreliable fixed-line infrastructure heavily concentrated in Accra", "domestic": "competition among multiple mobile-cellular providers has spurred growth with a subscribership of more than 130 per 100 persons and rising", "international": "country code - 233; landing point for the SAT-3/WASC, Main One, and GLO-1 fiber-optic submarine cables that provide connectivity to South Africa, Europe, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); microwave radio relay link to Panaftel system connects Ghana to its neighbors (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "state-owned TV station, 2 state-owned radio networks; several privately owned TV stations and a large number of privately owned radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are accessible; several cable and satellite TV subscription services are obtainable (2007)", "internet": { "country_code": ".gh", "users": { "total": 6181000, "percent_of_population": 23.5, "global_rank": 68, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 4, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 8, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 390457, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 844630, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "9G", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 10, "global_rank": 156, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 7, "over_3047_metres": 1, "2438_to_3047_metres": 1, "1524_to_2437_metres": 3, "914_to_1523_metres": 2, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 3, "914_to_1523_metres": 3, "date": "2013" } } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 394, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 20, "units": "km" }, { "type": "refined products", "length": 361, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 947, "units": "km" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 947, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.067-m" }, "global_rank": 92, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 109515, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 13787, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 95728, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 45, "date": "2009" }, "waterways": { "value": 1293, "units": "km", "note": "168 km for launches and lighters on Volta, Ankobra, and Tano Rivers; 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways on Lake Volta", "global_rank": 56, "date": "2011" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 4, "by_type": [ { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 1 }, { "type": "refrigerated cargo", "count": 3 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 2, "by_country": [ { "country": "Brazil", "count": 1 }, { "country": "South Korea", "count": 1 } ] }, "global_rank": 133, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Takoradi", "Tema" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.49, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.48, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0.53, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 0.59, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 125 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Ghana Army", "Ghana Navy", "Ghana Air Force" ], "date": "2012" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 18, "note": "18-26 years of age for voluntary military service, with basic education certificate; no conscription; must be HIV/AIDS negative", "date": "2012" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "disputed maritime border between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 6489, "country_of_origin": 2010 } ], "date": "2017" } }, "trafficking_in_persons": { "current_situation": "Ghana is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; the trafficking of Ghanians, particularly children, internally is more common than the trafficking of foreign nationals; Ghanian children are subjected to forced labor in fishing, domestic service, street hawking, begging, portering, mining, quarrying, herding, and agriculture, with girls, and to a lesser extent boys, forced into prostitution; Ghanian women, sometimes lured with legitimate job offers, and girls are sex trafficked in West Africa, the Middle East, and Europe; Ghanian men fraudulently recruited for work in the Middle East are subjected to forced labor or prostitution, and a few Ghanian adults have been identified as victims of false labor in the US; women and girls from Vietnam, China, and neighboring West African countries are sex trafficked in Ghana; the country is also a transit point for sex trafficking from West Africa to Europe", "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - Ghana does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; Ghana continued to investigate and prosecute trafficking offenses but was unable to ramp up its anti-trafficking efforts in 2014 because the government failed to provide law enforcement or protection agencies with operating budgets; victim protection efforts decreased in 2014, with significantly fewer victims identified; most child victims were referred to NGO-run facilities, but care for adults was lacking because the government did not provide any support to the country’s Human Trafficking Fund for victim services or its two shelters; anti-trafficking prevention measures increased modestly, including reconvening of the Human Trafficking Management Board, public awareness campaigns on child labor and trafficking, and anti-trafficking TV and radio programs (2015)" }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; major transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and, to a lesser extent, South American cocaine destined for Europe and the US; widespread crime and money-laundering problem, but the lack of a well-developed financial infrastructure limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center; significant domestic cocaine and cannabis use" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624230143/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html" } }, "gibraltar": { "data": { "name": "Gibraltar", "introduction": { "background": "Strategically important, Gibraltar was reluctantly ceded to Great Britain by Spain in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht; the British garrison was formally declared a colony in 1830. In a referendum held in 1967, Gibraltarians voted overwhelmingly to remain a British dependency. The subsequent granting of autonomy in 1969 by the UK led Spain to close the border and sever all communication links. Between 1997 and 2002, the UK and Spain held a series of talks on establishing temporary joint sovereignty over Gibraltar. In response to these talks, the Gibraltar Government called a referendum in late 2002 in which the majority of citizens voted overwhelmingly against any sharing of sovereignty with Spain. Since late 2004, Spain, the UK, and Gibraltar have held tripartite talks with the aim of cooperatively resolving problems that affect the local population, and work continues on cooperation agreements in areas such as taxation and financial services; communications and maritime security; policy, legal and customs services; environmental protection; and education and visa services. A new noncolonial constitution came into force in 2007, and the European Court of First Instance recognized Gibraltar's right to regulate its own tax regime in December 2008. The UK retains responsibility for defense, foreign relations, internal security, and financial stability.\nSpain and the UK continue to spar over the territory. Throughout 2009, a dispute over Gibraltar's claim to territorial waters extending out three miles gave rise to periodic non-violent maritime confrontations between Spanish and UK naval patrols and in 2013, the British reported a record number of entries by Spanish vessels into waters claimed by Gibraltar following a dispute over Gibraltar's creation of an artificial reef in those waters. Spain renewed its demands for an eventual return of Gibraltar to Spanish control after the UK’s June 2016 vote to leave the EU, but London has dismissed any connection between the vote and its future commitment to Gibraltar." }, "geography": { "location": "Southwestern Europe, bordering the Strait of Gibraltar, which links the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, on the southern coast of Spain", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 36, "minutes": 8, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 5, "minutes": 21, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Europe", "area": { "total": { "value": 6.5, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 6.5, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 244, "comparative": "more than 10 times the size of The National Mall in Washington, D.C." }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 1.2, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Spain", "border_length": { "value": 1.2, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 12, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 3, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers", "terrain": "a narrow coastal lowland borders the Rock of Gibraltar", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Mediterranean Sea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Rock of Gibraltar", "elevation": { "value": 426, "units": "m" } } }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 100, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "NA", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "limited natural freshwater resources: large concrete or natural rock water catchments collect rainwater (no longer used for drinking water) and adequate desalination plant" ] }, "note": "strategic location on Strait of Gibraltar that links the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 29328, "global_rank": 219, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Gibraltarian(s)", "adjective": "Gibraltar" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Gibraltarian", "percent": 79 }, { "name": "other British", "percent": 13.2 }, { "name": "Spanish", "percent": 2.1 }, { "name": "Moroccan", "percent": 1.6 }, { "name": "other EU", "percent": 2.4 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.6 } ], "date": "2012" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "English", "note": "used in schools and for official purposes" }, { "name": "Spanish" }, { "name": "Italian" }, { "name": "Portuguese" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 72.1 }, { "name": "Church of England", "percent": 7.7 }, { "name": "other Christian", "percent": 3.8 }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 3.6 }, { "name": "Jewish", "percent": 2.4 }, { "name": "Hindu", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.1 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 7.1 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.1 } ], "date": "2012" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 20.12, "males": 3024, "females": 2878 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 15.02, "males": 2305, "females": 2101 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 38.94, "males": 5804, "females": 5617 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 10.15, "males": 1328, "females": 1649 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 15.76, "males": 2276, "females": 2346 }, "date": "2016" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 34.5, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 33.6, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 33.5, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 81, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.24, "global_rank": 182, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 14.1, "global_rank": 138, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 8.4, "global_rank": 82, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -3.3, "global_rank": 182, "date": "2016" }, "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 100, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.07, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Gibraltar", "population": 29000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.07, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.1, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.81, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.97, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.01, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 6.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 5.3, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 167, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 79.4, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 76.6, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 82.5, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.91, "global_rank": 133, "date": "2016" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Gibraltar", "etymology": "from the Spanish derivation of the Arabic \"Jabal Tariq,\" which means \"Mountain of Tariq\" and which refers to the Rock of Gibraltar" }, "government_type": "parliamentary democracy (Parliament); self-governing overseas territory of the UK", "capital": { "name": "Gibraltar", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 36, "minutes": 8, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 5, "minutes": 21, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 1, "note": "6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, "independence": { "note": "overseas territory of the UK" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "National Day", "day": "10 September", "original_year": "1967", "note": "day of the national referendum to decide whether to remain with the UK or join Spain" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1969; latest passed by referendum 30 November 2006, entered into effect 14 December 2006, entered into force 2 January 2007", "amendments": "proposed by Parliament and require prior consent of the British monarch (through the Secretary of State); passage requires at least three-quarters majority vote in Parliament followed by simple majority vote in a referendum; note – only sections 1 through 15 in Chapter 1 (Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms) can be amended by Parliament (2016)" }, "legal_system": "the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply", "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false, "note": "18 years of age; universal; and British citizens with six months residence or more" }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Lt. Gen. Edward DAVIS (since 19 January 2016)", "head_of_government": "Chief Minister Fabian PICARDO (since 9 December 2011)", "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed from among the 17 elected members of Parliament by the governor in consultation with the chief minister", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed chief minister by the governor" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Parliament (18 seats; 17 members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by majority vote and 1 appointed by Parliament as speaker; members serve 4-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 26 November 2015 (next to be held not later than December 2019)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - GSLP 68.4%, GSD 31.6%; seats by party - GSLP 10, GSD 7" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_resident_courts": "Court of Appeal (consists of at least 3 judges, including the court president); Supreme Court of Gibraltar (consists of the chief justice and 3 judges); note - appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Court of Appeal and Supreme Court judges appointed by the governor upon the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, a 7-member body of judges and appointees of the governor; tenure of the Court of Appeal president based on terms of appointment; Supreme Court chief justice and judge normally appointed until retirement at age 67, but can be extended 3 years", "subordinate_courts": "Court of First Instance; Magistrates' Court; specialized tribunals for issues relating to social security, taxes, and employment" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Gibraltar Liberal Party", "leaders": [ "Joseph GARCIA" ] }, { "name": "Gibraltar Social Democrats", "name_alternative": "GSD", "leaders": [ "Daniel FEETHAM" ] }, { "name": "Gibraltar Socialist Labor Party", "name_alternative": "GSLP", "leaders": [ "Fabian PICARDO" ] }, { "name": "Progressive Democratic Party", "leaders": [ "Nick CRUZ" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Chamber of Commerce" }, { "name": "Gibraltar Representatives Organization" }, { "name": "Women's Association" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "Interpol ", "note": "subbureau" }, { "organization": "UPU" } ], "flag_description": { "description": "two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red with a three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging from the castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band; the design is that of Gibraltar's coat of arms granted on 10 July 1502 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain; the castle symbolizes Gibraltar as a fortress, while the key represents Gibraltar's strategic importance - the key to the Mediterranean" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "Barbary macaque" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "white" }, { "color": "yellow" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Gibraltar Anthem\"", "lyrics_music": "Peter EMBERLEY", "note": "adopted 1994; serves as a local anthem; as a territory of the United Kingdom, \"God Save the Queen\" remains official (see United Kingdom)" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Self-sufficient Gibraltar benefits from an extensive shipping trade, offshore banking, and its position as an international conference center. Tax rates are low to attract foreign investment. The British military presence has been sharply reduced and now contributes about 7% to the local economy, compared with 60% in 1984. In recent years, Gibraltar has seen major structural change from a public to a private sector economy, but changes in government spending still have a major impact on the level of employment.\n\nThe financial sector, tourism (over 11 million visitors in 2012), gaming revenues, shipping services fees, and duties on consumer goods also generate revenue. The financial sector, tourism, and the shipping sector contribute 30%, 30%, and 25%, respectively, of GDP. Telecommunications, e-commerce, and e-gaming account for the remaining 15%.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2044000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 1850000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 2000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 195 }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 2044000000, "date": "2013" }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 61700, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 43000, "units": "USD", "date": "2008" }, { "value": 41200, "units": "USD", "date": "2007" } ], "global_rank": 17 }, "composition": { "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 100, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "industries": { "industries": [ "tourism", "banking", "finance", "ship repairing", "tobacco" ] }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 24420, "global_rank": 209, "date": "2014" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "industry": { "value": 1.8, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 98.2, "units": "%" } }, "agriculture": "NEGL", "date": "2014" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" } ], "global_rank": 6 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 475800000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 452300000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2008" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 25.7, "global_rank": 111, "date": "2008" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": 1.3, "global_rank": 19, "date": "2008" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 7.5, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2008" }, { "value": 8.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2006" } ], "global_rank": 186 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 July", "end": "30 June" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.5, "units": "%", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 2.2, "units": "%", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 125 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 202300000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 271000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2004" } ], "global_rank": 187 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "(principally reexports) petroleum", "manufactured goods" ], "date": "2010" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2967000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2004" } ], "global_rank": 143 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "fuels", "manufactured goods", "foodstuffs" ] } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.9214, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.885, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.885, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0.7634, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.64, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Gibraltar pounds (GIP) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "production": { "kWh": 200000000, "global_rank": 192, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 200000000, "global_rank": 194, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 145, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 155, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 43000, "global_rank": 195, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 100, "global_rank": 11, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 99, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 174, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 178, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 139, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 130, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 199, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 139, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 148, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 80000, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 186, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 76680, "global_rank": 62, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 190, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 148, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 108, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 200, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 144, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 3600000, "global_rank": 139, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 23400, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 80, "global_rank": 179, "date": "2014-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 38000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 130, "global_rank": 205, "date": "2014-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "adequate, automatic domestic system and adequate international facilities", "domestic": "automatic exchange facilities", "international": "country code - 350; radiotelephone; microwave radio relay; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation (GBC) provides TV and radio broadcasting services via 1 TV station and 4 radio stations; British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) operates 1 radio station; broadcasts from Spanish radio and TV stations are accessible (2008)", "internet": { "country_code": ".gi", "users": { "total": 24000, "percent_of_population": 82, "global_rank": 200, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "VP-G", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 1, "global_rank": 220, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 1, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "date": "2013" } } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 29, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 29, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 221, "date": "2007" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 267, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 3 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 146 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 64 }, { "type": "container", "count": 28 }, { "type": "liquefied gas", "count": 2 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 14 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 2 }, { "type": "vehicle carrier", "count": 8 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 254, "by_country": [ { "country": "Belgium", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Cyprus", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Denmark", "count": 7 }, { "country": "Finland", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Germany", "count": 123 }, { "country": "Greece", "count": 8 }, { "country": " Iceland", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Italy", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Jersey", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Morocco", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Netherlands", "count": 34 }, { "country": "Norway", "count": 46 }, { "country": "Sweden", "count": 11 }, { "country": "UAE", "count": 5 }, { "country": "UK", "count": 6 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 6, "by_country": [ { "country": "Liberia", "count": 5 }, { "country": "Panama", "count": 1 } ] }, "global_rank": 32, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Gibraltar" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "Royal Gibraltar Regiment" ], "date": "2013" }, "note": "defense is the responsibility of the UK; the Royal Gibraltar Regiment replaced the last British regular infantry forces in 1992" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to reject any \"shared sovereignty\" arrangement", "the Government of Gibraltar insists on equal participation in talks between the UK and Spain", "Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant Gibraltar even greater autonomy" ] } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-24", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624193029/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gi.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170624000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gi.html" } }, "greece": { "data": { "name": "Greece", "introduction": { "background": "Greece achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1830. During the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, it gradually added neighboring islands and territories, most with Greek-speaking populations. In World War II, Greece was first invaded by Italy (1940) and subsequently occupied by Germany (1941-44); fighting endured in a protracted civil war between supporters of the king and other anti-communist and communist rebels. Following the latter's defeat in 1949, Greece joined NATO in 1952. In 1967, a group of military officers seized power, establishing a military dictatorship that suspended many political liberties and forced the king to flee the country. In 1974 following the collapse of the dictatorship, democratic elections and a referendum created a parliamentary republic and abolished the monarchy. In 1981, Greece joined the EC (now the EU); it became the 12th member of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) in 2001. Greece has suffered a severe economic crisis since late 2009, due to nearly a decade of chronic overspending and structural rigidities. Since 2010, Greece has entered three bailout agreements with the European Commission, the European Central Bank (ECB), the IMF, and with the third, the European Stability Mechanism (ESM). The Greek Government agreed to its current, $96 billion bailout in August 2015, which will conclude in August 2018." }, "geography": { "location": "Southern Europe, bordering the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, between Albania and Turkey", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 39, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 22, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Europe", "area": { "total": { "value": 131957, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 130647, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 1310, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 97, "comparative": "slightly smaller than Alabama" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 1110, "units": "km" }, "border_countries": [ { "country": "Albania", "border_length": { "value": 212, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Bulgaria", "border_length": { "value": 472, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Macedonia", "border_length": { "value": 234, "units": "km" } }, { "country": "Turkey", "border_length": { "value": 192, "units": "km" } } ] }, "coastline": { "value": 13676, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "m", "note": "depth or to the depth of exploitation" } }, "climate": "temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers", "terrain": "mountainous with ranges extending into the sea as peninsulas or chains of islands", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 498, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Mediterranean Sea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mount Olympus", "elevation": { "value": 2917, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "lignite", "petroleum", "iron ore", "bauxite", "lead", "zinc", "nickel", "magnesite", "marble", "salt", "hydropower potential" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 63.4, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 19.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 8.9, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 34.8, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 30.5, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 6.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 15550, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "one-third of the population lives in and around metropolitan Athens; the remainder of the country has moderate population density mixed with sizeable pockets of urban agglomeration", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "severe earthquakes", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "Santorini (elev. 367 m) has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; although there have been very few eruptions in recent centuries, Methana and Nisyros in the Aegean are classified as historically active", "type": "volcanism" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "air pollution", "water pollution" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Air Pollution", "Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides", "Air Pollution-Sulfur 94", "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol", "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources", "Antarctic Treaty", "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Environmental Modification", "Hazardous Wastes", "Law of the Sea", "Marine Dumping", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Ship Pollution", "Tropical Timber 83", "Tropical Timber 94", "Wetlands" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [ "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants", "Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds" ] } }, "note": "strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern approach to Turkish Straits; a peninsular country, possessing an archipelago of about 2,000 islands" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 10773253, "global_rank": 85, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Greek(s)", "adjective": "Greek" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "population: Greek", "percent": 93 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 7, "note": "foreign citizens; 2001 census" } ], "note": "data represent citizenship, since Greece does not collect data on ethnicity" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Greek", "percent": 99, "note": "official" }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1, "note": "includes English and French" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Greek Orthodox", "percent": 98, "note": "official" }, { "name": "Muslim", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.7 } ] }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 13.93, "males": 772973, "females": 727720 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 9.68, "males": 533112, "females": 510133 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 42.71, "males": 2291355, "females": 2309664 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 13, "males": 686182, "females": 713821 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 20.68, "males": 975819, "females": 1252474 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 56.2, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 22.8, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 33.4, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 44.2, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 43.1, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 45.3, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 7, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": -0.03, "global_rank": 204, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 8.5, "global_rank": 218, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 11.2, "global_rank": 31, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": 2.3, "global_rank": 43, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "one-third of the population lives in and around metropolitan Athens; the remainder of the country has moderate population density mixed with sizeable pockets of urban agglomeration", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 78, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.47, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Athens", "population": 3052000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2015" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.06, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 0.96, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.78, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 0.95, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "mothers_mean_age_at_first_birth": { "age": 31.2, "date": "2010" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 3, "global_rank": 183, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 4.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 5.1, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 4.2, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 180, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 80.5, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 77.9, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 83.3, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 35, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 1.42, "global_rank": 209, "date": "2016" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 8.1, "global_rank": 32, "date": "2014" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 6.26, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 4.8, "date": "2009" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 99.2, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 98.1, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 99, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0.8, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 1.9, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 1, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "hiv_aids": { "adult_prevalence_rate": { "percent_of_adults": 0.26, "date": "2015" }, "people_living_with_hiv_aids": { "total": 16200, "date": "2015" }, "deaths": { "total": 300, "date": "2015" } }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 25.1, "global_rank": 96, "date": "2014" }, "literacy": { "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", "total_population": { "value": 97.7, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 98.5, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 96.9, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 18, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 18, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 18, "units": "years" }, "date": "2014" }, "youth_unemployment": { "total": { "value": 52.4, "units": "%" }, "male": { "value": 47.4, "units": "%" }, "female": { "value": 58.1, "units": "%" }, "global_rank": 3, "date": "2014" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "Hellenic Republic", "conventional_short_form": "Greece", "local_long_form": "Elliniki Dimokratia", "local_short_form": "Ellas or Ellada", "former": "Hellenic State, Kingdom of Greece", "etymology": "the English name derives from the Roman (Latin) designation \"Graecia,\" meaning \"Land of the Greeks\"; the Greeks call their country \"Hellas\" or \"Ellada\"" }, "government_type": "parliamentary republic", "capital": { "name": "Athens", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 37, "minutes": 59, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 23, "minutes": 44, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": 2, "note": "7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, "independence": { "date": "1830-02-03", "note": "from the Ottoman Empire; note - 25 March 1821, outbreak of the national revolt against the Ottomans; 3 February 1830, signing of the London Protocol recognizing Greek independence by Great Britain, France, and Russia" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "25 March", "original_year": "1821" } ], "constitution": { "history": "many previous; latest entered into force 11 June 1975", "amendments": "proposed by at least 50 members of Parliament and agreed by three-fifths majority vote in two separate ballots at least 30 days apart; passage requires absolute majority vote by the next elected Parliament; entry into force finalized through a “special parliamentary resolution”; articles on human rights and freedoms and the form of government cannot be amended; amended 1986, 2001, 2008 (2016)" }, "legal_system": "civil legal system based on Roman law", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "no", "citizenship_by_descent_only": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Greece", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "10 years" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": true }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "President Prokopios (Prokopis) PAVLOPOULOS (since 13 March 2015)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Alexios TSIPRAS (since 21 September 2015); note - Vassiliki THANOU-CHRISTOFILOU served as interim prime minister beginning on 27 August 2015 after the resignation of Alexios TSIPRAS on 20 August 2015; she was Greece's first female prime minister", "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister", "elections_appointments": "president elected by Hellenic Parliament for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 18 February 2015 (next to be held by February 2020); president appoints as prime minister the leader of the majority party or coalition in the Hellenic Parliament", "election_results": "Prokopios PAVLOPOULOS (ND) elected president by Parliament - 233 of 300 votes" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Hellenic Parliament or Vouli ton Ellinon (300 seats; 288 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 12 seats are filled from nationwide party lists; 50 seats allocated to the party with the highest total valid vote count and remaining seats are apportioned according to each party's or coalition's vote percentage; members serve up to 4 years)", "elections": "last held on 20 September 2015 (next to be held by 2019); note - snap elections were called because of upheaval in the governing SYRIZA party over a new bailout deal with international creditors", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - SYRIZA 35.5%, ND 28.1%, Golden Dawn 7.0%, PASOK-DIMAR 6.3%, KKE 5.6%, To Potami (The River) 4.1%, ANEL 3.7%, EK 3.4%, other 6.3%; seats by party - SYRIZA 145, ND 75, Golden Dawn 18, PASOK-DIMAR 17, KKE 15, To Potami 11, ANEL 10, EK 9; note - only parties surpassing a 3% threshold are entitled to parliamentary seats; parties need 10 seats to become formal parliamentary groups but can retain that status if the party participated in the last election and received the minimum 3% threshold" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "Supreme Civil and Criminal Court or Areios Pagos (consists of 56 judges including the court presidents); Council of State (supreme administrative court) consists of the president, vice president, 42 privy councillors, and 98 associate and reporting judges, organized into 5- and 7-member chambers; Hellenic Court of Audit (government audit and enforcement) consists of the president 5 vice presidents, 20 councillors, and 90 associate and reporting judges", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges appointed by presidential decree on the advice of the Supreme Judicial Council (SJC), which includes the president of the Supreme Court, other judges, and the prosecutor of the Supreme Court; judges appointed for life following a 2-year probationary period; Council of State president appointed by the Greek Cabinet to serve a 4-year term; other judge appointment and tenure NA; Court of Audit president appointed by decree of the president of the republic on the advice of the SJC to serve a 4-year term with an age limit of 67", "subordinate_courts": "Courts of Appeal and Courts of First Instance(district courts)" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Anticapitalist Left Cooperation for the Overthrow", "name_alternative": "ANTARSYA", "leaders": [ "collective leadership" ] }, { "name": "Coalition of the Radical Left", "name_alternative": "SYRIZA", "leaders": [ "Alexios TSIPRAS" ], "note": "Alexis" }, { "name": "Communist Party of Greece", "name_alternative": "KKE", "leaders": [ "Dimitrios KOUTSOUMBAS" ] }, { "name": "Democratic Left", "name_alternative": "DIMAR", "leaders": [ "Athanasios THEOCHAROPOULOS" ], "note": "Thanasis" }, { "name": "Independent Greeks", "name_alternative": "ANEL", "leaders": [ "Panagiotis KAMMENOS" ], "note": "Panos" }, { "name": "Movement of Democratic Socialists", "name_alternative": "KIDISO", "leaders": [ "Georgios PAPANDREOU" ] }, { "name": "New Democracy", "name_alternative": "ND", "leaders": [ "Kyriakos MITSOTAKIS" ] }, { "name": "Panhellenic Socialist Movement", "name_alternative": "PASOK", "leaders": [ "Foteini GENIMMATA" ], "note": "Fofi" }, { "name": "People's Association-Golden Dawn", "leaders": [ "Nikolaos MICHALOLIAKOS" ] }, { "name": "Popular Unity", "leaders": [ "Panagiotis LAFAZANIS" ] }, { "name": "To Potami ", "leaders": [ "Stavros THEODORAKIS" ], "note": "The River" }, { "name": "Union of Centrists", "name_alternative": "EK", "leaders": [ "Vasilis LEVENTIS" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Supreme Administration of Civil Servants Unions", "name_alternative": "ADEDY", "leaders": [ "Spyros PAPASPYROS" ] }, { "name": "Federation of Greek Industries", "name_alternative": "SEV", "leaders": [ "Dimitris DASKALOPOULOS" ] }, { "name": "General Confederation of Greek Workers", "name_alternative": "GSEE", "leaders": [ "Ioannis PANAGOPOULOS" ] } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "Australia Group" }, { "organization": "BIS" }, { "organization": "BSEC" }, { "organization": "CD" }, { "organization": "CE" }, { "organization": "CERN" }, { "organization": "EAPC" }, { "organization": "EBRD" }, { "organization": "ECB" }, { "organization": "EIB" }, { "organization": "EMU" }, { "organization": "ESA" }, { "organization": "EU" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "FATF" }, { "organization": "IAEA" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICC ", "note": "national committees" }, { "organization": "ICCt" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IEA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "IGAD ", "note": "partners" }, { "organization": "IHO" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "IMSO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "IOM" }, { "organization": "IPU" }, { "organization": "ISO" }, { "organization": "ITSO" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NATO" }, { "organization": "NEA" }, { "organization": "NSG" }, { "organization": "OAS ", "note": "observer" }, { "organization": "OECD" }, { "organization": "OIF" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "OSCE" }, { "organization": "PCA" }, { "organization": "Schengen Convention" }, { "organization": "SELEC" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNHCR" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UNIFIL" }, { "organization": "UNWTO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WCO" }, { "organization": "WFTU ", "note": "NGOs" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WMO" }, { "organization": "WTO" }, { "organization": "ZC" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Theocharis LALAKOS (since 27 June 2016)", "chancery": "2217 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", "telephone": "[1] (202) 939-1300", "fax": "[1] (202) 939-1324", "consulates_general": "Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Tampa (FL), San Francisco", "consulates": "Atlanta, Houston" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Geoffrey R. PYATT (since 24 October 2016)", "embassy": "91 Vasillisis Sophias Avenue, 10160 Athens", "mailing_address": "PSC 108, APO AE 09842-0108", "telephone": "[30] (210) 721-2951", "fax": "[30] (210) 645-6282", "consulates_general": "Thessaloniki (2012)" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; a blue square bearing a white cross appears in the upper hoist-side corner; the cross symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country; there is no agreed upon meaning for the nine stripes or for the colors", "note": "Greek legislation states that the flag colors are cyan and white, but cyan can mean \"blue\" in Greek, so the exact shade of blue has never been set and has varied from a light to a dark blue over time; in general, the hue of blue normally encountered is a form of azure" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "Greek cross ", "note": "white cross on blue field, arms equal length" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "blue" }, { "color": "white" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Ymnos eis tin Eleftherian\" (Hymn to Liberty)", "lyrics_music": "Dionysios SOLOMOS/Nikolaos MANTZAROS", "note": "adopted 1864; the anthem is based on a 158-stanza poem by the same name, which was inspired by the Greek Revolution of 1821 against the Ottomans (only the first two stanzas are used); Cyprus also uses \"Hymn to Liberty\" as its anthem", "audio_url": "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/anthems/GR.mp3" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Greece has a capitalist economy with a public sector accounting for about 40% of GDP and with per capita GDP about two-thirds that of the leading euro-zone economies. Tourism provides 18% of GDP. Immigrants make up nearly one-fifth of the work force, mainly in agricultural and unskilled jobs. Greece is a major beneficiary of EU aid, equal to about 3.3% of annual GDP.\n\nThe Greek economy averaged growth of about 4% per year between 2003 and 2007, but the economy went into recession in 2009 as a result of the world financial crisis, tightening credit conditions, and Athens' failure to address a growing budget deficit. By 2013 the economy had contracted 26%, compared with the pre-crisis level of 2007. Greece met the EU's Growth and Stability Pact budget deficit criterion of no more than 3% of GDP in 2007-08, but violated it in 2009, with the deficit reaching 15% of GDP. Deteriorating public finances, inaccurate and misreported statistics, and consistent underperformance on reforms prompted major credit rating agencies to downgrade Greece's international debt rating in late 2009 and led the country into a financial crisis. Under intense pressure from the EU and international market participants, the government accepted a bailout program that called on Athens to cut government spending, decrease tax evasion, overhaul the civil-service, health-care, and pension systems, and reform the labor and product markets. Austerity measures reduced the deficit to 4.5% in 2016. Successive Greek governments, however, failed to push through many of the most unpopular reforms in the face of widespread political opposition, including from the country's powerful labor unions and the general public.\n\nIn April 2010, a leading credit agency assigned Greek debt its lowest possible credit rating, and in May 2010, the International Monetary Fund and euro-zone governments provided Greece emergency short- and medium-term loans worth $147 billion so that the country could make debt repayments to creditors. Greece, however, struggled to meet the targets set by the EU and the IMF, especially after Eurostat - the EU's statistical office - revised upward Greece's deficit and debt numbers for 2009 and 2010. European leaders and the IMF agreed in October 2011 to provide Athens a second bailout package of $169 billion. The second deal called for holders of Greek government bonds to write down a significant portion of their holdings to try to alleviate Greece’s government debt burden. However, Greek banks, saddled with a significant portion of sovereign debt, were adversely affected by the write down and $60 billion of the second bailout package was set aside to ensure the banking system was adequately capitalized.\n\nIn 2014, the Greek economy began to turn the corner on the recession. Greece achieved three significant milestones: balancing the budget - not including debt repayments; issuing government debt in financial markets for the first time since 2010; and generating 0.7% GDP growth — the first economic expansion since 2007.\n\nDespite the nascent recovery, widespread discontent with austerity measures helped propel the far-left Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA) party into government in national legislative elections in January 2015. Between January and July 2015, frustrations between the SYRIZA-led government and Greece’s EU and IMF creditors over the implementation of bailout measures and disbursement of funds led the Greek government to run up significant arrears to suppliers and Greek banks to rely on emergency lending, and also called into question Greece’s future in the euro zone. To stave off a collapse of the banking system, Greece imposed capital controls in June 2015 shortly before rattling international financial markets by becoming the first developed nation to miss a loan payment to the IMF. Unable to reach an agreement with creditors, Prime Minister Alexios TSIPRAS held a nationwide referendum on 5 July on whether to accept the terms of Greece’s bailout, campaigning for the ultimately successful “no” vote. The TSIPRAS government subsequently agreed, however, to a new $96 billion bailout in order to avert Greece’s exit from the monetary bloc. On 20 August, Greece signed its third bailout which allowed it to cover significant debt payments to its EU and IMF creditors and ensure the banking sector retained access to emergency liquidity. The TSIPRAS government — which retook office on 20 September after calling new elections in late August — successfully secured disbursal of two delayed tranches of bailout funds. Despite the economic turmoil, Greek GDP did not contract as sharply as feared, with official estimates of a -0.2% contraction in 2015, boosted in part by a strong tourist season.\n\nIn 2016, Greece saw slight improvements in GDP and unemployment. The economy remains stagnant, because of unfinished economic reforms, a massive non-performing loan problem, and ongoing uncertainty regarding the political direction of the country. Some estimates put Greece’s black market at 20 to 25% of GDP, as more people have stopped reporting their income to avoid paying taxes that, in some cases, have risen to 70% of an individual’s gross income. These issues will continue to be a drag on the economy in 2017 and further delay recovery from the financial crisis.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 290500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 290300000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 291000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 58, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 195900000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.1, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -0.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.7, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 194 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 26800, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 26700, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 26600, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 71, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 71.1, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 19.8, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 10.7, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": -2.3, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 29.1, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -28.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 4.1, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 15, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 80.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 10.3, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 9.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 10.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 154 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "wheat", "corn", "barley", "sugar beets", "olives", "tomatoes", "wine", "tobacco", "potatoes", "beef", "dairy products" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "tourism", "food", "tobacco processing", "textiles", "chemicals", "metal products", "mining", "petroleum" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": -1, "global_rank": 182, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 4761000, "global_rank": 85, "date": "2016" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 12.6, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 15, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 72.4, "units": "%", "note": "30 October 2015 e" } } } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 24.6, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 25, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 182 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 36, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, "household_income_by_percentage_share": { "lowest_ten_percent": { "value": 1.7, "units": "%" }, "highest_ten_percent": { "value": 26.7, "units": "%" }, "date": "2015" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 36.7, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 35.7, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 83 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 93340000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 102100000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 47.7, "global_rank": 18, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -4.5, "global_rank": 149, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 181.6, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 177.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 2 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -0.2, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -1.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 30 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.05, "units": "%", "date": "2016-03-31" }, { "value": 0.15, "units": "%", "date": "2014-06-11" } ], "global_rank": 143, "note": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area" }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 5.7, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 5.89, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 131 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 85680000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 86690000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 42, "note": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders" }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 260899999999.99997, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 264600000000.00003, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 38 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 250000000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 259600000000.00003, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 40 }, "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 42080000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 55150000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" }, { "value": 82590000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 57 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -1221000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 228000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 133 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 21930000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 27500000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 65 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "food", "beverages", "manufactured goods", "petroleum products", "chemicals", "textiles" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Italy", "percent": 11.2 }, { "name": "Germany", "percent": 7.3 }, { "name": "Turkey", "percent": 6.6 }, { "name": "Cyprus", "percent": 5.9 }, { "name": "Bulgaria", "percent": 5.2 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 4.8 }, { "name": "UK", "percent": 4.2 }, { "name": "Egypt", "percent": 4 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 42730000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 46620000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 52 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "transport equipment", "fuels", "chemicals" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Germany", "percent": 10.7 }, { "name": "Italy", "percent": 8.4 }, { "name": "Russia", "percent": 7.9 }, { "name": "Iraq", "percent": 7 }, { "name": "China", "percent": 5.9 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "percent": 5.5 }, { "name": "France", "percent": 4.5 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6026000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 6212000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 91 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 506600000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-03-31" }, { "value": 468200000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-03-31" } ], "global_rank": 24 }, "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment": { "at_home": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 22150000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 21280000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 75 }, "abroad": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 29670000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 30070000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 51 } }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.9214, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 0.885, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 0.885, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 0.7634, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 0.78, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "euros (EUR) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 48000000000, "global_rank": 54, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 53000000000, "global_rank": 47, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 600000000, "global_rank": 64, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "kWh": 9500000000, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2014" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 19000000, "global_rank": 42, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 70.4, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 103, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 11.4, "global_rank": 114, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 15.1, "global_rank": 20, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 1077, "global_rank": 90, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 1667, "global_rank": 77, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 549500, "global_rank": 18, "date": "2015" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 10000000, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 587700, "global_rank": 30, "date": "2015" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 297600, "global_rank": 43, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 316100, "global_rank": 24, "date": "2015" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 83020, "global_rank": 58, "date": "2015" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 5000000, "global_rank": 94, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 2924000000, "global_rank": 72, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 112, "date": "2014" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 2931000000, "global_rank": 44, "date": "2014" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 991100000, "global_rank": 104, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 78000000, "global_rank": 46, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 5177090, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 48, "global_rank": 29, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 12682000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 118, "global_rank": 72, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "adequate, modern networks reach all areas; good mobile telephone and international service", "domestic": "microwave radio relay trunk system; extensive open-wire connections; submarine cable to offshore islands", "international": "country code - 30; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 optical telecommunications submarine cable that provides links to Europe, Middle East, and Asia; a number of smaller submarine cables provide connectivity to various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Cyprus; tropospheric scatter; satellite earth stations - 4 (2 Intelsat - 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean, 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat - Indian Ocean region) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "Broadcast media dominated by the private sector; roughly 150 private TV channels, about ten of which broadcast nationwide; 1 government-owned terrestrial TV channel with national coverage; 3 privately owned satellite channels; multi-channel satellite and cable TV services available; upwards of 1,500 radio stations, all of them privately owned; government-owned broadcaster has 2 national radio stations (2014)", "internet": { "country_code": ".gr", "users": { "total": 7202000, "percent_of_population": 66.8, "global_rank": 56, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 9, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 93, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 12583541, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 27452961, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "SX", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 77, "global_rank": 69, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 68, "over_3047_metres": 6, "2438_to_3047_metres": 15, "1524_to_2437_metres": 19, "914_to_1523_metres": 18, "under_914_metres": 10, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 9, "914_to_1523_metres": 2, "under_914_metres": 7, "date": "2013" } }, "heliports": { "total": 9, "date": "2013" } }, "pipelines": { "by_type": [ { "type": "gas", "length": 1329, "units": "km" }, { "type": "oil", "length": 94, "units": "km" } ], "date": "2013" }, "railways": { "total": { "length": 2548, "units": "km" }, "standard_gauge": { "length": 1565, "electrified": 764, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.435-m" }, "narrow_gauge": { "length": 961, "units": "km", "gauge": "1.000-m" }, "global_rank": 65, "date": "2014" }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 116960, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 41357, "units": "km", "note": "includes 1,091 km of expressways" }, "unpaved": { "value": 75603, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 41, "date": "2010" }, "waterways": { "value": 6, "units": "km", "note": "the 6-km-long Corinth Canal crosses the Isthmus of Corinth; it shortens a sea voyage by 325 km", "global_rank": 106, "date": "2012" }, "merchant_marine": { "total": 860, "by_type": [ { "type": "bulk carrier", "count": 262 }, { "type": "cargo", "count": 49 }, { "type": "carrier", "count": 1 }, { "type": "chemical tanker", "count": 68 }, { "type": "container", "count": 35 }, { "type": "liquefied gas", "count": 13 }, { "type": "passenger", "count": 7 }, { "type": "passenger/cargo", "count": 109 }, { "type": "petroleum tanker", "count": 302 }, { "type": "roll on/roll off", "count": 14 } ], "foreign_owned": { "total": 42, "by_country": [ { "country": "Belgium", "count": 17 }, { "country": "Bermuda", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Cyprus", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Italy", "count": 5 }, { "country": "UK", "count": 6 }, { "country": "US", "count": 8 } ] }, "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 2459, "by_country": [ { "country": "Antigua and Barbuda", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Bahamas", "count": 225 }, { "country": "Barbados", "count": 14 }, { "country": "Belize", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Bermuda", "count": 8 }, { "country": "Brazil", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Cabo Verde", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Cambodia", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Cayman Islands", "count": 9 }, { "country": "Comoros", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Curacao", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Cyprus", "count": 201 }, { "country": "Dominica", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Egypt", "count": 8 }, { "country": "Gibraltar", "count": 8 }, { "country": "Honduras", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Hong Kong", "count": 27 }, { "country": "Indonesia", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Isle of Man", "count": 62 }, { "country": "Italy", "count": 7 }, { "country": "Jamaica", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Liberia", "count": 505 }, { "country": "Malta", "count": 469 }, { "country": "Marshall Islands", "count": 408 }, { "country": "Mexico", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Moldova", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Panama", "count": 379 }, { "country": "Philippines", "count": 5 }, { "country": "Portugal", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Saint Kitts and Nevis", "count": 2 }, { "country": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "count": 42 }, { "country": "Sao Tome and Principe", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Saudi Arabia", "count": 4 }, { "country": "Singapore", "count": 22 }, { "country": "UAE", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Uruguay", "count": 1 }, { "country": "Vanuatu", "count": 3 }, { "country": "Venezuela", "count": 4 }, { "country": "unknown", "count": 10 } ] }, "global_rank": 12, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Aspropyrgos", "Pachi", "Piraeus", "Thessaloniki" ], "oil_terminals": [ "Agioi Theodoroi" ], "liquid_natural_gas_terminals_import": [ "Revithoussa" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "expenditures": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.61, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2.34, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 2.36, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 2.41, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" }, { "value": 2.48, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2011" } ], "global_rank": 48 }, "branches": { "by_name": [ "Hellenic Army (Ellinikos Stratos", "ES)", "Hellenic Navy (Elliniko Polemiko Navtiko", "EPN)", "Hellenic Air Force (Elliniki Polemiki Aeroporia", "EPA)" ], "date": "2013" }, "service_age_and_obligation": { "years_of_age": 19, "note": "19-45 years of age for compulsory military service; during wartime the law allows for recruitment beginning January of the year of inductee's 18th birthday, thus including 17 year olds; 18 years of age for volunteers; conscript service obligation is 1 year for the Army and 9 months for the Air Force and Navy; women are eligible for voluntary military service", "date": "2014" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "Greece and Turkey continue discussions to resolve their complex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in the Aegean Sea", "Greece rejects the use of the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia", "the mass migration of unemployed Albanians still remains a problem for developed countries, chiefly Greece and Italy" ], "refugees_and_iternally_displaced_persons": { "refugees": { "by_country": [ { "people": 14420, "country_of_origin": "Syria; Afghanistan" } ], "date": "2016" }, "stateless_persons": { "people": 198, "date": "2016" }, "note": "1,043,436 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015 - June 2017)" }, "illicit_drugs": { "note": "a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis and heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and precursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocaine transits or is consumed in Greece; money laundering related to drug trafficking and organized crime" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102646/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html" } }, "greenland": { "data": { "name": "Greenland", "introduction": { "background": "Greenland, the world's largest island, is about 81% ice-capped. Vikings reached the island in the 10th century from Iceland; Danish colonization began in the 18th century, and Greenland became an integral part of the Danish Realm in 1953. It joined the European Community (now the EU) with Denmark in 1973 but withdrew in 1985 over a dispute centered on stringent fishing quotas. Greenland remains a member of the Overseas Countries and Territories Association of the EU. Greenland was granted self-government in 1979 by the Danish parliament; the law went into effect the following year. Greenland voted in favor of increased self-rule in November 2008 and acquired greater responsibility for internal affairs when the Act on Greenland Self-Government was signed into law in June 2009. Denmark, however, continues to exercise control over several policy areas on behalf of Greenland, including foreign affairs, security, and financial policy in consultation with Greenland's Self-Rule Government." }, "geography": { "location": "Northern North America, island between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Canada", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 72, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 40, "minutes": 0, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Arctic Region", "area": { "total": { "value": 2166086, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 2166086, "units": "sq km", "note": "410,449 sq km ice-free, 1,755,637 sq km ice-covered" }, "global_rank": 12, "comparative": "slightly more than three times the size of Texas" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 44087, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 3, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_fishing_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm", "note": "or agreed boundaries or median line" }, "continental_shelf": { "value": 200, "units": "nm", "note": "or agreed boundaries or median line" } }, "climate": "arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters", "terrain": "flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but a narrow, mountainous, barren, rocky coast", "elevation": { "mean_elevation": { "value": 1792, "units": "m" }, "lowest_point": { "name": "Atlantic Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Gunnbjorn Fjeld", "elevation": { "value": 3700, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "coal", "iron ore", "lead", "zinc", "molybdenum", "diamonds", "gold", "platinum", "niobium", "tantalite", "uranium", "fish", "seals", "whales", "hydropower", "possible oil", "possible gas" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 0.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 0.6, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 0, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 99.4, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "population_distribution": "settlement concentrated on the southwest shoreline, with limited settlements scattered along the remaining coast; interior is uninhabited", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "continuous permafrost over northern two-thirds of the island", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "protection of the arctic environment", "preservation of the Inuit traditional way of life", "including whaling and seal hunting" ] }, "note": "dominates North Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe; sparse population confined to small settlements along coast; close to one-quarter of the population lives in the capital, Nuuk; world's second largest ice sheet after that of Antarctica" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 57728, "global_rank": 206, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Greenlander(s)", "adjective": "Greenlandic" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Inuit", "percent": 88 }, { "name": "Danish and other", "percent": 12 } ], "date": "2010" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "Greenlandic", "note": "East Inuit; official" }, { "name": "Danish", "note": "official" }, { "name": "English" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Evangelical Lutheran" }, { "name": "traditional Inuit spiritual beliefs" } ] }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 21.26, "males": 6237, "females": 6034 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 15.81, "males": 4612, "females": 4514 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 41.6, "males": 12597, "females": 11416 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 12.43, "males": 4001, "females": 3177 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 8.9, "males": 2754, "females": 2386 }, "date": "2016" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 33.8, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 35, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 32.6, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 87, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": -0.02, "global_rank": 202, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 14.4, "global_rank": 135, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 8.6, "global_rank": 78, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -6, "global_rank": 199, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "settlement concentrated on the southwest shoreline, with limited settlements scattered along the remaining coast; interior is uninhabited", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 86.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.74, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Nuuk", "population": 17000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 1.02, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.1, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 1.26, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 1.15, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.1, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 10.3, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 7.7, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 144, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 72.4, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 69.7, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 75.2, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 144, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.01, "global_rank": 120, "date": "2016" }, "physicians_density": { "physicians_per_1000_population": 1.73, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 8.2, "date": "2014" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 100, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 0, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Greenland", "local_long_form": "none", "local_short_form": "Kalaallit Nunaat", "note": "named by Norwegian adventurer Erik THORVALDSSON (Erik the Red) in A.D. 985 in order to entice settlers to the island" }, "government_type": "parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Greenland); part of the Kingdom of Denmark", "capital": { "name": "Nuuk (Godthaab)", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 64, "minutes": 11, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 51, "minutes": 45, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -3, "note": "2 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" }, "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October", "note": "Greenland has four time zones" }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Kujalleq", "type": "municipality" }, { "name": "Qaasuitsup", "type": "municipality" }, { "name": "Qeqqata", "type": "municipality" }, { "name": "Sermersooq", "type": "municipality" } ], "independence": {}, "constitution": { "history": "previous 1953 (Greenland established as a constituency in the Danish constitution), 1979 (Greenland Home Rule Act); latest 21 June 2009 (Greenland Self-Government Act) (2016)" }, "legal_system": "the laws of Denmark apply where applicable and Greenlandic law applies to other areas", "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Mikaela ENGELL (since April 2011)", "head_of_government": "Premier Kim KIELSEN (since 30 September 2014)", "cabinet": "Home Rule Government elected by the Parliament (Landsting) on the basis of the strength of parties", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; high commissioner appointed by the monarch; premier indirectly elected by Parliament", "election_results": "Kim KIELSEN elected premier; Parliament vote - Kim KIELSEN (S) 34.3%, Sara OLSVIG (IA) 33.2%, Anda ULDUM (D) 11.8%, other 20.7%" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "unicameral Parliament or Inatsisartut (Landsting) (31 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)", "note": "two representatives were elected to the Danish Parliament or Folketing on 18 June 2015 (next to be held by June 2019); percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Siumut 1, Inuit Ataqatigiit 1", "elections": "last held on 28 November 2014 (next to be held by 2018)", "election_results": "percent of vote by party - S 34.6%, IA 33.5%, D 11.9%, PN 11.7%, A 6.6%, other 1.7%; seats by party - S 11, IA 11, D 4, PN 3, A 2 (2013)" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "High Court of Greenland (consists of the presiding professional judge and 2 lay assessors); note - appeals beyond the High Court of Greenland can be heard by the Supreme Court (in Copenhagen)", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges appointed by the monarch upon the recommendation of the Judicial Appointments Council, a 6-member independent body of judges and lawyers; judges appointed for life with retirement at age 70", "subordinate_courts": "Court of Greenland; 18 district or magistrates' courts" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Democrats Party", "name_alternative": "D", "leaders": [ "Randi VESTERGAARD EVALDSEN" ], "note": "Demokraatit" }, { "name": "Forward Party", "name_alternative": "S", "leaders": [ "Kim KIELSEN" ], "note": "Siumut" }, { "name": "Inuit Community", "name_alternative": "IA", "leaders": [ "Sara OLSVIG" ], "note": "Inuit Ataqatigiit" }, { "name": "Inuit Party", "name_alternative": "PI", "leaders": [ "Nikku OLSEN" ], "note": "Partii Inuit" }, { "name": "Partii Naleraq", "name_alternative": "PN", "leaders": [ "Hans ENOKSEN" ] }, { "name": "Solidarity Party", "name_alternative": "A", "leaders": [ "Siverth Karl HEILMANN" ], "note": "Atassut" } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "conservationists" }, { "name": "environmentalists" }, { "name": "those wanting independence" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "Arctic Council" }, { "organization": "ICC" }, { "organization": "NC" }, { "organization": "NIB" }, { "organization": "UPU" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "none_self_governing_overseas_administrative_division_of_denmark": "note - Greenland has an office in the Danish Embassy to the US; it also has offices in the Danish consulates of Chicago and New York" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk slightly to the hoist side of center - the top half of the disk is red, the bottom half is white; the design represents the sun reflecting off a field of ice; the colors are the same as those of the Danish flag and symbolize Greenland's links to the Kingdom of Denmark" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "polar bear" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "white" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Nunarput utoqqarsuanngoravit\" (\"Our Country, Who's Become So Old\" also translated as \"You Our Ancient Land\")", "lyrics_music": "Henrik LUND/Jonathan PETERSEN", "note": "adopted 1916; the government also recognizes \"Nuna asiilasooq\" as a secondary anthem" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Greenland’s economy depends on exports of shrimp and fish, and on a substantial subsidy from the Danish Government. Fish account for over 90% of its exports, subjecting the economy to fluctuations in world demand. The subsidy from the Danish Government is budgeted to be about $535 million in 2017, more than 50% of government revenues, and 25% of GDP.\n\nThe economy is expanding after a period of decline. In 2016 the economy grew 4.6% compared to 1.1% in 2015 and negative growth in the years 2013-14. For 2017 the economy is expected to continue to expand at a more subdued rate. The expansion has been driven by larger quotas for shrimp, the predominant Greenlandic export, and also by increased activity in the construction sector, especially in Nuuk, the capital, where the harbor is being enlarged and a prison is under construction. Private consumption and tourism also are contributing to GDP growth more than in previous years. Tourism in Greenland has grown annually around 20% in 2015 and 2016, largely a result of increasing numbers of cruise lines now operating in Greenland's western and southern waters during the peak summer tourism season.\n\nThe public sector, including publicly owned enterprises and the municipalities, plays a dominant role in Greenland's economy. During the last decade the Greenland Home Rule Government pursued conservative fiscal and monetary policies, but public pressure has increased for better schools, health care, and retirement systems. The budget was in deficit in 2014 and 2016, but public debt remains low at about 5% of GDP. The government plans a balanced budget for the 2017 – 2020 period.\n\nSignificant challenges face the island, including low levels of qualified labor, geographic dispersion, lack of industry diversification, the long-term sustainability of the public budget, and a declining population due to emigration. Catches in fisheries have been declining in recent years. Hydrocarbon exploration has ceased with declining oil prices and currently only three mines are under development. The island has potential for natural resource exploitation with rare-earth, uranium, and iron ore mineral projects proposed.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2173000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2137000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 2154000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 192, "note": "data are in 2011 US dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 2221000000, "date": "2011" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1.7, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": -0.8, "units": "%", "date": "2014" }, { "value": -3, "units": "%", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 149 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 37600, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 37000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 38500, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" } ], "global_rank": 49 }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 24.8, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 28, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 14.3, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": -13.9, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 18.2, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 28.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 15.9, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 10.1, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 73.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" } } }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "sheep", "cow", "reindeer", "fish" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "fish processing", "mainly shrimp", "Greenland halibut", "gold", "zinc", "anorthosite", "ruby mining", "handicrafts", "hides", "skins", "small shipyards" ] }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 26840, "global_rank": 207, "date": "2015" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 15.9, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 10.1, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 73.9, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9.1, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 10.3, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 112 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 16.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "distribution_of_family_income": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 33.9, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 34.3, "units": "gini_index", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 102 }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 1578000000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 1876000000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2014" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 71, "global_rank": 4, "date": "2015" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -13.5, "global_rank": 208, "date": "2015" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 13, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 177 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.3, "units": "%", "date": "2017-01-01" }, { "value": 1.2, "units": "%", "date": "2016-01-01" } ], "global_rank": 46 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 407100000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 599700000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 178 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "fish", "fish products" ], "date": "2015" }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Denmark", "percent": 76 }, { "name": "Portugal", "percent": 9.7 }, { "name": "Iceland", "percent": 4.2 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 783500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 866100000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 185 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "machinery", "transport equipment", "manufactured goods", "food", "petroleum products" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Denmark", "percent": 71 }, { "name": "Sweden", "percent": 12.7 }, { "name": "Iceland", "percent": 5.1 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 36400000, "units": "USD", "date": "2010" }, { "value": 58000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2009" } ], "global_rank": 196 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.865, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6.7236, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 6.7236, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 5.3687, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 5.79, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "total_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "date": "2016" }, "production": { "kWh": 300000000, "global_rank": 181, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 300000000, "global_rank": 185, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 147, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 157, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 96000, "global_rank": 177, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 100, "global_rank": 12, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 101, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 176, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 179, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 141, "date": "2016" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 132, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 201, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 141, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 150, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 6000, "global_rank": 169, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 187, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 4633, "global_rank": 169, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 192, "date": "2016" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 150, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 110, "date": "2016" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 202, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 146, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 520400, "global_rank": 179, "date": "2015" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 16000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 28, "global_rank": 191, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 61000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 106, "global_rank": 200, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "adequate domestic and international service provided by satellite, cables, and microwave radio relay; totally digital since 1995", "domestic": "microwave radio relay and satellite; the fundamental telecommunications infrastructure consists of a digital radio link from Nanortalik in south Greenland to Uummannaq in north Greenland; satellites cover north and east Greenland for domestic and foreign telecommunications; a marine cable connects south and west Greenland to the rest of the world, extending from Nuuk and Qaqortoq to Canada and Iceland", "international": "country code - 299; satellite earth stations - 15 (12 Intelsat, 1 Eutelsat, 2 Americom GE-2 (all Atlantic Ocean)) (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "the Greenland Broadcasting Company provides public radio and TV services throughout the island with a broadcast station and a series of repeaters; a few private local TV and radio stations; Danish public radio rebroadcasts are available (2015)", "internet": { "country_code": ".gl", "users": { "total": 39000, "percent_of_population": 67.6, "global_rank": 192, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 1, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 8, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "OY-H", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 15, "global_rank": 147, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 10, "2438_to_3047_metres": 2, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 1, "under_914_metres": 6, "date": "2013" }, "unpaved": { "total": 5, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "914_to_1523_metres": 2, "under_914_metres": 2, "date": "2013" } } }, "roadways": { "note": "although there are short roads in towns, there are no roads between towns; inter-urban transport is either by sea or by air", "date": "2015" }, "merchant_marine": { "registered_in_other_countries": { "total": 1, "by_country": [ { "country": "Denmark", "count": 1 } ] }, "global_rank": 156, "date": "2010" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Sisimiut" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "no regular military forces or conscription", "the Government of Denmark has responsibility for defense", "as such the Danish military’s Joint Arctic Command in Nuuk is responsible for territorial defense of Greenland" ], "date": "2016" }, "note": "defense is the responsibility of Denmark" }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "managed dispute between Canada and Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Canada's Ellesmere Island and Greenland", "Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission" ] } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-06-19", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170619225847/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gl.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170619000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gl.html" } }, "grenada": { "data": { "name": "Grenada", "introduction": { "background": "Carib Indians inhabited Grenada when Christopher COLUMBUS discovered the island in 1498, but it remained uncolonized for more than a century. The French settled Grenada in the 17th century, established sugar estates, and imported large numbers of African slaves. Britain took the island in 1762 and vigorously expanded sugar production. In the 19th century, cacao eventually surpassed sugar as the main export crop; in the 20th century, nutmeg became the leading export. In 1967, Britain gave Grenada autonomy over its internal affairs. Full independence was attained in 1974 making Grenada one of the smallest independent countries in the Western Hemisphere. Grenada was seized by a Marxist military council on 19 October 1983. Six days later the island was invaded by US forces and those of six other Caribbean nations, which quickly captured the ringleaders and their hundreds of Cuban advisers. Free elections were reinstituted the following year and have continued since then." }, "geography": { "location": "Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean, north of Trinidad and Tobago", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 12, "minutes": 7, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 61, "minutes": 40, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "map_references": "Central America and the Caribbean", "area": { "total": { "value": 344, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 344, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 207, "comparative": "twice the size of Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 121, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds", "terrain": "volcanic in origin with central mountains", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Caribbean Sea", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mount Saint Catherine", "elevation": { "value": 840, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "timber", "tropical fruit" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 32.3, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 8.8, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 20.6, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 2.9, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 50, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 17.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 20, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "population_distribution": "approximately one-third of the population is found in the capital of St. George's; the island's population is concentrated along the coast", "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "lies on edge of hurricane belt", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "hurricane season lasts from June to November", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "NA" ], "international_agreements": { "party_to": [ "Biodiversity", "Climate Change", "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol", "Desertification", "Endangered Species", "Law of the Sea", "Ozone Layer Protection", "Whaling" ], "signed_but_not_ratified": [] } }, "note": "the administration of the islands of the Grenadines group is divided between Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Grenada" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 111219, "global_rank": 191, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Grenadian(s)", "adjective": "Grenadian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "African descent", "percent": 82.4 }, { "name": "mixed", "percent": 13.3 }, { "name": "East Indian", "percent": 2.2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.3 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 0.9 } ], "date": "2011" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "English", "note": "official" }, { "name": "French patois" } ] }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Protestant", "percent": 49.2, "breakdown": [ { "name": "includes Pentecostal", "percent": 17.2 }, { "name": "Seventh Day Adventist", "percent": 13.2 }, { "name": "Anglican", "percent": 8.5 }, { "name": "Baptist", "percent": 3.2 }, { "name": "Church of God", "percent": 2.4 }, { "name": "Evangelical", "percent": 1.9 }, { "name": "Methodist", "percent": 1.6 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.2 } ] }, { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 36 }, { "name": "Jehovah's Witness", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "Rastafarian", "percent": 1.2 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 5.5 }, { "name": "none", "percent": 5.7 }, { "name": "unspecified", "percent": 1.3 } ], "date": "2011" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 24.15, "males": 13935, "females": 12928 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 15.55, "males": 8609, "females": 8684 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 40.36, "males": 23001, "females": 21891 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 10.1, "males": 5753, "females": 5476 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 9.84, "males": 5041, "females": 5901 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 50.7, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 39.9, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 10.8, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 9.3, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 30.9, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 30.9, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 31, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2016" }, "population_growth_rate": { "growth_rate": 0.46, "global_rank": 163, "date": "2016" }, "birth_rate": { "births_per_1000_population": 15.8, "global_rank": 121, "date": "2016" }, "death_rate": { "deaths_per_1000_population": 8.1, "global_rank": 93, "date": "2016" }, "net_migration_rate": { "migrants_per_1000_population": -3, "global_rank": 179, "date": "2016" }, "population_distribution": "approximately one-third of the population is found in the capital of St. George's; the island's population is concentrated along the coast", "urbanization": { "urban_population": { "value": 35.6, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, "rate_of_urbanization": { "value": 0.33, "units": "%" } }, "major_urban_areas": { "places": [ { "place": "Saint George'S", "population": 38000, "is_capital": true } ], "date": "2014" }, "sex_ratio": { "by_age": { "at_birth": { "value": 1.1, "units": "males/female" }, "0_to_14_years": { "value": 1.08, "units": "males/female" }, "15_to_24_years": { "value": 0.99, "units": "males/female" }, "25_to_54_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "55_to_64_years": { "value": 1.05, "units": "males/female" }, "65_years_and_over": { "value": 0.85, "units": "males/female" } }, "total_population": { "value": 1.03, "units": "males/female" }, "date": "2016" }, "maternal_mortality_rate": { "deaths_per_100k_live_births": 27, "global_rank": 134, "date": "2015" }, "infant_mortality_rate": { "total": { "value": 9.9, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "male": { "value": 9.4, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "female": { "value": 10.6, "units": "deaths_per_1000_live_births" }, "global_rank": 137, "date": "2016" }, "life_expectancy_at_birth": { "total_population": { "value": 74.3, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 71.7, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 77.1, "units": "years" }, "global_rank": 124, "date": "2016" }, "total_fertility_rate": { "children_born_per_woman": 2.04, "global_rank": 112, "date": "2016" }, "health_expenditures": { "percent_of_gdp": 6.1, "global_rank": 97, "date": "2014" }, "hospital_bed_density": { "beds_per_1000_population": 3.5, "date": "2012" }, "drinking_water_source": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 99, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 95.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 96.6, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 1, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 4.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 3.4, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "sanitation_facility_access": { "improved": { "urban": { "value": 97.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 98.3, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 98, "units": "percent of population" } }, "unimproved": { "urban": { "value": 2.5, "units": "percent of population" }, "rural": { "value": 1.7, "units": "percent of population" }, "total": { "value": 2, "units": "percent of population" } }, "date": "2015" }, "major_infectious_diseases": { "note": "active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus", "date": "2016" }, "adult_obesity": { "percent_of_adults": 24.6, "global_rank": 78, "date": "2014" }, "school_life_expectancy": { "total": { "value": 17, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 17, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 17, "units": "years" }, "date": "2015" } }, "government": { "country_name": { "conventional_long_form": "none", "conventional_short_form": "Grenada", "etymology": "probably named for the Spanish city of Granada; in Spanish \"granada\" means \"pomegranate\"" }, "government_type": "parliamentary democracy (Parliament); a Commonwealth realm", "capital": { "name": "Saint George's", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 12, "minutes": 3, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 61, "minutes": 45, "hemisphere": "W" } }, "time_difference": { "timezone": -4, "note": "1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time" } }, "administrative_divisions": [ { "name": "Carriacou and Petite Martinique", "type": "dependency" }, { "name": "Saint Andrew", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint David", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint George", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint John", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint Mark", "type": "parish" }, { "name": "Saint Patrick", "type": "parish" } ], "independence": { "date": "1974-02-07", "note": "from the UK" }, "national_holidays": [ { "name": "Independence Day", "day": "7 February", "original_year": "1974" } ], "constitution": { "history": "previous 1967; latest presented 19 December 1973, effective 7 February 1974, suspended 1979 following a revolution, but restored in 1983; amended 1991 (Constitutional Judicature Act, 1991)", "note": "in late 2015, as part of constitutional reform, Parliament completed its first reading of a package of amendments (2016)" }, "legal_system": "common law based on English model", "international_law_organization_participation": [ "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration", "accepts ICCt jurisdiction" ], "citizenship": { "citizenship_by_birth": "yes", "citizenship_by_descent": "yes", "dual_citizenship_recognized": "yes", "residency_requirement_for_naturalization": "7 years for persons from a non-Caribbean state and 4 years for a person from a Caribbean state" }, "suffrage": { "age": 18, "universal": true, "compulsory": false }, "executive_branch": { "chief_of_state": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Cecile LA GRENADE (since 7 May 2013)", "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Keith MITCHELL (since 20 February 2013)", "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister", "elections_appointments": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the governor general" }, "legislative_branch": { "description": "bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (13 seats; members appointed by the governor general - 10 on the advice of the prime minister and 3 on the advice of the opposition party leader; members serve 5-year terms) and the House of Representatives (15 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)", "elections": "last held on 19 February 2013 (next to be held in 2018)", "election_results": "House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NNP 59%, NDC 41%; seats by party - NNP 15" }, "judicial_branch": { "highest_courts": "the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (ECSC) is the itinerant superior court of record for the 9-member Organization of Eastern Caribbean States to include Grenada; the ECSC - with its headquarters on St. Lucia - is comprised of the Court of Appeal with 3 justices and the High Court with 19 judges; sittings of the Court of Appeal and High Court rotate among the member states", "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "chief justice of Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court appointed by the Her Majesty, Queen ELIZABETH II; other justices and judges appointed by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission, and independent body of judicial officials; Court of Appeal justices appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 65; High Court judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 62", "subordinate_courts": "magistrates' courts; Court of Magisterial Appeals" }, "political_parties_and_leaders": { "parties": [ { "name": "Grenada United Labor Party", "name_alternative": "GULP", "leaders": [ "Wilfred HAYES" ] }, { "name": "National Democratic Congress", "name_alternative": "NDC", "leaders": [ "Tillman THOMAS" ] }, { "name": "New National Party", "name_alternative": "NNP", "leaders": [ "Keith MITCHELL" ] } ] }, "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { "pressure_groups": [ { "name": "Committee for Human Rights in Grenada", "name_alternative": "CHRG" }, { "name": "New Jewel Movement Support Group" }, { "name": "The British Grenada Friendship Society" }, { "name": "The New Jewel 19 Committee" } ] }, "international_organization_participation": [ { "organization": "ACP" }, { "organization": "AOSIS" }, { "organization": "C" }, { "organization": "Caricom" }, { "organization": "CDB" }, { "organization": "CELAC" }, { "organization": "FAO" }, { "organization": "G-77" }, { "organization": "IBRD" }, { "organization": "ICAO" }, { "organization": "ICCt ", "note": "signatory" }, { "organization": "ICRM" }, { "organization": "IDA" }, { "organization": "IFAD" }, { "organization": "IFC" }, { "organization": "IFRCS" }, { "organization": "ILO" }, { "organization": "IMF" }, { "organization": "IMO" }, { "organization": "Interpol" }, { "organization": "IOC" }, { "organization": "ITU" }, { "organization": "ITUC" }, { "organization": "LAES" }, { "organization": "MIGA" }, { "organization": "NAM" }, { "organization": "OAS" }, { "organization": "OECS" }, { "organization": "OPANAL" }, { "organization": "OPCW" }, { "organization": "Petrocaribe" }, { "organization": "UN" }, { "organization": "UNCTAD" }, { "organization": "UNESCO" }, { "organization": "UNIDO" }, { "organization": "UPU" }, { "organization": "WHO" }, { "organization": "WIPO" }, { "organization": "WTO" } ], "diplomatic_representation": { "in_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Ethelstan A. FRIDAY (since 3 September 2013)", "chancery": "1701 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009", "telephone": "[1] (202) 265-2561", "fax": "[1] (202) 265-2468", "consulates_general": "Miami" }, "from_united_states": { "chief_of_mission": "the US does not have an embassy in Grenada; the US Ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Grenada", "embassy": "Lance-aux-Epines Stretch, Saint George's", "mailing_address": "P. O. Box 54, Saint George's", "telephone": "[1] (473) 444-1173 through 1176", "fax": "[1] (473) 444-4820" } }, "flag_description": { "description": "a rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top and bottom) and green triangles (hoist side and outer side), with a red border around the flag; there are seven yellow, five-pointed stars with three centered in the top red border, three centered in the bottom red border, and one on a red disk superimposed at the center of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg pod on the hoist-side triangle (Grenada is the world's second-largest producer of nutmeg, after Indonesia); the seven stars stand for the seven administrative divisions, with the central star denoting the capital, St. George; yellow represents the sun and the warmth of the people, green stands for vegetation and agriculture, and red symbolizes harmony, unity, and courage" }, "national_symbol": { "symbols": [ { "symbol": "Grenada dove" }, { "symbol": "Bougainvillea flower" } ], "colors": [ { "color": "red" }, { "color": "yellow" }, { "color": "green" } ] }, "national_anthem": { "name": "\"Hail Grenada\"", "lyrics_music": "Irva Merle BAPTISTE/Louis Arnold MASANTO", "note": "adopted 1974" } }, "economy": { "overview": "Grenada relies on tourism as its main source of foreign exchange especially since the construction of an international airport in 1985. Strong performances in construction and manufacturing, together with the development of tourism and higher education - especially in medicine - contributed to growth in national output; however, economic growth remained stagnant in 2010-14, after a sizable contraction in 2009, because of the global economic slowdown's effects on tourism and remittances. Gross national saving – and wealth – has been declining since 2010.\n\nHurricanes Ivan (2004) and Emily (2005) severely damaged the agricultural sector - particularly nutmeg and cocoa cultivation - which had been a key driver of economic growth. Grenada has rebounded from the devastating effects of the hurricanes but is now saddled with the debt burden from the rebuilding process. Public debt-to-GDP is about 110%, leaving the MITCHELL administration limited room to engage in public investments and social spending. MITCHELL in 2013 announced a structural adjustment program that includes a plan to increase tax revenue.", "gdp": { "purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 1511000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 1467000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1381000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 198, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "official_exchange_rate": { "USD": 1028000000, "date": "2016" }, "real_growth_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 3, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 6.2, "units": "%", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 7.3, "units": "%", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 97 }, "per_capita_purchasing_power_parity": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 14100, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 13700, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 13000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 116, "note": "data are in 2016 dollars" }, "composition": { "by_end_use": { "end_uses": { "household_consumption": { "value": 80.3, "units": "%" }, "government_consumption": { "value": 15.1, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_fixed_capital": { "value": 17, "units": "%" }, "investment_in_inventories": { "value": -0.1, "units": "%" }, "exports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": 23.8, "units": "%" }, "imports_of_goods_and_services": { "value": -36.1, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" }, "by_sector_of_origin": { "sectors": { "agriculture": { "value": 9.6, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 13.8, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 76.6, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2016" } } }, "gross_national_saving": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.4, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.1, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 1.8, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2014" } ], "global_rank": 176 }, "agriculture_products": { "products": [ "bananas", "cocoa", "nutmeg", "mace", "citrus", "avocados", "root crops", "sugarcane", "corn", "vegetables" ] }, "industries": { "industries": [ "food", "beverages", "textiles", "light assembly operations", "tourism", "construction" ] }, "industrial_production_growth_rate": { "annual_percentage_increase": 2, "global_rank": 107, "date": "2016" }, "labor_force": { "total_size": { "total_people": 59900, "global_rank": 187, "date": "2013" }, "by_occupation": { "occupation": { "agriculture": { "value": 11, "units": "%" }, "industry": { "value": 20, "units": "%" }, "services": { "value": 69, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2008" } }, "unemployment_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 33.5, "units": "%", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 25, "units": "%", "date": "2008" } ], "global_rank": 196 }, "population_below_poverty_line": { "value": 38, "units": "%", "date": "2008" }, "budget": { "revenues": { "value": 274600000, "units": "USD" }, "expenditures": { "value": 308900000, "units": "USD" }, "date": "2016" }, "taxes_and_other_revenues": { "percent_of_gdp": 26.7, "global_rank": 99, "date": "2016" }, "budget_surplus_or_deficit": { "percent_of_gdp": -3.3, "global_rank": 117, "date": "2016" }, "public_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 110, "units": "percent_of_gdp", "date": "2012" } ], "global_rank": 10 }, "fiscal_year": { "start": "1 January", "end": "31 December" }, "inflation_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 0.5, "units": "%", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -1.4, "units": "%", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 51 }, "central_bank_discount_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 6.5, "units": "%", "date": "2009-12-31" }, { "value": 6.5, "units": "%", "date": "2008-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 55 }, "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 9, "units": "%", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 8.96, "units": "%", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 95 }, "stock_of_narrow_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 209400000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 201100000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 182 }, "stock_of_broad_money": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 797000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 786100000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 174 }, "stock_of_domestic_credit": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 575400000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016-12-31" }, { "value": 567500000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 169 }, "current_account_balance": { "annual_values": [ { "value": -180000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": -175000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 85 }, "exports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 44200000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 43800000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 205 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "nutmeg", "bananas", "cocoa", "fruit", "vegetables", "clothing", "mace" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Nigeria", "percent": 44.7 }, { "name": "St. Lucia", "percent": 10.8 }, { "name": "Antigua and Barbuda", "percent": 7.3 }, { "name": "St. Kitts and Nevis", "percent": 6.6 }, { "name": "Dominica", "percent": 6.6 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 5.8 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "imports": { "total_value": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 313700000, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 310400000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" } ], "global_rank": 201 }, "commodities": { "by_commodity": [ "food", "manufactured goods", "machinery", "chemicals", "fuel" ] }, "partners": { "by_country": [ { "name": "Trinidad and Tobago", "percent": 49.7 }, { "name": "US", "percent": 16.4 } ], "date": "2015" } }, "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 198000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2015-12-31" }, { "value": 170000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2014-12-31" } ], "global_rank": 161 }, "external_debt": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 679000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 538000000, "units": "USD", "date": "2010" } ], "global_rank": 175 }, "exchange_rates": { "annual_values": [ { "value": 2.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2016" }, { "value": 2.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2015" }, { "value": 2.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2014" }, { "value": 2.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2013" }, { "value": 2.7, "units": "USD", "date": "2012" } ], "note": "East Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar" } }, "energy": { "electricity": { "access": { "population_without_electricity": { "value": 11121, "units": "people" }, "total_electrification": { "value": 91, "units": "%" }, "urban_electrification": { "value": 100, "units": "%" }, "rural_electrification": { "value": 80, "units": "%" }, "date": "2012" }, "production": { "kWh": 200000000, "global_rank": 193, "date": "2014" }, "consumption": { "kWh": 200000000, "global_rank": 193, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 146, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "kWh": 0, "global_rank": 156, "date": "2013" }, "installed_generating_capacity": { "kW": 50000, "global_rank": 190, "date": "2014" }, "by_source": { "fossil_fuels": { "percent": 98.6, "global_rank": 52, "date": "2012" }, "nuclear_fuels": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 100, "date": "2012" }, "hydroelectric_plants": { "percent": 0, "global_rank": 175, "date": "2012" }, "other_renewable_sources": { "percent": 1.4, "global_rank": 91, "date": "2012" } } }, "crude_oil": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 140, "date": "2015" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 131, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 200, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "bbl": 0, "global_rank": 140, "date": "2016-01-01" } }, "refined_petroleum_products": { "production": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 149, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "bbl_per_day": 2300, "global_rank": 192, "date": "2014" }, "exports": { "bbl_per_day": 0, "global_rank": 188, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "bbl_per_day": 2259, "global_rank": 187, "date": "2013" } }, "natural_gas": { "production": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 191, "date": "2013" }, "consumption": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 149, "date": "2013" }, "exports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 109, "date": "2013" }, "imports": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 201, "date": "2013" }, "proved_reserves": { "cubic_metres": 0, "global_rank": 145, "date": "2014-01-01" } }, "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { "megatonnes": 500000, "global_rank": 180, "date": "2013" } }, "communications": { "telephones": { "fixed_lines": { "total_subscriptions": 27034, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 24, "global_rank": 174, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "mobile_cellular": { "total": 120000, "subscriptions_per_one_hundred_inhabitants": 108, "global_rank": 186, "date": "2015-07-01" }, "system": { "general_assessment": "adequate, automatic, island-wide telephone system", "domestic": "interisland VHF and UHF radiotelephone links", "international": "country code - 1-473; landing point for the East Caribbean Fiber System (ECFS) submarine cable with links to 13 other islands in the eastern Caribbean extending from the British Virgin Islands to Trinidad; SHF radiotelephone links to Trinidad and Tobago and Saint Vincent; VHF and UHF radio links to Trinidad (2015)" } }, "broadcast_media": "the Grenada Broadcasting Network, jointly owned by the government and the Caribbean Communications Network of Trinidad and Tobago, operates a TV station and 2 radio stations; multi-channel cable TV subscription service is available; a dozen private radio stations also broadcast (2007)", "internet": { "country_code": ".gd", "users": { "total": 60000, "percent_of_population": 53.8, "global_rank": 183, "date": "2015-07-01" } } }, "transportation": { "air_transport": { "national_system": { "number_of_registered_air_carriers": 0, "inventory_of_registered_aircraft_operated_by_air_carriers": 0, "annual_passenger_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 0, "annual_freight_traffic_on_registered_air_carriers": 0, "date": "2015" }, "civil_aircraft_registration_country_code_prefix": { "prefix": "J3", "date": "2016" }, "airports": { "total": { "airports": 3, "global_rank": 195, "date": "2013" }, "paved": { "total": 3, "2438_to_3047_metres": 1, "1524_to_2437_metres": 1, "under_914_metres": 1, "date": "2013" } } }, "roadways": { "total": { "value": 1127, "units": "km" }, "paved": { "value": 687, "units": "km" }, "unpaved": { "value": 440, "units": "km" }, "global_rank": 184, "date": "2001" }, "ports_and_terminals": { "major_seaports": [ "Saint George's" ] } }, "military_and_security": { "branches": { "by_name": [ "no regular military forces", "Royal Grenada Police Force (includes Coast Guard)" ], "date": "2010" } }, "transnational_issues": { "disputes": [ "none" ], "illicit_drugs": { "note": "small-scale cannabis cultivation; lesser transshipment point for marijuana and cocaine to US" } } }, "metadata": { "date": "2017-07-01", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102812/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gj.html", "nearby_dates": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000*/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gj.html" } }, "guam": { "data": { "name": "Guam", "introduction": { "background": "Spain ceded Guam to the US in 1898. Captured by the Japanese in 1941, it was retaken by the US three years later. The military installations on the island are some of the most strategically important US bases in the Pacific." }, "geography": { "location": "Oceania, island in the North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to the Philippines", "geographic_coordinates": { "latitude": { "degrees": 13, "minutes": 28, "hemisphere": "N" }, "longitude": { "degrees": 144, "minutes": 47, "hemisphere": "E" } }, "map_references": "Oceania", "area": { "total": { "value": 544, "units": "sq km" }, "land": { "value": 544, "units": "sq km" }, "water": { "value": 0, "units": "sq km" }, "global_rank": 195, "comparative": "three times the size of Washington, DC" }, "land_boundaries": { "total": { "value": 0, "units": "km" } }, "coastline": { "value": 125.5, "units": "km" }, "maritime_claims": { "territorial_sea": { "value": 12, "units": "nm" }, "exclusive_economic_zone": { "value": 200, "units": "nm" } }, "climate": "tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season (January to June), rainy season (July to December); little seasonal temperature variation", "terrain": "volcanic origin, surrounded by coral reefs; relatively flat coralline limestone plateau (source of most fresh water), with steep coastal cliffs and narrow coastal plains in north, low hills in center, mountains in south", "elevation": { "lowest_point": { "name": "Pacific Ocean", "elevation": { "value": 0, "units": "m" } }, "highest_point": { "name": "Mount Lamlam", "elevation": { "value": 406, "units": "m" } } }, "natural_resources": { "resources": [ "aquatic wildlife supporting tourism", "fishing; largely undeveloped" ] }, "land_use": { "by_sector": { "agricultural_land_total": { "value": 33.4, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_arable_land": { "value": 1.9, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_crops": { "value": 16.7, "units": "%" }, "agricultural_land_permanent_pasture": { "value": 14.8, "units": "%" }, "forest": { "value": 47.9, "units": "%" }, "other": { "value": 18.7, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2011" }, "irrigated_land": { "value": 2, "units": "sq km", "date": "2012" }, "natural_hazards": [ { "description": "frequent squalls during rainy season", "type": "hazard" }, { "description": "relatively rare but potentially destructive typhoons (June to December)", "type": "hazard" } ], "environment": { "current_issues": [ "extirpation of native bird population by the rapid proliferation of the brown tree snake", "an exotic", "invasive species" ] }, "note": "largest and southernmost island in the Mariana Islands archipelago; strategic location in western North Pacific Ocean" }, "people": { "population": { "total": 162742, "global_rank": 188, "date": "2016-07-01" }, "nationality": { "noun": "Guamanian(s) (US citizens)", "adjective": "Guamanian" }, "ethnic_groups": { "ethnicity": [ { "name": "Chamorro", "percent": 37.3 }, { "name": "Filipino", "percent": 26.3 }, { "name": "white", "percent": 7.1 }, { "name": "Chuukese", "percent": 7 }, { "name": "Korean", "percent": 2.2 }, { "name": "other Pacific Islander", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "other Asian", "percent": 2 }, { "name": "Chinese", "percent": 1.6 }, { "name": "Palauan", "percent": 1.6 }, { "name": "Japanese", "percent": 1.5 }, { "name": "Pohnpeian", "percent": 1.4 }, { "name": "mixed", "percent": 9.4 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 0.6 } ], "date": "2010" }, "languages": { "language": [ { "name": "English", "percent": 43.6 }, { "name": "Filipino", "percent": 21.2 }, { "name": "Chamorro", "percent": 17.8 }, { "name": "other Pacific island languages", "percent": 10 }, { "name": "Asian languages", "percent": 6.3 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 1.1 } ], "date": "2010" }, "religions": { "religion": [ { "name": "Roman Catholic", "percent": 85 }, { "name": "other", "percent": 15 } ], "date": "1999" }, "age_structure": { "0_to_14": { "percent": 24.95, "males": 20881, "females": 19723 }, "15_to_24": { "percent": 17.09, "males": 14445, "females": 13375 }, "25_to_54": { "percent": 39.09, "males": 32335, "females": 31277 }, "55_to_64": { "percent": 9.62, "males": 7912, "females": 7742 }, "65_and_over": { "percent": 9.25, "males": 6847, "females": 8205 }, "date": "2016" }, "dependency_ratios": { "ratios": { "total_dependency_ratio": { "value": 52, "units": "%" }, "youth_dependency_ratio": { "value": 38.7, "units": "%" }, "elderly_dependency_ratio": { "value": 13.3, "units": "%" }, "potential_support_ratio": { "value": 7.5, "units": "%" } }, "date": "2015" }, "median_age": { "total": { "value": 30.4, "units": "years" }, "male": { "value": 29.8, "units": "years" }, "female": { "value": 30.9, "unit