A domain ontology for materials science.
Additional of OWL 1.0 property characteristics.
An ontology of molecule and its properties.
An ontology of organic functional groups. Functional groups confer the semantics of chemical reactivity in compounds in terms of the atoms and their connectivity.
An ontology of the atoms of chemical elements.
An ontology of the periodic table elements.
Annotation properties that includes the Dublin Core.
Applies restrictions to define the atomic number for each atom.
Barry Smith and Pierre Grenon: "The Cornucopia of Formal Ontological Relations"
Barry Smith: "Basic Tools of Formal Ontology"
Barry Smith: "Beyond Concepts: Ontology as Reality Representation"
Complex class descriptions for elements of the periodic table ontology.
Complex class descriptions for the classification of organic compounds based on the presence of functional groups.
Complex class descriptions for the measured property ontology. Applies restrictions on the type of units that may be associated with a measurement.
Complex class descriptions for the realization of organic functional groups.
Complex class descriptions of molecules and their properties.
Complex class expressions for the chemistry ontology.
Elements of the Periodic Table Ontology (complex)
Elements of the Periodic Table Ontology (primitive)
Entities and relations for the chemistry domain.
Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science (IFOMIS)
Maps domain and range from the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) to the Basic Relation Ontology (BRO)
OWL 1.0 axioms for the Basic Relationship Ontology (BRO)
Organic Functional Group Ontology (complex)
Organic Functional Group Ontology (primitive)
Pierre Grenon and Barry Smith: "SNAP and SPAN: Towards Geospatial Dynamics"
Pierre Grenon, Barry Smith and Louis Goldberg: "Biodynamic Ontology: Applying BFO in the Biomedical Domain"
Pierre Grenon: "BFO in a Nutshell: A Bi-categorial Axiomatization of BFO and Comparison with DOLCE"
Pierre Grenon: "Nuts in BFO's Nutshell: Revisions to the Bi-categorial Axiomatization of BFO"
Pierre Grenon: "Spatio-temporality in Basic Formal Ontology: SNAP and SPAN, Upper-Level Ontology, and Framework for Formalization"
The BRO provides a set of domain-independent relations between OWL entities. It is inspired by the OBO's relationship ontology (RO) http://www.obofoundry.org/ro
The Basic Formal Ontology, an upper level ontology.
This ontology is populated with SI unit instances.
iNovex Information Systems, MatOnto Group
indicates a ComponentProperty (i.e. attribute/dimension) expected on an Observation
Has Element
A phase equilibrium has at one or many elements
has mass
Has Phase
An element has at one or many chemical phases
Has Phase Equilibrium
A system may have one or many phase equilibriums
Has Pressure
A phase equilibrium occurs at a specific pressure
Has Temperature
A phase equilibrium has a specific temperature
A relation between an entity and dependent continuant.
A spatial relation between two continuants such that one spatially contains the other with no overlap.
A transitive, symmetric, temporal relation in which one continuant is the derivative of another non-identical continuant.
A transitive, temporal relation in which one continuant derives from another non-identical continuant.
glucose-6-phosphate derivesFrom glucose in glucose metabolism
A transitive, temporal relation in which one continuant derives into another non-identical continuant.
A relation between a process and a causally active participant.
A relation between an atom and its atomic number.
A relation between an atom and a property of the atom.
A relation between two diastereomers in which there is only a difference in the rotation of bonds.
A symmetric relation between two stereoisomers in which they are not mirror images of one another.
A relation between an entity and the disposition it realizes.
A symmetric relation between two stereoisomers in which they are the mirror images of each other.
A relation between an atom and its formal charge.
A relation between an entity and a function.
A relation between an atom and its hybridization value.
A relation between an atom and its implicit valence.
A reflexive mereological such that the entities are not distinct.
A reflexive, anti-symmetric relation that holds when C1 is part of C2 and C2 has part C1.
A symmetric relation between two compounds for which there is an identical composition, but different spatial arrangement of atoms.
A transitive, reflexive relation between two entities such that one has itself, another, and all of its parts as a part.
A relation between a process and its a continuant participant.
An irreflexive and antisymmetric parthood relation such that the entities are distinct.
A relation between an entity and the quality that inheres in it.
A relation between an entity and a source of information.
The relation between an entity and a role.
A symmetric, transitive relation between two isomeric compounds whose atomic connectivity is the same, but differs in its spatial arrangement of atoms.
A symmetric, transitive relation between two isomers in which the bond structure differs.
A relation to specify the unit of some measurement.
A non-transitive temporal relation in which one continuant immediately derives from a non-identical continuant such that there are no (known) intermediate continuants between them.
a molecule of alpha-D-glucose-6-phosphate immediately_derives_from D-glucose in glucose metabolism.
A non-transitive temporal relation in which one continuant immediately derives into a non-identical continuant such that there are no intermediate steps between them.
glucose immediatelyDerivesInto glucose-6-phosphate in glucose metabolism
A non-transitive temporal relation in which one process is immediately preceded by another process, such that there is no interval of time between the two processes.
A non-transitive temporal relation in which one process is immediately precedes another process, such that there is no interval of time between the two processes.
A non-transitive temporal relation between two continuants such that one continuant immediately transforms from another continuant such that there is no intermediate between them, while retaining their identity.
A temporal relation in which one continuant immediately transforms into another continuant such that there is no intermediate continuant, and with which identity is maintained.
A relation between a dependent continuant and an entity.
A symmetric spatial relation between two continuants such that are adjacent to one another.
A relation in which a continuant participates in a causally active way in the process.
A spatial relation between two continuants such that one is contained in the other, but for which there is no overlap.
A relation between a disposition and the entity that realizes it.
A relation between a function and the entity that realizes it.
A reflexive mereological relation such that the entities are not distinct.
A transitive, reflexive relation between two entities such that one is located in itself and in the other.
A transitive, reflexive relation between two entities such that one is the location of another.
A transitive, reflexive relation between two entities in which one is a part of the other.
A relation in which a continuant participates in some way in the process.
An irreflexive and anti-symmetric parthood relation such that the entities are distinct.
A relation between a quality and some entity.
A relation between a source of information and an entity.
A symmetric relation between two entities.
A relation between a role and the entity that realizes it.
A relation between a region of space and an oject that occupies that space.
A relation between an object and a region of space.
person isSpatiallyLocatedIn in that three dimensional spatial region
A relation between continuants with respect to the spatial regions they occupy.
A relation between aa spatial temporal region and a process.
A relation between an entity and a spatial temporal region.
person is spatioTemporallyLocatedIn the SpaceTime of his Life
A relation between two temporal entities such that a temporal region is the location of a temporal entity.
A relation between a process and a temporal region.
you are reading this phrase over some time interval
A relation between entities at different times.
A relation to specify the measurement using some unit.
A transitive, temporal relation in which one process is preceded by (has occured later than) another process.
A transitive, temporal relation in which one process precedes (has occured earlier than) another process.
A transitive, symmetric, temporal relation in which one continuant is the transformation of itself at another time.
A transitive, temporal relation between two continuants such that one continuant transforms from itself at an earlier time while retaining their identity.
A transitive, temporal relation between two continuants such that one continuant transforms into another continuant at a later time while retaining their identity.
has chemical symbol
A chemical symbol is a notation of one or two letters representing a chemical element
A traditional or common symbol used to identify a quality in literature or mathematical functions. For example, G is the common symbol for Newton's gravitational constant, as well as for the modulus of rigidity in materials science.
has Name
The official SI symbol for a unit. For example, kg is the symbol for kilogram.
has symbol
Any string that is commonly associated with an object, or uniquely identifies it within a domain. For example, "He" is a symbol for Helium, and "g" is a symbol for the mass unit gram.
A data property that marks the beginning of a temporal entity.
A data property that marks the end of a temporal entity.
Alloy
The energy difference between the top of the valence band and the botto of the conduction band in insulators and semiconductors
The bulk modulus describes volumetric elasticity, or the tendency of an object to deform in all directions when uniformly loaded in all directions; it is defined as volumetric stress over volumetric strain, and is the inverse of compressibility. The bulk modulus is an extension of Young's modulus to three dimensions.
A ceramic material that is studied in materials science.
a thermodynamic system in which no mass can be transferred in or out of the system boundaries
An elastic modulus, or modulus of elasticity, is the mathematical description of an object or substance's tendency to be deformed elastically (i.e., non-permanently) when a force is applied to it. The elastic modulus of an object is defined as the slope of its stress�strain curve in the elastic deformation region.
A rubber-like (viscoelastic) polymer. Generally, has a low Young's modulus and high failure strain.
In chemistry, the empirical formula of a chemical is a simple expression of the relative number of each type of atom or ratio of the elements in the compound. Empirical formulas are the standard for ionic compounds, such as CaCl2, and for macromolecules, such as SiO2.
A measure of the total energy of a thermodynamic system.
a standard measurement unit for enthalpy
An extensive property is a physical quantity that is the sum of the properties of separate noninteracting subsystems that compose the entire system. The value of such an additive property is proportional to the size of the system it describes, or to the quantity of matter in the system
In mechanics, the flexural modulus or bending modulus is the ratio of stress to strain in flexural deformation, or the tendency for a material to bend. It is determined from the slope of a stress-strain curve produced by a flexural test, and uses units of force per area.
Flexural strength is a mechanical parameter for brittle material, is defined as a material's ability to resist deformation under load.
a measure of the process-initiating work obtainable from a thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and pressure.
Grain size refers to the diameter of individual grains of sediment, or the lithified particles in clastic rocks. The term may also be applied to other granular materials. This is different from the crystallite size, which is the size of a single crystal inside the particles or grains. A single grain can be composed of several crystals. Granular material can range from very small colloidal particles, through clay, silt, sand, and gravel, to boulders.
Hardness is a measure of how resistant solid matter is to various kindos of permanent shape change when force is applied
A range of hardness with an upper and lower bound
Heat capacity is the measurable physical quantity of heat energy required to change the temperature of an object by a given amount.
the workobtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant temperature
An intensive property is a physical property of a system that does not depend on the system size or the amount of material in the system.
energy contained by a thermodynamic system
a thermodynamic system that does not interact with its surroundings in any way
Physical dimension of unit cells in a crystal lattice
One of the three lattice constants, used for measuring lattices in three dimensions. Only A is used in cubic crystal structures because all parameters are equal. Only A and C are used in hexagonal crystal system
A chemical substance that is studied in materials science.
A category used to classify different materials.
Qualities of chemical substances that are studied in materials science.
The temperature at which a solid changes state to a liquid at atmospheric pressure
A molecular formula enumerates the number of atoms to reflect those in the molecule, so that the molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6 rather than the glucose empirical formula, which is CH2O
a thermodynamic system in which matter may flow in and out of some segments of the system boundaries
Phase Equilibrium
The conditions at which two phases can be at equilibrium
The shear modulus describes an object's tendency to shear (the deformation of shape at constant volume) when acted upon by opposing forces; it is defined as shear stress over shear strain. The shear modulus is part of the derivation of viscosity.
the symmetry group of a configuration in space, usually in three dimensions
Specific heat is the heat capacity per unit mass of a material.
In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighbouring particles of a continuous material exert on each other.
A range of temperature with an upper and lower bound
The tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature
a macroscopic region defined by boundaries that determine processes which are allowed to affect the interior of the region
Ultimate tensile strength is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before failing or breaking.
The Weibull modulus is a dimensionless parameter of the Weibull distribution which is used to describe variability in measured material strength of brittle materials.
Young's modulus is a measure of the stiffness of an elastic isotropic material and is a quantity used to characterize materials. It is defined as the ratio of the stress along an axis over the strain along that axis in the range of stress in which Hooke's law holds.
The measure of the energy deposited in a medium by ionising radiation.
The measure of the rate of energy deposited in a medium by ionising radiation.
A standard measure for the absorbed dose rate.
The measure of the rate at which an object's velocity is changing.
A chemical compound that when dissolved in water, has a pH less than 7.0. It is also defined by a compound that donates a hydrogen ion.
A chemical reaction in which an acid reacts with a base.
The quality of being acidic, basic or neutral.
One of 15 elements that lie between actinium and lawrencium on the periodic table, with atomic numbers 89 - 103.
The quality of having an open chain structure.
An organic reaction where two or more molecules combine to form a larger one. Addition reactions are limited to chemical compounds that have multiply-bonded atoms: * Molecules with carbon-carbon double bonds or triple bonds * Molecules with carbon - hetero double bonds like C=O or C=N
An allotrope of carbon considered to be the least compressible material known, as measured by its isothermal bulk modulus; aggregated diamond nanorods have a modulus of 491 gigapascals (GPa), while a conventional diamond has a modulus of 442 GPa. ADNRs are also 0.3% denser than regular diamond. T
A an element of group 1 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr).
An element of Group 2 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table: beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) and radium (Ra).
Amorphous carbon is an allotrope of carbon that does not have any crystalline structure. As with all glassy materials, some short-range order can be observed, but there is no long-range pattern of atomic positions.
The measure of the number of elementary entities in the object.
A measure of the number of atoms per unit volume in a sample of a matter.
A standard measure for an amount of substance concentration.
A standard measure for the amount of substance.
The measure of the rate of change of angular velocity over time.
A standard measure for angular acceleration unit.
A measure of the angular displacement per unit time.
A standard measure for angular velocity.
An anti conformation is a chemical conformation in which the torsion angle is between +/-90 and 180 degrees.
An anticlinal conformation is a chemical conformation in which the torsion angle is between 90 to 150 or -90 to -150 degrees.
A measure of the space enclosed within a plane.
The quality of having delocalized electrons.
A bond in which the electrons are delocalized across multiple atoms.
A chemical bond that in which extra stability is obtained by the sharing of electrons below and above the plane.
A ring in which the electrons are delocalized across all bonds in the ring.
The quality of a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals exhibit a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone.
A particle that retains all the chemical properties of a given element.
A chemical compound consisting of only atoms of two different element.
NaCl (Sodium Chloride) is a binary compound, as it is an ionically bound compound made up of two elements.
An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy some orbital.
An element in group 13 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table.
A name given by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS).
The measure of the amount of electric charge stored for a given electric potential.
An element in group 14 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table.
An allotrope of carbon that consists of a low-density cluster-assembly of carbon atoms strung together in a loose three-dimensional web. Each cluster is about 6 nanometers wide and consists of about 4000 carbon atoms linked in graphite-like sheets that are given negative curvature by the inclusion of heptagons among the regular hexagonal pattern.
A chemical agent that increases the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy.
The measure of the acceleration of a chemical reaction.
A standard measure for catalytic activity.
The measure of catalytic activity per unit volume.
A standard measure for catalytic concentration.
A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by some agent.
An electronic interaction between the localized negative charge of π orbital electrons, located above and below the plane of an aromatic ring, and a positive charge.
An element of Group 16 in the periodic table. It consists of the elements oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), the radioactive polonium (Po), and the synthetic ununhexium (Uuh).
An allotrope of carbon that is slightly harder than graphite with a reflection colour of grey to white.
A chemical that acts on another chemical.
The attractive interaction between atoms.
The quality of a conformer due to the spatial orientation of atoms rotating about a bond.
An interaction having one or more chemical participants.
A quality of the state of a macroscopic physical system with relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties.
A process in which at least one chemical is converted into another.
Any material with a definite chemical composition.
The quality of an atom that is bonded to four different chemical species, allowing for optical isomerism.
A cis isomer is a diastereomer in which the substituent groups are placed on the same side of the double bond.
Isomers cannot be interconverted by chemical bond rotations.
A clinal conformation is a chemical conformation in which the torsion angle is 30 to 150 or -30 to -150 degrees.
A reagent that is required for catalysis of some reaction. It is not consumed/transformed in the chemical reaction.
A quality of a chemical system that is commonly observed.
A complex is a compound in which molecules, atoms, or ions may interact through weak non-covalent chemical bonds.
A substance made up of two or more elements covalently bonded together.
A measure of some entity per unit volume.
The measure of the transmission of heat or electricity or sound.
A conformer is a diastereomer due to chemical bond rotations.
A count is a the measure of the amount or number of.
A strong bond between two atoms sharing one or more electrons.
The quality of having atoms connected together in a loop.
The quality of the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy d-orbitals.
An D isomer is an optical isomer in which the three highest priority substitutents decreases in clockwise direction when the lowest is pointed away from the viewer.
D or L isomers are optical isomers that are identified by comparing the spatial configuration of its atoms to glyceraldehyde.
An inorganic reaction in which a chemical compound is fragmented into elements or smaller compounds.
A count of the number of defined stereo atoms.
A derived unit is one that is obtained by other units through a mathematical transformation.
A carbon allotrope in which each carbon atom in diamond is covalently bonded to four other carbons in a tetrahedron. These tetrahedrons together form a 3-dimensional network of puckered six-membered rings of atoms.
A diastereomer is a stereoisomer that is not a mirror image of its isomer.
An interaction that occurs between strongly electronegative atoms.
An inorganic reaction in which an elementary substance displaces and sets free a constituent element from a compound.
A chemical bond between two sulfur atoms.
A standard measure for dose equivalence.
A covalent bond in which two electron pairs are shared between two atoms.
A double displacement reaction is a displacement reaction in which two compounds swap ions, effectively displacing each other to form two new compounds.
A standard measure for dynamic viscosity.
The quality of a chemical conformation that exists in any open chain single chemical bond connecting two sp3 hybridised atoms as a conformational energy maximum due to steric hindrance.
A measure of a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles. The electric charge of a macroscopic object is the sum of the electric charges of its constituent particles.
The quality of having an imbalance of electric charge.
A measure of the amount of electric charge in a line, surface or volume.
A standard measure for electric charge density.
A measure of the ease with which electricity flows along a certain path in an electrical element.
A standard measure for electric conduction.
A measure of the flow of electric charge.
A measure of the electric current per cross-sectional area.
A standard measure for electric current density.
A standard measure for electric current.
A measure of the force exerted on electrically charged objects by an electric charge.
A standard measure for electric field strength.
A measure of the amount of electric charge over a plane.
A standard measure for electric flux density.
A measure of the potential difference with respect the current.
A standard measure for electric resistance.
A measure of quantities of electromagnetic radiation.
A standard measure of electromagnetic radiation.
The quality of force required to remove an electron from the outer shell.
An intermolecular interaction that involves the interaction of electrons.
A polar addition reaction where a pi bond is removed by the creation of two new covalent bonds.
An interation that involves the interaction of electrons, but that are not shared.
A pure substance that cannot be decomposed or transformed into other chemical substances by ordinary chemical processes. An element is made up of atoms with the same atomic number.
An enantiomer is a stereoisomer that is a mirror image of its isomer.
A measure of the amount of work a physical system can do on another.
A measure of the amount of energy in a region of space per unit volume or mass.
A measure of the possible configurations of the system.
A measure of the radiation dose to tissue where an attempt has been made to allow for the different relative biological effect of different types of ionizing radiation. Equivalent dose is therefore a less fundamental quantity than radiation absorbed dose, but is more biologically significant.
A measure of the amount of radiation detected.
A standard measure for radiation exposure.
An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy f-orbitals.
A measure of the rate of change of the momentum of a body.
The difference between the number of valence electrons that a neutral atom would have and the number of electrons that belong to it.
A non-polar addition reaction involving free radicals.
A measure of the number of number of occurrences of a repeated event per unit of time.
A carbon allotrope which take the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube.
An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy g-orbitals.
The quality of substance to be in a gas phase.
A gauche conformation is a chemical conformation in which the torsion angle is between 30 to 90 or -30 to -90 degrees.
An allotrope of carbon which is widely used as an electrode material in electrochemistry, as well as for high temperature crucibles and as a component of some prosthetic devices.
An allotrope of carbon which is a conductor, and is the most stable form of solid carbon.
Each of the elements in this group has 4 electrons in its outer energy level.
An element having similar configurations of the outermost electron shells of their atoms of the chemical elements.
An element from Group 17 of the periodic table: fluorine, F, chlorine, Cl, bromine, Br, iodine, I, astatine, At.
The quality of having a hetero atom in a connected ring of atoms.
A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture without definite composition.
The quality of a single atom type connected to form a ring.
A ring where the atoms are of a single type.
A mixture of definite composition and properties such that any amount of a given mixture has the same composition and properties
The overlap of atomic orbitals to form hybrid orbitals suitable for the qualitative description of atomic bonding properties.
A dipole interaction between a hydrogen bound to an electronegative atom and some other electronegative atom.
A count of the number of hydrogen bond acceptors.
A count of the number of hydrogen bond donors.
The quality of interacting favourably (decreases the energy of the system) with water.
The quality of poorly iinteracting with water (increases the energy of the system).
An interaction between non-polar groups in aqueous solvent.
A quality that reflects how well the compound interacts with surrounding water molecules.
An identifier that unambiguously specifies the composition, connectivity and stereochemistry of a chemical.
A measure of the total luminous flux incident on a surface per unit area.
A measure of the amount of magnetic flux for a given electric current.
An inorganic reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the transformation of inorganic participants.
A particle that is electrically charged.
A strong electrostatic interaction between oppositely charged atoms which have an electronegativity difference of over 1.6 (by convention).
A binary compound that consists of positive and negative ions.
A measure of the power of electromagnetic radiation at a surface.
A compound that is compositionally identical to another compound as a result of a different atomic connectivity.
A chemical reaction in which a molecule is derived into its isomer.
A count of the number of isotopic atoms.
An L isomer is an optical isomer in which the three highest priority substitutents decreases in a counter-clockwise direction when the lowest is pointed away from the viewer.
An element with atomic number between 57 and 71.
A hexagonal allotrope of the carbon allotrope diamond.
A measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction.
A measure of the perceived power of light.
A measure of the power emitted by a light source in a particular direction.
A standard measure for luminous intensity.
A measure of the intensity of a magnetic field at a point.
A standard measure for magnetic field strength.
A measure of the strength and extent of a magnetic field.
A measure of the magnetic flux in an area perpendicular to the direction of magnetic flow.
A standard measure for magnetic flux density.
A measure of the amount of matter and energy.
A quality of a continuant that can be quantitatively determined.
A complex that contains at least one metal.
An element with properties between a metal and non-metal.
A substance consisting of two or more substances mixed together.
A measure of the number of atoms of a given substance per volume of solvent.
A measure of the amount of energy per amount of substance.
A measure of the entropy content of one mole of substance.
A measure of the mass of one mole of a chemical element or compound.
An interaction between molecules that leads
An identifier that specifies the type and number of atoms in a molecule.
A measure of the mass of one molecule of a substance.
A collection of atoms of definite composition and connectivity held together by chemical bonds.
A measure of the magnitude of force applied to a rotational system at a distance from the axis of rotation.
A quality of the average ionization potential and electron affinity.
An element of group 18 of the periodic table with the maximum number of valence electrons their outer shell can hold.
The quality of aromaticity in which there is no delocalization of electrons across bonds.
A ring in which there is no delocalization of electrons across bonds.
The count of the number of non-hydrogen atoms
One of Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C), Group 15, Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Oxygen (O), Sulfur (S), Selenium (Se), the halogens and the noble gases.
Methane is considered non-polar because the carbon shares the hydrogen molecules uniformally.
The quality of equal sharing of electrons among atoms in a covalent bond.
A solvent that has the quality of being nonpolar.
An addition reaction where a pi bond is removed by the creation of two new covalent bonds by the addition from a nucleophile.
A molecular geometry in which 6 ligands are symmetrically arranged around a central atom in an octahedral geometry.
An optical isomer rotates the plane of polarization of a beam of plane polarized light.
A chemical reaction involving at least one organic compound or substance.
A chemical agent that oxidizes another compound.
An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy p-orbitals.
A measured property of differential solubility of a compound in two solvents.
The concentration of one particle in another.
A standard measure of parts per notation.
A quality of electronegativity that ranges from 0 to 4.
An element in the first row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements.
An element in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements.
An element in the third row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements.
An element in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements.
An element in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements.
An element in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements.
An element in the seventh row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements.
An element of a horizontal row of the periodic table that shares the same number of electron shells. Each shell is divided into different subshells, which as atomic number increases are filled in roughly this order: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p 8s 5g 6f 7d 8p
An element of the periodic table of elements.
A periplanar conformation is a chemical conformation in which the torsion angle is between 0 to 30 or 150 to 180 degrees.
A measure of the degree of magnetization of a materia in response to a magnetic field.
A measure of a material's ability to transmit an electric field.
The measure of the amount of rotation of a ray about a fixed ray.
The quality of unequal sharing of electrons from atoms in a covalent bond.
Water is considered polar because of the uneven sharing of its electrons.
An electrostatic interaction between atoms which have an electronegativity difference of over 1.6 (by convention).
A solvent that has the quality of being polar.
Polarity is a quality that refers to the dipole-dipole intermolecular forces between the slightly positively-charged end of one molecule to the negative end of another or the same molecule. Molecular polarity is dependent on the difference in electronegativity between atoms in a compound and the asymmetry of the compound's structure.
An element of Aluminum, gallium, tin, lead, bismuth, thallium or indium.
A measure of the amount of energy required to move an electric charge against an electrostatic field.
A standard measure for potential difference.
A measure of the energy transferred per unit time.
A chemical reaction in which two soluble ionic compounds react to form an insoluble product, a precipitate.
A measure of the force per unit area applifed on a surface in a direction perpendicular to that surface.
An compound identifier assigned by the PubChem database
A chemical substance that cannot be separated into other substances by any mechanical process.
An R isomer is an optical isomer in which the three highest priority substitutents decreases in clockwise direction when the lowest is pointed away from the viewer.
An RSIsomer is an optical isomer based on the chiral center(s) of the molecule.
An equimolar solution of two enantiomers capable of rotating the plane of plane-polarized light in opposite directions shows no optical rotation.
A measure of the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area.
A measure of the intensity of electromagnetic radiation.
A standard measure for radiant intensity.
A measure of the energy in the form of waves or moving subatomic particles.
An atom or molecule with an unpaired electron.
The quality of an atom (or group of atoms) on which an unpaired electron is largely localized.
A measure of the emission of particles or electromagnetic waves.
A standard measure for radioactive activity.
A chemical reaction in which there is a net movement of electrons from one reactant to another.
A chemical agent that reduces another compound.
A series of atoms connected together to form a loop or cycle.
A rotamer is a conformer for which the rotation barrier is the activation energy required to jump from one conformer to another.
The count of the number of rotatable bonds.
An element distinguished by the property that in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electron is in an s-orbital.
An S isomer is an optical isomer in which the three highest priority substitutents decreases in counter-clockwise direction when the lowest is pointed away from the viewer.
An identifier that uniquely describes the composition and connectivity of a chemical compound.
Example: C1CN=C(N1)CN(CC2=CC=CC=C2)C3=CC=CC=C3 (for CID:2200)
A chemical identifier that includes extensions to support the specification of isotopes, chirality, and configuration about double bonds.
Example: C1CN=C(N1)CN(CC2=CC=CC=C2)C3=CC=CC=C3 (for compound 2200)
An element whose physical and chemical characteristics vary progressively within a series.
A bond in which one electron pair is shared by two atoms.
A displacement reaction where one element is transferred out of one compound and into another.
A measure of the angle formed by three or more planes intersecting at a comment point.
A substance that dissolves in a solvent.
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of one or more substances, known as solutes, dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent.
A substance that dissolves other substances, thus forming a solution.
The origin of the resource or information.
A measure of the entropy of the mass of the system.
A standard measure for specific entropy.
A measure of the volume occupied by a unit of mass of a meterial.
A molecular geometry in which molecules have their atoms lying in a square about a central atom.
An octrahedral molecular geometry in which four bonded atoms and two lone electron pair.
A staggered conformation is a chemical conformation that exists in any open chain single chemical bond connecting two sp3 hybridised atoms as a conformational energy minimum
A bonds in which atoms are located below or above the plane of drawing.
A stereo bond in which an atom is located below the plane of drawing.
A stereo bond in which an atom is located above the plane of drawing.
A stereoisomer is an isomer in which the atomic connectivity is the same, but differs in its spatial arrangement of atoms.
A structural isomer is an isomer in which the atoms are joined together in different ways.
A reactant that is consumed or changed in a chemical reaction.
A measure of the attraction between molecules at the surface of a liquid.
A syn conformation is a chemical conformation in which the torsion angle is between -90 and 90 degrees.
A synperiplanar conformation is a chemical conformation in which the torsion angle is between 0 to 30 degrees.
An inorganic reaction in which two or more reagents are chemically bonded together to produce a single product.
A name that provides a unique identifier to some entity.
A count of the number of tautomers in a molecule.
A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a sample of matter.
A molecular geometry in which a central atom of the molecule is located at the center with four substituents located at the corners of a tetrahedron.
A standard measure for thermal conduction.
A measure of the ability of a substance to transfer heat.
A topological complex is a complex in which the exact interactions between the components are specified.
A name that is traditionally used to label an entity.
A trans isomer is a diastereomer in which substituent groups are placed on the opposite side of the double bond.
An element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell.
A molecular geometry in which one atom at the center and 5 more at the corners of a triangular dipyramid.
A molecular geometry in which the molecule contains one atom at the center and three atoms at the corners of a triangle all in one plane.
A molecular geometry in which the molecule has one atom at the apex and three atoms at the corners of a trigonal base.
A bond in which three electron pairs are shared between two atoms.
The quality of a macroscopic physical system that is not commonly observed.
A count of the number of undefined stereo centers.
A count of the number of undefined stereo bonds.
A unit is a particular physical quantity, defined and adopted by convention, with which other particular quantities of the same kind are compared to express their value.
A unit that is raised to the power of -1.
A weak interaction between an instantaneous dipole and induced dipole.
The measure of the rate of change of displacement.
A measure of a fluid's internal resistance to flow or ability to deform under shear stress.
The measure of how much space an occurant occupies in three-dimensional space.
A measure of the activity (effective concentration) of hydrogen ions in a solution.
Definition: An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
Examples: a heart, a person, the color of a tomato, the mass of a cloud, a symphony orchestra, the disposition of blood to coagulate, the lawn and atmosphere in front of our building
Definition: A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities.
Examples: the mass of a cloud, the smell of mozzarella, the liquidity of blood, the color of a tomato, the disposition of fish to decay, the role of being a doctor, the function of the heart to pump blood
Definition: A realizable entity that essentially causes a specific process or transformation in the object in which it inheres, under specific circumstances and in conjunction with the laws of nature. A general formula for dispositions is: X (object) has the disposition D to (transform, initiate a process) R under conditions C.
Examples: the disposition of vegetables to decay when not refrigerated, the disposition of a vase to brake if dropped, the disposition of blood to coagulate, the disposition of a patient with a weakened immune system to contract disease, the disposition of metal to conduct electricity.
Definition: An independent continuant that is part of an object but is not demarcated by any physical discontinuities.
Examples: upper and lower lobes of the left lung, the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body, the east side of Saarbruecken, the lower right portion of a human torso
Definition: A realizable entity the manifestation of which is an essentialy end-directed activity of a continuant entity in virtue of that continuant entity being a specific kind of entity in the kind or kinds of contexts that it is made for.
Examples: the function of a birth canal to enable transport, the function of the heart in the body to pump blood, the function of reproduction in the transmission of genetic material, the digestive function of the stomach to nutriate the body, the function of a hammer to drive in nails, the function of a computer program to compute mathematical equations, the function of an automobile to provide transportation, the function of a judge in a court of law
Definition: A continuant that is a bearer of qualities and realizable entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
Examples: an organism, a heart, a leg, a person, a symphony orchestra, a chair, the bottom right portion of a human torso, the lawn and atmosphere in front of our building
Definition: A independent continuant that is spatially extended, maximally self-connected and self-contained (the parts of a substance are not separated from each other by spatial gaps) and possesses an internal unity. The identity of substantial objects is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time and through loss and gain of parts and qualities.
Examples: an organism, a heart, a chair, a lung, an apple
Definition: An independent continuant that is a mereological sum of separate objects and possesses non-connected boundaries.
Examples: a heap of stones, a group of commuters on the subway, a collection of random bacteria, a flock of geese, the patients in a hospital
Comment: Boundaries are theoretically difficult entities to account for, however the intuitive notion of a physical boundary as a surface of some sort (whether inside or outside of a thing) will generally serve as a good guide for the use of this universal.
Definition: An independent continuant that is a lower dimensional part of a spatial entity, normally a closed two-dimensional surface. Boundaries are those privileged parts of objects that exist at exactly the point where the object is separated off from the rest of the existing entities in the world.
Examples: the surface of the skin, the surface of the earth, the surface of the interior of the stomach, the outer surface of a cell or cell wall
Definition: A spatial region with one dimension.
Examples: the part of space that is a line stretching from one end of absolute space to the other, an edge of a cube-shaped part of space
Definition: A dependent continuant that is exhibited if it inheres in an entity or entities at all (a categorical property).
Examples: the color of a tomato, the ambient temperature of air, the circumference of a waist, the shape of a nose, the mass of a piece of gold, the weight of a chimpanzee
Definition: A dependent continuant that inheres in continuants and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
Examples: the role of being a doctor, the function of the reproductive organs, the disposition of blood to coagulate, the disposition of metal to conduct electricity
Definition: A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
Examples: the role of a person as a surgeon, the role of an artificial heart in pumping blood, the role of a chemical compound in an experiment, the role of a drug in the treatment of a disease, the role of a patient relative as defined by a hospital administrative form, the role of a woman as a legal mother in the context of system of laws, the role of a biological grandfather as legal guardian in the context of a system of laws, the role of a tree in maintaining stability in an ecosystem, the role of ingested matter in digestion
Comment: Sites should not be confused with spatial regions. Sites characteristically have a filling or medium and are capable of altering their spatial location (moving from one spatial region to another) without altering their identity.
Definition: An independent continuant consisting of a characteristic spatial shape in relation to some arrangement of other continuants and of the medium which is enclosed in whole or in part by this characteristic spatial shape. Sites are entities that can be occupied by other continuants.
Examples: a city, a nasal cavity, a blood vein, an environment, sinuses, canals, ventricles, the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract, the location of the battle of Austerlitz, the interior of the aorta, the room in which one is located, the top of one's desk including the things that are on it and the atmosphere surrounding them.
Comment: Spatial regions should not be confused with sites. Spatial regions exist as parts of pure or absolute space, have a dimensionality and a shape but require no filling in order to exist and are also immobile.
Definition: An independent continuant that is neither bearer of qualities nor inheres in any other entities.
Examples: the sum total of all space in the universe, parts of the sum total of all space in the universe
Definition: A spatial region with three dimensions.
Examples: a cube-shaped part of space, a sphere-shaped part of space
Definition: A spatial region with two dimensions.
Examples: the surface of a cube-shaped part of space, the surface of a sphere-shaped part of space, the surface of a rectilinear planar figure-shaped part of space
Definition: A spatial region with no dimensions.
Definition: A space time region that has temporal and spatial dimensions such that all points within the spatiotemporal region are mediately or immediately connected to all other points within the same space time region.
Examples: the spatial and temporal location of an individual organism's life, the spatial and temporal location of the development of a fetus
Definition: A temporal region every point of which is mediately or immediately connected with every other point of which.
Examples: the 1970s years, the time from the beginning to the end of a heart attack, the time taken up by cellular meiosis
Definition: A processual entity that is part of a process but that does not have bona fide beginnings and endings corresponding to real discontinuities.
Examples: chewing during a meal, the middle part of a rainstorm, the worst part of a heart-attack, the most interesting part of Van Gogh's life
Definition: An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. Sometimes also called perdurants.
Examples: the life of an organism, a surgical operation as processual context for a nosocomical infection, the spatiotemporal context occupied by a process of cellular meiosis, the most interesting part of Van Gogh's life, the spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumor
Definition: A processual entity that is a maximally connected spatio-temporal whole and has bona fide beginnings and endings corresponding to real discontinuities.
Examples: the life of an organism, the process of sleeping, the process of cell-division
Definition: A processual entity that is a meriological sum of processes and possesses non-connected boundaries.
Examples: the beating of the hearts of each of seven individuals in the room, the playing of each of the members of an orchestra, a process of digestion and a process of thinking taken together
Definition: A processual entity that is the fiat or bona fide instantaneous temporal process boundary.
Examples: birth, death, the forming of a synapse, the onset of REM sleep, the detaching of a finger in an industrial accident, the final separation of two cells at the end of cell-division, the incision at the beginning of a surgery
Definition: An occurrent consisting of a characteristic spatial shape inhering in some arrangement of other occurrents. Processual contexts are characteristically entities at or in which other occurrents can be located or occur.
Examples: a surgical operation as processual context for a nosocomical infection, a routine check-up as processual context for the finding of a tumor, a clinical trial as processual context for the discovery of a new treatment or drug
Definition: An occurrent that exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts and always involves and depends on some entity.
Examples: the life of an organism, the process of meiosis, the course of a disease, the flight of a bird
Definition: A space time region that has spatial and temporal dimensions and every spatial and temporal point of which is not connected with every other spatial and temporal point of which.
Examples: the space and time occupied by the individual games of the World Cup, the space and time occupied by the individual liaisons in a romantic affair
Definition: A temporal region every point of which is not mediately or immediately connected with every other point of which.
Examples: the time occupied by the individual games of the World Cup, the time occupied by the individual liaisons in a romantic affair
Definition: A connected space time region at a specific moment.
Examples: the space time region occupied by a single instantaneous temporal slice (part) of a process
Definition: A connected space time region that endures for more than a single moment of time.
Examples: the space time region occupied by a process or by a fiat processual part
Comment: This is the time and space within which occurrents exist. Occurrents exist in space and time in a different way from that in which continuants do and thus the space and time in which they exist is itself different. Spatiotemporal region's importance is primarily theoretical and it will not be used often in most domain ontology applications.
Definition: An occurrent at or in which processual entities can be located.
Examples: the spatiotemporal region occupied by a human life, the spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumor, the spatiotemporal context occupied by a process of cellular meiosis
Definition: A connected temporal region comprising a single moment of time.
Examples: right now, the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident, the moment at which a child is born, the moment of death
Definition: A connected temporal region lasting for more than a single moment of time.
Examples: any continuous temporal duration during which a process occurs
Comment: This is the time that is common to both SNAP and SPAN entities. The time of temporal region and its sub-classes will normally be the time that should be referred to when sub-classing universals having to do with time in an ontology.
Definition: An occurrent that is part of time.
Examples: the time it takes to run a marathon, the duration of a surgical procedure, the moment of death
The micrometer is an SI derived unit of length equaling 1�10-6 of a meter; that is, one millionth of a meter (or one thousandth of a millimeter, 0.001 mm, or about 0.000039 inch).
A non-SI metric system unit of volume that is equal to 0.000001 cubic meters
Pa*m1/2 are the units for fracture toughness
The bit is a binary digit holding the values of 0 or 1.
The byte is an information unit comprising of 8 bits.
The ampere (symbol: A) is an SI base unit of electric current, or amount of electric charge per second.
Ampere per meter is the SI derived unit for magnetic field strength.
The ampere per square meter is the SI derived unit for current density.
The becquerel (symbol: Bq) is the SI derived unit of radioactivity.
The candela (symbol: Cd) is the SI unit of luminous intensity. It is defined as the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540×1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.
The candela per square meter is the SI derived unit for luminance.
The celcius (symbol: C) is a unit of temperature.
The coulomb is a unit of electric charge.
The coulomb per kilogram is the SI derived unit for exposure to x and gamma rays.
The coulomb per square meter is the SI derived unit for electric charge density.
The coulomb per cubic meter is the SI derived unit for electric charge density.
A unit of molecular mass approximately equal to the mass of a hydrogen atom.
The fahrenheit (symbol: F) is a unit of temperature.
The farad (symbol: F) is a unit of capacitance.
The farad per meter is the SI derived unit for permittivity.
The gram is a metric system unit of mass.
The gray (symbol:Gy) is a unit of absorbed dose.
The gray per second is the SI derived unit for absorbed dose rate.
The henry (symbol: H) is a unit of inductance.
The henry per meter is the SI derived unit for permeability.
The Hertz (symbol: Hz) is an SI derived unit for frequency.
The joule per kelvin is the SI derived unit for entropy or heat capacity.
The joule per kilogram is the SI derived unit for specific energy.
The joule per kilogram per kelvin is the SI derived unit for specific entropy or specific heat capacity.
The joule per cubic meter is the SI derived unit for energy density.
The joule per mole is the SI derived unit for molar energy.
The joule per mole per kelvin is the SI derived unit for molar entropy.
The katal (symbol: kat) is a unit of catalytic activity.
The katal per cubic meter is the SI derived unit for catalytic concentration.
The kelvin (symbol: K) is an SI base unit increment of temperature. The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale where absolute zero—the coldest possible temperature—is defined as being equivalent to zero kelvin (0 K).
The kilogram (symbol: kg) is the SI base unit of mass. It is defined as being equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram.
The m-2·kg-1·s3·A2 is the SI derived unit for electric conductance.
The m-2·kg-1·s4·A2 is the SI derived unit for capacitance.
The kilogram per kilogram is the SI derived unit for mass fraction.
The kilogram per meter per second squared is the SI derived unit for pressure.
The kilogram per cubic meter is the SI derived unit for density.
kilogram squared meter per second squared
The m2·kg·s-2 is the SI derived unit for energy.
The m2·kg·s-2·A-1 is the SI derived unit for magnetic flux.
The m2·kg·s-2·A-2 is the SI derived unit for inductance.
The m2·kg·s-3 is the SI derived unit for power.
The m2·kg·s-3·A-1 is the SI derived unit for potential difference.
The m2·kg·s-3·A-2 is the SI derived unit for electric resistance.
The kg·s-2·A-1 is the SI derived unit for magnetic flux density.
The lumen (symbol:lm) is a unit of luminous flux.
The lux (symbol: lx) is a unit of illuminance.
The meter (symbol m) is an SI unit of length. It is defined as the distance travelled by light in absolute vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second.
The meter kilogram per second squared is the SI derived unit for force.
The meter per second is the SI derived unit for speed or velocity.
The meter per second squared is the SI derived unit for acceleration.
The squared meter is an SI derived unit for area.
The m2·m-2 is the SI derived unit for solid angle.
The m2·m-2·cd is the SI derived unit for luminous flux.
The m2·m-4·cd is the SI derived unit of illuminance.
The m2·s-2 is the SI derived unit for absorbed dose.
The cubic meter is the SI derived unit for volume.
The cubic meter per kilogram is the SI derived unit for specific volume.
The mole (symbol: mol) is the SI base unit for an amount of substance. One mole contains Avogadro's number (approximately 6.022×1023) entities.
The mole per cubic meter is the SI derived unit for amount of substance concentration.
The second per mole is the SI derived unit for catalytic activity.
The newton (symbol: N) is a unit for force.
The newton per meter is the SI derived unit for surface tension.
The newton meter is the SI derived unit for moment of force.
The ohm is a unit of electric resistance.
The pascal per second is the SI derived unit for dynamic viscosity.
The radian (symbol: rad) is a unit for plane angle.
The radian per second is the SI derived unit for angular velocity.
The radian per second squared is the SI derived unit for angular acceleration.
The second (symbol: s), is a SI base unit of time. It is defined as the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.
The second ampere is the SI derived unit for electric charge.
The siemens is a unit of electric conductance.
The sievert (symbol: Sv) is a unit of dose equivalence.
The steradian is the SI derived unit for solid angle.
The tesla (symbol: T) is a unit of magnetic flux density.
The volt is a unit of potential difference.
The volt per meter is the SI derived unit for electric field strength.
The watt (symbol: W) is a unit of power.
The watt per meter per kelvin is the SI derived unit for thermal conductivity.
The watt per square meter is the SI derived unit for irradiance.
The watt per square meter per steradian is the SI derived unit for radiance.
The watt per steradian is the SI derived unit for radiant intensity.
The weber (symbol:Wb) is a unit of magnetic flux.