iao.owl
type: Ontology
date: 2009-07-31
version info: 2015-02-23
comment: An information artifact is, loosely, a dependent continuant or its bearer that is created as the result of one or more intentional processes. Examples: uniprot, the english language, the contents of this document or a printout of it, the temperature measurements from a weather balloon. For more information, see the project home page at http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/
comment: IDs allocated to related efforts: PNO: IAO_0020000-IAO_0020999, D_ACTS: IAO_0021000-IAO_0021999
comment: IDs allocated to subdomains of IAO. pno.owl: IAO_0020000-IAO_0020999, d-acts.owl: IAO_0021000-IAO_0021999
comment: This file is based on checkout of our SVN repository revision $Revision: 717 $
comment: This is the first release of IAO that uses BFO 2.0 class only (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/2014-05-03/classes-only.owl) and RO core relations (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/releases/2015-02-11/core.owl)
default language: en
Contributor: Adam Goldstein
Contributor: Alan Ruttenberg
Contributor: Albert Goldfain
Contributor: Barry Smith
Contributor: Bjoern Peters
Contributor: Carlo Torniai
Contributor: Chris Mungall
Contributor: Chris Stoeckert
Contributor: Christian A. Boelling
Contributor: Darren Natale
Contributor: David Osumi-Sutherland
Contributor: Gwen Frishkoff
Contributor: Holger Stenzhorn
Contributor: James A. Overton
Contributor: James Malone
Contributor: Jennifer Fostel
Contributor: Jie Zheng
Contributor: Jonathan Rees
Contributor: Larisa Soldatova
Contributor: Lawrence Hunter
Contributor: Mathias Brochhausen
Contributor: Matt Brush
Contributor: Melanie Courtot
Contributor: Michel Dumontier
Contributor: Paolo Ciccarese
Contributor: Pat Hayes
Contributor: Philippe Rocca-Serra
Contributor: Randy Dipert
Contributor: Ron Rudnicki
Contributor: Satya Sahoo
Contributor: Sivaram Arabandi
Contributor: Werner Ceusters
Contributor: William Duncan
Contributor: William Hogan
Contributor: Yongqun (Oliver) He
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
version IRI: IAO Release 2015-02-23
type: NamedIndividual

BFO OWL specification label
type: AnnotationProperty
curator note: Really of interest to developers only
definition: Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification.
sub property of: label

BFO CLIF specification label
type: AnnotationProperty
definition source: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
curator note: Really of interest to developers only
definition: Relates an entity in the ontology to the term that is used to represent it in the the CLIF specification of BFO2
sub property of: label

editor preferred term
type: AnnotationProperty
label: editor preferred label
editor preferred term: editor preferred term
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
definition: The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English)
editor preferred term: editor preferred label
has curation status: ready for release

example of usage
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: A phrase describing how a class name should be used. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding of a class semantics, such as widely known prototypical subclasses or instances of the class. Although essential for high level terms, examples for low level terms (e.g., Affymetrix HU133 array) are not
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
editor preferred term: example
editor preferred term: example of usage
has curation status: ready for release

in branch
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: An annotation property indicating which module the terms belong to. This is currently experimental and not implemented yet.
term editor: GROUP:OBI
definition source: OBI_0000277
editor preferred term: in branch

has curation status
type: AnnotationProperty
definition source: OBI_0000281
term editor: PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON:Bill Bug
term editor: PERSON:Melanie Courtot
editor preferred term: has curation status

definition
type: AnnotationProperty
label: textual definition
editor preferred term: definition
editor preferred term: textual definition
editor note: 2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with.
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
definition: The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
definition: The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
has curation status: ready for release

editor note
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology.
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obfoundry.org/obo/obi>
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
editor preferred term: editor note
has curation status: ready for release

term editor
type: AnnotationProperty
editor note: 20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail?id=115.
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
definition: Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
editor preferred term: term editor
has curation status: ready for release

alternative term
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: An alternative name for a class or property which means the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent)
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
editor preferred term: alternative term
has curation status: pending final vetting

definition source
type: AnnotationProperty
definition source: Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
editor preferred term: definition source
definition: formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007
has curation status: ready for release

has obsolescence reason
type: AnnotationProperty
term editor: PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON:Melanie Courtot
definition: Relates an annotation property to an obsolescence reason. The values of obsolescence reasons come from a list of predefined terms, instances of the class obsolescence reason specification.
editor preferred term: has obsolescence reason

curator note
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user
term editor: PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
editor preferred term: curator note
has curation status: ready for release

is denotator type
type: AnnotationProperty
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
editor note: In OWL 2 add AnnotationPropertyRange('is denotator type' 'denotator type')
definition: relates an class defined in an ontology, to the type of it's denotator
editor preferred term: is denotator type

imported from
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
term editor: PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON:Melanie Courtot
editor preferred term: imported from
has curation status: pending final vetting

expand expression to
type: AnnotationProperty
term editor: Chris Mungall
definition: A macro expansion tag applied to an object property (or possibly a data property) which can be used by a macro-expansion engine to generate more complex expressions from simpler ones
example of usage: ObjectProperty: RO_0002104 Label: has plasma membrane part Annotations: IAO_0000424 "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.org/obo/owl/GO#GO_0005886 and http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ?Y)"
editor preferred term: expand expression to

expand assertion to
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: A macro expansion tag applied to an annotation property which can be expanded into a more detailed axiom.
term editor: Chris Mungall
example of usage: ObjectProperty: RO??? Label: spatially disjoint from Annotations: expand_assertion_to "DisjointClasses: (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ?X) (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ?Y)"
editor preferred term: expand assertion to

first order logic expression
type: AnnotationProperty
term editor: PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
editor preferred term: first order logic expression

antisymmetric property
type: AnnotationProperty
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
editor preferred term: antisymmetric property
example of usage: part_of antisymmetric property xsd:true
definition: use boolean value xsd:true to indicate that the property is an antisymmetric property

OBO foundry unique label
type: AnnotationProperty
editor note: The intended usage of that property is as follow: OBO foundry unique labels are automatically generated based on regular expressions provided by each ontology, so that SO could specify unique label = 'sequence ' + [label], etc. , MA could specify 'mouse + [label]' etc. Upon importing terms, ontology developers can choose to use the 'OBO foundry unique label' for an imported term or not. The same applies to tools .
definition: An alternative name for a class or property which is unique across the OBO Foundry.
definition source: GROUP:OBO Foundry <http://obofoundry.org/>
editor preferred term: OBO foundry unique label
term editor: PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON:Bjoern Peters
term editor: PERSON:Chris Mungall
term editor: PERSON:Melanie Courtot
has curation status: pending final vetting

has ID digit count
type: AnnotationProperty
example of usage: Ontology: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/idrange/> Annotations: 'has ID prefix': "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_" 'has ID digit count' : 7, rdfs:label "RO id policy" 'has ID policy for': "RO"
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
definition: Relates an ontology used to record id policy to the number of digits in the URI. The URI is: the 'has ID prefix" annotation property value concatenated with an integer in the id range (left padded with "0"s to make this many digits)

has ID range allocated to
type: AnnotationProperty
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
definition: Relates a datatype that encodes a range of integers to the name of the person or organization who can use those ids constructed in that range to define new terms
example of usage: Datatype: idrange:1 Annotations: 'has ID range allocated to': "Chris Mungall" EquivalentTo: xsd:integer[> 2151 , <= 2300]

has ID policy for
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: Relating an ontology used to record id policy to the ontology namespace whose policy it manages
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
example of usage: Ontology: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/idrange/> Annotations: 'has ID prefix': "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_" 'has ID digit count' : 7, rdfs:label "RO id policy" 'has ID policy for': "RO"

has ID prefix
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: Relates an ontology used to record id policy to a prefix concatenated with an integer in the id range (left padded with "0"s to make this many digits) to construct an ID for a term being created.
example of usage: Ontology: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/idrange/> Annotations: 'has ID prefix': "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_" 'has ID digit count' : 7, rdfs:label "RO id policy" 'has ID policy for': "RO"
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg

elucidation
type: AnnotationProperty
definition source: Person:Barry Smith
elucidation: Primitive terms in a highest-level ontology such as BFO are terms which are so basic to our understanding of reality that there is no way of defining them in a non-circular fashion. For these, therefore, we can provide only elucidations, supplemented by examples and by axioms
editor preferred term: elucidation
term editor: person:Alan Ruttenberg

has associated axiom(nl)
type: AnnotationProperty
elucidation: An axiom associated with a term expressed using natural language
definition source: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
editor preferred term: has associated axiom(nl)

has associated axiom(fol)
type: AnnotationProperty
elucidation: An axiom expressed in first order logic using CLIF syntax
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
editor preferred term: has associated axiom(fol)

is allocated id range
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: Add as annotation triples in the granting ontology
term editor: PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
definition: Relates an ontology IRI to an (inclusive) range of IRIs in an OBO name space. The range is give as, e.g. "IAO_0020000-IAO_0020999"
editor preferred term: is allocated id range

retired from use as of
type: AnnotationProperty
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
editor note: In OWL 2 add AnnotationPropertyRange xsd:dateTimeStamp
definition: relates a class of CRID to the date after which further instances should not be made, according to the central authority
editor preferred term: retired from use as of

has axiom label
type: AnnotationProperty
elucidation: A URI that is intended to be unique label for an axiom used for tracking change to the ontology. For an axiom expressed in different languages, each expression is given the same URI
definition source: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
editor preferred term: has axiom id

term replaced by
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: Add as annotation triples in the granting ontology
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
definition: Use on obsolete terms, relating the term to another term that can be used as a substitute
editor preferred term: term replaced by
has curation status: pending final vetting

temporal interpretation
type: AnnotationProperty

Contributor
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: An entity responsible for making contributions to the content of the resource.
description: Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organisation, or a service. Typically, the name of a Contributor should be used to indicate the entity.

Coverage
type: AnnotationProperty
description: Coverage will typically include spatial location (a place name or geographic coordinates), temporal period (a period label, date, or date range) or jurisdiction (such as a named administrative entity). Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary (for example, the Thesaurus of Geographic Names [TGN]) and that, where appropriate, named places or time periods be used in preference to numeric identifiers such as sets of coordinates or date ranges.
comment: The extent or scope of the content of the resource.

Creator
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: An entity primarily responsible for making the content of the resource.
description: Examples of a Creator include a person, an organisation, or a service. Typically, the name of a Creator should be used to indicate the entity.

Date
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: A date associated with an event in the life cycle of the resource.
description: Typically, Date will be associated with the creation or availability of the resource. Recommended best practice for encoding the date value is defined in a profile of ISO 8601 [W3CDTF] and follows the YYYY-MM-DD format.

Description
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: An account of the content of the resource.
description: Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, table of contents, reference to a graphical representation of content or a free-text account of the content.

Format
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: The physical or digital manifestation of the resource.
description: Typically, Format may include the media-type or dimensions of the resource. Format may be used to determine the software, hardware or other equipment needed to display or operate the resource. Examples of dimensions include size and duration. Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary (for example, the list of Internet Media Types [MIME] defining computer media formats).

Resource Identifier
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context.
description: Recommended best practice is to identify the resource by means of a string or number conforming to a formal identification system. Example formal identification systems include the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) (including the Uniform Resource Locator (URL)), the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and the International Standard Book Number (ISBN).

Language
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: A language of the intellectual content of the resource.
description: Recommended best practice is to use RFC 3066 [RFC3066], which, in conjunction with ISO 639 [ISO639], defines two- and three-letter primary language tags with optional subtags. Examples include "en" or "eng" for English, "akk" for Akkadian, and "en-GB" for English used in the United Kingdom.

Publisher
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: An entity responsible for making the resource available
description: Examples of a Publisher include a person, an organisation, or a service. Typically, the name of a Publisher should be used to indicate the entity.

Relation
type: AnnotationProperty
description: Recommended best practice is to reference the resource by means of a string or number conforming to a formal identification system.
comment: A reference to a related resource.

Rights Management
type: AnnotationProperty
description: Typically, a Rights element will contain a rights management statement for the resource, or reference a service providing such information. Rights information often encompasses Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), Copyright, and various Property Rights. If the Rights element is absent, no assumptions can be made about the status of these and other rights with respect to the resource.
comment: Information about rights held in and over the resource.

Source
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: A reference to a resource from which the present resource is derived.
description: The present resource may be derived from the Source resource in whole or in part. Recommended best practice is to reference the resource by means of a string or number conforming to a formal identification system.

Subject and Keywords
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: The topic of the content of the resource.
description: Typically, a Subject will be expressed as keywords, key phrases or classification codes that describe a topic of the resource. Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary or formal classification scheme.

Title
type: AnnotationProperty
description: Typically, a Title will be a name by which the resource is formally known.
comment: A name given to the resource.

Resource Type
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: The nature or genre of the content of the resource.
description: Type includes terms describing general categories, functions, genres, or aggregation levels for content. Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary (for example, the DCMI Type Vocabulary [DCMITYPE]). To describe the physical or digital manifestation of the resource, use the Format element.

shorthand
type: AnnotationProperty

part of
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
editor note: Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
editor note: Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime
editor note: Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
definition: a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
editor preferred term: is part of
example of usage: my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
example of usage: my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
alternative term: part_of
example of usage: this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
inverse of: has part
temporal interpretation: axiom holds for all times

has part
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
editor note: Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
editor note: Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime
editor note: Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
definition: a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
editor preferred term: has part
alternative term: has_part
example of usage: my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
example of usage: my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
example of usage: this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
temporal interpretation: axiom holds for all times

realized in
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
elucidation: [copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
alternative term: is realized by
editor preferred term: realized in
alternative term: realized_in
example of usage: this disease is realized in this disease course
example of usage: this fragility is realized in this shattering
example of usage: this investigator role is realized in this investigation
range: process
domain: realizable entity

realizes
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
editor preferred term: realizes
example of usage: this disease course realizes this disease
example of usage: this investigation realizes this investigator role
example of usage: this shattering realizes this fragility
elucidation: to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
domain: process
range: realizable entity
inverse of: realized in

occurs in
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
definition: b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
editor preferred term: occurs in
alternative term: occurs_in
alternative term: unfolds in
alternative term: unfolds_in
domain: occurrent
range: independent continuant
inverse of: contains process
property chain axiom: part of

contains process
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
definition: [copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
editor preferred term: site of

has measurement unit label
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
sub property of: has part
range: measurement unit label

obsolete_specifically denotes
type: ObjectProperty
editor note: 8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: The suggestions is to deprecate specific and generically denotes in favor of a single denote relationship that corresponds to the generic sense
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy
example of usage: The process of creation is, for example, writing down on paper the name of a friend by deliberately creating a certain pattern using ink. Here the ink + paper is the independent continuant and the carrier is the pattern in the ink. c = pattern in the ink b = paper + ink r = friend
definition: c specifically denotes r =def r is a portion of reality & c is a particular quality & c depends specifically on some independent continuant b & b acquired c as the result of the achievement of an objective to enable pointing to r repeatedly. Marked means there is a changed or additional quality of the bearer - the quality is the information carrier. Case 1 Memory trace as mark created when reading some description of some friend. The trace can denote. Case 2 Pattern of ink arrayed on paper as mark when writing down a friend's name Case 3 Pattern of magnetic domains on scattered pieces of a hard disk platter as mark when saving a file.
editor note: see http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail?id=25&q=denote
deprecated: true
has obsolescence reason: failed exploratory term
has curation status: pending final vetting
sub property of: ObsoleteProperty

is about
type: ObjectProperty
editor note: 7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic.
definition source: Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy
example of usage: This document is about information artifacts and their representations
definition: is_about is a (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity.
term editor: person:Alan Ruttenberg
domain: information content entity
has curation status: pending final vetting

mentions
type: ObjectProperty
editor note: 7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. P4 RC1 munges our GCI so remove it for now: mentions some entity equivalentTo has_part some ('generically denotes' some entity)
editor note: 7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: Add this relation following conversation with Jonathan Rees that N&S GCI for is_about was too strong. Really it was simply sufficient. To effect this change we introduce this relation, which is subproperty of is_about, and have previous GCI use this relation "mentions" in it's (logical) definition
definition: An information artifact IA mentions an entity E exactly when it has a component/part that denotes E
term editor: PERSON: Jonathan Rees
term editor: Person: Alan Ruttenberg
has curation status: pending final vetting
sub property of: is about

denotes
type: ObjectProperty
editor note: 2009-11-10 Alan Ruttenberg. Old definition said the following to emphasize the generic nature of this relation. We no longer have 'specifically denotes', which would have been primitive, so make this relation primitive. g denotes r =def r is a portion of reality there is some c that is a concretization of g every c that is a concretization of g specifically denotes r
example of usage: A person's name denotes the person. A variable name in a computer program denotes some piece of memory. Lexically equivalent strings can denote different things, for instance "Alan" can denote different people. In each case of use, there is a case of the denotation relation obtaining, between "Alan" and the person that is being named.
definition source: Conversations with Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters, Bjoern Peters, Michel Dumontier, Melanie Courtot, James Malone, Bill Hogan
definition: denotes is a primitive, instance-level, relation obtaining between an information content entity and some portion of reality. Denotation is what happens when someone creates an information content entity E in order to specifically refer to something. The only relation between E and the thing is that E can be used to 'pick out' the thing. This relation connects those two together. Freedictionary.com sense 3: To signify directly; refer to specifically
term editor: person:Alan Ruttenberg
sub property of: is about

obsolete_materially denotes
type: ObjectProperty
editor note: see http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail?id=25&q=denote
deprecated: true
has obsolescence reason: failed exploratory term
sub property of: ObsoleteProperty

is quality measurement of
type: ObjectProperty
editor note: 8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: The strategy is to be rather specific with this relationship. There are other kinds of measurements that are not of qualities, such as those that measure time. We will add these as separate properties for the moment and see about generalizing later
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
editor note: From the second IAO workshop [Alan Ruttenberg 8/6/2009: not completely current, though bringing in comparison is probably important] This one is the one we are struggling with at the moment. The issue is what a measurement measures. On the one hand saying that it measures the quality would include it "measuring" the bearer = referring to the bearer in the measurement. However this makes comparisons of two different things not possible. On the other hand not having it inhere in the bearer, on the face of it, breaks the audit trail. Werner suggests a solution based on "Magnitudes" a proposal for which we are awaiting details. -- From the second IAO workshop, various comments, [commented on by Alan Ruttenberg 8/6/2009] unit of measure is a quality, e.g. the length of a ruler. [We decided to hedge on what units of measure are, instead talking about measurement unit labels, which are the information content entities that are about whatever measurement units are. For IAO we need that information entity in any case. See the term measurement unit label] [Some struggling with the various subflavors of is_about. We subsequently removed the relation represents, and describes until and only when we have a better theory] a represents b means either a denotes b or a describes describe: a describes b means a is about b and a allows an inference of at least one quality of b We have had a long discussion about denotes versus describes.
editor note: From the second IAO workshop: An attempt at tieing the quality to the measurement datum more carefully. a is a magnitude means a is a determinate quality particular inhering in some bearer b existing at a time t that can be represented/denoted by an information content entity e that has parts denoting a unit of measure, a number, and b. The unit of measure is an instance of the determinable quality.
editor note: From the second meeting on IAO: An attempt at defining assay using Barry's "reliability" wording assay: process and has_input some material entity and has_output some information content entity and which is such that instances of this process type reliably generate outputs that describes the input.
editor note: This one is the one we are struggling with at the moment. The issue is what a measurement measures. On the one hand saying that it measures the quality would include it "measuring" the bearer = referring to the bearer in the measurement. However this makes comparisons of two different things not possible. On the other hand not having it inhere in the bearer, on the face of it, breaks the audit trail. Werner suggests a solution based on "Magnitudes" a proposal for which we are awaiting details.
definition: m is a quality measurement of q at t when q is a quality there is a measurement process p that has specified output m, a measurement datum, that is about q
range: quality
domain: measurement datum
sub property of: is about

obsolete_describes
type: ObjectProperty
deprecated: true
has obsolescence reason: failed exploratory term
sub property of: ObsoleteProperty

obsolete_represents
type: ObjectProperty
deprecated: true
has obsolescence reason: failed exploratory term
sub property of: ObsoleteProperty

has coordinate unit label
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
comment: relating a cartesian spatial coordinate datum to a unit label that together with the values represent a point
sub property of: has part
domain: cartesian spatial coordinate datum
range: length unit

is duration of
type: ObjectProperty
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
definition: relates a process to a time-measurement-datum that represents the duration of the process
range: process
has curation status: metadata complete
sub property of: is about
domain: time measurement datum

is quality measured as
type: ObjectProperty
editor note: 2009/10/19 Alan Ruttenberg. Named 'junk' relation useful in restrictions, but not a real instance relationship
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
definition: inverse of the relation of is quality measurement of
has curation status: metadata complete
inverse of: is quality measurement of

is quality specification of
type: ObjectProperty
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: Person:Bjoern Peters
definition: a relation between a data item and a quality of a material entity where the material entity is the specified output of a material transformation which achieves an objective specification that indicates the intended value of the specified quality.
has curation status: metadata complete
sub property of: is about

quality is specified as
type: ObjectProperty
editor note: 2009/10/19 Alan Ruttenberg. Named 'junk' relation useful in restrictions, but not a real instance relationship
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: Person:Bjoern Peters
definition: inverse of the relation of is quality specification of
has curation status: metadata complete
inverse of: is quality specification of

has time stamp
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
definition: relates a time stamped measurement datum to the time measurement datum that denotes the time when the measurement was taken
sub property of: has part
has curation status: metadata incomplete
range: time measurement datum
domain: time stamped measurement datum

has measurement datum
type: ObjectProperty
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
definition: relates a time stamped measurement datum to the measurement datum that was measured
sub property of: has part
has curation status: metadata incomplete
domain: time stamped measurement datum
range: Class
  intersection of: measurement datum
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: time measurement datum

has_specified_input
type: ObjectProperty
editor note: 8/17/09: specified inputs of one process are not necessarily specified inputs of a larger process that it is part of. This is in contrast to how 'has participant' works.
term editor: PERSON: Bjoern Peters
term editor: PERSON: Larry Hunter
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Coutot
definition: A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of.
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
editor preferred term: has_specified_input
example of usage: see is_input_of example_of_usage
has curation status: ready for release
domain: planned process
sub property of: has participant
imported from: obi.owl

has_specified_output
type: ObjectProperty
term editor: PERSON: Bjoern Peters
term editor: PERSON: Larry Hunter
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
definition: A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of.
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
editor preferred term: has_specified_output
has curation status: ready for release
domain: planned process
inverse of: is_specified_output_of
sub property of: has participant
imported from: obi.owl

is_specified_output_of
type: ObjectProperty
term editor: PERSON:Bjoern Peters
definition: A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
editor preferred term: is_specified_output_of
has curation status: ready for release
range: planned process
sub property of: participates in
imported from: obi.owl

inheres in
type: ObjectProperty
editor note: A dependent inheres in its bearer at all times for which the dependent exists.
definition: a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
editor preferred term: inheres in
alternative term: inheres_in
example of usage: this fragility inheres in this vase
example of usage: this red color inheres in this apple
temporal interpretation: axiom holds for all times

bearer of
type: ObjectProperty
editor note: A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.
definition: a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
editor preferred term: bearer of
alternative term: bearer_of
alternative term: is bearer of
example of usage: this apple is bearer of this red color
example of usage: this vase is bearer of this fragility
range: specifically dependent continuant
inverse of: inheres in
temporal interpretation: axiom holds for all times

participates in
type: ObjectProperty
definition: a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
editor preferred term: participates in
alternative term: participates_in
example of usage: this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation
example of usage: this input material (or this output material) participates in this process
example of usage: this investigator participates in this investigation
domain: continuant
range: occurrent

has participant
type: ObjectProperty
editor note: Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
definition: a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
editor preferred term: has participant
Source: http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:has_participant
alternative term: has_participant
example of usage: this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot
example of usage: this investigation has participant this investigator
example of usage: this process has participant this input material (or this output material)
range: continuant
domain: occurrent
inverse of: participates in

is concretized as
type: ObjectProperty
example of usage: A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The journal article (a generically dependent continuant) is concretized as the quality (a specifically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
definition: A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants.
example of usage: An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process).
range: specifically dependent continuant
domain: generically dependent continuant
inverse of: concretizes

concretizes
type: ObjectProperty
example of usage: A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
definition: A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant.
example of usage: An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process).
domain: specifically dependent continuant
range: generically dependent continuant

quality of
type: ObjectProperty
editor note: A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists.
definition: a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
alternative term: is quality of
alternative term: quality_of
example of usage: this red color is a quality of this apple
sub property of: inheres in
inverse of: has quality

role of
type: ObjectProperty
editor note: A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
definition: a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
alternative term: is role of
alternative term: role_of
example of usage: this investigator role is a role of this person
sub property of: inheres in

has quality
type: ObjectProperty
editor note: A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist.
definition: a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
alternative term: has_quality
example of usage: this apple has quality this red color
range: quality
sub property of: bearer of

has role
type: ObjectProperty
editor note: A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
definition: a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
alternative term: has_role
example of usage: this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator)
domain: independent continuant
range: role
sub property of: bearer of
inverse of: role of

derives from
type: ObjectProperty
editor note: This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops from'.
definition: a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity
alternative term: derives_from
example of usage: this cell derives from this parent cell (cell division)
example of usage: this nucleus derives from this parent nucleus (nuclear division)
has curation status: pending final vetting

derives into
type: ObjectProperty
editor note: This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops into'. To avoid making statements about a future that may not come to pass, it is often better to use the backward-looking 'derives from' rather than the forward-looking 'derives into'.
definition: a relation between two distinct material entities, the old entity and the new entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity
alternative term: derives_into
example of usage: this parent cell derives into this cell (cell division)
example of usage: this parent nucleus derives into this nucleus (nuclear division)
has curation status: pending final vetting
inverse of: derives from

location of
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
editor note: Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime
definition: a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location
editor preferred term: is location of
alternative term: location_of
example of usage: my head is the location of my brain
example of usage: this cage is the location of this rat
temporal interpretation: axiom holds for all times

located in
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
Source: http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:located_in
editor note: Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus
editor note: Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime
definition: a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location
editor preferred term: located in
alternative term: located_in
example of usage: my brain is located in my head
example of usage: this rat is located in this cage
inverse of: location of
temporal interpretation: axiom holds for all times

2D boundary of
type: ObjectProperty
alternative term: 2D_boundary_of
editor note: A 2D boundary may have holes and gaps, but it must be a single connected entity, not an aggregate of several disconnected parts.
editor note: Although the boundary is two-dimensional, it exists in three-dimensional space and thus has a 3D shape.
definition: a relation between a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary) and a material entity, in which the boundary delimits the material entity
alternative term: boundary of
alternative term: is 2D boundary of
alternative term: is boundary of
example of usage: the surface of my skin is a 2D boundary of my body
temporal interpretation: axiom holds for all times

has 2D boundary
type: ObjectProperty
editor note: A 2D boundary may have holes and gaps, but it must be a single connected entity, not an aggregate of several disconnected parts.
editor note: Although the boundary is two-dimensional, it exists in three-dimensional space and thus has a 3D shape.
definition: a relation between a material entity and a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary), in which the boundary delimits the material entity
alternative term: has boundary
alternative term: has_2D_boundary
example of usage: my body has 2D boundary the surface of my skin
domain: material entity
range: immaterial entity
temporal interpretation: axiom holds for all times
inverse of: 2D boundary of

member of
type: ObjectProperty
definition: is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection.
example of usage: An organism that is a member of a population of organisms
definition source: SIO
alternative term: member part of
alternative term: is member of
sub property of: part of
temporal interpretation: axiom holds for all times
inverse of: has member

has member
type: ObjectProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
definition: has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item.
definition source: SIO
sub property of: has part
temporal interpretation: axiom holds for all times

has measurement value
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: scalar measurement datum
range: float

has x coordinate value
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: cartesian spatial coordinate datum
range: float

has z coordinate value
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: cartesian spatial coordinate datum
range: float

has y coordinate value
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: cartesian spatial coordinate datum
range: float

entity
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
BFO OWL specification label: entity
elucidation: An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])
BFO CLIF specification label: Entity
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81
editor note: Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf
example of usage: Julius Caesar
example of usage: Verdi’s Requiem
example of usage: the Second World War
example of usage: your body mass index

Axiom
annotated target: An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])
annotated source: entity
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/001-001

Axiom
comment: per discussion with Barry Smith
annotated target: Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf
annotated source: entity
annotated property: editor note
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000004

continuant
type: Class
subclass of: entity
disjoint with: occurrent
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002]
BFO CLIF specification label: Continuant
BFO OWL specification label: continuant
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001]
elucidation: A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])
definition: An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240
editor note: Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants
has associated axiom(nl): if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])
has associated axiom(nl): if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])
has associated axiom(nl): if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])

Axiom
annotated target: if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/009-002

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001]
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/126-001

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002]
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/009-002

Axiom
annotated target: if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/126-001

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002]
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/008-002

Axiom
annotated target: A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/008-002

Axiom
annotated target: if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/011-002

Axiom
annotated target: Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: editor note
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000007

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002]
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/011-002

occurrent
type: Class
subclass of: entity
BFO CLIF specification label: Occurrent
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001]
BFO OWL specification label: occurrent
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001]
definition: An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time.
elucidation: An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002])
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players.
has associated axiom(nl): Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001])
editor note: Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process.
editor note: Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame.
has associated axiom(nl): b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001])

Axiom
annotated target: b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001])
annotated source: occurrent
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/079-001

Axiom
annotated target: Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001])
annotated source: occurrent
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/108-001

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001]
annotated source: occurrent
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/079-001

Axiom
annotated target: An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002])
annotated source: occurrent
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/077-002

Axiom
annotated target: Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process.
comment: per discussion with Barry Smith
annotated source: occurrent
annotated property: editor note
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000006

Axiom
annotated target: Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame.
annotated source: occurrent
annotated property: editor note
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000012

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001]
annotated source: occurrent
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/108-001

independent continuant
type: Class
subclass of: continuant
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001]
has associated axiom(fol): (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002]
definition: A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
has associated axiom(nl): For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])
has associated axiom(nl): For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])
BFO OWL specification label: ic
BFO CLIF specification label: IndependentContinuant
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]
example of usage: a chair
example of usage: a heart
example of usage: a leg
example of usage: a molecule
example of usage: a spatial region
example of usage: an atom
example of usage: an orchestra.
example of usage: an organism
definition: b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
example of usage: the bottom right portion of a human torso
example of usage: the interior of your mouth

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001]
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/134-001

Axiom
annotated target: For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/134-001

Axiom
annotated target: For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/018-002

Axiom
annotated target: (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002]
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/017-002

Axiom
annotated target: b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated property: definition
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/017-002

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/018-002

spatial region
type: Class
subclass of: immaterial entity
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001]
has associated axiom(nl): All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001])
BFO OWL specification label: s-region
BFO CLIF specification label: SpatialRegion
elucidation: A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001])
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: Spatial regions do not participate in processes.
editor note: Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional.

Axiom
comment: per discussion with Barry Smith
annotated target: Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional.
annotated source: spatial region
annotated property: editor note
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000002

Axiom
annotated target: A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001])
annotated source: spatial region
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/035-001

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001]
annotated source: spatial region
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/035-001

Axiom
annotated target: All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001])
annotated source: spatial region
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/036-001

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001]
annotated source: spatial region
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/036-001

temporal region
type: Class
subclass of: occurrent
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001]
BFO OWL specification label: t-region
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002]
elucidation: A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001])
has associated axiom(nl): All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001])
BFO CLIF specification label: TemporalRegion
has associated axiom(nl): Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002])
editor note: Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001]
annotated source: temporal region
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/101-001

Axiom
annotated target: Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002])
annotated source: temporal region
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/119-002

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002]
annotated source: temporal region
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/119-002

Axiom
annotated target: A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001])
annotated source: temporal region
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/100-001

Axiom
comment: per discussion with Barry Smith
annotated target: Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional
annotated source: temporal region
annotated property: editor note
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000003

Axiom
annotated target: All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001])
annotated source: temporal region
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/101-001

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001]
annotated source: temporal region
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/100-001

two-dimensional spatial region
type: Class
subclass of: spatial region
BFO OWL specification label: 2d-s-region
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [039-001]
BFO CLIF specification label: TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion
elucidation: A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of two dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [039-001])
example of usage: an infinitely thin plane in space.
example of usage: the surface of a sphere-shaped part of space

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [039-001]
annotated source: two-dimensional spatial region
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/039-001

Axiom
annotated target: A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of two dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [039-001])
annotated source: two-dimensional spatial region
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/039-001

spatiotemporal region
type: Class
subclass of: occurrent
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (r) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [107-002]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x y) (if (and (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (SpatioTemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [096-001]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x t) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (SpatialRegion y) (spatiallyProjectsOntoAt x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [099-001]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [095-001]
BFO CLIF specification label: SpatiotemporalRegion
BFO OWL specification label: st-region
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (TemporalRegion y) (temporallyProjectsOnto x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [098-001]
elucidation: A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of spacetime. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [095-001])
has associated axiom(nl): All parts of spatiotemporal regions are spatiotemporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [096-001])
has associated axiom(nl): Each spatiotemporal region at any time t projects_onto some spatial region at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [099-001])
has associated axiom(nl): Each spatiotemporal region projects_onto some temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [098-001])
has associated axiom(nl): Every spatiotemporal region occupies_spatiotemporal_region itself.
has associated axiom(nl): Every spatiotemporal region s is such that s occupies_spatiotemporal_region s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [107-002])
example of usage: the spatiotemporal region occupied by a human life
example of usage: the spatiotemporal region occupied by a process of cellular meiosis.
example of usage: the spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumor

Axiom
annotated target: All parts of spatiotemporal regions are spatiotemporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [096-001])
annotated source: spatiotemporal region
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/096-001

Axiom
annotated target: Each spatiotemporal region at any time t projects_onto some spatial region at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [099-001])
annotated source: spatiotemporal region
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/099-001

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x t) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (SpatialRegion y) (spatiallyProjectsOntoAt x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [099-001]
annotated source: spatiotemporal region
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/099-001

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (TemporalRegion y) (temporallyProjectsOnto x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [098-001]
annotated source: spatiotemporal region
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/098-001

Axiom
annotated target: Every spatiotemporal region s is such that s occupies_spatiotemporal_region s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [107-002])
annotated source: spatiotemporal region
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/107-002

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (r) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [107-002]
annotated source: spatiotemporal region
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/107-002

Axiom
annotated target: Each spatiotemporal region projects_onto some temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [098-001])
annotated source: spatiotemporal region
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/098-001

Axiom
annotated target: A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of spacetime. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [095-001])
annotated source: spatiotemporal region
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/095-001

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x y) (if (and (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (SpatioTemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [096-001]
annotated source: spatiotemporal region
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/096-001

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [095-001]
annotated source: spatiotemporal region
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/095-001

process
type: Class
subclass of: occurrent
definition: An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t.
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war)
example of usage: a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart
BFO OWL specification label: process
BFO CLIF specification label: Process
has associated axiom(fol): (iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003]
example of usage: a process of meiosis
example of usage: a process of sleeping
definition: p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
example of usage: the course of a disease
example of usage: the flight of a bird
example of usage: the life of an organism
example of usage: your process of aging.

Axiom
annotated target: (iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003]
annotated source: process
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/083-003

Axiom
annotated target: p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
annotated source: process
annotated property: definition
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/083-003

disposition
type: Class
subclass of: realizable entity
disjoint with: role
BFO OWL specification label: disposition
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002]
BFO CLIF specification label: Disposition
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002]
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type.
has associated axiom(nl): If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002])
example of usage: an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y
elucidation: b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002])
example of usage: certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer
example of usage: children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways.
example of usage: the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002]
annotated source: disposition
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/062-002

Axiom
annotated target: If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002])
annotated source: disposition
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/063-002

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002]
annotated source: disposition
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/063-002

Axiom
annotated target: b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002])
annotated source: disposition
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/062-002

realizable entity
type: Class
subclass of: specifically dependent continuant
disjoint with: quality
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002]
BFO CLIF specification label: RealizableEntity
BFO OWL specification label: realizable
definition: A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
has associated axiom(nl): All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])
elucidation: To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])
example of usage: the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity.
example of usage: the disposition of your blood to coagulate
example of usage: the function of your reproductive organs
example of usage: the role of being a doctor
example of usage: the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet

Axiom
annotated target: To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])
annotated source: realizable entity
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/058-002

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002]
annotated source: realizable entity
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/060-002

Axiom
annotated target: All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])
annotated source: realizable entity
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/060-002

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002]
annotated source: realizable entity
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/058-002

zero-dimensional spatial region
type: Class
subclass of: spatial region
BFO CLIF specification label: ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [037-001]
BFO OWL specification label: 0d-s-region
elucidation: A zero-dimensional spatial region is a point in space. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [037-001])

Axiom
annotated target: A zero-dimensional spatial region is a point in space. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [037-001])
annotated source: zero-dimensional spatial region
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/037-001

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [037-001]
annotated source: zero-dimensional spatial region
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/037-001

quality
type: Class
subclass of: specifically dependent continuant
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001]
BFO CLIF specification label: Quality
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001]
elucidation: a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])
BFO OWL specification label: quality
has associated axiom(nl): If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001])
example of usage: the ambient temperature of this portion of air
example of usage: the color of a tomato
example of usage: the length of the circumference of your waist
example of usage: the mass of this piece of gold.
example of usage: the shape of your nose
example of usage: the shape of your nostril

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001]
annotated source: quality
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/055-001

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001]
annotated source: quality
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/105-001

Axiom
annotated target: If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001])
annotated source: quality
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/105-001

Axiom
annotated target: a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])
annotated source: quality
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/055-001

specifically dependent continuant
type: Class
subclass of: continuant
has associated axiom(fol): (iff (RelationalSpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (forall (t) (exists (b c) (and (not (SpatialRegion b)) (not (SpatialRegion c)) (not (= b c)) (not (exists (d) (and (continuantPartOfAt d b t) (continuantPartOfAt d c t)))) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [131-004]
definition: A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same.
example of usage: Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key
BFO CLIF specification label: SpecificallyDependentContinuant
has associated axiom(fol): (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003]
editor note: Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc.
definition: b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n > 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i < j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004])
definition: b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
example of usage: of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato
example of usage: of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates.
BFO OWL specification label: sdc
example of usage: the disposition of this fish to decay
example of usage: the function of this heart: to pump blood
example of usage: the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79
example of usage: the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction
example of usage: the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center
example of usage: the role of being a doctor
example of usage: the shape of this hole.
example of usage: the smell of this portion of mozzarella

Axiom
annotated target: b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
annotated source: specifically dependent continuant
annotated property: definition
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/050-003

Axiom
annotated target: Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc.
comment: per discussion with Barry Smith
annotated source: specifically dependent continuant
annotated property: editor note
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000005

Axiom
annotated target: (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003]
annotated source: specifically dependent continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/050-003

Axiom
annotated target: b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n > 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i < j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004])
annotated source: specifically dependent continuant
annotated property: definition
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/131-004

Axiom
annotated target: (iff (RelationalSpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (forall (t) (exists (b c) (and (not (SpatialRegion b)) (not (SpatialRegion c)) (not (= b c)) (not (exists (d) (and (continuantPartOfAt d b t) (continuantPartOfAt d c t)))) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [131-004]
annotated source: specifically dependent continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/131-004

role
type: Class
subclass of: realizable entity
BFO OWL specification label: role
BFO CLIF specification label: Role
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001]
definition: A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives.
example of usage: John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married.
elucidation: b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001])
example of usage: the priest role
example of usage: the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories
example of usage: the role of a building in serving as a military target
example of usage: the role of a stone in marking a property boundary
example of usage: the role of subject in a clinical trial
example of usage: the student role

Axiom
annotated target: b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001])
annotated source: role
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/061-001

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001]
annotated source: role
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/061-001

fiat object
type: Class
subclass of: material entity
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (FiatObjectPart x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y) (and (Object y) (properContinuantPartOfAt x y t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [027-004]
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: Most examples of fiat object parts are associated with theoretically drawn divisions
BFO CLIF specification label: FiatObjectPart
elucidation: b is a fiat object part = Def. b is a material entity which is such that for all times t, if b exists at t then there is some object c such that b proper continuant_part of c at t and c is demarcated from the remainder of c by a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [027-004])
BFO OWL specification label: fiat-object
example of usage: or with divisions drawn by cognitive subjects for practical reasons, such as the division of a cake (before slicing) into (what will become) slices (and thus member parts of an object aggregate). However, this does not mean that fiat object parts are dependent for their existence on divisions or delineations effected by cognitive subjects. If, for example, it is correct to conceive geological layers of the Earth as fiat object parts of the Earth, then even though these layers were first delineated in recent times, still existed long before such delineation and what holds of these layers (for example that the oldest layers are also the lowest layers) did not begin to hold because of our acts of delineation.Treatment of material entity in BFOExamples viewed by some as problematic cases for the trichotomy of fiat object part, object, and object aggregate include: a mussel on (and attached to) a rock, a slime mold, a pizza, a cloud, a galaxy, a railway train with engine and multiple carriages, a clonal stand of quaking aspen, a bacterial community (biofilm), a broken femur. Note that, as Aristotle already clearly recognized, such problematic cases – which lie at or near the penumbra of instances defined by the categories in question – need not invalidate these categories. The existence of grey objects does not prove that there are not objects which are black and objects which are white; the existence of mules does not prove that there are not objects which are donkeys and objects which are horses. It does, however, show that the examples in question need to be addressed carefully in order to show how they can be fitted into the proposed scheme, for example by recognizing additional subdivisions [29
example of usage: the FMA:regional parts of an intact human body.
example of usage: the Western hemisphere of the Earth
example of usage: the division of the brain into regions
example of usage: the division of the planet into hemispheres
example of usage: the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body
example of usage: the upper and lower lobes of the left lung

Axiom
annotated target: b is a fiat object part = Def. b is a material entity which is such that for all times t, if b exists at t then there is some object c such that b proper continuant_part of c at t and c is demarcated from the remainder of c by a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [027-004])
annotated source: fiat object
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/027-004

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (FiatObjectPart x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y) (and (Object y) (properContinuantPartOfAt x y t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [027-004]
annotated source: fiat object
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/027-004

one-dimensional spatial region
type: Class
subclass of: spatial region
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [038-001]
BFO CLIF specification label: OneDimensionalSpatialRegion
BFO OWL specification label: 1d-s-region
elucidation: A one-dimensional spatial region is a line or aggregate of lines stretching from one point in space to another. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [038-001])
example of usage: an edge of a cube-shaped portion of space.

Axiom
annotated target: A one-dimensional spatial region is a line or aggregate of lines stretching from one point in space to another. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [038-001])
annotated source: one-dimensional spatial region
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/038-001

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [038-001]
annotated source: one-dimensional spatial region
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/038-001

object aggregate
type: Class
subclass of: material entity
BFO OWL specification label: object-aggregate
definition source: ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158.
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004]
BFO CLIF specification label: ObjectAggregate
editor note: An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: object aggregates may gain and lose parts while remaining numerically identical (one and the same individual) over time. This holds both for aggregates whose membership is determined naturally (the aggregate of cells in your body) and aggregates determined by fiat (a baseball team, a congressional committee).
example of usage: a collection of cells in a blood biobank.
example of usage: a swarm of bees is an aggregate of members who are linked together through natural bonds
example of usage: a symphony orchestra
example of usage: an organization is an aggregate whose member parts have roles of specific types (for example in a jazz band, a chess club, a football team)
elucidation: b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004])
example of usage: defined by fiat: the aggregate of members of an organization
example of usage: defined through physical attachment: the aggregate of atoms in a lump of granite
example of usage: defined through physical containment: the aggregate of molecules of carbon dioxide in a sealed container
example of usage: defined via attributive delimitations such as: the patients in this hospital
example of usage: the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint
example of usage: the aggregate of blood cells in your body
example of usage: the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere
example of usage: the restaurants in Palo Alto
example of usage: your collection of Meissen ceramic plates.

Axiom
annotated target: b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004])
annotated source: object aggregate
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/025-004

Axiom
annotated target: An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects
annotated source: object aggregate
annotated property: editor note
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000301

Axiom
annotated target: ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158.
annotated source: object aggregate
annotated property: definition source
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000300

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004]
annotated source: object aggregate
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/025-004

Axiom
annotated target: An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects
annotated source: object aggregate
annotated property: editor note
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000011

three-dimensional spatial region
type: Class
subclass of: spatial region
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [040-001]
BFO OWL specification label: 3d-s-region
BFO CLIF specification label: ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion
elucidation: A three-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of three dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [040-001])
example of usage: a cube-shaped region of space
example of usage: a sphere-shaped region of space,

Axiom
annotated target: A three-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of three dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [040-001])
annotated source: three-dimensional spatial region
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/040-001

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [040-001]
annotated source: three-dimensional spatial region
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/040-001

site
type: Class
subclass of: immaterial entity
BFO CLIF specification label: Site
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002]
example of usage: a hole in the interior of a portion of cheese
example of usage: a rabbit hole
example of usage: an air traffic control region defined in the airspace above an airport
elucidation: b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002])
BFO OWL specification label: site
example of usage: Manhattan Canyon)
example of usage: the Grand Canyon
example of usage: the Piazza San Marco
example of usage: the cockpit of an aircraft
example of usage: the hold of a ship
example of usage: the interior of a kangaroo pouch
example of usage: the interior of the trunk of your car
example of usage: the interior of your bedroom
example of usage: the interior of your office
example of usage: the interior of your refrigerator
example of usage: the lumen of your gut
example of usage: your left nostril (a fiat part – the opening – of your left nasal cavity)

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002]
annotated source: site
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/034-002

Axiom
annotated target: b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002])
annotated source: site
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/034-002

object
type: Class
subclass of: material entity
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: To say that b is causally unified means: b is a material entity which is such that its material parts are tied together in such a way that, in environments typical for entities of the type in question,if c, a continuant part of b that is in the interior of b at t, is larger than a certain threshold size (which will be determined differently from case to case, depending on factors such as porosity of external cover) and is moved in space to be at t at a location on the exterior of the spatial region that had been occupied by b at t, then either b’s other parts will be moved in coordinated fashion or b will be damaged (be affected, for example, by breakage or tearing) in the interval between t and t.causal changes in one part of b can have consequences for other parts of b without the mediation of any entity that lies on the exterior of b. Material entities with no proper material parts would satisfy these conditions trivially. Candidate examples of types of causal unity for material entities of more complex sorts are as follows (this is not intended to be an exhaustive list):CU1: Causal unity via physical coveringHere the parts in the interior of the unified entity are combined together causally through a common membrane or other physical covering\. The latter points outwards toward and may serve a protective function in relation to what lies on the exterior of the entity [13, 47
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: ‘objects’ are sometimes referred to as ‘grains’ [74
BFO CLIF specification label: Object
BFO OWL specification label: object
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: BFO rests on the presupposition that at multiple micro-, meso- and macroscopic scales reality exhibits certain stable, spatially separated or separable material units, combined or combinable into aggregates of various sorts (for example organisms into what are called ‘populations’). Such units play a central role in almost all domains of natural science from particle physics to cosmology. Many scientific laws govern the units in question, employing general terms (such as ‘molecule’ or ‘planet’) referring to the types and subtypes of units, and also to the types and subtypes of the processes through which such units develop and interact. The division of reality into such natural units is at the heart of biological science, as also is the fact that these units may form higher-level units (as cells form multicellular organisms) and that they may also form aggregates of units, for example as cells form portions of tissue and organs form families, herds, breeds, species, and so on. At the same time, the division of certain portions of reality into engineered units (manufactured artifacts) is the basis of modern industrial technology, which rests on the distributed mass production of engineered parts through division of labor and on their assembly into larger, compound units such as cars and laptops. The division of portions of reality into units is one starting point for the phenomenon of counting.
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: Each object is such that there are entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its interior, and other entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its exterior. This may not be so for entities lying at or near the boundary between the interior and exterior. This means that two objects – for example the two cells depicted in Figure 3 – may be such that there are material entities crossing their boundaries which belong determinately to neither cell. Something similar obtains in certain cases of conjoined twins (see below).
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: an object is a maximal causally unified material entity
example of usage: atom
elucidation: b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001])
example of usage: cell
example of usage: cells and organisms
example of usage: engineered artifacts
example of usage: grain of sand
example of usage: molecule
example of usage: organelle
example of usage: organism
example of usage: planet
example of usage: solid portions of matter
example of usage: star

Axiom
annotated target: b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001])
annotated source: object
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/024-001

generically dependent continuant
type: Class
subclass of: continuant
BFO OWL specification label: gdc
BFO CLIF specification label: GenericallyDependentContinuant
has associated axiom(fol): (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001]
definition: A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time.
example of usage: The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity.
definition: b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
example of usage: the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop
example of usage: the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule.

Axiom
annotated target: b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
annotated source: generically dependent continuant
annotated property: definition
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/074-001

Axiom
annotated target: (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001]
annotated source: generically dependent continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/074-001

function
type: Class
subclass of: disposition
elucidation: A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001])
BFO OWL specification label: function
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001]
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc.
BFO CLIF specification label: Function
example of usage: the function of a hammer to drive in nails
example of usage: the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity
example of usage: the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar

Axiom
annotated target: A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001])
annotated source: function
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/064-001

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001]
annotated source: function
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/064-001

process boundary
type: Class
subclass of: occurrent
BFO CLIF specification label: ProcessBoundary
BFO OWL specification label: p-boundary
has associated axiom(fol): (iff (ProcessBoundary a) (exists (p) (and (Process p) (temporalPartOf a p) (not (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [084-001]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (ProcessBoundary x) (exists (y) (and (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion y) (occupiesTemporalRegion x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [085-002]
has associated axiom(nl): Every process boundary occupies_temporal_region a zero-dimensional temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [085-002])
definition: p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001])
example of usage: the boundary between the 2nd and 3rd year of your life.

Axiom
annotated target: p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001])
annotated source: process boundary
annotated property: definition
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/084-001

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (ProcessBoundary x) (exists (y) (and (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion y) (occupiesTemporalRegion x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [085-002]
annotated source: process boundary
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/085-002

Axiom
annotated target: Every process boundary occupies_temporal_region a zero-dimensional temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [085-002])
annotated source: process boundary
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/085-002

Axiom
annotated target: (iff (ProcessBoundary a) (exists (p) (and (Process p) (temporalPartOf a p) (not (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [084-001]
annotated source: process boundary
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/084-001

one-dimensional temporal region
type: Class
subclass of: temporal region
disjoint with: zero-dimensional temporal region
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001]
BFO OWL specification label: 1d-t-region
elucidation: A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001])
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: A temporal interval is a special kind of one-dimensional temporal region, namely one that is self-connected (is without gaps or breaks).
BFO CLIF specification label: OneDimensionalTemporalRegion
example of usage: the temporal region during which a process occurs.

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001]
annotated source: one-dimensional temporal region
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/103-001

Axiom
annotated target: A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001])
annotated source: one-dimensional temporal region
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/103-001

material entity
type: Class
subclass of: independent continuant
disjoint with: immaterial entity
BFO OWL specification label: material
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002]
BFO CLIF specification label: MaterialEntity
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002]
elucidation: A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002])
definition: An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity.
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here.
has associated axiom(nl): Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002])
example of usage: a flame
example of usage: a forest fire
example of usage: a human being
example of usage: a hurricane
example of usage: a photon
example of usage: a puff of smoke
example of usage: a sea wave
example of usage: a tornado
example of usage: an aggregate of human beings.
example of usage: an energy wave
example of usage: an epidemic
has associated axiom(nl): every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002])
example of usage: the undetached arm of a human being

Axiom
annotated target: Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002])
annotated source: material entity
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/020-002

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002]
annotated source: material entity
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/019-002

Axiom
annotated target: every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002])
annotated source: material entity
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/021-002

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002]
annotated source: material entity
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/020-002

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002]
annotated source: material entity
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/021-002

Axiom
annotated target: A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002])
annotated source: material entity
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/019-002

continuant fiat boundary
type: Class
subclass of: immaterial entity
has associated axiom(fol): (iff (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ImmaterialEntity a) (exists (b) (and (or (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b)) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))) (not (exists (c t) (and (SpatialRegion c) (continuantPartOfAt c a t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [029-001]
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: In BFO 1.1 the assumption was made that the external surface of a material entity such as a cell could be treated as if it were a boundary in the mathematical sense. The new document propounds the view that when we talk about external surfaces of material objects in this way then we are talking about something fiat. To be dealt with in a future version: fiat boundaries at different levels of granularity.More generally, the focus in discussion of boundaries in BFO 2.0 is now on fiat boundaries, which means: boundaries for which there is no assumption that they coincide with physical discontinuities. The ontology of boundaries becomes more closely allied with the ontology of regions.
editor note: Continuant fiat boundary doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary and a one dimensional continuant fiat boundary that doesn't overlap it. The situation is analogous to temporal and spatial regions.
BFO CLIF specification label: ContinuantFiatBoundary
has associated axiom(nl): Every continuant fiat boundary is located at some spatial region at every time at which it exists
BFO OWL specification label: cf-boundary
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: a continuant fiat boundary is a boundary of some material entity (for example: the plane separating the Northern and Southern hemispheres; the North Pole), or it is a boundary of some immaterial entity (for example of some portion of airspace). Three basic kinds of continuant fiat boundary can be distinguished (together with various combination kinds [29
definition: b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001])

Axiom
annotated target: (iff (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ImmaterialEntity a) (exists (b) (and (or (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b)) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))) (not (exists (c t) (and (SpatialRegion c) (continuantPartOfAt c a t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [029-001]
annotated source: continuant fiat boundary
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/029-001

Axiom
annotated target: Continuant fiat boundary doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary and a one dimensional continuant fiat boundary that doesn't overlap it. The situation is analogous to temporal and spatial regions.
annotated source: continuant fiat boundary
annotated property: editor note
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000008

Axiom
annotated target: b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001])
annotated source: continuant fiat boundary
annotated property: definition
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/029-001

immaterial entity
type: Class
subclass of: independent continuant
BFO OWL specification label: immaterial
BFO CLIF specification label: ImmaterialEntity
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10

one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
type: Class
subclass of: continuant fiat boundary
BFO CLIF specification label: OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary
has associated axiom(fol): (iff (OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [032-001]
BFO OWL specification label: 1d-cf-boundary
example of usage: The Equator
elucidation: a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a continuous fiat line whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [032-001])
example of usage: all geopolitical boundaries
example of usage: all lines of latitude and longitude
example of usage: the line separating the outer surface of the mucosa of the lower lip from the outer surface of the skin of the chin.
example of usage: the median sulcus of your tongue

Axiom
annotated target: (iff (OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [032-001]
annotated source: one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/032-001

Axiom
annotated target: a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a continuous fiat line whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [032-001])
annotated source: one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/032-001

process profile
type: Class
subclass of: process
disjoint with: history
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x y) (if (processProfileOf x y) (and (properContinuantPartOf x y) (exists (z t) (and (properOccurrentPartOf z y) (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion y t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion z t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x) (occurrentPartOf w z))))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [094-005]
BFO CLIF specification label: ProcessProfile
example of usage: One important sub-family of rate process profiles is illustrated by the beat or frequency profiles of cyclical processes, illustrated by the 60 beats per minute beating process of John’s heart, or the 120 beats per minute drumming process involved in one of John’s performances in a rock band, and so on. Each such process includes what we shall call a beat process profile instance as part, a subtype of rate process profile in which the salient ratio is not distance covered but rather number of beat cycles per unit of time. Each beat process profile instance instantiates the determinable universal beat process profile. But it also instantiates multiple more specialized universals at lower levels of generality, selected from rate process profilebeat process profileregular beat process profile3 bpm beat process profile4 bpm beat process profileirregular beat process profileincreasing beat process profileand so on.In the case of a regular beat process profile, a rate can be assigned in the simplest possible fashion by dividing the number of cycles by the length of the temporal region occupied by the beating process profile as a whole. Irregular process profiles of this sort, for example as identified in the clinic, or in the readings on an aircraft instrument panel, are often of diagnostic significance.
example of usage: The simplest type of process profiles are what we shall call ‘quality process profiles’, which are the process profiles which serve as the foci of the sort of selective abstraction that is involved when measurements are made of changes in single qualities, as illustrated, for example, by process profiles of mass, temperature, aortic pressure, and so on.
BFO OWL specification label: process-profile
has associated axiom(fol): (iff (ProcessProfile a) (exists (b) (and (Process b) (processProfileOf a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [093-002]
example of usage: On a somewhat higher level of complexity are what we shall call rate process profiles, which are the targets of selective abstraction focused not on determinate quality magnitudes plotted over time, but rather on certain ratios between these magnitudes and elapsed times. A speed process profile, for example, is represented by a graph plotting against time the ratio of distance covered per unit of time. Since rates may change, and since such changes, too, may have rates of change, we have to deal here with a hierarchy of process profile universals at successive levels
definition: b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002])
elucidation: b process_profile_of c holds when b proper_occurrent_part_of c& there is some proper_occurrent_part d of c which has no parts in common with b & is mutually dependent on b& is such that b, c and d occupy the same temporal region (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [094-005])

Axiom
annotated target: b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002])
annotated source: process profile
annotated property: definition
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/093-002

Axiom
annotated target: (iff (ProcessProfile a) (exists (b) (and (Process b) (processProfileOf a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [093-002]
annotated source: process profile
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/093-002

Axiom
annotated target: b process_profile_of c holds when b proper_occurrent_part_of c& there is some proper_occurrent_part d of c which has no parts in common with b & is mutually dependent on b& is such that b, c and d occupy the same temporal region (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [094-005])
annotated source: process profile
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/094-005

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x y) (if (processProfileOf x y) (and (properContinuantPartOf x y) (exists (z t) (and (properOccurrentPartOf z y) (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion y t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion z t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x) (occurrentPartOf w z))))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [094-005]
annotated source: process profile
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/094-005

relational quality
type: Class
subclass of: quality
has associated axiom(fol): (iff (RelationalQuality a) (exists (b c t) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (IndependentContinuant c) (qualityOfAt a b t) (qualityOfAt a c t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [057-001]
example of usage: John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married.
BFO CLIF specification label: RelationalQuality
example of usage: a marriage bond, an instance of love, an obligation between one person and another.
BFO OWL specification label: r-quality
definition: b is a relational quality = Def. for some independent continuants c, d and for some time t: b quality_of c at t & b quality_of d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [057-001])

Axiom
annotated target: (iff (RelationalQuality a) (exists (b c t) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (IndependentContinuant c) (qualityOfAt a b t) (qualityOfAt a c t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [057-001]
annotated source: relational quality
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/057-001

Axiom
annotated target: b is a relational quality = Def. for some independent continuants c, d and for some time t: b quality_of c at t & b quality_of d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [057-001])
annotated source: relational quality
annotated property: definition
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/057-001

two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
type: Class
subclass of: continuant fiat boundary
BFO OWL specification label: 2d-cf-boundary
BFO CLIF specification label: TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary
has associated axiom(fol): (iff (TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [033-001]
elucidation: a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary (surface) is a self-connected fiat surface whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [033-001])

Axiom
annotated target: a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary (surface) is a self-connected fiat surface whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [033-001])
annotated source: two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/033-001

Axiom
annotated target: (iff (TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [033-001]
annotated source: two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/033-001

zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
type: Class
subclass of: continuant fiat boundary
has associated axiom(fol): (iff (ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [031-001]
BFO OWL specification label: 0d-cf-boundary
BFO CLIF specification label: ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary
elucidation: a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a fiat point whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [031-001])
example of usage: the geographic North Pole
example of usage: the point of origin of some spatial coordinate system.
example of usage: the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet
editor note: zero dimension continuant fiat boundaries are not spatial points. Considering the example 'the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet' : There are many frames in which that point is zooming through many points in space. Whereas, no matter what the frame, the quadripoint is always in the same relation to the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona.

Axiom
annotated target: a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a fiat point whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [031-001])
annotated source: zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/031-001

Axiom
comment: requested by Melanie Courtot
annotated target: zero dimension continuant fiat boundaries are not spatial points. Considering the example 'the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet' : There are many frames in which that point is zooming through many points in space. Whereas, no matter what the frame, the quadripoint is always in the same relation to the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona.
annotated source: zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
annotated property: editor note
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000001

Axiom
annotated target: (iff (ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [031-001]
annotated source: zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/031-001

zero-dimensional temporal region
type: Class
subclass of: temporal region
BFO OWL specification label: 0d-t-region
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [102-001]
elucidation: A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is without extent. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [102-001])
BFO CLIF specification label: ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion
example of usage: a temporal region that is occupied by a process boundary
example of usage: right now
alternative term: temporal instant.
example of usage: the moment at which a child is born
example of usage: the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident
example of usage: the moment of death.

Axiom
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [102-001]
annotated source: zero-dimensional temporal region
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/102-001

Axiom
annotated target: A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is without extent. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [102-001])
annotated source: zero-dimensional temporal region
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/102-001

history
type: Class
subclass of: process
elucidation: A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by a material entity or site, including processes on the surface of the entity or within the cavities to which it serves as host. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [138-001])
BFO CLIF specification label: History
BFO OWL specification label: history

Axiom
annotated target: A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by a material entity or site, including processes on the surface of the entity or within the cavities to which it serves as host. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [138-001])
annotated source: history
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/138-001

geographic location
type: Class
subclass of: site
definition: A reference to a place on the Earth, by its name or by its geographical location.
editor preferred term: geographic location
type: NamedIndividual

conditional specification
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
definition source: OBI branch derived
definition source: OBI_0000349
term editor: PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch
definition: a directive information entity that specifies what should happen if the trigger condition is fulfilled
editor preferred term: conditional specification
has curation status: metadata complete

measurement unit label
type: Class
subclass of: datum label
editor note: 2009-03-16: provenance: a term measurement unit was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000176) , edited by Chris Stoeckert and Cristian Cocos, and subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definition of this, different, term.
editor note: 2009-03-16: review of this term done during during the OBI workshop winter 2009 and the current definition was considered acceptable for use in OBI. If there is a need to modify this definition please notify OBI.
definition: A measurement unit label is as a label that is part of a scalar measurement datum and denotes a unit of measure.
example of usage: Examples of measurement unit labels are liters, inches, weight per volume.
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
editor preferred term: measurement unit label
has curation status: pending final vetting

objective specification
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
editor note: 2009-03-16: original definition when imported from OBI read: "objective is an non realizable information entity which can serve as that proper part of a plan towards which the realization of the plan is directed."
editor note: 2014-03-31: In the example of usage ("In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction") there is a protocol which is the ChIP assay protocol. In addition to being concretized on paper, the protocol can be concretized as a realizable entity, such as a plan that inheres in a person. The objective specification is the part that says that some protein and DNA interactions are identified. This is a specification of a process endpoint: the boundary in the process before which they are not identified and after which they are. During the realization of the plan, the goal is to get to the point of having the interactions, and participants in the realization of the plan try to do that.
editor note: Answers the question, why did you do this experiment?
example of usage: In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction.
definition source: OBI Plan and Planned Process/Roles Branch
definition source: OBI_0000217
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Barry Smith
term editor: PERSON: Bjoern Peters
term editor: PERSON: Jennifer Fostel
definition: a directive information entity that describes an intended process endpoint. When part of a plan specification the concretization is realized in a planned process in which the bearer tries to effect the world so that the process endpoint is achieved.
alternative term: goal specification
editor preferred term: objective specification
has curation status: ready for release

narrative object
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
editor note: 2009-08-10 Alan Ruttenberg: Larry Hunter suggests that this be obsoleted and replaced by 'textual entity' and 'figure'. Alan restored as there are OBI dependencies and this merits further discussion
definition: A narrative object is an information content entity that is a set of propositions.
example of usage: Examples of narrative objects are reports, journal articles, and patents submission.
definition source: OBI_0000013
editor note: agree - DENRIE. Issue(alan) do we only mean text? What about a story told by mime. Does music count? (no) what about an oral report. Regarding definition, saying it is a set of propositions means we loose the idea that wording matters. Maybe adjust saying a narrative object has some relationshop to a set of propositions
definition source: group:OBI
editor preferred term: narrative object
term editor: person:Chris Stoeckert
has curation status: metadata incomplete

action specification
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: OBI Plan and Planned Process branch
example of usage: Pour the contents of flask 1 into flask 2
definition: a directive information entity that describes an action the bearer will take
has curation status: ready for release

obsolete_artifact
type: Class
subclass of: Obsolete Class
deprecated: true
has obsolescence reason: failed exploratory term

datum label
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
curator note: 9/22/11 BP: changed the rdfs:label for this class from 'label' to 'datum label' to convey that this class is not intended to cover all kinds of labels (stickers, radiolabels, etc.), and not even all kind of textual labels, but rather the kind of labels occuring in a datum.
definition: A label is a symbol that is part of some other datum and is used to either partially define the denotation of that datum or to provide a means for identifying the datum as a member of the set of data with the same label
term editor: GROUP: IAO
editor preferred term: datum label
editor note: http://www.golovchenko.org/cgi-bin/wnsearch#4n
has curation status: metadata incomplete

software
type: Class
subclass of: plan specification
definition source: GROUP: OBI
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Bjoern Peters
term editor: PERSON: Chris Stoeckert
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
definition: Software is a plan specification composed of a series of instructions that can be interpreted by or directly executed by a processing unit.
editor note: see sourceforge tracker discussion at http://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=1958818&group_id=177891&atid=886178
editor preferred term: software
has curation status: metadata complete

obsolete2_digital entity
type: Class
subclass of: Obsolete Class
definition source: OBI_0000261
deprecated: true
editor note: 3/22/2009 Alan Ruttenberg, obsoleted per http://groups.google.com/group/information-ontology/browse_thread/thread/789ad4b7708d5cf4 Superclass was 'digitial quality'
definition: A digital entity is an information entity which is a collection of bits that can be interpreted by a computer. Two digital entities are the same if they are bitwise identical.
definition source: group:OBI
editor preferred term: obsolete_digital entity
term editor: person:Chris Stoeckert
has obsolescence reason: failed exploratory term

journal article
type: Class
subclass of: report
example of usage: Examples are articles published in the journals, Nature and Science. The content can often be cited by reference to a paper based encoding, e.g. Authors, Title of article, Journal name, date or year of publication, volume and page number.
definition source: OBI_0000159
definition: a report that is published in a journal
definition source: group:OBI
editor preferred term: journal article
term editor: person:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: person:Chris Stoeckert
has curation status: metadata complete

information carrier
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: quality
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: concretizes
    some values from: information content entity
subclass of: quality
editor note: 12/15/09: There is a concern that some ways that carry information may be processes rather than qualities, such as in a 'delayed wave carrier'.
editor note: 2014-03-10: We are not certain that all information carriers are qualities. There was a discussion of dropping it.
definition: A quality of an information bearer that imparts the information content
example of usage: In the case of a printed paperback novel the physicality of the ink and of the paper form part of the information bearer. The qualities of appearing black and having a certain pattern for the ink and appearing white for the paper form part of the information carrier in this case.
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy
editor preferred term: information carrier
has curation status: pending final vetting

model number
type: Class
subclass of: symbol
definition: A model number is an information content entity specifically borne by catalogs, design specifications, advertising materials, inventory systems and similar that is about manufactured objects of the same class. The model number is an alternative term for the class. The manufactered objects may or may not also bear the model number. Model numbers can be encoded in a variety of other information objects, such as bar codes, numerals, or patterns of dots.
term editor: Person: Alan Ruttenberg
editor note: manufactered items may have more than one model number, sometimes by rebranding, or because companies are sold and the products issued new model numbers
editor preferred term: model number
has curation status: pending final vetting

obsolete_material_entity
type: Class
subclass of: Obsolete Class
deprecated: true
has obsolescence reason: placeholder removed

obsolete2_binary digital entity
type: Class
subclass of: Obsolete Class
definition source: OBI_0000244
deprecated: true
editor note: 3/22/2009 Alan Ruttenberg, obsoleted per http://groups.google.com/group/information-ontology/browse_thread/thread/789ad4b7708d5cf4 Superclass was 'digital entity'
definition: A binary digital entity is a digital entity that is encoded in a way that is not easily human readable and that contains other than text characters.
example of usage: MS Word document, ZIP file, DICOM file, JPEG file
editor preferred term: binary digital entity
editor note: digital_entity
definition source: group:OBI
term editor: person:Chris Stoeckert
has obsolescence reason: failed exploratory term

obsolete_unit of measure
type: Class
subclass of: Obsolete Class
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy
example of usage: The length of a ruler.
definition: a unit of measure is the quality of some material entity compared to which another quality is some multiple of.
deprecated: true
has obsolescence reason: failed exploratory term

programming language
type: Class
subclass of: plan specification
definition: A language in which source code is written that is intended to be executed/run by a software interpreter. Programming languages are ways to write instructions that specify what to do, and sometimes, how to do it.
definition source: OBI_0000058
example of usage: R, Perl, Java
definition source: group:OBI
term editor: person:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: person:Chris Stoeckert
editor preferred term: programming language
has curation status: metadata complete

data item
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
editor note: 2/2/2009 Alan and Bjoern discussing FACS run output data. This is a data item because it is about the cell population. Each element records an event and is typically further composed a set of measurment data items that record the fluorescent intensity stimulated by one of the lasers.
editor note: 2014-03-31: See discussion at http://odontomachus.wordpress.com/2014/03/30/aboutness-objects-propositions/
editor note: 2009-03-16: data item deliberatly ambiguous: we merged data set and datum to be one entity, not knowing how to define singular versus plural. So data item is more general than datum.
editor note: 2009-03-16: removed datum as alternative term as datum specifically refers to singular form, and is thus not an exact synonym.
example of usage: Data items include counts of things, analyte concentrations, and statistical summaries.
editor note: JAR: datum -- well, this will be very tricky to define, but maybe some information-like stuff that might be put into a computer and that is meant, by someone, to denote and/or to be interpreted by some process... I would include lists, tables, sentences... I think I might defer to Barry, or to Brian Cantwell Smith JAR: A data item is an approximately justified approximately true approximate belief
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Chris Stoeckert
term editor: PERSON: Jonathan Rees
definition: a data item is an information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements.
alternative term: data
editor preferred term: data item
has curation status: pending final vetting

symbol
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
editor note: 20091104, MC: this needs work and will most probably change
editor note: 2014-03-31: We would like to have a deeper analysis of 'mark' and 'sign' in the future (see https://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail?id=154).
definition: An information content entity that is a mark(s) or character(s) used as a conventional representation of another entity.
term editor: PERSON: James A. Overton
term editor: PERSON: Jonathan Rees
example of usage: a serial number such as "12324X"
example of usage: a stop sign
example of usage: a written proper name such as "OBI"
definition source: based on Oxford English Dictionary
editor preferred term: symbol
has curation status: pending final vetting

numeral
type: Class
subclass of: symbol
definition: A symbol that denotes a number.
term editor: PERSON: Jonathan Rees
editor preferred term: numeral
has curation status: metadata incomplete

information content entity
type: Class
subclass of: generically dependent continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: entity
editor note: 2014-03-10: The use of "thing" is intended to be general enough to include universals and configurations (see https://groups.google.com/d/msg/information-ontology/GBxvYZCk1oc/-L6B5fSBBTQJ).
definition: A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing.
example of usage: Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs.
definition source: OBI_0000142
term editor: PERSON: Chris Stoeckert
editor preferred term: information content entity
editor note: information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some digital_entity in obi before split (040907). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some physical_document in obi before split (040907). Previous. An information content entity is a non-realizable information entity that 'is encoded in' some digital or physical entity.
has curation status: ready for release

integer numeral
type: Class
subclass of: numeral
term editor: PERSON: Jonathan Rees
definition: a numeral that denotes an integer
editor preferred term: integer numeral
has curation status: metadata incomplete

scalar measurement datum
type: Class
subclass of: measurement datum
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has measurement value
  min cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has measurement unit label
  min cardinality: 1
example of usage: 10 feet. 3 ml.
editor note: 2009-03-16: we decided to keep datum singular in scalar measurement datum, as in this case we explicitly refer to the singular form
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
editor note: Would write this as: has_part some 'measurement unit label' and has_part some numeral and has_part exactly 2, except for the fact that this won't let us take advantage of OWL reasoning over the numbers. Instead use has measurment value property to represent the same. Use has measurement unit label (subproperty of has_part) so we can easily say that there is only one of them.
definition: a scalar measurement datum is a measurement datum that is composed of two parts, numerals and a unit label.
has curation status: metadata complete

directive information entity
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: realizable entity
editor note: 2009-03-16: provenance: a term realizable information entity was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000337) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was "is the specification of a process that can be concretized and realized by an actor" with alternative term "instruction".It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term.
editor note: 2013-05-30 Alan Ruttenberg: What differentiates a directive information entity from an information concretization is that it can have concretizations that are either qualities or realizable entities. The concretizations that are realizable entities are created when an individual chooses to take up the direction, i.e. has the intention to (try to) realize it.
editor note: 8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: Changed label from "information entity about a realizable" after discussions at ICBO
definition: An information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process.
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Bjoern Peters
editor note: Werner pushed back on calling it realizable information entity as it isn't realizable. However this name isn't right either. An example would be a recipe. The realizable entity would be a plan, but the information entity isn't about the plan, it, once concretized, *is* the plan. -Alan
has curation status: ready for release

time trigger
type: Class
subclass of: conditional specification
definition source: OBI branch derived
definition source: OBI_0000331
term editor: PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch
definition: revisit?
editor preferred term: time trigger
has curation status: uncurated

obsolete_study interpretation
type: Class
subclass of: Obsolete Class
editor note: 2009-03-16: definition was "A conclusion is a narrative object which can be published in a paper summerizing and interpreting a protocol application."
editor note: 2009-03-16: work has been done on this term during during the OBI workshop winter 2009 and the current definition was considered acceptable for use in OBI. If there is a need to modify this definition please notify OBI.
definition source: OBI_0000005
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
alternative term: conclusion
deprecated: true
definition: A study interpretation is a textual entity about the implications of a study result. Examples include discussion of whether a hypothesis is false, whether the study failed to address the hypothesis, and whether the study results have led to new hypotheses
term editor: Lawrence Hunter
term editor: PERSON: Jennifer Fostel
editor note: The obsoleting of narrative object required a modest change in the definition of this term. Circularity with "interpretation... interprets" has been removed, using "about the implications" instead.
editor preferred term: obsolete_study interpretation
has obsolescence reason: failed exploratory term
has curation status: pending final vetting

dot plot
type: Class
subclass of: graph
definition: A dot plot is a report graph which is a graphical representation of data where each data point is represented by a single dot placed on coordinates corresponding to data point values in particular dimensions.
example of usage: Dot plot of SSC-H and FSC-H.
definition source: OBI_0000123
editor preferred term: dot plot
definition source: group:OBI
term editor: person:Allyson Lister
term editor: person:Chris Stoeckert
has curation status: example to be eventually removed

graph
type: Class
subclass of: diagram
definition: A diagram that presents one or more tuples of information by mapping those tuples in to a two dimensional space in a non arbitrary way.
definition source: OBI_0000240
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
editor preferred term: graph
definition source: group:OBI
term editor: person:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: person:Allyson Lister
has curation status: pending final vetting

obsolete2_text based digital entity
type: Class
subclass of: Obsolete Class
definition source: OBI_0000132
definition source: group:OBI
deprecated: true
editor note: 3/22/2009 Alan Ruttenberg, obsoleted per http://groups.google.com/group/information-ontology/browse_thread/thread/789ad4b7708d5cf4 superclass was 'digital document'
definition: A text based digital entity is a digital entity that is encoded so that it only contains text characters.
example of usage: XML file, C++ source code file
editor note: digital_entity
term editor: person:Chris Stoeckert
editor preferred term: text based digital entity
has obsolescence reason: failed exploratory term

rule
type: Class
subclass of: conditional specification
editor note: MSI
definition source: OBI_0500021
definition source: PRS
term editor: PRS
definition: a rule is an executable which guides, defines, restricts actions
example of usage: example to be added
editor preferred term: rule
has curation status: metadata incomplete

contour plot
type: Class
subclass of: graph
example of usage: Contour plot of SSC-H, FSC-H, and FL1-H.
definition source: OBI_0000246
editor preferred term: contour plot
editor note: generically_dependent_continuants
definition source: group:Flow Cytometry community
term editor: person:Allyson Lister
term editor: person:Chris Stoeckert
has curation status: example to be eventually removed

obsolete2_report figure
type: Class
subclass of: Obsolete Class
definition source: OBI_0000027
deprecated: true
definition: A report figure is a report display element that has some aspect of illustration, but may be a composite of figures, images, and other elements
editor note: I prepended the 'report ' to make it clear that we mean parts of reports here. We may want a more generic version of 'figure', in which case this would become a defined class - figure and part_of some report
editor note: Replaced by defined version of figure
definition source: group:OBI
term editor: person:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: person:Allyson Lister
editor preferred term: report figure
has obsolescence reason: failed exploratory term
has curation status: uncurated

algorithm
type: Class
subclass of: plan specification
definition: A plan specification which describes the inputs and output of mathematical functions as well as workflow of execution for achieving an predefined objective. Algorithms are realized usually by means of implementation as computer programs for execution by automata.
definition source: OBI_0000270
example of usage: PMID: 18378114.Genomics. 2008 Mar 28. LINKGEN: A new algorithm to process data in genetic linkage studies.
term editor: Philippe Rocca-Serra
term editor: PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch
definition source: adapted from discussion on OBI list (Matthew Pocock, Christian Cocos, Alan Ruttenberg)
editor preferred term: algorithm
has curation status: metadata complete

software interpreter
type: Class
subclass of: algorithm
definition: A software interpreter is a software application that executes some specified input software.
editor note: Do we care? Jennifer: Yes, there was a particular version of R that had a bug and it was fixed later. That would imply that we mean specific version of an interpreter. So an instance of this would be a particular version of the interpreter
definition source: OBI_0000199
example of usage: R program, Perl interpreter, Java virtual machine
definition source: group:OBI
term editor: person:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: person:Chris Stoeckert
editor preferred term: software interpreter
has curation status: metadata complete

curation status specification
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: uncurated
  one of: pending final vetting
  one of: to be replaced with external ontology term
  one of: ready for release
  one of: metadata incomplete
  one of: metadata complete
  one of: requires discussion
  one of: organizational term
  one of: example to be eventually removed
subclass of: data about an ontology part
editor note: Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting)
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
definition source: OBI_0000266
term editor: PERSON:Bill Bug
definition: The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
editor preferred term: curation status specification
has curation status: pending final vetting

density plot
type: Class
subclass of: graph
definition: A density plot is a report graph which is a graphical representation of data where the tint of a particular pixel corresponds to some kind of function corresponding the the amount of data points relativelly with their distance from the the pixel.
example of usage: Density plot of SSC-H and FSC-H.
definition source: OBI_0000179
editor preferred term: density plot
definition source: group:Flow Cytometry community
term editor: person:Allyson Lister
term editor: person:Chris Stoeckert
has curation status: example to be eventually removed

report
type: Class
subclass of: document
editor note: 2009-03-16: comment from Darren Natale: I am slightly uneasy with the sentence "Topic of the report is on something that has completed." Should it be restricted to those things that are completed? For example, a progress report is (usually) about something that definitely has *not* been completed, or may include (only) projections. I think the definition would not suffer if the whole sentence is deleted.
editor note: 2009-03-16: this was report of results with definition: A report is a narrative object that is a formal statement of the results of an investigation, or of any matter on which definite information is required, made by some person or body instructed or required to do so.
editor note: 2009-03-16: work has been done on this term during during the OBI workshop winter 2009 and the current definition was considered acceptable for use in OBI. If there is a need to modify this definition please notify OBI.
editor note: 2009-08-10 Alan Ruttenberg: Larry Hunter suggests that this be obsoleted and replaced by 'document'. Alan restored as there are OBI dependencies and this merits further discussion
example of usage: Examples of reports are gene lists and investigation reports. These are not published (journal) articles but may be included in a journal article.
definition source: GROUP: OBI
definition source: OBI_0000099
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
term editor: PERSON:Chris Stoeckert
definition: a document assembled by an author for the purpose of providing information for the audience. A report is the output of a documenting process and has the objective to be consumed by a specific audience. Topic of the report is on something that has completed. A report is not a single figure. Examples of reports are journal article, patent application, grant progress report, case report (not patient record)
editor note: disagreement about where reports go. alan: only some gene lists are reports. Is a report all the content of some document? The example of usage suggests that a report may be part of some article. Term needs clarification
editor preferred term: report
has curation status: pending final vetting

obsolete_report element
type: Class
subclass of: Obsolete Class
editor note: 2009-03-16: needs some more work (clarify relations).
editor note: 2009-03-16: was report display element with definition: A report display element is a narrative object that is part of a report. Report display elements are set off from the textual parts of a report and are typically given a label(e.g. Figure 2) which is used to refer to the element from the text. Typically the 2d layout is part of the identity of such elements.
editor note: 2009-03-16: work has been done on this term during during the OBI workshop winter 2009 and the current definition was considered acceptable for use in OBI. If there is a need to modify this definition please notify OBI.
editor note: 2009-08-10 Alan Ruttenberg: Larry Hunter suggests that this be obsoleted and replaced by 'textual entity' and 'figure'. Alan restored as there are OBI dependencies and this merits further discussion
definition source: OBI_0000001
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
editor note: Replaced by textual entity and figure
deprecated: true
definition: A report element is a narrative object in which information is presented and consumed by a human being, and is part of a report. Examples of report elements are figure (dot plot), table, text portion (may include a movie or audio clip on a web page).
definition source: GROUP:OBI
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Allyson Lister
editor note: There will be some issue here about whether these are defined classes. As intended these are meant to denote the parts of the report that are not textual but are typically boxed and set within the text, labelled with some identifier, and referred to in the text
editor preferred term: report element
has obsolescence reason: failed exploratory term
has curation status: metadata complete

obsolete2_binary executable
type: Class
subclass of: Obsolete Class
definition source: OBI_0000222
deprecated: true
editor note: 3/22/2009 Alan Ruttenberg, obsoleted per http://groups.google.com/group/information-ontology/browse_thread/thread/789ad4b7708d5cf4 superclass was 'digital entity'
definition: Binary executable is a digital entity consisting of the binary representation of machine instructions of a specific processor or they may be binary pseudocode for a virtual machine. A non-source executable file is also called an object program. It is assumed that the binary executable file contains properly-formatted computer instructions. (derived from Wikipedia, Nov 1, 2007)
editor preferred term: binary executable
definition source: group:OBI
term editor: person:Jennifer Fostel
has obsolescence reason: failed exploratory term

source code module
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
definition: A source code module is a directive information entity that specifies, using a programming language, some algorithm.
definition source: OBI_0000039
example of usage: The written source code that implements part of an algorithm. Test - if you know that it was written in a specific language, then it can be source code module. We mean here, roughly, the wording of a document such as a perl script.
definition source: group:OBI
term editor: person:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: person:Chris Stoeckert
editor preferred term: source code module
has curation status: metadata incomplete

obsolete_report table
type: Class
subclass of: Obsolete Class
editor note: 2009-08-10 Alan Ruttenberg: Larry Hunter suggests that this be obsoleted and replaced by 'textual entity table'. Alan restored as there are OBI dependencies and this merits further discussion
definition source: OBI_0000265
deprecated: true
definition: A report table is a report display element consisting of a matrix of cells layed out in a grid, some set of which are filled with some information content
definition source: group:OBI
term editor: person:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: person:Allyson Lister
editor preferred term: report table
has curation status: example to be eventually removed
has obsolescence reason: failed exploratory term

data format specification
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
editor note: 2009-03-16: provenance: term imported from OBI_0000187, which had original definition "A data format specification is a plan which organizes information. Example: The ISO document specifying what encompasses an XML document; The instructions in a XSD file"
definition: A data format specification is the information content borne by the document published defining the specification. Example: The ISO document specifying what encompasses an XML document; The instructions in a XSD file
definition source: OBI branch derived
definition source: OBI_0000187
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch
editor preferred term: data format specification
has curation status: metadata incomplete

data set
type: Class
subclass of: data item
editor note: 2009/10/23 Alan Ruttenberg. The intention is that this term represent collections of like data. So this isn't for, e.g. the whole contents of a cel file, which includes parameters, metadata etc. This is more like java arrays of a certain rather specific type
editor note: 2014-05-05: Data sets are aggregates and thus must include two or more data items. We have chosen not to add logical axioms to make this restriction.
definition: A data item that is an aggregate of other data items of the same type that have something in common. Averages and distributions can be determined for data sets.
example of usage: Intensity values in a CEL file or from multiple CEL files comprise a data set (as opposed to the CEL files themselves).
definition source: OBI_0000042
editor preferred term: data set
definition source: group:OBI
term editor: person:Allyson Lister
term editor: person:Chris Stoeckert
has curation status: pending final vetting

image
type: Class
subclass of: figure
definition: An image is an affine projection to a two dimensional surface, of measurements of some quality of an entity or entities repeated at regular intervals across a spatial range, where the measurements are represented as color and luminosity on the projected on surface.
definition source: OBI_0000030
definition source: group:OBI
editor preferred term: image
term editor: person:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: person:Allyson
term editor: person:Chris Stoeckert
has curation status: ready for release

data about an ontology part
type: Class
subclass of: data item
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
definition: data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term

plan specification
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: objective specification
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: action specification
comment: 2/3/2009 Comment from OBI review. Action specification not well enough specified. Conditional specification not well enough specified. Question whether all plan specifications have objective specifications. Request that IAO either clarify these or change definitions not to use them
editor note: 2009-03-16: provenance: a term a plan was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000344) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was " a plan is a specification of a process that is realized by an actor to achieve the objective specified as part of the plan". It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term.
editor note: 2014-03-31: A plan specification can have other parts, such as conditional specifications.
definition: A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts that, when concretized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
editor note: Alternative previous definition: a plan is a set of instructions that specify how an objective should be achieved
definition source: OBI Plan and Planned Process branch
definition source: OBI_0000344
example of usage: PMID: 18323827.Nat Med. 2008 Mar;14(3):226.New plan proposed to help resolve conflicting medical advice.
editor preferred term: plan specification
has curation status: ready for release

obsolete2_digital document
type: Class
subclass of: Obsolete Class
definition source: OBI_0000195
deprecated: true
editor note: 3/22/2009 Alan Ruttenberg, obsoleted per http://groups.google.com/group/information-ontology/browse_thread/thread/789ad4b7708d5cf4 superclass was 'digial entity'
definition: A digital document is a digital entity consisting of an electronic file which can be rendered into human-readable form by one or more computational applications. The digital document does not refer to the information content of the document but to an instance of the file.
editor preferred term: digital document
definition source: group:OBI
term editor: person:Jennifer Fostel
has obsolescence reason: failed exploratory term

measurement datum
type: Class
subclass of: data item
editor note: 2/2/2009 is_specified_output of some assay?
definition: A measurement datum is an information content entity that is a recording of the output of a measurement such as produced by a device.
example of usage: Examples of measurement data are the recoding of the weight of a mouse as {40,mass,"grams"}, the recording of an observation of the behavior of the mouse {,process,"agitated"}, the recording of the expression level of a gene as measured through the process of microarray experiment {3.4,luminosity,}.
definition source: OBI_0000305
definition source: group:OBI
editor preferred term: measurement datum
term editor: person:Chris Stoeckert
has curation status: pending final vetting

obsolete_identifier
type: Class
subclass of: Obsolete Class
editor note: _identifier is a container under information content entity for collecting types of terms to indicate a specific instance or clas of what was used or participated in an investigation. Identifiers are borne by a product or its packaging, and can be encoded in a variety of other information objects, such as bar codes, numerals, or patterns of dots. Note: everybody agreed that identifier is probably a too general term. We however felt that it would be appropriate to group "identifiying" terms under some kind of umbrella. We therefore propose to use _identifier for that purpose. As per OBI conventions, the _ prefixing identifier indicates that this is a helper class and shouldn't be considered as final.
deprecated: true
has curation status: organizational term
has obsolescence reason: placeholder removed

version number
type: Class
subclass of: symbol
definition: A version number is an information content entity which is a sequence of characters borne by part of each of a class of manufactured products or its packaging and indicates its order within a set of other products having the same name.
term editor: GROUP: IAO
editor note: Note: we feel that at the moment we are happy with a general version number, and that we will subclass as needed in the future. For example, see 7. genome sequence version
editor preferred term: version number
has curation status: metadata incomplete

serial number
type: Class
subclass of: symbol
definition: A serial number is an information content entity which is a unique sequence of characters borne by part of manufactured product or its packaging that is assigned to each individual in some class of products, and so can serve as a way to identify an individual product within the class. Serial numbers can be encoded in a variety of other information objects, such as bar codes, numerals, or patterns of dots.
term editor: GROUP: IAO
editor note: Note: during the call there was some confusion between serial number and model number. We agreed that it would be very helpful for all those terms to have example of usages - please add if you have any :-)
editor preferred term: serial number
has curation status: metadata incomplete

lot number
type: Class
subclass of: symbol
definition: A lot number is an information content entity which is an identical sequence of character borne by part of manufactured product or its packaging for each instances of a product class in a discrete batch of an item. Lot numbers are usually assigned to each separate production run of an item. Manufacturing as a lot might be due to a variety of reasons, for example, a single process during which many individuals are made from the same portion of source material. Lot numbers can be encoded in a pattern of other information objects, such as bar codes, numerals, or patterns of dots.
term editor: GROUP: IAO
alternative term: batch number
editor preferred term: lot number
has curation status: metadata incomplete

setting datum
type: Class
subclass of: data item
editor note: 2/3/2009 Feedback from OBI This should be a "setting specification". There is a question of whether it is information about a realizable or not. Pro other specification are about realizables. Cons sometimes specifies a quality which is not a realizable.
definition: A settings datum is a datum that denotes some configuration of an instrument.
editor note: Alan grouped these in placeholder for the moment. Name by analogy to measurement datum.
has curation status: metadata incomplete

obsolete_digital quality
type: Class
subclass of: Obsolete Class
editor note: Need to rework digital entity. Digital quality was suggested by Barry.
deprecated: true
editor note: 3/22/2009 Alan Ruttenberg, obsoleted per http://groups.google.com/group/information-ontology/browse_thread/thread/789ad4b7708d5cf4
has obsolescence reason: failed exploratory term

conclusion textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
editor note: 2009/09/28 Alan Ruttenberg. Fucoidan-use-case
editor note: 2009/10/23 Alan Ruttenberg: We need to work on the definition still
definition: A textual entity that expresses the results of reasoning about a problem, for instance as typically found towards the end of scientific papers.
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
editor preferred term: conclusion textual entity
example of usage: that fucoidan has a small statistically significant effect on AT3 level but no useful clinical effect as in-vivo anticoagulant, a paraphrase of part of the last paragraph of the discussion section of the paper 'Pilot clinical study to evaluate the anticoagulant activity of fucoidan', by Lowenthal et. al.PMID:19696660
has curation status: metadata complete

material information bearer
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: material entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: bearer of
    some values from: Restriction
      on property: concretizes
      some values from: information content entity
subclass of: material entity
definition: A material entity in which a concretization of an information content entity inheres.
example of usage: A page of a paperback novel with writing on it. The paper itself is a material information bearer, the pattern of ink is the information carrier.
term editor: GROUP: IAO
example of usage: a brain
example of usage: a hard drive
editor preferred term: material information bearer
has curation status: ready for release

histogram
type: Class
subclass of: graph
definition: A histogram is a report graph which is a statistical description of a distribution in terms of occurrence frequencies of different event classes.
definition source: GROUP:OBI
term editor: PERSON:Chris Stoeckert
term editor: PERSON:James Malone
term editor: PERSON:Melanie Courtot
editor preferred term: histogram
has curation status: ready for release

heatmap
type: Class
subclass of: graph
definition: A heatmap is a report graph which is a graphical representation of data where the values taken by a variable(s) are shown as colors in a two-dimensional map.
definition source: GROUP:OBI
term editor: PERSON:Chris Stoeckert
term editor: PERSON:James Malone
term editor: PERSON:Melanie Courtot
editor preferred term: heatmap
has curation status: ready for release

Venn diagram
type: Class
subclass of: graph
definition: A Venn diagram is a report graph showing all hypothetically possible logical relations between a finite collection of sets.
term editor: PERSON:Chris Stoeckert
term editor: PERSON:James Malone
term editor: PERSON:Melanie Courtot
editor preferred term: Venn diagram
definition source: WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venn_diagram
has curation status: ready for release

obsolete_survival curve
type: Class
subclass of: Obsolete Class
deprecated: true
definition: A survival curve is a report graph which is a graphical representation of data where the percentage of survival is plotted as a function of time.
term editor: PERSON:Chris Stoeckert
term editor: PERSON:James Malone
term editor: PERSON:Melanie Courtot
definition source: WEB: http://www.graphpad.com/www/book/survive.htm
editor preferred term: obsolete_survival curve
has obsolescence reason: failed exploratory term
has curation status: ready for release

dendrogram
type: Class
subclass of: graph
definition: A dendrogram is a report graph which is a tree diagram frequently used to illustrate the arrangement of the clusters produced by a clustering algorithm.
example of usage: Dendrograms are often used in computational biology to illustrate the clustering of genes.
term editor: PERSON:Chris Stoeckert
term editor: PERSON:James Malone
term editor: PERSON:Melanie Courtot
definition source: WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrogram
editor preferred term: dendrogram
has curation status: ready for release

scatter plot
type: Class
subclass of: graph
definition: A scatterplot is a graph which uses Cartesian coordinates to display values for two variables for a set of data. The data is displayed as a collection of points, each having the value of one variable determining the position on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable determining the position on the vertical axis.
example of usage: Comparison of gene expression values in two samples can be displayed in a scatter plot
term editor: PERSON:Chris Stoeckert
term editor: PERSON:James Malone
term editor: PERSON:Melanie Courtot
definition source: WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatterplot
editor preferred term: scatter plot
alternative term: scattergraph
has curation status: ready for release

photograph
type: Class
subclass of: image
definition: A photograph is created by projecting an image onto a photosensitive surface such as a chemically treated plate or film, CCD receptor, etc.
term editor: PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON:Joanne Luciano
term editor: PERSON:Melanie Courtot
definition source: WEB: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/photograph
has curation status: ready for release

photographic print
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: material entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: bearer of
    some values from: Restriction
      on property: concretizes
      some values from: photograph
subclass of: material information bearer
definition: A photographic print is a material entity upon which a photograph generically depends.
term editor: PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON:Melanie Courtot
editor preferred term: photographic print
has curation status: pending final vetting

obsolescence reason specification
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: terms merged
  one of: term imported
  one of: placeholder removed
  one of: failed exploratory term
  one of: term split
subclass of: data about an ontology part
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
editor note: The creation of this class has been inspired in part by Werner Ceusters' paper, Applying evolutionary terminology auditing to the Gene Ontology.
definition: The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
editor preferred term: obsolescence reason specification
has curation status: pending final vetting

textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
definition: A textual entity is a part of a manifestation (FRBR sense), a generically dependent continuant whose concretizations are patterns of glyphs intended to be interpreted as words, formulas, etc.
editor note: AR, (IAO call 2009-09-01): a document as a whole is not typically a textual entity, because it has pictures in it - rather there are parts of it that are textual entities. Examples: The title, paragraph 2 sentence 7, etc.
editor note: MC, 2009-09-14 (following IAO call 2009-09-01): textual entities live at the FRBR (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_Requirements_for_Bibliographic_Records) manifestation level. Everything is significant: line break, pdf and html versions of same document are different textual entities.
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
example of usage: Words, sentences, paragraphs, and the written (non-figure) parts of publications are all textual entities
alternative term: text
editor preferred term: textual entity
has curation status: metadata incomplete

citation
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: document
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
example of usage: Verspoor, K., Cohen, KB., Hunter, L. Textual characteristics of traditional and Open Access scientific journals are similar, BMC Bioinformatics 2009, 10:183.
definition: a textual entity intended to identify a particular publication
editor preferred term: citation
has curation status: pending final vetting

author identification
type: Class
subclass of: written name
definition: A textual entity intended to identify a particular author
example of usage: L. Hunter
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
editor preferred term: author identification
has curation status: pending final vetting

institutional identification
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
definition: A textual entity intended to identify a particular institution
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
example of usage: University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine
editor preferred term: institutional identification
has curation status: pending final vetting

caption
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: figure
definition: A textual entity that describes a figure
example of usage: Figure 1: A system diagram describing the modules of the Hanalyzer. Reading methods (green) take external sources of knowledge (blue) and extract information from them, either by parsing structured data or biomedical language processing to extract information from unstructured data. Reading modules are responsible for tracking the provenance of all knowledge. Reasoning methods (yellow) enrich the knowledge that results from reading by, for example, noting two genes that are annotated to the same ontology term or database entry. All knowledge sources, read or reasoned, are assigned a reliability score, and all are combined using that score into a knowledge network (orange) that represents the integration of all sorts of relationship between a pair of genes and a combined reliability score. A data network (also orange) is created from experimental results to be analyzed. The reporting modules (pink) integrate the data and knowledge networks, producing visualizations that can be queried with the associated drill-down tool.
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
editor preferred term: caption
has curation status: pending final vetting

document title
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
definition: A textual entity that names a document
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
example of usage: Textual characteristics of traditional and Open Access scientific journals are similar
editor preferred term: document title
has curation status: pending final vetting

table
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
definition: A textual entity that contains a two-dimensional arrangement of texts repeated at regular intervals across a spatial range, such that the spatial relationships among the constituent texts expresses propositions
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
editor preferred term: table
example of usage: | T F --+----- T | T F F | F F
has curation status: pending final vetting

table of abbreviations
type: Class
subclass of: table
definition: A table where the constituent texts are abbreviations and their expansions
example of usage: IAO information artifact ontology OBI ontology of biomedical investiations GO gene ontology
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
editor preferred term: table of abbreviations
has curation status: pending final vetting

figure
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
definition: An information content entity consisting of a two dimensional arrangement of information content entities such that the arrangement itself is about something.
example of usage: Any picture, diagram or table
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
editor preferred term: figure
has curation status: metadata complete

diagram
type: Class
subclass of: figure
definition: A figure that expresses one or more propositions
example of usage: A molecular structure ribbon cartoon showing helices, turns and sheets and their relations to each other in space.
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
editor preferred term: diagram
has curation status: metadata complete

document
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
definition: A collection of information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole
example of usage: A journal article, patent application, laboratory notebook, or a book
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
editor preferred term: document
has curation status: metadata complete

publication
type: Class
subclass of: document
definition: A document that has been accepted by a publisher
example of usage: A journal article or book
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
editor preferred term: publication
has curation status: metadata complete

publication about an investigation
type: Class
subclass of: publication
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: investigation
definition: A publication that is about an investigation
example of usage: Most scientific journal articles
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
editor preferred term: publication about an investigation
alternative term: scientific publication
has curation status: metadata complete

patent
type: Class
subclass of: document
definition: A document that has been accepted by a patent authority
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
example of usage: US Patent 6,449,603
editor preferred term: patent
has curation status: metadata complete

document part
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part of
  some values from: document
example of usage: An abstract, introduction, method or results section.
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
definition: an information content entity that is part of a document
editor preferred term: document part
has curation status: metadata complete

abstract
type: Class
subclass of: document part
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: document
definition: A summary of the entire document that is substantially smaller than the document it summarizes. It is about the document it summarizes.
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
example of usage: The profusion of high-throughput instruments and the explosion of new results in the scientific literature, particularly in molecular biomedicine, is both a blessing and a curse to the bench researcher. Even knowledgeable and experienced scientists can benefit from computational tools that help navigate this vast and rapidly evolving terrain. In this paper, we describe a novel computational approach to this challenge, a knowledge-based system that combines reading, reasoning and reporting methods to facilitate analysis of experimental data. Reading methods extract information from external resources, either by parsing structured data or biomedical language processing to extract information from unstructured data, and track knowledge provenance. Reasoning methods enrich the knowledge that results from reading by, for example, noting two genes that are annotated to the same ontology term or database entry. Reasoning is also used to combine all sources into a knowledge network that represents the integration of all sorts of relationships between a pair of genes, and to calculate a combined reliability score. Reporting methods combine the knowledge network with a congruent network constructed from experimental data and visualize the combined network in a tool that facilitates the knowledge-based analysis of that data.
editor preferred term: abstract
has curation status: metadata complete

introduction to a publication about an investigation
type: Class
subclass of: document part
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: objective specification
definition: A part of a publication about an investigation that is about the objective specification (why the investigation is being done)
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
example of usage: Section labelled 'introduction' of a typical scientific journal article
alternative term: introduction
editor preferred term: introduction to a publication about an investigation
has curation status: metadata complete

methods section
type: Class
subclass of: document part
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: study design
definition: A part of a publication about an investigation that is about the study design of the investigation
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
example of usage: The section labelled 'Methods' or 'Materials and Methods' in a typical scientific journal article.
editor preferred term: methods section
has curation status: metadata complete

results section
type: Class
subclass of: document part
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: study design execution
definition: A part of a publication about an investigation that is about a study design execution
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
example of usage: The section labelled 'results' in a typical scientific journal article
editor preferred term: results section
has curation status: metadata complete

discussion section of a publication about an investigation
type: Class
subclass of: document part
definition: A part of a publication about an investigation that is about the study interpretation of the investigation
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
alternative term: discussion section
editor preferred term: discussion section of a publication about an investigation
has curation status: metadata complete

references section
type: Class
subclass of: document part
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: citation
definition: A part of a document that has citations as parts
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
example of usage: The list of citations found at the end of a scientific publication, grant proposal or patent application, sometimes called "literature cited" or "bibliography"
editor preferred term: references section
has curation status: metadata complete

author list
type: Class
subclass of: document part
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: author identification
example of usage: Lawrence Hunter and Kevin Brettonel Cohen
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
editor preferred term: author list
definition: part of a document that enumerates the authors of the document
has curation status: metadata complete

institution list
type: Class
subclass of: document part
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: institutional identification
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
example of usage: The University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and the University of Colorado Boulder.
editor preferred term: institution list
definition: part of a document that has parts that are institution identifications associated with the authors of the document
has curation status: metadata complete

author contributions section
type: Class
subclass of: document part
definition: A part of a publication that is about the specific contributions of each author
example of usage: LH conceived of the hypothesis, designed the study and contributed to the writing of the manuscript. KBC executed the experiments, analyzed the data, and contributed to the writing of the manuscript.
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
editor preferred term: author contributions section
has curation status: metadata complete

acknowledgements section
type: Class
subclass of: document part
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
definition: Part of a publication that is about the contributions of people or institutions other than the authors.
example of usage: The authors wish to thank Alan Ruttenberg for his constructive comments about an earlier draft of this manuscript
editor preferred term: acknowledgements section
has curation status: metadata complete

footnote
type: Class
subclass of: document part
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: document part
definition: A part of a document that is about a specific other part of the document. Usually footnotes are spatially segregated from the rest of the document.
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
example of usage: The referent in the text is usually indicated by a special typographic character such as * or a superscripted number, which is also used to indicate the footnote that refers to that text.
alternative term: endnote
editor preferred term: footnote
has curation status: metadata complete

supplementary material to a document
type: Class
subclass of: document part
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
alternative term: appendix
definition: part of a document that is segregated from the rest of the document due to its size
alternative term: supplementary material
editor preferred term: supplementary material to a document
has curation status: metadata complete

table of contents
type: Class
subclass of: table
definition: A table that relates document parts to specific locations in a document (usually page numbers). This is also a document part (subsumption there should be inferred).
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
editor preferred term: table of contents
has curation status: pending final vetting

table of figures
type: Class
subclass of: table
definition: A table that relates figures in a document to specific locations in that document (usually page numbers). This is also a document part (subsumption there should be inferred).
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
editor preferred term: table of figures
has curation status: pending final vetting

running title
type: Class
subclass of: document title
definition: A shorter version of a document title
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
editor preferred term: running title
has curation status: pending final vetting

copyright section
type: Class
subclass of: document part
definition: A document part that describes legal restrictions on making or distributing copies of the document
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
example of usage: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License.
editor preferred term: copyright section
has curation status: metadata complete

cartesian spatial coordinate datum
type: Class
subclass of: data item
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has coordinate unit label
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: denotes
  some values from: zero-dimensional spatial region
definition: A cartesian spatial coordinate datum is a representation of a point in a spatial region, in which equal changes in the magnitude of a coordinate value denote length qualities with the same magnitude
curator note: AR notes: We need to discuss whether it should include site.
editor note: 2009-08-18 Alan Ruttenberg - question to BFO list about whether the BFO sense of the lower dimensional regions is that they are always part of actual space (the three dimensional sort) http://groups.google.com/group/bfo-discuss/browse_thread/thread/9d04e717e39fb617
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
has curation status: metadata complete

one dimensional cartesian spatial coordinate datum
type: Class
subclass of: cartesian spatial coordinate datum
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: denotes
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: zero-dimensional spatial region
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: part of
      some values from: one-dimensional spatial region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has x coordinate value
  cardinality: 1
definition: A cartesion spatial coordinate datum that uses one value to specify a position along a one dimensional spatial region
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
has curation status: metadata incomplete

two dimensional cartesian spatial coordinate datum
type: Class
subclass of: cartesian spatial coordinate datum
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has y coordinate value
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: denotes
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: zero-dimensional spatial region
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: part of
      some values from: two-dimensional spatial region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has x coordinate value
  cardinality: 1
definition: A cartesion spatial coordinate datum that uses two values to specify a position within a two dimensional spatial region
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
has curation status: metadata incomplete

three dimensional cartesian spatial coordinate datum
type: Class
subclass of: cartesian spatial coordinate datum
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has x coordinate value
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: denotes
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: zero-dimensional spatial region
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: part of
      some values from: three-dimensional spatial region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has z coordinate value
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has y coordinate value
  cardinality: 1
definition: A cartesion spatial coordinate datum that uses three values to specify a position within a three dimensional spatial region
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
has curation status: metadata incomplete

length measurement datum
type: Class
subclass of: scalar measurement datum
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has measurement unit label
  some values from: length unit
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is quality measurement of
  some values from: length
definition: A scalar measurement datum that is the result of measurement of length quality
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
has curation status: metadata incomplete

denotator type
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: universal
  one of: defined class
  one of: named class expression
subclass of: data about an ontology part
definition: A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters
example of usage: The Basic Formal Ontology ontology makes a distinction between Universals and defined classes, where the formal are "natural kinds" and the latter arbitrary collections of entities.

mass measurement datum
type: Class
subclass of: scalar measurement datum
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has measurement unit label
    all values from: mass unit
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is quality measurement of
    all values from: mass
editor note: 2009/09/28 Alan Ruttenberg. Fucoidan-use-case
definition: A scalar measurement datum that is the result of measurement of mass quality
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
has curation status: metadata incomplete

hypothesis textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
editor note: 2009/09/28 Alan Ruttenberg. Fucoidan-use-case
definition: A textual entity that expresses an assertion that is intended to be tested.
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
editor preferred term: hypothesis textual entity
example of usage: that fucoidan has a small statistically significant effect on AT3 level but no useful clinical effect as in-vivo anticoagulant, a paraphrase of part of the last paragraph of the discussion section of the paper 'Pilot clinical study to evaluate the anticoagulant activity of fucoidan', by Lowenthal et. al.PMID:19696660
has curation status: metadata complete

time measurement datum
type: Class
subclass of: scalar measurement datum
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has measurement unit label
    all values from: time unit
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is duration of
    all values from: process
editor note: 2009/09/28 Alan Ruttenberg. Fucoidan-use-case
definition: A scalar measurement datum that is the result of measuring a temporal interval
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
has curation status: metadata incomplete

postal address
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: geographic location
definition: A textual entity that is used as directive to deliver something to a person, or organization
editor note: 2010-05-24 Alan Ruttenberg. Use label for the string representation. See issue http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail?id=59
has curation status: metadata incomplete

email address
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
editor note: Alan Ruttenberg 1/3/2012 - Provisional id, see issue at http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail?id=130&thanks=130&ts=1325636583
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: Person:Chris Stoeckart
editor preferred term: email address
has curation status: metadata incomplete

author role
type: Class
subclass of: role
definition: A role inhering in a person or organization that is realized when the bearer participates in the work which is the basis of the document, in the writing of the document, and signs it with their name.
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
editor preferred term: author role
has curation status: pending final vetting

data item extraction from journal article
type: Class
subclass of: planned process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has_specified_output
  some values from: data item
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has_specified_input
  some values from: journal article
definition: a planned process in which journal articles are read or processed and data items are extracted, typically for further analysis or indexing
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
has curation status: metadata complete

documenting
type: Class
subclass of: planned process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has_specified_output
  some values from: document
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has_specified_input
  some values from: information content entity
editor note: 6/11/9: Edited at OBI workshop. We need to be able identify a child form of information artifact which corresponds to something enduring (not brain like). This used to be restricted to physical document or digital entity as the output, but that excludes e.g. an audio cassette tape
term editor: Bjoern Peters
example of usage: Recording the current temperature in a laboratory notebook. Writing a journal article. Updating a patient record in a database.
definition: a planned process in which a document is created or added to by including the specified input in it.
definition source: wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documenting
has curation status: pending final vetting

line graph
type: Class
subclass of: graph
definition: A line graph is a type of graph created by connecting a series of data points together with a line.
definition source: GROUP:OBI
term editor: PERSON:Chris Stoeckert
term editor: PERSON:Melanie Courtot
definition source: WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_chart
alternative term: line chart
editor preferred term: line graph
has curation status: ready for release

assigning a centrally registered identifier
type: Class
subclass of: planned process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has_specified_output
  some values from: centrally registered identifier symbol
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: centrally registered identifier registry
alternative term: assigning a CRID
editor note: 2014-05-05: It is the CRID registry that assigns CRIDs, not the users of the registry.
example of usage: A new pubmed ID being created for a journal article, and the associated pubmed record containing information to the journal article. A license plate number registered at the DMV to be belonging to a specific vehicle and owner. Placing a barcode on a product and entering information in a database that this barcode is assigned.
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: Person:Bjoern Peters
term editor: Person:Melanie Courtot
definition: a planned process in which a new CRID is created, associated with an entity, and stored in the CRID registry thereby registering it as being associated with some entity
has curation status: metadata complete

associating information with a centrally registered identifier in its registry
type: Class
subclass of: planned process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: centrally registered identifier registry
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has_specified_input
  some values from: information content entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has_specified_input
  some values from: centrally registered identifier symbol
example of usage: Articles in Pubmed are reviewed by curators who add MESH terms to the Pubmed records in order to categorize them better and improve the ability to search for them.
alternative term: associating information with a CRID in the CRID registry
definition: A planned process in which a CRID registry associates an information content entity with a CRID symbol
term editor: PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
has curation status: metadata complete

obsolete_establishing a CRID registry
type: Class
subclass of: Obsolete Class
definition: a planned process with the objective to establish a system that allows to refer to specific entities of a certain kind and store information about them, by establishing a CRID registry and plan specifications for the process of 1) assigning a CRID and 2) looking up a CRID.
deprecated: true
editor note: MC, 20101124: deprecated following discussion at IAO call 20101124. Term was deemed not necessary - no use case for now.
has obsolescence reason: failed exploratory term

centrally registered identifier symbol
type: Class
subclass of: symbol
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part of
  some values from: centrally registered identifier
definition: A symbol that is part of a CRID and that is sufficient to look up a record from the CRID's registry.
alternative term: CRID symbol
definition source: Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Bill Hogan
term editor: PERSON: Bjoern Peters
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
example of usage: The sentence "The article has Pubmed ID 12345." contains a CRID that has two parts: one part is the CRID symbol, which is '12345'; the other part denotes the CRID registry, which is Pubmed.
has curation status: metadata complete

centrally registered identifier
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: centrally registered identifier symbol
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    some values from: centrally registered identifier registry
alternative term: CRID
editor note: 2014-05-05: In defining this term we take no position on what the CRID denotes. In particular do not assume it denotes a *record* in the CRID registry (since the registry might not have 'records').
editor note: Alan, IAO call 20101124: potentially the CRID denotes the instance it was associated with during creation.
definition: An information content entity that consists of a CRID symbol and additional information about the CRID registry to which it belongs.
editor note: Note, IAO call 20101124: URIs are not always CRID, as not centrally registered. We acknowledge that CRID is a subset of a larger identifier class, but this subset fulfills our current needs. OBI PURLs are CRID as they are registered with OCLC. UPCs (Universal Product Codes from AC Nielsen)are not CRID as they are not centrally registered.
definition source: Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Bill Hogan
term editor: PERSON: Bjoern Peters
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
example of usage: The sentence "The article has Pubmed ID 12345." contains a CRID that has two parts: one part is the CRID symbol, which is '12345'; the other part denotes the CRID registry, which is Pubmed.
has curation status: metadata complete

centrally registered identifier registry
type: Class
subclass of: data set
definition: A CRID registry is a dataset of CRID records, each consisting of a CRID symbol and additional information which was recorded in the dataset through a assigning a centrally registered identifier process.
alternative term: CRID registry
definition source: Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Bill Hogan
term editor: PERSON: Bjoern Peters
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
example of usage: PubMed is a CRID registry. It has a dataset of PubMed identifiers associated with journal articles.
has curation status: metadata complete

looking up a centrally registered identifier
type: Class
subclass of: planned process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has_specified_input
  some values from: centrally registered identifier symbol
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: centrally registered identifier registry
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has_specified_output
  some values from: information content entity
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Bjoern Peters
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
alternative term: looking up a CRID
example of usage: Going to the PubMed website and entering a PubMed ID in order to retrieve the Pubmed information associated with that ID.
definition: A planned process in which a request to a CRID registry is made to return the information associated with a CRID symbol
term editor: PERSON: Bill Hogan
has curation status: metadata complete

time stamped measurement datum
type: Class
subclass of: measurement datum
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has time stamp
    some values from: time measurement datum
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has measurement datum
    some values from: measurement datum
has curation status: metadata incomplete

time sampled measurement data set
type: Class
subclass of: data set
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: time stamped measurement datum
definition: A data set that is an aggregate of data recording some measurement at a number of time points. The time series data set is an ordered list of pairs of time measurement data and the corresponding measurement data acquired at that time.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
alternative term: experimental time series
example of usage: pmid:20604925 - time-lapse live cell microscopy
has curation status: metadata complete

written name
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
example of usage: "Bill Clinton"
example of usage: "The Eiffel Tower"
example of usage: "United States of America"
definition: A textual entity that denotes a particular in reality.
term editor: PERSON: Bill Hogan
curator note: The qualifier "written" is to set it apart from spoken names. Also, note the restrictions to particulars. We are not naming universals. We could however, be naming, attributive collections which are particulars, so "All people located in the boundaries of the city of Little Rock, AR on June 18, 2011 at 9:50a CDT" would be a name.
definition source: http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail
editor preferred term: written name
has curation status: pending final vetting

software method
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition: A software method (also called subroutine, subprogram, procedure, method, function, or routine) is software designed to execute a specific task.
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
term editor: PERSON: Michel Dumontier
definition source: http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail
has curation status: metadata incomplete

software module
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition: A software module is software composed of a collection of software methods.
term editor: PERSON: Melanei Courtot
term editor: PERSON: Michel Dumontier
definition source: http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail
has curation status: metadata incomplete

software library
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition: A software library is software composed of a collection of software modules and/or software methods in a form that can be statically or dynamically linked to some software application.
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
term editor: PERSON: Michel Dumontier
definition source: http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail
has curation status: metadata incomplete

software application
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition: A software application is software that can be directly executed by some processing unit.
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
term editor: PERSON: Michel Dumontier
definition source: http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail
has curation status: metadata incomplete

software script
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition: A software script is software whose instructions can be executed using a software interpreter.
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
term editor: PERSON: Michel Dumontier
definition source: http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail
has curation status: metadata incomplete

planned process
type: Class
subclass of: process
definition: A processual entity that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification.
editor preferred term: planned process
imported from: obi.owl

investigation
type: Class
subclass of: planned process
definition: a planned process that consists of parts: planning, study design execution, documentation and which produce conclusion(s).
editor preferred term: investigation
imported from: obi.owl

study design execution
type: Class
subclass of: planned process
definition: a planned process that realizes the concretization of a study design
editor preferred term: study design execution
imported from: obi.owl

study design
type: Class
subclass of: plan specification
definition: A plan specification comprised of protocols (which may specify how and what kinds of data will be gathered) that are executed as part of an investigation and is realized during a study design execution.
editor preferred term: study design
imported from: obi.owl

length
type: Class
subclass of: quality
definition: A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance between two points.
editor preferred term: length
imported from: pato.owl

mass
type: Class
subclass of: quality
definition: A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the proportion of the bearer's amount of matter.
editor preferred term: mass
imported from: pato.owl

length unit
type: Class
subclass of: measurement unit label
definition: A unit which is a standard measure of the distance between two points.
editor preferred term: length unit
imported from: uo.owl

mass unit
type: Class
subclass of: measurement unit label
definition: A unit which is a standard measure of the amount of matter/energy of a physical object.
editor preferred term: mass unit
imported from: uo.owl

time unit
type: Class
subclass of: measurement unit label
definition: A unit which is a standard measure of the dimension in which events occur in sequence.
editor preferred term: time unit
imported from: uo.owl

Obsolete Class
type: Class
subclass of: Thing

example to be eventually removed
type: NamedIndividual
type: curation status specification

failed exploratory term
type: Thing
type: obsolescence reason specification
type: NamedIndividual
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
definition: The term was used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology but in retrospect failed to do a good job

metadata complete
type: Thing
type: curation status specification
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete.

organizational term
type: NamedIndividual
type: curation status specification
definition: term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release

ready for release
type: NamedIndividual
type: curation status specification
definition: Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release."

metadata incomplete
type: NamedIndividual
type: curation status specification
definition: Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors.

uncurated
type: NamedIndividual
type: curation status specification
definition: Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term.

pending final vetting
type: NamedIndividual
type: curation status specification
definition: All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor.

core
type: NamedIndividual
type: Subset
definition: Core is an instance of a grouping of terms from an ontology or ontologies. It is used by the ontology to identify main classes.
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot

placeholder removed
type: Thing
type: obsolescence reason specification
type: NamedIndividual

terms merged
type: NamedIndividual
type: obsolescence reason specification
editor note: An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge.

term imported
type: NamedIndividual
type: obsolescence reason specification
editor note: This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. An editor note should indicate what is the URI of the new term to use.

term split
type: NamedIndividual
type: obsolescence reason specification
editor note: This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split and indicate the URIs of the new terms created.

other
type: NamedIndividual
type: obsolescence reason specification
deprecated: true
editor note: This is to be used if none of the existing instances cover the reason for obsolescence. An editor note should indicate this new reason.
editor note: We expect to be able to mine these new reasons and add instances as required.

universal
type: NamedIndividual
type: denotator type
definition source: A Formal Theory of Substances, Qualities, and Universals, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/SQU.pdf
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
editor note: Hard to give a definition for. Intuitively a "natural kind" rather than a collection of any old things, which a class is able to be, formally. At the meta level, universals are defined as positives, are disjoint with their siblings, have single asserted parents.

defined class
type: NamedIndividual
type: denotator type
editor note: "definitions", in some readings, always are given by necessary and sufficient conditions. So one must be careful (and this is difficult sometimes) to distinguish between defined classes and universal.
definition: A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg

named class expression
type: NamedIndividual
type: denotator type
definition: A named class expression is a logical expression that is given a name. The name can be used in place of the expression.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
editor note: named class expressions are used in order to have more concise logical definition but their extensions may not be interesting classes on their own. In languages such as OWL, with no provisions for macros, these show up as actuall classes. Tools may with to not show them as such, and to replace uses of the macros with their expansions

to be replaced with external ontology term
type: NamedIndividual
type: curation status specification
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
definition: Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology.
definition source: group:OBI

requires discussion
type: NamedIndividual
type: curation status specification
definition: A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: group:OBI

axiom holds for all times
type: NamedIndividual
definition: ## Elucidation This is used when the statement/axiom is assumed to hold true 'eternally' ## How to interpret (informal) First the "atemporal" FOL is derived from the OWL using the standard interpretation. This axiom is temporalized by embedding the axiom within a for-all-times quantified sentence. The t argument is added to all instantiation predicates and predicates that use this relation. ## Example Class: nucleus SubClassOf: part_of some cell forall t : forall n : instance_of(n,Nucleus,t) implies exists c : instance_of(c,Cell,t) part_of(n,c,t) ## Notes This interpretation is *not* the same as an at-all-times relation

relation has no temporal argument
type: NamedIndividual
definition: ## Elucidation This is used when the first-order logic form of the relation is binary, and takes no temporal argument. ## Example: Class: limb SubClassOf: develops_from some lateral-plate-mesoderm forall t, t2: forall x : instance_of(x,Limb,t) implies exists y : instance_of(y,LPM,t2) develops_from(x,y)

IAO Release 2015-02-23
type: Thing
type: Version
type: NamedIndividual
revision: SVN $Revision: 717 $
file-release: iao.owl

pno.owl
is allocated id range: IAO_0020000-IAO_0020999

bfo-spec-label
definition source: Person:Alan Ruttenberg

BFO_0000134
elucidation: To say that each spatiotemporal region s temporally_projects_onto some temporal region t is to say that t is the temporal extension of s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [080-003])
elucidation: To say that spatiotemporal region s spatially_projects_onto spatial region r at t is to say that r is the spatial extent of s at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [081-003])

Axiom
annotated target: To say that each spatiotemporal region s temporally_projects_onto some temporal region t is to say that t is the temporal extension of s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [080-003])
annotated source: BFO_0000134
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/080-003

Axiom
annotated target: To say that spatiotemporal region s spatially_projects_onto spatial region r at t is to say that r is the spatial extent of s at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [081-003])
annotated source: BFO_0000134
annotated property: elucidation
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/081-003

d-acts.owl
is allocated id range: IAO_0021000-IAO_0021999