Giulio Montanaro (gmontanaro) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0836-1364
István Mikó (imiko) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075
Jennifer C. Girón (jgiron) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
Luis A. González Montaña (lagonzalezmo) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932
Sergei Tarasov (starasov) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330
The ontology for the Anatomy of the Insect SkeletoMuscular system (AISM) contains terms used to describe the cuticle - as a single anatomical structure - and the skeletal muscle system, to be used in insect biodiversity research.
Ontology for the Anatomy of the Insect SkeletoMuscular system
This annotation property defines a "sensu", which is the combination of a bibliographic reference, a label and a class (represented by verbatim and logical definitions). Given this model, independent observations can be inferred across to compute synonymy (multiple labels attached to one), homonymy (one label attached to multiple classes). Yoder MJ, Mikó I, Seltmann KC, Bertone MA, Deans AR (2010) A Gross Anatomy Ontology for Hymenoptera. PLOS ONE 5: e15991. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015991.g004 This annotation property is on the label of a class in owl.
sensu
The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
definition
A label for a class or property that can be used to refer to the class or property instead of the preferred rdfs:label. Alternative labels should be used to indicate community- or context-specific labels, abbreviations, shorthand forms and the like.
alternative label
An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user
curator note
An alternative name for a class or property which is unique across the OBO Foundry.
OBO foundry unique label
Ontology annotation property. Relates an ontology to a term that is a designated root term of the ontology. Display tools like OLS can use terms annotated with this property as the starting point for rendering the ontology class hierarchy. There can be more than one root
has ontology root term
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
isReferencedBy
Date on which the resource was changed.
date_modified
An annotation property that links an ontology entity or a statement to a prefixed identifier or URI.
An alternative label for a class or property which has the exact same meaning than the preferred name/primary label.
has exact synonym
A preferred label.
X lateral to y if x is further from the midsagittal plane than y.
lateral_to
X medial to y if x is closer to the midsagittal plane than y.
medial_to
Structure x encircles structure y if both x and y are regions of the 2D structure z, or 2D cross-sections of a 3D object z, and the boundary of y on z is exclusively continuous with x.
encircles
Structure y is encircled by structure x if both x and y are regions of the 2D structure z, or 2D cross-sections of a 3D object z, and the boundary of y on z is exclusively continuous with y.
encircled by
The object property of an object consisting of having a measurement unit.
has_unit
Sclerite A encircles_via_conjunctiva sclerite B if A is encircled_via_conjuntiva X that encircles B.
encircles via conjunctiva
Sclerite B is encircled_via_conjunctiva if sclerite A encircles_via_conjuntiva X sclerite B.
encircled via conjunctiva
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
part_of
part of
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
has_part
has part
x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
is preceded by
preceded_by
preceded by
x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
precedes
b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
occurs_in
unfolds in
unfolds_in
occurs in
[copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
contains process
x anterior to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the head. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail.
x distal to y iff x is further along the proximo-distal axis than y, towards the appendage tip. A proximo-distal axis extends from tip of an appendage (distal) to where it joins the body (proximal).
x dorsal to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the back. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that extends through an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly).
x posterior to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the body/tail. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail.
x proximal to y iff x is closer to the point of attachment with the body than y.
x ventral to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the front. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that extends through an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly).
Crosses at an angle that is 90 degrees, or close to 90 degrees. In any non-linear organism, the main axes are rarely perpendicular when taken through the organism as a whole.
On the opposite side from. For example, the left arm is contralateral to the right arm (and the right leg).
Further away from the surface of the organism. Thus, the muscular layer is deep to the skin, but superficial to the intestines.
Near the outer surface of the organism. Thus, skin is superficial to the muscle layer.
Closer to the left side of the organism. Example: The dorsal fin is right of the left pectoral fin, but is left of the right eye. On the type level: X left of Y <=> every instance x of X is left of some instance y of Y, and there exists some organism o such that x part of o and y part of o.
Closer to the right side of the organism. Example: The dorsal fin is right of the left pectoral fin, but is left of the right eye. On the type level: X left of Y <=> every instance x of X is right of some instance y of Y, and there exists some organism o such that x part of o and y part of o.
Direcly opposite to. i.e. on the opposite side through the axis.
X in left side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two left and right portions, X is part of the left portion.
X in right side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two left and right portions, X is part of the right portion.
X posterior side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part of the posterior portion.
X anterior side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part of the anterior portion.
x in proximal side of y <=> if y is subdivided into two proximal and distal portions, y is part of the proximal portion.
x in distal side of y <=> if y is subdivided into two proximal and distal portions, y is part of the distal portion.
X in lateral side of Y <=> if X is in left side of Y or X is in right side of Y. X is often, but not always a paired structure
x is parallel t y iff x and y are lines or planes which when extended indefinitely do not cross.
X proximalmost part of Y <=> X is in proximal side of Y and X is adjacent to the proximal boundary of Y
x immediately deep to y iff x deep_to y and x is contiguous with y.
X distalmost part of Y <=> X is in distal side of Y and X is adjacent to the distal boundary of Y
X intersects median plane of iff X crosses the midine plane of Y.
x immediately superficial to y iff x superficial to y and x is contiguous with y.
X dorsal side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two dorsal and ventral portions, X is part of the dorsal portion.
A (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity.
is about
A primitive, instance-level, relation obtaining between an information content entity and some portion of reality. Denotation is what happens when someone creates an information content entity E in order to specifically refer to something. The only relation between E and the thing is that E can be used to 'pick out' the thing. This relation connects those two together. Freedictionary.com sense 3: To signify directly; refer to specifically
denotes
inverse of the relation 'denotes'
denoted by
The inverse property of is_specified_output_of
has_specified_output
A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of.
is_specified_output_of
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence.
inheres_in
characteristic of
Inverse of characteristic_of
bearer_of
is bearer of
has characteristic
a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
participates_in
participates in
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
has_participant
has participant
a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
function_of
is function of
function of
a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
is quality of
quality_of
quality of
a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
is role of
role_of
role of
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
has_function
has function
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
has_quality
has quality
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
has_role
has role
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
has disposition
disposition of
a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location
location_of
location of
contained_in
a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location
located_in
located in
a relation between a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary) and a material entity, in which the boundary delimits the material entity
2D_boundary_of
boundary of
is 2D boundary of
is boundary of
surface of
2D boundary of
a relation between a material entity and a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary), in which the boundary delimits the material entity
has boundary
has_2D_boundary
has 2D boundary
innervated_by
X outer_layer_of Y iff: . X :continuant that bearer_of some PATO:laminar . X part_of Y . exists Z :surface . X has_boundary Z . Z boundary_of Y has_boundary: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002002 boundary_of: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002000
bounding layer of
A relation that holds between two linear structures that are approximately parallel to each other for their entire length and where either the two structures are adjacent to each other or one is part of the other.
A 'has regulatory component activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is regulated by B.
A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that negatively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is negatively regulated by B.
has negative regulatory component activity
A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that positively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is positively regulated by B.
has positive regulatory component activity
w 'has process component' p if p and w are processes, w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type.
A relationship between a process and a barrier, where the process occurs in a region spanning the barrier. For cellular processes the barrier is typically a membrane. Examples include transport across a membrane and membrane depolarization.
Process(P2) is directly negatively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 directly negatively regulated by P1.
Process(P2) is directly postively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 is directly postively regulated by P1.
A 'has effector activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A 'has component activity' B and B is the effector (output function) of B. Each compound function has only one effector activity.
before or simultaneous with
x simultaneous with y iff ω(x) = ω(y) and ω(α ) = ω(α), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point and '=' indicates the same instance in time.
simultaneous with
ends after
immediately preceded by
immediately precedes
Relation between a neuron and a material anatomical entity that its soma is part of.
has soma location
Relation between an anatomical structure (including cells) and a neuron that chemically synapses to it.
synapsed by
Holds between a cell c and a protein complex or protein p if and only if that cell has as part a plasma_membrane[GO:0005886], and that plasma membrane has p as part.
has plasma membrane part
Relation between a neuron and an anatomical structure (including cells) that it chemically synapses to.
synapsed to
x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y
x overlaps y iff they have some part in common.
overlaps
Relation between a 'neuron projection bundle' and a region in which one or more of its component neuron projections either synapses to targets or receives synaptic input. T innervates some R Expands_to: T has_fasciculating_neuron_projection that synapse_in some R.
innervates
X continuous_with Y if and only if X and Y share a fiat boundary.
The label for this relation was previously connected to. I relabeled this to "continuous with". The standard notion of connectedness does not imply shared boundaries - e.g. Glasgow connected_to Edinburgh via M8; my patella connected_to my femur (via patellar-femoral joint)
continuous with
two individual entities d1 and d2 stand in a shares_ancestor_with relation if and only if there exists some a such that d1 derived_by_descent_from a and d2 derived_by_descent_from a.
Consider obsoleting and merging with child relation, 'in homology relationship with'
x only in taxon y if and only if x is in taxon y, and there is no other organism z such that y!=z a and x is in taxon z.
x is in taxon y if an only if y is an organism, and the relationship between x and y is one of: part of (reflexive), developmentally preceded by, derives from, secreted by, expressed.
A is spatially_disjoint_from B if and only if they have no parts in common
Note that it would be possible to use the relation to label the relationship between a near infinite number of structures - between the rings of saturn and my left earlobe. The intent is that this is used for parsiomoniously for disambiguation purposes - for example, between siblings in a jointly exhaustive pairwise disjointness hierarchy
a is connected to b if and only if a and b are discrete structure, and there exists some connecting structure c, such that c connects a and b
connected to
c connects a if and only if there exist some b such that a and b are similar parts of the same system, and c connects b, specifically, c connects a with b. When one structure connects two others it unites some aspect of the function or role they play within the system.
connects
a is attached to part of b if a is attached to b, or a is attached to some p, where p is part of b.
attached to part of (anatomical structure to anatomical structure)
attached to part of
Relation between an arterial structure and another structure, where the arterial structure acts as a conduit channeling fluid, substance or energy.
supplies
Relation between an collecting structure and another structure, where the collecting structure acts as a conduit channeling fluid, substance or energy away from the other structure.
drains
w 'has component' p if w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type.
For use in recording has_part with a cardinality constraint, because OWL does not permit cardinality constraints to be used in combination with transitive object properties. In situations where you would want to say something like 'has part exactly 5 digit, you would instead use has_component exactly 5 digit.
has component
x develops from y if and only if either (a) x directly develops from y or (b) there exists some z such that x directly develops from z and z develops from y
develops from
develops into
Candidate definition: x directly_develops from y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participate in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p, and a substantial portion of the matter of x comes from y, and the start of x is coincident with or after the end of y.
directly develops from
directly develops into
p regulates q iff p is causally upstream of q, the execution of p is not constant and varies according to specific conditions, and p influences the rate or magnitude of execution of q due to an effect either on some enabler of q or some enabler of a part of q.
Regulation precludes parthood; the regulatory process may not be within the regulated process.
regulates
p negatively regulates q iff p regulates q, and p decreases the rate or magnitude of execution of q.
negatively regulates (process to process)
negatively regulates
p positively regulates q iff p regulates q, and p increases the rate or magnitude of execution of q.
positively regulates (process to process)
positively regulates
A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process, in which the material entity has the ability to carry out the process.
For compatibility with BFO, this relation has a shortcut definition in which the expression "capable of some P" expands to "bearer_of (some realized_by only P)".
capable of
c stands in this relationship to p if and only if there exists some p' such that c is capable_of p', and p' is part_of p.
capable of part of
x surrounded_by y if and only if (1) x is adjacent to y and for every region r that is adjacent to x, r overlaps y (2) the shared boundary between x and y occupies the majority of the outermost boundary of x
surrounded by
x adjacent to y if and only if x and y share a boundary.
adjacent to
surrounds
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends.
temporally related to
starts
x starts with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x starts is equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: α(y) = α(x) ∧ ω(y) < ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
starts with
x develops from part of y if and only if there exists some z such that x develops from z and z is part of y
develops from part of
x develops_in y if x is located in y whilst x is developing
develops in
ends
x ends with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x ends is equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: α(y) > α(x) ∧ ω(y) = ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
ends with
x 'has starts location' y if and only if there exists some process z such that x 'starts with' z and z 'occurs in' y
has start location
x 'has end location' y if and only if there exists some process z such that x 'ends with' z and z 'occurs in' y
has end location
p has input c iff: p is a process, c is a material entity, c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p.
has input
p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present in the same state at the beginning of p.
has output
b connecting-branch-of s iff b is connected to s, and there exists some tree-like structure t such that the mereological sum of b plus s is either the same as t or a branching-part-of t.
x has developmental contribution from y iff x has some part z such that z develops from y
has developmental contribution from
inverse of has developmental contribution from
developmentally contributes to
t1 induced_by t2 if there is a process of developmental induction (GO:0031128) with t1 and t2 as interacting participants. t2 causes t1 to change its fate from a precursor material anatomical entity type T to T', where T' develops_from T
We place this under 'developmentally preceded by'. This placement should be examined in the context of reciprocal inductions[cjm]
developmentally induced by
Inverse of developmentally induced by
developmentally induces
Candidate definition: x developmentally related to y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participates in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p
In general you should not use this relation to make assertions - use one of the more specific relations below this one
developmentally preceded by
c acts upstream of p if and only if c enables some f that is involved in p' and p' occurs chronologically before p, is not part of p, and affects the execution of p. c is a material entity and f, p, p' are processes.
c acts upstream of or within p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of or within p. c is a material entity and p is an process.
x developmentally replaces y if and only if there is some developmental process that causes x to move or to cease to exist, and for the site that was occupied by x to become occupied by y, where y either comes into existence in this site or moves to this site from somewhere else
developmentally replaces
developmentally succeeded by
part of developmental precursor of
p results in the developmental progression of s iff p is a developmental process and s is an anatomical entity and p causes s to undergo a change in state at some point along its natural developmental cycle (this cycle starts with its formation, through the mature structure, and ends with its loss).
results in developmental progression of
p 'results in development of' c if and only if p is a developmental process and p results in the state of c changing from its initial state as a primordium or anlage through its mature state and to its final state.
results in development of
results in formation of anatomical entity
The relationship that links an entity with the process that results in the formation and shaping of that entity over time from an immature to a mature state.
results in morphogenesis of
The relationship that links an entity with a process that results in the progression of the entity over time that is independent of changes in it's shape and results in an end point state of that entity.
results in maturation of
p is causally upstream of, positive effect q iff p is casually upstream of q, and the execution of p is required for the execution of q.
p is causally upstream of, negative effect q iff p is casually upstream of q, and the execution of p decreases the execution of q.
q characteristic of part of w if and only if there exists some p such that q inheres in p and p part of w.
characteristic of part of
The relationship that links a specified entity with the process that results in an unspecified entity acquiring the features and characteristics of the specified entity
results in acquisition of features of
A relationship that holds via some environmental process
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving the process of evolution.
evolutionarily related to
A mereological relationship or a topological relationship
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving parthood or connectivity relationships
mereotopologically related to
A relationship that holds between entities participating in some developmental process (GO:0032502)
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving organismal development
developmentally related to
c enables p iff c is capable of p and c acts to execute p.
This relation differs from the parent relation 'capable of' in that the parent is weaker and only expresses a capability that may not be actually realized, whereas this relation is always realized.
enables
A grouping relationship for any relationship directly involving a function, or that holds because of a function of one of the related entities.
This is a grouping relation that collects relations used for the purpose of connecting structure and function
functionally related to
this relation holds between c and p when c is part of some c', and c' is capable of p.
part of structure that is capable of
c involved_in p if and only if c enables some process p', and p' is part of p
involved in
enabled by
regulated by
negatively regulated by
positively regulated by
A relationship that holds via some process of localization
Do not use this relation directly. It is a grouping relation.
related via localization to
This relationship holds between p and l when p is a transport or localization process in which the outcome is to move some cargo c from some initial location l to some destination.
has target start location
This relationship holds between p and l when p is a transport or localization process in which the outcome is to move some cargo c from a an initial location to some destination l.
has target end location
Holds between p and l when p is a transportation or localization process and the outcome of this process is to move c from one location to another, and the route taken by c follows a path that is aligned_with l
results in transport along
Holds between p and m when p is a transportation or localization process and the outcome of this process is to move c from one location to another, and the route taken by c follows a path that crosses m.
results in transport across
results in growth of
results in transport to from or in
is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection.
member of
has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item.
has member
input of
output of
formed as result of
a is attached to b if and only if a and b are discrete objects or object parts, and there are physical connections between a and b such that a force pulling a will move b, or a force pulling b will move a
attached to (anatomical structure to anatomical structure)
attached to
m has_muscle_origin s iff m is attached_to s, and it is the case that when m contracts, s does not move. The site of the origin tends to be more proximal and have greater mass than what the other end attaches to.
has muscle origin
m has_muscle_insertion s iff m is attaches_to s, and it is the case that when m contracts, s moves. Insertions are usually connections of muscle via tendon to bone.
has muscle insertion
A relationship that holds between two material entities in a system of connected structures, where the branching relationship holds based on properties of the connecting network.
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving branching relationships
This relation can be used for geographic features (e.g. rivers) as well as anatomical structures (plant branches and roots, leaf veins, animal veins, arteries, nerves)
in branching relationship with
x tributary_of y if and only if x a channel for the flow of a substance into y, where y is larger than x. If x and y are hydrographic features, then y is the main stem of a river, or a lake or bay, but not the sea or ocean. If x and y are anatomical, then y is a vein.
tributary of
x spatially_coextensive_with y if and inly if x and y have the same location
This relation is added for formal completeness. It is unlikely to be used in many practical scenarios
spatially coextensive with
x is a branching part of y if and only if x is part of y and x is connected directly or indirectly to the main stem of y
branching part of
x has developmental potential involving y iff x is capable of a developmental process with output y. y may be the successor of x, or may be a different structure in the vicinity (as for example in the case of developmental induction).
has developmental potential involving
x has potential to developmentrally contribute to y iff x developmentally contributes to y or x is capable of developmentally contributing to y
has potential to developmentally contribute to
x has potential to developmentally induce y iff x developmentally induces y or x is capable of developmentally inducing y
has potential to developmentally induce
x has the potential to develop into y iff x develops into y or if x is capable of developing into y
has potential to develop into
x has potential to directly develop into y iff x directly develops into y or x is capable of directly developing into y
has potential to directly develop into
causally downstream of
immediately causally downstream of
p indirectly positively regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p positively regulates q.
indirectly positively regulates
p indirectly negatively regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p negatively regulates q.
indirectly negatively regulates
relation that links two events, processes, states, or objects such that one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is partly or wholly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly or wholly dependent on the cause.
Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect.
causally related to
p is causally upstream of q iff p is causally related to q, the end of p precedes the end of q, and p is not an occurrent part of q.
causally upstream of
p is immediately causally upstream of q iff p is causally upstream of q, and the end of p is coincident with the beginning of q.
immediately causally upstream of
p is 'causally upstream or within' q iff p is causally related to q, and the end of p precedes, or is coincident with, the end of q.
inverse of causally upstream of or within
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' regulates some p
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' positively regulates some p
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' negatively regulates some p
c involved in or regulates p if and only if either (i) c is involved in p or (ii) c is involved in regulation of p
involved in or involved in regulation of
c executes activity in d if and only if c enables p and p occurs_in d. Assuming no action at a distance by gene products, if a gene product enables (is capable of) a process that occurs in some structure, it must have at least some part in that structure.
p contributes to morphology of w if and only if a change in the morphology of p entails a change in the morphology of w. Examples: every skull contributes to morphology of the head which it is a part of. Counter-example: nuclei do not generally contribute to the morphology of the cell they are part of, as they are buffered by cytoplasm.
A relationship that holds between two entities in which the processes executed by the two entities are causally connected.
Note that this relationship type, and sub-relationship types may be redundant with process terms from other ontologies. For example, the symbiotic relationship hierarchy parallels GO. The relations are provided as a convenient shortcut. Consider using the more expressive processual form to capture your data. In the future, these relations will be linked to their cognate processes through rules.
An interaction relationship in which the two partners are molecular entities that directly physically interact with each other for example via a stable binding interaction or a brief interaction during which one modifies the other.
An interaction relation between x and y in which x catalyzes a reaction in which a phosphate group is added to y.
The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A regulates the kinase activity of B. A and B can be physically interacting but not necessarily. Immediately upstream means there are no intermediate entity between A and B.
The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that negatively regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A negatively regulates the kinase activity of B.
directly negatively regulates activity of
The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that positively regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A positively regulates the kinase activity of B.
directly positively regulates activity of
This property or its subproperties is not to be used directly. These properties exist as helper properties that are used to support OWL reasoning.
helper property (not for use in curation)
x composed_primarily_of y if and only if more than half of the mass of x is made from y or units of the same type as y.
p has part that occurs in c if and only if there exists some p1, such that p has_part p1, and p1 occurs in c.
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, typically connecting an anatomical entity to a biological process or developmental stage.
relation between physical entity and a process or stage
x existence starts during y if and only if the time point at which x starts is after or equivalent to the time point at which y starts and before or equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: x existence starts during y iff α(x) >= α(y) & α(x) <= ω(y).
x starts ends with y if and only if the time point at which x starts is equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x existence starts with y iff α(x) = α(y).
x existence overlaps y if and only if either (a) the start of x is part of y or (b) the end of x is part of y. Formally: x existence starts and ends during y iff (α(x) >= α(y) & α(x) <= ω(y)) OR (ω(x) <= ω(y) & ω(x) >= α(y))
x exists during y if and only if: 1) the time point at which x begins to exist is after or equal to the time point at which y begins and 2) the time point at which x ceases to exist is before or equal to the point at which y ends. Formally: x existence starts and ends during y iff α(x) >= α(y) & α(x) <= ω(y) & ω(x) <= ω(y) & ω(x) >= α(y)
Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c ceases to exist during some s, if it does not die prematurely.
x existence ends during y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y ends and after or equivalent to the point at which y starts. Formally: x existence ends during y iff ω(x) <= ω(y) and ω(x) >= α(y).
x existence ends with y if and only if the time point at which x ends is equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: x existence ends with y iff ω(x) = ω(y).
x transformation of y if x is the immediate transformation of y, or is linked to y through a chain of transformation relationships
x immediate transformation of y iff x immediately succeeds y temporally at a time boundary t, and all of the matter present in x at t is present in y at t, and all the matter in y at t is present in x at t
x existence starts during or after y if and only if the time point at which x starts is after or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x existence starts during or after y iff α (x) >= α (y).
x existence ends during or before y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y ends.
A relationship between a material entity and a process where the material entity has some causal role that influences the process
p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one where the execution of p influences the execution of q. p may be upstream, downstream, part of, or a container of q.
A relation between a segment or subdivision of an organism and the maximal subdivision of material entities that provides structural support for that segment or subdivision.
The skeleton of a structure may be a true skeleton (for example, the bony skeleton of a hand) or any kind of support framework (the hydrostatic skeleton of a sea star, the exoskeleton of an insect, the cytoskeleton of a cell).
molecular interaction relation helper property
Holds between p and c when p is locomotion process and the outcome of this process is the change of location of c
The entity or characteristic A is causally upstream of the entity or characteristic B, A having an effect on B. An entity corresponds to any biological type of entity as long as a mass is measurable. A characteristic corresponds to a particular specificity of an entity (e.g., phenotype, shape, size).
A relation that holds between elements of a musculoskeletal system or its analogs.
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving the biomechanical processes.
m1 has_muscle_antagonist m2 iff m1 has_muscle_insertion s, m2 has_muscle_insection s, m1 acts in opposition to m2, and m2 is responsible for returning the structure to its initial position.
x is a conduit for y iff y overlaps through the lumen_of of x, and y has parts on either side of the lumen of x.
This relation holds between a thing with a 'conduit' (e.g. a bone foramen) and a 'conduee' (for example, a nerve) such that at the time the relationship holds, the conduee has two ends sticking out either end of the conduit. It should therefore note be used for objects that move through the conduit but whose spatial extent does not span the passage. For example, it would not be used for a mountain that contains a long tunnel through which trains pass. Nor would we use it for a digestive tract and objects such as food that pass through.
x lumen_of y iff x is the space or substance that is part of y and does not cross any of the inner membranes or boundaries of y that is maximal with respect to the volume of the convex hull.
s is luminal space of x iff s is lumen_of x and s is an immaterial entity
p directly regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q and p regulates q.
s 'has part structure that is capable of' p if and only if there exists some part x such that s 'has part' x and x 'capable of' p
p results in breakdown of c if and only if the execution of p leads to c no longer being present at the end of p
p results in organization of c iff p results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of c
A relationship that holds between a material entity and a process in which causality is involved, with either the material entity or some part of the material entity exerting some influence over the process, or the process influencing some aspect of the material entity.
causal relation between material entity and a process
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a regulates p.
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a negatively regulates p.
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a positively regulates p.
p directly positively regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q, and p positively regulates q.
directly positively regulates (process to process)
p directly negatively regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q, and p negatively regulates q.
directly negatively regulates (process to process)
a produces b if some process that occurs_in a has_output b, where a and b are material entities. Examples: hybridoma cell line produces monoclonal antibody reagent; chondroblast produces avascular GAG-rich matrix.
produces
a produced_by b iff some process that occurs_in b has_output a.
produced by
p 'has primary input ot output' c iff either (a) p 'has primary input' c or (b) p 'has primary output' c.
Holds between an entity and an process P where the entity enables some larger compound process, and that larger process has-part P.
acts upstream of or within, positive effect
acts upstream of or within, negative effect
c 'acts upstream of, positive effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is positive
c 'acts upstream of, negative effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is negative
causally upstream of or within, negative effect
causally upstream of or within, positive effect
The entity A has an activity that regulates an activity of the entity B. For example, A and B are gene products where the catalytic activity of A regulates the kinase activity of B.
p acts on population of c iff c' is a collection, has members of type c, and p has participant c
acts on population of
results in fusion of
p is indirectly causally upstream of q iff p is causally upstream of q and there exists some process r such that p is causally upstream of r and r is causally upstream of q.
indirectly causally upstream of
p indirectly regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p regulates q.
indirectly regulates
q1 different_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) NOT =~ magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale.
q1 increased_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) > magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale.
q1 decreased_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) < magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale.
s3 has_cross_section s3 if and only if : there exists some 2d plane that intersects the bearer of s3, and the impression of s3 upon that plane has shape quality s2.
X device utilizes material Y means X and Y are material entities, and X is capable of some process P that has input Y.
A diagnostic testing device utilizes a specimen means that the diagnostic testing device is capable of an assay, and this assay a specimen as its input.
See github ticket https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/issues/497
device utilizes material
A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in the existence of C OR affects the intensity or magnitude of C.
A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) positively regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in an increase in the intensity or magnitude of C.
A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) negatively regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in a decrease in the intensity or magnitude of C.
This property only applies to anatomical entities.
A relation that holds between a polymer and its constituent monomers. P has_constituent_monomer c if and only if P has_component multiple instances of c and each instance of c is covalently attached to another instance of c.
p has anatomical participant c iff p has participant c, and c is an anatomical entity
results in changes to anatomical or cellular structure
OBSOLETE. q1 decreased_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) < magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale.
obsolete decreased_in_magnitude_relative_to
OBSOLETE. q1 different_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) NOT =~ magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale.
obsolete different_in_magnitude_relative_to
OBSOLETE. q1 increased_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) > magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale.
obsolete increased_in_magnitude_relative_to
OBSOLETE. q1 similar_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) =~ magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale.
obsolete similar_in_magnitude_relative_to
See document https://docs.google.com/document/d/15iVMtMyYbQSlvUDgn2XUaDzpwkB0USZI for full definition.
x anteriorly_connected_to y iff the anterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x posterior_to y.
x distally_connected_to y iff the distal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x proximal_to y.
X extends_fibers into Y iff there exists some neuron (N) and N has_soma_location X and N 'has synaptic IO in region' some Y
Relationship between a fluid and a material entity, where the fluid is the output of a realization of a filtration role that inheres in the material entity.
a indirectly_supplies s iff a has a branch and the branch supplies or indirectly supplies s.
x posteriorly_connected_to y iff the posterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x anterior_to y.
x proximally_connected_to y iff the proximal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x distal_to y.
c site_of p if c is the bearer of a disposition that is realized by a process that has p as part.
The highest value of a measurement range.
has maximum value
The lowest value of a measurement range.
has minimum value
The highest value of a measurement range excluding the boundary value.
has maximum value exclusive
The maximum value of a measurement range including the boundary value.
has maximum value inclusive
The minimum value of a measurement range excluding the boundary value.
has minimum value exclusive
The minimum value of a measurement range including the boundary value.
has minimum value inclusive
A protein coding gene resilin in fruit fly.
The projection of the inner surface of the cuticle.
cuticular internal depression
Resilin is an elastomeric protein found in many insects and other arthropods. It provides soft rubber-elasticity to mechanically active organs and tissue. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resilin
This is a generalized term to refer to this protein as the only option available now is pro-resilin (fruit fly) [http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_Q9V7U0]
resilin
The region of cuticle that is composed two articular surfaces that are adjacent to each other.
Articulations are 'anatomical clusters', collections of not direclty connected (continuous) sclerite surfaces that are adjacent to another sclerite. The cranio-mandibular articulation is the articular surface of the cranium and the adjacent articular surface of the mandible. The articular surfaces are sometimes located on the same sclerite.
The region of the insect cuticle that is less flexible than the neighboring conjunctiva(e) (conjunctiva(e) that the sclerite is continuous with.
esclerito
insect sclerite
sclerite
The area of the cuticle that is less flexible than adjacent conjunctivae.
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sclerite: distinctly sclerotized region of the integument, with thick layer of exocuticle."
Modified 2023-01-09: specifying insect sclerite. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The region of the insect cuticle that is more flexible than the neighboring sclerite(s) [sclerite(s) that the conjunctiva is continuous with].
Conjunctivae are more flexible and usually less thick than sclerties of the cuticle allowing the sclerites to move relative to each other. Micro-CT based methods cannot be used to accurately differentiate slcerites from conjunctiuvae. CLSM (the excitation wavelengths of sclerites and conjunctivae are different in response of 488 nm emission vawelength), histological sections or simple dissections need to be applied to define relative flexibility of the insect cuticle. If a conjunctiva entirelly encircles a sclerite, then the 'encircles' and 'encircled by' object properties are used to link the sclerite and the conjunctiva even in cases in which the encircled sclerites or conjunctivae are part of an evagination allowing to model spatial relationship between appendage segments: the pedicel is encircled by the scapal-pedicellar conjunctiva, which is encircled by the scape or the the coxa encircles the coxo-femoral conjunctiuva that encircels the femur.
membrane
conjunctiva
The area of the cuticle that is more flexible than adjacent sclerites.
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Membrane: very flexible, unsclerotized area of the integument."
The region of the cuticle that corresponds to a concave surface.
External cuticular depression. The surface of the cuticle in insects is the entire surface of an organism, and it is composed of flat, concave and convex regions. Concavities sometimes correspons with invaginations of the cuticle and the underlaying sinlge layer epidermis, somtimes correspond to a decreased cuticular thickness.
cuticular depression
The region of cuticle that corresponds with an invagination of the single layer epidermis (epidermal fold). The cuticular invagination sometimes corresponds to a cuticular depression (concavity on the surface of the cuticle).
cuticular invagination
The region of cuticle with higher content of resilin.
elastic cuticle
Modified 2024-02-14: updated to 'composed primarily of' and linked to resilin jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The region of the cuticle that corresponds to a convex surface.
The surface of the cuticle in insects is the entire surface of an organism, and it is composed of flat, concave and convex regions. Convexities sometimes correspons with evaginations of the cuticle and the underlaying sinlge layer epidermis and sometimes correspond to an increased cuticular thickness."
cuticular protrusion
The cuticular depression that is adjacent to a cuticular condyle.
cuticular fossa
The cuticular protrusion that is part of an insect sclerite and adjacent to an articular surface.
cuticular condyle
A part or structure that is produced by evagination.
evaginated
The articulation between the mandible and the cranium.
insect cranio-mandibular articulation
Modified 2023-02-05: specified insect. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The articulation between the cardo and the cranium.
cranio-cardinal articulation
The articulation between the scapus and the cranium.
cranio-antennal articulation
The articulation between the head and the neck.
insect head-cervical articulation
The sclerite of the insect maxilla that is attached to the head capsule by the oral foraminal conjunctiva and to the cuticle of stipes by the stipito-cardinal conjunctiva.
cuticle of cardo
cardo
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Cardo: basal element of maxilla, articulating with head capsule; usually moved by one cranial muscle and one tentorial muscle."
Modified 2023-04-13: removed ‘cuticle of’ from label. starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330
The sclerite of the insect head that is attached to the neck membrane and the oral foraminal conjunctiva, bears the eye cuticle and surrounds the brain
cephalic capsule
head capsule
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "The head capsule is almost always a rigid, well sclerotized structural unit, equipped with a defined set of appendages. It is reinforced by strengthening ridges and the endoskeletal tentorium"
The axillary sclerite that is on the dorsal region of the basal wing conjunctiva and lateral to the first axillary sclerite.
dorsal second axillary sclerite
Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the tergum by the metanoto-abdominal tergite I conjunctiva.
abdominal tergite I
Modified 2023-04-13: removed distally adjacent elements to avoid problems with their absence during presence/absence reasoning. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The axillary sclerite that is part of the dorsal region of the basal wing conjunctiva and is anterior to the third axillary sclerite.
first axillary sclerite
The cuticle of the appendage of the insect maxilla that is attached to the stipes by the stipito-galeal conjunctiva.
cuticle of galea
galea
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Galea: outer endite lobe of maxilla, usually semimembranous and equipped with sensilla (mainly chemoreceptors)."
The cuticle of the paired appendage of the labium that is attached to the palpiger by the palpigero-palpal conjunctiva.
cuticle of labial palpus
labial palpus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Labial palp: tactile appendage of the labium."
The cuticle of the appendage of the insect maxilla that is attached to the cuticle of stipes by the stipito-lacinial conjunctiva.
cuticle of lacinia
lacinia
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Lacinia: inner endite lobe of maxilla, usually firmly connected or fused with stipes; usually sclerotized, with mesally curved apex and articulated spines arranged along mesal edge."
The region of cuticle that corresponds with an evagination of the cuticle and the single layer epidermis (epidermal fold). The cuticular evagination usually corresponds to a cuticular protrusion (convexity on the surface of the cuticle).
cuticular evagination
The cuticular protrusion that does not correspond to an evagination.
solid cuticular protrusion
The evagination of the cuticle that is musculated (connected to the body via muscles).
cuticle of insect appendage
insect appendage
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "any part, piece, or organ attached by a joint to the body or to any other main structure"
The cuticle of the paired appendage of the insect thorax that is composed of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, and pretarsus.
cuticle of insect leg
insect leg
The cuticle of the appendage of the head capsule that is connected by the antenniferal-scapal conjunctiva to the cuticle of the scapus, which is connected by the scapal-pedicellar conjunctiva to the cuticle of the pedicellus; the cuticle of the pedicellus is connected by the pedicellar-first flagellomeral conjunctiva to the cuticle of the first flagellomere; the cuticle of the first flagellomere is connected by interflagellomeral conjunctiva to the next cuticle of flagellomere. Further cuticle of flagellomeres are connected to each other by interflagellomeral conjunctiva.
cuticle of antenna
antenna
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Antenna: head appendage of segment 2, innervated by deutocerebrum; in Insecta composed of scapus, pedicellus and flagellum; primarily multisegmented and filiform."
The cuticle of the flat, paired appendage on the dorso-lateral region of the pterothorax.
cuticle of insect wing
insect wing
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "in adult insects or subimago of Ephemeroptera, paired mambranous appendages, supported by veins, located on the mesothorax or metathorax, functioning in flight"
The cuticle of the paired appendage of the prothorax that is anterior to the cuticle of a mid leg and composed of cuticle of procoxa, cuticle of protrochanter, cuticle of profemur, cuticle of protibia, cuticle of protarsus, and cuticle of propretarsus.
cuticle of fore leg
fore leg
The cuticle of the paired appendage of the mesothorax that is posterior to the cuticle of a fore leg, anterior to the cuticle of a hind leg, and composed of cuticle of mesocoxa, cuticle of mesotrochanter, cuticle of mesofemur, cuticle of mesotibia, cuticle of mesotarsus, and cuticle of mesopretarsus.
cuticle of mid leg
mid leg
The cuticle of the paired appendage of the metathorax that is posterior to the cuticle of a mid leg and composed of cuticle of metacoxa, cuticle of metatrochanter, cuticle of metafemur, cuticle of metatibia, cuticle of metatarsus, and cuticle of metapretarsus.
cuticle of hind leg
hind leg
The cuticle of the paired insect wing that is continuous with the mesonotum.
cuticle of fore wing
fore wing
The cuticle of the paired insect wing that is continuous with the metanotum.
cuticle of hind wing
hind wing
2021-12-08Modified 2023-04-13: removed ‘cuticle of’ from label. starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330
The unicellular cuticular evagination that constitutes a sclerite with its base surrounded by socket membrane.
cuticular seta
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Seta (=macrotrichium): articulated hair with socket, formed by trichogen cell."
The multicellular evagination of the cuticle that corresponds to an epithelial fold, composed of some sclerite that is encricled by a conjunctiva (moveable).
The difference between an appendage and a spur is the lack of muscles attached to the spur, otherwise, the mandible would be also a spur. Spines are multicellular evaginations that are not encircled by conjunctivae. Moveable beetle horns are spurs while not moveable beetle horns are spines.
cuticular spur
Richards AG, Richards PA (1979) The cuticular protuberances of insects. International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 8: 143–157. "Multicellular protuberances without differentiation of specialized cells"
The seta that is flat.
cuticular scale
The cuticle of the mouthpart and appendage that is attached to the clypeus by the clypeo-labral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the epipharynx.
cuticle of labrum
labrum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Labrum: unpaired upper lip, connected with distal edge of clypeus."
The cuticle of the mouthpart and sclerite between the cuticle of the labrum and the cuticle of the insect maxilla that is attached to the head capsule by the oral foraminal conjunctiva and the cranio-mandibular muscle.
cuticle of insect mandible
insect mandible
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "The mandibles are the paired appendages of the 4th head segment and receive their innervation from the anterior part of the suboesophageal ganglion [...] They are primarily a compact, undivided and strongly sclerotized element without appendages."
The cuticle of the mouthpart appendage of the head capsule, between the cuticle of the insect mandible and the cuticle of the labium, composed of cuticle of cardo, which is attached to the cuticle of stipes by the cardo-stipital conjunctiva; the cuticle of stipes, which is attached to the cuticle of galea by the stipito-galeal conjunctiva, to the cuticle of lacinia by the stipito-lacinial conjunctiva, and to the cuticle of palpifer by the stipito-palpiferal conjunctiva; the cuticle of palpifer is attached to the cuticle of maxillary palpus by the palpifero-palpal conjunctiva.
cuticle of insect maxilla
insect maxilla
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Maxilla: head appendage of segment 5, innervated by maxillary nerve originating from intermediate part of suboesophageal complex; primarily composed of cardo, stipes, endite lobes (lacinia, galea) and maxillary palp."
The conjunctiva of the insect thorax that connects the mesothorax and the metathorax.
mesothoracic-metathoracic conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect thorax joining the prothorax and the mesothorax.
prothoracic-mesothoracic conjunctiva
The cuticle of the appendage of the insect leg that is attached to the cuticle of tarsus by the tarso-pretarsal conjunctiva.
cuticle of pretarsus
pretarsus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pretarsus: apical element of leg bearing ungues; distinct and cylindrical in entognathous hexapods, strongly reduced in Insecta."
The cuticle of the appendage of the cuticle of labium composed of the cuticle of glossa and cuticle of paraglossa jointly.
cuticle of ligula
ligula
Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "Ligula - The terminal lobes of the labium collectively, or a terminal part of the labium formed by the union of the lobes."
The cuticle of the appendage of the labium, and part of the ligula, that is attached to the prementum by the premental-glossal conjunctiva.
cuticle of glossa
glossa
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Glossa: paired inner endite lobes of the prementum."
The cuticle of the paired appendage of the labium, and part of the ligula, that is attached to the cuticle of prementum by the premental-paraglossal conjunctiva.
cuticle of paraglossa
paraglossa
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Paraglossa: paired outer endite lobes of the prementum (labium)."
The cuticle of the appendage of the insect maxilla that is attached to the cuticle of palpifer by the palpifero-palpal conjunctiva.
cuticle of maxillary palpus
maxillary palpus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Palp: tactile appendage of maxilla"
The notum or sclerite on the dorsal region of the mesothorax that is posterior to the pronotum, connected via the mesonoto-mesopleural conjuntiva to the dorsal margin of the mesopleuron, that is not adjacent to the mesocoxa, but attached to it by the mesocoxal muscle.
mesonotum
The sclerite that is continuous with the basal mesocoxal conjunctiva and the basal wing conjunctiva and contains the mesofurca.
mesopectus
The trochantin that is located on the ventro-lateral region of the mesothorax and is attached to a mesocoxa and surrounded by the basal mesocoxal conjunctiva.
mesotrochantin
The trochantin that is located on the ventro-lateral region of the prothorax and is attached to a procoxa and surrounded by the basal procoxal conjunctiva.
protrochantin
The trochantin that is located on the ventro-lateral region of the metathorax and is attached to a metacoxa and surrounded by the basal metacoxal conjunctiva.
metatrochantin
The sclerite of the labium that is connected to the mentum by the mental-premental conjunctiva, to the palpiger by the premental-palpigeral conjunctiva, to the paraglossa by the premental-paraglossal conjunctiva, and to the glossa by the premental-glossal conjunctiva.
prementum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Prementum: distal main element of labium, bearing the endite lobes (glossa and paraglossa) and the labial palp."
The sclerite that is posterior to the pronotum and receives the site of attachment of the dilutor muscle of the first thoracic spiracle.
prepectus
The notum or sclerite on the dorsal region of the prothorax that is attached to cranial muscles, procoxal muscles, contiuous posterioirly with the neck membrane and with pronoto-propleural conjunctiva and not adjacent (not touching) to the procoxa.
pronotum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pronotum: prothoracic tergum."
The cuticle of the mere that is part of the labial palpus.
cuticle of labial palpomere
labial palpomere
The sclerite on the ventral region of the prothorax that bears the profurca and is attached to the propleuro-prosternal conjunctiva.
prosternum
The sclerite that is cylindrical and encircles and is encircled by conjunctiva.
ring sclerite
The ring sclerite that is part of an appendage and is attached to muscle.
cuticle of appendage segment
appendage segment
The cuticle of the segment of the mid leg that is attached to the latero-ventral region of the mesothorax by the basal mesocoxal conjunctiva.
cuticle of mesocoxa
mesocoxa
The cuticle of the segment of the hind leg that is attached to the latero-ventral region of the metathorax by the basal metacoxal conjunctiva.
cuticle of metacoxa
metacoxa
The cuticle of the segment of the fore leg that is attached to the latero-ventral region of the prothorax by the basal procoxal conjunctiva.
cuticle of procoxa
procoxa
The cuticle of the segment of a fore leg attached to the distal margin of the profemur by the profemoro-protibial conjunctiva.
cuticle of protibia
protibia
The cuticle of the segment of a mid leg attached to the distal margin of the mesofemur by the mesofemoro-mesotibial conjunctiva.
cuticle of mesotibia
mesotibia
The cuticle of the segment of a hind leg attached to the distal margin of the metafemur by the metafemoro-metatibial conjunctiva.
cuticle of metatibia
metatibia
The cuticle of the segment of a fore leg attached to the distal margin of the protrochanter by the protrochantero-profemoral conjunctiva.
cuticle of profemur
profemur
The cuticle of the segment of a mid leg attached to the distal margin of the mesotrochanter by the mesotrochantero-mesofemoral conjunctiva.
cuticle of mesofemur
mesofemur
The cuticle of the segment of a hind leg attached to the distal margin of the metatrochanter by the metatrochantero-metafemoral conjunctiva.
cuticle of metafemur
metafemur
The ring sclerite that is part of an appendage and is not attached to somatic muscle.
cuticle of mere
mere
The cuticle of the mere that is part of the tarsus.
cuticle of tarsomere
tarsomere
"Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tarsomere: subelement of tarsus in Insecta; number often taxon-specific, sometimes differing on legs of different segments (diagnostic value: tarsal formula)."
The cuticle of the segment of a leg attached to the distal margin of the femur by the femoro-tibial conjunctiva.
cuticle of tibia
tibia
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tibia: 4th element of leg; usually cylindrical and equipped with paired terminal spurs, often with rows of spines."
The cuticle of the segment of a leg attached to the distal margin of the trochanter by the trochantero-femoral conjunctiva.
cuticle of femur
femur
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Femur: 3rd element of leg, often largest part."
The cuticle of the segment of the leg that is attached to the latero-ventral region of the insect thorax by the basal coxal conjunctiva.
cuticle of coxa
coxa
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Coxa: basal element of leg; articulated with pleural, sternal and usually also trochantinal elements of thoracic segment."
The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule.
insect cranial muscle
lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932
The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the antenna.
cranio-antennal muscle
The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the insect mandible.
cranio-mandibular muscle
The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the labium.
cranio-labial muscle
The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the labrum.
cranio-labral muscle
The coxal muscle of the mesocoxa.
mesocoxal muscle
The somatic muscle that inserts in the coxa.
All of the coxal muscles, except the second sternal-metacoxal muscle, are attached to the thorax.
coxal muscle
The cuticle of the mouthpart appendage composed of the cuticle of submentum, which is attached by the submental-mental conjunctiva to the cuticle of mentum, which is attached by the mental-premental conjunctiva to the cuticle of prementum, which is attached to the cuticle of palpiger by the premental-palpigeral conjunctiva, the cuticle of paraglossa by the premental-paraglossal conjunctiva, and the cuticle of glossa by the premental-glossal conjunctiva; the cuticle of palpiger is attached by the palpigero-palpal conjunctiva to the cuticle of labial palpus.
cuticle of labium
labium
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "The labium or lower lip forms the posterior (orthognathous head) or ventral (prognathous head) closure of the preoral space and of the salivarium. It is homologous to the maxilla (2nd maxilla) of crustaceans, but its proximal parts form a structural unit without a recognizable median line or suture."
The elastic cuticle of the head capsule that is transparent and covers the eye.
eye cuticle
The resilin rich region that connects two sclerites.
insect ligament
Modified 2023-01-09 to specify insect ligament. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The apodeme of elastic cuticle that is continuous with somatic muscle.
The usually cylindircal evagination of the cuticle that is resilin rich and is continuous with somatic muscles.
cuticular tendon
Klass K-D (2001) The female abdomen of the viviparous earwig Hemimerus vosseleri (Insecta: Dermaptera: Hemimeridae), with a discussion of the postgenital abdomen of Insecta. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 251–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb02239.x "tendon is used herein to designate membranous internal cuticular projections"
The branching invagination of elastic cuticle that is cylindrical and contains taenidia.
insect trachea
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Trachea: tube-shaped elements of the tracheal system."
Modified 2023-01-09 to specify insect trachea. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The conjunctiva of the insect head that is attached to the salivarium and to the oral foraminal conjunctiva.
hypopharynx
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Hypopharynx: median unpaired lobe between mouthparts and epipharynx; anterior (dorsal) surface continuous with anterior pharynx."
The conjunctiva of the insect thorax that joins the mesopleuron and the metapleuron.
mesopleuro-metapleural conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the mesothorax that joins the metasternum and the metacoxa.
metasterno-metacoxal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the prothorax that joins the prosternum and the procoxa.
prosternal-procoxal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the metathorax that joins the metapleuron and the metacoxa.
metapleuro-metacoxal conjunctiva
The conjuctiva that is continuous with the posterior margin of the head capsule and with the anterior margin of the prothorax, and bears cervical sclerites.
neck membrane
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Cervical membrane: membrane connecting the head and prothorax."
The conjunctiva of the insect head that connects the head capsule and the mouthparts.
oral foraminal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect thorax that joins the pronotum and the mesonotum.
pronoto-mesonotal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that is attached to the pronotum and the mesopectus.
pronoto-mesopectal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles a ring sclerite.
ring conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the mesocoxa and connects it to the ventral and lateral regions of the mesothorax.
basal mesocoxal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the metacoxa and connects it to the ventral and lateral regions of the metathorax.
basal metacoxal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect head that is connected to the oral foraminal conjunctiva and to the distal margin of the labrum.
epipharynx
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Epipharynx: semimembranous or membranous posterior wall of labrum and roof of cibarium."
The conjunctiva that encircles the procoxa and connects it to the ventral and lateral regions of the prothorax.
basal procoxal conjunctiva
The cuticular region that is anterior (distal) to the neck membrane (encircled by the neck membrane) and contains the head capsule, the antenna, the eyes, mouthparts and surrounds the brain.
cuticle of insect head
insect head
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "The head is a compact and complex tagma with a concentration of a broad array of structures und functions. It is equipped with sense organs such as the highly complex compound eyes and the antennae, an elaborate set of mouthparts, and a complex muscle apparatus. It also contains central elements of the nervous system, the anterior part of the digestive tract including the cibarium (preoral cavity) and the salivarium, and also neurohaemal organs."
The region of cuticle that is connected to some muscles of the fore and hind legs and is posterior to the neck membrane and aterior to the first abdominal spiracle.
The hind leg muscles sometimes attach to the second abdominal sternite. The abdominal sopiracles are different in their structure from tghe thoracic spiracles as they are opened and closed by two articulating sclerites that are moved by two sets of muscles whereas the thoracic spiracles are closed by only one occlusor muscle and opened by the flexibility of the distal tracheal region. The border between the thorax and the abdomen is sometimes marked by the anterior first abdmonial tergal conjunctiva. In Hymenoptera, the border between the abdomen and the thorax cannot be defined as the anterior first abdmonial tergal conjunctiva is absent, the sclerite that receives muscles from the metacoxa also contains the first abdominal spiracle.
cuticle of insect thorax
insect thorax
The region of the cuticle that is an insect tagmatic subdivision of the integument, posterior to the thorax.
The thorax is defined based on local properties (e.g. attachment sites of coxal muscles) and therefore we can reference this class for the definition of the abdomen.
cuticle of insect abdomen
insect abdomen
Modified 2024-01-25: added 'insect tagmatic subdivision of integument'. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the cardo and the stipes.
cardo-stipital conjunctiva
The cuticle of the sclerite of the insect maxilla that is attached to the cuticle of cardo by the cardo-stipital conjunctiva, attached to the cuticle of lacinia by the stipito-lacinial conjunctiva, attached to the cuticle of palpifer by the stipito-palpiferal conjunctiva, and attached to the cuticle of galea by the stipito-galeal conjunctiva.
cuticle of stipes
stipes
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Stipes: second element of maxilla, connected with cardo by a hinge; bearing endite lobes (galea and lacinia) and maxillary palp."
The conjunctiva that encircles the base of the antenna (scape) and is encircled by the head capsule as the antennal foramen.
cranio-antennal conjunctiva
The cuticle of the segment of the antenna that is connected to the head capsule and the antennifer by the basal antennal conjunctiva.
cuticle of scapus
scapus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 Scapus: basal element of antenna, with two muscles attached to the pedicellus.
The conjunctiva of the antenna that connects the scapus and the pedicellus.
scapal-pedicellar conjunctiva
The cuticle of the segment of the antenna that is attached to the scapus by the scapal-pedicellar conjunctiva.
cuticle of pedicellus
pedicellus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pedicellus: second antennal segment in Insecta; contains Johnston’s organ and lacks intrinsic muscles."
The cuticle of the mere that is part of the antenna.
Given the high number of flagellomeres occurring in some taxa, Arabic numerals are used instead of Roman numerals for practicality reasons.
cuticle of flagellomere
flagellomere
The cuticle of the first flagellomere of the antenna, attached to the pedicel by the pedicel-first flagellomere conjunctiva.
cuticle of first flagellomere
flagellomere 1
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Flagellomere: segment of the flagellum."
Modified 2023-05-05: "first" replaced with "1" gmontanaro https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0836-1364
The conjunctiva of the antenna that connects the pedicellus and the first flagellomere.
pedicellar-first flagellomeral conjunctiva
The region of the cuticle on the lateral region of the metathorax that is attached to the metanotum and the metasternum, and is attached to the metacoxa by the metacoxal muscle and the basal metacoxal conjunctiva.
metapleuron
The conjunctiva of the prothorax that joins the propleuron and the procoxa.
propleuro-procoxal conjunctiva
The sclerite on the ventral region of the mesothorax that bears the mesofurca and is attached to the mesopleuro-mesosternal conjunctiva.
mesosternum
The conjunctiva of the fore leg joining the distal margin of a procoxa and the proximal margin of a protrochanter.
procoxal-protrochanteral conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the mid leg joining the distal margin of a mesocoxa and the proximal margin of a mesotrochanter.
mesocoxal-mesotrochanteral conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the hind leg joining the distal margin of a metacoxa and the proximal margin of a metatrochanter.
metacoxal-metatrochanteral conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that corresponds to one epithelial cell and surrounds a sclerotized unicellular cuticular evagination.
Should coincide with 'exactly one' epithelial cell, but that violates OWL specs.
socket membrane
The cuticular evagination that corresponds to the evagination on the membrane of a single cell and not to the evagination of a cell layer.
unicellular cuticular evagination
The region of cuticle that corresponds to the evagination of the single layer epithelium.
multicellular cuticular evagination
The seta that has one opening distally.
Should coincide with 'exactly one' pore canal, but that violates OWL specs.
uniporous sensillum
Modified 2023-01-11: added has part cuticular seta. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
Modified 2023-01-11: moved under cuticular sensilla; added has part cuticular seta. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The seta that has multiple cuticular pores (openings of class III exocrine glands).
multiporous sensillum
Ando, T., Sekine, S., Inagaki, S., Misaki, K., Badel, L., Moriya, H., Sami, M.M., Itakura, Y., Chihara, T., Kazama, H. and Yonemura, S., 2019. Nanopore formation in the cuticle of an insect olfactory sensillum. Current Biology, 29(9), pp.1512-1520. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982219303410#fig4
The multiporous plate that is elongated.
placoid sensillum
The multiporous sensillum that is flat.
multiporous plate
The branching cuticular invagination that corresponds to the invagination of the membrane of a single cell and does not contain taenidia.
cuticular exocrine gland duct
The region of the cuticle that is continuous to the proximal region of a trachea and can be closed by muscles.
insect spiracle
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Spiracle: external opening of the tracheal system."
Modified 2023-01-09: specifying insect spiracle. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The cuticular ivagination that ramifies into umerous branches.
Branching cuticular invaginations porvide important models for branchig morphogenesis.
branching cuticular invagination
The branching cuticular invagination that is located between the mid and hindgut.
malphigian tube
The cuticular invagination that is hollow.
The apophysis in HAO refers to an ivagination of the cuticle that is cylindrical as opposed to a ridge that is elongate. Beutel et al. 2014 differentiate apodemes from apophyses in that apodemes are solid and apophyses are hollow.
cuticular apophysis
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Apophysis: hollow cuticular invagination."
The coiled ridge in the wall of the trachea.
taenidium
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Taenidium: spiral-shaped strengthening ridge of the tracheae."
The furca of the mesothorax that is attached to the mesocoxa via muscle.
mesofurca
The furca of the metathorax that is attached to the metacoxa via muscle.
metafurca
The furca of the prothorax that is attached to the procoxa via muscle.
profurca
The apophysis that is located ventromedially on the thorax and is connected to the coxa via muscles.
endosternite
furca
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Furca (=sternal apophysis, endosternite): endoskeletal element (entapophysis) of furcasternum; paired furcal arms often connected with pleural ridge by short muscle."
The coxal muscle of the procoxa.
procoxal muscle
The coxal muscle of the metacoxa.
metacoxal muscle
The somatic muscle that inserts in the femur.
femoral muscle
The somatic muscle that inserts in the tibia.
tibial muscle
The somatic muscle that inserts in the pretarsus.
There are usually two muscle bands of the pretarsal muscle, one is arising from the femur, the other from the tibia. The muscle usually inserts on a resilin rich basal sclerite of the pretarsus, the unguitractor plate.
pretarsal muscle
The somatic muscle that inserts in the profemur.
profemoral muscle
The somatic muscle that inserts in the mesofemur.
mesofemoral muscle
The somatic muscle that inserts in the metafemur.
metafemoral muscle
The somatic muscle that inserts in the protibia.
protibial muscle
The somatic muscle that inserts in the mesotibia.
mesotibial muscle
The somatic muscle that inserts in the metatibia.
metatibial muscle
The cuticular depression that is circular.
cuticular fovea
The cuticular depression that is elongated and coincides with the distal side of an insect sclerite.
The cuticular depression (concavity on the surface of the cuticle) that does not correspond to a cuticular invagination (epithelial fold). The cuticule is less thick at the site of a cuticular impression.
cuticular groove
Modified 2024-01-25: to reflect subclass of definiton jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
former 'impression' imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075
The invagination on a sclerite that is elongated.
cuticular ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Ridge: cuticular strengthening ridge." "They are not lines of fusion or molting lines."(p. 12)
The conjunctiva in the head capsule that forms a pouch between the hypopharynx and the labium and bears the exocrine gland duct.
salivarium
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Salivarium: posterior part of preoral space between hypopharynx and labium, with opening of salivary ducts."
The invagination of the cuticle that is largely membranous.
cuticular pouch
The ridge that is in the sagittal line of the ventro-medial region of the thorax.
discrimenal lamella
The cuticular depression (concavity on cuticle surface) that corresponds with a cuticular ridge (an elongate cuticular invagination).
cuticular sulcus
The longitudinal (parallel to antero-posterior axis) sulcus that corresponds to the discrimenal lamella.
discrimen
jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Discrimen: longitudinal ridge medially dividing the sternum"
The cuticle of the appendage of the insect head that is encircled by the oral foraminal conjunctiva.
cuticle of mouthpart
mouthpart
The insect articulation between the propleuron and the procoxa.
propleuro-procoxal articulation
The region of cuticle where two sclerites meet.
articular surface
The sclerite of the salivarium.
salivary sclerite
The notum or sclerite on the dorsal region of the metathorax that is posterior to the mesonotum, connected via the metanoto-metapleural conjuntiva to the dorsal margin of the metapleuron, that is not adjacent to the metacoxa, but attached to it by the metacoxal muscle.
metanotum
The sclerite that is continuous with the basal metacoxal conjunctiva and the basal wing conjunctiva and contains the metafurca.
metapectus
The conjunctiva is encircled by a tarsomere that encircles another tarsomere.
intertarsomeral conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the coxa and connects it to the ventral and lateral thoracic regions.
These conjunctivae can be used as stable reference points in insects that poseess legs, and can be used to define sclerites on the lateral side of the thorax.
basal coxal conjunctiva
The insect region of integument that is part of the chitin-based cuticle.
The AISM focuses on anatomical structures that are part of the insect (chitinous) cuticle. These structures are acellular regions of the integument. Regions of the insect cuticle with different mechanical properties (i.e. increased and descresed flexinility, thickness, and elasticity) are continuous with each other (e.g. sclerites are continuous with conjunctivae or resilin rich regions are continuous with regions with less resilin content).
insect region of cuticle
Modified 2023-04-13: added insect to specify. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The orifice that is contained by the cuticle and connects the inside of the insect with the outside, is tubular, and whose diameter is smaller than 100 nm.
pore canal
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pore canals: thin perforations of the cuticle."
The solid cuticular protrusion that coincides with only one epidermal cell (smaller than the diameter of the epidermal cell).
acantha
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Acanthae: hairs without sockets, one per hypodermal cell."
The cuticular carina on a tergite (or notum).
tergal carina
The cuticular spur that is continuous with the distal margin of the tibia.
tibial spur
The hairlike seta that is short and thick walled.
sensillum chaeticum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sensillum chaeticum: shorter than sensillum trichodeum, thick-walled."
The cuticular seta that is elongated and acuminate.
Hairlike seta that is long.
sensillum trichodeum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sensillum trichodeum: hair-like sensilla, seta associated with sensory cell."
Seta that is located in the middle of a depression with narrowed external opening.
sensillum coeloconicum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sensillum coeloconicum: sensillum with modified seta in a cavity, with narrowed external opening of surrounding cuticle."
The solid cuticular invagination of a sclerite.
apodeme
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Apodeme: solid cuticular invagination serving as muscle insertion area."
Klass K-D (2001) The female abdomen of the viviparous earwig Hemimerus vosseleri (Insecta: Dermaptera: Hemimeridae), with a discussion of the postgenital abdomen of Insecta. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 251–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb02239.x "tendon is used herein to designate sclerotized internal cuticular projections"
The seta that is conical.
sensillum basiconicum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sensillum basiconicum: sensillum with rounded, conical seta."
The cuticular protrusion of the head capsule thag is continuous with the antenniferal-scapal conjunctiva and adjacent to the cuticle of the scapus
The cuticular protrusion (process, protuberace) that bears the cranial articular surface of the cranio-antennal articulation.
antennifer
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Antennifer: small cephalic process articulating with the antenna."
The solid, paired, branching cuticular invagination of the head capsule that is attached to the antenna and the mouthparts via muscles.
The paired apophysis that connects the posterior (ventral in prognathous head) and anterior (dorsal in prognathous head) walls of the head capsule and serves as site of isertion of atennal and mouthpart muscles.
tentorium
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tentorium: cephalic endoskeleton, usually composed of paired anterior, posterior and dorsal tentorial arms and a transverse tentorial bridge (corpotentorium)."
The insect cranial muscle that is attached to the tentorium and to the antenna.
tentorio-antennal muscle
The cuticular depression that corresponds to an apophysis.
cuticular pit
The tentorial pit that correspods to the anterior (dorsal in prognathous head) end of the tentorium.
anterior tentorial pit
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anterior tentorial pit (or groove): externally visible invagination area and origin of anterior tentorial arm; adjacent with dorsolateral clypeal margin."
The tentorial pit that correspods to the posterior (ventral in prognathous head) end of the tentorium.
posterior tentorial pit
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Posterior tentorial pit (or groove): externally visible invagination of posterior part of head capsule and origin of posterior tentorial arm; adjacent with foramen occipitale or gula."
The cuticular pit that correspods to the tentorium.
tentorial pit
The foramen encircled by insect region of cuticle.
arthropod foramen
The arthropod foramen of the head capsule with the antennifer and surrounds the scapus via the antenniferal-scapal conjunctiva.
antennal socket
torulus
antennal foramen
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "antennal socket = torulus = basal socket of antenna"
The cuticular carina that is part of the tibia and parallel to the proximal-distal axis.
tibial carina
The paired sclerite of the postabdomen that is attached to the abdominal tergite IX by the abdominal tergite IX-gonocoxa IX conjunctiva and is articulated with abdominal tergite IX.
cuticle of gonocoxa IX
second coxopodite
second gonocoxite
second valvifer
gonocoxa IX
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Coxopodite (=valvifer, gonocoxa, gonocoxite): short basal piece of ovipositor elements of female genital segments VIII and IX."
The conjunctiva of the postabdomen that connects the abdominal tergite IX and the gonocoxa IX.
abdominal tergite IX-gonocoxa IX conjunctiva
The tarsomere that is part of the protarsus.
protarsomere
The protarsomere distal to the protibia and encircled by the protibio-protarsal conjunctiva.
protarsomere 1
The protarsomere that is distal to the protarsomere 1 and is encircled by the protarsomere 1-protarsomere 2 conjunctiva.
protarsomere 2
The protarsomere that is distal to the protarsomere 2 and is encircled by the protarsomere 2-protarsomere 3 conjunctiva.
protarsomere 3
The protarsomere that is distal to the protarsomere 3 and is encircled by the protarsomere 3-protarsomere 4 conjunctiva.
protarsomere 4
The protarsomere that is distal to the protarsomere 4 and is encircled by the protarsomere 4-protarsomere 5 conjunctiva.
protarsomere 5
The tarsomere that is part of the mesotarsus.
mesotarsomere
The mesotarsomere that is distal to the mesotibia and is encircled by the mesotibio-mesotarsal conjunctiva.
mesotarsomere 1
The mesotarsomere that is distal to the mesotarsomere 1 and is encircled by the mesotarsomere 1-mesotarsomere 2 conjunctiva.
mesotarsomere 2
The mesotarsomere that is distal to the mesotarsomere 2 and is encircled by the mesotarsomere 2-mesotarsomere 3 conjunctiva.
mesotarsomere 3
The mesotarsomere that is distal to the mesotarsomere 3 and is encircled by the mesotarsomere 3-mesotarsomere 4 conjunctiva.
mesotarsomere 4
The mesotarsomere that is distal to the mesotarsomere 4 and is encircled by the mesotarsomere 4-mesotarsomere 5 conjunctiva.
mesotarsomere 5
The tarsomere that is part of the metatarsus.
metatarsomere
The metatarsomere that is distal to the metatibia and is encircled by the metatibio-metatarsal conjunctiva.
metatarsomere 1
The metatarsomere that is distal to the metatarsomere 1 and is encircled by the metatarsomere 1-metatarsomere 2 conjunctiva.
metatarsomere 2
The metatarsomere that is distal to the metatarsomere 2 and is encircled by the metatarsomere 2-metatarsomere 3 conjunctiva.
metatarsomere 3
The metatarsomere that is distal to the metatarsomere 3 and is encircled by the metatarsomere 3-metatarsomere 4 conjunctiva.
metatarsomere 4
The metatarsomere that is distal to the metatarsomere 4 and is encircled by the metatarsomere 4-metatarsomere 5 conjunctiva.
metatarsomere 5
The conjunctiva that is part of the protarsus, is encircled by protarsomere 2 and encircles protarsomere 2.
protarsomere 1-protarsomere 2 conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that is part of the protarsus, is encircled by protarsomere 2 and encircles protarsomere 3.
protarsomere 2-protarsomere 3 conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that is part of the protarsus, is encircled by protarsomere 3 and encircles protarsomere 4.
protarsomere 3-protarsomere 4 conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that is part of the protarsus, is encircled by protarsomere 4 and encircles protarsomere 5.
protarsomere 4-protarsomere 5 conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that is part of the mesotarsus, is encircled by mesotarsomere 1 and encircles mesotarsomere 2.
mesotarsomere 1-mesotarsomere 2 conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that is part of the mesotarsus, is encircled by mesotarsomere 2 and encircles mesotarsomere 3.
mesotarsomere 2-mesotarsomere 3 conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that is part of the mesotarsus, is encircled by mesotarsomere 3 and encircles mesotarsomere 4.
mesotarsomere 3-mesotarsomere 4 conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that is part of the mesotarsus, is encircled by mesotarsomere 4 and encircles mesotarsomere 5.
mesotarsomere 4-mesotarsomere 5 conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that is part of the metatarsus, is encircled by metatarsomere 1 and encircles metatarsomere 2.
metatarsomere 1-metatarsomere 2 conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that is part of the metatarsus, is encircled by metatarsomere 2 and encircles metatarsomere 3.
metatarsomere 2-metatarsomere 3 conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that is part of the metatarsus, is encircled by metatarsomere 3 and encircles metatarsomere 4.
metatarsomere 3-metatarsomere 4 conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that is part of the metatarsus, is encircled by metatarsomere 4 and encircles metatarsomere 5.
metatarsomere 4-metatarsomere 5 conjunctiva
The protarsus with protarsomeres 1-5.
protarsus with 5 protarsomeres
The mesotarsus that is composed by mesotarsomeres 1-5.
mesotarsus with 5 mesotarsomeres
The metatarsus that is composed by metatarsomeres 1-5.
metatarsus with 5 metatarsomeres
The cuticle of the flagellomere that is distal to the flagellomere 1 and is encircled by the flagellomere 1-flagellomere 2 conjunctiva.
antennomere 4
flagellomere 2
The cuticle of the flagellomere that is distal to the flagellomere 2 and is encircled by the flagellomere 2-flagellomere 3 conjunctiva.
antennomere 5
flagellomere 3
The cuticle of the flagellomere that is distal to the flagellomere 3 and is encircled by the flagellomere 3-flagellomere 4 conjunctiva.
antennomere 6
flagellomere 4
The cuticle of the flagellomere that is distal to the flagellomere 4 and is encircled by the flagellomere 4-flagellomere 5 conjunctiva.
antennomere 7
flagellomere 5
The cuticle of the flagellomere that is distal to the flagellomere 5 and is encircled by the flagellomere 5-flagellomere 6 conjunctiva.
antennomere 8
flagellomere 6
The cuticle of the flagellomere that is distal to the flagellomere 6 and is encircled by the flagellomere 6-flagellomere 7 conjunctiva.
antennomere 9
flagellomere 7
The cuticle of the flagellomere that is distal to the flagellomere 7 and is encircled by the flagellomere 7-flagellomere 8 conjunctiva.
antennomere 10
flagellomere 8
The cuticle of the flagellomere that is distal to the flagellomere 8 and is encircled by the flagellomere 8-flagellomere 9 conjunctiva.
antennomere 11
flagellomere 9
The cuticle of the flagellomere that is distal to flagellomere 9 and is encircled by the flagellomere 9-flagellomere 10 conjunctiva.
antennomere 12
flagellomere 10
The conjunctiva that is part of the antenna, is encircled by the flagellomere 2 and encircles the flagellomere 3.
flagellomere 2-flagellomere 3 conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that is part of the antenna, is encircled by the flagellomere 1 and encircles the flagellomere 2.
flagellomere 1-flagellomere 2 conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that is part of the antenna, is encircled by the flagellomere 3 and encircles the flagellomere 4.
flagellomere 3-flagellomere 4 conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that is part of the antenna, is encircled by the flagellomere 4 and encircles the flagellomere 5.
flagellomere 4-flagellomere 5 conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that is part of the antenna, is encircled by the flagellomere 5 and encircles the flagellomere 6.
flagellomere 5-flagellomere 6 conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that is part of the antenna, is encircled by the flagellomere 6 and encircles the flagellomere 7.
flagellomere 6-flagellomere 7 conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that is part of the antenna, is encircled by the flagellomere 7 and encircles the flagellomere 8.
flagellomere 7-flagellomere 8 conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that is part of the antenna, is encircled by the flagellomere 8 and encircles the flagellomere 9.
flagellomere 8-flagellomere 9 conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that is part of the antenna, is encircled by the flagellomere 9 and encircles the flagellomere 10.
flagellomere 9-flagellomere 10 conjunctiva
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having its surface covered with microscopic cuticular grooves forming a network.
microreticulate
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's presenting on its surface a network of raised and interconnected wrinkles.
reticulate
Modified 2024-02-14: moved as subclass of texture jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being microreticulate and having meshes of isometric diameter.
isodiametrically microreticulate
The insect abdomen that has abdominal sternites 1-7 and does not have abdominal sternite 8.
abdomen with 7 sternites
The insect abdomen that has abdominal sternites 1-8 and does not have abdominal sternite 9.
abdomen with 8 sternites
The antenna that has scapus, pedicellus, and flagellomeres 1-6, and does not have flagellomere 7.
antenna with 8 antennomeres
The antenna that has scapus, pedicellus, and flagellomeres 1-7, and does not have flagellomere 8.
antenna with 9 antennomeres
The cuticular protrusion on the anterior margin of the clypeus.
clypeal tooth
Moved from COLAO to AISM: 2023-05-08 gmontanaro https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0836-1364
The clypeal tooth that is not bilaterally paired and located in the medial region.
medial clypeal tooth
The clypeal tooth that is bilaterally paired and located in the lateral region.
lateral clypeal tooth
The lateral clypeal tooth that is lateral to the medial region.
lateral clypeal tooth 1
The lateral clypeal tooth that is lateral to the lateral clypeal tooth 1.
lateral clypeal tooth 2
The lateral clypeal tooth that is lateral to the lateral clypeal tooth 2.
lateral clypeal tooth 3
The cuticular protrusion of the cuticle of tibia.
tibial cuticular tooth
The cuticular protrusion of the cuticle of protibia.
protibial cuticular tooth
The protibial cuticular tooth on the posterior margin.
dorsal protibial cuticular tooth
Modified and moved from COLAO to AISM: 2023-05-08 gmontanaro https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0836-1364
The dorsal protibial cuticular tooth that is proximal to the distal margin of the tibia.
dorsal protibial cuticular tooth 1
The dorsal protibial cuticular tooth that is proximal to the dorsal protibial cuticular tooth 1.
dorsal protibial cuticular tooth 2
The dorsal protibial cuticular tooth that is proximal to the dorsal protibial cuticular tooth 2.
dorsal protibial cuticular tooth 3
The dorsal protibial cuticular tooth that is proximal to the dorsal protibial cuticular tooth 3.
dorsal protibial cuticular tooth 4
The cuticle of the paramere that is located in the left side of the body.
cuticle of left paramere
left paramere
Modified 2023-04-15: removed ‘cuticle of’ from label. starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330
The cuticle of the paramere that is located in the right side of the body.
cuticle of right paramere
right paramere
The anatomical margin that is part of the tibia.
tibial margin
The cuticular groove that is parallel and distal to the proximal carina of tergite VIII.
The distance between two cuticular punctures.
Edited by jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2024-05-11 To make it a distance as opposed to an anatomical space and change 'adjacent to' for 'characteristic of' Matching existing definitions e.g. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/AGRO_00000318 Former definition based on suggestions at https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/3188
interpunctural distance
The cuticular carina that is located on the proximal margin of the 8th tergite and is parallel to the left-right body axis.
In Scarabaeinae, this carina (when present) is located in the proximalmost margin of the surface of the 8th tergite (pygidium) that is not covered by elytra.
pygidium basal ridge
proximal carina of tergite VIII
Tarasov, S. I., & Solodovnikov, A. Y. (2011). Phylogenetic analyses reveal reliable morphological markers to classify mega‐diversity in Onthophagini dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Cladistics, 27(5), 490-528. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00351.x Page 526, character 30
The cuticular puncture that has a cuticular granule on its anterior margin.
granulate cuticular puncture
Orbigny, H. d’ (1913) [1913-1914]. Synopsis des Onthophagides d’Afrique. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, 82 : 1-742. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8239919 "la ponctuation peut être râpeuse ou granuleuse, c'est-à-dire composée de points dont le bord antérieur s'élève en une aspérité irrégulière, ou en un granule arrondi qui ordinaireauent échancre plus ou moins ce bord antérieur" p. 4
The cuticular puncture that is flattened.
ocellate cuticular puncture
Orbigny, H. d’ (1913) [1913-1914]. Synopsis des Onthophagides d’Afrique. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, 82 : 1-742. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8239919 "... soit grands et à fond plat, ou ocellés, c'est-à-dire grands et à fond convexe, ou ombiliqués, c'est-à-dire grands, peu profonds et ayant dans l'intérieur un petit point plus profond" p. 4
The cuticular carina that is located along the posterior margin of abdominal tergite VIII.
ribordo del margine ventrale del pigidio
posterior carina of tergite VIII
Marchisio, R., & Zunino, M. E. (2012). Il genere Copris Müller. Tassonomia, filogenesi e note di zoogeografia (Vol. 2, pp. 1-176). world biodiversity association onlus. Page 26
The anatomical margin that is part of the anterior margin of the gena and of the lateral region of the posterior margin of the clypeus.
Corresponds with the region of the clypeal margin next to the distal end of the genoclypeal sulcus.
head margin at genoclypeal sulcus
The cuticular carina that is part of the vertex and parallel to the left-right body axis.
carina of vertex
The cuticular carina that is part of the clypeus and is parallel to the left-right body axis.
clypeal carina
An anatomical row composed by cuticular punctures.
row of punctures
The anatomical margin of the anterior region of clypeus.
clypeal margin
The anatomical margin of the lateral region of the gena.
genal margin
The ventral region of the cuticle of paramere that has decreased thickness.
ventral conjunctiva of paramere
Rossini, M., Grebennikov, V., Merrien, T., Miraldo, A., Viljanen, H., & Tarasov, S. (2022). Paleogene forest fragmentation and out‐of‐Africa dispersal explain radiation of the Paleotropical dung beetle tribe Epactoidini trib. nov.(Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae). Systematic Entomology, 47(4), 655-667. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12564 Figure 2d
The ventral conjunctiva of the left paramere.
left ventral conjunctiva of paramere
The ventral conjunctiva of the right paramere.
right ventral conjunctiva of paramere
The region of the cuticle part of the distal posterior region of protibia and adjacent to the protibio-protarsal articulation.
protibial apex adjacent to protibio-protarsal articulation
The articulation between the protibia and the protarsus.
insect protibio-protarsal articulation
The region of the insect cuticle that has left and right parameres.
This term has been created to indicate simultaneously left and right parameres, in order to be able to use on it the qualities "symmetrical" and "asymmetrical", which are not applicable to single parameres.
parameres
The maxillary palpus that has maxillary palpomeres I to IV but not maxillary palpomere V.
maxillary palpus with 4 palpomeres
The labial palpomere that is adjacent to the distal margin of the palpiger.
labial palpomere I
The labial palpomere that is adjacent to the distal margin of the labial palpomere I.
labial palpomere II
The labial palpomere that is adjacent to the distal margin of the labial palpomere II.
labial palpomere III
The labial palpus that has labial palpomeres I to III.
labial palpus with 3 palpomeres
The anatomical margin that overlaps with the distal side and the anterior side.
antero-distal margin
The anatomical margin that overlaps with the distal side and the posterior side.
postero-distal margin
The cuticular protrusion that is located on an anatomical margin.
cuticular tooth
The cuticular puncture that encircles a cuticular seta.
setigerous cuticular puncture
The setigerous cuticular puncture that has a cuticular granule on its anterior margin.
granulate setigerous cuticular puncture
The setigerous cuticular puncture that is flattened.
ocellate setigerous cuticular puncture
The setigerous cuticular puncture that is flattened and does not have a cuticular granule.
simple setigerous cuticular puncture
The region of the insect cuticle that is covered by a collection of setigerous cuticular punctures.
cuticle with setigerous punctures
The region of the cuticle of tergite VIII that is posterior to the posterior carina of tergite VIII and anterior to the tergite's distal margin.
distal region of tergite VIII
The bilaterally paired anatomical margin part of the anterior region of the clypeal margin that is lateral to lateral clypeal teeth 1 and medial to latera clypeal tooth 2.
clypeal margin between clypeal teeth 1 and 2
The not bilaterally paired anatomical margin part of the of the anterior region of the clypeal margin that is adjacent to lateral clypeal tooth 1 but not adjacent to the medial clypeal tooth.
clypeal margin between clypeal teeth 1
The bilaterally paired anatomical margin part of the anterior region of the clypeal margin that is lateral to lateral clypeal tooth 1 and medial to latera clypeal tooth 2.
clypeal margin between clypeal tooth 1 and medial clypeal tooth
The anatomical margin part of the dorsal protibial margin that is proximal to dorsal protibial cuticular tooth 1 and distal to dorsal protibial cuticular tooth 2.
dorsal protibial margin between protibial teeth 1 and 2
The anatomical margin part of the dorsal protibial margin that is proximal to dorsal protibial cuticular tooth 2 and distal to dorsal protibial cuticular tooth 3.
dorsal protibial margin between protibial teeth 2 and 3
The anatomical margin part of the dorsal protibial margin that is proximal to dorsal protibial cuticular tooth 3 and distal to dorsal protibial cuticular tooth 4.
dorsal protibial margin between protibial teeth 3 and 4
The anatomical margin part of the dorsal protibial margin that is proximal to dorsal protibial cuticular tooth 4 and distal to the profemoro-protibial conjunctiva.
dorsal protibial margin proximal to protibial tooth 4
The anatomical margin part of the dorsal protibial margin that is proximal to the protibial spur and distal to the dorsal protibial cuticular tooth 1.
dorsal protibial margin between protibial spur and protibial tooth 1
The cuticular spur that is encircled by the protibio-protarsal spur conjunctiva.
protibial spur
The conjunctiva that enricles the protibial spur and is encircled by the protibia.
protibio-protibial spur conjunctiva
The tibial carina that is part of the mesotibia.
mesotibial carina
The tibial carina that is part of the metatibia.
metatibial carina
The mesotibial carina that is located in the postero-ventral region of the mesotibia.
mesotibial posteroventral carina
The mesotibial carina that is located in the antero-ventral region of the mesotibia.
mesotibial anteroventral carina
The mesotibial carina that is located in the antero-dorsal region of the mesotibia.
mesotibial anterodorsal carina
The mesotibial carina that is located in the postero-dorsal region of the mesotibia.
mesotibial posterodorsal carina
metatibial posteroventral carina
The metatibial carina that is located in the postero-ventral region of the metatibia.
metatibial anteroventral carina
The metatibial carina that is located in the antero-dorsal region of the metatibia.
metatibial anterodorsal carina
The metatibial carina that is located in the postero-dorsal region of the metatibia.
metatibial posterodorsal carina
The cuticular spur encircled by the mesotibio-mesotibial spur conjunctiva.
mesotibial spur
The cuticular spur encircled by the metatibio-metatibial spur conjunctiva.
metatibial spur
The conjunctiva that enricles the mesotibial spur and is encircled by the mesotibia.
mesotibio-mesotibial spur conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that enricles the metatibial spur and is encircled by the metatibia.
metatibio-metatibial spur conjunctiva
The anatomical line parallel to the left-right body axis that is adjacent to the anterior margins of the eyes.
line connecting anterior margins of eyes
The anatomical line parallel to the left-right body axis that is adjacent to the posterior margins of the eyes.
line connecting posterior margins of eyes
The protarsus with protarsomeres 1-4, without protarsomere 5.
protarsus with 4 protarsomeres
The tibial carina that is part of the protibia.
protibial carina
The protibial carina that is located in the antero-ventral region of the protibia.
protibial anteroventral carina
The protibial carina that is located in the postero-ventral region of the protibia.
protibial posteroventral carina
The anatomical margin part of the dorsal protibial margin that is proximal to dorsal protibial cuticular tooth 3 and distal to the profemoro-protibial conjunctiva.
dorsal protibial margin proximal to protibial tooth 3
The anatomical line parallel to the proximal-distal axis that is adjacent to: 1) the proximal margin of mesotarsomere 2 of mesotarsus with 5 mesotarsomeres; and 2) the distal margin of mesotarsomere 4 of mesotarsus with 5 mesotarsomeres.
line adjacent to mesotarsomeres 2-4 of mesotarsus with 5 mesotarsomeres
The mesotibial spur that is located on the dorsal side of the tibial distal margin and is dorsal to the ventral protibial spur.
dorsal mesotibial spur
The mesotibial spur that is located on the ventral side of the tibial distal margin and is ventral to the dorsal protibial spur.
ventral mesotibial spur
The anatomical line parallel to the proximal-distal axis that is adjacent to: 1) the proximal margin of mesotarsomere 2 of mesotarsus with 5 mesotarsomeres; and 2) the distal margin of mesotarsomere 5 of mesotarsus with 5 mesotarsomeres.
line adjacent to mesotarsomeres 2-5 of mesotarsus with 5 mesotarsomeres
The anatomical line parallel to the left-right body axis that is adjacent to the medial margins of the eyes.
line connecting medial margin of eyes
The dorsodistal region of the cuticle of the paramere which has decreased thickness.
membranous dorsodistal region of paramere
The protrusion on a sclerite that is linear.
cuticular carina
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "an elevated ridge or keel, not necessarily high or acute"
Dorsal part of postabdomen.
dorsal postabdomen
The cuticular fovea that is small.
cuticular puncture
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "a small impression on the cuticle"
The cuticular protrusion of a sclerite that is small and convex.
cuticular granule
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "a little grain or a minute grainlike elevation".
The cuticular protrusion of a sclerite that is rounded (circular).
cuticular tubercle
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "a small knoblike or rounded protuberance"
The cuticular protrusion of a sclerite that is pointed and narrow.
cuticular spine
Richards AG, Richards PA (1979) The cuticular protuberances of insects. International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 8: 143–157. "Multicellular protuberances without differentiation of specialized cells [...] evaginations, non-movable"
The region of cuticle that bears an anatomical collection that is composed of granules.
granulated cuticle
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "covered with or made up of very small grains or granules"
The region of cuticle that bears an anatomical collection that is composed of punctures.
punctate cuticle
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "set with fine, impressed points or punctures appearing as pin-pricks"
The region of the cuticle that bears an anatomical collection that is composed of setae.
setose cuticle
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "furnished or covered with setae or stiff hairs"
The cuticular evagination constituted by conjunctiva that is elongated.
conjunctival keel
The cuticular evagination constituted by conjunctiva that is circular.
conjunctival tubercle
The cuticular depression constituted by conjunctiva that is elongated.
conjunctival fold
The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the dorsal tentorial arm and the proximal margin of the scapus.
anterior tentorio-scapal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior or dorsal tentorial arms" "Insertion: Anterior (ventral) basal margin of the scape"
The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the dorsal or anterior tentorial arm and the proximo-dorsal margin of the scapus.
posterior tentorio-scapal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior or dorsal tentorial arms" "Insertion: Posterior (dorsal) basal margin of the scape"
The cranio-antennal muscle that extends between the dorsal or anterior tentorial arm and the proximo-lateral margin of the scapus.
lateral tentorio-scapal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior or dorsal tentorial arms" "Insertion: Lateral basal margin of the scape"
The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the dorsal or anterior tentorial arm and the proximal margin of the scapus.
medial tentorio-scapal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior or dorsal tentorial arms" "Insertion: Mesal basal margin of the scape"
The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the frons and the pedicellus.
fronto-pedicellar muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Frons" "Insertion: Lateral edge of the pedicel"
The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the dorsal or dorsolateral regions of the scapus and the lateral or dorsolateral regions of the pedicellus.
lateral scapo-pedicellar muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Dorsal or dorsolateral wall of the scape" "Insertion: Lateral or dorsolateral wall of the pedicel"
The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the scapus and the pedicellus.
medial scapo-pedicellar muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mesal or dorsomesal wall of the scape" "Insertion: Mesal, anteriomesal or anterior edge of the pedicel"
The cranio-labral muscle that is attached to the frons and the labrum.
frontolabral muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mesally on the frons or on the antennal base" "Insertion: Mesally on the outer basal wall of the labrum"
The cranio-labral muscle that is attached to the frontoclypeal ridge and the labrum.
epistoepipharyngeal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Epistomal sulcus" "Insertion: Basal labral wall"
The cranio-labral muscle that is attached to the frons and the tormae.
frontoepypharyngeal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mesally on the frons or on the antennal base, usually on the same level as musculus frontolabralis" "Insertion: Basal labral wall or tormae"
The apodeme at either side of the proximal margin of the labrum.
torma
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tormae: lateral apodemes of labral base"
The cranio-labral muscle that extends betwen the sides of the labrum.
transversal labral muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Ventral labral wall" "Insertion: Ventral labral wall of the other side"
The cranio-mandibular muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the insect mandible.
internal cranio-mandibular muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Ventral, posterior, lateral and/or dorsal parts of the head capsule and/or posterior and anterior tentorial arms" "Insertion: Tendon that inserts at the median edge of the mandible"
The cranio-mandibular muscle that extends between the gena and the lateral margin of the insect mandible.
posteroexternal cranio-mandibular muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Gena and postgena" "Insertion: Tendon that inserts at the lateral edge of the mandible"
The cranio-mandibular muscle that is attached to the gena and the insect mandible.
anteroexternal cranio-mandibular muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Gena, below the compound eye" "Insertion: With a tendon on the mandible, posterior to the anterior articulation complex"
The hypopharyngeal sclerite on the proximal region of the hypopharynx.
fulturae
hypopharyngeal arms
oral arms
hypopharyngeal suspensorium
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Suspensorium (=fulturae, hypopharyngeal arms, oral arms): sclerotized strengthening elements of proximal hypopharynx."
The cranio-mandibular muscle that is attached to the suspensorium and the insect mandible.
hypopharyngeomandibular muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Small sclerite close to the loral arm (Thermobia), scleroticed arm that elongates the loral arm (Neoptera)" "Insertion: Inner side of the lateral wall of the mandible"
The cranio-mandibular muscle that is attached to the dorsal tentorial arm and the proximal margin of the insect mandible.
superolateral tentorio-mandibular muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior and dorsal tentorial arm" "Insertion: Outer basal edge of the mandibular body, between processus paratentorialis and posterior articulation"
The cranio-mandibular muscle that extends between the anterior tentorial arm and the proximal-ventral margin of the insect mandible.
inferolateral tentorio-mandibular muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior tentorial arm" "Insertion: Ventral basal margin of the mandible"
The cranio-mandibular muscle that is attached to the anterior tentorial arm and the insect mandible.
superomedial tentorio-mandibular muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior and dorsal tentorial arm below musculus tentoriomandibularis externus dorsalis" "Insertion: Upper inner end of the mandible, just below the posterior mandibular condyle"
The cranio-mandibular muscle that extends between the anterior tentorial arm and the dorso-medial region of the insect mandible.
inferomedial tentorio-mandibular muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior tentorial arm, below musculus tentoriomandibularis lateralis superior" "Insertion: Mediodorsal wall of the mandibular cavity"
The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the insect maxilla.
insect cranio-maxillar muscle
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the gena and the cardo.
cranio-cardinal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Postgena and gena" "Insertion: Basal cardinal process"
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the gena and the lacinia.
cranio-lacinial muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Posterior part of the gena" "Insertion: Basal edge of lacinia"
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the tentorium and the cardo.
tentorio-cardinal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Tentorium" "Insertion: Distal part of the cardo, close to the carostipital sulcus"
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the tentorium and the stipital ridge.
anterior tentorio-stipital muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Tentorium" "Insertion: Stipital ridge"
The ridge that is part of the stipes.
stipital ridge
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the tentorium and the stipes.
posterior tentorio-stipital muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Tentorium" "Insertion: Basally on the stipes, close to the stipitocardinal suture"
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the stipes and the lacinia.
stipito-lacinial muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Lateral wall of the stipes, basal to the maxillary palpus" "Insertion: Basal edge of lacinia, in some cases common tendon with 0mx4"
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the stipes and the galea.
stipito-galeal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Lateral wall of the stipes, basal to the maxillary palpus" "Insertion: Basal edge of galea"
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the stipes and the maxillary palpus.
stipito-palpal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x
The cuticle of the mere that is part of the maxillary palpus.
cuticle of maxillary palpomere
maxillary palpomere
The cuticle of the maxillary palpomere that is attached to the distal margin of the palpiger and to the proximal margin of the maxillary palpomere II.
cuticle of maxillary palpomere I
maxillary palpomere I
The cuticle of the maxillary palpomere that is attached to the distal margin of the maxillary palpomere I.
cuticle of maxillary palpomere II
maxillary palpomere II
The cuticle of the maxillary palpomere that is attached to the distal margin of the maxillary palpomere II.
cuticle of maxillary palpomere III
maxillary palpomere III
The cuticle of the maxillary palpomere that is attached to the distal margin of the maxillary palpomere III.
cuticle of maxillary palpomere IV
maxillary palpomere IV
The cuticle of the maxillary palpomere that is attached to the distal margin of the maxillary palpomere IV.
cuticle of maxillary palpomere V
maxillary palpomere V
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the first maxillar palpomere and the second maxillar palpomere.
first maxillar palpopalpal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Basal edge of palpomere 1" "Insertion: Basal edge of palpomere 2"
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the second maxillar palpomere and the third maxillar palpomere.
second maxillar palpopalpal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mesal edge of palpomere 2" "Insertion: Mesal edge of palpomere 3"
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the third maxillar palpomere and the fourth maxillar palpomere.
third maxillar palpopalpal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Basal edge of palpomere 3" "Insertion: Basal edge of palpomere 4"
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the fourth maxillar palpomere and the fifth maxillar palpomere.
fourth maxillar palpopalpal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mesal edge of palpomere 4" "Insertion: Mesal edge of palpomere 5"
The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the postoccipital phragma and the glossa.
postoccipitoglossal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Postoccipital phragma" "Insertion: glossa"
The internal apodeme that is continuous with the cuticle of the notum and is attached to a dorsal longitudinal muscle.
phragma
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Phragma: large, ridge-shaped internal apodeme." "Phragma (=antecosta): dorsal thoracic transverse ridge, attachment site of dorsal longitudinal indirect flight muscles." (p. 121)
The phragma that is continuous with the postocciput.
postoccipital phragma
The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the postoccipital phragma and the prementum.
postoccipitopremental muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Postoccipital phragma, laterad to musculus postoccipitoparaglossalis" "Insertion: Posteriolateral angle of the prementum"
The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the posterior tentorial arm and the prementum.
tentorio-premental muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Posterior tentorial arms, cranium" "Insertion: Laterobasal edge of prementum"
The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the posterior tentorial arm and the paraglossa.
tentorio-paraglossal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Posterior tentorial arms, postoccipital ridge or cranium" "Insertion: Paraglossa, close to the labial palp"
The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the submentum and the prementum.
submentopremental muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mediobasal part of submentum or gula" "Insertion: Mediobasal edge of prementum, close to the gales"
The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the submentum and the mentum.
submentomental muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: submentum" "Insertion: mentum"
The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the prementum and the paraglossa.
premento-paraglossal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mesal on the basal edge of the prementum" "Insertion: Dorsobasal edge of paraglossa"
The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the prementum and the glossa.
premento-glossal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mesally on the prementum" "Insertion: Mediobasal edge of glossa"
The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the prementum and the labial palpus.
premento-palpal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: prementum" "Insertion: labial palpus"
The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the hypopharynx.
cranio-hypopharyngeal muscle
The cranio-hypopharyngeal muscle that is attached to the frons and the suspensorium.
fronto-oral muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Frons" "Insertion: Oral arms of the suspensorial sclerites"
The cranio-hypopharyngeal muscle that is attached to the anterior tentorial arm and the suspensorium.
tentorio-oral muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior tentorial arm, epistomal sulcus or frons close to epistomal sulcus" "Insertion: Oral arms of the suspensorial sclerites, well seperated from above"
The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the tentorium.
insect cranio-tentorial muscle
The insect cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the tentorial bridge and the frons.
tentorio-frontal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Laterad on the anterior corpotentorium" "Insertion: Frons"
The insect cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the tentorial bridge and the tentorium.
tentorio-tentorial muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Ventrolaterad on the anterior corpotentorium" "Insertion: Mesad on the posterior tentorium"
The somatic muscle that is part of the insect leg.
insect leg muscle
The somatic muscle that is part of the insect thorax.
insect thoracic muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that is not fan-shaped and runs along the dorsal region, parallel to the anterior-posterior axis.
dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle
Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003
The insect thoracic muscle that runs parallel to the dorsal-ventral axis.
dorso-ventral thoracic muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the notum (or tergum) and the pleura.
tergo-pleural muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the sternum and the pleura.
sterno-pleural muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that is not fan-shaped and runs along the ventral region, parallel to the anterior-posterior axis.
ventral-longitudinal muscle
The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that is attached to the prophragma and the postocciput.
prophragma-occipital muscle
Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "origin: prophragma" "insertion: postocciput"
The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that is attached to the pronotum and the postocciput.
pronoto-occipital muscle
Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "origin: pronotum" "insertion: postocciput"
The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that is attached to the prophragma and the cervical sclerite.
prophragma-cervical muscle
Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "origin: prophragma" "insertion: cervical sclerite"
The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that is attached to the cervical sclerite and the postocciput.
dorsal cervico-occipital muscle
Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "origin: cervical sclerite" "insertion: postocciput"
The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that is attached to the pronotum and the prophragma.
pronoto-phragmal muscle
Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "origin: pronotum" "insertion: prophragma"
The phragma of the mesonotum that attaches to muscles attached to the pronotum.
prophragma
The dorsoventral thoracic muscle of the prothorax that is attached to the anterior margin of a cervical sclerite and the dorso-lateral region of the postocciput.
anterior cervico-occipital muscle
Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "The dorsoventral muscle that arises from dorsolateral postocciput and inserts on anterior tip of first lateral cervical sclerite."
The dorsoventral thoracic muscle that extends between the antero-lateral region of the pronotum and the medial region of the propleuron.
anterior pronoto-cervical muscle
Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "The dorsoventral muscle that arises from anterolateral pronotum and inserts on atypically on middle region of anterior propleural sclerite."
The dorsoventral thoracic muscle that extends between the tentorium and the prophragma.
prophragma-tentorial muscle
The dorsoventral thoracic muscle that extends between the profurca and the lateral region of the prophragma.
profurca-prophragmal muscle
Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "The dorsoventral muscle that arises from posterior face of proximal profurcal arm and inserts on lateral prophragma."
The dorsoventral thoracic muscle that extends between the posterior region (occipital region) of the head capsule and the profurca.
profurca-occipital muscle
The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that extends between the medial region of the prophragma and the medial region of the mesophragma.
prophragma-mesophragmal muscle
Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "The dorsal longitudinal muscle that arises from median prophragma and inserts on median mesophragma."
The dorsoventral thoracic muscle that extends between the profurca and the mesonotum.
profurca-mesonotal muscle
The somatic muscle that is part of the insect abdomen.
insect abdominal muscle
The insect abdominal muscle that runs along the lateral region, parallel to the dorsal-ventral axis.
lateral abdominal muscle
Klug, R., & Bradler, S. (2006). The pregenital abdominal musculature in phasmids and its implications for the basal phylogeny of Phasmatodea (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 6(3), 171-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ode.2005.08.004
The insect abdominal muscle that runs along the ventral region, parallel to the anterior-posterior axis.
ventral longitudinal abdominal muscle
The insect abdominal muscle that runs along the dorsal region, parallel to the anterior-posterior axis.
dorsal longitudinal abdominal muscle
The sclerite of the insect maxilla that is attached to the cuticle of stipes by the stipito-palpiferal conjunctiva and to the cuticle of maxillary palpus by the palpifero-palpal conjunctiva.
cuticle of palpifer
palpifer
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Palpifer: small separate element of stipes, bears the maxillary palp."
The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the mentum and the prementum.
mental-premental conjunctiva
The sclerite of the cuticle of labium that is cmposed of the submentum and the mentum, which are connected by the submental-mental conjunctiva
postmentum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postmentum: posterior main element of labium, posteriorly adjacent with foramen occipitale in hexapods without gula or hypostomal bridge; often separated into two sclerites, the anterior mentum and the posterior submentum."
The sclerite of the labium that is anterior to the submentum and posterior to the prementum, and attached to the prementum by the mental-premental conjunctiva.
insect mentum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Mentum: intermediate part of labium, anterior part of postmentum; bears the prementum at its distal edge."
Modified 2023-01-20: to specify insect mentum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The sclerite of the labium that is anteriorly attached to the mentum by the submental-mental conjunctiva.
submentum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Submentum: posterior part of a divided postmentum."
The sclerite of the cuticle of labium that is attached to the prementum by the premental-palpigeral conjunctiva and to the cuticle of labial palpus by the palpigero-palpal conjunctiva.
cuticle of palpiger
palpiger
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Palpiger: small separate element of prementum, bears the labial palp."
The conjunctiva of the head capsule that connects the antennifer and the scapus.
antenniferal-scapal conjunctiva
Is the conjunctiva of the antenna that connects a flagellomere and other flagellomere.
interflagellomeral conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the stipes and the lacinia.
stipito-lacinial conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the stipes and the palpifer.
stipito-palpiferal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the stipes and the galea.
stipito-galeal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the palpifer and the maxillary palpus.
palpifero-palpal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the submentum and the mentum.
submental-mental conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the prementum and the palpiger.
premental-palpigeral conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the prementum and the paraglossa.
premental-paraglossal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the prementum and the glossa.
premental-glossal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the palpiger and the labial palpus.
palpigero-palpal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the clypeus and the labrum.
clypeo-labral conjunctiva
The region of the head capsule that is anterior to the frons and is attached to the labrum by the clypeo-labral conjunctiva
clypeus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Clypeus: anteroventral part of head capsule; primarily separated from frons by transverse frontoclypeal strengthening ridge between anterior tentorial pits; usually bearing the labrum at its distal margin."
The region of cuticle of the head capsule that is located posterior to the clypeus and delimited by the frontal suture.
frons
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Frons: frontal part of head capsule, delimited by ecdysial lines (frontal sutures); often triangular and bearing unpaired (median) ocellus."
The ridge along the dorsal and lateral regions of the head capsule that is adjacent to the foramen occipitale.
postoccipital ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postoccipital ridge: strengthening ridge enclosing the foramen occipitale dorsally and laterally; also serving as muscle attachment area."
The ridge of the head capsule surrounding the eye cuticle.
circumocular ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Circumocular ridge: internal ridge enclosing compound eye."
The foramen of the head capsule that connects with the neck membrane and is divided by the tentorial bridge into alaforamen and neuroforamen.
occipital foramen
foramen occipitale
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Foramen occipitale (=foramen magnum): posterior opening of head capsule; divided by tentorial bridge into alaforamen and neuroforamen."
The apophysis of the tentorium originating from each posterior tentorial arm.
corpotentorium
tentorial bridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tentorial bridge (=corpotentorium): transverse element connecting posterior tentorial arms, often plate-like."
The dorsal region of the head capsule that surrounds the coronal suture, and is connected laterally to the genae.
vertex
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Vertex: posterodorsal part of head capsule, usually medially divided by ecdysial line (coronal suture)."
The lateral region of the head capsule, connected dorsally to the lateral regions of the vertex.
gena
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Gena: lateral region of head capsule; not separated from vertex by a ridge or suture."
The lateral region of the head capsule that connects dorsally to the ventral side of the gena and ventrally to the mandible.
subgena
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Subgena: narrow lateral region of head capsule, above external side of mandibular base, usually separated from gena by subgenal ridge."
The region of the cuticle of the head capsule that coincides with an ecdysial line.
cuticular suture
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Suture: ecdysial suture, zone of weakness."
The cuticular suture that surrounds the frons and is connected to the coronal suture.
frontal suture
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Frontal suture: paired ecdysial sutures enclosing frons; anterior parts of epicranial suture."
The longitudinal cuticular suture that is on the vertex and is connected to the frontal suture.
coronal suture
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Coronal suture: unpaired median ecdysial sutures dividing vertex; anteriorly continuous with frontal sutures."
The ridge of the head capsule comprising the posterior region of the subgenal ridge.
pleurostomal ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 [Pleurostomal ridge: anterior section of the subgenal ridge above the mandibular base. (p. 14)]
The ridge of the head capsule that separates the gena and the subgena.
subgenal ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Subgenal ridge: strengthening ridge separating gena from subgena."
The lateral region of the head capsule that is adjacent to the foramen occipitale
hypostomal bridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Hypostomal bridge: partial closure of foramen occipitale, formed by ventromedially adjacent extensions of lateral head capsule." [posterior section of the subgenal ridge; p. 14]
The ridge of the head capsule that separates the clypeus and the frons.
frontoclypeal ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Frontoclypeal (strengthening) ridge (=frontoclypeal “suture”, epistomal “suture”): internal ridge separating clypeus from frons, between anterior tentorial pits."
The sclerite on the ventral region of the head capsule that is limited laterally by the gular ridges, posteriorly by the foramen occipitale and anteriorly by the submentum.
gula
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Gula: sclerite partially closing foramen occipitale, formed by sclerotized region of ventral cervical membrane."
Each ridge on the ventral region of the head capsule marking the sides of the gula.
gular ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Gular ridges: lateral internal ridges enclosing the gula."
The apophysis of the tentorium that originates from each posterior tentorial pit.
posterior tentorial arm
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Posterior tentorial arm: paired posterior element of tentorium; originates at posterior tentorial pit."
The apophysis of the tentorium that is connected to an anterior tentorial pit.
anterior tentorial arm
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anterior tentorial arm: paired tentorial element anterior to tentorial bridge; originates at anterior tentorial pit."
The apophysis of the tentorium that is connected to an anterior tentorial arm.
dorsal tentorial arm
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Dorsal tentorial arm: paired dorsal element of tentorium, originating at anterior arm or connecting area of anterior and posterior arm; often connected with head capsule by fibrillae."
The arthropod foramen that is part of the foramen occipitale and is located above the tentorial bridge.
alaforamen
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Alaforamen: part of foramen occipitale above tentorial bridge; passage of oesophagus and tracheal stems."
The arthropod foramen that is part of the foramen occipitale and located below the tentorial bridge.
neuroforamen
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Neuroforamen: part of foramen occipitale below tentorial bridge; passage of cervical connectives between suboesophageal complex and prothoracic ganglion."
The posterior region of the head capsule that is continuous with the posterior region of the gena and is anterior to the postoccipital ridge.
postgena
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postgena: posterior genal region anterior to postoccipital ridge."
The region of the head capsule that is continuous with the postgena and adjacent to the foramen occipitale.
postgenal bridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postgenal bridge: partial closure of foramen occipital formed by postgenal extensions."
The ridge of the head capsule that encircles the antennal foramen.
circumantennal ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "The antennal foramen is enclosed by a circumantennal ridge, which often bears a small articulatory process, the antennifer."
The dorsolateral region of the head capsule that is posterior to the postoccipital ridge
postocciput
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postocciput: posteriormost head region."
The region of the head capsule that comprises the posterior region of the subgena.
hypostoma
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Hypostoma: posterior part of subgena."
The ridge composing the posterior region of the subgenal ridge.
hypostomal ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Hypostomal ridge: posterior part of subgenal ridge."
The ridge that runs along the posterior region of the head capsule.
occipital suture
occipital ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Occipital ridge (=“occipital suture”): ridge on posterior head region; present in some groups, oblique and short or more or less parallel to postocciptal rigde (Orthoptera). No true segmental border."
The region of cuticle comprising the posterior region of the clypeus.
postclypeus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postclypeus: sclerotized and pigmented proximal part of clypeus."
The region of the cuticle comprising the anterior region of the clypeus.
anteclypeus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anteclypeus: transparent distal part of clypeus."
The region of the cuticle that is composed of the clypeus and the labrum.
clypeolabrum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Clypeolabrum: area comprising the fused clypeus and labrum."
The sense organ of the insect head that is covered by the eye cuticle.
insect compound eye
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Compound eye: paired main light sense organs; almost always composed of numerous ommatidia."
Modified 2023-01-09: specifying insect compound eye. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The sense organ of the insect head that is covered by eye cuticle.
insect ocellus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Ocellus: relatively simple median eye with single cornea lens and always lacking a crystalline cone: three are probably present in the groundplan of Insecta, but reductions occur in many groups."
Modified 2023-01-09: specifying insect ocellus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
Are apophyses of the tentorium originating at each anterior tentorial arm.
laminatentoria
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "In some groups an accessory bridge is formed by medially fused internally directed processes, the laminatentoria. This feature is sometimes erroneously referred to as “perforated corpotentorium”."
The region of cuticle of the insect abdomen that is posteriorly connected to the postabdomen.
preabdomen
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Preabdomen (=pregenital segments): anterior abdominal segments (I–VII)."
The region of cuticle of the insect abdomen that is anteriorly connected to the preabdomen.
postabdomen
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postabdomen: posterior segments (VIII–XI) bearing genital appendages."
The sclerite of the insect abdomen that is dorsal and medial.
abdominal tergum
abdominal tergite
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tergum: plate-like dorsal sclerite of abdominal segment."
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) 1 Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 520 pp. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "major plate of the abdominal tergum"
The sclerite of the insect abdomen that is ventral and medial.
abdominal sternum
abdominal sternite
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sternum: plate-like ventral sclerite of abdominal segment."
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that surrounds the spiracles.
pleural membrane
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pleural membrane: lateral unsclerotized part of abdominal segments, connecting tergum and sternum; usually bearing spiracles I–VIII."
The sclerite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite X by the abdominal tergite X-epiproct conjunctiva.
proctiger
epiproct
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) 1 Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 520 pp. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ [not defined]
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Epiproct: unpaired dorsal element (tergum) of segment XI."
The paired sclerite of the insect abdomen that is attached to the lateral margin of the abdominal tergite X by the abdominal tergite X-paraproct conjunctiva.
paraproct
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Paraproct: paired lateral element of segment XI."
The cuticular evagination of the postabdomen that is distal and attached to the cuticle of parameres by the paramero-aedeagal conjunctiva and is connected to the endophallus.
cuticle of aedeagus
insect penis
aedeagus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Penis: main element of the male copulatory apparatus."
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Aedeagus (penis is often used as a synonym): male copulatory organ."
The cuticular invagination of the postabdomen that is attached distally to the gonopore and basally to the aedeagus.
endophallus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Endophallus: membranous extrusible internal part of aedeagus."
The cuticle of the paired cuticular evagination of the postabdomen that is attached to the cuticle of phallobase by the phallobasal-parameral conjunctiva and to the cuticle of aedeagus by the paramero-aedeagal conjunctiva.
cuticle of paramere
paramere
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Parameres: paired lateral parts of aedeagus."
The region of cuticle of the postabdomen that is attached to the abdominal sternite IX by the abdominal sternite IX-phallobase conjunctiva and to the paramere by the phallobasal-parameral conjunctiva.
basal piece
phallobase
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Phallobase (=basal piece): part of segment IX bearing copulatory organ."
The region of cuticle of the endophallus that is thicker.
endophallite
Génier F (2019) Endophallites: a proposed neologism for naming the sclerotized elements of the insect endophallus (Arthropoda: Insecta). Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.) 55: 482–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2019.1685907 "endophallite(s) refer to the sclerotized structures of the endophallus whether the structure be circular, flat, folded or spiniform."
The region of the cuticle in the postabdomen that is attached to the genital chamber.
bursa copulatrix
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Bursa copulatrix: evagination of the vagina, receives the copulatory organ."
The paired sclerite of the postabdomen that is attached to the abdominal sternite VII by the abdominal sternite VII-gonocoxa conjunctiva and is articulated with abdominal tergite IX. It is attached at the base of gonostylus VIII and adjacent to the gonopore.
cuticle of gonocoxa VIII
first coxopodite
first gonocoxite
first valvifer
gonocoxa VIII
The region of cuticle that is connected to the oviduct, the bursa copulatrix and the gonocoxa VIII, and is adjacent to the gonopore.
genital chamber
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Genital chamber: cavity formed by an inflection of the body wall, receiving the common oviduct."
The cuticle of the appendage of the abdominal sternite VIII that is part of the ovipositor.
cuticle of gonapophysis
gonapophysis
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Gonapophysis (=valves or valvulae 1–3): distal piece of ovipositor elements of female genital segments VIII and IX, inserted on coxopodites, usually elongated."
The seta that is flattened.
sensillum placodeum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sensillum placodeum: flat sensillum with strongly modified plate-like seta."
The seta that is elongated.
trichobothrium
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Trichobothrium: very long and fine sensillum, vibroreceptor."
The proximal apodemes of the aedeagus.
titillators
paraphyses
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Paraphyses (=titillators): paired appendages of aedeagus."
The region of the cuticle thar is proximally attached to the gonopore.
ductus ejaculatorius
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Ductus ejaculatorius: unpaired ectodermal duct connecting vasa deferentia (i.e. vesiculae seminales) and aedeagus."
The orifice in the postabdomen that marks the opening of the reproductive system.
gonopore
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Gonopore: external opening of the common oviduct."
The region of the cuticle of the postabdomen that is paired and connected to the anterior region of the gonocoxa VIII.
cuticle of gonostylus VIII
gonostylus VIII
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Gonostyli: appendages of gonocoxae (usually only on coxopodite IX)"
The region of cuticle of the postabdomen that is distal to the genital chamber.
ovipositor
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Ovipositor: paired postabdominal apparatus (segments VIII and IX) primarily used for depositing eggs."
The region of the cuticle that is part of the oviduct and connected to the bursa copulatrix.
spermatheca
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Spermatheca (=receptaculum seminis): unpaired or paired evagination of female genital tract; storage of sperm; connected by spermathecal duct (=ductus receptaculi) with vagina or bursa copulatrix."
The region of the cuticle that is part of the oviduct and attached to the spermatheca.
spermathecal gland
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Spermathecal gland: provides nourishment for spermatozoa stored in spermatheca."
The sulcus that coincides with the precoxal ridge.
precoxal suture
precoxal sulcus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Precoxal suture: suture separating katepisternum and preepisternum."
The cuticular protrusion of the pleuron that is connected lateraly to the notum.
fulcrum
pleural wing process
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Fulcrum (=pleural wing process): anterodorsal apex of the pleural ridge."
The conjunctiva between the insect thorax and the insect abdomen that connects the posterior margin of the metanotum to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite I.
metanoto-abdominal tergite I conjunctiva
The region of cuticle that is continuous with the genital chamber.
insect oviduct
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Oviduct: female genital duct; originating as paired structures from ovarioles, uniting as common (median) oviduct."
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that joins the abdominal sternite VIII and the gonocoxa VIII.
abdominal sternite VIII-gonocoxa VIII conjunctiva
Modified 2023-01-09: correct sternite VII to VIII. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite I by the abdominal tergite I-abdominal tergite II conjunctiva.
abdominal tergite II
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite I and the abdominal tergite II.
abdominal tergite I-abdominal tergite II conjunctiva
Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite II by the abdominal tergite II-abdominal tergite III conjunctiva.
abdominal tergite III
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite II and the abdominal tergite III.
abdominal tergite II-abdominal tergite III conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite III and the abdominal tergite IV.
abdominal tergite III-abdominal tergite IV conjunctiva
Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite III by the abdominal tergite III-abdominal tergite IV conjunctiva.
abdominal tergite IV
Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite IV by the abdominal tergite IV-abdominal tergite V conjunctiva.
abdominal tergite V
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite IV and the abdominal tergite V.
abdominal tergite IV-abdominal tergite V conjunctiva
Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite V by the abdominal tergite V-abdominal tergite VI conjunctiva.
abdominal tergite VI
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite V and the abdominal tergite VI.
abdominal tergite V-abdominal tergite VI conjunctiva
Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite VI by the abdominal tergite VI-abdominal tergite VII conjunctiva.
abdominal tergite VII
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite VI and the abdominal tergite VII.
abdominal tergite VI-abdominal tergite VII conjunctiva
Is the abdominal tergite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite VII by the abdominal tergite VII-abdominal tergite VIII conjunctiva.
abdominal tergite VIII
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite VII and the abdominal tergite VIII.
abdominal tergite VII-abdominal tergite VIII conjunctiva
The sclerite of the insect thorax or the insect abdomen that is on the lateral region of the notum.
paranota
laterotergite
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Paranota (=laterotergites): dorsolateral tergal duplicatures."
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Laterotergite: separate lateral portion of abdominal tergum (only few groups)."
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) 1 Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 520 pp. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ additional pair of sclerites flanking each tergite
The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the metasternum by the metasterno-abdominal sternite I conjunctiva.
abdominal sternite I
The conjunctiva of the metathorax that joins the metapleura and the metasternum.
metapleuro-metasternal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva between the insect thorax and the insect abdomen that connects the posterior margin of the metasterum to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite I.
metasterno-abdominal sternite I conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite I and the abdominal sternite II.
abdominal sternite I-abdominal sternite II conjunctiva
The abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite I by the abdominal sternite I-abdominal sternite II conjunctiva.
abdominal sternite II
The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite II by the abdominal sternite II-abdominal sternite III conjunctiva.
abdominal sternite III
The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite III by the abdominal sternite III-abdominal sternite IV conjunctiva.
abdominal sternite IV
The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite IV by the abdominal sternite IV-abdominal sternite V conjunctiva.
abdominal sternite V
The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite V by the abdominal sternite V-abdominal sternite VI conjunctiva.
abdominal sternite VI
The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite VI by the abdominal sternite VI-abdominal sternite VII conjunctiva.
abdominal sternite VII
The abdominal sternite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite VII by the abdominal sternite VII-abdominal sternite VIII conjunctiva.
abdominal sternite VIII
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite II and the abdominal sternite III.
abdominal sternite II-abdominal sternite III conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite III and the abdominal sternite IV.
abdominal sternite III-abdominal sternite IV conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite IV and the abdominal sternite V.
abdominal sternite IV-abdominal sternite V conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite V and the abdominal sternite VI.
abdominal sternite V-abdominal sternite VI conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite VI and the abdominal sternite VII.
abdominal sternite VI-abdominal sternite VII conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite VII and the abdominal sternite VIII.
abdominal sternite VII-abdominal sternite VIII conjunctiva
Is the abdominal tergite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite VIII by the abdominal tergite VIII-abdominal tergite IX conjunctiva.
abdominal tergite IX
Is the abdominal tergite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite IX by the abdominal tergite IX-abdominal tergite X conjunctiva.
abdominal tergite X
The abdominal sternite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite VIII by the abdominal sternite VIII-abdominal sternite IX conjunctiva.
abdominal sternite IX
The conjunctiva of the postabdomen that joins the abdominal tergite X and the epiproct.
abdominal tergite X-epiproct conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite VIII and the abdominal tergite IX.
abdominal tergite VIII-abdominal tergite IX conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite IX and the abdominal tergite X.
abdominal tergite IX-abdominal tergite X conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite VIII and the abdominal sternite IX.
abdominal sternite VIII-abdominal sternite IX conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite IX and the abdominal sternite X.
abdominal sternite IX-phallobase conjunctiva
The region of the cuticle of the insect thorax that is anteriorly connected to the head by the neck membrane, posteriorly connected to the mesothorax by the prothorax-mesothorax conjunctiva, and contains the pronotum, the propeluron, the prosternum and one pair of legs.
cuticle of prothorax
prothorax
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Prothorax: 1st thoracic segment, always completely wingless in extant hexapods."
The region of the cuticle of the pterothorax that bears mid legs and fore wings.
cuticle of mesothorax
mesothorax
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Mesothorax: 2nd thoracic segment, anterior segment of pterothorax; bearing forewings (groundplan of Pterygota)."
The region of the cuticle of the pterothorax that bears the hind legs and the hind wings.
cuticle of metathorax
metathorax
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Metathorax: 3rd thoracic segment, posterior segment of pterothorax; bearing hindwings (groundplan of Pterygota)."
The dorsal region of the cuticle of the insect thorax that is attached to the dorsal margin of the pleuron.
tergum
notum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tergum: dorsal wall of a thoracic (or abdominal) segment."
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Notum: larger anterior part of tergum, composed of presutum, scutum and scutellum."
The region of cuticle on the lateral region of the insect thorax that is attached to the notum and the sternum and is attached to the coxae by skeletal muscle tissue and the basal coxal conjunctiva.
pleuron
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pleuron: lateral wall of thoracic segments, almost always divided by pleural ridge into anterior episternum and posterior epimeron."
The ventral region of the cuticle of the insect thorax that is attached to the ventral margin of the pleuron.
sternum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sternum: ventral wall of thoracic (or abdominal) segment, usually divided into presternum, basisternum, furcasternum and spinasternum in unspecialized hexapods; largely or completely invaginated in Holometabola (cryptosterny)."
The sclerite that is part of the pleuron.
pleurite
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pleurite: sclerotized element of pleuron."
The ridge between the epimeron and the episternum in either the mesothorax or the metathorax.
pleural ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pleural ridge: internal ridge, corresponding to externally visible pleural “suture”; separates episternum and epimeron; anterodorsally forming the pleural wing process and posteroventrally the pleuro-coxal joint."
The sclerite of the insect thorax that is part of the pleuron and anterior to the pleural ridge and attached to the anterior margin of the epimeron.
episternum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Episternum: part of pleuron anterior to pleural ridge."
The sclerite of the insect thorax that is part of the pleuron and posterior to the pleural ridge and attached to the posterior margin of the episternum.
epimeron
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Epimeron: part of pleuron posterior to pleural ridge."
The sclerite that is located on the ventro-lateral region of the insect thorax and is attached to a coxa.
trochantin
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Trochantin: small triangular or sickle-shaped ventral pleural sclerite; anteriorly articulating with coxa (trochantino-coxal joint)."
The part of the sternum that is attached to the anterior margin of the basisternum.
presternum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Presternum: anteriormost part of sternum."
The part of the sternum that is attached to the posterior margin of the presternum and to the anterior margin of the furcasternum.
basisternum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Basisternum: main part of sternum, between presternum and furcasternum."
The part of the sternum that is attached to the posterior margin of the basisternum and to the anterior margin of the spinasternum.
sternellum
furcasternum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Furcasternum (=sternellum): sternal element posterior to basisternum, area of origin of furca."
The part of the sternum that is attached to the posterior margin of the furcasternum and to the anterior margin of the poststernite.
spinasternum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Spinasternum: small posterior sternal element, determining the posterior segmental border; area of origin of spina."
The part of the sternum that is attached to the posterior margin of the spinasternum.
poststernite
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Poststernite: posteriormost sternal element."
The sclerite that is surrounded by the neck membrane.
cervical sclerite
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Cervical sclerite: articulatory sclerite embedded in the cervical membrane."
The region of the cuticle on the lateral region of the prothorax that is attached to the pronotum and the prosternum, and is attached to the procoxa by the procoxal muscle and the basal procoxal conjunctiva.
The sclerite of the notum that is attached to the posterior margin of the scutellum.
postnotum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postnotum: smaller posterior part of tergum, forming internal intersegmental phragma; attachment area for dorsal indirect flight muscles."
The sclerite of the notum that is attached to the anterior margin of the scutum.
prescutum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Prescutum: anteriormost part of notum."
The sclerite of the notum that is attached to the posterior margin of the prescutum and to the anterior margin of the scutellum.
scutum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Scutum: large anterior part of notum."
The sclerite of the notum that is attached to the posterior margin of the scutum.
scutellum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Scutellum: smaller posterior part of notum."
The sclerite that is on the lateral region of the notum and is adjacent to the wing.
alinotum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Alinotum: part of the notum connected with the wing base."
The sclerite of the pterothorax that is attached to some muscle.
prealare
prealar sclerite
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Prealare (=prealar sclerite): small attachment area of short direct flight muscles."
The region of cuticle of the dorso-lateral region of the pterothorax that is surrounded by the noto-pleural conjunctiva and articulated with the episternum.
prealar bridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Prealar bridge: prescutal process, bent downwards and linked with episternum."
The region of cuticle of the dorso-lateral region of the pterothorax that is surrounded by the noto-pleural conjunctiva and articulated with the epimeron.
postalar bridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postalar bridge: lateral postnotal margin bent downwards and connected with the epimeron."
The sclerite of the insect thorax that is surrounded by the noto-pleural conjunctiva and is adjacent to the wing.
epipleurite
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Epipleurites: basalare and subalare."
The epipleurite that is adjacent to the anepisternum, is attached to the pleuron via muscle, is surrounded by the noto-pleural conjunctiva, and is anterior to the first axillary sclerite.
basalare
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Basalare: sclerite associated with wing base, more or less distinctly separated from anepisternum; usually with internal muscle disc; attachment site of direct flight muscles."
The epipleurite that is adjacent to the notum, is attached to the coxa via muscle, is surrounded by the noto-pleural conjunctiva, and is posterior to the first axillary sclerite.
subalare
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Subalare: sclerite associated with wing base, usually embedded in membrane between tergum and pleuron; attachment site of direct flight muscles."
The dorsal region of the episternum that is dorsal to the anapleural sulcus.
anepisternum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anepisternum: dorsal part of episternum, ventrally delimited by anapleural suture."
The region of cuticle on the antero-ventral region of the episternum that is anterior to the anapleural sulcus.
preepisternum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Preepisternum: anterior part of ventral episternal region; delimited from katepisternum by precoxal suture; largest part of ventrite in Holometabola."
The sulcus of the pleuron delimiting the dorsal region of the preepisternum and the ventral region of the anepisternum.
anapleural cleft
paracoxal suture
anapleural sulcus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anapleural suture (=paracoxal suture): suture horizontally delimiting dorsal and ventral parts of episternum and (partially) epimeron; sometimes anteriorly widened and membranous (=anapleural cleft)."
The anatomical line of weakness of the cuticle that allows molting and coincides with a suture.
molting line
ecdysial line
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Molting lines (frontal and coronal sutures [=epicranial lines or sutures])"
The region of cuticle on the postero-ventral region of the episternum that is posterior to the anapleural sulcus.
katepisternum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Katepisternum: posterior part of ventral episternal region; separated from preepisternum by precoxal suture."
The region of the cuticle on the dorsal region of the epimeron.
anepimeron
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anepimeron: dorsal part of epimeron (present as separate element in some groups)."
The region of cuticle on the ventral region of the epimeron.
katepimeron
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Katepimeron: ventral part of epimeron (present as separate element in some groups)."
The sclerite that is surrounded by the basal wing conjunctiva.
pteralia
axillary sclerite
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pteralia: small sclerites of wing base (axillary sclerites + plates)."
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Axillary sclerites (=axillaria, pteralia): small sclerites of wing base (usually 3); articulating with notal wing processes."
The ridge that is anterior to a coxa, demarcated by the anapleural sulcus.
precoxal ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Precoxal ridge: mediolaterally directed ridge in front of coxa, corresponding with externally visible precoxal suture."
The sclerite attached to the spinasternum.
spina
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Spina: smaller posterior endoskeletal element of thoracic segments, unpaired, arising on spinasternum."
The bilaterally paired region of the cuticle of the postabdomen located between the epiproct and the paraproct
cuticle of cercus
cercus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Cerci: tactile appendages of segment XI, primarily multisegmented and tactile bearing setae."
The region of cuticle of the insect thorax that contains the mesothorax and the metathorax and bears the mid legs, the hind legs and the wings.
pterothorax
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pterothorax: 2nd and 3nd thoracic segments; bearing wings (groundplan of Pterygota), meso- and metathorax."
The conjunctiva of the postabdomen that joins the abdominal tergite X and each paraproct.
abdominal tergite X-paraproct conjunctiva
The cuticle of the segment of a leg attached to the distal margin of the coxa by the coxal-trochanteral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the femur by the trochantero-femoral conjunctiva.
cuticle of trochanter
trochanter
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Trochanter: 2nd element of leg, usually small and triangular."
The cuticle of the segment of the leg that is composed of tarsomeres connected to each other by intertarsomeral conjunctiva. The first tarsomere is connected to the distal margin of the tibia by the tibio-tarsal conjunctiva.
cuticle of tarsus
tarsus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tarsus: 5th part of leg; undivided in entognathous orders, composed of 3–5 tarsomeres in most groups of Insecta."
The conjunctiva of the leg joining the distal margin of a coxa and the proximal margin of a femur.
coxal-trochanteral conjunctiva
The cuticle of the segment of a fore leg attached to the distal margin of the procoxa by the procoxal-protrochanteral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the profemur by the protrochantero-profemoral conjunctiva.
cuticle of protrochanter
protrochanter
The cuticle of the segment of a mid leg attached to the distal margin of the mesocoxa by the mesocoxal-mesotrochanteral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the mesofemur by the mesotrochantero-mesofemoral conjunctiva.
cuticle of mesotrochanter
mesotrochanter
The cuticle of the segment of a hind leg attached to the distal margin of the metacoxa by the metacoxal-metatrochanteral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the metafemur by the metatrochantero-metafemoral conjunctiva.
cuticle of metatrochanter
metatrochanter
The conjunctiva that encircles the femur by joining the distal margin of the trochanter and the proximal margin of the femur.
trochantero-femoral conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the profemur by joining the distal margin of the protrochanter and the proximal margin of the profemur.
protrochantero-profemoral conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the mesofemur by joining the distal margin of the mesotrochanter and the proximal margin of the mesofemur.
mesotrochantero-mesofemoral conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the metafemur by joining the distal margin of the metatrochanter and the proximal margin of the metafemur.
metatrochantero-metafemoral conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the tibia by joining the distal margin of the femur and the proximal margin of the tibia.
femoro-tibial conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the protibia by joining the distal margin of the profemur and the proximal margin of the protibia.
profemoro-protibial conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the mesotibia by joining the distal margin of the mesofemur and the proximal margin of the mesotibia.
mesofemoro-mesotibial conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the metatibia by joining the distal margin of the metafemur and the proximal margin of the metatibia.
metafemoro-metatibial conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the tarsus by joining the distal margin of the tibia and the proximal margin of the tarsus.
tibio-tarsal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the protarsus by joining the distal margin of the protibia and the proximal margin of the protarsus.
protibio-protarsal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the mesotarsus by joining the distal margin of the mesotibia and the proximal margin of the mesotarsus.
mesotibio-mesotarsal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the metatarsus by joining the distal margin of the metatibia and the proximal margin of the metatarsus.
metatibio-metatarsal conjunctiva
The region of the cuticle on the lateral region of the mesothorax that is attached to the mesonotum and the mesosternum, and is attached to the mesocoxa by the mesocoxal muscle and the basal mesocoxal conjunctiva.
The conjunctiva that encircles the pretarsus by joining the distal margin of the distalmost tarsomere and the proximal margin of the pretarsus.
tarso-pretarsal conjunctiva
The cuticle of the segment of the leg that is composed of metatarsomeres connected to each other by intertarsomeral conjunctiva. The first metatarsomere is connected to the distal margin of the metatibia by the metatibio-metatarsal conjunctiva.
cuticle of metatarsus
metatarsus
The cuticle of the segment of the mid leg that is composed of mesotarsomeres connected to each other by intertarsomeral conjunctiva. The first mesotarsomere is connected to the distal margin of the mesotibia by the mesotibio-mesotarsal conjunctiva.
cuticle of mesotarsus
mesotarsus
The cuticle of the segment of the leg that is composed of protarsomeres connected to each other by intertarsomeral conjunctiva. The first protarsomere is connected to the distal margin of the protibia by the protibio-protarsal conjunctiva.
cuticle of protarsus
protarsus
The conjunctiva that encircles the propretarsus by joining the distal margin of the distalmost protarsomere and the proximal margin of the propretarsus.
protarso-propretarsal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the mesopretarsus by joining the distal margin of the distalmost mesotarsomere and the proximal margin of the mesopretarsus.
mesotarso-mesopretarsal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the metapretarsus by joining the distal margin of the distalmost metatarsomere and the proximal margin of the metapretarsus.
metatarso-metapretarsal conjunctiva
The cuticle of the appendage of the fore leg that is attached to the protarsus by the protarso-propretarsal conjunctiva.
cuticle of propretarsus
propretarsus
The cuticle of the appendage of the mid leg that is attached to the mesotarsus by the mesotarso-mesopretarsal conjunctiva.
cuticle of mesopretarsus
mesopretarsus
The cuticle of the appendage of the hind leg that is attached to the metatarsus by the metatarso-metapretarsal conjunctiva.
cuticle of metapretarsus
metapretarsus
The orifice on the postabdomen at the posterior margin of the digestive tract, connected to the epiproct and paraprocti.
insect anus
The region of the cuticle of the postabdomen that is paired and connected to the anterior region of the gonocoxa IX.
cuticle of gonostylus IX
gonostylus IX
The cuticle of the mere that is part of the cercus.
cuticle of cercomere
cercomere
The conjunctiva of the postabdomen that joins the parameres and the aedeagus.
paramero-aedeagal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the postabdomen that joins the phallobase and the parameres.
phallobasal-parameral conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the prothorax that joins the propleura and the prosternum.
propleuro-prosternal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the pterothorax that surrounds the wing.
The insect thoracic muscle that attaches to the notum and to the trochantin.
For muscular terminology, tergum has been traditionally used instead of notum, even though "notum" is the prererred term to refer to the dorsal region of the cuticle of the insect thorax that is attached to the dorsal margin of the pleuron.
tergo-trochantinal muscle
The tergo-trochantinal muscle that is attached to the pronotum and the protrochantin.
pronoto-protrochantinal muscle
The tergo-trochantinal muscle that is attached to the mesonotum and the mesotrochantin.
mesonoto-mesotrochantinal muscle
The tergo-trochantinal muscle that is attached to the metanotum and the metatrochantin.
metanoto-metatrochantinal muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between two nota (or terga).
tergo-tergal muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the pronotum and the mesonotum.
pronoto-mesonotal muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the mesonotum and the metanotum.
mesonoto-metanotal muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the notum (or tergum) and the coxa.
tergo-coxal muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the notum (or tergum) and the trochanter.
tergo-trochanteral muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that attaches to the pleuron and to a coxa.
pleuro-coxal muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that is attached to a furca and to a coxa.
furco-coxal muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that is attached to a furca and to a trochanter.
furco-trochanteral muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between two furcae.
interfurcal muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the profurca and the mesofurca.
profurco-mesofurcal muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the mesofurca and the metafurca.
mesofurco-metafurcal muscle
The noto-pleural conjunctiva that joins the mesonotum and the mesopleuron.
mesonoto-mesopleural conjuntiva
The noto-pleural conjunctiva that joins the pronotum and the propleuron.
pronoto-propleural conjunctiva
The noto-pleural conjunctiva that joins the metanotum and the metapleuron.
metanoto-metapleural conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect thorax that joins the notum and the pleuron.
noto-pleural conjunctiva
The axillary sclerite that is connected via muscle to the mesopleuron and is posterior to the first axillary sclerite.
third axillary sclerite
The axillary sclerite that is on the ventral region of the basal wing conjunctiva.
ventral second axillary sclerite
The phragma of the metanotum that attaches to muscles attached to the mesonotum.
mesophragma
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the mesophragma and the abdominal tergite I.
mesophragmo-abdominal tergite I muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the metafurca and an abdominal sternite.
metafurco-abdominal sternite muscle
The phragma of the abdominal tergite I that attaches to muscles attached to the metanotum.
metaphragma
The conjunctiva of the insect thorax that joins the mesonotum and the metanotum.
mesonoto-metanotal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the mesothorax that joins the mesopleuron and the mesocoxa.
mesopleuro-mesocoxal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the mesothorax that joins the mesopleura and the mesosternum.
mesopleuro-mesosternal conjunctiva
The sclerite on the ventral region of the metathorax that bears the metafurca and is attached to the metapleuro-metasternal conjunctiva.
metasternum
The conjunctiva of the mesothorax that joins the mesosternum and the mesocoxa.
mesosterno-mesocoxal conjunctiva
The pouch that is circular.
circular pouch
The region of cuticle that is continuous with glandular epithelial cells.
ectodermal gland
Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "cells or groups of cells with highly specialized secretory functions, producing a great variety of substances which are discharged at the exterior or into invaginations of the body wall"
The ectodermal gland that is composed of one cell
unicellular ectodermal gland
Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "one-celled gland usually larger than the cells surrounding it; discharges its products directly through the covering cuticula. [...] In many glands a minute cuticular ductule extends from the exterior into the body of each cell, allowing the secretion to pass out through an extremely thin layer of cuticula."
The cuticular evagination that is largely membranous.
cuticular lobe
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "a rounded projection or protuberance"
The ectodermal gland that is composed of multiple cells.
multicellular ectodermal gland
Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "many-celled glands may be a group of cells situated at the surface of the body, but most of them are invaginations of the body wall."
The region of cuticle on the posterodorsal region of the head capsule that is posterior to the occipital ridge and anterior to the postoccipital ridge.
occiput
Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "dorsal part of the posterior surface of the head between the occipital and the postoccipital sutures"
The cuticular suture composed of both the coronal suture and paired frontal sutures.
epicranial suture
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Y-shaped ecdysial sutures dividing vertex and frons, composed of coronal suture and paired frontal sutures."
The region of cuticle that is behind the compound eye.
temple
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "the part of the head above and behind the compound eyes"
The region of cuticle of the insect wing that has wing veins, folds, and conjunctiva.
insect wing region
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "the principal areas of the wings differentiated in the wing-flexing insects (Neoptera), and often separated by distinct lines of folding, including the wing base, remigium, clavus, and jugum."
The region of cuticle of the insect wing that is less flexible than the wing conjunctiva.
insect wing vein
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "sclerotized, tubular structure supporting the membrane of the wings"
The region of cuticle of the insect wing that is more flexible than the wing conjunctiva.
insect wing fold
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "line along which wings fold at rest"
The posterior region of the insect wing.
anal field of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anal field (=vannus): posterior part of wings, usually enlarged in Polyneoptera."
Modified 2023-01-21: specifying insect wing field. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The insect wing vein of the anal field that is posterior to the anal fold or the postcubitus and anterior to the jugal fold or the jugal veins.
anal vein of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anal veins: longitudinal veins of the anal field proximally articulated with 3rd axillary sclerite; usually unbranched and arranged like a fan."
Modified 2023-01-09: specifying insect wing vein. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The insect wing vein of the costal field that is anterior to the subcosta.
costal vein of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Costa: main longitudinal vein along anterior wing margin, articulated with humeral plate."
The anterior region of the insect wing.
costal field of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Costal field (=remigium): anterior part of wing; usually largest region."
The insect wing vein that is posterior to the media and anterior to the postcubitus.
cubital vein of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Cubitus: 5th main longitudinal vein."
The insect wing region that is posterior to the jugal fold.
jugal field of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Jugal field: small wing region posteriorly adjacent with anal field."
The insect wing vein in the jugal field, posterior to the jugal fold or to the anal veins.
jugal vein of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Jugal veins: veins of the jugal field."
The insect wing vein that is posterior to some radius and anterior to some cubitus.
medial vein of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Media: 4th main longitudinal vein."
The insect wing fold that separates the anal field and the jugal field.
jugal fold of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Plica jugalis: separates the anal and jugal fields."
Modified 2023-01-21: specifying insect wing fold. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The insect wing fold that is posterior to the postcubitus and separates the costal field and the anal field.
claval furrow
anal fold of the insect wing
Chapman RF (2012) The Insects: Structure and Function. Fifth Edition. Cambridge University Press. 959 pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139035460 "longitudinal flexion line which runs close to the CuP. This furrow allows the posterior part of the wing to flap up and down with respect to the rest of the wing."
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Plica vannalis: separates the costal and anal fields."
The insect wing vein that is posterior to the cubitus and anterior to the anal fold or the anal vein.
postcubital vein of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postcubitus: posteriormost longitudinal vein of the remigium."
The insect wing vein that is posterior to the subcosta and anterior to the media.
radial vein of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Radius: 3rd main longitudinal vein."
The insect wing vein that is posterior to the costa and anterior to the radius.
subcostal vein of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Subcosta: 2nd main longitudinal vein, following costal vein."
The proximal region of the insect wing.
axillary region of the insect wing
Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "The region of the wing base containing the axillary sclerites"
Modified 2023-01-21: specifying insect wing region. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The insect wing fold that is distal to the axillary region.
basal fold of the insect wing
Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "Plica basalis (bf).The basal fold of the wing, or line of flection between the base of the mediocubital fold and the axillary region, forming a prominent convex fold in the flexed wing extending between the median plates from the articulation of radius with the second axillary to the articulation of the vannal veins with the third axillary."
The sclerite that is part of the pretarsus.
ungues
pretarsal claw
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Ungues: pretarsal claws; unpaired in Collembola and Protura, usually paired in Diplura and Insecta."
The cuticular protrusion that is part of the pretarsus, ventral to the tarsal claws and medial to the pulvilli (if present).
cuticle of empodium
empodium
Modified 2023-01-11: added medial to pulvilli. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Empodium: a median process between the claws and pulvilli (if present). It arises from the distal end of the unguitractor plate, is spine-shaped or lobe-like and is sometimes similar in form to the pulvilli (“empodial pulvillus”)." p. 43.
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "a spine- or lobelike process of the unguitractor"
The sulcus that coincides with the frontoclypeal ridge and separated the frons from the clypeus.
epistomal sulcus
epistomal suture
frontoclypeal suture
frontoclypeal sulcus
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ [adjusted] the 'suture' separating the clypeus from the frons, representing the internal invagination of the epistomal ridge.
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "the suture between the frons and the clypeus"
The conjunctiva that is part of the head capsule and is continuous with the epipharynx and the hypopharynx.
cibarium
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anterior part of preoral space between epipharynx and hypopharynx."
The region of cuticle that is posterior to the cuticle of the labrum.
epistoma
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "the oral margin or sclerite directly behind the labrum"
The cuticular sulcus that is adjacent to the subgena and coincides with the subgenal ridge.
subgenal suture
subgenal sulcus
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "the lateral submarginal groove of the cranium just above the bases of the gnathal appendages, extending between the anterior tentorial pit and the posterior tentorial pit"
The cuticle of a mere that is part of the cuticle of the antenna.
Given the high number of antennomeres occurring in some taxa, Arabic numerals are used instead of Roman numerals for practicality reasons.
cuticle of antennomere
antennomere
The cuticular sulcus that coincides with the postoccipital ridge and is posterior to the occiput and anterior to the postocciput.
postoccipital suture
postoccipital sulcus
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "posterior submarginal groove having the posterior tentorial pits in its lower end, separatig the postocciput from the rest of the cranium"
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf [as postoccipital suture] "posterior submarginal groove having the posterior tentorial pits in its lower end, separatig the postocciput from the rest of the cranium"
The cuticular sulcus that coincides with the gular ridge, separating the gula fron the gena
gular suture
gular sulcus
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "the line or division between the gula and the genae"
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf [as gular suture] "the line or division between the gula and the genae"
The region of the cuticle that is distal and medial on the cuticle of the insect mandible.
mandibular incisor lobe
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "toothed distal lobe of mandible"
The region of the cuticle that is proximal and medial on the cuticle of the insect mandible.
mola
mandibular molar lobe
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf mola = molar lobe = "the ridged or roughened grinding surface of the mandible"
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "the ridged or roughened grinding surface of the mandible"
The cuticular lobe of the cuticle of the insect mandible between the mandibular molar lobe and the mandibular incisor lobe.
lacinia mobilis
prostheca
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "An articulated mesal appendage, the lacinia mobilis or prostheca, occurs in several groups. It can be sclerotized or largely membranous and is often equipped with microtrichia."
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "mandibular region set with hair"
The region of cuticle on the lateral region of the cuticle of stipes, adjacent to the distal margin of the cuticle of the cardo, to the proximal margin of the cuticle of the palpifer, and adjacent to the proximal margin of the mediostipes.
basistipes
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Basistipes: basolateral part of stipes."
The region of cuticle on the medial region of the cuticle of stipes, adjacent to the distal margin of the cuticle of the basistipes, and to the proximal margin of the cuticle of the galea and the lacinia.
mediostipes
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Mediostipes: mesal part of stipes."
The ectodermal gland continuous with the proximal region of the cuticle of the cardo.
maxillary gland
Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "Glands present in some insects opening mesally at the bases of the maxillae"
The sclerite that is continuous with the hypopharynx.
hypopharyngeal sclerite
The arthropod foramen that is part of the cuticle of the insect thorax.
thoracic foramen
The thoracic foramen that is at the anterior margin of the cuticle of the prothorax.
anterior prothoracic foramen
The thoracic foramen that is at the posterior margin of the cuticle of the prothorax.
posterior prothoracic foramen
The thoracic foramen that is at the anterior margin of the cuticle of the mesothorax.
anterior mesothoracic foramen
The thoracic foramen that is at the posterior margin of the cuticle of the mesothorax.
posterior mesothoracic foramen
The thoracic foramen that is at the posterior margin of the cuticle of the metathorax.
posterior metathoracic foramen
The thoracic foramen that is at the anterior margin of the cuticle of the metathorax.
anterior metathoracic foramen
The insect region of integument that is continuous with conjunctiva and attached to somatic muscle.
insect body segment
One of the repeated divisions of the whole organism.
segment
An anatomical structure that is metameric and is connected to other metameric subdivisions by muscles and is delimited by its sclerites.
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "segment, subdivision of the body between areas of flexibility associated with muscle attachments"
The insect region of integument that has a ring sclerirte, continuous with ring conjunctiva, and attached to somatic muscle.
insect appendage segment
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "segment, subdivision of an appendage between areas of flexibility associated with muscle attachments"
The insect body segment that is part of the insect head.
insect cephalic segment
Any segment (FBbt:00000003) that is part of some head (FBbt:00000004).
head segment
The insect body segment that is part of the insect thorax.
insect thoracic segment
Any segment (FBbt:00000003) that is part of some thorax (FBbt:00000015).
thoracic segment
The insect body segment that is part of the insect abdomen.
insect abdominal segment
Metameric subdivision of the abdomen.
abdominal segment
The insect body segment that is part of the insect abdomen and is posterior to the insect metathoracic segment.
insect abdominal segment I
Most anterior segment of the abdomen.
abdominal segment 1
The insect abdominal segment that is posterior to the insect abdominal segment I and composed of abdominal tergite II and abdominal sternite II.
insect abdominal segment II
Second most anterior segment of the abdomen.
abdominal segment 2
The insect abdominal segment that is posterior to the insect abdominal segment II and composed of abdominal tergite III and abdominal sternite III.
insect abdominal segment III
Third most anterior segment of the abdomen.
abdominal segment 3
The insect abdominal segment that is posterior to the insect abdominal segment III and composed of abdominal tergite IV and abdominal sternite IV.
insect abdominal segment IV
Fourth most anterior segment of the abdomen.
abdominal segment 4
The insect abdominal segment that is posterior to the insect abdominal segment IV and composed of abdominal tergite V and abdominal sternite V.
insect abdominal segment V
Fifth most anterior segment of the abdomen.
abdominal segment 5
The insect abdominal segment that is posterior to the insect abdominal segment V and composed of abdominal tergite VI and abdominal sternite VI.
insect abdominal segment VI
Sixth most anterior segment of the abdomen.
abdominal segment 6
The insect abdominal segment that is posterior to the insect abdominal segment VI and composed of abdominal tergite VII and abdominal sternite VII.
insect abdominal segment VII
Seventh most anterior segment of the abdomen.
abdominal segment 7
The insect abdominal segment that is posterior to the insect abdominal segment VII and composed of abdominal tergite VIII and abdominal sternite VIII.
insect abdominal segment VIII
Eigth most anterior segment of the abdomen.
abdominal segment 8
The insect abdominal segment that is posterior to the insect abdominal segment VIII and composed of abdominal tergite IX and abdominal sternite IX.
insect abdominal segment IX
Ninth most anterior segment of the abdomen.
abdominal segment 9
The insect abdominal segment that is posterior to the insect abdominal segment IX and composed of abdominal tergite X and abdominal sternite X.
insect abdominal segment X
Tenth most anterior segment of the abdomen.
abdominal segment 10
The insect body segment that corresponds to the prothorax and is posterior to the insect cephalic segment.
insect prothoracic segment
The insect body segment that corresponds to the mesothorax and is posterior to the insect prothoracic segment.
insect mesothoracic segment
The insect body segment that corresponds to the metathorax and is posterior to the insect mesothoracic segment.
insect metathoracic segment
The bilaterally paired insect sclerite of the postabdomen, attached to either the abdominal tergite VIII or IX.
cuticle of gonocoxite
coxopodite
gonocoxite
The mouth that is surrounded by insect mandibles, labium, and labrum and is anterior to the hypopharynx.
preoral cavity
insect mouth
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "The preoral cavity is the space enclosed between the labrum and labium and the paired mandibles and maxillae"
Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "Mouth. The external opening of the stomodaeum, situated in the ventral wall of the head between the labrum and the hypopharynx."
The orifice that is continuous with an ectodermal gland.
insect gland opening
The region of cuticle that is attached to arthropod sensillum.
cuticular sensilla
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sensilla are the basal functional and structural units of cuticular mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors. They include the cuticular component (e.g., the cuticle of a seta), the sensory neuron (or neurons), the associated sheath cells with the cavities they enclose and the structures they produce" p. 5.
The cuticular sensilla that is dilated.
sensilla ampullacea
Mushroom-shaped sensory structure on the flagellum, particularly the clava; sometimes called the sensilla ampullacea.
basiconic capitate peg sensillum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Modified type of cuticular sensilla sunk below the external cuticular surface"
The region of the cuticle that bears an anatomical collection composed of cuticular carinae.
stridulatory file
The cuticular seta that is adjacent to the cuticle of the pretarsus.
pretarsal seta
The cuticular protrusion that is part of the pretarsus, ventral to the tarsal claws.
cuticle of pulvillus
pulvillus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pulvilli: smooth or hairy paired lateral membranous lobes below the claws". p. 44.
The medial cuticular protrusion of the pretarsus.
cuticle of arolium
arolium
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Arolium: the median hollow lobe of the pretarsus. It can be completely membranous or partly sclerotized." p. 42. "unpaired, between the claws" p. 40.
The region of the insect wing that is posterior to the costal field of the insect wing.
radial field of the insect wing
The region of the insect wing that is posterior to the medial field of the insect wing.
cubital field of the insect wing
The region of the insect wing that is posterior to the radial field of the insect wing.
medial field of the insect wing
The bilaterally paired cuticular protrusion that contains insect tracheae.
tracheal gill
http://insecta.bio.spbu.ru/z/antidictionary/tergalii&gills.htm "Paraspiracular tracheal gill. Paired abdominal appendage, whose trachea arises either directly from the spiracular trachea of the same abdominal segment, or from the nearest point of tracheae branching"
The insect spiracle that is part of the insect thorax.
insect thoracic spiracle
The insect spiracle that is part of the insect abdomen.
insect abdominal insect spiracle
The external male genitalia with insect cuticle and composed of phallobase, phallobasal-parameral conjunctiva, paramere (or parameres), paramero-aedeagal conjunctiva, aedeagus, and endophallus.
insect external male genitalia
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's surface becoming bent or curving downward or backward.
deflexed
The antenna that has scapus, pedicellus, and flagellomeres 1-8, and does not have flagellomere 9.
antenna with 10 antennomeres
The antenna that has scapus, pedicellus, and flagellomeres 1-9.
antenna with 11 antennomeres
The cuticular seta that is adjacent to the cuticle of the empodium.
empodial seta
entity
An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
continuant
An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time.
occurrent
A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
independent continuant
spatial region
two-dimensional spatial region
An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t.
p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
process
disposition
A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
realizable entity
quality
A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same.
b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
specifically dependent continuant
A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
role
generically dependent continuant
function
An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
material entity
immaterial entity
The side of an organism that is left of the sagittal plane.
A 2D surface of an anatomical continuant.
Fiat anatomical region extending a short distance from the boundary of an object inwards.
The side of an organism that is right of the sagittal plane.
A straight line through space, intersecting an anatomical entity.
An anatomical axis determined by gravity.
An axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail.
An axis that extends from the point of attachment of a structure (proximal) to the point furthest away from the plane of attachment (distal).
An axis that is approximately perpendicular to the anterior-posterior axis and that extends through the horizontal plane of the body.
An axis that bisects an organism from left to right sides of body, through a sagittal plane.
Anatomical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior parts.
Anatomical plane that divides bilateral body into dorsal and ventral parts.
Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and dorsal regions of a body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and ventral regions of a body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and lateral regions of the body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and lateral regions of a body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and dorsal regions of the body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and ventral regions of a body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-medial region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-lateral region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-medial region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-lateral region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the dorso-medial region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the ventro-medial region of the body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and medial regions of the body or body part.
An anatomical region bounded by a plane perpendicular to an axis through the middle.
An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure anterior to a transverse plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane.
An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure posterior to a transverse plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane.
Anatomical side that is distally located on an organism or structure.
An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane.
Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and medial regions of the body or body part.
An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure ventral to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same horizontal plane.
Anatomical region that overlaps the dorsal and medial regions of the body or body part.
A 3D region in space without well-defined compartmental boundaries; for example, the dorsal region of an ectoderm.
Anatomical region anteriorly located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region posteriorly located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region proximally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region distally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region dorsally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the dorsal and lateral regions of a body or body part.
Anatomical region laterally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region medially located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region ventrally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the ventral and lateral regions of a body or body part.
The region corresponding to the ventral region of the entity, towards the midline.
Anatomical surface that is located on the anterior side of the body or body part.
Anatomical surface that is located on the posterior side of the body or body part.
Anatomical surface that is located on the proximal side of the body or body part.
internal side
Anatomical surface that is located on the distal side of the body or body part.
external side
Anatomical surface that located on the dorsal side of the body or body part.
Anatomical surface that located on the lateral side of the body or body part.
Anatomical surface that located on the medial side of the body or body part.
Anatomical surface that is located on the ventral side of the body or body part.
A flat 2D plane intersecting an anatomical continuant, dividing it into two adjacent portions.
Anatomical plane that divides a bilateral body into left and right parts, not necessarily of even size.
Anatomical margin that is located on the anterior side of a body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the posterior side of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the proximal region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the distal side of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the dorsal side of body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the dorso-lateral region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the lateral side of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the medial side of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the ventral side of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the ventro-lateral region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-dorso region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-dorsal region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-ventral region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-ventral region of the body or body part.
A part of a cellular organism that is either an immaterial entity or a material entity with granularity above the level of a protein complex. Or, a substance produced by a cellular organism with granularity above the level of a protein complex.
Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species.
Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome.
A one dimensional, immaterial anatomical entity.
A non-material anatomical entity of two dimensions. Anatomical boundaries are contiguous structures.
Elementary particle not affected by the strong force having a spin 1/2, a negative elementary charge and a rest mass of 0.000548579903(13) u, or 0.51099906(15) MeV.
A class of carbonyl compound encompassing dicarboxylic acids and any derivatives obtained by substitution of either one or both of the carboxy hydrogens.
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives
A carbohydrate acid derivative anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy groups of hyaluronic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
Any steroid that has beta-configuration at position 5.
A Bronsted acid derived from one or more inorganic compounds. Inorganic acids (also known as mineral acids) form hydrons and conjugate base ions when dissolved in water.
Any member of a group of hydroxy steroids occuring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine. In mammals bile acids almost invariably have 5beta-configuration, while in lower vertebrates, some bile acids, known as allo-bile acids, have 5alpha-configuration.
Any main group molecular entity that is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP; 0degreeC and 100 kPa).
An antigenic epitope recognized by an anti-bilirubin monoclonal antibody designated 24G7. A substructure of bilirubin IXalpha, it is the region containing the oxo group at C-1, the methyl group at C-2, C-(4, 5, 6, 9), and N-21 and -22.
A molecular entity that can accept an electron, a pair of electrons, an atom or a group from another molecular entity.
Actylcholine is an ester of acetic acid and choline, which acts as a neurotransmitter.
A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.
Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.
A peptide containing ten or more amino acid residues.
A nucleobase-containing molecular entity with a polymeric structure comprised of a linear sequence of 13 or more nucleotide residues.
An azane that consists of a single nitrogen atom covelently bonded to three hydrogen atoms.
A sulfur oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of both OH groups of sulfuric acid.
A mucopolysaccharide composed of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid subunits. It is found in the connective tissues of vertebrates. A principal constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM), it mediates the growth and metastasis of tumour cells.
A naturally occurring polypeptide synthesized at the ribosome.
Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.
Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc.
Any oligosaccharide, polysaccharide or their derivatives consisting of monosaccharides or monosaccharide derivatives linked by glycosidic bonds. See also http://www.ontobee.org/ontology/GNO?iri=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GNO_00000001.
An aminoalkylindole consisting of indole having a 2-aminoethyl group at the 3-position.
A member of the class of biladienes that is a linear tetrapyrrole with the dipyrrole units being of both exovinyl and endovinyl type. A product of heme degradation, it is produced in the reticuloendothelial system by the reduction of biliverdin and transported to the liver as a complex with serum albumin.
High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; DNA contain the genetic information of organisms.
An aminoglycan consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.
A compound in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R2C=O (neither R may be H).
A compound in which a carbohydrate component is covalently bound to a protein component.
An aldohexose used as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate.
The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.
A molecular entity that can transfer ("donate") an electron, a pair of electrons, an atom or a group to another molecular entity.
'Lipids' is a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids.
Any polysaccharide containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues.
Any six-carbon monosaccharide which in its linear form contains either an aldehyde group at position 1 (aldohexose) or a ketone group at position 2 (ketohexose).
A biomacromolecule consisting of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues.
That part of DNA or RNA that may be involved in pairing.
A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of hydrogenphosphate.
An organic group formed by removing one or more hydroxy groups from an oxoacid that has the general structure RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0). Although the term is almost always applied to organic compounds, with carboxylic acid as the oxoacid, acyl groups can in principle be derived from other types of acids such as sulfonic acids or phosphonic acids.
Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids.
A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the electron.
A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.
A molecular entity having an available pair of electrons capable of forming a covalent bond with a hydron (Bronsted base) or with the vacant orbital of some other molecular entity (Lewis base).
A sodium salt of the conjugate of any bile acid with either glycine or taurine.
The univalent carboacyl group formed by loss of -OH from the carboxy group of carbamic acid.
An organic molecule or ion (usually a metal ion) that is required by an enzyme for its activity. It may be attached either loosely (coenzyme) or tightly (prosthetic group).
Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity.
Any substance which when absorbed into a living organism may modify one or more of its functions. The term is generally accepted for a substance taken for a therapeutic purpose, but is also commonly used for abused substances.
A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.
Any hexosamine that is glucose in which at least one of the hydroxy groups has been replaced by an amino group.
A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biological context.
A defined linked collection of atoms or a single atom within a molecular entity.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of carbon and at least of one other element.
A heterodetic cyclic peptide is a peptide consisting only of amino-acid residues, but in which the linkages forming the ring are not solely peptide bonds; one or more is an isopeptide, disulfide, ester, or other bond.
Any 6-carbon amino monosaccharide with at least one alcoholic hydroxy group replaced by an amino group.
Originally referring to an endogenous compound that is formed in specialized organ or group of cells and carried to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory function, the term is now commonly used to include non-endogenous, semi-synthetic and fully synthetic analogues of such compounds.
Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)).
Any member of the class of 5beta-cholanic acids carrying at least one hydroxy group at unspecified position.
Any compound containing an indole skeleton.
A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
A molecular entity that contains no carbon.
A salt is an assembly of cations and anions.
A molecular entity having a net electric charge.
Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
A molecule all atoms of which have the same atomic number.
Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom.
A group of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.
An oxoacid containing a single carboxy group.
An endogenous compound that is used to transmit information across the synapse between a neuron and another cell.
Any organic ion with a net negative charge.
Any organic ion with a net positive charge.
Compounds of the general formula SO3HOR where R is an organyl group
An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements.
Any peptide with hormonal activity in animals, whether endocrine, neuroendocrine, or paracrine.
Salts and esters of phosphoric and oligophosphoric acids and their chalcogen analogues. In inorganic chemistry, the term is also used to describe anionic coordination entities with phosphorus as central atom.
A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.
Any alkali metal salt having sodium(1+) as the cation.
An ester of an alcohol and sulfuric acid.
A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.
A natural pigment containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.
Any nutrient required in small quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions.
Tryptamine and its substitution derivatives.
A univalent carboacyl group is a group formed by loss of OH from the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid.
A neutral compound having formal unit electrical charges of opposite sign on non-adjacent atoms. Sometimes referred to as inner salts, dipolar ions (a misnomer).
A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.
A one-carbon compound that is ammonia in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a carboxy group. Although carbamic acid derivatives are common, carbamic acid itself has never been synthesised.
A primary amino compound that is the 5-hydroxy derivative of tryptamine.
An onium cation obtained by protonation of ammonia.
Any sugar having one or more alcoholic hydroxy groups replaced by substituted or unsubstituted amino groups.
A carboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of any dicarboxylic acid.
The conjugate base formed when the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid is deprotonated.
A monoatomic monocation obtained from sodium.
A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of two protons from ammonia.
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of acetic acid.
Particle of zero charge, zero rest mass, spin quantum number 1, energy hnu and momentum hnu/c (h is the Planck constant, nu the frequency of radiation and c the speed of light), carrier of electromagnetic force.
Any member of a group of hydroxy-5beta-cholanic acids occuring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine. In mammals bile acids almost invariably have 5beta-configuration.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
An amide is a derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
Intended use of the molecular entity or part thereof by humans.
A particle not known to have substructure.
A monoatomic entity is a molecular entity consisting of a single atom.
An organic fundamental parent is a structure used as a basis for substitutive names in organic nomenclature, containing, in addition to one or more hydrogen atoms, a single atom of an element, a number of atoms (alike or different) linked together to form an unbranched chain, a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, or a ring assembly or ring/chain system.
Any substituent group which does not contain carbon.
Any substituent group or skeleton containing carbon.
Any organic substituent group, regardless of functional type, having one free valence at a carbon atom.
A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element.
A nucleus is the positively charged central portion of an atom, excluding the orbital electrons.
Heavy nuclear particle: proton or neutron.
A derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
A molecular entity all atoms of which have the same atomic number.
An anion consisting of more than one atom.
A substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans.
A nutrient is a food component that an organism uses to survive and grow.
A heteroorganic entity is an organic molecular entity in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms.
An agrochemical is a substance that is used in agriculture or horticulture.
A fertilizer is any substance that is added to soil or water to assist the growth of plants.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkali metal.
Any p-block element atom that is in group 15 of the periodic table: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth.
A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen.
Any p-block element belonging to the group 16 family of the periodic table.
Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen.
An ester of a carboxylic acid, R(1)C(=O)OR(2), where R(1) = H or organyl and R(2) = organyl.
An atom belonging to one of the main groups (found in the s- and p- blocks) of the periodic table.
A pnictogen oxoacid which contains phosphorus and oxygen, at least one hydrogen atom bound to oxygen, and forms an ion by the loss of one or more protons.
An atom of an element that exhibits typical metallic properties, being typically shiny, with high electrical and thermal conductivity.
An amino-acid anion obtained by deprotonation of any alpha-amino acid.
Any main group element atom belonging to the p-block of the periodic table.
Any compound containing an o-diphenol component.
4-(2-Aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution.
A catecholamine in which C-1 of the aminoethyl side-chain is hydroxy-substituted.
A carbon oxoacid acid carrying at least one -C(=O)OH group and having the structure RC(=O)OH, where R is any any monovalent functional group. Carboxylic acids are the most common type of organic acid.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table.
Any molecule that consists of a series of atoms joined together to form a ring.
A molecule that features two fused rings.
A cyclically conjugated molecular entity with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure (e.g. Kekule structure) is said to possess aromatic character.
A polycyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one non-carbon atom.
A bicyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one skeletal heteroatom.
An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element.
A main group molecular entity that contains one or more atoms of a p-block element.
Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements.
A macromolecule formed by a living organism.
A macromolecule made up of nucleotide units and hydrolysable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose and phosphoric acid.
High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing ribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; RNA is central to the synthesis of proteins.
A cation consisting of more than one atom.
An amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position alpha to the carboxy group.
When two or more amino acids combine to form a peptide, the elements of water are removed, and what remains of each amino acid is called an amino-acid residue.
A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups.
An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom.
Any organic molecule that consists of atoms connected in the form of a ring.
A heterocyclic compound formally derived from an arene by replacement of one or more methine (-C=) and/or vinylene (-CH=CH-) groups by trivalent or divalent heteroatoms, respectively, in such a way as to maintain the continuous pi-electron system characteristic of aromatic systems and a number of out-of-plane pi-electrons corresponding to the Hueckel rule (4n+2).
Conjugated protein is a protein that contains a non-peptide component, usually in stoichiometric proportion.
A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring.
A substance used in a chemical reaction to detect, measure, examine, or produce other substances.
A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.
Any nutrient required in large quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions. Macronutrients are usually chemical elements (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur) that humans consume in the largest quantities. Calcium, sodium, magnesium and potassium are sometimes included as macronutrients because they are required in relatively large quantities compared with other vitamins and minerals.
An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of serotonin; major species at pH 7.3.
Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.
A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.
A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without modifying the overall standard Gibbs energy change in the reaction.
The zwitterionic form of an amino acid having a negatively charged carboxyl group and a positively charged amino group.
A derivative of ammonium, NH4(+), in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent (usually organyl) groups.
A derivative of ammonium, NH4(+), in which one (or more) of the hydrogens bonded to the nitrogen have been replaced with univalent organyl groups. The substituting carbon of the organyl group must not itself be directly attached to a heteroatom (thereby excluding protonated amides, hemiaminals, etc).
A choline ester formed from choline and a carboxylic acid.
Any of naturally occurring compounds and synthetic analogues, based on the cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene carbon skeleton, partially or completely hydrogenated; there are usually methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, and often an alkyl group at C-17. By extension, one or more bond scissions, ring expansions and/or ring contractions of the skeleton may have occurred. Natural steroids are derived biogenetically from squalene which is a triterpene.
Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.
Parent monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H-[CHOH]n-C(=O)[CHOH]m-H with three or more carbon atoms. The generic term 'monosaccharide' (as opposed to oligosaccharide or polysaccharide) denotes a single unit, without glycosidic connection to other such units. It includes aldoses, dialdoses, aldoketoses, ketoses and diketoses, as well as deoxy sugars, provided that the parent compound has a (potential) carbonyl group.
An oxoanion is an anion derived from an oxoacid by loss of hydron(s) bound to oxygen.
A substance that reduces or suppresses inflammation.
A drug that mimics the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. Included in this class are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters.
A drug that affects the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter or blood volume.
An agent that selectively binds to and activates alpha-adrenergic receptors.
A negative ion consisting solely of carbon and oxygen atoms, and therefore having the general formula CxOy(n-) for some integers x, y and n.
A drug used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.
Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.
A compound formally derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l > 0) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter.
A carboxylic acid anion formed when the carboxy group of a monocarboxylic acid is deprotonated.
A phosphorus oxoanion that is the conjugate base of phosphoric acid.
A substance used for its pharmacological action on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.
A biological macromolecule minimally consisting of one polypeptide chain synthesized at the ribosome.
A steroid acid that consists of cholane having a carboxy group in place of the methyl group at position 24.
Members of the class of cholanic acids based on a 5beta-cholane skeleton.
Lepton is a fermion that does not experience the strong force (strong interaction). The term is derived from the Greek lambdaepsilonpitauomicronsigma (small, thin).
Baryon is a fermion that does experience the strong force (strong interaction). The term is derived from the Greek betaalpharhoupsilonsigma (heavy).
Particle of half-integer spin quantum number following Fermi-Dirac statistics. Fermions are named after Enrico Fermi.
Particle of integer spin quantum number following Bose-Einstein statistics. Bosons are named after Satyendra Nath Bose.
A subatomic particle known to have substructure (i.e. consisting of smaller particles).
Hadron is a subatomic particle which experiences the strong force.
A nucleus or any of its constituents in any of their energy states.
Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom.
An ion consisting of more than one atom.
Any compound containing the carbonyl group, C=O. The term is commonly used in the restricted sense of aldehydes and ketones, although it actually includes carboxylic acids and derivatives.
Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element.
Compounds based on a biladiene skeleton.
A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the proton.
An organochalcogen compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chalcogen bond.
An organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond.
A polysaccharide composed of glucose residues.
Glycans composed of a single type of monosaccharide residue. They are named by replacing the ending '-ose' of the sugar by '-an'.
Any of the group of polysaccharides composed of alternating units from uronic acids and glycosamines, and commonly partially esterified with sulfuric acid.
An acid is a molecular entity capable of donating a hydron (Bronsted acid) or capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (Lewis acid).
A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements.
An amide of a carboxylic acid, having the structure RC(=O)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)NH2 group including its carbon atom.
A carboacyl group is a group formed by loss of at least one OH from the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid.
An agent that selectively binds to and activates adrenergic receptors.
Any agent that acts on an adrenergic receptor or affects the life cycle of an adrenergic transmitter.
A compound composed of two or more pyrrole units.
Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms.
Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of acetylcholine, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons.
Any drug that binds to and activates cholinergic receptors.
Any drug that binds to and activates a muscarinic cholinergic receptor.
Any dianion containing at least one carboxy group.
An alkaloid containing an indole skeleton.
A molecular entity capable of donating a hydron to an acceptor (Bronsted base).
A molecular entity capable of accepting a hydron from a donor (Bronsted acid).
A molecular entity able to provide a pair of electrons and thus capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron-pair acceptor (Lewis acid), thereby producing a Lewis adduct.
A monovalent inorganic anion that consists of phosphoric acid in which one of the three OH groups has been deprotonated.
A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of dihydrogenphosphate.
A liquid that can dissolve other substances (solutes) without any change in their chemical composition.
Any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.
Any steroid substituted by at least one carboxy group.
A solvent that is composed of polar molecules. Polar solvents can dissolve ionic compounds or ionisable covalent compounds.
A polar solvent that is capable of acting as a hydron (proton) donor.
Any drug that acts on an alpha-adrenergic receptor.
Substance which binds to cell receptors normally responding to naturally occurring substances and which produces a response of its own.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
Any anion formed by loss of a proton from a steroid acid.
Mononuclear cations derived by addition of a hydron to a mononuclear parent hydride of the pnictogen, chalcogen and halogen families.
Drug used to cause constriction of the blood vessels.
Any molecular entity that contains carbon.
A role is particular behaviour which a material entity may exhibit.
A poison that interferes with the functions of the nervous system.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by an organyl group.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a chemical context.
An organic molecule that is electrically neutral carrying a positive and a negative charge in one of its major canonical descriptions. In most dipolar compounds the charges are delocalized; however the term is also applied to species where this is not the case.
Any organic substituent group, regardless of functional type, having two free valences at carbon atom(s).
A biological role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biochemical context.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof which causes the development of a pathological process.
A biological role which describes how a drug interacts within a biological system and how the interactions affect its medicinal properties.
Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.
An organic group that consists of a closed ring. It may be a substituent or a skeleton.
The biological role played by a material entity when bound by a receptor of the adaptive immune system. Specific site on an antigen to which an antibody binds.
A polymer carrying multiple negative charges.
A macromolecule containing ionic groups.
A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements.
An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of tryptamine arising from protonation of the primary amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of the two carboxy groups of bilirubin; major species at pH 7.3.
An organic anion of general formula RS(=O)2O(-) where R is an organyl group.
An organic anion arising from deprotonation of a acyclic tetrapyrrole compound.
Compounds containing one or more phosphoric acid units.
A reagent that forms a bond to its reaction partner (the electrophile) by donating both bonding electrons.
A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types.
A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind.
A polymer is a mixture, which is composed of macromolecules of different kinds and which may be differentiated by composition, length, degree of branching etc..
An ionic polymer is a polymer, composed of ionic macromolecules.
An atom or small molecule with a positive charge that does not contain carbon in covalent linkage, with a valency of one.
Zwitterionic form of any peptide where, in general, the amino terminus is positively charged and the carboxy terminus is negatively charged.
Any amino sugar that is a monosaccharide in which one alcoholic hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group.
Any compound that has a nucleobase as a part.
A polymer, composed of polyanion macromolecules.
A substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a redox reaction.
Any organooxygen compound derived from a carbohydrate by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. The term also includes derivatives of these compounds.
A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a carbohydrate acid.
An aralylamino compound which contains one amino group connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain. Monoamines are derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and the thyroid hormones by the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes.
A carboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of a carbohydrate acid derivative.
Any substance which is added to food to preserve or enhance its flavour and/or appearance.
A food additive that is used to change or otherwise control the acidity or alkalinity of foods. They may be acids, bases, neutralising agents or buffering agents.
An organic amino compound in which an aminoalkyl group is linked to an arene.
A fourteen-membered heterodetic cyclic peptide comprising the sequence Ala-Gly-Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys cyclised by a disulfide bridge between the two Cys residues at positions 3 and 14.
An organic molecular entity containing a single carbon atom (C1).
Any organic molecular entity that is acidic and contains carbon in covalent linkage.
Any substance that causes disturbance to organisms by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient quantity is absorbed by the organism.
A carbohydrate derivative that is any derivative of a polysaccharide.
Substances which are added to food in order to prevent decomposition caused by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes.
A food preservative which prevents decomposition of food by preventing the growth of fungi or bacteria. In European countries, E-numbers for permitted food preservatives are from E200 to E299, divided into sorbates (E200-209), benzoates (E210-219), sulfites (E220-229), phenols and formates (E230-239), nitrates (E240-259), acetates (E260-269), lactates (E270-279), propionates (E280-289) and others (E290-299).
An ammonium ion derivative resulting from the protonation of the nitrogen atom of a primary amino compound. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any compound that has anti-inflammatory effects.
An organic cation that is the conjugate acid of (R)-noradrenaline, obtained by protonation of the priamry amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity.
A biomacromolecule composed of carbohydrate residues which is secreted by a microorganism into the surrounding environment.
A drug used in treating and healing of wounds.
A mancude heterobicyclic organic group consisting of a benzene ring fused to a pyrrole ring.
A bicyclic organic group that contains both carbon and hetero atoms.
Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in eukaryotes, the taxon that include members of the fungi, plantae and animalia kingdoms.
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in animals that include diverse creatures from sponges, insects to mammals.
Any animal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in mammals.
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in prokaryotes, the taxon that include members of domains such as the bacteria and archaea.
Any metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound.
Any enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase (EC 3.*.*.*).
Any hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds (EC 3.5.*.*).
EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor
An EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*).
EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in fungi, the kingdom that includes microorganisms such as the yeasts and moulds.
Any human metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound in humans.
Any prokaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in bacteria.
Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Escherichia coli.
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
An EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of amidase (EC 3.5.1.4).
A food additive that is a (generally inert) gas which is used to envelop foodstuffs during packing and so protect them from unwanted chemical reactions such as food spoilage or oxidation during subsequent transport and storage. The term includes propellant gases, used to expel foods from a container.
A physiological role played by any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental contaminants.
A substance used in a thermodynamic heat pump cycle or refrigeration cycle that undergoes a phase change from a gas to a liquid and back. Refrigerants are used in air-conditioning systems and freezers or refrigerators and are assigned a "R" number (by ASHRAE - formerly the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers), which is determined systematically according to their molecular structure.
An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of any alpha-amino acid; major species at pH 7.3.
Any organooxygen compound that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone, or a compound derived from one. Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and usually have an empirical formula Cm(H2O)n; carbohydrate derivatives may contain other elements by substitution or condensation.
carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives
Any metabolite produced by all living cells.
Any inorganic anion with a valency of three.
Any inorganic anion with a valency of two.
Any inorganic anion with a valency of one.
An animal metabolite produced by arthropods such as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimps and krill.
A Daphnia metabolite produced by the species Daphnia magna.
A crustacean metabolite produced by the genus of small planktonic arthropods, Daphnia
Any member of the class of indoles carrying at least one hydroxy group.
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in algae including unicellular organisms like chlorella and diatoms to multicellular organisms like giant kelps and brown algae.
A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane.
Any fibroblast that is deriived from the neural crest.
A cell found in the embryo before the formation of all the gem layers is complete.
Cell that is part of the migratory cranial neural crest population. Migratory cranial neural crest cells develop from premigratory cranial neural crest cells and have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination.
Cell that is part of the migratory trunk neural crest population. Migratory trunk neural crest cells develop from premigratory trunk neural crest cells and have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination.
A stem cell that is the precursor of gametes.
A germ cell that supports male gamete production. In some species, non-germ cells known as Sertoli cells also play a role in spermatogenesis.
A male germ cell that develops from spermatogonia. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to spermatids.
A male germ cell that develops from the haploid secondary spermatocytes. Without further division, spermatids undergo structural changes and give rise to spermatozoa.
A mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid.
An euploid male germ cell of an early stage of spermatogenesis.
Female germ cell is a germ cell that supports female gamete production.
A stem cell that is the precursor of female gametes.
A female germ cell that has entered meiosis.
An undifferentiated germ cell that proliferates rapidly and gives rise to oocytes.
A female gamete where meiosis has progressed to metaphase II and is able to participate in fertilization.
A smooth muscle cell derived from the neural crest.
A cell that will develop into a neuron often after a migration phase.
A relatively undifferentiated cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
A stem cell that self-renews as well as give rise to a single mature cell type.
A stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system. Hematopoietic stem cells lack cell markers of effector cells (lin-negative). Lin-negative is defined by lacking one or more of the following cell surface markers: CD2, CD3 epsilon, CD4, CD5 ,CD8 alpha chain, CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD56, ly6G, ter119.
A progenitor cell committed to the erythroid lineage.
A cell that is within the developmental lineage of gametes and is able to pass along its genetic material to offspring.
A stem cell that can give rise to multiple lineages of cells.
A progenitor cell committed to myeloid lineage, including the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages.
A progenitor cell committed to the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages.
colony forming unit erythroid megakaryocyte
A oligopotent progenitor cell committed to the lymphoid lineage.
A stem cell from which all cells of the body can form.
A precursor cell with a limited number of potential fates.
A cell that is commited to differentiating into a muscle cell. Embryonic myoblasts develop from the mesoderm. They undergo proliferation, migrate to their various sites, and then differentiate into the appropriate form of myocytes. Myoblasts also occur as transient populations of cells in muscles undergoing repair.
A connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. Flattened and irregular in outline with branching processes; appear fusiform or spindle-shaped.
Skeletogenic cell that is typically non-terminally differentiated, secretes an avascular, GAG rich matrix; is not buried in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, located adjacent to cartilage tissue (including within the perichondrium), and develops from prechondroblast (and thus prechondrogenic) cell.
A cell that has a filiform extrusion of the cell surface.
A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. The cell has a cytoskeleton that allows for tight cell to cell contact and for cell polarity where apical part is directed towards the lumen and the basal part to the basal lamina.
An epithelial cell that is part of a duct.
An endothelial cell that lines the vasculature.
cuboidal endothelial cell of vascular tree
A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.
A flattened epithelial cell of mesenchymal origin that lines the serous cavity.
A cell which moves among different tissues of the body, via blood, lymph, or other medium.
A cell found predominately in the blood.
A type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.
A specialized epithelial cell involved in sensory perception. Restricted to special sense organs of the olfactory, gustatory, and vestibulocochlear receptor systems; contain sensory cells surrounded by supportive, non-receptive cells.
Most generally any neuron which is not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions.
An efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes or inhibits movement.
Any neuron having a sensory function; an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses.
A neuron whose cell body is within an autonomic ganglion.
A neuron that uses acetylcholine as a vesicular neurotransmitter.
A vertebrate phagocyte with a single nucleus.
An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal. In mammals, endothelial cell has vimentin filaments and is derived from the mesoderm.
A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu. Guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons.
A connective tissue cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses. In humans, this cell type is CD73-positive, CD90-positive, CD105-positive, CD45-negative, CD34-negative, and MHCII-negative. They may further differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, myocytes, neurons, or chondroblasts in vitro. Originally described as residing in the bone marrow, this cell type is now known to reside in many, if not all, adult organs.
A fat-storing cell found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue of mammals. Fat is usually stored in the form of triglycerides.
Skeletogenic cell that is terminally differentiated, secretes an avascular, GAG-rich matrix, is embedded in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, and develops from a chondroblast cell.
A cell capable of processing and presenting lipid and protein antigens to T cells in order to initiate an immune response.
A pigment cell is a cell that contains pigment granules.
A specialized epithelial cell that is capable of synthesizing and secreting certain biomolecules.
An epithelial cell, located in a gland, that is specialised for the synthesis and secretion of specific biomolecules, such as hormones, or mucous.
A cell that specializes in controlled release of one or more substances.
A cell of an exocrine gland; i.e. a gland that discharges its secretion via a duct.
A cell that secretes glycosaminoglycans.
A cell of an endocrine gland, ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions.
An endocrine cell that is located in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract or in the pancreas.
A neuron that is capable of some hormone secretion in response to neuronal signals.
A cell that secretes insulin and is located towards the center of the islets of Langerhans.
A type of enteocrine cell found in the periphery of the islets of Langerhans that secretes glucagon.
A D cell located in the pancreas. Peripherally placed within the islets like type A cells; contains somatostatin.
The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. Majority of cell population of liver, polygonal in shape, arranged in plates or trabeculae between sinusoids; may have single nucleus or binucleated.
A cell whose primary function is to shorten.
A mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns.
A somatic cell located in skeletal muscle.
A non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They develop from specialized myoblasts (smooth muscle myoblast).
A cell that is capable of detection of a stimulus involved in sensory perception.
A cell specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptors may monitor external stimuli, as in taste and olfaction, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
A cell specialized to detect and transduce light.
A cell whose function is determined by the generation or the reception of an electric signal.
A cell within an epithelial cell sheet whose main function is to act as an internal or external covering for a tissue or an organism.
A cell whose primary function is to prevent the transport of stuff across compartments.
A supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. They surround and nourish the developing male germ cells and secrete androgen binding protein. Their tight junctions with the spermatogonia and spermatocytes provide a blood-testis barrier.
A cell that moves by its own activities.
A cell of the outer of the three germ layers of the embryo.
A cell of the middle germ layer of the embryo.
A cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo.
A red blood cell. In mammals, mature erythrocytes are biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen.
Any cell capable of ingesting particulate matter via phagocytosis.
A cell whose primary function is to provide structural support, to provide strength and physical integrity to the organism.
A mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
Columnar glandular cell with irregular nucleus, copious granular endoplasmic reticulum and supranuclear granules. Secretes a watery fluid containing proteins known as serous fluid.
A cell that is specialised to accumulate a particular substance(s).
A cell derived from the specialized ectoderm flanking each side of the embryonic neural plate, which after the closure of the neural tube, forms masses of cells that migrate out from the dorsal aspect of the neural tube to spread throughout the body.
A mesenchymal cell in embryonic development found in a contracting mass and that gives rise to osteoprogenitors.
A structural cell that is part of optic choroid.
A cell lining the outside of the blastocyst. After binding to the endometrium, trophoblast cells develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblast cells and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblast cells, which form the early fetal-maternal interface.
A cell of the outer layer of a blastula that gives rise to the ectoderm after gastrulation.
An undifferentiated cell produced by early cleavages of the fertilized egg (zygote).
A multifate stem cell found in skeletal muscle than can differentiate into many different cell types, including muscle. Distinct cell type from satellite cell.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of a sphincter. A sphincter is a typically circular muscle that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning.
A smooth muscle cell associated with the vasculature.
An epithelial cell of the integument (the outer layer of an organism).
Diploid cell produced by the fusion of sperm cell nucleus and egg cell.
A cell whose function is determined by its response to an electric signal.
An interneuron that has its cell body in a central nervous system.
A cell that initiates an electrical signal and passes that signal to another cell.
A cell that contains more than two haploid sets of chromosomes.
A cell whose nucleus contains a single haploid genome.
A cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation. These cells are lineage negative (CD3-negative, CD19-negative, CD34-negative, and CD56-negative).
A cell type that secretes 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin).
A cell capable of producting norepiniphrine. Norepiniphrine is a catecholamine with multiple roles including as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. In addition, epiniphrine is synthesized from norepiniphrine by the actions of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enzyme.
A cell whose primary function is to protect the organism.
A photoreceptor cell that detects visible light.
A connective tissue cell of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere.
A cell found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the pancreas. They secrete somatostatin in both an endocrine and paracrine manner. Somatostatin inhibits gastrin, cholecystokinin, insulin, glucagon, pancreatic enzymes, and gastric hydrochloric acid. A variety of substances which inhibit gastric acid secretion (vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, beta-adrenergic agonists, and gastric inhibitory peptide) are thought to act by releasing somatostatin.
An endorphine cell that secretes enkephalin.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes endorphin.
An endocrine cell found in the pyloric gland mucosa (antral mucosa) of the stomach of mammals and responsible for the secretion of gastrin and enkephalin. Most abundant in pyloric antrum, pyramidal in form with a narrow apex bearing long microvilli.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes gastrin.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes androgen binding protein.
A precursor cell destined to differentiate into cardiac muscle cell.
A precursor cell destined to differentiate into smooth muscle myocytes.
A myoblast that differentiates into skeletal muscle fibers.
A phagocyte in vertebrates that is able to phagocytosis.
A cell from the outer syncytial layer of the trophoblast of an early mammalian embryo, directly associated with the maternal blood supply. It secretes hCG in order to maintain progesterone secretion and sustain a pregnancy.
A neuron which conveys sensory information centrally from the periphery.
A neuron which sends impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.
The basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.
A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.
An immature, nucleated erythrocyte occupying the stage of erythropoeisis that follows formation of erythroid progenitor cells. This cell is CD71-positive, has both a nucleus and a nucleolus, and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.
A nucleated immature erythrocyte, having cytoplasm generally similar to that of the earlier proerythroblast but sometimes even more basophilic, and usually regular in outline. The nucleus is still relatively large, but the chromatin strands are thicker and more deeply staining, giving a coarser appearance; the nucleoli have disappeared. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.
A nucleated, immature erythrocyte in which the nucleus occupies a relatively smaller part of the cell than in its precursor, the basophilic erythroblast. The cytoplasm is beginning to acquire hemoglobin and thus is no longer a purely basophilic, but takes on acidophilic aspects, which becomes progressively more marked as the cell matures. The chromatin of the nucleus is arranged in coarse, deeply staining clumps. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.
The final stage of the nucleated, immature erythrocyte, before nuclear loss. Typically the cytoplasm is described as acidophilic, but it still shows a faint polychromatic tint. The nucleus is small and initially may still have coarse, clumped chromatin, as in its precursor, the polychromatophilic erythroblast, but ultimately it becomes pyknotic, and appears as a deeply staining, blue-black, homogeneous structureless mass. The nucleus is often eccentric and sometimes lobulated.
The earliest cytologically identifiable precursor in the thrombocytic series. This cell is capable of endomitosis and lacks expression of hematopoieitic lineage markers (lin-negative).
A large hematopoietic cell (50 to 100 micron) with a lobated nucleus. Once mature, this cell undergoes multiple rounds of endomitosis and cytoplasmic restructuring to allow platelet formation and release.
An immature erythrocyte that changes the protein composition of its plasma membrane by exosome formation and extrusion. The types of protein removed differ between species though removal of the transferrin receptor is apparent in mammals and birds.
A mesenchymal stem cell capable of developing into blood vessel endothelium.
A mesenchymal cell found in the developing heart and that develops into some part of the heart. These cells derive from intra- and extra-cardiac sources, including the endocardium, epicardium, neural crest, and second heart field.
One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the vertebrate retina. In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but they provide vision with higher spatial and temporal acuity, and the combination of signals from cones with different pigments allows color vision.
The reproductive cell in multicellular organisms.
A steroid hormone secreting cell that secretes androgen.
One of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. In rods the photopigment is in stacks of membranous disks separate from the outer cell membrane. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but rod mediated vision has less spatial and temporal resolution than cone vision.
A secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape shaped clusters known as acini (singular acinus).
A cell whose primary function is to support other cell types.
A diploid cell that has derived from a spermatogonium and can subsequently begin meiosis and divide into two haploid secondary spermatocytes.
One of the two haploid cells into which a primary spermatocyte divides, and which in turn gives origin to spermatids.
An extracellular matrix secreting cell that secretes collagen.
A primordial germ cell is a diploid germ cell precursors that transiently exist in the embryo before they enter into close association with the somatic cells of the gonad and become irreversibly committed as germ cells.
A mature sexual reproductive cell of the female germline.
A non-terminally differentiated cell that is capable of developing into a muscle cell.
A cell that stores and secretes pancreatic polypeptide hormone.
Epithelial cells derived from neural plate and neural crest.
A stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.
Muscle cell which has as its direct parts myofilaments organized into sarcomeres.
An achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.
The set of neurons that receives neural inputs via bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells. The axons of these cells make up the optic nerve.
Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. In mammals, the contractile fiber resembles those of skeletal muscle but are only one third as large in diameter, are richer in sarcoplasm, and contain centrally located instead of peripheral nuclei.
A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage.
A immature or mature cell in the lineage leading to and including erythrocytes.
A nucleated precursor of an erythrocyte that lacks hematopoietic lineage markers.
A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, or mast cell lineage.
A phagocyte formed by the fusion of mononuclear phagocytes.
A lymphoid progenitor cell of the T cell lineage, with some lineage specific marker expression, but not yet fully committed to the T cell lineage.
A hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell is multipotent, but not capable of long-term self-renewal. These cells are characterized as lacking lineage cell surface markers and being CD34-positive in both mice and humans.
hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell
A progenitor cell restricted to the lymphoid lineage.
lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell
A progenitor cell restricted to the myeloid lineage.
myeloid lineage restricted progenitor cell
A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form.
A neuron that releases serotonin as a neurotransmitter.
A hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell that has the ability to differentiate into limited cell types but lacks lineage cell markers and self renewal capabilities. Cell lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.
hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell, lineage-negative
A progenitor cell committed to the erythroid lineage. This cell is ter119-positive but lacks expression of other hematopoietic lineage markers (lin-negative).
A hematopoietic progenitor cell that is capable of developing into only one lineage of hematopoietic cells.
hematopoietic lineage restricted progenitor cell
A hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell that has the ability to differentiate into limited cell types but lacks lineage cell markers and self renewal capabilities.
hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell
A secretory cell found in pancreatic acini that secretes digestive enzymes and mucins. This cell is a typical zymogenic cell, have a basal nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm consisting of regular arrays of granular endoplasmic reticulum with mitochondria and dense secretory granules.
An enteroendocrine cell that produces glucagon.
Specialized cardiac myocyte that is subendocardially interspersed with the regular cardiac muscle cell. They are uninucleate cylindrical cells, associated end-to-end in long rows, continue from the node to the atrioventricular bundle; relatively short compared to ordinary myocytes but are nearly twice their diameter.
A specialized cardiac myocyte in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes. The cell is slender and fusiform confined to the nodal center, circumferentially arranged around the nodal artery.
Specialized cardiac myocyte which is in the internodal tract and atrioventricular node. The cell is more slender than ordinary atrial myocytes and has more myofibrils than nodal myocytes.
The myoendocrine cellis a specialized myocyte localized mainly in the right and left atrial appendages, and also scattered within other areas of the atria and along the conductive system in the ventricular septum. The most conspicuous feature distinguishing myoendocrine cells from other atrial myoctyes is the presence of membane-bounded secretory granules (these granules contain precursor of cardiodilatins or atrial natriuretic polypeptides).
An epithelial cell derived from endoderm.
An epithelial cell derived from ectoderm.
Epithelial cell derived from mesoderm or mesenchyme.
Epithelial cell found in the ducts of the pancreas. This cell type contributes to the high luminal pH.
A cubodial epithelial cell that is continuous with the lining of intercalated ducts that drain the acinus. This cell type secretes a high pH solution to aid in activation of zymogens, and can differentiate into endocrine and exocrine pancreatic cell types.
A cardiac myocyte that is an excitable cells in the myocardium, specifically in the conducting system of heart.
This is a cell found in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals and serves as a pacemaker that triggers gut contraction. ICCs mediate inputs from the enteric nervous system to smooth muscle cells and are thought to be the cells from which gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) arise.
A cell found in the bone marrow. This can include fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells.
A cell in the hilum of the ovary that produces androgens.
An endothelial cell of the vascular tree, which includes blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.
An endothelial cell found in capillaries.
Epithelial cells derived from general body ectoderm and ectoderm placodes.
An epithelial cell found in the lining of the stomach.
A mucous cell in the epithelium of the stomach.
A stomach epithelial cell that is olumnar in form with a few short apical microvilli; relatively undifferentiated mitotic cell from which other types of gland are derived; few in number, situated in the isthmus region of the gland and base of the gastric pit.
A stem cell that can give rise to the cells of the liver. The term usually refers to the self-renewing pool of hepatocyte precursors in the adult liver (differently from 'hepatoblast', often used for fetal precursors of hepatocytes).
A cell comprising the transparent, biconvex body separating the posterior chamber and vitreous body, and constituting part of the refracting mechanism of the mammalian eye.
A cell of the cuboidal epithelium that covers the lens. The cells of the lens epithelium regulate most of the homeostatic functions of the lens. As ions, nutrients, and liquid enter the lens from the aqueous humor, Na+/K+ ATPase pumps in the lens epithelial cells pump ions out of the lens to maintain appropriate lens osmolarity and volume, with equatorially positioned lens epithelium cells contributing most to this current. The activity of the Na+/K+ ATPases keeps water and current flowing through the lens from the poles and exiting through the equatorial regions. The cells of the lens epithelium also serve as the progenitors for new lens fibers. It constantly lays down fibers in the embryo, fetus, infant, and adult, and continues to lay down fibers for lifelong growth.
A fibroblasts found in interstitial spaces in the pulmonary tract. Greater numbers of these cells are found in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
A circular smooth muscle cell of the iris, innervated by the ciliary nerves (parasympathetic), and acting to contract the pupil. This muscle cell derives from neuroectoderm. This smooth muscle cell results from transformation of epithelial cells to smooth muscle cells.
smooth muscle fiber of sphincter of pupil
smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil
A hematopoeitic stem cell found in the blood. Normally found in very limited numbers in the peripheral circulation (less than 0.1% of all nucleated cells).
An epithelial cell of the musculomembranous digestive tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
An epithelial cell of the large intestine.
An epithelial cell of the small intestine.
A stromal cell of the endometrium that is fibroblastic in appearance. During decidualization this cell may differentiate into a decidual stromal cell.
An endothelial cell that lines any of the venous cavities through which blood passes in various glands and organs such as the spleen and liver.
A type of enteroendocrine cell found in the stomach that secretes glucagon.
A PP cell located in the islets of the pancreas.
A cell that is part of the nervous system.
A cell of the supporting or framework tissue of the body, arising chiefly from the embryonic mesoderm and including adipose tissue, cartilage, and bone.
An adipocyte derived from a neural crest cell.
An endothelial cell that lines the intracavitary lumen of the heart, separating the circulating blood from the underlying myocardium. This cell type releases a number of vasoactive substances including prostacyclin, nitrous oxide and endothelin.
A progenitor cell that is able to differentiate into the pancreas alpha, beta and delta endocrine cells. This cell type expresses neurogenin-3 and Isl-1.
A hematopoietic stem cell that exists during embryogenesis.
A hematopoietic stem cell of the placenta. This cell type is first observed E10.5 This cell type may give rise to fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells.
A keratocyte is a specialized fibroblast residing in the cornea stroma that has a flattened, dendritic morphology; located between the lamellae with a large flattened nucleus, and lengthy processes which communicate with neighboring cells. This corneal layer, representing about 85-90% of corneal thickness, is built up from highly regular collagenous lamellae and extracellular matrix components. Keratocytes play the major role in keeping it transparent, healing its wounds, and synthesizing its components. This cell type secretes collagen I, V, VI, and keratan sulfate.
An endo-epithelial cell of the respiratory tract.
A transversely striated, synctial muscle cell, formed by the fusion of myoblasts.
A reticulocyte that retains the nucleus and other organelles. Found in birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles.
A reticulocyte lacking a nucleus and showing a basophilic reticulum under vital staining due to the presence of ribosomes.
A cell located in the heart, including both muscle and non muscle cells.
A cell of the adventitial layer of ductal structures such as the uterer, defent duct, biliary duct, etc
An adipocyte that is part of subcutaneous adipose tissue.
An epithelial cell of the intrahepatic portion of the bile duct. These cells are flattened or cuboidal in shape, and have a small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio relative to large/extrahepatic cholangiocytes.
A mesenchymal stem cell that is part of the bone marrow.
mesenchymal stem cell of the bone marrow
A mesenchymal stem cell of the chorionic membrane.
chorionic membrane mesenchymal stem cell
An endothelial cell that is part of the vein.
An endothelial progenitor cell that participates in angiogenesis during development.
embryonic blood vessel endothelial progenitor cell
A mesenchymal stem cell of the umbilical cord.
A mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue.
A mesenchymal stem cell of the vertebrae.
An epithelial cell of the kidney cortex.
A blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of the retina.
A smooth muscle cell of the bachiocephalic vasculature.
smooth muscle cell of the brachiocephalic vasculature
A vascular associated smooth muscle cell of the brain vasculature.
smooth muscle cell of the brain vasculature
A smooth muscle of the pulmonary artery.
smooth muscle cell of the pulmonary artery
A smooth muscle cell of the umbilical artery.
smooth muscle cell of the umbilical artery
A smooth muscle cell of the subclavian artery.
smooth muscle cell of the subclavian artery
Smooth muscle cell of the carotid artery.
A cell of the seminiferous tubule epithelium.
epithelial cell of lower respiratory tract
A glandular epithelial cell of the endometrium.
A glandular epithelial cell of the esophagus.
A glandular epithelial cell of the large intestine.
A glandular epithelial cell that is part of the stomach.
A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the atrium.
A stem cell that can give rise to multiple cell types (i.e. smooth muscle, endothelial) in the developing heart.
A multi-fate stem cell that can give rise to different retinal cell types including rod and cone cells.
A neuroblast derived from a neural crest cell.
A cell that is part of a cortex of kidney.
A CNS interneuron located in the spinal cord.
A cuboidal epithelial cell of the kidney which regulates sodium and potassium balance. The activity of sodium and potassium channels on the apical membrane of the cell is regulated by aldosterone and vasopressin. In mammals this cell type is located in the renal collecting duct system.
A motor neuron that innervates a skeletal muscle. These motor neurons are all excitatory and cholinergic.
somatomotor neuron
Multi fate stem cell that gives rise to both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes as descendants. The term often refers to fetal precursors of hepatocytes (differently from 'hepatic stem cell', usually applied to the self-renewing pool of hepatocyte precursors in the adult liver). Hepatoblasts may also be endogenous, as some stem cells found in the liver come from the bone marrow via blood circulation.
hepatoblast
Cell that has the potential to form a skeletal cell type (e.g. cells in periosteum, cells in marrow) and produce extracellular matrix (often mineralized) and skeletal tissue (often mineralized).
Cell that is part of the neural crest region of the neuroepithelium, prior to migration. Note that not all premigratory neural crest cells may become migratory neural crest cells.
Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to develop into a chondroblast; and arises from neural crest, meseosdermal and notochordal and connective tissue cells.
Any muscle cell in which the fibers are not organised into sarcomeres.
Any hematopoietic cell that is a precursor of some other hematopoietic cell type.
A transversely striated, synctial cell of skeletal muscle. It is formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
skeletal muscle fiber
A muscle cell that is part of some visceral muscle.
visceral muscle cell
A visceral muscle cell that is striated. Examples include the visceral muscle cells of arhtropods.
striated visceral muscle cell
A visceral muscle that is transversely striated. Examples include the visceral muscle cells of arthropods.
transversely striated visceral muscle cell
A skeletal muscle myoblast that is part of a skeletal mucle. These cells are formed following acivation and division of skeletal muscle satellite cells. They form a transient population that is lost when they fuse to form skeletal muscle fibers.
A non-polarised cell precursor cell that is part of some mesenchyme, is associated with the cell matrix but is not connected to other cells and is capable of migration.
A mesenchymal cell of the endocardial cushion. These cells develop via an epithelial to mesenchymal transition when endocardial cells break cell-to-cell contacts and migrate into the cardiac jelly. Cells from this population form the heart septa and valves.
An endocrine cell that is part of the pancreas.
A neuron that release noradrenaline (noriphinephrine) as a neurotransmitter.
Mural cells are pericytes and the vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) of the microcirculation.
mural cell
microcirculation associated smooth muscle cell
A sensory neuron of the spinal nerve that senses body position and sends information about how much the muscle is stretched to the spinal cord.
Any cell in the compound eye, a light sensing organ composed of ommatidia.
Any cell in the retina, the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.
An enteroendocrine cell that is located in the small intestine.
A lymphocyte that resides in the lamina propria of the large intestine.
lamina propria lymphocyte of large intestine
lymphocyte of large intestine lamina propria
A kidney cortical cell that is part of the nephrogenic zone.
A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the large intestine.
stromal cell of lamina propria of large intestine
A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the small intestine.
stromal cell of lamina propria of small intestine
A mesothelial cell that is part of the small intestine.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the colon.
A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the colon.
An enteroendocrine cell that is located in the colon.
A lymphocyte that resides in the lamina propria of the small intestine. Lamina propria leukocytes and intraepithelial lymphocytes are the effector compartments of the gut mucosal immune system. Lymphocytes circulate through gut associated lymphoid tissues until recruitment by intestinal antigens. They are involved in the gut immune response.
gastrointestinal tract (lamina propria) lymphocyte of small intestine
lamina propria lymphocyte of small intestine
small intestine lamina propria lymphocyte
lymphocyte of small intestine lamina propria
A T cell that is located in the anorectum.
A smooth muscle cell that is located in the anorectum.
A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the anorectum.
stromal cell of anorectum lamina propria
An enteroendocrine cell that is located in the anorectum.
An epithelial cell that is part of an endometrial gland.
An endothelial cell that is part of a placenta.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of a placenta.
An endothelial cell that is part of a hepatic portal vein.
An endothelial cell that is part of a uterus.
A skeletal muscle fiber found in an embryo. In mammalian embryos, skeletal muscle expresses myosin heavy chain-embryonic (MyHC-emb, encoded by the MYH3 gene), which regulates skeletal muscle development.
A fibroblast located in the portal triad. Hepatic portal fibroblast are a non-parenchymal cell population located adjacent to bile duct epithelia in liver and are distinct from stellate cells. They differentiate into fibrogenic myofibroblasts during chronic injury states producing high levels of collagen.
A stromal cell that is part_of a bone marrow.
An epithelial cell that is part_of a umbilical artery.
A mononuclear cell that is part_of a bone marrow.
zygote
A neuron that has its soma in the heart.
A motor neuron that passes from the spinal cord toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.
A cell in the area of mesoderm in the neurulating embryo that flanks and forms simultaneously with the neural tube. The cells of this region give rise to somites.
A cell of the neural crest. Neural crest cells are multipotent. Premigratory neural crest cells are found at the neural plate boarder, some of which will undergo ectomesynchymal transition and delamination to form migratory neural crest cells.
A sperm cell that is cabaple of motion (motility).
A motile sperm cell that contains a slender threadlike microscopic appendage that enables motion.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the epicardium.
A fibroblast that is part of upper back skin.
A fibroblast that is part of skin of back.
A precursor cell that has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell. They are descendants of stem cells, only they are more constrained in their differentiation potential or capacity for self-renewal, and are often more limited in both senses.
Any fibroblast that is part of skeletal muscle tissue.
Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of the dermis.
Cells of the uterine chorion that acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize chorionic trophoblasts. These cells will migrate towards the spongiotrophoblast layer and give rise to syncytiotrophoblasts of the labyrinthine layer.
Epithelial cell that is part of the colon epithelium.
A cell that, by division or terminal differentiation, can give rise to other cell types.
Cytoplasm that exhibits a characteristic staining and color, pale-pink, with Wright-Giemsa stain.
Cytoplasm that exhibits a characteristic staining and color, red or pink, with Eosin stain.
Cytoplasm that exhibits molecular interaction for basic dyes under specific pH conditions.
Cytoplasm that exhibits affinity for both basic and acid stains under specific pH conditions.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of any blood vessel.
blood vessel smooth muscle cell
An epithelial cell of the extrahepatic bile ducts, including the left and right hepatic duct, common hepatic duct, and common bile duct. They are columnar in shape, and have a large nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio relative to small/intrahepatic cholangiocytes.
extrahepatic cholangiocyte
An endothelial cell found in the periportal region hepatic sinusoid, near the portal triad. The fenestrae of these cells are larger but fewer in number compared with those of endothelial cells near the centrilobular region of the hepatic sinusoid.
periportal hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell
endothelial cell of periportal hepatic sinusoid
An endothelial cell found in the centrilobular region hepatic sinusoid, near the central vein. The fenestrae of these cells are smaller but more numerous compared with those of endothelial cells near the periportal region of the hepatic sinusoid.
central venous hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell
endothelial cell of pericentral hepatic sinusoid
pronephric nephron tubule epithelial cell
metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell
A neuroendocrine cell that is part of respiratory epithelium of the lung and is involved in the sensory detection of environmental stimuli, including hypoxia, nicotine and air pressure. Ultrastructurally, this cell type is characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic dense core granules, which are considered the storage sites of amine and peptide hormones. Lung neuroendocrine cells are innervated and appear as solitary cells or as clustered masses, localized at airway bifurcation sites, called neuroepithelial bodies that can release serotonin in response to hypoxia and interact with sensory nerve terminals. Lung neuroendocrine cells also function as reserve stem cells that repair the surrounding epithelium after injury.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the small intestine.
non-striated muscle fiber of small intestine
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the duodenum.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the large intestine.
non-striated muscle fiber of large intestine
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the colon.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the sigmoid colon.
non-striated muscle fiber of sigmoid colon
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the rectum.
An epithelial cell that is part of the urethra.
A fibroblast that is part of the areolar connective tissue.
A fibroblast that is part of the tunica adventitia of artery.
fibroblast of tunica adventitia of artery
A fibroblast that is part of the dense regular elastic tissue.
fibroblast of dense regular elastic tissue
An adipocyte that is part of the epicardial fat.
An adipocyte that is part of the epicardial fat of right ventricle.
adipocyte of epicardial fat of right ventricle
An adipocyte that is part of the epicardial fat of left ventricle.
adipocyte of epicardial fat of left ventricle
A transitional myocyte that is part of the interatrial septum.
transitional myocyte of interatrial septum
A transitional myocyte that is part of the interventricular septum.
transitional myocyte of interventricular septum
A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the interventricular septum.
Purkinje myocyte of interventricular septum
An endothelial cell that is part of the hepatic sinusoid. These cells possess flattened areas containing perforations about 0.1 micrometers in diameter, known as fenestrae. The fenestrae are arranged in groups known as sieve plates.
A muscle cell that is part of the sinoatrial node.
A muscle cell that is part of the atrioventricular node.
An endothelial cell that is part of the arteriole.
A blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of an arterial endothelium.
An endothelial cell that is part of the venule.
An epithelial cell that is part of the gallbladder.
A somatic stem cell that is part of the epidermis.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the ciliary body.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the anterior chamber of eyeball.
mesothelial cell of anterior chamber of eye
An epithelial cell that is part of the nephron.
An epithelial cell that is part of the collecting duct of renal tubule.
epithelial cell of renal collecting tubule
A mesothelial cell that is part of the parietal peritoneum.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the visceral peritoneum.
A transitional myocyte that is part of the sinoatrial node.
A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the atrioventricular node.
Purkinje myocyte of atrioventricular node
A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the interventricular septum.
myocardial endocrine cell of interventricular septum
An epithelial cell that is part of the bile duct. Cholangiocytes contribute to bile secretion via net release of bicarbonate and water. They are cuboidal epithelium in the small interlobular bile ducts, but become columnar and mucus secreting in larger bile ducts approaching the porta hepatis and the extrahepatic ducts.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the peritoneum.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the pleura.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the parietal pleura.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the visceral pleura.
An epithelial cell that is part of a nephron tubule.
A cell that is part of kidney interstitium.
A cell that is part of a nephron tubule.
An epithelial cell that is part of a cortical collecting duct.
kidney cortex collecting duct epithelial cell
kidney cortex collecting duct principal cell
A cell that is part of a collecting duct of renal tubule.
An epithelial cell of the exocrine pancreas.
The various hormone- or neurotransmitter-secreting cells present throughout the mucosa of the intestinal tract.
A vascular endothelial cell found in colon blood vessels.
Glandular cell of colon epithelium. Example: Goblet cells; enterocytes or absorptive cells; enteroendocrine and M cells.
Glandular cell of duodenal epithelium. Example: Enterocytes, Goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells; Paneth cells; M cells; Brunner's gland cell.
Glandular cell of epididymal epithelium.
Glandular cell of oviduct epithelium. Example: peg cells, ciliated cells.
Glandular cell of gallbladder epithelium.
Glandular cell of rectal epithelium. Example: Goblet cell; enterocytes or absorptive cells; enteroendocrine and M cells.
Glandular cell of seminal vesicle epithelium.
A glandular cell found in the epithelium of the small intestine. Example: Enterocytes, Goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells; Paneth cells; M cells; Somatostatin-secreting Cells (D-cells) .
Glandular cell of exocrine pancreas epithelium. Example: pancreatic acinar cell, glandular cells in pancreatic canaliculi, glandular cells in pancreatic ducts.
Hematopoietic cells resident in the bone marrow. Include: hematopoietic stem cells (lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells) and the precursor cells for thrombocytes, erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes.
An epithelial cell that is specialised for the synthesis and secretion of specific biomolecules.
secretory epithelial cell
A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form found in the circulatory pool of blood.
A specialized, enlarged, connective tissue cell of the decidua with enlarged nucleus, dense membrane‐bound secretory granules and cytoplasmic accumulation of glycogen and lipid droplets. These cells develop by the transformation of endometrial stromal cells during decidualization.
Any blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of a microvascular endothelium.
Any blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of a dermis.
Any skin fibroblast that is part of a skin of abdomen.
Any lung endothelial cell that is part of a microvascular endothelium.
Any photoreceptor cell that is part of a compound eye.
Any native cell that is part of a inner cell mass.
Any native cell that is part of a cardiac septum.
Any neuron that is part of a central nervous system.
A neuron that is part of a peripheral nervous system.
Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a urinary bladder.
Any fibroblast that is part of a embryo.
Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a brain.
Any cardiac muscle cell that is part of a cardiac ventricle.
Any motor neuron that is part of a brainstem.
Any fibroblast that is part of a spleen.
Any endothelial cell of artery that is part of a umbilical cord.
Any endothelial cell that is part of a spleen.
Any dendritic cell that is part of a liver.
Any mesenchymal stem cell that is part of a placenta.
placental amniotic mesenchymal stromal cell
Any fibroblast that is part of a female gonad.
Any epithelial cell that is part of a female gonad.
Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a female urethra.
Any fibroblast that is part of a cardiac ventricle.
Any fibroblast that is part of a cardiac atrium.
Any fibroblast that is part of a pericardium.
Any fibroblast that is part of a gallbladder.
Any fibroblast that is part of a optic choroid.
Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a adipose tissue.
Any migratory neural crest cell that is part of a cardiac neural crest.
Any mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue that is part of an abdomen.
mesenchymal stem cell of abdominal adipose
mesenchymal stem cell of abdominal adipose tissue
Any mononuclear cell that is part of a umbilical cord.
Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a endometrial blood vessel.
endometrial microvascular endothelial cell
Any hematopoietic stem cell that is part of a umbilical cord blood.
A ciliated epithelial cell of the esophagus.
A cell that is part of the brain vasculature.
A GABAergic inhibitory neuron that is derived from the midbrain.
A neuron that is part of the somatic sensory system. Somatosensory neurons innervate the skin or integument to detect different types of thermal, chemical, and mechanical touch stimuli.
Any capillary endothelial cell that is part of a lung.
A fibroblast that is located in the renal cortical interstitium.
Any cell that is located within the interstitium between the cells most prominent in defining a given tissue. "Interstitial cell" is a morphological term and refers to a variety of cells with differing origins and phenotypes.
A ciliated cell of the respiratory system. Ciliated cells are present in airway epithelium.
A ciliated cell of the endometrial epithelium. The cilia of this cell type help move mucus from glandular tissue of the endometrium.
An epithelial cell that is part of a ureteric bud. A ureteric bud cell has the potential to induce metanephric mesenchymal cells to proliferate and convert to epithelia that form renal tubules via: (1) the secretion of multiple diffusible growth factors that rescue renal progenitors from apoptosis and stimulate them to proliferate and (2) contact-dependent mechanisms that induce mesenchymal-epithelial conversion.
A(n) vein endothelial cell that is part of a(n) respiratory system.
vein endothelial cell of respiratory system
A megakaryocyte that is resident in the lung connective tissue.
A neuron that releases catecholamine as a neurotransmitter.
A cell that is adjacent to a vessel. A perivascular cell plays a crucial role in maintaining vascular function and tissue homeostasis. This cell type regulates vessel integrity and flow dynamics.
An endothelial cell that is part of a central vein of liver.
endothelial cell of central vein of liver
Any mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue that is part of an orbital region.
orbital adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell
mesenchymal stem cell of orbital adipose tissue
A material entity that consists of two or more atoms that are all connected via covalent bonds such that any atom can be transitively connected with any other atom.
A material entity that is a maximal functionally integrated unit that develops from a program encoded in a genome
The production of new individuals that contain some portion of genetic material inherited from one or more parent organisms.
The distribution of vacuoles into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between vacuoles and the cytoskeleton.
The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent.
The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei.
A ribosome contained within a subcellular membrane-bounded organelle.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or a point in an embryo.
The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the nucleus.
The creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of fusing the lipid bilayers that surround each nuclei.
The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome.
A compact and highly condensed form of chromatin that is refractory to transcription.
The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton).
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.
A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities.
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.
Cell motility due to movement of eukaryotic cilia or bacterial-type flagella or archaeal-type flagella.
cilium or flagellum-dependent cell motility
The set of processes resulting in differentiation of theca and granulosa cells into luteal cells and in the formation of a corpus luteum after ovulation.
The developmental growth process in which an oocyte irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.
The process of coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system.
branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.
A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urogenital system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureteric bud over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.
branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis
A homeostatic process in which an organism modulates its internal body temperature.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.
Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.
A structure in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases, and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. It lies just beneath the plasma membrane and is derived from the lysosome.
The nucleus of a male germ cell, a reproductive cell in males.
The nucleus of the female germ cell, a reproductive cell in females.
The formation of the acrosome from the spermatid Golgi.
Formation of a complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator).
translation initiation ternary complex assembly
formation of translation initiation ternary complex
The regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through syncytial blastoderm to the hatching of the first instar larva. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
embryonic development via the syncytial blastoderm
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
A gastrulation process in which the initial invagination becomes the anus and the mouth forms second.
The formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm during gastrulation.
The formation of ectoderm during gastrulation.
The formation of the endoderm during gastrulation.
The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
The initial developmental process that will lead to the formation of an eye.
The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of the compound eye are generated and organized. The adult compound eye is a precise assembly of 700-800 ommatidia. Each ommatidium is composed of 20 cells, identified by cell type and position. An example of compound eye morphogenesis is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an eye photoreceptor cell.
compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, as found in the eye, the primary visual organ of most organisms.
The characteristic movement of cells from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube to a variety of locations in a vertebrate embryo.
The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.
The process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. Examples in animals would include blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and other endothelial or epithelial tubes.
The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature.
The directed orientation of lymphocyte signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with an appropriate activating cell.
The directed orientation of T cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with antigen presenting cell.
A multicellular organismal process by which exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand results in a change in the morphology or behavior of a cell.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
The non-specific expansion of T cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of T cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus.
The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a cytokine.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of production of a cytokine.
down regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process
down-regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process
downregulation of cytokine biosynthetic process
negative regulation of cytokine anabolism
negative regulation of cytokine biosynthesis
negative regulation of cytokine formation
negative regulation of cytokine synthesis
negative regulation of cytokine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine.
positive regulation of cytokine production
The regulated release of serotonin by a cell. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine synthesised in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system, enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract and some immune system cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm.
The initial formation of a blastocyst from a solid ball of cells known as a morula.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an inner cell mass cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trophectoderm cell.
The morphogenesis of trophectoderm cells.
An increase in size of a blastocyst due to expansion of the blastocoelic cavity cell shape changes and cell proliferation.
The proliferation of cells in the inner cell mass.
The proliferation of cells in the trophectoderm.
A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
mesenchymal cell differentiation from epithelial cell
The morphogenesis of an embryonic epithelium into a tube-shaped structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the neural plate are generated and organized. The neural plate is a specialized region of columnar epithelial cells in the dorsal ectoderm that will give rise to nervous system tissue.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural plate over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neural plate is a flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system.
The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system.
The process in which the neural fold is formed. The edges of the neural plate thicken and move up to form a U-shaped structure called the neural groove.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a yeast species.
The progression of an endothelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during the differentiation of an endothelial cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.
The embryonically driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.
Maternally driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.
The multiplication or reproduction of endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Endothelial cells are thin flattened cells which line the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
down regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
down-regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
downregulation of endothelial cell proliferation
negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
up regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
up-regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
upregulation of endothelial cell proliferation
positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
The pronucleus originating from the spermatozoa that was involved in fertilization.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a blood vessel to attain its fully functional state.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.
up regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
up-regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
upregulation of neurotransmitter secretion
positive regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
Direct ossification that occurs within mesenchyme or an accumulation of relatively unspecialized cells.
The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube.
The process in which the anatomical structures of an epithelial sheet are generated and organized. An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation.
up regulation of neuroblast proliferation
up-regulation of neuroblast proliferation
upregulation of neuroblast proliferation
positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation
The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells.
up regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
up-regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
upregulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.
columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.
columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell development
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glandular epithelial cell. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.
glandular epithelial cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glandular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.
The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.
columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell maturation
The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.
The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a glandular epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.
The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-style eye development
optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-type eye development
The membrane that surrounds the acrosomal lumen. The acrosome is a special type of lysosome in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization.
Any process that prevents the activation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation. Neuroepithelial cell differentiation is the process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.
inhibition of neuroepithelial cell differentiation
A process carried out by the nervous system that is required for the proper control of respiratory gaseous exchange. This process occurs in the respiratory center of the brain in vertebrates.
regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by neurological system process
regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by nervous system process
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the lens are generated and organized. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The larva is the early, immature form of an that at birth or hatching is fundamentally unlike its parent and must metamorphose before assuming the adult characters.
The multiplication or reproduction of male germ cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
A response to protect an organism from a directly detected or perceived external threat from an insect or insects to that organism.
physiological defense response to insect
A response to protect an organism from a directly detected or perceived external threat from a nematode or nematodes, which results in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.
physiological defense response to nematode
The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells.
haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
An immune response mediated by cells expressing specific receptors for antigens produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for an enhanced secondary response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory).
An immune response taking place in an organ or tissues such as the liver, brain, mucosa, or nervous system tissues.
organ or tissue specific immune response
Any process of the immune system that executes a component of an immune response. An effector immune process takes place after its activation.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of myeloid cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
cell activation involved in immune response
A change in the morphology or behavior of an endothelial cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
endothelial cell activation involved in immune response
A change in the morphology or behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an inflammatory response.
leukocyte activation involved in inflammatory response
A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
lymphocyte activation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
T cell activation involved in immune response
The process in which an antigenically naive T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
T cell differentiation involved in immune response
The expansion of a T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
T cell proliferation involved in immune response
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a myeloid progenitor cell. Myeloid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the myeloid lineages.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages.
lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
The synthesis or release of serotonin following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
serotonin production involved in inflammatory response
A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
leukocyte activation involved in immune response
The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus contributing to an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
cytokine production involved in immune response
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T cell.
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a dendritic cell.
Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats.
An immune response taking place in the liver.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC protein complex.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC class II protein complex.
The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
production of molecular mediator of immune response
The regulated release of serotonin by a cell as part of an inflammatory response.
serotonin secretion involved in inflammatory response
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a myeloid leukocyte.
myeloid leucocyte immune effector process
myeloid leukocyte immune effector process
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a lymphocyte.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell.
The process in which a T cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
T lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
T-cell antigen processing and presentation
T-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
T cell antigen processing and presentation
An immune response mediated by lymphocytes expressing specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process that includes somatic recombination of germline gene segments encoding immunoglobulin superfamily domains. Recombined receptors for antigen encoded by immunoglobulin superfamily domains include T cell receptors and immunoglobulins (antibodies) produced by B cells. The first encounter with antigen elicits a primary immune response that is slow and not of great magnitude. T and B cells selected by antigen become activated and undergo clonal expansion. A fraction of antigen-reactive T and B cells become memory cells, whereas others differentiate into effector cells. The memory cells generated during the primary response enable a much faster and stronger secondary immune response upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). An example of this is the adaptive immune response found in Mus musculus.
adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains
The process in which a dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex.
peptide or polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation of via MHC class II
antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a leukocyte. A leukocyte is an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.
The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body as part of an immune response.
immune cell migration during immune response
immune cell trafficking during immune response
leucocyte migration during immune response
leucocyte trafficking during immune response
leukocyte trafficking during immune response
leukocyte migration involved in immune response
The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body contributing to an inflammatory response.
leukocyte migration involved in inflammatory response
The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the inflammatory response following an inflammatory stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
production of molecular mediator involved in inflammatory response
The synthesis or release of a cytokine following a inflammatory stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
cytokine production involved in inflammatory response
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pro-T cell. Pro-T cells are the earliest stage of the T cell lineage but are not fully committed.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.
regulation of antigen processing and presentation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.
down regulation of antigen processing and presentation
down-regulation of antigen processing and presentation
downregulation of antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.
up regulation of antigen processing and presentation
up-regulation of antigen processing and presentation
upregulation of antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
regulation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
down regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
down-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
downregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
negative regulation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
positive regulation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
up regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
up-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
upregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
down regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
down-regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
downregulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
up regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
up-regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
upregulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
regulation of T lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
regulation of T-cell antigen processing and presentation
regulation of T-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
down regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
down-regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
downregulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of T lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of T-cell antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of T-cell antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
up regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
up-regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
upregulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
down regulation of immune system process
down-regulation of immune system process
negative regulation of immune system process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
positive regulation of immune system process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
negative regulation of immune cell migration
negative regulation of leucocyte migration
negative regulation of leukocyte migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
positive regulation of immune cell migration
positive regulation of leucocyte migration
positive regulation of leukocyte migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
negative regulation of immune cell activation
negative regulation of leucocyte activation
negative regulation of leukocyte activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
positive regulation of immune cell activation
positive regulation of leucocyte activation
positive regulation of leukocyte activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
down regulation of immune effector process
down-regulation of immune effector process
downregulation of immune effector process
negative regulation of immune effector process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
up regulation of immune effector process
up-regulation of immune effector process
positive regulation of immune effector process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.
regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.
down regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
down-regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
downregulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
negative regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.
up regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
up-regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
upregulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
positive regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
regulation of immune cell mediated immunity
regulation of leucocyte mediated immunity
regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
down regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
down-regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
downregulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of immune cell mediated immunity
negative regulation of leucocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
positive regulation of immune cell mediated immunity
positive regulation of leucocyte mediated immunity
up regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
up-regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
upregulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
positive regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
down regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
down-regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
downregulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
up regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
up-regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
upregulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
positive regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
regulation of T lymphocyte mediated immunity
regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated immunity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
down regulation of T cell mediated immunity
down-regulation of T cell mediated immunity
downregulation of T cell mediated immunity
negative regulation of T lymphocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of T-cell mediated immunity
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of T cell mediated immunity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte mediated immunity
positive regulation of T-cell mediated immunity
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated immunity
up regulation of T cell mediated immunity
up-regulation of T cell mediated immunity
upregulation of T cell mediated immunity
positive regulation of T cell mediated immunity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response.
regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production contributing to an immune response.
down-regulation of cytokine production during immune response
negative regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response.
positive regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
regulation of T lymphocyte cytokine production
regulation of T-cell cytokine production
regulation of T-lymphocyte cytokine production
regulation of T cell cytokine production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
down regulation of T cell cytokine production
down-regulation of T cell cytokine production
downregulation of T cell cytokine production
negative regulation of T lymphocyte cytokine production
negative regulation of T-cell cytokine production
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte cytokine production
negative regulation of T cell cytokine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte cytokine production
positive regulation of T-cell cytokine production
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte cytokine production
up regulation of T cell cytokine production
up-regulation of T cell cytokine production
upregulation of T cell cytokine production
positive regulation of T cell cytokine production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.
regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.
down regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
down-regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
downregulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
negative regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.
up regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
up-regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
upregulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
positive regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
down regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
down-regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
downregulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
up regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
up-regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
upregulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
The controlled release of a peptide from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
negative regulation of peptide secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
positive regulation of peptide secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
down regulation of adaptive immune response
down-regulation of adaptive immune response
downregulation of adaptive immune response
negative regulation of adaptive immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
up regulation of adaptive immune response
up-regulation of adaptive immune response
upregulation of adaptive immune response
positive regulation of adaptive immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.
regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.
negative regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.
positive regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
regulation of response to biotic stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
down regulation of response to biotic stimulus
down-regulation of response to biotic stimulus
downregulation of response to biotic stimulus
negative regulation of response to biotic stimulus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
up regulation of response to biotic stimulus
up-regulation of response to biotic stimulus
upregulation of response to biotic stimulus
positive regulation of response to biotic stimulus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
down regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
down-regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
downregulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
up regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
up-regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
upregulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tendon sheath over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A tendon sheath is a layer of membrane around a tendon. It permits the tendon to move.
The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment.
A developmental process in which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism, germline or somatic, specifically contributes to its ability to form offspring.
developmental process involved in reproduction
The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
A multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. An organ system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a biological objective.
A process in which force is generated within skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and in most cases it is under voluntary control.
A organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers.
A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the circulatory system. The circulatory system is an organ system that moves extracellular fluids to and from tissue within a multicellular organism.
A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the renal system. The renal system maintains fluid balance, and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels; in other species, the renal system may comprise related structures (e.g., nephrocytes and malpighian tubules in Drosophila).
A circulatory system process carried out by the heart. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
A process carried out by the organs or tissues of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is an organ system responsible for respiratory gaseous exchange.
The series of events in which an oxygen stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) by the renal system.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from mesodermal cells to endodermal cells.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from endodermal cells to mesodermal cells.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the cardiogenic plate are generated and organized. The cardiogenic plate is the first recognizable structure derived from the heart field.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic heart tube are generated and organized. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.
The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.
The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube by the cells of the heart field along a linear axis.
embryonic heart tube formation via epithelial folding
The characteristic movement of a cell from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube towards the heart and that contributes to heart formation.
neural crest cell migration involved in heart formation
The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract septum are generated and organized. The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract.
The process in which the membranous septum is generated and organized. The membranous septum is the upper part of ventricular septum.
The process in which the muscular septum is generated and organized. The muscular septum is the lower part of the ventricular septum.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract are generated and organized. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries.
The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis, contributing to embryonic heart tube formation.
morphogenesis of an epithelial fold involved in embryonic heart tube formation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of animal organ formation. Organ formation is the process pertaining to the initial formation of an organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.
The process in which the anatomical structure of an endothelium is generated and organized. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardium is generated and organized. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac conduction system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat.
cardiac impulse conducting system development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the atrioventricular (AV) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The AV node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of ventricle contraction by receiving electrical signals from the sinoatrial (SA) node and relaying them to the His-Purkinje system.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sinoatrial (SA) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The SA node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the His-Purkinje system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Purkinje myocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Purkinje myocyte (also known as cardiac Purkinje fiber) is part of the cardiac conduction system that receives signals from the bundle of His and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a Purkinje myocyte (also known as cardiac Purkinje fiber cell). These cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that receive signals from the bundle of His and innervate the ventricular cardiac muscle.
cardiac Purkinje fiber cell differentiation
The process in which the anatomical structures of veins of the heart are generated and organized.
The progression of a cardiac cushion over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardial cushion is generated and organized. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
The progression of the cardiac skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac skeleton is a specialized extracellular matrix that separates the atria from the ventricles and provides physical support for the heart.
The progression of a cardiac chamber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.
The process in which a cardiac chamber is generated and organized. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac chamber from unspecified parts. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.
The process in which the cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.
The process in which the cardiac atrium is generated and organized. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac atrium from unspecified parts. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.
The process in which the left cardiac atrium is generated and organized.
The process in which the right cardiac atrium is generated and organized.
The process in which the left cardiac ventricle is generated and organized.
The process in which the right cardiac ventricle is generated and organized.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a left cardiac atrium from unspecified parts.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac right atrium from unspecified parts.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a left cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a right cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts.
The process in which the anatomical structures of left cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.
left ventricular myocardium morphogenesis
left ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the right cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.
right ventricle myocardium morphogenesis
right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the trabecular cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.
ventricular trabecula myocardium morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac left ventricular trabecular myocardium are generated and organized.
left ventricular trabecular myocardium morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the right ventricular myocardium are generated and organized.
right ventricular trabecular myocardium morphogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle of the atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
atrial cardiac muscle tissue development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of ventricular cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
ventricular cardiac muscle tissue development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.
The progression of the sinus venosus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart.
The process in which the sinus venosus is generated and organized. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the sinus venosus from unspecified parts. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart.
The progression of the conus arteriosus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk.
The process in which the conus arteriosus is generated and organized. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the conus arteriosus from unspecified parts. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk.
Developmental growth that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
The developmental growth of cardiac muscle tissue that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
cardiac muscle tissue growth involved in heart morphogenesis
The increase in heart capillaries that accompanies physiological hypertrophy of cardiac muscle.
The orderly movement of a neural crest cell from one site to another that will contribute to the morphogenesis of the outflow tract.
cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
The orderly movement of a cardiac progenitor cell to form the heart field. Cardiac progenitor cells are non-terminally differentiated, mesoderm-derived cells that are committed to differentiate into cells of the heart. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
cell migration involved in endocardial cushion formation
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries.
apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
apoptotic process involved in endocardial cushion morphogenesis
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
apoptotic process involved in heart morphogenesis
The progression of a cardiac septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the ventricular septum over time from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the atrial septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.
The process in which an endocardial cushion cell becomes a cell of a cardiac septum.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division. This process contributes to the developmental growth of the heart.
physiological cardiac muscle hypertrophy
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a type B pancreatic cell. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic A cell. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features that characterize a pancreatic delta cell. A delta cell is a cell of the pancreas that produces somatostatin.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell. A pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell is a cell in the pancreas that produces pancreatic polypeptide.
pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell differentiation
The progression of the heart rudiment over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The heart rudiment is a cone-like structure that is formed when myocardial progenitor cells of the heart field fuse at the midline. The heart rudiment is the first structure of the heart tube.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the heart rudiment are generated and organized.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart rudiment.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic A cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a type B pancreatic cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic delta cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A delta cell is a cell of the pancreas that produces somatostatin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic PP cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell is a cell in the pancreas that produces pancreatic polypeptide.
The process in which an amino acid is transported across a membrane.
A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.
mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephros are generated and organized.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.
regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.
negative regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
The progression of the proepicardium from its formation to the mature structure. The proepicardium is an outpouching of the septum transversum.
The progression of the septum transversum from its initial formation to the mature structure. The septum transversum is a portion of the trunk mesenchyme.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the pericardium is generated and organized.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac endothelial cell.
cardiac endothelial cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
regulation of microtubule-based flagellum movement
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
positive regulation of microtubule-based flagellum movement
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
negative regulation of microtubule-based flagellum movement
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an noradrenergic neuron, a neuron that secretes noradrenaline.
norepinephrine secreting neuron differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a noradrenergic neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
norepinephrine secreting neuron development
The progression of the brainstem from its formation to the mature structure. The brainstem is the part of the brain that connects the brain with the spinal cord.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an noradrenergic neuron that is part of the brainstem.
noradrenergic neuron differentiation involved in brainstem development
The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell.
establishment of cell polarity involved in ameboidal cell migration
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures that contribute to the cell polarity of a migrating ameboid cell.
establishment or maintenance of cytoskeleton polarity involved in ameboidal cell migration
The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell taking part in gastrulation.
establishment of cell polarity involved in gastrulation cell migration
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures that contribute to the cell polarity of a migrating ameboid cell taking part in gastrulation.
establishment or maintenance of cytoskeleton polarity involved in gastrulation
The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from it initial formation to its mature state, contributing to the process of gastrulation.
epithelial cell morphogenesis involved in gastrulation
The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the optic vesicle from the lateral wall of the forebrain. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the vesicle and ends when the vesicle has evaginated. The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup.
The developmental process pertaining to the formation and shaping of the optic vesicle. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the vesicle and ends when the vesicle has evaginated. The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup.
The progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.
Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another and contributes to the physical shaping or formation of the camera-type eye.
cell motility involved in camera-type eye morphogenesis
The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
chondrocyte differentiation involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis
The process in which the structures of a chondrocyte that will contribute to bone development are generated and organized.
chondrocyte morphogenesis involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis
The increase in size or mass of an endochondral bone that contributes to the shaping of the bone.
The progression of a chondrocyte over time from after its commitment to its mature state where the chondrocyte will contribute to the shaping of an endochondral bone.
chondrocyte development involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis
A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs.
A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs. These actions are described from two distinct but related perspectives: (1) biochemical activity, and (2) role as a component in a larger system/process.
gene product or complex activity
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.
Long-range resection of DNA DSBs by EXO1 or DNA2
DNA nucleases unhook the interstrand crosslink (ICL)
Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Virion-associated M2 protein mediated ion infusion
SMAD7:SMURF1 complex is exported to the cytosol
Enables the transfer of amines, including polyamines, from one side of a membrane to the other. Amines are organic compounds that are weakly basic in character and contain an amino (-NH2) or substituted amino group.
amine/polyamine transmembrane transporter activity
amino acid-polyamine transmembrane transporter activity
amine transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of acetylcholine from one side of a membrane to the other. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.
acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activity
Loading of acetylcholine in synaptic vesicles
Enables the transfer of dicarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A dicarboxylic acid is an organic acid with two COOH groups.
dicarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity
Sulfate is exported to the cytosol in exchange for dicarboxylate
SLC25A10 mediates exchange of malate and phosphate
Enables the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
ApoB-48 + 40 triacylglycerol + 60 phospholipid => ApoB-48:TG:PL complex
ABCA12 transports lipids from cytosol to extracellular region
Defective ABCA12 does not transport lipids from cytosol to extracellular region
Defective ABCA3 does not transport PC, PG from ER membrane to lamellar body
ABCA3 transports PC, PG from ER membrane to lamellar body
TRIAP1:PRELID1, PRELID3A transports PA from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane
ABCA5 transports CHOL from lysosomal lumen to cytosol
MTTP lipidates APOB-100, forming a pre-VLDL
Enables the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activity
Noradrenaline clearance from the synaptic cleft
Enables the transfer of organic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic acids are acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
organic acid transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of the hexose monosaccharide glucose from one side of a membrane to the other.
glucose transmembrane transporter activity
Transport of Extracellular Glucose to the Cytosol by GLUT1 and GLUT2
SLC2A1 tetramer transports Glc from cytosol to Golgi lumen
A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine. There are three types of cellular components described in the gene ontology: (1) the cellular anatomical entity where a gene product carries out a molecular function (e.g., plasma membrane, cytoskeleton) or membrane-enclosed compartments (e.g., mitochondrion); (2) virion components, where viral proteins act, and (3) the stable macromolecular complexes of which gene product are parts (e.g., the clathrin complex).
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
A highly soluble, elongated protein complex found in blood plasma and involved in clot formation. It is converted into fibrin monomer by the action of thrombin. In the mouse, fibrinogen is a hexamer, 46 nm long and 9 nm maximal diameter, containing two sets of nonidentical chains (alpha, beta, and gamma) linked together by disulfide bonds.
A protein complex consisting of three collagen chains assembled into a left-handed triple helix. These trimers typically assemble into higher order structures.
Any triple helical collagen trimer that forms fibrils.
A collagen heterotrimer containing type IV alpha chains; [alpha1(IV)]2alpha2(IV) trimers are commonly observed, although more type IV alpha chains exist and may be present in type IV trimers; type IV collagen triple helices associate to form 3 dimensional nets within basement membranes.
A collagen-containing extracellular matrix consisting of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers.
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.
A component of a cell contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space).
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes.
A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.
The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol.
The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell.
The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane.
A membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle of the endomembrane system that further processes the core oligosaccharides (e.g. N-glycans) added to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into membrane-bound vesicles. The Golgi apparatus operates at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways.
Any vesicle associated with the Golgi complex and involved in mediating transport within the Golgi or between the Golgi and other parts of the cell.
An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins.
A cellular structure that forms the internal framework of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The cytoskeleton includes intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles.
Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle.
A microtubule in the axoneme of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules, which may or may not surround a pair of single microtubules.
Any microtubule in the nucleus of a cell.
Any microtubule in the cytoplasm of a cell.
A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane.
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells.
A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells of an organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic intercellular bridges, such as ring canals in insects.
A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body.
The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.
The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha-(1->6) glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.
regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.
regulation of glycogen catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.
beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine metabolic process
beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine metabolism
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.
beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine biosynthesis
beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.
beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine catabolic process
beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine catabolism
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetate, the anion of acetic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.
generation of precursor metabolites and energy
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates.
regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from stored compounds such as fats or glycogen.
Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
cellular nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
cellular nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides.
The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one.
The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments.
DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis
The assembly or remodeling of chromatin composed of DNA complexed with histones, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA.
establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.
A process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of RNA localization
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome.
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis.
The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or accuracy of translational elongation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids.
regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.
cellular biogenic amine metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells.
cellular aromatic compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid.
phosphate-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen.
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or a transporter complex, a pore or a motor protein.
The directed movement of a monoatomic ion into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.
The directed movement of a monoatomic cation, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are positively charged ions consisting of exactly one atom.
The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.
The directed movement of serotonin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems.
The directed movement of acetate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of acetate across a plasma membrane.
The transport of substances that occurs outside cells.
The directed extracellular movement of amino acids.
The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.
A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle. Exocytosis can occur either by full fusion, when the vesicle collapses into the plasma membrane, or by a kiss-and-run mechanism that involves the formation of a transient contact, a pore, between a granule (for exemple of chromaffin cells) and the plasma membrane. The latter process most of the time leads to only partial secretion of the granule content. Exocytosis begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when molecules are secreted from the cell.
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles.
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane, where they fuse and release their contents by exocytosis.
Golgi to plasma membrane vesicle-mediated transport
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the vacuole.
Golgi to vacuole vesicle-mediated transport
A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a part of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.
The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.
The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes. Targeting involves coordinated interactions among cytoskeletal elements (microtubules or actin filaments), motor proteins, molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces, and vesicle cargo.
Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane.
A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.
A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.
The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis.
cellular component disassembly involved in execution phase of apoptosis
A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.
A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.
regulation of striated muscle contraction
The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane. Syncytia are normally derived from single cells that fuse or fail to complete cell division.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages.
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleolus.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.
Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
A microtubule-based process that results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules.
The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule.
The process in which tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers begin aggregation to form an oligomeric tubulin structure (a microtubule seed). Microtubule nucleation is the initiating step in the formation of a microtubule in the absence of any existing microtubules ('de novo' microtubule formation).
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol.
down regulation of microtubule depolymerization
down-regulation of microtubule depolymerization
downregulation of microtubule depolymerization
negative regulation of microtubule disassembly
negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the depolymerization of the specialized microtubules of the axoneme.
negative regulation of axonemal microtubule depolymerization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a vacuole.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein in the vacuole, usually by the action of vacuolar proteases.
protein catabolic process in the vacuole
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells.
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.
The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.
The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells.
The mitotic cell cycle process in which the controlled partial or complete breakdown of the nuclear membranes during occurs during mitosis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.
The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell.
A mitotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are replicated and sister chromatids separate, but spindle formation, nuclear membrane breakdown and nuclear division do not occur, resulting in an increased number of chromosomes in the cell.
The second nuclear division of meiosis, in which the two chromatids in each chromosome are separated, resulting in four daughter nuclei from the two nuclei produced in meiosis II.
A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline.
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis II, the second meiotic division in the male germline.
A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline.
The cell cycle process in which the second meiotic division occurs in the female germline.
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.
The attachment of a leukocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
establishment or maintenance of cell polarity
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.
The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.
The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium-regulated exocytosis during synaptic transmission.
The vesicular release of acetylcholine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.
The process of synaptic transmission from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
The generation and maintenance of gametes in a multicellular organism. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism.
The developmental process by which male germ line stem cells self renew or give rise to successive cell types resulting in the development of a spermatozoa.
The mitotic divisions of the primary spermatogonial cell (a primordial male germ cell) to form secondary spermatogonia (primary spermatocytes).
The phase of growth and gene expression that male germ cells undergo as they enter the spermatocyte stage. The cells grow in volume and transcribe most of the gene products needed for the morphological events that follow meiosis.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellar axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of the eukaryotic sperm flagellum, and is responsible for movement.
The specialization of the spermatid nucleus during the development of a spermatid into a mature male gamete competent for fertilization.
Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.
Construction of a stage-1 egg chamber in the anterior part of the germarium, from the progeny of germ-line and somatic stem cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The synthesis, deposition, and organization of the materials in a cell of an ovary; where the cell can then undergo meiosis and form an ovum. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of an axis in the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
Polarization of the oocyte along its anterior-posterior axis. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
oocyte anterior/posterior axis determination
oocyte anterior/posterior axis specification
The introduction of semen or sperm into the genital tract of a female.
The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
The process in which the egg becomes metabolically active, initiates protein and DNA synthesis and undergoes structural changes to its cortex and/or cytoplasm.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle.
modulation of mitotic cell cycle progression
regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression
regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
The hierarchical steps resulting in the progressive subdivision of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo.
Subdivision of the embryo along the anterior/posterior axis into anterior, posterior and terminal regions.
The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by products of genes expressed in the zygote; exemplified in insects by the gap genes, pair rule genes and segment polarity gene cascade.
zygotic determination of anterior/posterior axis, embryo
A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.
The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts.
down regulation of neuroblast proliferation
down-regulation of neuroblast proliferation
downregulation of neuroblast proliferation
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation
A change in the morphology or behavior of a neuroblast resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. This process ends when the synapse is mature (functional).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectodermal digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ectodermal digestive tract includes those portions that are derived from ectoderm.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the foregut are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindgut are generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonadal mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonadal mesoderm is the middle layer of the three primary germ layers of the embryo which will go on to form the gonads of the organism.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work.
The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult skeletal muscle tissue. The main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Somatic muscles are striated muscle structures that connect to the exoskeleton or cuticle.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction.
The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation.
The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth.
Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining.
The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms.
respiratory gaseous exchange by respiratory system
The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds.
The controlled release of a fluid by a cell or tissue in an animal.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image.
The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory chemical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity.
The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes.
The act of sexual union between male and female, involving the transfer of sperm.
The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.
locomotory behavioral response to stimulus
locomotory behavioural response to stimulus
The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.
Enables the transfer of monocarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A monocarboxylic acid is an organic acid with one COOH group.
monocarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity
SLC5A8 transports monocarboxylates from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC16A3,7,8 cotransport monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC16A1 does not cotransport monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC16A1:BSG cotransports monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol
The orderly movement of mesodermal cells from one site to another.
The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in neuron projections.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
A biological process is the execution of a genetically-encoded biological module or program. It consists of all the steps required to achieve the specific biological objective of the module. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence.
A biological process represents a specific objective that the organism is genetically programmed to achieve. Biological processes are often described by their outcome or ending state, e.g., the biological process of cell division results in the creation of two daughter cells (a divided cell) from a single parent cell. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence.
biological process
A cellular process consisting of the biochemical pathways by which a living organism transforms chemical substances. This includes including anabolism (biosynthetic process) and catabolism (catabolic process). Metabolic processes includes the transformation of small molecules, as well macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, protein synthesis and degradation.
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.
Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538).
The directed movement of sulfate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.
positive regulation of cell population proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.
negative regulation of cell population proliferation
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline.
Enables the transfer of a protein from one side of a membrane to the other.
protein transmembrane transporter activity
TOMM40 complex translocates proteins from the cytosol to the mitochondrial intermembrane space
TIMM23 PAM translocates proteins from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix
Monoubiquitinated N-myristoyl GAG polyprotein is targeted to the late endosomal vesicle membrane by the ESCRT-I complex
Pink1 is recruited from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria
pagA(197-794):ANTRX2 oligomer transports cya and lef (target cell endosome to cytosol)
pagA(197-794):ANTRX1 oligomer transports cya and lef (target cell endosome to cytosol)
tetX HC transports tetX LC from target cell endosome membrane into cytosol
AP4 transports APP from trans-Golgi network to endosome lumen
botB HC transports botB LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol
botA HC transports botA LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol
botE HC transports botE LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol
botC HC transports botC LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane to cytosol
botD HC transports botD LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol
botF HC transports botF LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol
botG HC transports botG LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol
DT fragment B transports DT fragment A from target cell endosome membrane
SecA2 transports SapM from cytoplasm to cytosol
Enables the transfer of cation from one side of a membrane to the other.
transmembrane cation transporter activity
monoatomic cation transmembrane transporter activity
The orderly movement of a glial cell, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system.
The orderly movement of a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes through the embryo from its site of production to the place where the gonads will form.
The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity.
The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by gradients of maternally-transcribed gene products; exemplified in insects by the morphogens, bicoid and nanos.
maternal determination of anterior/posterior axis, embryo
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonad is an animal organ that produces gametes; in some species it also produces hormones.
Enables the transfer of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), from one side of a membrane to the other.
monoamine transmembrane transporter activity
Loading of dopamine into synaptic veiscles
SLC6A3 cotransports DA, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
loading of Serotonin in synaptic vesicles
VMAT1/2 can mediate the transport of biogenic amines
Defective SLC6A3 does not cotransport DA, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Enables the transfer of organic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.
organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Growing HA is extruded from the cell by ABCC5
OAT1-3 transport organic anions with antiport of dicarboxylic acids
SLC22A8 transports Cipro into renal cell
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the structures of a photoreceptor cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by the products of genes expressed maternally and genes expressed in the zygote.
anterior/posterior axis specification, embryo
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
The process in which hexose is transported across a membrane. Hexoses are aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
cellular amino acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid, e.g. the purines: adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and the pyrimidines: cytosine, uracil, thymine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
The controlled release of proteins from a cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.
response to electromagnetic radiation stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.
The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).
The series of events in which an external stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which an (non-living) abiotic stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.
The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a fungus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (not derived from living organisms) stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.
The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a compound containing a pyrocatechol (1,2-benzenediol) nucleus or substituent.
catechol-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.
catechol-containing compound biosynthetic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hexose stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell.
embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or around a point.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alkaloids, nitrogen-containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as nonprotein amino acids, amines, peptides, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones, or primary metabolite (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo.
Morphogenesis of an animal organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
negative regulation of biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
positive regulation of biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
negative regulation of organismal metabolism
negative regulation of metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
positive regulation of metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
negative regulation of catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
positive regulation of catabolic process
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis.
The directed movement of hormones into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.
The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.
anterior/posterior pattern specification
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
positive regulation of signal transduction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
negative regulation of signal transduction
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized immature germ cell acquires the specialized features of a mature female gamete.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
Compaction of chromatin structure prior to meiosis in eukaryotic cells.
chromosome condensation involved in meiotic cell cycle
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acetate stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus.
The division of the zygote into two daughter cells that will adopt developmentally distinct potentials.
The regionalization process that specifies animal organ primordium boundaries resulting in a restriction of organogenesis to a limited spatial domain and keeping the organ separate from surrounding tissues.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the soma are generated and organized.
A process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chitin stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endomembrane system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
negative regulation of cell fate commitment
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
positive regulation of cell fate commitment
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript and its processing, as well as translation and maturation for protein-coding genes.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of gastrulation. Gastrulation is the complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals.
Any process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis, into daughter cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell into daughter cells. An epidermal cell is any of the cells that make up the epidermis.
The movement of substances between cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane disassembly.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
positive regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
negative regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
positive regulation of phosphorus metabolic process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
negative regulation of phosphorus metabolic process
Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
Any process that modulates the chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
regulation of cellular ketone metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ketone, carried out by individual cells.
regulation of ketone biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ketone, carried out by individual cells.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.
regulation of endothelial cell migration
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.
positive regulation of endothelial cell migration
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.
negative regulation of endothelial cell migration
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of an RNA transcript.
posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression
post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.
regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy
Any process that modulates the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.
negative regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy
Any process that increases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle adaptation
Any process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
negative regulation of cardiac muscle adaptation
The activation of endogenous cellular processes that result in the death of a cell as part of its development.
programmed cell death involved in cell development
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).
The orderly movement of an epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.
negative regulation of epithelial cell migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.
positive regulation of epithelial cell migration
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
positive regulation of organelle organisation
positive regulation of organelle organization
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
negative regulation of organelle organisation
negative regulation of organelle organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
positive regulation of cell communication
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
negative regulation of cell communication
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.
negative regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte, that forms one of three kinds of muscle.
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. Striated muscle cells make up striated muscle fibers which are divided by transverse bands into striations.
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.
regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.
positive regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.
regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that increases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.
positive regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.
down regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis
down-regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis
downregulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis
negative regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that increases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
down regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis
down-regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis
downregulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis
negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an ectodermal cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.
negative regulation of norepinephrine secretion
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.
positive regulation of norepinephrine secretion
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.
regulation of collagen catabolic process
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.
down regulation of collagen catabolic process
down-regulation of collagen catabolic process
downregulation of collagen catabolic process
negative regulation of collagen breakdown
negative regulation of collagen catabolism
negative regulation of collagen degradation
negative regulation of collagen catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
regulation of collagen metabolic process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
negative regulation of collagen metabolic process
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
positive regulation of collagen metabolism
positive regulation of collagen metabolic process
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
regulation of extracellular matrix breakdown
regulation of extracellular matrix degradation
regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
down regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly
down-regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly
downregulation of extracellular matrix disassembly
negative regulation of extracellular matrix breakdown
negative regulation of extracellular matrix degradation
negative regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
negative regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a fibroblast pseudopodium. A fibroblast is a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.
positive regulation of fibroblast cell migration
positive regulation of fibroblast migration
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.
negative regulation of fibroblast cell migration
negative regulation of fibroblast migration
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of sodium ion transport
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of sodium ion transport
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.
positive regulation of cell morphogenesis
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.
negative regulation of cell morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the levels of hormone within an organism or a tissue. A hormone is any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of glucose transmembrane transport
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of glucose transmembrane transport
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of glucose transmembrane transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
positive regulation of myotube differentiation
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
negative regulation of myotube differentiation
The process in which the vertebrate retina is organized into three laminae: the outer nuclear layer (ONL), which contains photoreceptor nuclei; the inner nuclear layer (INL), which contains amacrine, bipolar and horizontal cells; and the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells. Spanning all layers of the retina are the radially oriented Mueller glia.
Any process in which a lipid is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
positive regulation of steroid biosynthetic process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
negative regulation of steroid biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.
positive regulation of glucose metabolism
positive regulation of glucose metabolic process
The cellular component assembly that is part of the initial shaping of the component during its developmental progression.
cellular component assembly involved in morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization.
regulation of cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization
The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a cytoplasmic microtubule.
cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
negative regulation of cell cycle process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of metal ion transport. Metal ion transport is the directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of glucan biosynthesis. Glucan biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
regulation of glucan biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transport. Phosphate transport is the directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell.
The movement of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along microtubules, driven by motor activity.
establishment of localization by movement along microtubule
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
regulation of neuron projection development
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
positive regulation of neuron projection development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
negative regulation of neuron projection development
A process which begins when a cell receives an internal or external signal and activates a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway). The process ends with the death of the cell.
A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles.
The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell.
The multiplication or reproduction of glial cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and include Schwann cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes among others.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroblast. There are at least four stages through which the pluripotent cells of epiblast or blastula become neuroblasts.
The process aimed at the progression of a neuroblast over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific state, to the mature neuroblast. It does not include processes where the neuroblast turns into a glial cell or a neuron.
The formation of the neural tube from an epithelial cell sheet (the neuroepithelium or neural plate). In primary neurulation, the cells surrounding the neural plate direct the neural plate cells to proliferate, invaginate, and pinch off from the surface to form a hollow epithelial tube. Primary neurulation is the typical mechanism of formation of the anterior neural tube.
The formation of a solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts.
The formation of a thickened region of the neurectoderm that is roughly triangular in cross section. The neural keel develops from the neural plate and develops into the neural rod. Neural keel formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts.
The formation of the notochord from the chordamesoderm. The notochord is composed of large cells packed within a firm connective tissue sheath and is found in all chordates at the ventral surface of the neural tube. In vertebrates, the notochord contributes to the vertebral column.
The formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes.
The process aimed at the progression of a mesenchymal cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neural crest cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a neuron. This process is independent of morphogenetic change.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.
positive regulation of neuron maturation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.
negative regulation of neuron maturation
The regulated release of acetylcholine by a cell. The acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter that acts in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS).
acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
up regulation of acetylcholine secretion
up-regulation of acetylcholine secretion
positive regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
down regulation of acetylcholine secretion
down-regulation of acetylcholine secretion
downregulation of acetylcholine secretion
negative regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
negative regulation of serotonin secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
positive regulation of serotonin secretion
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amine stimulus. An amine is a compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. Skeletal muscle myoblasts fuse to form myotubes and eventually multinucleated muscle fibers. The fusion of cardiac cells is very rare and can only form binucleate cells.
Any process in which skeletal muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size (not length) of individual muscle fibers without cell division. In the case of skeletal muscle cells this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle hypertrophy.
negative regulation of muscle hypertrophy
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy.
positive regulation of muscle hypertrophy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation.
positive regulation of muscle adaptation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle adaptation.
negative regulation of muscle adaptation
Any process in which smooth muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somitogenesis.
The orderly movement of a muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction.
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction
A process in which force is generated within phasic smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the phasic smooth muscle, the muscle contraction occurs without an ordered sarcomeric structure. Phasic smooth muscle contraction occurs in a series of discrete contractions and relaxations.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the intestine. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The intestine is the section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anal canal. It includes the large intestine and small intestine.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the gastro-intestinal system. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The gastro-intestinal system generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the mouth to anus, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (liver, pancreas and biliary tract).
gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary bladder. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary bladder is a musculomembranous sac along the urinary tract.
urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary tract. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary tract consists of organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the ureter. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The ureter is one of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the urinary bladder.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by variation of the pattern of stimulation by nervous system.
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by neural stimulation via neuromuscular junction
The multiplication or reproduction of striated muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Striated muscles contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle.
The multiplication or reproduction of skeletal muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.
regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.
positive regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.
negative regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation
The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft involved in skeletal muscle contraction. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin.
neurotransmitter secretion involved in control of skeletal muscle contraction
neurotransmitter secretion involved in regulation of skeletal muscle contraction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by depolarization of muscle membrane and ionic fluxes.
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction via regulation of action potential
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A skeletal myofibril is a myofibril specific to skeletal muscle cells.
The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a myoblast into daughter cells. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
response to stimulus involved in regulation of muscle adaptation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
response to electrical stimulus involved in regulation of muscle adaptation
The series of events by which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
detection of electrical stimulus involved in regulation of muscle adaptation
The process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
Any process in which striated muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of its smooth muscle cells without cell division. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development, and can also occur in mature structures on demand. In the uterus, smooth muscle cells undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy.
The muscle system process that results in enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development (it stops in cardiac muscle after adolescence) and can also be brought on in response to demand. In athletes cardiac and skeletal muscles undergo hypertrophy stimulated by increasing muscle activity on exercise. Smooth muscle cells in the uterus undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of muscle cells without cell division. In the case of striated muscle, this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
The process aimed at the progression of a myotube cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
The orderly movement of a smooth muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.
regulation of smooth muscle cell migration
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migration
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell migration
The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other.
monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of sodium ions (Na+) from one side of a membrane to the other.
sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of organic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that contain carbon in covalent linkage.
organic cation transmembrane transporter activity
abacavir [extracellular] => abacavir [cytosol]
OCT1 transports organic cations into hepatic cells
OCT2 mediates tubular uptake of organic cations in the kidney
OCT3 mediates renal clearance of organic cations
OCT1 transports organic cations out of hepatic cells
OCT2 mediates tubular secretion of organic cations in the kidney
OCT3 mediates renal uptake of organic cations
SLCO1A2 transports Cipro(1+) into the cytosol
SLC22A1 transports Cipro into renal cell
SLC22A1 transports Cipro into hepatic cell
Enables the transfer of inorganic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.
inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of bicarbonate from one side of a membrane to the other. Bicarbonate is the hydrogencarbonate ion, HCO3-.
bicarbonate transmembrane transporter activity
BESTs transport cytosolic HCO3- to extracellular region
Enables the transfer of phosphate (PO4 3-) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
phosphate ion transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of sulfate ions, SO4(2-), from one side of a membrane to the other.
sulfate transmembrane transporter activity
Defective SLC26A2 does not cotransport extracellular SO4(2-), H+ to cytosol
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC26A11 transports SO4(2-) from extracellular region to cytosol
Enables the transfer of acetate from one side of a membrane to the other. Acetate is the 2-carbon carboxylic acid ethanoic acid.
acetate transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of bile acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.
bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
SLCO1B3 transports ALB:(GCCA, TCCA) from extracellular region to cytosol
SLCO1B1 transports ALB:(GCCA,TCCA) from extracellular region to cytosol
Transport (influx) of bile salts and acids by OATP-A
Defective SLCO1B1 does not transport BIL from extracellular region (blood) to cytosol (hepatocyte)
Defective SLCO1B3 does not transport BIL from extracellular region (blood) to cytosol (hepatocyte)
SLC51A:SLC51B transports bile salts from cytosol to extracellular region
Enables the transfer of bilirubin from one side of a membrane to the other. Bilirubin is a linear tetrapyrrole produced in the reticuloendothelial system from biliverdin and transported to the liver as a complex with serum albumin. In the liver, bilirubin is converted to bilirubin bisglucuronide, which is excreted in the bile.
bilirubin transmembrane transporter activity
Defective ABCC2 does not transport BMG,BDG from cytosol to extracellular region
ABCC2 transports BMG,BDG from cytosol to extracellular region
ABCG2 tetramer transports BMG,BDG from cytosol to extracellular region
Enables the transfer of carbohydrate from one side of a membrane to the other.
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of a monosaccharide from one side of a membrane to the other.
monosaccharide transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of a hexose sugar, a monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms, from one side of a membrane to the other.
hexose transmembrane transporter activity
SLC2A2 tetramer transports Fru, Gal, Glc from cytosol to extracellular region
Defective SLC2A2 does not transport Fru, Gal, Glc from cytosol to extracellular region
Enables the transfer of polysaccharides from one side of a membrane to the other. A polysaccharide is a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
polysaccharide transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Amino acids are organic molecules that contain an amino group and a carboxyl group.
amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
SLC6A18 transports Gly from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC6A6-mediated uptake of taurine and beta-alanine
SLC6A12 (BGT-1)-mediated uptake of GABA and betaine
SLC6A20 cotransports L-Pro, Na+ from the extracellular region to cytosol
SLC43A1 (LAT3)-mediated uptake of large neutral amino acids
SLC43A2 (LAT4)-mediated uptake of large neutral amino acids
SLC38A2 (ATA2)-mediated uptake of neutral amino acids
SLC38A1 (ATA1)-mediated uptake of neutral amino acids
SLC38A4 (ATA3)-mediated uptake of arginine and lysine
SLC16A10-mediated uptake of aromatic amino acids
SLC38A3-mediated uptake of glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and alanine
SLC38A5-mediated uptake of glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and serine
SLC7A8-mediated uptake of neutral amino acids
SLC7A5:SLC3A2 transports neutral amino acids from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC1A4-mediated exchange of extracellular serine for cytosolic alanine, threonine, or cysteine
SLC1A4-mediated exchange of extracellular cysteine for cytosolic alanine, serine, or threonine
SLC1A4-mediated exchange of extracellular alanine for cytosolic serine, threonine, or cysteine
SLC1A4-mediated exchange of extracellular threonine for cytosolic alanine, serine, or cysteine
SLC1A5-mediated exchange of alanine and glutamine across the plasma membrane
SLC1A5-mediated exchange of glutamine and alanine across the plasma membrane
SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine
SLC6A19 cotransports neutral amino acids, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC6A14 cotransports SLC6A14 ligands, Cl-, 2Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC7A2, isoform B (CAT-2B)-mediated uptake of cationic amino acids
SLC7A3 (CAT-3)-mediated uptake of cationic amino acids
SLC7A1 (CAT-1)-mediated uptake of cationic amino acids
SLC7A2, isoform A (CAT-2A)-mediated uptake of cationic amino acids
SLC7A10-mediated uptake of small neutral amino acids
SLC7A11-mediated exchange of extracellular cysteine and cytosolic glutamate
SLC7A7:SLC3A2 exchanges L-Arg for L-Leu, Na+ across the plasma membrane
SLC7A6 (y+LAT2)-mediated exchange of extracellular leucine for cytosolic arginine
SLC7A9:SLC3A1 exchanges L-Arg, CySS-, L-Lys for L-Leu
Defective SLC36A2 does not cotransport Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC3A1 (in SLC7A9:SLC3A1) does not exchange L-Arg, CySS-, L-Lys for L-Leu
Variant SLC6A14 cotransports SLC6A14 ligands, Cl-, 2Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC6A19 does not cotransport neutral amino acids, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC6A18 does not transport Gly from extracellular region to cytosol
Variant SLC6A20 does not cotransport L-Pro, Na+ from extracellulare region to cytosol
Defective SLC7A9 (in SLC7A9:SLC3A1) does not exchange L-Arg, CySS-, L-Lys for L-Leu
Defective SLC7A7 does not exchange L-Arg for L-Leu, Na+ across the plasma membrane
Loading of GABA into clathrin sculpted GABA transport vesicle lumen
SLC38A9 transports L-Arg from lysosomal lumen to cytosol
Enables the transfer of a nucleobase, any nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleoside, nucleotide, or nucleic acidfrom one side of a membrane to the other.
nucleobase transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of an inorganic molecular entity from the outside of a cell to the inside of the cell across a membrane. An inorganic molecular entity is a molecular entity that contains no carbon.
inorganic solute uptake transmembrane transporter activity
inorganic molecular entity transmembrane transporter activity
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes.
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins.
The directed movement of substances that are gaseous in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of organic cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.
The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.
The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.
The directed movement of monocarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of bilirubin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process in which a monosaccharide is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates; they are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.
The directed movement of polysaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A polysaccharide is a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
The directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of amines, including polyamines, organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of an organic hydroxy compound (organic alcohol) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic hydroxy compound is an organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom.
The directed movement of a nucleobase, any nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleoside, nucleotide, or nucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of protein-DNA complexes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of acetylcholine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.
The directed movement of norepinephrine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
The directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
nucleobase-containing compound transport
Enables the transfer of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids from one side of a membrane to the other.
nucleobase-containing compound transmembrane transporter activity
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from organic compounds; results in the oxidation of the compounds from which energy is released.
energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it and attached to it.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.
cellular component organisation at cellular level
cellular component organisation in other organism
cellular component organization at cellular level
cellular component organization in other organism
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
catabolic carbohydrate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
Hyperpolarization (vertebrates) or depolarization (invertebrates) of the photoreceptor cell membrane via closing/opening of cation specific channels as a result of signals generated by rhodopsin activation by a photon.
changes in polarization state of photoreceptor cell membrane
regulation of membrane potential in photoreceptor cell
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.
regulation of striated muscle tissue development
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide.
The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a female.
Formation and maintenance of a polarized microtubule array originating from a microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
oocyte microtubule cytoskeleton organisation
oocyte microtubule cytoskeleton organization
The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized.
The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.
The cytoplasm of a muscle cell; includes the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
TRAF2 ubiquitinates cIAP1,2 in cIAP1,2:TRAF1:TRAF2:TRAF3:NIK
TSR3 transfers aminocarboxypropyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to N(1)-methylpseudouridine-1248 of 18SE rRNA yielding N(1)-methyl-N(3)-aminocarboxypropylpseudouridine-1248
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc.
Partial proteolysis of antigen in phagolysosomes
Production of AA by iPLA2 upon FCGR activation
Phospholipid phosphatase 6 hydrolyses Presqualene diphosphate to presqualene monophosphate
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any ester bond.
hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds
uPAR-acyl-GPI + H2O -> uPAR + long-chain fatty acid
Butyrylcholinesterase hydrolyzes acyl Ghrelin
Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PLA2G7) hydrolyzes acyl Ghrelin
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insecticide stimulus. Insecticides are chemicals used to kill insects.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a nucleolus, a small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.
down regulation of protein biosynthetic process
down-regulation of protein biosynthetic process
downregulation of protein biosynthetic process
negative regulation of protein anabolism
negative regulation of protein biosynthesis
negative regulation of protein biosynthetic process
negative regulation of protein formation
negative regulation of protein synthesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.
phenol-containing compound metabolic process
The specific behavior of an organism that is associated with reproduction.
reproductive behavior in a multicellular organism
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.
Any cellular process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.
regulation of phosphate metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
The neurological system process in which a signal is transmitted through the nervous system by a combination of action potential propagation and synaptic transmission.
An action potential that occurs in a neuron.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances. This is a neurological process.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.
phenol-containing compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetate, the anion of acetic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification.
protein metabolic process and modification
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.
catechol-containing compound catabolic process
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in many of the chemical changes of compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. In multicellular organisms secondary metabolism is generally carried out in specific cell types, and may be useful for the organism as a whole. In unicellular organisms, secondary metabolism is often used for the production of antibiotics or for the utilization and acquisition of unusual nutrients.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
The directed movement of one-carbon compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of stem cells of a single type. This can be achieved by a number of mechanisms: stem cell asymmetric division maintains stem cell numbers; stem cell symmetric division increases them; maintenance of a stem cell niche maintains the conditions for commitment to the stem cell fate for some types of stem cell; stem cells may arise de novo from other cell types.
The external membrane of Gram-negative bacteria or certain organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts; freely permeable to most ions and metabolites.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
A type of reproduction that combines the genetic material of two gametes (such as a sperm or egg cell or fungal spores). The gametes have an haploid genome (with a single set of chromosomes, the product of a meiotic division) and combines with one another to produce a zygote (diploid).
The formation of the prechordal plate. The prechordal plate is a thickening of the endoderm at the cranial end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells. The prechordal plate and the notochord induce the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spinal cord primarily conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses between the brain and the peripheral nervous tissues.
The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of ventral spinal cord interneurons. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
ventral spinal cord interneuron differentiation
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the spinal cord. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral region of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output.
The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of motor neurons. Motor neurons innervate an effector (muscle or glandular) tissue and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
spinal cord motor neuron differentiation
The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of somatic motor neurons. Somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle targets and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth that establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the neural tube.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cells of the hindbrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the hindbrain.
The orderly movement of a cell that will reside in the hindbrain.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cranial nerves over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the rhombomere over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates.
The regionalization process that gives rise to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.
midbrain-hindbrain boundary biosynthesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pons over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the medulla oblongata over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the central nervous system is generated and organized. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary is generated and organized. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.
midbrain-hindbrain boundary morphogenesis
The process that gives rise to the central nervous system. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the hindbrain is generated and organized. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.
The process that gives rise to the hindbrain. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the hindbrain to attain its fully functional state. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the medulla oblongata is generated and organized. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate.
The process that gives rise to the medulla oblongata. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the medulla oblongata to attain its fully functional state. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the pons is generated and organized. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.
The process that gives rise to the pons. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the pons to attain its fully functional state. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the rhombomere is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates.
The process that gives rise to the rhombomere. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.
The process that gives rise to the cranial nerves. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cranial nerve to attain its fully functional state. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the central nervous system to attain its fully functional state. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the trigeminal nerve to attain its fully functional state. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the trigeminal nerve is generated and organized. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.
The process that gives rise to the trigeminal nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.
The process that gives rise to a rhombomere boundary. This process pertains to the initial formation of a boundary delimiting a rhombomere. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon that are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a nerve to attain its fully functional state.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure, cell or cellular component to attain its fully functional state.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the locus ceruleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the locus ceruleus is generated and organized. In mice, the locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic.
The process that gives rise to the locus ceruleus. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. In mice, the locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the locus ceruleus to attain its fully functional state. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior olivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the superior olivary nucleus is generated and organized. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound.
The process that gives rise to the superior olivary nucleus. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the superior olivary nucleus to attain its fully functional state. The superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the midbrain-hindbrain boundary to attain its fully functional state. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a salivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior salivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process aimed at the progression of a glial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process in which the neural tube is divided into specific regions along the rostrocaudal axis.
The process whose specific outcome is the formation of the hindbrain-spinal cord boundary.
hindbrain-spinal cord boundary formation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system.
central nervous system neuron differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the central nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron.
central nervous system neuron development
The formation of the flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system.
The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the neural plate.
neural plate anterior/posterior regionalization
Generation of cells within the nervous system.
The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes in the central nervous system. The capillary endothelial cells in the brain are specialized to form the blood-brain barrier.
The movement of a cell within a rhombomere. This process is known to occur as an early step in the generation of anatomical structure from a rhombomere.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The cellular process that ensures successive accurate and complete genome replication and chromosome segregation.
The initial attachment of a membrane or protein to a target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.
negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.
positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion
A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cellular component.
cellular component disassembly at cellular level
A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a multicellular organism.
reproductive cellular process in multicellular organism
cellular process involved in reproduction in multicellular organism
A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.
A physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
A process involved in the sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anatomical structure morphogenesis.
regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process in which the shape of a cell is generated and organized.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component.
cellular component assembly at cellular level
The process in which the anatomical structures of a gland are generated and organized.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a complex containing RNA and proteins. Includes the biosynthesis of the constituent RNA and protein molecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the ribonucleoprotein complex.
ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis and assembly
A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a ribonucleoprotein complex.
Enables the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.
active transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other up the solute's concentration gradient. This is carried out by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.
active monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Egress of internalized antigen to the cytosol via sec61
Defective SLC2A9 does not transport Fru, Glc, urate
Fe3+ dissociates from SLC22A17:LCN2:2,5DHBA
An unknown carrier transports cytosolic glyoxylate to the peroxisome
An unknown carrier transports mitochondrial glyoxylate to the cytosol
Enables the transfer of a macromolecule from one side of a membrane to the other.
macromolecule transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of inorganic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.
inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane transporter activity.
regulation of transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another.
signal transduction involved in regulation of gene expression
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.
The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.
positive regulation of signalling process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.
The process in which a signal is secreted or discharged into the extracellular medium from a cellular source.
The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
The contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle; a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism.
The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
Formation of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins.
Movement of a vesicle along an actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.
A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells, or between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or between two membrane-bound components of a cell, such as flagella.
The regulated release of a peptide hormone from a cell.
The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin. In vertebrates, insulin is secreted from B granules in the B cells of the vertebrate pancreas and from insulin-producing cells in insects.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of a lymphocyte. A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.
Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport) or to destinations within or outside the cell.
constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle
A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules.
The cellular developmental process in which a relatively unspecialized cell, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize a specific cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix.
Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires characteristics of a more mature T-cell. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose definin characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte.
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of a megakaryocyte.
Formation of myofibrils, the repeating units of striated muscle.
The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.
Alterations undergone by nuclei at the molecular and morphological level as part of the execution phase of apoptosis.
The compaction of chromatin during apoptosis.
The breakdown of the nucleus into small membrane-bounded compartments, or blebs, each of which contain compacted DNA.
nuclear fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.
negative regulation of bone biosynthesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell or cells. This does not include the periplasmic space.
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium (aka flagellum) that contributes to the movement of a flagellated sperm.
sperm flagellum movement involved in flagellated sperm motility
sperm flagellum movement involved in flagellated sperm movement
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the respiratory tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The respiratory tube is assumed to mean any tube in the respiratory tract.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.
The controlled breakdown of any cell membrane in the context of a normal process such as autophagy.
A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along a tubelike structure, such as the intestine, impelling the contents onwards.
The directed movement of the nucleus along microtubules within the cell, mediated by motor proteins.
microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning
microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning
microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning
microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning
transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated
The contractile fiber of smooth muscle cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.
The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a transport vesicle.
constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle membrane
The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle associated with the Golgi apparatus.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a secretory granule.
The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal fibers such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell.
cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport
Any process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of germ-line stem cells.
germ-line stem cell population maintenance
Directed movement of the oocyte, following its specification, from its original central position in the cyst to a posterior position relative to the nurse cells of the egg chamber, and its maintenance in this posterior location. This is the first sign of anterior-posterior asymmetry in the developing egg chamber.
establishment and maintenance of oocyte localization in egg chamber
establishment and maintenance of oocyte position during oogenesis
oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation
oogenesis, establishment and maintenance of oocyte localization
oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.
regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.
down regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
down-regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
downregulation of epithelial cell differentiation
negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.
up regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
up-regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
upregulation of epithelial cell differentiation
positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the notochord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages.
isthmomesencephalic boundary development
midbrain-hindbrain orgainizer development
Any collagen trimer that passes through a lipid bilayer membrane.
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized microtubule-based cytoskeletal structures.
establishment or maintenance of microtubule cytoskeleton polarity
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures.
establishment or maintenance of cytoskeleton polarity
A nonmembrane-bound oligomeric protein complex that participates in bidirectional transport of molecules (cargo) along axonemal microtubules.
A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support, biochemical or biomechanical cues for cells or tissues.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating hormones.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the exocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The exocrine pancreas produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.
The directed movement of the nucleus along microfilaments within the cell, mediated by motor proteins.
nuclear migration, microfilament-mediated
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments.
Electron-dense organelle with a granular internal matrix; contains proteins destined to be secreted.
The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
A membrane that is one of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope or the outermost membrane of single membrane bound organelle.
Assembly or disassembly of microtubules by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule.
microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule.
regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.
down regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
down-regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
downregulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
negative regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.
up regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
up-regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
upregulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
positive regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.
regulation of microtubule polymerization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.
regulation of microtubule depolymerization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.
down regulation of microtubule polymerization
down-regulation of microtubule polymerization
downregulation of microtubule polymerization
negative regulation of microtubule polymerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.
up regulation of microtubule polymerization
up-regulation of microtubule polymerization
upregulation of microtubule polymerization
positive regulation of microtubule polymerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.
positive regulation of microtubule disassembly
up regulation of microtubule depolymerization
up-regulation of microtubule depolymerization
upregulation of microtubule depolymerization
positive regulation of microtubule depolymerization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell.
A developmental process involving two tissues in which one tissue (the inducer) produces a signal that directs cell fate commitment of cells in the second tissue (the responder).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a plasma membrane bounded cell surface projection.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the leading edge of a motile cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
regulation of cellular metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
down regulation of cellular metabolic process
down-regulation of cellular metabolic process
downregulation of cellular metabolic process
negative regulation of cellular metabolism
negative regulation of cellular metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
positive regulation of cellular metabolism
up regulation of cellular metabolic process
up-regulation of cellular metabolic process
upregulation of cellular metabolic process
positive regulation of cellular metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
down regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
down-regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
downregulation of cellular biosynthetic process
negative regulation of cellular anabolism
negative regulation of cellular biosynthesis
negative regulation of cellular formation
negative regulation of cellular synthesis
negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
positive regulation of cellular anabolism
positive regulation of cellular biosynthesis
positive regulation of cellular formation
positive regulation of cellular synthesis
up regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
up-regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
upregulation of cellular biosynthetic process
positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.
regulation of cellular catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.
down regulation of cellular catabolic process
down-regulation of cellular catabolic process
downregulation of cellular catabolic process
negative regulation of cellular breakdown
negative regulation of cellular catabolism
negative regulation of cellular degradation
negative regulation of cellular catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.
positive regulation of cellular breakdown
positive regulation of cellular catabolism
positive regulation of cellular degradation
up regulation of cellular catabolic process
up-regulation of cellular catabolic process
upregulation of cellular catabolic process
positive regulation of cellular catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.
down regulation of protein complex assembly
down-regulation of protein complex assembly
downregulation of protein complex assembly
negative regulation of protein-containing complex assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.
up regulation of protein complex assembly
up-regulation of protein complex assembly
upregulation of protein complex assembly
positive regulation of protein-containing complex assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.
regulation of cell projection organisation
regulation of cell projection organization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.
down regulation of cell projection organization
down-regulation of cell projection organization
downregulation of cell projection organization
negative regulation of cell projection organisation
negative regulation of cell projection organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.
positive regulation of cell projection organisation
up regulation of cell projection organization
up-regulation of cell projection organization
upregulation of cell projection organization
positive regulation of cell projection organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell.
A localization process that acts on a protein complex; the complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of protein complex localization
A cilium which may have a variable arrangement of axonemal microtubules and also contains molecular motors. It may beat with a whip-like pattern that promotes cell motility or transport of fluids and other cells across a cell surface, such as on epithelial cells that line the lumenal ducts of various tissues; or they may display a distinct twirling motion that directs fluid flow asymmetrically across the cellular surface to affect asymmetric body plan organization. Motile cilia can be found in single as well as multiple copies per cell.
The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the nervous system.
regulation of neurological system process
regulation of neurophysiological process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process.
negative regulation of neurological process
negative regulation of neurological system process
negative regulation of neurophysiological process
negative regulation of nervous system process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process.
positive regulation of neurological process
positive regulation of neurological system process
positive regulation of neurophysiological process
positive regulation of nervous system process
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.
A double membrane structure enclosing an organelle, including two lipid bilayers and the region between them. In some cases, an organelle envelope may have more than two membranes.
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing in a cellular organelle, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope.
The enclosed volume within a sealed membrane or between two sealed membranes. Encompasses the volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the space between the two lipid bilayers of a double membrane surrounding an organelle, e.g. nuclear envelope lumen.
A multilayered structure surrounding all or part of a cell; encompasses one or more lipid bilayers, and may include a cell wall layer; also includes the space between layers.
The volume enclosed by the nuclear inner membrane.
Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane.
Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
locomotion involved in locomotory behavior
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.
positive regulation of insulin secretion
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
down regulation of translation initiation in response to stress
down-regulation of translation initiation in response to stress
downregulation of translation initiation in response to stress
negative regulation of translational initiation in response to stress
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
up regulation of translation initiation in response to stress
up-regulation of translation initiation in response to stress
upregulation of translation initiation in response to stress
positive regulation of translational initiation in response to stress
A cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Blebs are formed during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses.
The assembly of a bleb, a cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Plasma membrane blebbing occurs during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.
regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.
negative regulation of nuclease activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.
positive regulation of nuclease activity
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.
down regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
down-regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
downregulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
negative regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.
up regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
up-regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
upregulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
positive regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus.
regulation of response to external stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus.
down regulation of response to external stimulus
down-regulation of response to external stimulus
downregulation of response to external stimulus
negative regulation of response to external stimulus
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an external stimulus.
up regulation of response to external stimulus
up-regulation of response to external stimulus
upregulation of response to external stimulus
positive regulation of response to external stimulus
The lipid bilayer surrounding a dense core granule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
down regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
down-regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
downregulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
up regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
up-regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
upregulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.
regulation of actin filament bundle assembly
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.
down regulation of actin filament bundle formation
down-regulation of actin filament bundle formation
downregulation of actin filament bundle formation
negative regulation of actin filament bundle assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.
up regulation of actin filament bundle formation
up-regulation of actin filament bundle formation
upregulation of actin filament bundle formation
positive regulation of actin filament bundle assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
down regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
down-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
downregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
up regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
up-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
upregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport
Any process in which a secretory granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
Any process in which a dense core granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.
down regulation of protein polymerization
down-regulation of protein polymerization
downregulation of protein polymerization
negative regulation of protein polymerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.
positive regulation of protein polymerization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.
regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.
down regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
down-regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
downregulation of chondrocyte differentiation
negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.
up regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
up-regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
upregulation of chondrocyte differentiation
positive regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
The directed movement of lipids within cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.
regulation of intracellular lipid transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.
down regulation of intracellular lipid transport
down-regulation of intracellular lipid transport
downregulation of intracellular lipid transport
negative regulation of intracellular lipid transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.
up regulation of intracellular lipid transport
up-regulation of intracellular lipid transport
upregulation of intracellular lipid transport
positive regulation of intracellular lipid transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.
down regulation of intracellular transport
down-regulation of intracellular transport
downregulation of intracellular transport
negative regulation of intracellular transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.
up regulation of intracellular transport
up-regulation of intracellular transport
positive regulation of intracellular transport
Any process that modulates the activity of a transporter.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a transporter.
negative regulation of transporter activity
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a transporter.
positive regulation of transporter activity
Any process that modulates the activity of an ion transporter.
regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an ion transporter.
down regulation of ion transporter activity
down-regulation of ion transporter activity
downregulation of ion transporter activity
negative regulation of ion transporter activity
negative regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that activates or increases the activity of an ion transporter.
positive regulation of ion transporter activity
up regulation of ion transporter activity
up-regulation of ion transporter activity
upregulation of ion transporter activity
positive regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity
An assembly of actin filaments that are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness.
Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function.
A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition.
The biological process in which new individuals are produced by one or two multicellular organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus.
A process that modulates the formation of a microvillus.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a neuron projection.
The directed movement of a protein from one location to another within a lipid bilayer.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. Refers not only to transcription but also to e.g. viral RNA replication.
The regulated release of bile acid, composed of any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, by a cell or a tissue.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).
The disaggregation of a ribosome into its constituent components; includes the dissociation of ribosomal subunits.
All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection.
plasma membrane bounded cell projection cytoplasm
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of karyogamy, the creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of membrane fusion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
regulation of establishment or maintenance of cell polarity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
regulation of cellular protein localisation
regulation of cellular protein localization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides.
regulation of polysaccharide metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving chitin.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chitin.
regulation of chitin biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides.
regulation of polysaccharide biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
down regulation of organic acid transport
down-regulation of organic acid transport
downregulation of organic acid transport
negative regulation of organic acid transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of organic acid transport
The controlled release of a substance by a cell.
The controlled release of a substance by a tissue.
The expansion of a mononuclear cell population by cell division. A mononuclear cell is a leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.
regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.
negative regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.
up regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation
up-regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation
upregulation of mononuclear cell proliferation
positive regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organisation
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization
The chemical reactions and pathways involving collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
regulation of collagen biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
negative regulation of collagen anabolism
negative regulation of collagen biosynthesis
negative regulation of collagen formation
negative regulation of collagen synthesis
negative regulation of collagen biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
positive regulation of collagen anabolism
positive regulation of collagen biosynthesis
positive regulation of collagen formation
positive regulation of collagen synthesis
positive regulation of collagen biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton.
regulation of actin filament-based process
The disaggregation of a protein-containing macromolecular complex into its constituent components.
The disaggregation of a protein-DNA complex into its constituent components.
The disaggregation of a protein-RNA complex into its constituent components.
The process in which a cellular entity is generated and organized. A cellular entity has granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system.
cellular anatomical entity morphogenesis
A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together.
A macromolecular complex containing both protein and DNA molecules.
The expansion of a muscle cell population by cell division.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.
The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.
The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.
Any apoptotic process in a myeloid cell, a cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process.
regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a myeloid cell apoptotic process.
down regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis
down-regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis
downregulation of myeloid cell apoptosis
negative regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process
Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process in which a polysaccharide is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a chromosome.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation.
regulation of sister chromatid segregation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation.
negative regulation of sister chromatid segregation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.
regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.
negative regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation
The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.
regulation of intracellular protein transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform amines.
regulation of cellular amine metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines.
negative regulation of cellular amine metabolic process
negative regulation of amine metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines.
positive regulation of cellular amine metabolic process
positive regulation of amine metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines.
regulation of cellular amine catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines.
negative regulation of amine degradation
negative regulation of cellular amine catabolic process
negative regulation of amine catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines.
positive regulation of amine degradation
positive regulation of amine catabolic process
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the midbrain.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an organelle.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule.
protein localisation in secretory granule
protein localization in secretory granule
protein localization to secretory granule
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule in a T cell. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion.
T lymphocyte secretory granule organization
T-lymphocyte secretory granule organization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine.
down regulation of catecholamine secretion
down-regulation of catecholamine secretion
downregulation of catecholamine secretion
negative regulation of catecholamine secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine.
up regulation of catecholamine secretion
up-regulation of catecholamine secretion
positive regulation of catecholamine secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
A process in which a ribosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucagon stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the Golgi apparatus.
Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism.
The process in which a carbohydrate is transported across a membrane.
A process in which a monoatomic ion is transported across a membrane. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
negative regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.
regulation of cellular amide metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.
negative regulation of cellular amide metabolic process
negative regulation of amide metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.
positive regulation of cellular amide metabolic process
positive regulation of amide metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amides.
regulation of cellular amide catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amides.
negative regulation of cellular amide catabolic process
negative regulation of amide catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amides.
positive regulation of cellular amide catabolic process
positive regulation of amide catabolic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monosaccharide stimulus.
A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a cell junction.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell junction. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix.
Any apoptotic process in a glial cell, a non-neuronal cell of the nervous system.
glial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
programmed cell death of glia by apoptosis
programmed cell death of glial cells by apoptosis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process.
regulation of glial cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process.
negative regulation of glial cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of glial cell apoptotic process
Any apoptotic process in a smooth muscle cell. Smooth muscle consists of non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels.
programmed cell death of smooth muscle cells by apoptosis
programmed cell death, smooth muscle cells
smooth muscle cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
down regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
down-regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
downregulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
up regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
up-regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
upregulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
The directed movement of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process in which a solute is transported from one side of the vacuolar membrane to the other.
The process in which an amino acid is transported from one side of the vacuolar membrane to the other.
vacuolar amino acid transmembrane transport
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a specific location on a chromosome.
A process in which a protein transports or maintains the localization of another protein to the nucleus.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds, as carried out by individual cells.
cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid anabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid biosynthesis
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid formation
nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid breakdown
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid catabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid degradation
nucleobase-containing compound catabolic process
The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the pronephros along the anterior/posterior axis to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in pronephric kidney development
anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in pronephros development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.
down regulation of transmembrane transport
down-regulation of transmembrane transport
downregulation of transmembrane transport
negative regulation of membrane transport
negative regulation of transmembrane transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.
positive regulation of membrane transport
up regulation of transmembrane transport
up-regulation of transmembrane transport
positive regulation of transmembrane transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
regulation of transmembrane ion transport
regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
down regulation of transmembrane ion transport
down-regulation of transmembrane ion transport
downregulation of transmembrane ion transport
negative regulation of ion membrane transport
negative regulation of transmembrane ion transport
negative regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
positive regulation of ion membrane transport
positive regulation of transmembrane ion transport
up regulation of transmembrane ion transport
up-regulation of transmembrane ion transport
upregulation of transmembrane ion transport
positive regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport
The controlled breakdown of the basement membrane in the context of a normal process such as imaginal disc eversion.
Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.
somatic stem cell population maintenance
The conversion at fertilization of the inactive sperm nucleus into a male pronucleus with its chromosomes processed for the first zygotic division.
Removal of the sperm nuclear envelope, allowing entry of maternal factors into the sperm nucleus.
The gradual disintegration of the sperm plasma membrane following insemination. This process is seen in Drosophila after entry of the entire sperm, surrounded by its plasma membrane, into the egg.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryonic heart tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart tube forms as the heart rudiment from the heart field.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual.
The assembly and organization of an axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.
The process in which the anatomical structures of appendages are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.
The process in which the anatomical structures of genitalia are generated and organized. The genitalia are the organs of reproduction or generation, external and internal.
Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure through which gases and/or liquids flow.
The directed movement of nuclei within the syncytial embryo of insects. These precise temporal and spatial patterns of nuclear movement are coordinated with mitotic divisons and are required during blastoderm formation to reposition dividing nuclei from the interior of the syncytial embryo to the cortex.
Programmed cell death of an errant germ line cell that is outside the normal migratory path or ectopic to the gonad. This is an important mechanism of regulating germ cell survival within the embryo.
programmed cell death of ectopic germ cells
programmed cell death, ectopic germ cells
The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the internal genitalia are generated and organized. The internal genitalia are the internal sex organs such as the uterine tube, the uterus and the vagina in female mammals, and the testis, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and prostate in male mammals.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the external genitalia are generated and organized. The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the gonads are generated and organized. A gonad is an animal organ producing gametes, e.g. the testes or the ovary in mammals.
The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth.
The increase in size or mass of an organ. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that function together as to perform a specific function.
Progression of the endocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The endocrine system is a system of hormones and ductless glands, where the glands release hormones directly into the blood, lymph or other intercellular fluid, and the hormones circulate within the body to affect distant organs. The major glands that make up the human endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathryoids, adrenals, pineal body, and the reproductive glands which include the ovaries and testes.
Progression of the exocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The exocrine system is a system of hormones and glands, where the glands secrete straight to a target site via ducts or tubes. The human exocrine system includes the salivary glands, sweat glands and many glands of the digestive system.
The regionalization process that divides an organism or part of an organism into a series of semi-repetitive parts, or segments, often arranged along a longitudinal axis.
Partitioning of the blastoderm embryo into trunk segmental units. In Drosophila, the trunk segments include thoracic segments and abdominal segments A1 to A8.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tube over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a microtubule.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.
The process in which acetate is transported across a membrane. Acetate is the 2-carbon carboxylic acid ethanoic acid.
The process in which a phosphate is transported across a membrane.
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the differentiation of an endothelial cell that will form de novo blood vessels and tubes.
cell migration involved in vasculogenesis
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell.
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location within the extracellular region.
establishment of protein localisation in extracellular region
establishment of protein localization in extracellular region
establishment of protein localization to extracellular region
The progression of the intrahepatic bile ducts over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Intrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts within the liver) collect bile from bile canaliculi in the liver, and connect to the extrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts outside the liver).
The progression of the cystic duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cystic duct runs from the gallbladder to the common bile duct.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell of the intestine.
intestinal smooth muscle cell differentiation
enteric smooth muscle cell differentiation
The orderly movement of a hematopoietic stem cell from one site to another. A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system.
A process in which a sodium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium that contributes to cilium assembly.
intraciliary transport involved in cilium assembly
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to compound eye morphogenesis.
cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the pronephric nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
pronephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an angioblast cell. Angioblasts are one of the two products formed from hemangioblast cells (the other being pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells).
angioblastic mesenchymal cell differentiation
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ.
cell migration involved in kidney development
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the metanephric kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ.
cell migration involved in metanephric kidney development
cell migration involved in metanephros development
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the ureter to attain its fully functional state. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut.
A specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the plasma membrane of the ovum of animals. The egg coat provides structural support and can play an essential role in oogenesis, fertilization and early development.
Any process that modulates the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an indole alkaloid, an alkaloid containing an indole skeleton.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an indole alkaloid, an alkaloid containing an indole skeleton.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cloaca over time, from it's formation to the mature structure. The cloaca is the common chamber into which intestinal, genital and urinary canals open in vertebrates.
The progression of the oviduct epithelium over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism. The oviduct epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the oviduct.
The progression of an epithelium of the uterus over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.
The process in which anatomical structures of the oviduct are generated and organized. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an epithelial cell that characterize the cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a megakaryocyte cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Megakaryocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a megakaryocyte fate. A megakaryocyte is a giant cell 50 to 100 micron in diameter, with a greatly lobulated nucleus, found in the bone marrow.
A region of the cilium between the basal body and proximal segment that is characterized by Y-shaped assemblages that connect axonemal microtubules to the ciliary membrane. The ciliary transition zone appears to function as a gate that controls ciliary membrane composition and separates the cytosol from the ciliary plasm.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of an enteroendocrine cell. Enteroendocrine cells are hormonally active epithelial cells in the gut that constitute the diffuse neuroendocrine system.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a vascular smooth muscle cell.
vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell surrounding the aorta.
aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation
The progression of the aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
The progression of the ascending aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.
The progression of the descending aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.
The progression of the dorsal aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once.
The process in which the anatomical structures of an aorta are generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the ascending aorta are generated and organized. The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the descending aorta are generated and organized. The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the dorsal aorta are generated and organized. The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle cell, a somatic cell located in skeletal muscle.
The regulated release of any steroid that acts as a hormone into the circulatory system.
The regulated release of an androgen into the circulatory system. Androgens are steroid hormones that stimulate or control the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an endoderm cell, a cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tendon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A tendon is a fibrous, strong, connective tissue that connects muscle to bone or integument and is capable of withstanding tension. Tendons and muscles work together to exert a pulling force.
The process that gives rise to a tendon. This process pertains to the initial formation of a tendon from unspecified parts.
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance, that does not require the replacement of preexisting tissues.
The multiplication or reproduction of germ cells, reproductive cells in multicellular organisms, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of female germ-line stem cells.
female germ-line stem cell population maintenance
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of dendritic cells such that the total number of dendritic cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
A prolongation or process extending from a muscle cell. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a muscle cell projection.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting a decline in the level of oxygen.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the umbilical cord are generated and organized. The umbilical cord is an organ or embryonic origin consisting of the 2 umbilical arteries and the one umbilical vein. The umbilical cord connects the cardiovascular system of the fetus to the mother via the placenta.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hepatocytes within a population of cells. Hepatocytes are specialized epithelial cells of the liver that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of epidermal stem cells within a population of cells.
The movement of a dendritic cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
The process in which a post-anal tail is generated and organized. A post-anal tail is a muscular region of the body that extends posterior to the anus. The post-anal tail may aid locomotion and balance.
The region of a neuron that includes the cell body (cell soma) and dendrite(s), but excludes the axon.
The characteristic movement of trunk neural crest cells from the neural tube to other locations in the vertebrate embryo.
The joining of two lipid bilayers that surround the Golgi apparatus to form a single Golgi membrane.
membrane fusion involved in Golgi reassembly
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a pronephric nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of a nephron in the pronephros.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephric nephron are generated and organized. A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a pronephric nephron tubule are generated and organized from an epithelium. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the pronephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
cell differentiation involved in pronephric kidney development
cell differentiation involved in pronephros development
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the pronephros.
cell proliferation involved in pronephric kidney development
cell proliferation involved in pronephros development
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the pronephros over time, from its formation to the mature organ.
cell-cell signaling involved in pronephric kidney development
cell-cell signalling involved in pronephros development
cell-cell signaling involved in pronephros development
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the pronephros to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
pattern specification involved in pronephric kidney development
pattern specification involved in pronephros development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephric nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pronephric nephron tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron and connects the filtration unit (glomerulus or glomus) of the pronephros to the pronephric duct.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephric duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pronephric duct collects the filtrate from the pronephric tubules and opens to the exterior of the pronephric kidney.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephric duct are generated and organized. The pronephric duct collects the filtrate from the pronephric tubules and opens to the exterior of the kidney.
Synthesis and deposition of a chitin-based noncellular, hardened, or membranous secretion from an epithelial sheet. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
chitin-based cuticle biosynthetic process
The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development.
Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size.
regulation of multicellular organism growth
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.
negative regulation of multicellular organism growth
The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.
positive regulation of multicellular organism growth
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.
positive regulation of embryonic development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic nuclear division, the process in which the nucleus of a diploid cell divides twice forming four haploid cells, one or more of which usually function as gametes.
Any process that modulates the consistent predetermined time point at which an integrated living unit or organism progresses from an initial condition to a later condition and the rate at which this time point is reached.
regulation of development, heterochronic
The process that results in the generation of glial cells. This includes the production of glial progenitors and their differentiation into mature glia.
Growth of glial cells, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamines.
regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium, mediated by motor proteins.
intraflagellar transport involved in cilium organization
intraflagellar transport involved in microtubule-based flagellum organisation
The migration of individual cells within the blastocyst to help establish the multi-layered body plan of the organism (gastrulation). For example, the migration of cells from the surface to the interior of the embryo (ingression).
The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the gametes.
The expansion of a T cell population by cell division. Follows T cell activation.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte proliferation
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte proliferation
positive regulation of T cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation
positive regulation of T-cell homeostatic proliferation
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation
positive regulation of resting T cell proliferation
up regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
up-regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
upregulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
positive regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
The change in morphology and behavior of an endothelial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.
regulation of cell population proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell proliferation.
regulation of T lymphocyte proliferation
regulation of T-lymphocyte proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.
negative regulation of T lymphocyte proliferation
negative regulation of T-cell proliferation
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte proliferation
negative regulation of T cell proliferation
The continuous network of membranes encompassing the nuclear outer membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
nuclear membrane-endoplasmic reticulum continuum
nuclear outer membrane-endoplasmic reticulum membrane network
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
regulation of cellular protein breakdown
regulation of cellular protein catabolic process
regulation of cellular protein catabolism
regulation of cellular protein degradation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process.
down regulation of cellular protein breakdown
down regulation of cellular protein catabolic process
down regulation of cellular protein catabolism
down regulation of cellular protein degradation
down regulation of protein catabolic process
down-regulation of cellular protein breakdown
down-regulation of cellular protein catabolic process
down-regulation of cellular protein catabolism
down-regulation of cellular protein degradation
down-regulation of protein catabolic process
downregulation of cellular protein breakdown
downregulation of cellular protein catabolic process
downregulation of cellular protein catabolism
downregulation of cellular protein degradation
downregulation of protein catabolic process
negative regulation of cellular protein breakdown
negative regulation of cellular protein catabolic process
negative regulation of cellular protein catabolism
negative regulation of cellular protein degradation
negative regulation of protein breakdown
negative regulation of protein catabolism
negative regulation of protein degradation
negative regulation of protein catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mature ribosome and of its subunits.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into a molecule.
Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cuticle, the outer layer of some animals and plants, which acts to prevent water loss.
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.
The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the formation of any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.
cellular biogenic amine biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the breakdown of biogenic amines, any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.
cellular biogenic amine catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.
indole-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.
indole-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.
indole-containing compound catabolic process
Development of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light.
Development of a photoreceptor, a sensory cell in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. They usually contain a pigment that undergoes a chemical change when light is absorbed, thus stimulating a nerve.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development.
regulation of eye photoreceptor development
regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development.
positive regulation of eye photoreceptor development
up regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
up-regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
upregulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
positive regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development.
down regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
down-regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
downregulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
negative regulation of eye photoreceptor development
negative regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state.
A membrane-bounded, cytoplasmic secretory granule found in enzyme-secreting cells and visible by light microscopy. Contain zymogen, an inactive enzyme precursor, often of a digestive enzyme.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a zymogen granule.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state.
A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC alpha chain and, in most cases, either an MHC class II beta chain or an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide, lipid, or polysaccharide antigen.
A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC class II alpha and MHC class II beta chain, and with or without a bound peptide or polysaccharide antigen.
Any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal cone cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell.
The type of sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.
The regrowth of the endometrium and blood vessels in the uterus following menstruation, resulting from a rise in progesterone levels.
The expulsion of seminal fluid, thick white fluid containing spermatozoa, from the male genital tract.
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur, the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur.
The directed movement of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, from one side of a membrane to the other.
amide transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process.
A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
down regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
down-regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
downregulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
negative regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
up regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
up-regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
upregulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
positive regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane.
Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through a stage including a notochord and neural tube until birth or egg hatching.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.
The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of T cells such that the total number of T cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. This may include the translation of a precursor protein and its subsequent processing into a functional peptide.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures in the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane, and also covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
extracellular structure organization and biogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.
positive regulation of apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.
negative regulation of apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
positive regulation of programmed cell death
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
down regulation of programmed cell death
down-regulation of programmed cell death
negative regulation of programmed cell death
The nucleus of a germ cell, a reproductive cell in multicellular organisms.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme.
positive regulation of catalytic activity
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme.
down-regulation of metalloenzyme activity
negative regulation of catalytic activity
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the hindgut. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The hindgut is the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine.
Any process in which proteins and protein complexes involved in translation are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of translational machinery localization
establishment and maintenance of translational protein localization
regulation of translation by machinery localisation
regulation of translation by machinery localization
The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amino acid stimulus. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external biotic stimulus, an external stimulus caused by, or produced by living things.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring outside the cell. Includes, for example, extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs) and the cellulosomes of anaerobic bacteria and fungi.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.
intracellular membrane-enclosed organelle
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.
intracellular non-membrane-enclosed organelle
intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle
The internal volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle; includes the volume enclosed by a single organelle membrane, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the volume enclosed by the innermost of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope, e.g. nuclear lumen.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.
down regulation of protein complex disassembly
down-regulation of protein complex disassembly
downregulation of protein complex disassembly
negative regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.
up regulation of protein complex disassembly
up-regulation of protein complex disassembly
upregulation of protein complex disassembly
positive regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.
regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.
regulation of protein-containing complex assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates.
regulation of carbohydrate biosynthetic process
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring outside the cell.
extracellular non-membrane-enclosed organelle
extracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of monoatomic ion transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of monoatomic ion transport
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkaloid stimulus. Alkaloids are a large group of nitrogenous substances found in naturally in plants, many of which have extracts that are pharmacologically active.
Fibers, composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated muscle.
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specialized features of an erythrocyte without a nucleus. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
enucleate red blood cell differentiation
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an enucleate erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state. An enucleate erythrocyte is an erythrocyte without a nucleus.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a nucleate erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state. A nucleate erythrocyte is an erythrocyte with a nucleus.
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte with a nucleus, as found in non-mammalian vertebrates such as birds.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.
response to polypeptide hormone stimulus
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any oxoacid; an oxoacid is a compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon.
regulation of secondary metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and the processes involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.
regulation of generation of precursor metabolites and energy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates.
regulation of carbohydrate catabolic process
The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells.
A process in which muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
Any process in which skeletal muscles change their phenotypic profiles in response to altered functional demands and a variety of signals.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation.
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.
regulation of apoptosis of neuronal cells
regulation of neuron programmed cell death
regulation of neuronal cell programmed cell death
regulation of programmed cell death of neuronal cells
regulation of programmed cell death, neurons
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.
negative regulation of programmed cell death, neurons
negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process.
positive regulation of programmed cell death, neurons
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process
The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels during angiogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.
regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.
up regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
up-regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
upregulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.
down regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
down-regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
downregulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment.
regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the skin are generated and organized. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner, sensitive and vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state.
ossification involved in skeletal development
ossification involved in bone maturation
Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein complex.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an endocrine process, a process involving the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of excretion, the elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a respiratory system process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the respiratory system.
regulation of respiratory system process
A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component.
cellular component biogenesis at cellular level
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component.
regulation of cellular component biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component.
positive regulation of cellular component biogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
positive regulation of vacuole organisation
positive regulation of vacuole organization
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a membrane.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
negative regulation of molecular function
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
positive regulation of molecular function
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator).
translation initiation (ternary) complex
The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown into fatty acids and monoglycerides of lipids in the small intestine. Lipids are broken down by lipases released by the pancreas.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds.
cellular nitrogen compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds.
cellular nitrogen compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.
The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections.
The multiplication or reproduction of pancreatic B cells, resulting in the expansion of an pancreatic B cell population. Pancreatic B cell are cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin.
Any apoptotic process in a fibroblast, a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the cytoskeleton.
Any process evolved to enable an interaction with an organism of a different species.
interspecies interaction between organisms
interspecies interaction with other organisms
biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a motile cilium.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of secondary metabolites, the compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon.
secondary metabolite biosynthetic process
The expansion of a dendritic cell population by cell division. A dendritic cell is a cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a chondrocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals, involving another organism.
A multicellular organism process which involves another multicellular organism of the same or different species.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
microtubule-based flagellum organization
The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane that surround a cell with that of another cell, producing a single cell.
The nucleus of either the ovum or the spermatozoon following fertilization. Thus, in the fertilized ovum, there are two pronuclei, one originating from the ovum, the other from the spermatozoon that brought about fertilization; they approach each other, but do not fuse until just before the first cleavage, when each pronucleus loses its membrane to release its contents.
The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during M phase of the meiotic cell cycle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary sexual characteristics are the testes in males and the ovaries in females and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.
development of primary sexual characteristics
The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and randomly apportioned to two sets during the second division of the meiotic cell cycle.
The cellular developmental process by which a cell establishes the intrinsic character of a cell or tissue region irreversibly committing it to a particular fate.
Signaling at long or short range between cells that results in the commitment of a cell to a certain fate.
cell fate commitment, cell-cell signaling
cell fate commitment, cell-cell signalling
cell-cell signaling during in cell fate commitment
cell-cell signaling resulting in cell fate commitment
cell-cell signalling during cell fate commitment
cell-cell signalling resulting in cell fate commitment
cell-cell signaling involved in cell fate commitment
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location.
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system.
establishment and/or maintenance of neuroblast cell polarity
establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity
The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system.
establishment of neuroblast cell polarity
The junction between an axon of one neuron and a dendrite of another neuron, a muscle fiber or a glial cell. As the axon approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic terminal bouton, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the terminal bouton is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic terminal bouton secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.
The myofibril assembly process that results in the organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-cell junction. A cell-cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells.
cell-cell junction assembly and maintenance
intercellular junction assembly and maintenance
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4, a CD marker that occurs on T-helper cells and is involved in MHC class II restricted interactions.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4.
positive regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process
up regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process
upregulation of CD4 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4.
down regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process
downregulation of CD4 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of external structures that lie outside the plasma membrane and surround the entire cell.
external encapsulating structure organisation
external encapsulating structure organization and biogenesis
external encapsulating structure organization
A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into striated muscle fibers.
The process in which a mesodermal, bone marrow or neural crest cell acquires specialized features of an endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell. A layer of such cells lines the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.
regulation of T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of T-lymphocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.
down regulation of T cell differentiation
down-regulation of T cell differentiation
downregulation of T cell differentiation
negative regulation of T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of T cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of T cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.
negative regulation of cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.
positive regulation of cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.
regulation of adipocyte cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.
down regulation of fat cell differentiation
down-regulation of fat cell differentiation
downregulation of fat cell differentiation
negative regulation of adipocyte cell differentiation
negative regulation of adipocyte differentiation
negative regulation of fat cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.
positive regulation of adipocyte cell differentiation
positive regulation of adipocyte differentiation
up regulation of fat cell differentiation
up-regulation of fat cell differentiation
upregulation of fat cell differentiation
positive regulation of fat cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.
regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.
down regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
down-regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
downregulation of endothelial cell differentiation
negative regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.
up regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
up-regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
upregulation of endothelial cell differentiation
positive regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.
regulation of epidermal cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.
down regulation of epidermal cell differentiation
down-regulation of epidermal cell differentiation
downregulation of epidermal cell differentiation
negative regulation of epidermal cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.
up regulation of epidermal cell differentiation
up-regulation of epidermal cell differentiation
upregulation of epidermal cell differentiation
positive regulation of epidermal cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.
regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.
down regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
down-regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
downregulation of lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.
up regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
up-regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
upregulation of lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.
regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.
down regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
down-regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
downregulation of myeloid cell differentiation
negative regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.
up regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
up-regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
upregulation of myeloid cell differentiation
positive regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.
regulation of red blood cell differentiation
regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.
down regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
down-regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
downregulation of erythrocyte differentiation
negative regulation of RBC differentiation
negative regulation of red blood cell differentiation
negative regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.
positive regulation of RBC differentiation
positive regulation of red blood cell differentiation
up regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
up-regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
upregulation of erythrocyte differentiation
positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.
regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.
down regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
downregulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.
up regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
up-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
upregulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
down regulation of myoblast differentiation
down-regulation of myoblast differentiation
downregulation of myoblast differentiation
negative regulation of myoblast differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
up regulation of myoblast differentiation
up-regulation of myoblast differentiation
upregulation of myoblast differentiation
positive regulation of myoblast differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
down regulation of neuron differentiation
down-regulation of neuron differentiation
downregulation of neuron differentiation
negative regulation of neuron differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
positive regulation of neuron differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.
down regulation of epidermis development
down-regulation of epidermis development
negative regulation of epidermal development
negative regulation of epidermis development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.
positive regulation of epidermal development
positive regulation of epidermis development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.
regulation of glial cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.
down regulation of glial cell differentiation
down-regulation of glial cell differentiation
downregulation of glial cell differentiation
negative regulation of glia cell differentiation
negative regulation of neuroglia differentiation
negative regulation of glial cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.
positive regulation of glia cell differentiation
positive regulation of neuroglia differentiation
up regulation of glial cell differentiation
up-regulation of glial cell differentiation
upregulation of glial cell differentiation
positive regulation of glial cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation.
regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation.
down regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
down-regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
downregulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
negative regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation.
up regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
up-regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
upregulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
positive regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.
down regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
down-regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
downregulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
negative regulation of glycogen anabolism
negative regulation of glycogen biosynthesis
negative regulation of glycogen formation
negative regulation of glycogen synthesis
negative regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a cilium.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.
positive regulation of glycogen anabolism
positive regulation of glycogen biosynthesis
positive regulation of glycogen formation
positive regulation of glycogen synthesis
up regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
up-regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
upregulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.
positive regulation of protein anabolism
positive regulation of protein biosynthesis
positive regulation of protein biosynthetic process
positive regulation of protein formation
positive regulation of protein synthesis
up regulation of protein biosynthetic process
up-regulation of protein biosynthetic process
upregulation of protein biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
positive regulation of cellular protein breakdown
positive regulation of cellular protein catabolic process
positive regulation of cellular protein catabolism
positive regulation of cellular protein degradation
positive regulation of protein breakdown
positive regulation of protein catabolism
positive regulation of protein degradation
up regulation of cellular protein breakdown
up regulation of cellular protein catabolic process
up regulation of cellular protein catabolism
up regulation of cellular protein degradation
up regulation of protein catabolic process
up-regulation of cellular protein breakdown
up-regulation of cellular protein catabolic process
up-regulation of cellular protein catabolism
up-regulation of cellular protein degradation
up-regulation of protein catabolic process
upregulation of cellular protein breakdown
upregulation of cellular protein catabolic process
upregulation of cellular protein catabolism
upregulation of cellular protein degradation
upregulation of protein catabolic process
positive regulation of protein catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate, the anion of acetic acid.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate, the anion of acetic acid.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate.
down regulation of acetate catabolic process
down-regulation of acetate catabolic process
downregulation of acetate catabolic process
negative regulation of acetate breakdown
negative regulation of acetate catabolism
negative regulation of acetate degradation
negative regulation of acetate catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate.
positive regulation of acetate breakdown
positive regulation of acetate catabolism
positive regulation of acetate degradation
up regulation of acetate catabolic process
up-regulation of acetate catabolic process
upregulation of acetate catabolic process
positive regulation of acetate catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid.
down regulation of amino acid metabolic process
down-regulation of amino acid metabolic process
downregulation of amino acid metabolic process
negative regulation of amino acid metabolism
negative regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid.
positive regulation of amino acid metabolism
positive regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process
up regulation of amino acid metabolic process
up-regulation of amino acid metabolic process
upregulation of amino acid metabolic process
positive regulation of amino acid metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.
down regulation of asymmetric cell division
down-regulation of asymmetric cell division
downregulation of asymmetric cell division
negative regulation of asymmetric cell division
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.
up regulation of asymmetric cell division
up-regulation of asymmetric cell division
upregulation of asymmetric cell division
positive regulation of asymmetric cell division
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.
positive regulation of bone biosynthesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
down regulation of progression through cell cycle
down-regulation of progression through cell cycle
downregulation of progression through cell cycle
negative regulation of cell cycle progression
negative regulation of progression through cell cycle
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
positive regulation of cell cycle progression
positive regulation of progression through cell cycle
up regulation of progression through cell cycle
up-regulation of progression through cell cycle
upregulation of progression through cell cycle
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.
down regulation of glycogen catabolic process
down-regulation of glycogen catabolic process
downregulation of glycogen catabolic process
negative regulation of glycogen breakdown
negative regulation of glycogen catabolism
negative regulation of glycogen degradation
negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.
positive regulation of glycogen breakdown
positive regulation of glycogen catabolism
positive regulation of glycogen degradation
up regulation of glycogen catabolic process
up-regulation of glycogen catabolic process
upregulation of glycogen catabolic process
positive regulation of glycogen catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction.
negative regulation of heart contraction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction.
positive regulation of cardiac contraction
positive regulation of heart contraction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.
down regulation of lipid metabolic process
down-regulation of lipid metabolic process
downregulation of lipid metabolic process
negative regulation of lipid metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.
up regulation of lipid metabolic process
up-regulation of lipid metabolic process
positive regulation of lipid metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis.
negative regulation of meiotic nuclear division
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis.
positive regulation of meiotic nuclear division
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mitosis. Mitosis is the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother.
negative regulation of mitotic nuclear division
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.
down regulation of striated muscle development
down-regulation of striated muscle development
downregulation of striated muscle development
negative regulation of striated muscle tissue development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.
up regulation of striated muscle development
up-regulation of striated muscle development
upregulation of striated muscle development
positive regulation of striated muscle tissue development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation.
down regulation of translational elongation
down-regulation of translational elongation
downregulation of translational elongation
negative regulation of translational elongation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation.
up regulation of translational elongation
up-regulation of translational elongation
upregulation of translational elongation
positive regulation of translational elongation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.
down regulation of translational termination
down-regulation of translational termination
downregulation of translational termination
negative regulation of translational termination
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.
up regulation of translational termination
up-regulation of translational termination
upregulation of translational termination
positive regulation of translational termination
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate.
down regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
down-regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
downregulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
negative regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
negative regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate.
positive regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
up regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
up-regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
upregulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
positive regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine.
down regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
down-regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
downregulation of catecholamine metabolic process
negative regulation of catecholamine metabolism
negative regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine.
positive regulation of catecholamine metabolism
up regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
up-regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
upregulation of catecholamine metabolic process
positive regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.
down regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
down-regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
downregulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression
negative regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression
positive regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
up regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
up-regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
upregulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.
negative regulation of muscle contraction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.
positive regulation of muscle contraction
Any cellular process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
down regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
down-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
downregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
Any cellular process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
up regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
up-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
upregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.
down regulation of phosphate metabolic process
down-regulation of phosphate metabolic process
downregulation of phosphate metabolic process
negative regulation of phosphate metabolism
negative regulation of phosphate metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.
positive regulation of phosphate metabolism
up regulation of phosphate metabolic process
up-regulation of phosphate metabolic process
upregulation of phosphate metabolic process
positive regulation of phosphate metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.
down regulation of steroid metabolic process
down-regulation of steroid metabolic process
downregulation of steroid metabolic process
negative regulation of steroid metabolism
negative regulation of steroid metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.
positive regulation of steroid metabolism
up regulation of steroid metabolic process
up-regulation of steroid metabolic process
upregulation of steroid metabolic process
positive regulation of steroid metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.
down regulation of translational initiation
down-regulation of translational initiation
downregulation of translational initiation
negative regulation of translational initiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.
up regulation of translational initiation
up-regulation of translational initiation
upregulation of translational initiation
positive regulation of translational initiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.
down regulation of smooth muscle contraction
down-regulation of smooth muscle contraction
downregulation of smooth muscle contraction
negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.
up regulation of smooth muscle contraction
up-regulation of smooth muscle contraction
upregulation of smooth muscle contraction
positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.
down regulation of striated muscle contraction
down-regulation of striated muscle contraction
downregulation of striated muscle contraction
negative regulation of striated muscle contraction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.
up regulation of striated muscle contraction
up-regulation of striated muscle contraction
upregulation of striated muscle contraction
positive regulation of striated muscle contraction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.
down regulation of embryonic development
down-regulation of embryonic development
negative regulation of embryonic development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation.
regulation of T lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation
regulation of T-cell homeostatic proliferation
regulation of T-lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation
regulation of resting T cell proliferation
regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation.
down regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
down-regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
downregulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
negative regulation of T lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation
negative regulation of T-cell homeostatic proliferation
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation
negative regulation of resting T cell proliferation
negative regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.
phenol-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).
The specialization of organization of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
regulation of photoreceptor differentiation
regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
down regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
down regulation of photoreceptor differentiation
down-regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
down-regulation of photoreceptor differentiation
downregulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
downregulation of photoreceptor differentiation
negative regulation of photoreceptor differentiation
negative regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
positive regulation of photoreceptor differentiation
up regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
up regulation of photoreceptor differentiation
up-regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
up-regulation of photoreceptor differentiation
upregulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
upregulation of photoreceptor differentiation
positive regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary female sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structure. The primary female sexual characteristics are the ovaries, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.
development of primary female sexual characteristics
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary male sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary male sexual characteristics are the testes, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.
development of primary male sexual characteristics
Development of a rod cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Rod cells contain the photopigment rhodopsin or porphyropsin and are responsible for vision in dim light.
Development of a cone cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Cone cells contain the photopigment iodopsin or cyanopsin and are responsible for photopic (daylight) vision.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.
A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division.
The establishment of the sex of a female organism by physical differentiation.
The establishment of the sex of a male organism by physical differentiation.
Programmed cell death that occurs in the developing retina.
Programmed cell death that occurs in the retina to remove excess cells between ommatidia, thus resulting in a hexagonal lattice, precise with respect to cell number and position surrounding each ommatidium.
compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina.
regulation of retinal programmed cell death
regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina.
regulation of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina.
positive regulation of retinal programmed cell death
up regulation of retinal programmed cell death
up-regulation of retinal programmed cell death
upregulation of retinal programmed cell death
positive regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina.
down regulation of retinal programmed cell death
down-regulation of retinal programmed cell death
downregulation of retinal programmed cell death
negative regulation of retinal programmed cell death
negative regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina.
positive regulation of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina.
negative regulation of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.
negative regulation of insulin secretion
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbamate stimulus. Carbamates are a group of insecticides and parasiticides that act by inhibiting cholinesterase.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).
The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a muscle cell in a stable functional or structural state.
The controlled release of acid by a cell or a tissue.
The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule.
Enables the transfer of metal ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
metal ion transmembrane transporter activity
The regulated release of hormones, substances with a specific regulatory effect on a particular organ or group of cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.
positive regulation of hormone secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.
negative regulation of hormone secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.
positive regulation of lipid biosynthesis
up regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
up-regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
upregulation of lipid biosynthetic process
positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.
regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
The controlled release of a substance by a cell or a tissue.
The directed movement of substances within a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell.
regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.
down regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
down-regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
downregulation of neurotransmitter secretion
negative regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
The directed movement of carboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
Enables the transfer of carboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
carboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity
Exchange of isocitrate and 2-oxoglutarate across the peroxisomal membrane
The directed movement of a vesicle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination.
The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized.
The developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.
regulation of pigmentation during development
regulation of developmental pigmentation
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.
down regulation of developmental pigmentation
down-regulation of developmental pigmentation
downregulation of developmental pigmentation
negative regulation of developmental pigmentation
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.
up regulation of developmental pigmentation
up-regulation of developmental pigmentation
upregulation of developmental pigmentation
positive regulation of developmental pigmentation
The self-renewing division of a somatic stem cell, a stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.
The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell in the female gonad, to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the female gametes.
female germ-line stem cell asymmetric division
The meiotic divisions undergone by the primary and secondary spermatocytes to produce haploid spermatids.
The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells, resulting in the expansion of the fibroblast population.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.
up regulation of fibroblast proliferation
up-regulation of fibroblast proliferation
upregulation of fibroblast proliferation
positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.
down regulation of fibroblast proliferation
down-regulation of fibroblast proliferation
downregulation of fibroblast proliferation
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation
The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles.
The evagination of the Golgi membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.
The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes during transport to, from or within the Golgi apparatus; mediated by the addition of specific coat proteins, including COPI and COPII proteins and clathrin, to the membrane during vesicle formation.
vesicle targeting, to, from or within Golgi
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or destination of vesicle-mediated transport to, from or within the Golgi apparatus.
regulation of vesicle targeting, to, from or within Golgi
Generation of the male gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a female gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.
A process required for sperm to reach fertilization competence. Sperm undergo an incompletely understood series of morphological and molecular maturational processes, termed capacitation, involving, among other processes, protein tyrosine phosphorylation and increased intracellular calcium.
The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine and it acts as a hormone and as a neurotransmitter of most of the sympathetic nervous system.
Assembly of the extracellular matrix fibers that enables the matrix to recoil after transient stretching.
The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle to the lipid bilayer membrane around the Golgi.
The creation of a single organelle from two or more organelles.
The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle.
The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the nucleus during the creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei.
nuclear membrane fusion involved in karyogamy
The partitioning of organelles between daughter cells at cell division.
The partitioning of Golgi apparatus between daughter cells at cell division.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the axial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the axial mesoderm are generated and organized.
The process that gives rise to the axial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesoderm are generated and organized.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mesoderm cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paraxial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the paraxial mesoderm are generated and organized.
The process that gives rise to the paraxial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the lateral mesoderm are generated and organized.
The process that gives rise to the lateral mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the intermediate mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the intermediate mesoderm are generated and organized.
The process that gives rise to the intermediate mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
The cellular developmental process in which a specific cell progresses from an immature to a mature state. Cell development start once cell commitment has taken place.
The cellular developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a specific cell to attain its fully functional state.
The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the autonomic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter.
The process controlling the activation and/or rate at which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized features. Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the XXX at a consistent predetermined time point during its development.
regulation of timing of cell differentiation
Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism.
Development of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.
positive regulation of physiological process
positive regulation of biological process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.
negative regulation of physiological process
negative regulation of biological process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
positive regulation of cellular physiological process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
negative regulation of cellular physiological process
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of any organ involved in hematopoiesis (also known as hemopoiesis) or lymphoid cell activation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Such development includes differentiation of resident cell types (stromal cells) and of migratory cell types dependent on the unique microenvironment afforded by the organ for their proper differentiation.
haematopoietic or lymphoid organ development
haemopoietic or lymphoid organ development
hemopoietic or lymphoid organ development
hematopoietic or lymphoid organ development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spleen over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spleen is a large vascular lymphatic organ composed of white and red pulp, involved both in hemopoietic and immune system functions.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bone marrow over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.
Morphogenesis, during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.
Development, taking place during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the notochord are generated and organized. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure.
regulation of post-embryonic development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure.
down regulation of post-embryonic development
down-regulation of post-embryonic development
downregulation of post-embryonic development
negative regulation of post-embryonic development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure.
up regulation of post-embryonic development
up-regulation of post-embryonic development
upregulation of post-embryonic development
positive regulation of post-embryonic development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.
positive regulation of response to stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.
negative regulation of response to stimulus
The growth of a cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from one condition to another.
developmental growth of a unicellular organism
The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized during embryonic development.
The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants.
embryonic anatomical structure morphogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process in which the structures of an oocyte are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of an oocyte.
oocyte morphogenesis during differentiation
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of somatic structures that will be used in the process of creating new individuals from one or more parents, from their formation to the mature structures.
The process, occurring above the cellular level, that is pertinent to the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. This includes the integrated processes at the level of tissues and organs.
reproductive process in a multicellular organism
multicellular organismal reproductive process
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a myoblast to attain its fully functional state. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
The increase in size or mass of a skeletal muscle. This may be due to a change in the fiber number or size.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth.
regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth.
down regulation of skeletal muscle growth
down-regulation of skeletal muscle growth
downregulation of skeletal muscle growth
negative regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle growth.
positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development.
negative regulation of muscle organ development
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of muscle development.
positive regulation of muscle organ development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of developmental growth.
positive regulation of developmental growth
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth.
negative regulation of developmental growth
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development.
regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development.
down regulation of skeletal muscle development
down-regulation of skeletal muscle development
downregulation of skeletal muscle development
negative regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle tissue development.
up regulation of skeletal muscle development
up-regulation of skeletal muscle development
upregulation of skeletal muscle development
positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development
The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle are generated and organized.
The process pertaining to the initial formation of an animal organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. Organs are a natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole. The heart and lungs are organs of animals, and the petal and leaf are organs of plants. In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
formation of an anatomical structure involved in morphogenesis
anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis
The multiplication or reproduction of smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.
regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.
positive regulation of SMC proliferation
up regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
up-regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
upregulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.
down regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
down-regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
downregulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
negative regulation of SMC proliferation
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process in which the structures of a neuron are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a neuron.
neuron morphogenesis involved in differentiation
cell morphogenesis involved in neuron differentiation
The process in which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a tissue are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the epidermis are generated and organized. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A gland is an organ specialised for secretion.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an appendage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.
regulation of skeletal muscle fibre development
regulation of skeletal myofiber development
regulation of skeletal myofibre development
regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.
positive regulation of skeletal muscle fibre development
positive regulation of skeletal myofiber development
positive regulation of skeletal myofibre development
up regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development
up-regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development
upregulation of skeletal muscle fiber development
positive regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.
down regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development
down-regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development
downregulation of skeletal muscle fiber development
negative regulation of skeletal muscle fibre development
negative regulation of skeletal myofiber development
negative regulation of skeletal myofibre development
negative regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the compound eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The compound eye is an organ of sight that contains multiple repeating units, often arranged hexagonally. Each unit has its own lens and photoreceptor cell(s) and can generate either a single pixelated image or multiple images, per eye.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pigment granule.
The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in an epithelial tube are generated and organized. A tube is a long hollow cylinder.
branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tube
The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in a nerve are generated and organized. This term refers to an anatomical structure (nerve) not a cell (neuron).
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types.
A small, subcellular membrane-bounded vesicle containing pigment and/or pigment precursor molecules. Pigment granule biogenesis is poorly understood, as pigment granules are derived from multiple sources including the endoplasmic reticulum, coated vesicles, lysosomes, and endosomes.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an animal organ to attain its fully functional state. An organ is a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of male genitalia are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an erythrocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process aimed at the progression of an enucleate erythrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process aimed at the progression of a nucleate erythrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process in which the anatomical structures of arterial blood vessels are generated and organized. Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the body and its organs.
The process in which the anatomical structures of venous blood vessels are generated and organized. Veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the body and its organs to the heart.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the brain are generated and organized. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neural nucleus from its initial condition to its mature state. A neural nucleus is an anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell projection are generated and organized.
The process in which the limits of an anatomical structure are generated. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stem cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to its specific fate.
A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cell over time from an initial condition to a later condition.
Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the multicellular organism.
multicellular organismal-level homeostasis
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sensory system over time from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the peripheral nervous system.
peripheral nervous system neuron differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the peripheral nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron.
peripheral nervous system neuron development
Any process in which a chromosome is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of chromosome localization
establishment and maintenance of chromosome position
The regulated release of catecholamines by a cell. The catecholamines are a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of catecholamines.
The directed movement of nucleic acids, single or double-stranded polynucleotides involved in the storage, transmission and transfer of genetic information, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of RNA, ribonucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation.
up regulation of lymphocyte proliferation
up-regulation of lymphocyte proliferation
upregulation of lymphocyte proliferation
positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation.
down regulation of lymphocyte proliferation
down-regulation of lymphocyte proliferation
downregulation of lymphocyte proliferation
negative regulation of lymphocyte proliferation
The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Epithelial cells make up the epithelium, the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.
regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.
up regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
up-regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
upregulation of epithelial cell proliferation
positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.
down regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
down-regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
downregulation of epithelial cell proliferation
negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.
negative regulation of protein secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.
positive regulation of protein secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.
down regulation of inflammatory response
down-regulation of inflammatory response
negative regulation of inflammatory response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.
positive regulation of inflammatory response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the process in which phagocytes engulf external particulate material.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells in the nervous system.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.
Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
regulation of cellular physiological process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.
Any process that modulates the physical form or the activity of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).
regulation of synapse structure or activity
Any process that modulates the frequency or amplitude of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. Amplitude, in this case, refers to the change in postsynaptic membrane potential due to a single instance of synaptic transmission.
regulation of chemical synaptic transmission
modulation of chemical synaptic transmission
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.
down regulation of synaptic transmission
down-regulation of synaptic transmission
negative regulation of synaptic transmission
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.
positive regulation of synaptic transmission
Any process that modulates the physical form of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
regulation of steroid biosynthetic process
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation, the change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.
negative regulation of T lymphocyte activation
negative regulation of T-cell activation
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte activation
negative regulation of T cell activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte activation
positive regulation of T-cell activation
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte activation
positive regulation of T cell activation
A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system.
Any process that modulates the levels of body fluids.
Any physiological process involved in changing the position of a multicellular organism or an anatomical part of a multicellular organism.
The movement of an organism or part of an organism using mechanoreceptors, the nervous system, striated muscle and/or the skeletal system.
The process that involves the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.
The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism.
The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
Any process pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism.
The series of events involved in sensory perception in which a sensory stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
sensory perception, sensory transduction of stimulus
detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception
The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception.
sensory detection of chemical stimulus during sensory perception
sensory perception, sensory detection of chemical stimulus
sensory perception, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus
sensory transduction of chemical stimulus
sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during sensory perception
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception
The series of events involved in visual perception in which a light stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
sensory detection of light during visual perception
sensory detection of light stimulus during visual perception
sensory transduction of light during visual perception
sensory transduction of light stimulus during visual perception
visual perception, detection of light stimulus
visual perception, sensory transduction during perception of light
visual perception, sensory transduction of light stimulus
detection of light stimulus involved in visual perception
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a pigmented cell, such as a melanocyte.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pigmented cell differentiation.
regulation of pigment cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pigment cell differentiation.
down regulation of pigment cell differentiation
down-regulation of pigment cell differentiation
downregulation of pigment cell differentiation
negative regulation of pigment cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pigment cell differentiation.
up regulation of pigment cell differentiation
up-regulation of pigment cell differentiation
upregulation of pigment cell differentiation
positive regulation of pigment cell differentiation
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory electrical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
sensory perception of electrical stimulus
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory light stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory mechanical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
sensory perception of mechanical stimulus
The series of events required for an organism to receive an electrical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Many fish possess an electroception sense; for example, the electric eel uses low voltage pulses of electricity for navigation and prey location.
The series of events in which a light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal as part of the sensory perception of light.
sensory detection of light stimulus during sensory perception
sensory perception, sensory detection of light stimulus
sensory perception, sensory transduction of light stimulus
sensory transduction of light stimulus during sensory perception
detection of light stimulus involved in sensory perception
The series of events in which an electrical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception.
sensory detection of electrical stimulus
sensory detection of electrical stimulus during sensory perception
sensory perception, sensory detection of electrical stimulus
sensory perception, sensory transduction of electrical stimulus
sensory transduction of electrical stimulus
sensory transduction of electrical stimulus during sensory perception
detection of electrical stimulus involved in sensory perception
The series of events that contribute to electroception in which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
electroception, detection of electrical stimulus
electroception, sensory detection of electrical stimulus
electroception, sensory transduction of electrical stimulus
detection of electrical stimulus involved in electroception
The series of events that contribute to the perception of pain in which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
perception of pain, detection of electrical stimulus
perception of pain, sensory detection of electrical stimulus
perception of pain, sensory transduction of electrical stimulus
detection of electrical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain
The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
perception of pain, detection of chemical stimulus
perception of pain, sensory detection of chemical stimulus
perception of pain, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus
sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of pain
sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of pain
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain
The series of events required for an organism to receive a touch stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. The perception of touch in animals is mediated by mechanoreceptors in the skin and mucous membranes and is the sense by which contact with objects gives evidence as to certain of their qualities. Different types of touch can be perceived (for example, light, coarse, pressure and tickling) and the stimulus may be external or internal (e.g. the feeling of a full stomach).
The series of events by which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.
down regulation of lipid catabolic process
down-regulation of lipid catabolic process
downregulation of lipid catabolic process
negative regulation of lipid degradation
negative regulation of lipid catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.
positive regulation of lipid degradation
up regulation of lipid catabolic process
up-regulation of lipid catabolic process
positive regulation of lipid catabolic process
The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness.
The directed movement of RNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of nucleic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Nucleic acids are single or double-stranded polynucleotides involved in the storage, transmission and transfer of genetic information.
nucleic acid transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of RNA, ribonucleic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Exportin complex translocates pre-miRNA to cytosol
Enables the transfer of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.
down regulation of DNA metabolic process
down-regulation of DNA metabolic process
negative regulation of DNA metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.
positive regulation of DNA metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.
down regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
down-regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
downregulation of lipid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of lipid biosynthesis
negative regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
The cell cycle process in which the controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes during meiotic cell division occurs.
The controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes during the second division of meiosis.
The controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes, for example during cellular division.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
down regulation of developmental process
down-regulation of developmental process
negative regulation of developmental process
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
positive regulation of developmental process
Enables the transfer of a sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. A sugar is any member of a class of sweet, water-soluble, crystallizable carbohydrates, which are the monosaccharides and smaller oligosaccharides.
sugar transmembrane transporter activity
GLUT7 and GLUT11 transport glucose and fructose
SLC45A3 transports Glc from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC50A1 transports Glc from cytosol to extracellular region
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
regulation of cellular component organisation
regulation of cellular component organization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
negative regulation of cellular component organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
positive regulation of cell organisation
positive regulation of cellular component organization
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell; smooth muscle lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers and are almost always involuntary.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a striated muscle cell; striated muscle fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and voluntary muscle are types of striated muscle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of muscle cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.
down regulation of muscle cell differentiation
down-regulation of muscle cell differentiation
downregulation of muscle cell differentiation
negative regulation of muscle cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.
up regulation of muscle cell differentiation
up-regulation of muscle cell differentiation
upregulation of muscle cell differentiation
positive regulation of muscle cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.
down regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation
down-regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation
downregulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.
up regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation
up-regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation
upregulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.
down regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation
down-regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation
downregulation of striated muscle cell differentiation
negative regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.
up regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation
up-regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation
upregulation of striated muscle cell differentiation
positive regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation
The directed movement of substances into, out of, or within the nucleus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.
regulation of nitrogen metabolic process
regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.
down regulation of nitrogen metabolic process
down-regulation of nitrogen metabolic process
downregulation of nitrogen metabolic process
negative regulation of nitrogen metabolic process
negative regulation of nitrogen metabolism
negative regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.
positive regulation of nitrogen metabolic process
positive regulation of nitrogen metabolism
up regulation of nitrogen metabolic process
up-regulation of nitrogen metabolic process
upregulation of nitrogen metabolic process
positive regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
regulation of phosphorus metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur or compounds containing sulfur.
down regulation of sulfur metabolic process
down-regulation of sulfur metabolic process
downregulation of sulfur metabolic process
negative regulation of sulfur metabolism
negative regulation of sulphur metabolic process
negative regulation of sulphur metabolism
negative regulation of sulfur metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur or compounds containing sulfur.
positive regulation of sulfur metabolism
positive regulation of sulphur metabolic process
positive regulation of sulphur metabolism
up regulation of sulfur metabolic process
up-regulation of sulfur metabolic process
upregulation of sulfur metabolic process
positive regulation of sulfur metabolic process
Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported, tethered to or otherwise maintained in a specific location. In the case of substances, localization may also be achieved via selective degradation.
establishment and maintenance of localization
establishment and maintenance of position
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of protein transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of protein transport
Any process that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation.
The directed movement of RNA to a specific location.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multicellular organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of a multicellular organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.
regulation of multicellular organismal process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, any of the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.
up regulation of multicellular organismal process
up-regulation of multicellular organismal process
upregulation of multicellular organismal process
positive regulation of multicellular organismal process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.
down regulation of multicellular organismal process
down-regulation of multicellular organismal process
downregulation of multicellular organismal process
negative regulation of multicellular organismal process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.
positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
positive regulation of cellular protein metabolism
positive regulation of protein metabolism
up regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
up regulation of protein metabolic process
up-regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
up-regulation of protein metabolic process
upregulation of cellular protein metabolic process
upregulation of protein metabolic process
positive regulation of protein metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.
down regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
down regulation of protein metabolic process
down-regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
down-regulation of protein metabolic process
downregulation of cellular protein metabolic process
downregulation of protein metabolic process
negative regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
negative regulation of cellular protein metabolism
negative regulation of protein metabolism
negative regulation of protein metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.
down regulation of lymphocyte activation
down-regulation of lymphocyte activation
negative regulation of lymphocyte activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.
positive regulation of lymphocyte activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.
down regulation of RNA metabolic process
down-regulation of RNA metabolic process
negative regulation of RNA metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.
positive regulation of RNA metabolic process
The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.
The process in which protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers, are broken down. Depolymerization occurs by the successive removal of monomers from an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome.
The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells.
The directed movement of a chromosome to a specific location.
establishment of chromosome localisation
establishment of chromosome localization
Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.
positive regulation of hydrolase activity
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.
negative regulation of hydrolase activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.
positive regulation of transferase activity
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.
negative regulation of transferase activity
Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.
neuron programmed cell death by apoptosis
neuronal cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
programmed cell death of neuronal cells by apoptosis
programmed cell death of neurons by apoptosis
Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of nitrogenous compounds which are dangerous or toxic. This includes the aerobic conversion of toxic compounds to harmless substances.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.
modulation of meiotic cell cycle progression
regulation of meiotic cell cycle progression
regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle progression
positive regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
up regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
up-regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
upregulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.
down regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
down-regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
downregulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle progression
negative regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle
The multiplication or reproduction of myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a myoblast cell population. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
The orderly movement of a myoblast from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. A myoblast is a cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle with the lipid bilayer membrane around the vacuole.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
down regulation of cytoskeleton organization
down-regulation of cytoskeleton organization
downregulation of cytoskeleton organization
negative regulation of cytoskeleton organisation
negative regulation of cytoskeleton organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
positive regulation of cytoskeleton organisation
up regulation of cytoskeleton organization
up-regulation of cytoskeleton organization
upregulation of cytoskeleton organization
positive regulation of cytoskeleton organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of neurotransmitter transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
down regulation of neurotransmitter transport
down-regulation of neurotransmitter transport
downregulation of neurotransmitter transport
negative regulation of neurotransmitter transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
up regulation of neurotransmitter transport
up-regulation of neurotransmitter transport
upregulation of neurotransmitter transport
positive regulation of neurotransmitter transport
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus.
The series of events in which a stimulus is received by a cell or organism and converted into a molecular signal.
The directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell.
down regulation of norepinephrine uptake
down-regulation of norepinephrine uptake
negative regulation of levarterenol uptake
negative regulation of noradrenaline uptake
negative regulation of norepinephrine import
negative regulation of norepinephrine uptake
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell.
positive regulation of levarterenol uptake
positive regulation of noradrenaline uptake
positive regulation of norepinephrine import
positive regulation of norepinephrine uptake
The directed movement of acetylcholine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of acetylcholine into a cell.
negative regulation of acetylcholine import
negative regulation of acetylcholine uptake
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of acetylcholine into a cell.
positive regulation of acetylcholine import
positive regulation of acetylcholine uptake
Any process in which an organelle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of organelle localization
A cellular localization process whereby a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a cell including the localization of substances or cellular entities to the cell membrane.
establishment and maintenance of cellular localization
establishment and maintenance of localization in cell or cell membrane
Any process in which the Golgi is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
establishment and maintenance of Golgi localization
Any process in which the nucleus is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
establishment and maintenance of nucleus localization
Any process in which a vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of vesicle localization
Any process, occuring in a cell, that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation.
The directed movement of a vesicle to a specific location.
The directed movement of an organelle to a specific location.
Any process in which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a membrane.
establishment and maintenance of localization in membrane
establishment and maintenance of position in membrane
Any process in which a cell is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of cell localization
establishment and maintenance of localization of cell
The directed movement of the Golgi to a specific location.
establishment of Golgi apparatus localization
establishment of Golgi body localization
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from another living organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus by a cell and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
regulation of progression through cell cycle
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.
Any process in which a pigment granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
regulation of cardioblast differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
up regulation of cardioblast differentiation
up-regulation of cardioblast differentiation
upregulation of cardioblast differentiation
positive regulation of cardioblast differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
down regulation of cardioblast differentiation
down-regulation of cardioblast differentiation
downregulation of cardioblast differentiation
negative regulation of cardioblast differentiation
The directed movement of pigment granules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of a pigment granule to a specific location.
establishment of pigment granule localisation
establishment of pigment granule localization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.
regulation of sensory perception of pain
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception, the series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.
The directed movement of catecholamines, a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of amino acid transmembrane transport
negative regulation of amino acid transport
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of amino acid transmembrane transport
positive regulation of amino acid transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.
regulation of nervous system development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.
down regulation of nervous system development
down-regulation of nervous system development
downregulation of nervous system development
negative regulation of nervous system development
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.
up regulation of nervous system development
up-regulation of nervous system development
upregulation of nervous system development
positive regulation of nervous system development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.
negative regulation of synapse biogenesis
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.
positive regulation of synapse biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.
regulation of conduction of nerve impulse
regulation of transmission of nerve impulse
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.
down regulation of transmission of nerve impulse
down-regulation of transmission of nerve impulse
downregulation of transmission of nerve impulse
negative regulation of conduction of nerve impulse
negative regulation of transmission of nerve impulse
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.
positive regulation of conduction of nerve impulse
up regulation of transmission of nerve impulse
up-regulation of transmission of nerve impulse
upregulation of transmission of nerve impulse
positive regulation of transmission of nerve impulse
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
positive regulation of chromosome segregation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
down regulation of chromosome segregation
down-regulation of chromosome segregation
downregulation of chromosome segregation
negative regulation of chromosome segregation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle cell development does not include the steps involved in committing an unspecified cell to the muscle cell fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle cells contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac cell is a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual.
The process in which a cardiac muscle precursor cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.
The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac muscle tissue are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structure of cardiac atrium muscle is generated and organized.
atrial cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac ventricle muscle is generated and organized.
ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.
The increase in size or mass of a cardiac muscle, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
regulation of cardiac muscle fibre development
regulation of heart muscle fiber development
regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
down regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development
down-regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development
downregulation of cardiac muscle fiber development
negative regulation of cardiac muscle fibre development
negative regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle fibre development
positive regulation of heart muscle fiber development
up regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development
up-regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development
upregulation of cardiac muscle fiber development
positive regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
down regulation of cardiac muscle growth
down-regulation of cardiac muscle growth
negative regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
positive regulation of heart muscle growth
positive regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
positive regulation of heart muscle development
up regulation of cardiac muscle development
up-regulation of cardiac muscle development
upregulation of cardiac muscle development
positive regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
down regulation of cardiac muscle development
down-regulation of cardiac muscle development
downregulation of cardiac muscle development
negative regulation of heart muscle development
negative regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development
The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into daughter cells. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.
The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into two daughter cells with different developmental potentials.
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolism
nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process
The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to a secretory granule. The secretory granule is a membrane-bounded particle, usually protein, formed in the granular endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex.
The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to a transport vesicle. Continuously secreted proteins are sorted into transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents by exocytosis.
The migration of individual cells into the embryo involved in deuterostomic gastrulation.
ingression involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.
regulation of cardiac muscle contraction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.
negative regulation of cardiac muscle contraction
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive system is the entire structure in which digestion takes place. Digestion is all of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Sertoli cell. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Sertoli cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a Sertoli cell fate.
The multiplication or reproduction of Sertoli cells, resulting in the expansion of the Sertoli cell population. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the roof of the mouth from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The roof of the mouth is the partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pharyngeal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pharyngeal system is a transient embryonic complex that is specific to vertebrates. It comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming: the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear.
The expansion of a cardiac muscle cell population by cell division.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pericardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the aorta, vena cava and the pulmonary artery.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized.
retina morphogenesis in camera-style eye
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.
regulation of heart muscle cell proliferation
regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.
negative regulation of heart muscle cell proliferation
negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation
The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.
Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue.
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the uterus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oviduct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism.
The regulation of body fluids process in which parasympathetic nerves stimulate the bladder wall muscle to contract and expel urine from the body.
The process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in the urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue involved in the expulsion urine from the body.
smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
The process of communication from a neuron to a smooth muscle in the bladder that contributes to the expulsion of urine from the body.
synaptic transmission involved in micturition
The regulated release of serotonin by a cell, in which released serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter.
A reproductive process occurring in the mother that allows an embryo or fetus to develop within it.
maternal process involved in female pregnancy
A reproductive process occurring in the embryo or fetus that allows the embryo or fetus to develop within the mother.
embryonic process involved in female pregnancy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
positive regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urinary bladder over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The urinary bladder is an elastic, muscular sac situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cilium.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. Examples include legs, arms or some types of fin.
Formation of the endocardium of the heart. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hematopoietic stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
haematopoietic stem cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell in a camera-type eye.
camera-type eye photoreceptor cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal rod cell.
A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell.
epithelial cell differentiation from mesenchymal cell
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.
positive regulation of glial cell proliferation
Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.
negative regulation of glial cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
regulation of macromolecule metabolic process
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
positive regulation of oocyte development
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
negative regulation of oocyte development
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
Cell motility due to the motion of one or more eukaryotic cilia. A eukaryotic cilium is a specialized organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
microtubule-based flagellar cell motility
Movement of cilia mediated by motor proteins that contributes to the movement of a cell.
cilium movement involved in cell motility
Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of cilium movement involved in ciliary motility.
regulation of cilium movement involved in cell motility
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
positive regulation of sarcomere organisation
positive regulation of sarcomere organization
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
negative regulation of sarcomere organisation
negative regulation of sarcomere organization
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a head from an initial condition to its mature state. The head is the anterior-most division of the body.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the head are generated and organized. The head is the anterior-most division of the body.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the face are generated and organized. The face is the ventral division of the head.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in a specific location within or in the membrane of a cell.
The process of creating a trabecula in an organ. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue.
The process of creating a trabecula in the liver. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
The process of creating a trabecula in the spleen. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
The process of creating a trabecula in the heart. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of bone over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Bone is the hard skeletal connective tissue consisting of both mineral and cellular components.
The process in which bones are generated and organized.
The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones.
cartilage development involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ammonium stimulus.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac myoblast. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life.
myocardial precursor cell differentiation
cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation
The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of an axonemal microtubule. An axonemal microtubule is a microtubule in the axoneme of a cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.
regulation of acetylcholine metabolic process
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.
positive regulation of acetylcholine metabolic process
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.
negative regulation of acetylcholine metabolic process
The process in which the anatomical structure of a cardiac septum is generated and organized. A cardiac septum is a partition that separates parts of the heart.
The developmental process in which a ventricular septum is generated and organized. A ventricular septum is an anatomical structure that separates the lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart from one another.
The developmental process in which atrial septum is generated and organized. The atrial septum separates the upper chambers (the atria) of the heart from one another.
The process in which the structure of the smooth muscle tissue surrounding the aorta is generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
aorta smooth muscle tissue morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle tissue are generated and organized. Muscle tissue consists of a set of cells that are part of an organ and carry out a contractive function.
The increase in size or mass of the heart.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the lung are generated and organized.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lung vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of lung connective tissue from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung connective tissue and ends with the mature structure. The lung connective tissue is a material made up of fibers forming a framework and support structure for the lungs.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung epithelium from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung epithelium and ends with the mature structure. The lung epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the inside of the lung.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.
The morphogenetic process in which the foregut region specified to become the lung forms the initial left and right buds.
The increase in size or mass of a lung. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trachea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.
The process in which a trachea is generated and organized. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.
The process pertaining to the initial formation of a trachea from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the trachea is recognizable. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.
The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.
epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine.
positive regulation of hindgut contraction
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine.
negative regulation of hindgut contraction
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction
Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.
Any process that increases the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.
positive regulation of gastric acid secretion
Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.
negative regulation of gastric acid secretion
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
positive regulation of digestive system process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
negative regulation of digestive system process
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a right lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the right lung and ends with the mature structure. The right lung is the lung which is on the right side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a left lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the left lung and ends with the mature structure. The left lung is the lung which is on the left side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect.
The process in which anatomical structures of the left lung are generated and organized.
The process in which anatomical structures of the right lung are generated and organized.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung lobe from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of a lung lobe by branching morphogenesis and ends with the mature structure. A lung lobe is one of the rounded projections that compose the lung.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a lung lobe are generated and organized. A lung lobe is a projection that extends from the lung.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a lung lobe from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the lobe and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. A lung lobe is a projection that extends from the lung.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pharynx from an initial condition to its mature state. The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).
The negative regulation of fertilization process that takes place as part of egg activation, ensuring that only a single sperm fertilizes the egg.
negative regulation of fertilization involved in egg activation
The process in which the controlled movement of a flagellated sperm cell is initiated as part of the process required for flagellated sperm to reach fertilization competence.
positive regulation of flagellated sperm motility involved in capacitation
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a mature cell found in the lung. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesenchymal tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell that contributes to the epithelium of the lung.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell projection assembly.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the lung, from its initial state to the mature structure.
cell-cell signalling involved in lung development
cell-cell signaling involved in lung development
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell and contributes to the development of the lung.
mesenchymal-epithelial cell signalling involved in lung development
mesenchymal-epithelial cell signaling involved in lung development
Any process that mediates the transfer of information between a mesenchymal cell and an endodermal cell.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of epithelial cell proliferation that results in the lung attaining its shape.
positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis
The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the lung.
epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage are generated and organized.
The progression of muscle tissue over time, from its initial formation to its mature state. Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers.
The progression of a skeletal muscle organ over time from its initial formation to its mature state. A skeletal muscle organ includes the skeletal muscle tissue and its associated connective tissue.
The progression of the diaphragm over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the diaphragm are generated and organized.
The progression of the respiratory system over time from its formation to its mature structure. The respiratory system carries out respiratory gaseous exchange.
The increase in size or mass of an anatomical structure that contributes to the structure attaining its shape.
developmental growth involved in morphogenesis
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an anatomical structure.
apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an epithelium. Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.
The process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.
The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis.
The morphogenetic process in which a bud forms from an epithelial sheet. A bud is a protrusion that forms form the sheet by localized folding.
The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine mature as they migrate from the intestinal crypt to the villus.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine.
intestinal epithelial cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the pulmonary venous blood vessels are generated and organized. Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart.
The process in which the anatomical structure of superior vena cava generated and organized. The superior vena cava is a blood vessel that transports blood from the upper body to the heart.
The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells within a field of cells that will exhibit a certain pattern of differentiation. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a developmental field resulting in specification of a cell type. Those signals are then interpreted in a cell-autonomous manner resulting in the determination of the cell type.
cell fate commitment involved in pattern specification
The process in which a mesenchymal cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondroblast. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a chondroblast fate. A chondroblast is a precursor cell to chondrocytes.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of adipose tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Adipose tissue is specialized tissue that is used to store fat.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of chromosome condensation, the progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell.
regulation of vesicle-mediated transport
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of microtubule-based movement, the movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins.
regulation of microtubule-based movement
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell where it is received and interpreted.
The process in which the embryonic placenta is generated and organized.
The process in which the branches of the fetal placental villi are generated and organized. The villous part of the placenta is called the labyrinth layer.
branching involved in labyrinthine layer morphogenesis
The process in which a trophoblast cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell of the placental labyrinthine layer.
epithelial cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another.
cell-cell signalling involved in placenta development
cell-cell signaling involved in placenta development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the ureteric bud is generated and organized.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct. This process begins when the bud protrudes from the duct and ends when it is a recognizable bud.
Any process that results in the transfer of information from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell where it is interpreted.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized.
regulation of morphogenesis of a branching structure
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of the embryonic placenta.
cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development
The process in which the labyrinthine layer of the placenta progresses, from its formation to its mature state.
The process in which the labyrinthine layer of the placenta is generated and organized.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply.
labyrinthine layer blood vessel development
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chorion from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The chorion is an extraembryonic membrane.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells of the ectoplacental cone acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize chorionic trophoblasts. These cells will migrate towards the spongiotrophoblast layer and give rise to syncytiotrophoblasts of the labyrinthine layer.
chorionic trophoblast cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the chorionic trophoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the embryonic placenta.
cell proliferation involved in embryonic placenta development
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell proliferation involved in embryonic placenta development.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in embryonic placenta development
The developmental process in which an ectodermal placode forms. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm.
The commitment of cells to specific cell fates of the endoderm, ectoderm, or mesoderm as a part of gastrulation.
cell fate commitment involved in formation of primary germ layer
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the progression of the placenta over time, from its initial condition to its mature state.
regulation of cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the progression of the placenta over time, from its initial condition to its mature state.
negative regulation of cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation of mRNAs that contribute to the specification of the anterior/posterior axis.
regulation of translation involved in anterior/posterior axis specification
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a blood vessel endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of blood vessels.
blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation
The progression of the artery over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to a capillary bed.
The progression of the venous blood vessel over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. Venous blood vessels carry blood back to the heart after the capillary bed.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of an arterial endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of arteries.
arterial endothelial cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of a venous endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of veins.
The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the neural plate to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes of the neural plate in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a camera-type eye from unspecified neurectoderm. This process begins with the differentiation of cells that form the optic field and ends when the optic cup has attained its shape.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the heart field and the arrival of cardiac neural crest to the heart region. The process ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell of the lung. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types.
mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in lung development
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population that contributes to the progression of the lung over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a pacemaker cell. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an atrioventricular (AV) node cell. AV node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the atrioventricular node.
atrioventricular node cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pacemaker cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an atrioventricular (AV) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell of the His-Purkinje system. These cells form the fibers regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles.
His-Purkinje system cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a His-Purkinje cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. These cells form the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac fibroblast. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell in the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac fibroblast over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell of the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron of the heart.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a blood vessel endothelial cell of the heart. Blood vessel endothelial cells are thin flattened cells that line the inside surfaces of blood vessels.
cardiac blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell of the heart.
The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac glial cell over time, from its formation to the fully functional mature cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an endocardial cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart. The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
The progression of an endocardial cell over time, from its formation to the mature cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac neuron over time, from its formation to the mature state.
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the heart over time, from its initial formation, to the mature organ.
cell migration involved in heart development
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that contribute to the formation of the heart. The initial heart structure is made up of mesoderm-derived heart progenitor cells and neural crest-derived cells.
cell migration involved in heart formation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessels of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels of the heart are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.
Blood vessel formation in the heart when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.
angiogenesis involved in cardiac vascular morphogenesis
angiogenesis involved in heart vascular morphogenesis
angiogenesis involved in coronary vascular morphogenesis
The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells that contributes to blood vessel development in the heart, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.
vasculogenesis involved in coronary blood vessel morphogenesis
vasculogenesis involved in coronary vascular morphogenesis
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the differentiation of an endothelial cell that will form the blood vessels of the heart.
cell migration involved in coronary vasculogenesis
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of new blood vessels in the heart from pre-existing blood vessels.
cell migration involved in coronary angiogenesis
The regulated release of a hormone into the circulatory system.
Morphogenesis of a kidney. A kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ.
cell-cell signalling involved in kidney development
cell-cell signaling involved in kidney development
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the kidney to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
pattern specification involved in kidney development
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
cell differentiation involved in kidney development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation that contributes to the shaping of the kidney.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney morphogenesis
An system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the hepaticobiliary system. The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins.
The progression of the hepaticobiliary system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins.
The progression of the common bile duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The common bile duct is formed from the joining of the common hepatic duct running from the liver, and the cystic duct running from the gallbladder. The common bile duct transports bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine.
The progression of the gallbladder over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The gallbladder is a cavitated organ that stores bile.
The progression of the hepatic duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hepatic duct is the duct that leads from the liver to the common bile duct.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hepatoblast. A hepatoblast is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes.
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane.
The process whose specific outcome is the development of the umbilical cord, from its formation to the mature structure. The umbilical cord is an organ or embryonic origin consisting of the 2 umbilical arteries and the one umbilical vein. The umbilical cord connects the cardiovascular system of the fetus to the mother via the placenta.
The progression of the visceral serous pericardium from its formation to the mature structure. The visceral serous pericardium is the inner layer of the pericardium.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
positive regulation of cartilage development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
negative regulation of cartilage development
The process in which anatomical structures of the uterus are generated and organized.
The process in which a female gonad is generated and organized.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.
regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.
positive regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.
negative regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis
The growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.
cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.
regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.
positive regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.
negative regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development
The progression of a somite from its initial formation to the mature structure. Somites are mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.
The progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.
The progression of the myotome over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The myotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to muscle.
The progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra.
The progression of a muscle structure over time, from its formation to its mature state. Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of nematode larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew.
regulation of nematode larval development
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of nematode larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew.
positive regulation of nematode larval development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of nematode larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew.
negative regulation of nematode larval development
The progression of the urethra over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body.
The progression of the male urethra over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The male urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder through the penis to outside the body.
The progression of the female urethra over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The female urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body, exiting above the vaginal opening.
The progression of the urethra epithelium over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. The epithelium is the tubular, planar layer of cells through which the urine passes.
The process in which the iris is generated and organized. The iris is an anatomical structure in the eye whose opening forms the pupil. The iris is responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and the amount of light reaching the retina.
The process in which the ciliary body generated and organized. The ciliary body is the circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.
positive regulation of neural retina development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.
negative regulation of neural retina development
The progression of the right horn of the sinus venosus from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroendocrine cell of the lung epithelium.
lung neuroendocrine cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a neuroendocrine cell. A neuroendocrine cell is a cell that receives input form a neuron which controls the secretion of an endocrine substance.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroendocrine cell of the stomach epithelium.
stomach neuroendocrine cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the differentiation of a neuroendocrine cell in the stomach.
regulation of stomach neuroendocrine cell differentiation
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the differentiation of a neuroendocrine cell in the stomach.
negative regulation of stomach neuroendocrine cell differentiation
The progression of the seminal vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The seminal vesicle is a gland that contributes to the production of semen.
The progression of the seminal vesicle epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a dense core granule. A dense core granule is a secretory organelle found in endocrine cells.
Any process that results in the transfer of information from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell and contributes to the progression of the lung over time from its initial formation to the mature organ.
epithelial-mesenchymal cell signalling involved in lung development
epithelial-mesenchymal cell signaling involved in lung development
Morphogenesis of the pancreas. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized.
The process in which the branches of the pancreas are generated and organized.
branching involved in pancreas morphogenesis
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.
The morphogenetic process in which the foregut region specified to become the pancreas forms a bud.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a branched epithelium are generated and organized.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung secretory cell. A lung secretory cell is a specialized epithelial cell of the lung that contains large secretory granules in its apical part.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung ciliated cell. A lung ciliated cell is a specialized lung epithelial cell that contains cilia for moving substances released from lung secretory cells.
The progression of the endocardial endothelium over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix of the endocardium. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
extracellular matrix organisation involved in endocardium development
extracellular matrix organization involved in endocardium development
The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an endothelium. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from the pulmonary artery endothelium. An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery.
pulmonary artery endothelial tube morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the pulmonary artery are generated and organized. The pulmonary artery is the artery that carries blood from the heart to the lungs.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.
negative regulation of chondrocyte development
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.
positive regulation of dermatome development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.
negative regulation of dermatome development
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra.
positive regulation of sclerotome development
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paramesonephric duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Mullerian ducts (or paramesonephric ducts) are paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephros are generated and organized.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the mesonephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
cell differentiation involved in mesonephros development
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the mesonephros.
cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature organ.
cell-cell signalling involved in mesonephros development
cell-cell signaling involved in mesonephros development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mesonephros development. Mesonephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephros is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
positive regulation of mesonephros development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
mesonephric smooth muscle tissue development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephron in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mesonephros development. Mesonephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mesonephros development. Mesonephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephros is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
negative regulation of mesonephros development
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of mesonephric mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Mesonephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Mesonephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros.
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the mesonephros to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
pattern specification involved in mesonephros development
The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric nephron are generated and organized. A mesonephric nephron is the functional unit of the mesonephros.
The process in which an organism retains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that contributes to the shaping of a nephron in the mesonephros. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.
mesenchymal stem cell maintenance involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephric nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The mesonephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the mesonephros.
mesonephric nephron epithelium development
The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric renal vesicle are generated and organized. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the mesonephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.
A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the mesonephros.
mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the mesonephros.
A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the mesonephric renal vesicle.
mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephric renal vesicle formation
The progression of the mesonephric capsule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric capsule are generated and organized. The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a mesonephric capsule from unspecified parts. The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage.
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the mesonephros.
regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis
regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis
Any process that reduces the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the mesonephros.
negative regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis
Any process that increases the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the mesonephros.
positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
retina vasculature development in camera-type eye
The process in which the vasculature of the retina is generated and organized.
retina vasculature morphogenesis in camera-type eye
The progression of the cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cornea is the transparent structure that covers the anterior of the eye.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac neural crest cell that will migrate to the heart and contribute to its development. Cardiac neural crest cells are specialized cells that migrate toward the heart from the third, fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches.
cardiac neural crest cell differentiation involved in heart development
The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell that contributes to the development of the heart.
cardiac neural crest cell development involved in heart development
The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract.
cardiac neural crest cell development involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract.
cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
The progression of the renal tubule over time from its formation to the mature form. A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis.
The process in which the renal tubule is generated by specification of cell fate, through the maintenance of cell polarity, regulated cell proliferation and morphogenetic cell rearrangements, shape changes and growth. A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis.
Transfer of an organized electrical impulse across the heart to coordinate the contraction of cardiac muscles. The process begins with generation of an action potential (in the sinoatrial node (SA) in humans) and ends with a change in the rate, frequency, or extent of the contraction of the heart muscles.
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
cell adhesion involved in heart morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the extent of cell adhesion contributing to the shaping of the heart.
regulation of cell adhesion involved in heart morphogenesis
The multiplication or reproduction of neural precursor cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A neural precursor cell is either a nervous system stem cell or a nervous system progenitor cell.
The process of shaping a trabecula in an organ. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue.
The process of shaping a trabecula in the heart. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue.
The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblasts, resulting in the expansion of a fibroblast population that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
fibroblast proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of vasculature of the renal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the renal system vasculature is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.
The process in which the kidney vasculature is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structure of a renal artery is generated and organized. Renal arteries supply the kidneys with blood.
The progression of a connective tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Trophoblast cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. Trophoblast cells line the outside of the blastocyst.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an interstitial cell of Cajal. An interstitial cell of Cajal is an intestinal neuroepithelial cell that serves as a pacemaker to trigger gut contraction.
interstitial cell of Cajal differentiation
The progression of the reproductive system over time from its formation to the mature structure. The reproductive system consists of the organs that function in reproduction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation.
regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hematopoietic stem cells within a population of cells.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cilium.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a myeloid cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cilium.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindgut is part of the alimentary canal that lies posterior to the midgut.
The regulated release of acetylcholine by a cell.
The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell, in which the norepinephrine acts as a neurotransmitter.
noradrenaline secretion, neurotransmission
norepinephrine secretion, neurotransmission
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sympathetic ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trigeminal ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of ganglion are generated and organized.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for ganglion to attain its fully functional state.
The process that gives rise to ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
The process in which the anatomical structure of a trigeminal ganglion is generated and organized.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a trigeminal ganglion to attain its fully functional state.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cranial ganglion to attain its fully functional state.
The process in which the anatomical structure of a cranial ganglion is generated and organized.
The process that gives rise to a cranial ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
The process that gives rise to the trigeminal ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an actin filament bundle.
The orderly movement of a colonic epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
The orderly movement of a corneal epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
The orderly movement of an intestinal epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a pharyngeal arch artery is generated and organized. The pharyngeal arch arteries are a series of six paired embryological vascular structures, the development of which give rise to several major arteries, such as the stapedial artery, the middle meningeal artery, the internal carotid artery and the pulmonary artery.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a seminal vesicle are generated and organized.
The process in which the branching structure of the seminal vesicle is generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem.
branching involved in seminal vesicle morphogenesis
Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of inorganic compounds. These include transport of such compounds away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of inorganic compounds.
A transferase complex capable of catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase complex, transferring phosphorus-containing groups
Steps required to transform an immature secretory vesicle into a mature secretory vesicle. Typically proceeds through homotypic membrane fusion and membrane remodeling.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast migration.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast migration.
positive regulation of neuroblast migration
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast migration.
negative regulation of neuroblast migration
A change in morphology and behavior of a glial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
A process in which a protein is transported to or maintained in a location within the somatodendritic compartment.
protein localization to somatodendritic compartment
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a plasma membrane.
establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane
The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of another structural tissue into bone.
The process in which bone which forms superficially in the organism are generated and organized.
The process in which bone which forms deep in the organism are generated and organized.
A process that coontributes to the second meiotic division. The second meiotic division separates chromatids resulting in a haploid number of chromosomes.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.
regulation of small molecule metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.
positive regulation of small molecule metabolism
positive regulation of small molecule metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.
negative regulation of small molecule metabolism
negative regulation of small molecule metabolic process
An extracellular matrix consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that provides not only essential physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents but can also initiate crucial biochemical and biomechanical cues required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis. The components are secreted by cells in the vicinity and form a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells.
collagen-containing extracellular matrix
Any process that starts or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.
positive regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stomach over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The stomach is an expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ.
The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain
Any process that regulates the rate, frequency or extent of somatic muscle development.
regulation of somatic muscle development
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of somatic muscle development.
positive regulation of somatic muscle development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of somatic muscle development.
negative regulation of somatic muscle development
Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the postsynapse, the part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
intracellular membrane translocation of a protein
intracellular protein membrane transport
intracellular protein transport across a membrane
intracellular protein transmembrane transport
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and DNA molecules to form a protein-DNA complex.
Any process that modulates a measurable attribute of any biological process, quality or function.
Any process that modulates a qualitative or quantitative trait of a biological quality. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring outside the cell.
extracellular membrane-enclosed organelle
extracellular membrane-bounded organelle
An organelle lumen that is part of an intracellular organelle.
The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a neuron in a stable, differentiated functional and structural state.
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.
The regulated release of glucagon from secretory granules in the A (alpha) cells of the pancreas (islets of Langerhans).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.
negative regulation of glucagon secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.
positive regulation of glucagon secretion
A cell junction that mechanically attaches a cell (and its cytoskeleton) to neighboring cells or to the extracellular matrix.
A process of chromosome organization that is involved in a meiotic cell cycle.
chromosome organisation involved in meiosis
chromosome organization involved in meiotic cell cycle
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome.
establishment of protein localisation to chromosome
establishment of protein localization to chromosome
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location.
regulation of establishment of protein localisation
regulation of establishment of protein localization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome.
regulation of establishment of protein localisation to chromosome
regulation of establishment of protein localization to chromosome
Any apoptotic process in a lymphocyte, a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process.
regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process.
negative regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process.
positive regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process
Any apoptotic process in a T cell, a type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.
programmed cell death of T cells by apoptosis
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of T cell death by apoptotic process.
regulation of programmed cell death of T cells by apoptosis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell death by apoptotic process.
negative regulation of T lymphocyte apoptosis
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte apoptosis
negative regulation of programmed cell death of T cells by apoptosis
negative regulation of T cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell death by apoptotic process.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte apoptosis
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte apoptosis
positive regulation of programmed cell death of T cells by apoptosis
positive regulation of T cell apoptotic process
The regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas.
The regulated release of mucus by the mucosa. Mucus is a viscous slimy secretion consisting of mucins and various inorganic salts dissolved in water, with suspended epithelial cells and leukocytes. The mucosa, or mucous membrane, is the membrane covered with epithelium that lines the tubular organs of the body. Mucins are carbohydrate-rich glycoproteins that have a lubricating and protective function.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pigment cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a pigment cell fate.
The multiplication or reproduction of fat cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A fat cell is an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.
regulation of adipose cell proliferation
Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.
down regulation of fat cell proliferation
down-regulation of fat cell proliferation
downregulation of fat cell proliferation
negative regulation of adipocyte proliferation
negative regulation of adipose cell proliferation
negative regulation of fat cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.
positive regulation of adipocyte proliferation
positive regulation of adipose cell proliferation
positive regulation of fat cell proliferation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a hepatocyte. A hepatocyte is specialized epithelial cell that is organized into interconnected plates called lobules, and is the main structural component of the liver.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte differentiation.
regulation of liver cell differentiation
regulation of hepatocyte differentiation
Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of hepatocyte differentiation.
down regulation of hepatocyte differentiation
down-regulation of hepatocyte differentiation
downregulation of hepatocyte differentiation
negative regulation of liver cell differentiation
negative regulation of hepatocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of hepatocyte differentiation.
positive regulation of liver cell differentiation
up regulation of hepatocyte differentiation
up-regulation of hepatocyte differentiation
upregulation of hepatocyte differentiation
positive regulation of hepatocyte differentiation
A transport vesicle that mediates transport from an intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane, and fuses with the plasma membrane to release various cargo molecules, such as proteins or hormones, by exocytosis.
exocytic constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of oxygen.
The series of events in which a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organisation
regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organization
The directed movement of a substance from one side of an epithelium to the other.
The directed movement of ammonium ions from one side of an epithelium to the other.
The expansion of a leukocyte population by cell division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.
down regulation of leukocyte proliferation
down-regulation of leukocyte proliferation
downregulation of leukocyte proliferation
negative regulation of leukocyte proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.
up regulation of leukocyte proliferation
up-regulation of leukocyte proliferation
positive regulation of leukocyte proliferation
Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a basement membrane, a part of the extracellular region that consists of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids.
regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids.
down regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process
down-regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process
downregulation of bile acid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of bile acid anabolism
negative regulation of bile acid biosynthesis
negative regulation of bile acid formation
negative regulation of bile acid synthesis
negative regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids.
positive regulation of bile acid anabolism
positive regulation of bile acid biosynthesis
positive regulation of bile acid formation
positive regulation of bile acid synthesis
up regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process
up-regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process
upregulation of bile acid biosynthetic process
positive regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.
regulation of glycogen metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.
negative regulation of glycogen metabolism
negative regulation of glycogen metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.
positive regulation of glycogen metabolism
positive regulation of glycogen metabolic process
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an organelle. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for bone to attain its fully functional state.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.
The directed movement of a protein to a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.
establishment of protein localisation to chromatin
establishment of protein localization to chromatin
The expansion of a hematopoietic stem cell population by cell division. A hematopoietic stem cell is a stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop.
The process of biting and mashing food with the teeth prior to swallowing.
The movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
regulation of mononuclear cell migration
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
down regulation of mononuclear cell migration
down-regulation of mononuclear cell migration
downregulation of mononuclear cell migration
negative regulation of mononuclear cell migration
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
up regulation of mononuclear cell migration
up-regulation of mononuclear cell migration
upregulation of mononuclear cell migration
positive regulation of mononuclear cell migration
Any process in which a protein is transported from one specific location in the extracellular region to another, or maintained in a specific extracellular location.
protein localisation in extracellular region
protein localization in extracellular region
protein localization to extracellular region
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure to attain its fully functional state.
The progression of an ectodermal placode over time from its initial formation until its mature state. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm.
The process in which the anatomical structures of an ectodermal placode are generated and organized. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm.
The directed movement of organic substances into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic substance is a molecular entity that contains carbon.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.
organic molecular entity metabolic process
The directed movement of nitrogen-containing compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the basement membrane.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear outer membrane.
The process in which a protein is transported across a membrane.
Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein-DNA complex.
DNA-protein complex subunit organization
protein-DNA complex subunit organisation
protein-DNA complex subunit organization
Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a ribonucleoprotein complex.
RNA-protein complex subunit organization
protein-RNA complex subunit organization
ribonucleoprotein complex subunit organisation
ribonucleoprotein complex subunit organization
A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.
cellular component organisation or biogenesis
cellular component organisation or biogenesis at cellular level
cellular component organization or biogenesis at cellular level
cellular component organization or biogenesis
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monoamine stimulus. A monoamine is any of a group of molecular messengers that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a catecholamine stimulus. A catecholamine is any of a group of biogenic amines that includes 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a norepinephrine stimulus. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C8H11NO3; it acts as a hormone, and as a neurotransmitter in most of the sympathetic nervous system.
Any apoptotic process in a leukocyte, an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.
The biosynthetic process resulting in the formation of DNA.
The broad region around and including the plasma membrane of a cell, encompassing the cell cortex (inside the cell), the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures.
An supramolecular fiber that consists of an insoluble core of polymerized tropoelastin monomers and a surrounding mantle of microfibrils. Elastic fibers provide elasticity and recoiling to tissues and organs, and maintain structural integrity against mechanical strain.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an extracellular vesicular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Exosomes are defined by their size, which generally ranges from 30 nm to 100 nm.
extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal system maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a kidney rudiment from unspecified parts. A kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephron are generated and organized. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the renal vesicle from condensed mesenchymal cells. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.
A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the renal vesicle.
mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in renal vesicle formation
The process in which an organism retains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that contributes to the shaping of a nephron. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.
mesenchymal stem cell maintenance involved in nephron morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron.
regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis
regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis
Any process that reduces the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron.
negative regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis
Any process that increases the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron.
positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct responds to vasopressin and aldosterone to regulate water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. It is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder.
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate into the anatomical structures of the renal system.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cortical collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cortical collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the interstitial fibroblast of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
kidney interstitial cell differentiation
kidney interstitial fibroblast differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a kidney mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of kidney mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of metanephric mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephrogenic mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of nephrogenic mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Nephrogenic mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the nephron.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the renal vesicle are generated and organized. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a nephron tubule are generated and organized. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.
The progression of a nephron tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephron epithelium are generated and organized. The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron.
The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the metanephros.
The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the kidney along the anterior/posterior axis to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
kidney anterior/posterior pattern specification
anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in kidney development
The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the ureteric bud along the anterior/posterior axis to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in ureteric bud development
A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along the ureter, impelling the contents onwards. The ureter is one of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the urinary bladder.
Any process that modulates the developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of the developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct.
positive regulation of ureteric bud formation
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.
positive regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the kidney.
cell proliferation involved in kidney development
The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephros are generated and organized. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the pronephros. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the pronephros to attain its fully functional state. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal capsule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. During development, it comprises a single layer of flattened cells that lie just above the cortical stroma and the condensed mesenchyme of the nephrogenic zone. It is in this region that the early stages of nephron induction and formation of new generations ureteric bud branches occur, as the kidney expands.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the renal capsule are generated and organized. The renal capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. During development, it comprises a single layer of flattened cells that lie just above the cortical stroma and the condensed mesenchyme of the nephrogenic zone. It is in this region that the early stages of nephron induction and formation of new generations ureteric bud branches occur, as the kidney expands.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a renal capsule from unspecified parts. The renal capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. During development, it comprises a single layer of flattened cells that lie just above the cortical stroma and the condensed mesenchyme of the nephrogenic zone. It is in this region that the early stages of nephron induction and formation of new generations ureteric bud branches occur, as the kidney expands.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a kidney mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a nephrogenic mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Nephrogenic mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the nephron.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population of the ureteric bud, that contributes to ureteric bud development.
mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureteric bud development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a renal interstitial fibroblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
renal interstitial fibroblast development
The orderly movement of epithelial cells within a renal tubule that contributes to nephron tubule morphogenesis.
epithelial cell migration involved in nephron tubule morphogenesis
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in kidney development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.
The progression of a mesonephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros.
The progression of a metanephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric tubule are generated and organized. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a mesonephric tubule from unspecified parts. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric tubule are generated and organized from an epithelium. A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric tubule.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an epithelial tube.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A mesonephric duct is a tube drains the mesonephros.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephric duct are generated and organized. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a nephric duct. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric duct are generated and organized. A mesonephric duct is a tube drains the mesonephros.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a mesonephric duct. A mesonephric duct is a tube that drains the mesonephros.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.
regulation of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.
negative regulation of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureter over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the ureter over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell in the ureter.
ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the ureter are generated and organized. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population of the ureter, that contributes to ureter development.
mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the ureter gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the ureter gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the metanephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
cell differentiation involved in metanephros development
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the metanephros.
cell proliferation involved in metanephros development
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature organ.
cell-cell signalling involved in metanephros development
cell-cell signaling involved in metanephros development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct responds to vasopressin and aldosterone to regulate water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
metanephric smooth muscle tissue development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephron in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric capsule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the metanephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric cortex is the outer region of the metanephros.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of metanephros development. Metanephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of metanephros development. Metanephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephros is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
positive regulation of metanephros development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of metanephros development. Metanephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephros is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
negative regulation of metanephros development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric cortical collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric cortical collecting duct is the portion of the metanephric collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex.
metanephric cortical collecting duct development
The progression of a metanephric nephron tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The metanephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the metanephros.
metanephric nephron epithelium development
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the metanephric nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation
The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric capsule are generated and organized. The metanephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the metanephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric capsule from unspecified parts. The metanephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the metanephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage.
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the metanephros to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
pattern specification involved in metanephros development
The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric nephron are generated and organized. A metanephric nephron is the functional unit of the metanephros.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric nephron tubule are generated and organized. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros.
metanephric nephron tubule morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric renal vesicle are generated and organized. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the metanephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.
A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephric renal vesicle.
mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephric renal vesicle formation
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of a nephron in the metanephros.
The orderly movement of epithelial cells within a renal tubule that contributes to metanephric nephron tubule morphogenesis.
epithelial cell migration involved in metanephric nephron tubule morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the metanephros.
regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis
regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis
Any process that reduces the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the metanephros.
negative regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis
Any process that increases the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the metanephros.
positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.
regulation of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.
negative regulation of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation
The process in which an organism retains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that contributes to the shaping of a nephron in the metanephros. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.
mesenchymal stem cell maintenance involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (-COOH) group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (-COOH) group.
monocarboxylic acid biosynthetic process
The directed movement of compounds that contain sulfur, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the circulatory system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The circulatory system is the organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis.
The progression of the vascular cord over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The vascular cord is the primordial vasculature that will develop into blood vessels by the process of tubulogenesis.
The directed movement of an organelle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination.
microtubule-based organelle localization
The process in which ammonium is transported across a membrane. Ammonium is the cation NH4+.
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the seminiferous tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Seminiferous tubules are ducts located in the testicles, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of gametes, namely spermatozoa.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a fibroblast resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a type B pancreatic cell to attain its fully functional state. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the liver.
epithelial cell proliferation involved in liver morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the liver are generated and organized.
Any apoptotic process in an endothelial cell. An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal.
endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis
programmed cell death, endothelial cells
The chemical reactions and pathways involving diatomic oxygen (O2).
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on or in an organelle. Encompasses establishment of localization in the membrane or lumen of a membrane-bounded organelle.
establishment of protein localisation to organelle
establishment of protein localization to organelle
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in a membrane.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a vacuole.
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a vacuole.
establishment of protein localisation to vacuole
establishment of protein localization to vacuole
The movement of a lymphocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
The movement of a T cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell cortex.
A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within the microtubule cytoskeleton.
protein localisation to microtubule cytoskeleton
protein localization to microtubule cytoskeleton
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism involving those compounds formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to stress. Response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the extracellular matrix.
An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell.
An action potential that occurs in a sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell.
SA node cardiac muscle cell action potential
SAN cardiac muscle cell action potential
sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell action potential
An action potential that occurs in an atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell.
AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential
atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential
An action potential that occurs in a Purkinje myocyte.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an SA node cardiomyocyte to an atrial cardiomyocyte.
SA node cardiac muscle cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell signalling
SA node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte signalling
SAN cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte signalling
sinoatrial node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte signalling
SA node cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell signaling
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the heart process that regulates cardiac muscle contraction; beginning with the generation of an action potential in the sinoatrial node and ending with regulation of contraction of the myocardium.
cell-cell signalling involved in cardiac conduction
cell-cell signaling involved in cardiac conduction
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an AV node cardiac muscle cell to a bundle of His cardiomyocyte.
AV node cell to bundle of His cell signalling
atrioventricular node to bundle of His cell signaling
AV node cell to bundle of His cell signaling
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a Purkinje myocyte to a ventricular cardiac muscle cell.
Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell signalling
Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell signaling
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
cell communication involved in cardiac conduction
The process that mediates interactions between an AV node cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the AV node cell communicating with a bundle of His cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
atrioventricular node cell to bundle of His cell communication
AV node cell to bundle of His cell communication
The process that mediates interactions between a Purkinje myocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the Purkinje myocyte communicating with a ventricular cardiac muscle cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell communication
The process that mediates interactions between an SA node cardiomyocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the SA node cardiomyocyte communicating with an atrial cardiomyocyte in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
SA node cardiac muscle cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell communication
SA node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte communication
SAN cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte communication
sinoatrial node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte communication
SA node cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell communication
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the primitive streak from unspecified parts. The primitive streak is a ridge of cells running along the midline of the embryo where the mesoderm ingresses. It defines the anterior-posterior axis.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell.
positive regulation of microtubule nucleation
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
positive regulation of cell cycle process
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits.
positive regulation of ribosome biogenesis
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits.
negative regulation of ribosome biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
positive regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly
The process in which the population of cells that make up a tissue undergo directed movement.
The process in which the population of cells that make up an epithelium undergo directed movement.
Any cell-cell adhesion process that modulates the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organisation by cell-cell adhesion
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization by cell-cell adhesion
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a membrane.
establishment of protein localisation in membrane
establishment of protein localization in membrane
establishment of protein localization to membrane
The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization of an epithelial cell.
establishment of epithelial cell polarity
A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a Golgi apparatus that contributes to Golgi inheritance.
The reformation of the Golgi following its breakdown and partitioning contributing to Golgi inheritance.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of Golgi inheritance. Golgi inheritance is the partitioning of Golgi apparatus between daughter cells at cell division.
The process in which the structures of a chondrocyte are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a chondrocyte.
The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single organelle membrane.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
positive regulation of kidney development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
negative regulation of kidney development
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.
regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.
positive regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.
negative regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a muscle system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in a muscle system.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas.
positive regulation of somatostatin secretion
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas.
negative regulation of somatostatin secretion
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.
positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.
negative regulation of peptide hormone secretion
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation proceeds.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes.
positive regulation of neural crest formation
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes.
negative regulation of neural crest formation
Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleic acids.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.
positive regulation of intracellular protein transport
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.
negative regulation of intracellular protein transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior
Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
positive regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
negative regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior
The epithelial cell differentiation process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an acinar cell, a secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape-shaped clusters known as acini.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within a nuclear envelope.
protein localization in nuclear envelope
protein localization to nuclear envelope
The directed movement of catecholamine into a cell.
The orderly movement of a mesenchymal cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
Morphogenesis of a sensory organ. A sensory organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to receive and transmit signals from external or internal stimuli. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
The processes by which anatomical structures that are only present in the male organism are generated and organized.
A macromolecular localization process in which RNA is transported to and maintained in a location within the nucleus.
Any membrane that is part of a pigment granule.
All of the contents of a cilium, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the cilium.
Formation of dendrites, branched cellular projections (or cytoplasmic extension) that are extended from the surface of a dendritic immune cell, and which enable the cell to sample luminal pathogens and increase the surface area for antigen presentation to T cells.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell. A dendritic cell is a leukocyte of dendritic lineage specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation.
Any apoptotic process in a dendritic cell, a cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation.
Any apoptotic process in a motor neuron, an efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.
Any apoptotic process in a type B pancreatic cell, a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process
A specialized area of membrane on either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic side of a synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.
The process aimed at the progression of a vascular smooth muscle cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels.
vascular associated smooth muscle cell development
Any apoptotic process in a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the ammonium ion.
The series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
induction of apoptosis by extracellular signals
A stage of the apoptotic process that starts with the controlled breakdown of the cell through the action of effector caspases or other effector molecules (e.g. cathepsins, calpains etc.). Key steps of the execution phase are rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.
The elimination of substances from peritubular capillaries (or surrounding hemolymph in invertebrates) into the renal tubules to be incorporated subsequently into the urine. Substances that are secreted include organic anions, ammonia, potassium and drugs.
Any apoptotic process in a hepatocyte, the main structural component of the liver.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into heterochromatin.
The multiplication or reproduction of chorionic trophoblast cells, resulting in the expansion of their population.
chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation
A prolongation or process extending from a glial cell.
The orderly movement of a neuroblast from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism or multicellular structure. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.
An arrangement of closely apposed microtubules running parallel to each other.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a supramolecular fiber, a polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure.
Any apoptotic process in a retinal rod cell, one of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina.
Any apoptotic process in a retinal cone cell, one of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina.
The orderly movement of a motor neuron from one site to another. A motor neuron is an efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.
The orderly movement of a spinal cord motor neuron from one site to another. A spinal cord motor neuron is a motor neuron that passes from the spinal cord toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.
A branched cellular projection (or cytoplasmic extension) that is extended from the surface of a dendritic immune cell, and which enables the cell to sample luminal pathogens and increase the surface area for antigen presentation to T cells.
A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.
A plasma membrane that is part of a sperm cell.
The movement of a myeloid leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
The orderly movement of a lymphoid lineage cell from one site to another. A lymphoid lineage cell, also called a lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell, is a progenitor cell restricted to the lymphoid lineage.
lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell migration
Merging of two or more vacuoles, or of vacuoles and vesicles within a cell to form a single larger vacuole.
Any vesicle that is part of the intracellular region.
The docking of a cytosolic centriole/basal body to the plasma membrane via the ciliary transition fibers. In some species this may happen via an intermediate step, by first docking to the ciliary vesicle via the ciliary transition fibers. The basal body-ciliary vesicle then relocates to the plasma membrane, followed by the ciliary vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane, effectively attaching the basal body to the plasma membrane.
ciliary basal body-plasma membrane docking
The process in which vesicles formed at the trans-Golgi network are directed to the plasma membrane surrounding the base of the cilium, including the ciliary pocket, mediated by molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces.
vesicle targeting, trans-Golgi to periciliary membrane compartment
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell.
The assembly and secretion of an extracellular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane.
A neuromuscular junction in which the target muscle cell is a myotube.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle fiber cell. Skeletal muscle fiber differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual skeletal muscle fibers fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract.
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of another organism that act to protect the cell or organism from damage caused by that organism.
The lipid bilayer that forms the outer-most layer of an organelle.
A membrane that is a (regional) part of the plasma membrane.
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.
Any protein complex that is capable of carrying out some part of the process of cell-cell adhesion.
protein complex involved in cell-cell adhesion
Any protein complex that is capable of carrying out some part of the process of cell adhesion to the cell matrix or to another cell.
protein complex involved in cell adhesion
A supramolecular assembly of fibrillar collagen complexes in the form of a long fiber (fibril) with transverse striations (bands).
A complex of collagen trimers such as a fibril or collagen network.
A supramolecular complex that consists of collagen triple helices associated to form a network.
Any collagen timer that is part of a basement membrane.
The process in which a monoatomic cation is transported across a membrane. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are positively charged ions consisting of exactly one atom.
monoatomic cation transmembrane transport
The directed movement of some substance from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.
The process in which an inorganic ion is transported across a membrane.
The process in which an inorganic anion is transported across a membrane.
A process in which an inorganic cation is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
transmembrane inorganic cation transport
inorganic cation transmembrane transport
Division of a stem cell during which it retains its identity and buds off a daughter cell with a new identity.
Any process by which the numbers of cells of a particular type or in a tissue are maintained.
The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell, to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell which will divide to form one or more gametes.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bone cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of a toxic substance. These may include transport of the toxic substance away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell.
The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.
Any protein complex that is part of a membrane.
Any protein complex that is part of the plasma membrane.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by the renal system.
The process in which genetic material, in the form of nuclear chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. Nuclear chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.
The directed movement of a protein along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.
A cell projection supported by an assembly of actin filaments, and which lacks microtubules.
The increase in size or mass of an intramembranous bone that contributes to the shaping of the bone.
The increase in size or mass of a bone that contributes to the shaping of that bone.
The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a postsynapse.
The directed movement of substances to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane by exocytosis.
vesicle-mediated transport to the plasma membrane
A cellular process that results in the controlled breakdown of synapse. After it starts the process is continuous until the synapse has disappeared.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an atrioventricular node myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential
regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential
regulation of AV node cell action potential
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a Purkinje myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
regulation of Purkinje myocyte action potential
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an SA node cardiac myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
regulation of SA node cardiac muscle cell action potential
regulation of SAN cardiac muscle cell action potential
regulation of sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell action potential
regulation of SA node cell action potential
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a neuron. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
Cell-cell signaling from pre to post-synapse, across the synaptic cleft.
Cell-cell signaling from post to pre-synapse, across the synaptic cleft.
Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a lipid ligand.
retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by lipid
Signal transduction in which the initial step occurs in a postsynapse.
Signal transduction in which the initial step occurs in a presynapse.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.
postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton organization
The postsynapse of a neuromuscular junction. In vertebrate muscles this includes the motor end-plate, consisting of postjunctional folds of the sarcolemma.
A synapse that uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
A dense core vesicle (granule) that is part of a neuron. These vesicles typically contain neuropeptides. They can be found in all parts of neurons, including the soma, dendrites, axonal swellings (varicosities) and synaptic terminals.
Any vesicle-mediated transport that occurs in a synapse.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a neuronal dense core vesicle.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuronal dense core vesicle.
neuronal dense core vesicle organization
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a presynapse.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynapse.
A cellular component that consists of an indeterminate number of proteins or macromolecular complexes, organized into a regular, higher-order structure such as a polymer, sheet, network or a fiber.
Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a neuropeptide.
retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
Modulation of synaptic transmittion by cell-cell signaling across the synaptic cleft from postsynapse to presynapse, mediated by a neuropeptide.
retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide, modulating synaptic transmission
The movement of a cellular component as a result of microtubule polymerization.
microtubule polymerization based movement
A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules.
The transport of a protein driven by polymerization of a microtubule to which it is attached.
microtubule polymerization based protein transport
A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of proteins.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the presynaptic actin cytoskeleton.
presynaptic actin cytoskeleton organization
The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a presynapse.
Cell-cell signaling in which the ligand is carried between cells by an exosome.
Transynaptic signaling in which the ligand is carried across the synapse by an exosome.
exosome mediated transynaptic signalling
Any process, acting in the postsynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.
postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission
Any process, acting in the presynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a presynapse.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynapse.
Any process that modulates the physical form of a presynapse.
Any process that modulates the physical form of a postsynapse.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trans-synaptic signaling.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures and their associated proteins in the presynaptic cytoskeleton.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising cytoskeletal filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic cytoskeleton.
Fusion of the membrane of a vesicle with the plasma membrane, thereby releasing its contents into the extracellular space.
The lipid bilayer surrounding an exocytic vesicle.
A cytoplasmic, membrane bound vesicle that is capable of fusing to the plasma membrane to release its contents into the extracellular space.
A polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure.
A component of the cytoskeleton consisting of a homo or heteropolymeric fiber constructed from an indeterminate number of protein subunits.
The transport of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along actin filaments.
The directed movement of a vesicle along a cytoskeletal fiber such as a microtubule or and actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.
cytoskeletal fiber-based vesicle localization
The pathway leading to secretion of a neurotransmitter from the presynapse as part of synaptic transmission.
presynaptic process involved in chemical synaptic transmission
Cell-cell signaling to, from or within a synapse.
Cell-cell signaling in either direction across the synaptic cleft.
Cell-cell signaling to or from a synapse, mediated by a peptide.
Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse mediated by a peptide ligand crossing the synaptic cleft.
trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
Cell-cell signaling from post to pre-synapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a lipid.
Any protein degradation process, occurring at a presynapse, that regulates synaptic transmission.
protein catabolic process, modulating synaptic transmission
Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the synapse.
regulation of translation at synapse, modulating synaptic transmission
Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, across the synaptic cleft, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.
trans-synaptic signaling, modulating synaptic transmission
Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the vesicular release and reception of neuropeptide molecules, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.
trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide, modulating synaptic transmission
Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the release and reception of lipid molecules, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.
trans-synaptic signaling by lipid, modulating synaptic transmission
Any (proper) part of the cytoplasm of a single cell of sufficient size to still be considered cytoplasm.
The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the presynapse.
The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the postsynapse.
Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating protein degradation at the synapse.
regulation of protein catabolic process at synapse, modulating synaptic transmission
Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating a catabolic process occurring at a presynapse.
regulation of protein catabolic process at presynapse, modulating synaptic transmission
Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating a catabolic process occurring at a postsynapse.
regulation of protein catabolic process at postsynapse, modulating synaptic transmission
Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the presynapse.
regulation of translation at presynapse, modulating synaptic transmission
Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the postsynapse.
regulation of translation at postsynapse, modulating synaptic transmission
A process in which protein is transported from one region of the plasma membrane to another.
protein transport within plasma membrane
The directed movement of proteins along microtubules in neuron projections.
The complete extent of cell cortex that underlies some some region of the plasma membrane.
Any action potential process that regulates skeletal muscle contraction.
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by action potential
The multiplication or reproduction of blood vessel endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
A mitotic cell cycle process which results in the assembly, arrangement, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane during mitosis.
nuclear membrane organization involved in mitotic nuclear division
The process in which a nuclear membrane is synthesized, aggregates, and bonds together.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a neuron, e.g. an axon, or a dendrite.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus.
regulation of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fustion with Golgi apparatus.
negative regulation of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus.
positive regulation of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, disassembly or arrangement of constituent parts of the basement membrane.
regulation of basement membrane organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin.
regulation of actomyosin structure organization
The multiplication or reproduction of cardiac muscle myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a cardiac muscle myoblast cell population. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation.
regulation of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation.
negative regulation of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament organization.
regulation of actin filament organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation.
regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation.
positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation.
negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in extracellular vesicles between cells; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the extracellular vesicle membrane.
vesicle-mediated intercellular transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of placenta blood vessel development.
regulation of placenta blood vessel development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of placenta blood vessel development.
positive regulation of placenta blood vessel development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of placenta blood vessel development.
negative regulation of placenta blood vessel development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis.
positive regulation of animal organ morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis.
negative regulation of animal organ morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lipid transporter activity.
regulation of lipid transporter activity
Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lipid transporter activity.
positive regulation of lipid transporter activity
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of lipid transporter activity.
negative regulation of lipid transporter activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation.
regulation of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation.
positive regulation of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation.
negative regulation of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation
The orderly movement of a myotube cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate, and fuse.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotube cell migration.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube cell migration.
positive regulation of myotube cell migration
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myotube cell migration.
negative regulation of myotube cell migration
A part of a cellular organism that is either an immaterial entity or a material entity with granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system. Or, a substance produced by a cellular organism with granularity above the level of a protein complex.
A prolongation or process extending from a cell and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon.
Formation of a prolongation or process extending and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon.
plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.
regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.
negative regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.
positive regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of plasma membrane bounded cell projections.
regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plasma membrane bounded prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a cilium or axon.
plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization
The process in which the anatomical structures of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection are generated and organized.
plasma membrane bounded cell projection morphogenesis
All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded neuron projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.
positive regulation of collagen breakdown
positive regulation of collagen catabolism
positive regulation of collagen degradation
up regulation of collagen catabolic process
up-regulation of collagen catabolic process
upregulation of collagen catabolic process
positive regulation of collagen catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any steroid hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin.
negative regulation of protein localisation to chromatin
negative regulation of protein localization to chromatin
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin.
positive regulation of protein localisation to chromatin
positive regulation of protein localization to chromatin
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of bile acid from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of bile acid from a cell or a tissue.
positive regulation of bile acid secretion
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of bile acid from a cell or a tissue.
negative regulation of bile acid secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blastocyst development.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a motile cilium.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition or modulates the distribution of coloring matter in an organism.
The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellum, the microtubule-based axoneme and associated structures that are part of a sperm flagellum (or cilium).
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an endothelial tube.
One of the two nuclear divisions that occur as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
A mitotic cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell.
The cellular processes that contribute to exocytosis.
The process by which an organelle membrane interacts with another membrane via molecular tethers that physically bridge the two membranes and attach them to each other.
organelle localization by membrane tethering
Catalytic activity that acts to modify a protein.
Catalytic activity that acts to modify DNA.
Catalytic activity that acts to modify RNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures in which one of the substrates is a glycoprotein.
catalytic activity, acting on a glycoprotein
The assembly and secretion a set of components to form an extracellular vesicule, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region. Extracellular vesicles include exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, based on the mechanism by which they are released from cells and differentiated based on their size and content.
Translation that occurs at the presynapse.
Translation that occurs at the presynapse, and that modulates chemical synaptic transmission.
translation at presynapse, modulating chemical synaptic transmission
A vesicle-mediated transport process in which the presynapse take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.
A vesicle-mediated transport process in which the postsynapse take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.
Translation that occurs at the postsynapse.
Any process that regulates translation occurring at the synapse.
Any process that regulates translation occurring at the presynapse.
Any process that regulates translation occurring at the postsynapse.
regulation of translation at postsynapse
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at a synapse.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at a presynapse.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at a postsynapse.
protein catabolic process at postsynapse
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the synapse.
regulation protein catabolic process at synapse
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the presynapse.
regulation protein catabolic process at presynapse
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the postsynapse.
regulation protein catabolic process at postsynapse
A cellular process in which two or more cells combine together, their plasma membrane fusing, producing a single cell. In some cases, nuclei fuse, producing a polyploid cell, while in other cases, nuclei remain separate, producing a syncytium.
Directly binding to a specific protein and delivering it to a specific cellular location.
iRHOM2 transports ADAM17 from ER to the Golgi-network
iRHOM2 transports ADAM17:Zn2+ from Golgi to the plasma membrane
The directed movement of some substance from a cell, into the extracellular region. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via exocytosis.
The directed movement of a lipid from a cell, into the extracellular region.
The directed movement of a lipid from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.
A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together in the nucleus.
The division of a vacuole within a cell to form two or more separate vacuoles.
Catalytic activity that acts to modify a nucleic acid.
catalytic activity, acting on a nucleic acid
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a non-membrane-bounded organelle.
non-membrane-bounded organelle formation
non-membrane-enclosed organelle assembly
non-membrane-enclosed organelle formation
The elimination of ammonium ions from an excretory cell.
Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity of a metal ion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynapse.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the visual system over time, from its formation to the mature structure, including the eye, parts of the central nervous system (CNS) involved in processing of visual inputs, and connecting nerve pathways.
The immediate defensive reaction by neural vertebrate tissue to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response.
regulation of neuroinflammatory response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response.
positive regulation of neuroinflammatory response
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response.
negative regulation of neuroinflammatory response
Cell-cell signaling that mediates the transfer of information from a glial cell to a neuron. This signaling has been shown to be mediated by various molecules, depending on which glial cells release them, and in which tissues the signaling occurs, e.g. microglial cell-derived nerve growth factor (NGF) in the retina, or microglial cell-derived superoxide ions in the cerebellum.
Cell-cell signaling that mediates the transfer of information from a neuron to a glial cell. This signaling has been shown to be mediated by various molecules released by different types of neurons, e.g. glutamate, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), noradrenaline, acetylcholine, dopamine and adenosine.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained, in a location within a cell-cell junction.
protein localization to cell-cell junction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction.
regulation of protein localization to cell-cell junction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction.
positive regulation of protein localization to cell-cell junction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transepithelial transport.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction.
negative regulation of protein localisation to cell-cell junction
negative regulation of protein localization to cell-cell junction
The disaggregation of a cell junction into its constituent components.
The disaggregation of a cell-cell junction into its constituent components.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a somatic sensory system over time from its formation to the mature structure. Somatic sensory system is the sensory system for the sense of touch and pain.
The regulated release of catecholamine by a cell in which the catecholamine acts as a neurotransmitter.
catecholamine secretion, neurotransmission
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cordate pharynx over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.
regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.
negative regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.
positive regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular synaptic transmission.
regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular synaptic transmission.
negative regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular synaptic transmission.
positive regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
Any regulation of signal transduction that takes place in the extracellular region.
regulation of signaling pathway in extracellular region
regulation of signalling pathway in extracellular region
extracellular regulation of signal transduction
Any negative regulation of signal transduction that takes place in extracellular region.
down regulation of signal transduction in extracellular region
down-regulation of signal transduction in extracellular region
downregulation of signal transduction in extracellular region
negative regulation of signaling pathway in extracellular region
negative regulation of signalling pathway in extracellular region
extracellular negative regulation of signal transduction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.
regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.
down regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
down-regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
downregulation of execution phase of apoptosis
negative regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.
up regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
up-regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
upregulation of execution phase of apoptosis
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process.
regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process.
down regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis
down regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process
down-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis
down-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process
downregulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis
downregulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process
negative regulation of hyaluronan anabolism
negative regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis
negative regulation of hyaluronan formation
negative regulation of hyaluronan synthesis
negative regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of hyaluronan anabolism
positive regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis
positive regulation of hyaluronan formation
positive regulation of hyaluronan synthesis
up regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis
up regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process
up-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis
up-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process
upregulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process
positive regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to fungus.
regulation of defence response to fungus
regulation of defense response to fungus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.
regulation of protein localisation to nucleus
regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
regulation of protein localization in nucleus
regulation of protein localization to nucleus
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.
down regulation of protein localisation to nucleus
down regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
down regulation of protein localization in nucleus
down regulation of protein localization to nucleus
down-regulation of protein localisation to nucleus
down-regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
down-regulation of protein localization in nucleus
down-regulation of protein localization to nucleus
downregulation of protein localisation to nucleus
downregulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
downregulation of protein localization in nucleus
downregulation of protein localization to nucleus
negative regulation of protein localisation to nucleus
negative regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
negative regulation of protein localization in nucleus
negative regulation of protein localization to nucleus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.
activation of protein localization in nucleus
positive regulation of protein localisation to nucleus
positive regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
positive regulation of protein localization in nucleus
up regulation of protein localisation to nucleus
up regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
up regulation of protein localization in nucleus
up regulation of protein localization to nucleus
up-regulation of protein localisation to nucleus
up-regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
up-regulation of protein localization in nucleus
up-regulation of protein localization to nucleus
upregulation of protein localisation to nucleus
upregulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
upregulation of protein localization in nucleus
upregulation of protein localization to nucleus
positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.
negative regulation of oocyte maturation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.
positive regulation of oocyte maturation
Any mesenchymal cell apoptotic process that is involved in metanephros development.
mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development
Any apoptotic process that is involved in metanephric collecting duct development.
apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development
Any apoptotic process that is involved in metanephric nephron tubule development.
apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pronephric nephron tubule development.
regulation of pronephric nephron tubule development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pronephric nephron tubule development.
down regulation of pronephric nephron tubule development
down-regulation of pronephric nephron tubule development
downregulation of pronephric nephron tubule development
negative regulation of pronephric nephron tubule development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development.
regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development.
down regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development
down-regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development
downregulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development.
up regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development
up-regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development
upregulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development.
regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development.
down regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
down regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development
down regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
down-regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development
down-regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
downregulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
downregulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development
downregulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
inhibition of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
inhibition of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
inhibition of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
inhibition of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
negative regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
negative regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development.
activation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
activation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
activation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
activation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
positive regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
positive regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
up regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
up regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development
up regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
up-regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development
up-regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
upregulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
upregulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development
upregulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development.
regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development.
down regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
down regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development
down regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
down-regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development
down-regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
downregulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
downregulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development
downregulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
inhibition of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
inhibition of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
inhibition of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
inhibition of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
negative regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
negative regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development.
activation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
activation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
activation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
activation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
positive regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
positive regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
up regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
up regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development
up regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
up-regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development
up-regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
upregulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
upregulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development
upregulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to insect.
down regulation of defense response to insect
down regulation of physiological defense response to insect
down-regulation of defense response to insect
down-regulation of physiological defense response to insect
downregulation of defense response to insect
downregulation of physiological defense response to insect
negative regulation of physiological defense response to insect
negative regulation of defense response to insect
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to insect.
positive regulation of physiological defense response to insect
up regulation of defense response to insect
up regulation of physiological defense response to insect
up-regulation of defense response to insect
up-regulation of physiological defense response to insect
upregulation of defense response to insect
upregulation of physiological defense response to insect
positive regulation of defense response to insect
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.
regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis
regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.
down regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis
down regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process
down-regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis
down-regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process
downregulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis
downregulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process
inhibition of secondary metabolite biosynthesis
negative regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis
negative regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.
activation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis
positive regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis
up regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis
up regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process
up-regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis
up-regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process
upregulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis
upregulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process
positive regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium.
regulation of defence response to bacteria
regulation of defence response to bacterium
regulation of defense response to bacteria
regulation of defense response to bacterium
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium.
down regulation of defence response to bacteria
down regulation of defence response to bacterium
down regulation of defense response to bacteria
down regulation of defense response to bacterium
down-regulation of defence response to bacteria
down-regulation of defence response to bacterium
down-regulation of defense response to bacteria
down-regulation of defense response to bacterium
downregulation of defence response to bacteria
downregulation of defence response to bacterium
downregulation of defense response to bacteria
downregulation of defense response to bacterium
inhibition of defence response to bacteria
inhibition of defence response to bacterium
inhibition of defense response to bacteria
negative regulation of defence response to bacteria
negative regulation of defence response to bacterium
negative regulation of defense response to bacteria
negative regulation of defense response to bacterium
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium.
activation of defence response to bacteria
activation of defence response to bacterium
activation of defense response to bacteria
positive regulation of defence response to bacteria
positive regulation of defence response to bacterium
positive regulation of defense response to bacteria
up regulation of defence response to bacteria
up regulation of defence response to bacterium
up regulation of defense response to bacteria
up regulation of defense response to bacterium
up-regulation of defence response to bacteria
up-regulation of defence response to bacterium
up-regulation of defense response to bacteria
up-regulation of defense response to bacterium
upregulation of defence response to bacteria
upregulation of defence response to bacterium
upregulation of defense response to bacteria
upregulation of defense response to bacterium
positive regulation of defense response to bacterium
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an acetate ester, any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an acetate esteran acetate ester, any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosamine-containing compounds (glucosamines).
glucosamine-containing compound metabolism
glucosamine-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosamine-containing compounds (glucosamines).
glucosamine-containing compound breakdown
glucosamine-containing compound catabolism
glucosamine-containing compound degradation
glucosamine-containing compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosamine-containing compounds (glucosamines).
glucosamine-containing compound anabolism
glucosamine-containing compound biosynthesis
glucosamine-containing compound formation
glucosamine-containing compound synthesis
glucosamine-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate derivative.
carbohydrate derivative metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrate derivative.
carbohydrate derivative catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrate derivative.
carbohydrate derivative biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving insulin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of insulin.
Any mesenchymal cell apoptotic process that is involved in nephron morphogenesis.
mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis
Any mesenchymal cell apoptotic process that is involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis.
mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis
Any mesenchymal cell apoptotic process that is involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis.
mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis
Any gene expression that is involved in extracellular matrix organization. Gene expression includes both transcription to produce an RNA transcript, and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included in gene expression when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
expression of extracellular matrix proteins
gene expression involved in extracellular matrix organization
The chemical reactions and pathways involving primary amino compound.
primary amino compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of primary amino compound.
primary amino compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of primary amino compound.
primary amino compound biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration.
regulation of trophoblast cell migration
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration.
down regulation of trophoblast cell migration
down-regulation of trophoblast cell migration
downregulation of trophoblast cell migration
negative regulation of trophoblast cell migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration.
up regulation of trophoblast cell migration
up-regulation of trophoblast cell migration
upregulation of trophoblast cell migration
positive regulation of trophoblast cell migration
Any neural crest cell migration that is involved in autonomic nervous system development.
neural crest cell migration involved in autonomic nervous system development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex.
regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex.
down regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
down regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
down-regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
down-regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
downregulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
downregulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
inhibition of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
negative regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
negative regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex.
activation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
positive regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
up regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
up regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
up-regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
up-regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
upregulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
upregulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
positive regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.
regulation of extracellular matrix assembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.
down regulation of extracellular matrix assembly
down-regulation of extracellular matrix assembly
downregulation of extracellular matrix assembly
negative regulation of extracellular matrix assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.
up regulation of extracellular matrix assembly
up-regulation of extracellular matrix assembly
upregulation of extracellular matrix assembly
positive regulation of extracellular matrix assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation.
down regulation of cardiac chamber formation
down regulation of heart chamber formation
down-regulation of cardiac chamber formation
down-regulation of heart chamber formation
downregulation of cardiac chamber formation
downregulation of heart chamber formation
negative regulation of heart chamber formation
negative regulation of cardiac chamber formation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation.
positive regulation of heart chamber formation
up regulation of cardiac chamber formation
up regulation of heart chamber formation
up-regulation of cardiac chamber formation
up-regulation of heart chamber formation
upregulation of cardiac chamber formation
positive regulation of cardiac chamber formation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis.
regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis
regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis.
down regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis
down regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis
down-regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis
down-regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis
downregulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis
downregulation of heart chamber morphogenesis
negative regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis
negative regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis.
positive regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis
up regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis
up regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis
up-regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis
up-regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis
upregulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis
upregulation of heart chamber morphogenesis
positive regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation.
regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation.
down regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation
down-regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation
downregulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation
negative regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation.
up regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation
up-regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation
upregulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation
positive regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation
The directed movement of a carbohydrate derivative into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility.
regulation of flagellated sperm motility
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility.
negative regulation of flagellated sperm motility
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.
down regulation of vasculature development
down-regulation of vasculature development
downregulation of vasculature development
negative regulation of vasculature development
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic cyclic compound.
organic cyclic compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic cyclic compound.
organic cyclic compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic cyclic compound.
organic cyclic compound biosynthetic process
The directed movement of an acetate ester into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of an acetate ester from one side of a membrane to the other.
acetate ester transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation.
regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation.
down regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation
down-regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation
downregulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation
negative regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation.
up regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation
up-regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation
upregulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation
positive regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole metabolic process.
regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole metabolic process.
down regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process
down regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism
down-regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process
down-regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism
downregulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process
downregulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism
negative regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism
negative regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole metabolic process.
positive regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism
up regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process
up regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism
up-regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process
up-regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism
upregulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process
positive regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole catabolic process.
regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole catabolic process.
down regulation of tetrapyrrole breakdown
down regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process
down regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism
down regulation of tetrapyrrole degradation
down-regulation of tetrapyrrole breakdown
down-regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process
down-regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism
down-regulation of tetrapyrrole degradation
downregulation of tetrapyrrole breakdown
downregulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process
downregulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism
downregulation of tetrapyrrole degradation
negative regulation of tetrapyrrole breakdown
negative regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism
negative regulation of tetrapyrrole degradation
negative regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole catabolic process.
positive regulation of tetrapyrrole breakdown
positive regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism
positive regulation of tetrapyrrole degradation
up regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process
up regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism
up regulation of tetrapyrrole degradation
up-regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process
up-regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism
up-regulation of tetrapyrrole degradation
upregulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process
upregulation of tetrapyrrole degradation
positive regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to acetate.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to acetate.
negative regulation of response to acetate
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to acetate.
positive regulation of response to acetate
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process.
regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process.
down regulation of tetrapyrrole anabolism
down regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis
down regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process
down regulation of tetrapyrrole formation
down regulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis
down-regulation of tetrapyrrole anabolism
down-regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis
down-regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process
down-regulation of tetrapyrrole formation
down-regulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis
downregulation of tetrapyrrole anabolism
downregulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis
downregulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process
downregulation of tetrapyrrole formation
downregulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis
negative regulation of tetrapyrrole anabolism
negative regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis
negative regulation of tetrapyrrole formation
negative regulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis
negative regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of tetrapyrrole anabolism
positive regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis
positive regulation of tetrapyrrole formation
positive regulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis
up regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis
up regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process
up-regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis
up-regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process
upregulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis
upregulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process
positive regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process
Enables the transfer of carbohydrate derivative from one side of a membrane to the other.
carbohydrate derivative transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis.
regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.
regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.
down regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
down regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
down regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
down-regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
down-regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
down-regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
downregulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
downregulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
downregulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
inhibition of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
inhibition of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
negative regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
negative regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
negative regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
negative regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.
activation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
activation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
positive regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
positive regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
positive regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
up regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
up regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
up regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
up-regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
up-regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
up-regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
upregulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
upregulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
upregulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
positive regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development.
regulation of endothelial cell development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development.
down regulation of endothelial cell development
down-regulation of endothelial cell development
downregulation of endothelial cell development
negative regulation of endothelial cell development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development.
up regulation of endothelial cell development
up-regulation of endothelial cell development
upregulation of endothelial cell development
positive regulation of endothelial cell development
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organonitrogen compound.
organonitrogen compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organonitrogen compound.
organonitrogen compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organonitrogen compound.
organonitrogen compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.
organic molecular entity catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.
organic molecular entity biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alpha-amino acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alpha-amino acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alpha-amino acid.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule.
regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule.
down regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
down regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
down-regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
down-regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
downregulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
downregulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
inhibition of microtubule-based vesicle localization
negative regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
negative regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule.
activation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
positive regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
up regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
up regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
up-regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
up-regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
upregulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
upregulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
positive regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic hydroxy compound.
organic hydroxy compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic hydroxy compound.
organic hydroxy compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic hydroxy compound.
organic hydroxy compound biosynthetic process
Enables the transfer of organic hydroxy compound from one side of a membrane to the other.
organic hydroxy compound transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide stimulus.
A response that results in a state of tolerance to ketone.
Enables the transfer of a sulfur compound from one side of a membrane to the other.
sulfur molecular entity transmembrane transporter activity
sulfur compound transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process.
regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process.
down regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process
down-regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process
downregulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process
negative regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process.
up regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process
up-regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process
upregulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process
positive regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen compound stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen-containing compound stimulus.
Enables the transfer of salt from one side of a membrane to the other.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of bone as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in bone development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.
down regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development
down-regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development
downregulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development
negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.
up regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development
up-regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development
upregulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development
positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.
down regulation of muscle tissue development
down-regulation of muscle tissue development
downregulation of muscle tissue development
negative regulation of muscle tissue development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.
up regulation of muscle tissue development
up-regulation of muscle tissue development
upregulation of muscle tissue development
positive regulation of muscle tissue development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.
regulation of protein polymer catabolic process
regulation of protein polymer catabolism
regulation of protein polymer degradation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.
down regulation of protein depolymerization
down regulation of protein polymer breakdown
down regulation of protein polymer catabolic process
down regulation of protein polymer catabolism
down regulation of protein polymer degradation
down-regulation of protein depolymerization
down-regulation of protein polymer breakdown
down-regulation of protein polymer catabolic process
down-regulation of protein polymer catabolism
down-regulation of protein polymer degradation
downregulation of protein depolymerization
downregulation of protein polymer breakdown
downregulation of protein polymer catabolic process
downregulation of protein polymer catabolism
downregulation of protein polymer degradation
inhibition of protein polymer catabolic process
inhibition of protein polymer catabolism
inhibition of protein polymer degradation
negative regulation of protein polymer breakdown
negative regulation of protein polymer catabolic process
negative regulation of protein polymer catabolism
negative regulation of protein polymer degradation
negative regulation of protein depolymerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.
activation of protein polymer catabolic process
activation of protein polymer catabolism
activation of protein polymer degradation
positive regulation of protein polymer breakdown
positive regulation of protein polymer catabolic process
positive regulation of protein polymer catabolism
positive regulation of protein polymer degradation
up regulation of protein depolymerization
up regulation of protein polymer breakdown
up regulation of protein polymer catabolic process
up regulation of protein polymer catabolism
up regulation of protein polymer degradation
up-regulation of protein depolymerization
up-regulation of protein polymer breakdown
up-regulation of protein polymer catabolic process
up-regulation of protein polymer catabolism
up-regulation of protein polymer degradation
upregulation of protein depolymerization
upregulation of protein polymer breakdown
upregulation of protein polymer catabolic process
upregulation of protein polymer catabolism
upregulation of protein polymer degradation
positive regulation of protein depolymerization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.
down regulation of cell junction assembly
down-regulation of cell junction assembly
downregulation of cell junction assembly
negative regulation of cell junction assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.
positive regulation of cell junction assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
up regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
up-regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
upregulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility.
regulation of cilium-dependent cell motility
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility.
down regulation of ciliary cell motility
down-regulation of ciliary cell motility
negative regulation of cilium cell motility
negative regulation of cilium-dependent cell motility
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.
regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation
regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.
down regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation
down regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation
down-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation
down-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation
downregulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation
downregulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation
negative regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation
negative regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.
positive regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation
up regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation
up regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation
up-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation
up-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation
upregulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation
upregulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation
positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.
regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation
regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation
regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation
regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.
down regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation
down regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation
down regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
down regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation
down-regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation
down-regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation
down-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
down-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation
downregulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation
downregulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation
downregulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
downregulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation
negative regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation
negative regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation
negative regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation
negative regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.
positive regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation
positive regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation
positive regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation
up regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation
up regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation
up regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
up regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation
up-regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation
up-regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation
up-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
up-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation
upregulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation
upregulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation
upregulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
upregulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation
positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a salt stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility.
positive regulation of flagellated sperm motility
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.
regulation of immune cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.
down regulation of immune cell differentiation
down regulation of leucocyte differentiation
down regulation of leukocyte differentiation
down-regulation of immune cell differentiation
down-regulation of leucocyte differentiation
down-regulation of leukocyte differentiation
downregulation of immune cell differentiation
downregulation of leucocyte differentiation
downregulation of leukocyte differentiation
negative regulation of immune cell differentiation
negative regulation of leucocyte differentiation
negative regulation of leukocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.
positive regulation of immune cell differentiation
positive regulation of leucocyte differentiation
up regulation of immune cell differentiation
up regulation of leucocyte differentiation
up regulation of leukocyte differentiation
up-regulation of immune cell differentiation
up-regulation of leucocyte differentiation
up-regulation of leukocyte differentiation
upregulation of immune cell differentiation
upregulation of leucocyte differentiation
upregulation of leukocyte differentiation
positive regulation of leukocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.
negative regulation of organelle assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.
positive regulation of organelle assembly
Any apoptotic process in an erythrocyte.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process.
regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process
regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process.
down regulation of RBC apoptotic process
down regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process
down regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process
down-regulation of RBC apoptotic process
down-regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process
down-regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process
downregulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process
downregulation of red blood cell apoptotic process
negative regulation of RBC apoptotic process
negative regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process
negative regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process.
positive regulation of RBC apoptotic process
positive regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process
up regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process
up regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process
up-regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process
up-regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process
upregulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process
upregulation of red blood cell apoptotic process
positive regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
down regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
downregulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
up regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
upregulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
Any apoptotic process that is involved in blood vessel morphogenesis.
apoptotic cell death involved in patterning of blood vessels
apoptotic programmed cell death involved in patterning of blood vessels
programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in patterning of blood vessels
apoptotic process involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.
regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport.
regulation of sodium ion membrane transport
regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport.
down regulation of sodium ion membrane transport
down regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport
down-regulation of sodium ion membrane transport
down-regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport
downregulation of sodium ion membrane transport
downregulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport
negative regulation of sodium ion membrane transport
negative regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport.
positive regulation of sodium ion membrane transport
up regulation of sodium ion membrane transport
up regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport
up-regulation of sodium ion membrane transport
up-regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport
upregulation of sodium ion membrane transport
upregulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport
positive regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.
regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.
down regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
downregulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.
up regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
upregulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation.
down regulation of chromosome condensation
down regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
down regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
down-regulation of chromosome condensation
down-regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
down-regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
downregulation of chromosome condensation
downregulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
downregulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
negative regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
negative regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
negative regulation of chromosome condensation
The directed movement of sulfate across a membrane.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA catabolic process.
down regulation of RNA catabolic process
down-regulation of RNA catabolic process
negative regulation of RNA catabolic process
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell junction.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance.
down regulation of stem cell maintenance
down-regulation of stem cell maintenance
negative regulation of stem cell population maintenance
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance.
positive regulation of stem cell population maintenance
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell leading edge.
protein localisation in cell leading edge
protein localisation to cell leading edge
protein localization in cell leading edge
protein localization to cell leading edge
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to synapse.
regulation of protein localisation to synapse
regulation of protein localization to synapse
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to synapse.
positive regulation of protein localisation to synapse
up regulation of protein localisation to synapse
up regulation of protein localization to synapse
up-regulation of protein localisation to synapse
up-regulation of protein localization to synapse
upregulation of protein localisation to synapse
upregulation of protein localization to synapse
positive regulation of protein localization to synapse
Any apoptotic process in a Sertoli cell.
Any apoptotic process in a cholangiocyte.
epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sperm capacitation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sperm capacitation.
negative regulation of sperm capacitation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sperm capacitation.
positive regulation of sperm capacitation
A protein complex which is capable of catalytic activity.
A transmembrane protein complex which enables the transfer of a substance from one side of a membrane to the other.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.
regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis
regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis
regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis
regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.
down regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis
down regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis
down regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
down regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation
down regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis
down-regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis
down-regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis
down-regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
down-regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation
down-regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis
downregulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis
downregulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis
downregulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
downregulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation
downregulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis
negative regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis
negative regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis
negative regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
negative regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis
negative regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.
positive regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis
positive regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis
positive regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
positive regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis
up regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis
up regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis
up regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
up regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation
up regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis
up-regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis
up-regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis
up-regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
up-regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation
up-regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis
upregulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis
upregulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis
upregulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
upregulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation
upregulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis
positive regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle transport along microtubule.
regulation of microtubule-based organelle localization
regulation of organelle transport along microtubule
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.
regulation of intracellular signaling cascade
regulation of intracellular signaling chain
regulation of intracellular signal transduction
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.
down regulation of intracellular signal transduction
down regulation of intracellular signaling chain
down-regulation of intracellular signal transduction
down-regulation of intracellular signaling chain
downregulation of intracellular signal transduction
downregulation of intracellular signaling chain
negative regulation of intracellular protein kinase cascade
negative regulation of intracellular signaling cascade
negative regulation of intracellular signaling chain
negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.
positive regulation of intracellular signaling chain
up regulation of intracellular signal transduction
up regulation of intracellular signaling chain
up-regulation of intracellular signal transduction
up-regulation of intracellular signaling chain
upregulation of intracellular signal transduction
upregulation of intracellular signaling chain
positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a nucleolus.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.
down regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
down-regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
downregulation of RNA biosynthetic process
negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.
up regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
up-regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
upregulation of RNA biosynthetic process
positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast proliferation.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
regulation of chondrocyte differentiation involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis
Any apoptotic process that is involved in anatomical structure development.
apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptotic process involved in development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte development.
up regulation of chondrocyte development
up-regulation of chondrocyte development
positive regulation of chondrocyte development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation.
regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation.
down regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation
down-regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation
downregulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation
negative regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation.
up regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation
up-regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation
upregulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation
positive regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to microtubule.
regulation of protein localisation to microtubule
regulation of protein localization to microtubule
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to microtubule.
down regulation of protein localisation to microtubule
down regulation of protein localization to microtubule
down-regulation of protein localisation to microtubule
down-regulation of protein localization to microtubule
downregulation of protein localisation to microtubule
downregulation of protein localization to microtubule
negative regulation of protein localisation to microtubule
negative regulation of protein localization to microtubule
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration along microtubule.
regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning
regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning
regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning
regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning
regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration
regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated
regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules
regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated
regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration along microtubule.
down regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning
down regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning
down regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning
down regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning
down regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration
down regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule
down regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated
down regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules
down regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated
down-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning
down-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning
down-regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning
down-regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning
down-regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration
down-regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule
down-regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated
down-regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules
down-regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated
downregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning
downregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning
downregulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning
downregulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning
downregulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration
downregulation of nuclear migration along microtubule
downregulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated
downregulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules
downregulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated
negative regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning
negative regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning
negative regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning
negative regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning
negative regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration
negative regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated
negative regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules
negative regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated
negative regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration along microtubule.
positive regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning
positive regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning
positive regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning
positive regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning
positive regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration
positive regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated
positive regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules
positive regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated
up regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning
up regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning
up regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning
up regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning
up regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration
up regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule
up regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated
up regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules
up regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated
up-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning
up-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning
up-regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning
up-regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning
up-regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration
up-regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule
up-regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated
up-regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules
up-regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated
upregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning
upregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning
upregulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning
upregulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning
upregulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration
upregulation of nuclear migration along microtubule
upregulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated
upregulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules
upregulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated
positive regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule
Any microtubule cytoskeleton organization that is involved in mitosis.
microtubule cytoskeleton organisation involved in mitosis
microtubule dynamics involved in mitosis
microtubule cytoskeleton organization involved in mitosis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic camera-type eye development.
regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic camera-type eye development.
down regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development
down regulation of embryonic eye development
down-regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development
down-regulation of embryonic eye development
downregulation of embryonic camera-type eye development
downregulation of embryonic eye development
negative regulation of embryonic eye development
negative regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic camera-type eye development.
positive regulation of embryonic eye development
up regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development
up regulation of embryonic eye development
up-regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development
up-regulation of embryonic eye development
upregulation of embryonic camera-type eye development
upregulation of embryonic eye development
positive regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye.
regulation of retina development in camera-style eye
regulation of retina development in camera-type eye
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye.
down regulation of retina development in camera-style eye
down regulation of retina development in camera-type eye
down-regulation of retina development in camera-style eye
down-regulation of retina development in camera-type eye
downregulation of retina development in camera-style eye
downregulation of retina development in camera-type eye
negative regulation of retina development in camera-style eye
negative regulation of retina development in camera-type eye
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye.
positive regulation of retina development in camera-style eye
up regulation of retina development in camera-style eye
up regulation of retina development in camera-type eye
up-regulation of retina development in camera-style eye
up-regulation of retina development in camera-type eye
upregulation of retina development in camera-style eye
upregulation of retina development in camera-type eye
positive regulation of retina development in camera-type eye
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic pattern specification.
regulation of embryonic pattern specification
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic pattern specification.
down regulation of embryonic pattern specification
down-regulation of embryonic pattern specification
downregulation of embryonic pattern specification
negative regulation of embryonic pattern specification
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic pattern specification.
up regulation of embryonic pattern specification
up-regulation of embryonic pattern specification
upregulation of embryonic pattern specification
positive regulation of embryonic pattern specification
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of supramolecular fiber organization.
regulation of supramolecular fiber organization
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibril organization.
negative regulation of supramolecular fiber organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of supramolecular fiber organization.
positive regulation of supramolecular fiber organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuroepithelial cell differentiation.
up regulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation
up-regulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation
upregulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation
positive regulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation
The disaggregation of an organelle into its constituent components.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.
regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.
down regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
down regulation of glycoprotein metabolism
down-regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
down-regulation of glycoprotein metabolism
downregulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
downregulation of glycoprotein metabolism
negative regulation of glycoprotein metabolism
negative regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.
positive regulation of glycoprotein metabolism
up regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
up regulation of glycoprotein metabolism
up-regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
up-regulation of glycoprotein metabolism
upregulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
positive regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.
regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.
down regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion
down regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
down-regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion
down-regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
downregulation of leukocyte cell adhesion
downregulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
negative regulation of leukocyte adhesion
negative regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion
negative regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.
positive regulation of leukocyte adhesion
positive regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion
up regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion
up regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
up-regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion
up-regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
upregulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
positive regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
Any neural crest cell migration that is involved in sympathetic nervous system development.
neural crest cell migration involved in sympathetic nervous system development
A process that is part of the meiotic cell cycle.
A process that is part of the mitotic cell cycle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.
regulation of extracellular matrix organisation
regulation of extracellular matrix organization
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.
down regulation of extracellular matrix organisation
down regulation of extracellular matrix organization
down-regulation of extracellular matrix organisation
down-regulation of extracellular matrix organization
downregulation of extracellular matrix organisation
downregulation of extracellular matrix organization
negative regulation of extracellular matrix organisation
negative regulation of extracellular matrix organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.
positive regulation of extracellular matrix organisation
up regulation of extracellular matrix organisation
up regulation of extracellular matrix organization
up-regulation of extracellular matrix organisation
up-regulation of extracellular matrix organization
upregulation of extracellular matrix organisation
upregulation of extracellular matrix organization
positive regulation of extracellular matrix organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.
regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane
regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.
down regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane
down regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane
down regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane
down-regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane
down-regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane
down-regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane
downregulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane
downregulation of protein localization in plasma membrane
downregulation of protein localization to plasma membrane
negative regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane
negative regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.
positive regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane
positive regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane
up regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane
up regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane
up regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane
up-regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane
up-regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane
up-regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane
upregulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane
upregulation of protein localization in plasma membrane
upregulation of protein localization to plasma membrane
positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament-based movement.
regulation of actin filament-based movement
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament-based movement.
up regulation of actin filament-based movement
up-regulation of actin filament-based movement
upregulation of actin filament-based movement
positive regulation of actin filament-based movement
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the location of an actin cytoskeleton.
protein localisation in actin cytoskeleton
protein localisation to actin cytoskeleton
protein localization in actin cytoskeleton
protein localization to actin cytoskeleton
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the location of an actin filament bundle.
protein localisation in actin filament bundle
protein localisation to actin filament bundle
protein localization in actin filament bundle
protein localization to actin filament bundle
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mononuclear cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation.
regulation of endoderm cell differentiation
regulation of endodermal cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation.
down regulation of endoderm cell differentiation
down regulation of endodermal cell differentiation
down-regulation of endoderm cell differentiation
down-regulation of endodermal cell differentiation
downregulation of endoderm cell differentiation
downregulation of endodermal cell differentiation
negative regulation of endoderm cell differentiation
negative regulation of endodermal cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation.
positive regulation of endoderm cell differentiation
up regulation of endoderm cell differentiation
up regulation of endodermal cell differentiation
up-regulation of endoderm cell differentiation
up-regulation of endodermal cell differentiation
upregulation of endoderm cell differentiation
upregulation of endodermal cell differentiation
positive regulation of endodermal cell differentiation
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a Golgi membrane.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport.
negative regulation of vacuolar transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport.
positive regulation of vacuolar transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nucleus organization.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Golgi organization.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation.
regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation.
up regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
up-regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
upregulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
positive regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bile acid stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary membrane.
protein localisation in ciliary membrane
protein localisation to ciliary membrane
protein localization in ciliary membrane
protein localization to ciliary membrane
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mucopolysaccharide.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.
negative regulation of blood circulation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.
positive regulation of blood circulation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.
negative regulation of cellular secretion
negative regulation of secretion by cell
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.
positive regulation of cellular secretion
positive regulation of secretion by cell
Any meiotic cell cycle process that is involved in oocyte maturation.
meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation.
regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.
regulation of exosomal secretory pathway
regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.
down regulation of exosomal secretory pathway
down regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion
down-regulation of exosomal secretory pathway
down-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion
downregulation of exosomal secretory pathway
downregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion
negative regulation of exosomal secretory pathway
negative regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion
negative regulation of secretion of exosome
negative regulation of exosomal secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.
positive regulation of exosomal secretory pathway
positive regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion
positive regulation of secretion of exosome
up regulation of exosomal secretory pathway
up regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion
up-regulation of exosomal secretory pathway
up-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion
upregulation of exosomal secretory pathway
upregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion
positive regulation of exosomal secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly.
regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
regulation of extracellular exosome assembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly.
down regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
down-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
downregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
negative regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
negative regulation of extracellular exosome assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly.
up regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
up-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
upregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
positive regulation of extracellular exosome assembly
Any vesicle that is part of the extracellular region.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.
regulation of protein localization to cilium
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.
down regulation of protein localization to cilium
down-regulation of protein localization to cilium
downregulation of protein localization to cilium
negative regulation of protein localization to cilium
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.
up regulation of protein localization to cilium
up-regulation of protein localization to cilium
upregulation of protein localization to cilium
positive regulation of protein localization to cilium
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane.
regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane
regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane
regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane
regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane.
down regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane
down regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane
down regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane
down regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane
down-regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane
down-regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane
down-regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane
down-regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane
downregulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane
downregulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane
downregulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane
downregulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane
negative regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane
negative regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane
negative regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane
negative regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane.
positive regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane
positive regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane
positive regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane
up regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane
up regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane
up regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane
up regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane
up-regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane
up-regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane
up-regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane
up-regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane
upregulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane
upregulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane
upregulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane
upregulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane
positive regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process.
down regulation of DNA catabolic process
down-regulation of DNA catabolic process
negative regulation of DNA catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process.
positive regulation of DNA catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microvillus assembly.
negative regulation of microvillus assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microvillus assembly.
positive regulation of microvillus assembly
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a substantia propria of cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
substantia propria of cornea development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an esophagus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.
down regulation of blood cell biosynthesis
down-regulation of blood cell biosynthesis
downregulation of blood cell biosynthesis
negative regulation of blood cell biosynthesis
negative regulation of blood cell formation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.
positive regulation of blood cell biosynthesis
positive regulation of blood cell formation
up regulation of blood cell biosynthesis
up-regulation of blood cell biosynthesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an uterine gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane organization.
regulation of plasma membrane organisation
regulation of plasma membrane organization
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a vacuolar membrane.
protein localisation in vacuolar membrane
protein localisation to vacuolar membrane
protein localization in vacuolar membrane
protein localization to vacuolar membrane
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction.
negative regulation of cardiac conduction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction.
positive regulation of cardiac conduction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amino acid transmembrane transport.
regulation of amino acid membrane transport
regulation of amino acid transmembrane transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport.
regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport
regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport
regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport.
down regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport
down regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport
down regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport
down-regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport
down-regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport
down-regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport
downregulation of inorganic anion membrane transport
downregulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport
downregulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport
negative regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport
negative regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport
negative regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport.
positive regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport
positive regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport
up regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport
up regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport
up regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport
up-regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport
up-regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport
up-regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport
upregulation of inorganic anion membrane transport
upregulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport
upregulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport
positive regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport
The process in which an organic acid is transported across a membrane.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein localization.
down regulation of cellular protein localisation
down regulation of cellular protein localization
down-regulation of cellular protein localisation
down-regulation of cellular protein localization
downregulation of cellular protein localisation
downregulation of cellular protein localization
negative regulation of cellular protein localisation
negative regulation of cellular protein localization
negative regulation of protein localization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein localization.
positive regulation of cellular protein localisation
positive regulation of cellular protein localization
up regulation of cellular protein localisation
up regulation of cellular protein localization
up-regulation of cellular protein localisation
up-regulation of cellular protein localization
upregulation of cellular protein localisation
upregulation of cellular protein localization
positive regulation of protein localization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aorta morphogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aorta morphogenesis.
negative regulation of aorta morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aorta morphogenesis.
positive regulation of aorta morphogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an extraembryonic membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of T cell polarity.
regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity
regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity
regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity
regulation of establishment of T cell polarity
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of T cell polarity.
down regulation of T lymphocyte polarization
down regulation of establishment of T cell polarity
down regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity
down regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity
down regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity
down-regulation of T lymphocyte polarization
down-regulation of establishment of T cell polarity
down-regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity
down-regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity
down-regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity
downregulation of T lymphocyte polarization
downregulation of establishment of T cell polarity
downregulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity
downregulation of establishment of T-cell polarity
downregulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity
negative regulation of T cell polarization
negative regulation of T lymphocyte polarization
negative regulation of T-cell polarization
negative regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity
negative regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity
negative regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity
negative regulation of establishment of T cell polarity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of T cell polarity.
positive regulation of T cell polarization
positive regulation of T lymphocyte polarization
positive regulation of T-cell polarization
positive regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity
positive regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity
positive regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity
up regulation of T lymphocyte polarization
up regulation of establishment of T cell polarity
up regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity
up regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity
up regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity
up-regulation of T lymphocyte polarization
up-regulation of establishment of T cell polarity
up-regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity
up-regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity
up-regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity
upregulation of T lymphocyte polarization
upregulation of establishment of T cell polarity
upregulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity
upregulation of establishment of T-cell polarity
upregulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity
positive regulation of establishment of T cell polarity
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of respiratory gaseous exchange.
down regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
down-regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
downregulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
negative regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of respiratory gaseous exchange.
up regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
up-regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
upregulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
positive regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process.
regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process.
down regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process
down-regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process
downregulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process
negative regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process.
up regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process
up-regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process
upregulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process
positive regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of AV node cell action potential.
down regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential
down regulation of AV node cell action potential
down regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential
down-regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential
down-regulation of AV node cell action potential
down-regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential
downregulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential
downregulation of AV node cell action potential
downregulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential
negative regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential
negative regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential
negative regulation of AV node cell action potential
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of AV node cell action potential.
positive regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential
positive regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential
up regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential
up regulation of AV node cell action potential
up regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential
up-regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential
up-regulation of AV node cell action potential
up-regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential
upregulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential
upregulation of AV node cell action potential
upregulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential
positive regulation of AV node cell action potential
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell migration.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell migration.
negative regulation of glia cell migration
negative regulation of glial cell migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell migration.
positive regulation of glia cell migration
positive regulation of glial cell migration
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a serotonin stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.
up regulation of vasculature development
up-regulation of vasculature development
positive regulation of vasculature development
Any apoptotic process in an epithelial cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization.
regulation of collagen fibril organisation
regulation of fibrillar collagen organization
regulation of collagen fibril organization
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization.
down regulation of collagen fibril organisation
down regulation of collagen fibril organization
down regulation of fibrillar collagen organization
down-regulation of collagen fibril organisation
down-regulation of collagen fibril organization
down-regulation of fibrillar collagen organization
downregulation of collagen fibril organisation
downregulation of collagen fibril organization
downregulation of fibrillar collagen organization
negative regulation of collagen fibril organisation
negative regulation of fibrillar collagen organization
negative regulation of collagen fibril organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization.
positive regulation of collagen fibril organisation
positive regulation of fibrillar collagen organization
up regulation of collagen fibril organisation
up regulation of collagen fibril organization
up regulation of fibrillar collagen organization
up-regulation of collagen fibril organisation
up-regulation of collagen fibril organization
up-regulation of fibrillar collagen organization
upregulation of collagen fibril organisation
upregulation of collagen fibril organization
upregulation of fibrillar collagen organization
positive regulation of collagen fibril organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process.
regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process
regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process.
down regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process
down regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process
down-regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process
down-regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process
downregulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process
downregulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process
negative regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process
negative regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process
up regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process
up regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process
up-regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process
up-regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process
upregulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process
upregulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process
positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte proliferation.
regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte proliferation.
down regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation
down regulation of hepatoblast proliferation
down-regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation
down-regulation of hepatoblast proliferation
downregulation of cholangiocyte proliferation
downregulation of hepatoblast proliferation
negative regulation of hepatoblast proliferation
negative regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte proliferation.
positive regulation of hepatoblast proliferation
up regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation
up regulation of hepatoblast proliferation
up-regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation
up-regulation of hepatoblast proliferation
upregulation of cholangiocyte proliferation
upregulation of hepatoblast proliferation
positive regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of pain.
down regulation of sensory perception of pain
down-regulation of sensory perception of pain
downregulation of sensory perception of pain
negative regulation of sensory perception of pain
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of pain.
up regulation of sensory perception of pain
up-regulation of sensory perception of pain
upregulation of sensory perception of pain
positive regulation of sensory perception of pain
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport.
regulation of monoatomic cation transmembrane transport
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport.
down regulation of cation transmembrane transport
down-regulation of cation transmembrane transport
downregulation of cation transmembrane transport
negative regulation of cation transmembrane transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport.
up regulation of cation transmembrane transport
up-regulation of cation transmembrane transport
upregulation of cation transmembrane transport
positive regulation of cation transmembrane transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation.
regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation
regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation.
down regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation
down regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation
down-regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation
down-regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation
downregulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation
downregulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation
negative regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation
negative regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation.
positive regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation
up regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation
up regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation
up-regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation
up-regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation
upregulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation
upregulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation
positive regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a microvillus.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation.
down regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
down-regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
downregulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation.
up regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
up-regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
upregulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development.
regulation of adipose tissue development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development.
down regulation of adipose tissue development
down-regulation of adipose tissue development
downregulation of adipose tissue development
negative regulation of adipose tissue development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development.
up regulation of adipose tissue development
up-regulation of adipose tissue development
upregulation of adipose tissue development
positive regulation of adipose tissue development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte apoptotic process.
regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process
regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte apoptotic process.
down regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process
down regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process
down-regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process
down-regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process
downregulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process
downregulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process
negative regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process
negative regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte apoptotic process.
positive regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process
up regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process
up regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process
up-regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process
up-regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process
upregulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process
upregulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process
positive regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
down regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
down-regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
downregulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
negative regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
up regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
up-regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
upregulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
positive regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid metabolic process.
regulation of bile acid metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid metabolic process.
down regulation of bile acid metabolic process
down-regulation of bile acid metabolic process
downregulation of bile acid metabolic process
negative regulation of bile acid metabolism
negative regulation of bile acid metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid metabolic process.
positive regulation of bile acid metabolism
up regulation of bile acid metabolic process
up-regulation of bile acid metabolic process
upregulation of bile acid metabolic process
positive regulation of bile acid metabolic process
The cell cortex of the leading edge of a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction.
regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction.
down regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
down-regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
downregulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
negative regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction.
up regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
up-regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
upregulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
positive regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition.
regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition.
down regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
down-regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
downregulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition.
up regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
up-regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
upregulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction.
regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction.
down regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction
down-regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction
downregulation of colon smooth muscle contraction
negative regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction.
up regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction
up-regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction
upregulation of colon smooth muscle contraction
positive regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation.
regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation
regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation.
down regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation
down regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation
down-regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation
down-regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation
downregulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation
downregulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation
negative regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation
negative regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation.
positive regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation
up regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation
up regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation
up-regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation
up-regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation
upregulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation
upregulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation
positive regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small intestine smooth muscle contraction.
regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of small intestine smooth muscle contraction.
down regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction
down-regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction
downregulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction
negative regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of small intestine smooth muscle contraction.
up regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction
up-regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction
upregulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction
positive regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.
regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.
down regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
down-regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
downregulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
negative regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.
up regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
up-regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
upregulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
positive regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery.
regulation of protein localization to cell periphery
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery.
down regulation of protein localization to cell periphery
down-regulation of protein localization to cell periphery
downregulation of protein localization to cell periphery
negative regulation of protein localization to cell periphery
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery.
up regulation of protein localization to cell periphery
up-regulation of protein localization to cell periphery
upregulation of protein localization to cell periphery
positive regulation of protein localization to cell periphery
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development.
regulation of neuromuscular junction organization
regulation of neuromuscular junction development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development.
down regulation of neuromuscular junction development
down regulation of neuromuscular junction organization
down-regulation of neuromuscular junction development
down-regulation of neuromuscular junction organization
downregulation of neuromuscular junction development
downregulation of neuromuscular junction organization
negative regulation of neuromuscular junction organization
negative regulation of neuromuscular junction development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development.
positive regulation of neuromuscular junction organization
up regulation of neuromuscular junction development
up regulation of neuromuscular junction organization
up-regulation of neuromuscular junction development
up-regulation of neuromuscular junction organization
upregulation of neuromuscular junction development
upregulation of neuromuscular junction organization
positive regulation of neuromuscular junction development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secretory granule organization.
regulation of secretory granule organisation
regulation of secretory granule organization
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secretory granule organization.
down regulation of secretory granule organisation
down regulation of secretory granule organization
down-regulation of secretory granule organisation
down-regulation of secretory granule organization
downregulation of secretory granule organisation
downregulation of secretory granule organization
negative regulation of secretory granule organisation
negative regulation of secretory granule organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secretory granule organization.
positive regulation of secretory granule organisation
up regulation of secretory granule organisation
up regulation of secretory granule organization
up-regulation of secretory granule organisation
up-regulation of secretory granule organization
upregulation of secretory granule organisation
upregulation of secretory granule organization
positive regulation of secretory granule organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle development.
regulation of cardiac ventricle development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle development.
down regulation of cardiac ventricle development
down-regulation of cardiac ventricle development
downregulation of cardiac ventricle development
negative regulation of cardiac ventricle development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle development.
up regulation of cardiac ventricle development
up-regulation of cardiac ventricle development
upregulation of cardiac ventricle development
positive regulation of cardiac ventricle development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential.
down regulation of neuronal action potential
down-regulation of neuronal action potential
downregulation of neuronal action potential
negative regulation of neuronal action potential
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential.
up regulation of neuronal action potential
up-regulation of neuronal action potential
upregulation of neuronal action potential
positive regulation of neuronal action potential
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cloacal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary transition zone.
protein localisation in ciliary transition zone
protein localisation to ciliary transition zone
protein localization in ciliary transition zone
protein localization to ciliary transition zone
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glycoprotein stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell apoptotic process.
regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process
regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process
regulation of fat cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell apoptotic process.
down regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process
down regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process
down regulation of fat cell apoptotic process
down-regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process
down-regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process
down-regulation of fat cell apoptotic process
downregulation of adipocyte apoptotic process
downregulation of adipose cell apoptotic process
downregulation of fat cell apoptotic process
negative regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process
negative regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process
negative regulation of fat cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process
positive regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process
up regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process
up regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process
up regulation of fat cell apoptotic process
up-regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process
up-regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process
up-regulation of fat cell apoptotic process
upregulation of adipocyte apoptotic process
upregulation of adipose cell apoptotic process
upregulation of fat cell apoptotic process
positive regulation of fat cell apoptotic process
The process in which glucose is transported across a membrane.
Any negative regulation of cell differentiation that is involved in stem cell population maintenance.
down regulation of cell differentiation involved in stem cell population maintenance
down-regulation of cell differentiation involved in stem cell population maintenance
downregulation of cell differentiation involved in stem cell population maintenance
negative regulation of cell differentiation involved in stem cell population maintenance
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell population maintenance.
regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell population maintenance.
down regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance
down-regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance
downregulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance
negative regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell population maintenance.
up regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance
up-regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance
upregulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance
positive regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division.
regulation of somatic stem cell division
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division.
down regulation of somatic stem cell division
down regulation of somatic stem cell renewal
down-regulation of somatic stem cell division
down-regulation of somatic stem cell renewal
downregulation of somatic stem cell division
downregulation of somatic stem cell renewal
negative regulation of somatic stem cell renewal
negative regulation of somatic stem cell division
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division.
positive regulation of somatic stem cell renewal
up regulation of somatic stem cell division
up regulation of somatic stem cell renewal
up-regulation of somatic stem cell division
up-regulation of somatic stem cell renewal
upregulation of somatic stem cell division
upregulation of somatic stem cell renewal
positive regulation of somatic stem cell division
Enables the transfer of a peptide from one side of a membrane to the other.
peptide transmembrane transporter activity
Glutathione is taken up by the bacterium
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation.
down regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation
down regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation
down regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation
down-regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation
down-regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation
down-regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation
downregulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation
downregulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation
downregulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation
negative regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation
negative regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation
negative regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation.
positive regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation
positive regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation
up regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation
up regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation
up regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation
up-regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation
up-regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation
up-regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation
upregulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation
upregulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation
upregulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation
positive regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation
The developmental process by which a midbrain is generated and organized.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of acinar cell proliferation.
regulation of acinous cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of acinar cell proliferation.
down regulation of acinar cell proliferation
down regulation of acinic cell proliferation
down regulation of acinous cell proliferation
down-regulation of acinar cell proliferation
down-regulation of acinic cell proliferation
down-regulation of acinous cell proliferation
downregulation of acinar cell proliferation
downregulation of acinic cell proliferation
downregulation of acinous cell proliferation
negative regulation of acinic cell proliferation
negative regulation of acinous cell proliferation
negative regulation of acinar cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of acinar cell proliferation.
positive regulation of acinic cell proliferation
positive regulation of acinous cell proliferation
up regulation of acinar cell proliferation
up regulation of acinic cell proliferation
up regulation of acinous cell proliferation
up-regulation of acinar cell proliferation
up-regulation of acinic cell proliferation
up-regulation of acinous cell proliferation
upregulation of acinar cell proliferation
upregulation of acinic cell proliferation
upregulation of acinous cell proliferation
positive regulation of acinar cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.
regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.
down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
negative regulation of VSMC proliferation
negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.
positive regulation of VSMC proliferation
positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation
The orderly movement of a vascular associated smooth muscle cell from one site to another.
vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development.
down regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
down regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptotic process involved in development
downregulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development.
positive regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
up regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptotic process involved in development
upregulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development.
regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus.
regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus
regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus
regulation of protein localization in nucleolus
regulation of protein localization to nucleolus
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus.
down regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus
down regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus
down regulation of protein localization in nucleolus
down regulation of protein localization to nucleolus
down-regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus
down-regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus
down-regulation of protein localization in nucleolus
down-regulation of protein localization to nucleolus
downregulation of protein localisation in nucleolus
downregulation of protein localisation to nucleolus
downregulation of protein localization in nucleolus
downregulation of protein localization to nucleolus
negative regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus
negative regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus
negative regulation of protein localization in nucleolus
negative regulation of protein localization to nucleolus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus.
positive regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus
positive regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus
positive regulation of protein localization in nucleolus
up regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus
up regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus
up regulation of protein localization in nucleolus
up regulation of protein localization to nucleolus
up-regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus
up-regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus
up-regulation of protein localization in nucleolus
up-regulation of protein localization to nucleolus
upregulation of protein localisation in nucleolus
upregulation of protein localisation to nucleolus
upregulation of protein localization in nucleolus
upregulation of protein localization to nucleolus
positive regulation of protein localization to nucleolus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration.
regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration
regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration.
down regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration
down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration
down-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration
down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration
downregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration
downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration
negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration
negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration.
positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration
up regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration
up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration
up-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration
up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration
upregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration
upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration
positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration
The developmental process by which an intramembranous bone is generated and organized.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex.
regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex
regulation of protein localization to cell cortex
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex.
down regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex
down regulation of protein localization to cell cortex
down-regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex
down-regulation of protein localization to cell cortex
downregulation of protein localisation to cell cortex
downregulation of protein localization to cell cortex
negative regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex
negative regulation of protein localization to cell cortex
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex.
positive regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex
up regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex
up regulation of protein localization to cell cortex
up-regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex
up-regulation of protein localization to cell cortex
upregulation of protein localisation to cell cortex
upregulation of protein localization to cell cortex
positive regulation of protein localization to cell cortex
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a serous membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a visceral peritoneum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a parietal peritoneum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a peritoneum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation.
down regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation
down-regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation
downregulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation
negative regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation.
up regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation
up-regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation
upregulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation
positive regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial skeletal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial skeletal system is the skeletal subdivision of the head, and includes the skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in midbrain.
regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon
regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in midbrain.
down regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon
down regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain
down-regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon
down-regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain
downregulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon
downregulation of cell proliferation in midbrain
negative regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon
negative regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in midbrain.
positive regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon
up regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon
up regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain
up-regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon
up-regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain
upregulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon
upregulation of cell proliferation in midbrain
positive regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain
The orderly movement of an interneuron from one site to another.
The orderly movement of a sensory neuron from one site to another.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation.
regulation of cardiac ventricle formation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation.
down regulation of cardiac ventricle formation
down-regulation of cardiac ventricle formation
downregulation of cardiac ventricle formation
negative regulation of cardiac ventricle formation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation.
up regulation of cardiac ventricle formation
up-regulation of cardiac ventricle formation
upregulation of cardiac ventricle formation
positive regulation of cardiac ventricle formation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization.
down regulation of establishment of protein localisation
down regulation of establishment of protein localization
down-regulation of establishment of protein localisation
down-regulation of establishment of protein localization
downregulation of establishment of protein localisation
downregulation of establishment of protein localization
negative regulation of establishment of protein localisation
negative regulation of protein positioning
negative regulation of protein recruitment
negative regulation of establishment of protein localization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization.
positive regulation of establishment of protein localisation
positive regulation of protein positioning
positive regulation of protein recruitment
up regulation of establishment of protein localisation
up regulation of establishment of protein localization
up-regulation of establishment of protein localisation
up-regulation of establishment of protein localization
upregulation of establishment of protein localisation
upregulation of establishment of protein localization
positive regulation of establishment of protein localization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell activation.
regulation of endothelial cell activation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell activation.
down regulation of endothelial cell activation
down-regulation of endothelial cell activation
downregulation of endothelial cell activation
negative regulation of endothelial cell activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell activation.
up regulation of endothelial cell activation
up-regulation of endothelial cell activation
upregulation of endothelial cell activation
positive regulation of endothelial cell activation
The process in which carboxylic acid is transported across a membrane.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.
down regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
down-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
downregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
negative regulation of VSMC differentiation
negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.
positive regulation of VSMC differentiation
positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
up regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
up-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
upregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an allantois over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axo-dendritic protein transport.
regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axo-dendritic protein transport.
down regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport
down-regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport
downregulation of axo-dendritic protein transport
negative regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axo-dendritic protein transport.
up regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport
up-regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport
upregulation of axo-dendritic protein transport
positive regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport
The process that gives rise to the apical ectodermal ridge. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apical ectodermal ridge formation.
regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation
regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apical ectodermal ridge formation.
down regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation
down regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation
down-regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation
down-regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation
downregulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation
downregulation of apical epidermal ridge formation
negative regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation
negative regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apical ectodermal ridge formation.
positive regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation
up regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation
up regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation
up-regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation
up-regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation
upregulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation
upregulation of apical epidermal ridge formation
positive regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acetylcholine stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle hypertrophy.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle hypertrophy.
down regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy
down-regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy
downregulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy
negative regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle hypertrophy.
up regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy
up-regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy
upregulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy
positive regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.
down regulation of membrane invagination
down-regulation of membrane invagination
negative regulation of membrane invagination
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.
positive regulation of membrane invagination
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation.
regulation of cardiac cell differentiation
regulation of heart cell differentiation
regulation of cardiocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation.
down regulation of cardiac cell differentiation
down regulation of cardiocyte differentiation
down regulation of heart cell differentiation
down-regulation of cardiac cell differentiation
down-regulation of cardiocyte differentiation
down-regulation of heart cell differentiation
downregulation of cardiac cell differentiation
downregulation of cardiocyte differentiation
downregulation of heart cell differentiation
negative regulation of cardiac cell differentiation
negative regulation of heart cell differentiation
negative regulation of cardiocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation.
positive regulation of cardiac cell differentiation
positive regulation of heart cell differentiation
up regulation of cardiac cell differentiation
up regulation of cardiocyte differentiation
up regulation of heart cell differentiation
up-regulation of cardiac cell differentiation
up-regulation of cardiocyte differentiation
up-regulation of heart cell differentiation
upregulation of cardiac cell differentiation
upregulation of cardiocyte differentiation
upregulation of heart cell differentiation
positive regulation of cardiocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation.
negative regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
The developmental process by which an epicardium is generated and organized.
visceral serous pericardium of heart morphogenesis
visceral serous pericardium proper morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.
down regulation of chromatin organisation
down regulation of chromatin organization
down regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
down-regulation of chromatin organisation
down-regulation of chromatin organization
down-regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
downregulation of chromatin organisation
downregulation of chromatin organization
downregulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
negative regulation of chromatin assembly/disassembly
negative regulation of chromatin organisation
negative regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
negative regulation of chromatin organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.
positive regulation of chromatin organisation
positive regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
up regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
up-regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
upregulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
upregulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
positive regulation of chromatin organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation.
down regulation of epithelial tube formation
down-regulation of epithelial tube formation
downregulation of epithelial tube formation
negative regulation of epithelial tube formation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation.
up regulation of epithelial tube formation
up-regulation of epithelial tube formation
upregulation of epithelial tube formation
positive regulation of epithelial tube formation
Any apoptotic process in a vascular associated smooth muscle cell.
vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural crest cell differentiation.
regulation of neural crest cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neural crest cell differentiation.
down regulation of neural crest cell differentiation
down-regulation of neural crest cell differentiation
downregulation of neural crest cell differentiation
negative regulation of neural crest cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural crest cell differentiation.
up regulation of neural crest cell differentiation
up-regulation of neural crest cell differentiation
upregulation of neural crest cell differentiation
positive regulation of neural crest cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal epithelial cell development.
regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal epithelial cell development.
down regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development
down-regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development
downregulation of intestinal epithelial cell development
negative regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal epithelial cell development.
up regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development
up-regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development
upregulation of intestinal epithelial cell development
positive regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac myofibril assembly.
regulation of cardiac myofibril development
regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis
regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac myofibril assembly.
down regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly
down regulation of cardiac myofibril development
down regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis
down-regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly
down-regulation of cardiac myofibril development
down-regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis
downregulation of cardiac myofibril assembly
downregulation of cardiac myofibril development
downregulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis
negative regulation of cardiac myofibril development
negative regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis
negative regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac myofibril assembly.
positive regulation of cardiac myofibril development
positive regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis
up regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly
up regulation of cardiac myofibril development
up regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis
up-regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly
up-regulation of cardiac myofibril development
up-regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis
upregulation of cardiac myofibril assembly
upregulation of cardiac myofibril development
upregulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis
positive regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
down regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
down-regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
downregulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
negative regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
up regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
up-regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
upregulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
positive regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
Any cell proliferation that is involved in endocardial cushion morphogenesis.
cell proliferation involved in endocardial cushion morphogenesis
The orderly movement of a mesenchymal stem cell from one site to another.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell migration.
regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell migration.
down regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration
down-regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration
downregulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration
negative regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell migration.
up regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration
up-regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration
upregulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration
positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium.
regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium.
down regulation of epithelium morphogenesis
down regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium
down-regulation of epithelium morphogenesis
down-regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium
downregulation of epithelium morphogenesis
downregulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium
negative regulation of epithelium morphogenesis
negative regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium.
positive regulation of epithelium morphogenesis
up regulation of epithelium morphogenesis
up regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium
up-regulation of epithelium morphogenesis
up-regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium
upregulation of epithelium morphogenesis
upregulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium
positive regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ciliary transition zone.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a presynapse.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to presynapse.
regulation of protein localisation in presynapse
regulation of protein localisation to presynapse
regulation of protein localization in presynapse
regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins
regulation of protein localization to presynapse
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to presynapse.
down regulation of protein localisation in presynapse
down regulation of protein localisation to presynapse
down regulation of protein localization in presynapse
down regulation of protein localization to presynapse
down regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins
down-regulation of protein localisation in presynapse
down-regulation of protein localisation to presynapse
down-regulation of protein localization in presynapse
down-regulation of protein localization to presynapse
down-regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins
downregulation of protein localisation in presynapse
downregulation of protein localisation to presynapse
downregulation of protein localization in presynapse
downregulation of protein localization to presynapse
downregulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins
negative regulation of protein localisation in presynapse
negative regulation of protein localisation to presynapse
negative regulation of protein localization in presynapse
negative regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins
negative regulation of protein localization to presynapse
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to presynapse.
positive regulation of protein localisation in presynapse
positive regulation of protein localisation to presynapse
positive regulation of protein localization in presynapse
positive regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins
up regulation of protein localisation in presynapse
up regulation of protein localisation to presynapse
up regulation of protein localization in presynapse
up regulation of protein localization to presynapse
up regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins
up-regulation of protein localisation in presynapse
up-regulation of protein localisation to presynapse
up-regulation of protein localization in presynapse
up-regulation of protein localization to presynapse
up-regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins
upregulation of protein localisation in presynapse
upregulation of protein localisation to presynapse
upregulation of protein localization in presynapse
upregulation of protein localization to presynapse
upregulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins
positive regulation of protein localization to presynapse
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide.
regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide.
down regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
down-regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
downregulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
negative regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide.
up regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
up-regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
upregulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
positive regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation.
regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation.
down regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation
down-regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation
downregulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation
negative regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation.
up regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation
up-regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation
upregulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation
positive regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation.
regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation.
down regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
down-regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
downregulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
negative regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation.
up regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
up-regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
upregulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
positive regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
down regulation of VSMC apoptotic process
down regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
down-regulation of VSMC apoptotic process
down-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
downregulation of VSMC apoptotic process
downregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
negative regulation of VSMC apoptotic process
negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of VSMC apoptotic process
positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
up regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
up-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
upregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane.
regulation of protein localisation in membrane
regulation of protein localization in membrane
regulation of protein localization to membrane
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane.
down regulation of protein localisation in membrane
down regulation of protein localization in membrane
down regulation of protein localization to membrane
down-regulation of protein localisation in membrane
down-regulation of protein localization in membrane
down-regulation of protein localization to membrane
downregulation of protein localisation in membrane
downregulation of protein localization in membrane
downregulation of protein localization to membrane
negative regulation of protein localisation in membrane
negative regulation of protein localization in membrane
negative regulation of protein localization to membrane
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane.
positive regulation of protein localisation in membrane
positive regulation of protein localization in membrane
up regulation of protein localisation in membrane
up regulation of protein localization in membrane
up regulation of protein localization to membrane
up-regulation of protein localisation in membrane
up-regulation of protein localization in membrane
up-regulation of protein localization to membrane
upregulation of protein localisation in membrane
upregulation of protein localization in membrane
upregulation of protein localization to membrane
positive regulation of protein localization to membrane
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron migration.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron migration.
down regulation of motor neuron migration
down-regulation of motor neuron migration
downregulation of motor neuron migration
negative regulation of motor neuron migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron migration.
positive regulation of motor neuron migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve.
up regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve
up-regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve
upregulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve
positive regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of motile cilium assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of motile cilium assembly.
negative regulation of motile cilium assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of motile cilium assembly.
positive regulation of motile cilium assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fertilization.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching.
regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching.
down regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
down regulation of patterning of blood vessels
down-regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
down-regulation of patterning of blood vessels
downregulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
downregulation of patterning of blood vessels
negative regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching.
positive regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
up regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
up regulation of patterning of blood vessels
up-regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
up-regulation of patterning of blood vessels
upregulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
upregulation of patterning of blood vessels
positive regulation of blood vessel branching
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly.
regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly.
down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly.
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.
regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.
down regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
down-regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
downregulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
negative regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.
up regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
up-regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
upregulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly.
regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly.
down regulation of presynapse biogenesis
down regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly
down-regulation of presynapse biogenesis
down-regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly
downregulation of presynaptic terminal assembly
negative regulation of presynapse biogenesis
negative regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly
negative regulation of presynapse assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly.
positive regulation of presynapse biogenesis
positive regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly
up regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly
up-regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly
upregulation of presynaptic terminal assembly
positive regulation of presynapse assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process.
regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process.
down regulation of serotonin biosynthesis
down regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
down-regulation of serotonin biosynthesis
down-regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
downregulation of serotonin biosynthesis
downregulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
negative regulation of serotonin anabolism
negative regulation of serotonin biosynthesis
negative regulation of serotonin formation
negative regulation of serotonin synthesis
negative regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of serotonin anabolism
positive regulation of serotonin biosynthesis
positive regulation of serotonin formation
positive regulation of serotonin synthesis
up regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
up-regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
upregulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
positive regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin.
regulation of protein localisation to chromatin
regulation of protein localization to chromatin
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of artery morphogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of artery morphogenesis.
down regulation of arterial morphogenesis
down-regulation of arterial morphogenesis
downregulation of arterial morphogenesis
negative regulation of arterial morphogenesis
negative regulation of artery morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of artery morphogenesis.
positive regulation of arterial morphogenesis
positive regulation of artery morphogenesis
The disaggregation of a nucleus into its constituent components.
Any microtubule bundle that is part of a cytoplasm.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cytoplasmic microtubule.
protein localisation to cytoplasmic microtubule
protein localization to cytoplasmic microtubule
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation.
regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation
regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation.
down regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation
down regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation
down-regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation
down-regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation
downregulation of mesoderm cell differentiation
downregulation of mesodermal cell differentiation
negative regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation
negative regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation.
positive regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation
up regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation
up regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation
up-regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation
up-regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation
upregulation of mesoderm cell differentiation
upregulation of mesodermal cell differentiation
positive regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse organization.
negative regulation of synapse development
negative regulation of synapse organisation
negative regulation of synapse organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation.
positive regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
positive regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
up regulation of chromosome condensation
up regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
up regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
up-regulation of chromosome condensation
up-regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
up-regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
upregulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
upregulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
positive regulation of chromosome condensation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule nucleation.
down regulation of microtubule nucleation
down-regulation of microtubule nucleation
downregulation of microtubule nucleation
negative regulation of microtubule nucleation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epididymis over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell leading edge.
regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge
regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge
regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge
regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell leading edge.
down regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge
down regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge
down regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge
down regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge
down-regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge
down-regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge
down-regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge
down-regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge
downregulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge
downregulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge
downregulation of protein localization in cell leading edge
downregulation of protein localization to cell leading edge
negative regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge
negative regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge
negative regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge
negative regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell leading edge.
positive regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge
positive regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge
positive regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge
up regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge
up regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge
up regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge
up regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge
up-regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge
up-regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge
up-regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge
up-regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge
upregulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge
upregulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge
upregulation of protein localization in cell leading edge
upregulation of protein localization to cell leading edge
positive regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development.
regulation of smooth muscle tissue development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development.
down regulation of smooth muscle tissue development
down-regulation of smooth muscle tissue development
downregulation of smooth muscle tissue development
negative regulation of smooth muscle tissue development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development.
up regulation of smooth muscle tissue development
up-regulation of smooth muscle tissue development
upregulation of smooth muscle tissue development
positive regulation of smooth muscle tissue development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation.
negative regulation of mesoderm formation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation.
positive regulation of mesoderm formation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of acetylcholine biosynthetic process.
regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis
regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of acetylcholine biosynthetic process.
down regulation of acetylcholine anabolism
down regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis
down regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process
down regulation of acetylcholine formation
down regulation of acetylcholine synthesis
down-regulation of acetylcholine anabolism
down-regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis
down-regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process
down-regulation of acetylcholine formation
down-regulation of acetylcholine synthesis
downregulation of acetylcholine anabolism
downregulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis
downregulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process
downregulation of acetylcholine formation
downregulation of acetylcholine synthesis
negative regulation of acetylcholine anabolism
negative regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis
negative regulation of acetylcholine formation
negative regulation of acetylcholine synthesis
negative regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of acetylcholine biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of acetylcholine anabolism
positive regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis
positive regulation of acetylcholine formation
positive regulation of acetylcholine synthesis
up regulation of acetylcholine anabolism
up regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis
up regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process
up regulation of acetylcholine formation
up regulation of acetylcholine synthesis
up-regulation of acetylcholine anabolism
up-regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis
up-regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process
up-regulation of acetylcholine formation
up-regulation of acetylcholine synthesis
upregulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis
upregulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process
positive regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation.
down regulation of germ cell proliferation
down-regulation of germ cell proliferation
downregulation of germ cell proliferation
negative regulation of germ cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation.
up regulation of germ cell proliferation
up-regulation of germ cell proliferation
positive regulation of germ cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development.
negative regulation of gonad development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development.
positive regulation of gonad development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization.
negative regulation of lipid localisation
negative regulation of lipid localization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization.
positive regulation of lipid localisation
positive regulation of lipid localization
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis.
down regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis
down-regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis
downregulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis
negative regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis.
up regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis
up-regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis
upregulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis
positive regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis
Any apoptotic process in a retinal cell.
Any apoptotic process in a compound eye retinal cell.
compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process
The process whereby a membrane-bounded vesicle is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane.
extracellular vesicular exosome secretion
multi-vesicular body fusion with plasma membrane
A protein complex capable of catalyzing the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor).
A process in which RNA is transported to and maintained in a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.
A protein complex facilitating transport of molecules (proteins, small molecules, nucleic acids) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the baculum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Steps required to transform a dense core granule generated at the trans-Golgi network into a fully formed and transmissible dense core granule. Dense core granule maturation proceeds through clathrin-mediated membrane remodeling events and is essential for efficient processing of cargo within dense core granules as well as for removing factors that might otherwise interfere with dense core granule trafficking and exocytosis.
The multiplication or reproduction of cholangiocytes, resulting in the expansion of the cholangiocyte population. A cholangiocyte is an epithelial cell that is part of the bile duct. Cholangiocytes contribute to bile secretion via net release of bicarbonate and water.
Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity of a toxic substance. These may include transport of the toxic substance away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry of the large intestine, exclusive of the rectum. The colon is that part of the large intestine that connects the small intestine to the rectum.
The flow of blood through the gastric mucosa of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients and the removal of waste products.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry in the intestine between the stomach and the large intestine.
small intestine smooth muscle contraction
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell periphery.
Any process in which the vacuole is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
The multiplication or reproduction of acinar cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. An acinar cell is a secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape-shaped clusters known as acini (singular acinus).
The multiplication or reproduction of vascular smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels.
vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation
A macromolecular complex that contains both RNA and protein molecules.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development.
negative regulation of testicular development
negative regulation of testis development
negative regulation of male gonad development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development.
positive regulation of testicular development
positive regulation of testis development
positive regulation of male gonad development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multicellular organismal development.
regulation of multicellular organismal development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis.
regulation of animal organ morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance.
regulation of stem cell population maintenance
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation.
negative regulation of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation.
positive regulation of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to insect.
regulation of physiological defense response to insect
regulation of defense response to insect
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development.
regulation of pancreatic B cell development
regulation of pancreatic beta cell development
regulation of type B pancreatic cell development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development.
negative regulation of pancreatic B cell development
negative regulation of pancreatic beta cell development
negative regulation of type B pancreatic cell development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development.
positive regulation of pancreatic B cell development
positive regulation of pancreatic beta cell development
positive regulation of type B pancreatic cell development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis.
regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis.
negative regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis.
positive regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.
regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.
negative regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.
positive regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of cell polarity.
regulation of establishment of cell polarity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis.
negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis.
positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.
negative regulation of movement of a cell
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.
positive regulation of movement of a cell
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility.
positive regulation of cilium-dependent cell motility
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve.
regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve.
negative regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pro-T cell differentiation.
regulation of pro-T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of pro-T cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pro-T cell differentiation.
negative regulation of pro-T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of pro-T cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pro-T cell differentiation.
positive regulation of pro-T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of pro-T cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.
regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.
negative regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.
positive regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel morphogenesis.
negative regulation of blood vessel morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport.
regulation of phosphate membrane transport
regulation of phosphate transmembrane transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport.
negative regulation of phosphate membrane transport
negative regulation of phosphate transmembrane transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport.
positive regulation of phosphate membrane transport
positive regulation of phosphate transmembrane transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development.
negative regulation of ovarian development
negative regulation of ovary development
negative regulation of female gonad development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development.
positive regulation of ovarian development
positive regulation of ovary development
positive regulation of female gonad development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic A cell differentiation.
regulation of pancreatic alpha cell differentiation
regulation of pancreatic A cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic A cell differentiation.
negative regulation of pancreatic alpha cell differentiation
negative regulation of pancreatic A cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic A cell differentiation.
positive regulation of pancreatic alpha cell differentiation
positive regulation of pancreatic A cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.
negative regulation of reproductive process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.
positive regulation of reproductive process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity.
negative regulation of establishment and/or maintenance of neuroblast cell polarity
negative regulation of establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male germ cell proliferation.
regulation of male germ cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of male germ cell proliferation.
negative regulation of male germ cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of male germ cell proliferation.
positive regulation of male germ cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.
negative regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.
positive regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.
negative regulation of DNA biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process.
regulation of amino acid biosynthetic process
regulation of cellular amino acid anabolism
regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthesis
regulation of cellular amino acid formation
regulation of cellular amino acid synthesis
regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an amino acid biosynthetic process.
negative regulation of amino acid anabolism
negative regulation of amino acid biosynthesis
negative regulation of amino acid formation
negative regulation of amino acid synthesis
negative regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of amino acid biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of amino acid anabolism
positive regulation of amino acid biosynthesis
positive regulation of amino acid formation
positive regulation of amino acid synthesis
positive regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process
positive regulation of amino acid biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotome development.
positive regulation of myotome development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation.
positive regulation of myoblast proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotome development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defecation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defecation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defecation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.
regulation of apoptosis of endothelial cells
regulation of endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
regulation of killing of endothelial cells
regulation of programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis
regulation of programmed cell death, endothelial cells
regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.
negative regulation of apoptosis of endothelial cells
negative regulation of endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
negative regulation of killing of endothelial cells
negative regulation of programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis
negative regulation of programmed cell death, endothelial cells
negative regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of apoptosis of endothelial cells
positive regulation of endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
positive regulation of killing of endothelial cells
positive regulation of programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis
positive regulation of programmed cell death, endothelial cells
positive regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process.
regulation of diatomic oxygen metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process.
negative regulation of diatomic oxygen metabolic process
negative regulation of oxygen metabolism
negative regulation of oxygen metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process.
positive regulation of diatomic oxygen metabolic process
positive regulation of oxygen metabolism
positive regulation of oxygen metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.
negative regulation of mesoderm development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.
positive regulation of mesoderm development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development.
negative regulation of ectoderm development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development.
positive regulation of ectoderm development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration.
negative regulation of lymphocyte migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration.
positive regulation of lymphocyte migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.
negative regulation of T lymphocyte migration
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte migration
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell migration.
regulation of hemopoietic stem cell migration
regulation of hematopoietic stem cell migration
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell migration.
negative regulation of hemopoietic stem cell migration
negative regulation of hematopoietic stem cell migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell migration.
positive regulation of hemopoietic stem cell migration
positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis.
negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis.
positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastrulation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastrulation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell dendrite assembly.
regulation of dendritic cell dendrite assembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell dendrite assembly.
negative regulation of dendritic cell dendrite assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell dendrite assembly.
positive regulation of dendritic cell dendrite assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of DNA biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development.
negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development.
positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation.
negative regulation of stem cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation.
positive regulation of stem cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
regulation of sodium transporter activity
regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
negative regulation of sodium transporter activity
negative regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
positive regulation of sodium transporter activity
positive regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process.
regulation of dendritic cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process.
negative regulation of dendritic cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of dendritic cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process.
regulation of motor neuron apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process.
negative regulation of motoneuron apoptosis
negative regulation of motor neuron apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process.
positive regulation of motoneuron apoptosis
positive regulation of motor neuron apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.
regulation of pancreatic B cell apoptosis
regulation of pancreatic beta cell apoptosis
regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.
negative regulation of pancreatic B cell apoptosis
negative regulation of pancreatic beta cell apoptosis
negative regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of pancreatic B cell apoptosis
positive regulation of pancreatic beta cell apoptosis
positive regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation.
regulation of myocardial precursor cell differentiation
regulation of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation.
negative regulation of myocardial precursor cell differentiation
negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development.
regulation of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development.
negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development.
positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation.
positive regulation of myocardial precursor cell differentiation
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of cardiomyocyte differentiation
regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.
negative regulation of cardiomyocyte differentiation
negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.
positive regulation of cardiomyocyte differentiation
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development.
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.
negative regulation of stem cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.
positive regulation of stem cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.
positive regulation of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development.
regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development.
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development.
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis.
regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis.
negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation.
negative regulation of myoblast proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart morphogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion.
negative regulation of steroid hormone secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion.
positive regulation of steroid hormone secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion.
negative regulation of androgen secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion.
positive regulation of androgen secretion
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of the renal system as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in renal system development
Any epithelial cell proliferation that is involved in renal tubule morphogenesis.
epithelial cell proliferation involved in renal tubule morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.
negative regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.
positive regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process.
regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process.
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.
regulation of dendritic cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.
negative regulation of dendritic cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.
positive regulation of dendritic cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.
negative regulation of vascular morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.
positive regulation of vascular morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.
negative regulation of neuron chemotaxis
negative regulation of neuronal migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.
positive regulation of neuron chemotaxis
positive regulation of neuronal migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.
regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway
regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.
negative regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway
negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.
positive regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization.
negative regulation of chromosome organisation
negative regulation of chromosome organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization.
positive regulation of chromosome organisation
positive regulation of chromosome organization
An information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements.
data
data item
An information content entity that is a mark(s) or character(s) used as a conventional representation of another entity.
symbol
A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing.
information content entity
The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
curation status specification
Data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term
data about an ontology part
The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
obsolescence reason specification
A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective.
denotator type
A symbol that is part of a CRID and that is sufficient to look up a record from the CRID's registry.
centrally registered identifier symbol
An information content entity that consists of a CRID symbol and additional information about the CRID registry to which it belongs.
centrally registered identifier
A code set of CRID records, each consisting of a CRID symbol and additional information which was recorded in the code set through an assigning a centrally registered identifier process.
centrally registered identifier registry
An information content entity that is the outcome of a dubbing process and is used to refer to one instance of entity shared by a group of people to refer to that individual entity.
proper name
identifier
A planned process that provides a reference to an individual entity shared by a group of subscribers to refer to that individual entity.
dubbing process
naming
identifier creating process
An information content entity that is a collection of other information content entities that has been created to identify or annotate things in a specified domain, and where the intention of its creators is that the collection has a one-to-one correspondence with those things.
code map
code system
codeset
coding system
controlled vocabulary
code set
A change of place or position of part of an organism that does not involve the entire organism [NBO:SMAC]
The act of moving any of the tissues and hard structures surrounding the mouth other than teeth, jaws or filter structures [NBO:AC]
The act of repeated grinding, tearing, and or crushing with teeth or jaws [NBO:SMAC]
chew
gnaw
"The action, reaction, or performance of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli." [GO:GO\:0007610]
"Movement behavior of the body or its parts."
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli." [GO:0050795]
regulation of behavior
A process that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification.
planned process
A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities
A single physical entity inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's quantities or relative ratios of subparts.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's orientation in space.
direction
A quality that is the extent of space between two entities.
A quality of a single physical entity inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's size or shape or structure.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ratios of distances between its features (points, edges, surfaces and also holes etc).
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting repetition of placement of its parts.
A quality of an entity that is descriptive or observational, typically not represented numerically.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the whether the bearer differs from normal or average.
The number of entities of this type that are part of the whole organism.
A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical magnitude.
A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance between two points.
A morphological quality pertaining to the degree to which an object contains an opening, aperture, orifice or vent.
A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative position, shape, arrangements and connectivity of an organism's various parts; the pattern underlying its form.
A morphologic quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative size, organization and distribution of its surface elements or the representation or invention of the appearance of its surface; visual and tactile surface characteristics.
A quality of a single physical entity which is held by a bearer when the latter exhibits a state of growth, differentiation, or development.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction from a higher to a lower point.
down
A distance which is greater relative to the normal or average.
A distance which is lesser relative to the normal or average.
A branchiness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having branches.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curled or wound (especially in concentric rings or spirals).
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a horizontal surface without a slope, tilt, or curvature.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being such that every part of the surface or the circumference is equidistant from the center.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting no deviation from normal or average.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's existence.
A length quality which is relatively large.
A length quality which is relatively small.
A size quality which is relatively high.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording blocked passage or view.
A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width.
A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance from one side of an object to another side which is opposite.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a sharp or tapered end or point.
A spheroid quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being oval with two axes of symmetry, as produced by a conical section.
An optical quality which obtains by virtue of the ability of the bearer to absorb visible light.
A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not being clear; not transmitting or reflecting light or radiant energy.
A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking opacity.
A pattern quality of inhering in a bearer by virtue of the correspondence in size, shape, and relative position of the bearer's parts on opposite sides of a dividing line or median plane or about a center or axis.
A structure quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to admit the passage of gas or liquid through pores or interstices.
A porosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable of admitting the passage of gas or liquid through pores or interstices.
porous
A physical quality of a fluid inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to internal resistance to flow.
A viscosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having viscosity.
A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's length being notably higher than its width.
An elasticity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way.
A maturity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis.
A maturity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's being not fully grown or developed.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being narrow, with the two opposite margins parallel.
A quality which inheres in a continuant.
multiply inhering quality of a physical entity
An EM radiation quality in which the EM radiation is within the fiat range of the spectrum visible deemed to be light.
A shape quality that obtains by virtue of the bearer having inward facing edges; having a surface or boundary that curves or bulges outward, as the exterior of a sphere.
A shape quality inhering in a colony by virtue of the bearer's appearing above the medium surface with terraced edges.
A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's number of homologous sets of chromosomes in the nucleus or primary chromosome-containing compartment of the cell, each set essentially coding for all the biological traits of the organism.
A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing a single set of homologous chromosomes.
A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing more than two homologous sets of chromosomes.
A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing an integral multiple of the monoploid number, possibly excluding the sex-determining chromosomes.
A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two copies (homologs) of each chromosome, usually one from the mother and one from the father.
A monadic quality of continuant that exists at the cellular level of organisation.
A cellular quality that arises by virtue of whether the bearer's disposition to differentiate into one or more mature cell types.
A cellular potency that is the capacity to produce only one differentiated cell type.
A cellular potency that is the capacity to form multiple differentiated cell types of a specific lineage and lack self renewing capacity.
A cellular potency that is the capacity to form multiple differentiated cell types.
A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of bearer's number of nuclei.
A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having no nucleus.
A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two nuclei.
A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one nucleus.
A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having thin, tail-like projections extending outwards from the cell body.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by narrow lines or grooves, usually parallel.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's terminating in a point or edge.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being gradually narrower or thinner toward one end.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking complete growth, differentiation, or development.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity characterized by particles arranged such that their shape and volume are relatively stable.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity consisting of particles that have neither a defined volume nor defined shape.
A physical quality inhering in an entity exhibiting the physical characteristics of an amorphous (non-crystalline) form of matter between a gas and a solid that has a definite volume, but no definite shape.
The number of parts of a particular type that the bearer entity has. This is a relational quality, and thus holds between two entities: the bearer of the quality, and the type of parts.
extra or missing physical or functional parts
A size quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being made wider or larger in all dimensions.
A size quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being made wider or larger in all dimensions. [database_cross_reference: WordNet:WordNet]
dilated
A symmetry quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having equal dimensions or measurements.
isometrical
A physical quality that is the ability to contract or shrink.
A surface shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a degree of bending.
A contractility quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability of contracting or being contracted.
A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in one dimension.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's parts having the arrangement which exhibits characteristics of liquids.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's parts having the arrangement which exhibits characteristics of solids.
A shape quality in which a portion of the outermost boundary of an entity folds in space such that a portion that was originally convex is now concave.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being wound in a continuous series of loops.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being drawn together, compressed or squeezed physically.
constricted
A shape quality in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward.
A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a consistently-sized round cross section.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction that is similar to the direction of an object to the north when it faces south.
back
A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having more than one nucleus.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a three dimensional cavity with a narrow or no opening, and often containing an anatomical substance.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting cells.
A cellularity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting of more than one cell.
A quality that inheres in an entire organism or part of an organism.
Surface shape that refers to the inward or outward curvature of the surface.
A shape that inheres in a 2 dimensional entity, such as a cross section or projection of a 3 dimensional entity.
A complete three dimensional shape in which for every line connecting pair of points on the object is within the object. Or: a shape lacking cavities. Contrast: concave.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the degree to which there are subdivisions or offshoots in a bearer entity.
A structural quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing hollow areas.
A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resembling a cone (a 3-D shape with a round cross section that tapers).
A concave quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward on both sides or surfaces.
A branched quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having smaller branches arising from larger branches. Resembling a tree in branching structure.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an empty space or cavity within.
An affinity inhering in an anatomical structure by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction for basic dyes under specific pH conditions.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's processing the form of a thin plate sheet or layer.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its constitution.
A quality inhering in a bearer that is shaped in the form of a fan.
A cylindrical shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being imperfectly cylindrical or approximately cylindrical.
A tapered shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's tapering gradually to a sharp point.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's surface becoming more extended in a plane.
Texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked with one or more channels.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a point.
pointed
A shape that inheres in a 3 dimensional entity.
A quality that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average.
A quality that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average.
A quality of an object that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average.
A quality of an object that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average.
A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a consistently sized and approximately round cross-section along its length, which is many times larger than its diameter.
A shape constituting a transition between a rectangle and a circle; a closed curve, of which the circle and ellipse are special cases, whose parametric equation is x = a.cos2/rt, y = b.cos2/rt
An affinity inhering in an anatomical structure by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction for acidic dyes under specific pH conditions.
Pertaining to the individual parts making up an aggregate fruit like a many-lobed "berry," such as a raspberry.
A composition quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting of collagen.
A structure quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable of swelling or stretching.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by narrow lines or grooves, usually parallel, that are oriented transversely relative to the long axis of the bearer.
A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one or more nucleus.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a shape like a ring (a circular shape enclosing a space).
A structural quality inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer consisting of multiple structures lacking any physical connection to each other.
A quality inhering in a structure by virtue of it consisting of many of repeated, similar or identical subunits, arranged in some orderly array.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the extent to which the bearer is capable of being stretched or swollen.
The bearer of this quality has_part n=2 of the indicated entity type, where n is unpaired for a comparable organism.
bilaterally paired
A quality inhering in a cell by virtue of the cell having a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio.
A quality of continuant that exist at the anatomical level of organisation and anything under it. This includes, but is not limited to, cells , tissues, and components.
A quality inhering in an anotomical structure by virtue of its capacity to be stained by specific histological dyes.
An affinity inhering in an anatomical structure by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction that stains and colors, pale-pink, with Wright-Giemsa stain.
An affinity inhering in an anatomical structure by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction for both basic and acid stains under specific pH conditions.
A quality of a substance on which or through which electromagnetic radiation impinges or traverses with respect to radiation. This substance quality changes the quality of the incident radiation with respect to any of: intensity, direction, scatter and wavelength.
quality of interaction of a substance with electromagnetic radiation
A quality of an entity that can be represented numerically, including anything that can be counted, measured, or given a numerical value.
An amino acid chain that is canonically produced de novo by ribosome-mediated translation of a genetically-encoded mRNA, and any derivatives thereof.
An amino acid chain that is produced de novo by ribosome-mediated translation of a genetically-encoded mRNA, and any derivatives thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD19 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is composed of an N-terminal extracellular domain containing two Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains, followed by a single-pass transmembrane segment and a cytoplasmic C-terminal tail. CD19 expression is restricted to members of the B cell lineage. It functions as a co-receptor for B-cell antigen receptor (BCR), regulating signal transduction.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD34 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is a leukocyte membrane protein expressed specifically by lymphohematopoietic progenitor cells. It contains a single-pass transmembrane domain and that show distinct expression on early hematopoietic precursors and vascular-associated tissue. Acts as a scaffold that presents selectin carbohydrate ligands in a clustered, tissue specific manner to allow for higher avidity interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells during the inflammatory process. In common with related sialomucins (endoglycan and podocalyxin), the extracellular region is dominated by an N-terminal mucin-like domain, which is densely substituted with sialylated O-linked carbohydrates. The mucin-like region is followed by a cysteine-containing and presumably globular domain. This domain may fold into an immunoglobulin-like structure as the positions of 2 of the cysteines are conserved in the C2 set of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The cytoplasmic domain is around 73-76 residues long and highly conserved.
hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD4 is an accessory protein for MHC class-II antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. It is the primary receptor for HIV-1. CD4 has four immunoglobulin-like domains in its extracellular region that share the same structure, but can differ in sequence.
An integrin alpha that contains an A domain. A hallmark of this class is the presence of a von Willebrand factor type A domain (Pfam:PF00092) (I-domain) of approximately 200 amino acid residues at the N terminus, which confers divalent cation binding properties. Unlike other integrin alpha proteins, they do not undergo proteolytic cleavage.
An integrin alpha with A domain that is a translation product of the human ITGAM gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. They constitute subunits of the integrin alpha-M/beta-2 receptor. This receptor is implicated in various adhesive interactions of monocytes, macrophages and granulocytes as well as in mediating the uptake of complement-coated particles. It is also a receptor for fibrinogen, factor X and ICAM1.
cell surface glycoprotein MAC-1 subunit alpha
A protein that has a core domain composition consisting of an extracellular N-terminal domain that adopts an immunoglobulin fold, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular C-terminal domain with a single copy of the Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (Pfam:PF02189) (ITAM). It constitutes the invariant subunit of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR). TCR is a surface receptor on T cells responsible for recognizing MHC-restricted antigens and initiating the cellular immune response.
A CD3 subunit with immunoglobulin domain that is a translation product of the human CD3E gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
T-cell surface antigen T3/Leu-4 epsilon chain
A protein with a domain composition consisting of a large extracellular domain, including five Ig-like C2-type domains followed by two copies of the Fibronectin type-III domain (Pfam:PF00041), a single-pass transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic C-terminal domain.
A neural cell adhesion molecule that is involved in neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, and regeneration.
A neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM that is a translation product of the human NCAM1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD8A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD8 is a transmembrane that is a co-receptor for MHC class-I antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. The most common form of CD8 is composed of a CD8 alpha and a CD8 beta chain.
T-lymphocyte differentiation antigen T8/Leu-2
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain
A protein that is a translation product of the human MS4A1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1
A protein that has a core domain structure of signal sequence, propeptide, five Cadherin domains (Pfam:PF00028), a transmembrane region, and a Cadherin cytoplasmic region (Pfam:PF01049). Cadherins function as adhesion molecules that mediate Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion in solid tissues.
A cadherin that is a translation product of the human CDH5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human IL7R gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD14 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
myeloid cell-specific leucine-rich glycoprotein
A protein that is a translation product of the human TFRC gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein with core architecture consisting of a signal sequence, followed by 7 Ig-like domains (Pfam:PF00047, Pfam:PF07679, or Pfam:PF07686), a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic Protein tyrosine kinase domain.
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor that is a translation product of the human KDR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2
A protein that is the translation product of any of the LY6 genes (LY6A-LY6I).
An Ly-6-like protein that is a translation product of the mouse Ly6g gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the Ly76 gene in mouse.
A protein that is a translation product of the human FGF8 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
An insulin family protein that is a translation product of the human INS gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human SHH gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
Shh unprocessed N-terminal signaling and C-terminal autoprocessing domains
A protein that is a translation product of the human TAL1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
class A basic helix-loop-helix protein 17
T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1
A molecule that consists of amino acid residues (unmodified amino-acid residues and/or modified amino-acid residues) linked by peptide bonds or derivatives of such bonds.
An organic amino compound that consists of amino acid residues (unmodified amino-acid residues and/or modified amino-acid residues) linked by peptide bonds or derivatives of such bonds.
A protein that is composed of a long N-terminal extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic C-terminal domain. The N-terminal domain contains beta-propeller repeats (interrupted by an A domain in a subset of integrins alpha), while the C-terminal domain contains a GFFxR motif.
A protein that is encoded in the genome of Mus musculus.
A protein that is encoded in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster.
A protein that is encoded in the genome of Homo sapiens.
A protein that is encoded in the genome of some Eukaryota.
A protein that is a translation product of a gene that encodes a standalone Insulin (Pfam:PF00049) domain preceded by a signal peptide.
A material entity that minimally consists of a protein.
An insulin gene translation product that is encoded in the genome of human.
insulin gene translation product (human)
A CD4 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
T-cell surface glycoprotein Lyt-2 (mouse)
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain (mouse)
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.
T-lymphocyte differentiation antigen T8/Leu-2 (human)
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain (human)
A transferrin receptor protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
An integrin alpha-M that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
CD11 antigen-like family member B (mouse)
cell surface glycoprotein MAC-1 subunit alpha (mouse)
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A CD4 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
T-cell differentiation antigen L3T4 (mouse)
A CD2 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.
T-cell surface antigen T11/Leu-5 (human)
A CD3 epsilon that is encoded in the genome of human.
T-cell surface antigen T3/Leu-4 epsilon chain (human)
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain (human)
A CD14 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.
myeloid cell-specific leucine-rich glycoprotein (human)
monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 (human)
A CD2 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
T-cell surface antigen T11/Leu-5 (mouse)
A CD14 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
myeloid cell-specific leucine-rich glycoprotein (mouse)
monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 (mouse)
An integrin alpha-M that is encoded in the genome of human.
CD11 antigen-like family member B (human)
cell surface glycoprotein MAC-1 subunit alpha (human)
A membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
leukocyte surface antigen Leu-16 (human)
membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 (human)
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A neural cell adhesion molecule 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A neural cell adhesion molecule 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A CD19 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.
An interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.
interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha (human)
An interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha (mouse)
A T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
T-cell leukemia/lymphoma protein 5 (human)
class A basic helix-loop-helix protein 17 (human)
T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 (human)
A membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
B-cell differentiation antigen Ly-44 (mouse)
membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 (mouse)
A T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 homolog (mouse)
A CD3 epsilon that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
T-cell surface antigen T3/Leu-4 epsilon chain (mouse)
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain (mouse)
A CD19 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A CD34 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.
hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 (human)
A cadherin-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A lymphocyte antigen 6G that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
protein-tyrosine kinase receptor flk-1 (mouse)
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (mouse)
A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.
protein-tyrosine kinase receptor flk-1 (human)
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (human)
A fibroblast growth factor 8 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A fibroblast growth factor 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A cadherin-5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A sonic hedgehog protein that is encoded in the genome of human.
Shh unprocessed N-terminal signaling and C-terminal autoprocessing domains (human)
A sonic hedgehog protein that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
Shh unprocessed N-terminal signaling and C-terminal autoprocessing domains (mouse)
A transferrin receptor protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A CD34 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 (mouse)
A protein that is a translation product of the resilin gene in fruit fly.
A material entity consisting of multiple components that are causally integrated.
Any extent of continuous biological sequence.
A region (or regions) that includes all of the sequence elements necessary to encode a functional transcript. A gene may include regulatory regions, transcribed regions and/or other functional sequence regions.
A gene that codes for an RNA that can be translated into a protein.
An occurrent [span:Occurrent] that exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts and always involves and depends on some entity.
The clusters of hormone-producing cells that are scattered throughout the pancreas.
A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that lines organs and supports the mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk of underlying smooth muscle. [WP,unvetted].
A major division of the nervous system that contains nerves which connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.
The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter [GO].
sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system
Any portion of the organ that covers that body and consists of a layer of epidermis and a layer of dermis.
Note the distinction between the entire skin of the body, of which there is only 1 in an organism, and zones of skin, of which there can be many. Examples: skin of knee
The part of the pancreas that is part of the endocrine system and is made up of islet cells, which produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.
The part of the pancreas that is part of the exocrine system and which produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells [GO].
A light sensing organ composed of ommatidia.
An organ of sight that includes the camera-type eyeball and supporting structures such as the lacrimal apparatus, the conjunctiva, the eyelid.
An organ that is capable of transducing sensory stimulus to the nervous system.
Any hollow cylindrical anatomical structure containing a lumen through which substances are transported.
not every anatomical conduit is a tube - for example, a bone foramen is an opening in the bone, and there is no distinct separate tube structure. Tubes may transport large mixed objects (for example, a bolus of food in the digestive tube) or they may transport the secretions of a single gland (for example, gland ducts)
Major subdivision of an organism that protrudes from the body[DOS, CARO].
A thin layer of loose connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa[WP]. The lamina propria contains capillaries and a central lacteal (lymph vessel) in the small intestine, as well as lymphoid tissue. Lamina propria also contains glands with the ducts opening on to the mucosal epithelium, that secrete mucus and serous secretions.
A lamina propria that is part of a respiratory airway.
The head is the anterior-most division of the body [GO].
Multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer (mesothelium) and a connective tissue layer.
Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone[VSAO].
A biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies.
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Stemmata are specific lateral eyes (the term “lateral ocelli” is inappropriate) of larvae of most groups of Holometabola. They are replaced by the adult compound eyes during the metamorphosis. The number ranges between seven and one and they are absent in different groups. Structurally, they resemble ommatidia and are suitable to perceive movements, directions and distances."
Eye-spots which may be set into a pit to reduce the angles of light that enters and affects the eyespot, to allow the organism to deduce the angle of incoming light.
stemma
Eye-spots which may be set into a pit to reduce the angles of light that enters and affects the eyespot, to allow the organism to deduce the angle of incoming light. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemma http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye#Pit_eyes]
An eye with one concave chamber. Note that 'simple' does not imply a reduced level of complexity or acuity.
A tubular structure that contains, conveys body fluid, such as blood or lymph.
Muscular duct that propels urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, or related organs.
The fibromuscular tubular canal through which urine is discharged from the bladder to the exterior via the external urinary meatus; in males, the urethra is joined by the ejaculatory ducts and serves as a passageway for semen during ejaculation, as well as a canal for urine during voiding; in females, the urethra is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening.
A tubular structure that transports secreted or excreted substances.
A subdivision of the digestive tract that connects the small intestine to the cloaca or anus. Lacks or has few villi[Kardong].
Organ component adjacent to an organ cavity and which consists of a maximal aggregate of organ component layers.
Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP].
A part of an organ that constitutes a distinct modular sub-unit. In some cases, the organ may also contain other sub-units of identical or similar types, in other cases this may be a distinct entity.
A multicellular structure that is a part of an organ.
currently defined in a very broad sense, may be replaced by more specific classes in the future
Anatomical structure that is part of the respiratory system. In mammals consists of upper and lower tracts.
The stage of development at which the animal is fully formed, including immaturity and maturity. Includes both sexually immature stage, and adult stage.
A life cycle stage that starts with fertilization and ends with the fully formed embryo.
A distinct juvenile stage many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle.
Uberon includes clade-specific subclasses, e.g. nematod larva
proximo-distal subdivision of respiratory tract
Any part or collection of parts of the central or peripheral nervous system. Parts may span both CNS and PNS.
Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements and articular elements that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism.
The surface (external) layer of ectoderm which begins to proliferate shortly after separation from the neuroectoderm.
An anatomical structure that develops from the endoderm and the mesoderm.
Grouping term for query purposes. Notes that the developmental relationships are being refined such that most structures should develop in whole from at most one layer, but may have contributions from multiple
mixed endoderm/mesoderm-derived structure
An anatomical structure that develops from the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
mixed ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm-derived structure
The organs associated with producing offspring in the gender that produces spermatozoa.
male reproductive system
The second stage of the kidney. It serves as the main excretory organ of aquatic vertebrates and as a temporary embryonic kidney in higher vertebrates. It is composed of the mesonephric duct (also called the Wolffian duct), mesonephric tubules, and associated capillary tufts. A single tubule and its associated capillary tuft is called a mesonephric excretory unit; these units are similar in structure and function to nephrons of the adult kidney. The mesonephros is derived from intermediate mesoderm in the vertebrate embryo.
In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine[GO].
A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros[GO]. Genital ridge that is next to the mesonephros[WP].
An epithelial swelling on the Wolffian duct that elongates to invade the adjacent metanephric mesenchyme[MP].
A spherical embryonic mass of blastomeres formed before the blastula and resulting from cleavage of the fertilized ovum.
A glycoprotein membrane surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte. It is a vital constitutive part of the latter, external but not extraneous to it. The zona pellucida first appears in multilaminar primary oocytes.
A mass of cells that develop into the body of the embryo and some extraembryonic tissues.
The mesectodermal cell layer arising from the trophectoderm that erodes the uterine mucosa and contributes to the formation of the placenta.
A flattened, almost circular bilaminar plate of cells formed when the inner cell mass (aka embryoblast) forms two epithelial layers, each of a distinct lineage, separated by an extracellular basement membrane: the external (dorsal) layer is called the epiblast and the internal (ventral) layer is called the hypoblast (aka primitive endoderm); together, they compose the bilaminar embryonic disc.
Stage succeeding embryo, including mature structure.
Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue organized into a sheet which interconnects two or more organs, separates two or more body spaces from one another, or surrounds an organ or body part. Examples: interosseous membrane of forearm, obturator membrane, tympanic membrane, fibrous pericardium, fascia lata, dura mater. [FMA].
Portion of neural crest that develops from the dorsal neural tube. It overlaps the vagal neural crest and migrates to populate the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 (producing structures in the head) and to the heart, forming connective tissue that separates the great vessels of the heart. [Wikipedia].
A lung lobe is one of the rounded projections that compose the lung[GO].
The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs[GO].
An entire span of an organism's life. In metazoans, commences with the zygote stage and ends with the death of the organism.
A spatiotemporal region encompassing some part of the life cycle of an organism.
A stage at which the organism is a single cell produced by means of sexual reproduction.
The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg; Stage consisting of division of cells in the early embryo. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula.
An early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence.
A stage defined by complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
Staged defined by the formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system.
A stage at which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism.
The stage of being a sexually mature adult animal.
The connective tissue located between the respiratory (airway and alveolar) epithelium, the capillary endothelium and pleural mesothelium; it contains basement membrane composed of collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and fibronectin.
A tube in the respiratory system. Examples: bronchus, bronchiole, trachea.
Structure derived from foregut that becomes a lung[GO].
A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses.
A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections, and including nearby cells that share the same cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO).
Nucleus that receives projections from or contains neurons that send projections through one of the cranial nerves.
The terminal part of the large intestine, continuous proximally with the rectum and distally terminates with the anus.
Segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine.
Anatomical conduit that connects two adjacent body spaces (or a body space with the space surrounding the organism)[FMA,modified].
Common chamber into which the intestines and excretory system opens. Arises during development in all vertebrates, but in many it becomes subdivided, lost or incorporated into other structures.
Endoderm-lined chamber that develops as pouch-like dilation of the caudal end of the hindgut and receives the allantois ventrally and two mesonephric ducts laterally; caudally it ends blindly at the cloacal membrane formed by the union of proctodeal (anal pit) ectoderm and cloacal endoderm, with no intervening mesoderm[MP].
this class represents the embryonic form of the cloaca, as found in both mammals and non-mammals.
The ventral part of the cloaca remaining after septation of the rectum, which further develops into part of the bladder, part of the prostatic part of the male urethra and the urethra and vestibule in females.
The proximal portion of the digestive tract, containing the oral cavity and bounded by the oral opening. In vertebrates, this extends to the pharynx and includes gums, lips, tongue and parts of the palate. Typically also includes the teeth, except where these occur elsewhere (e.g. pharyngeal jaws) or protrude from the mouth (tusks).
The orifice that connects the mouth to the exterior of the body.
Anatomical cavity at the start of the digestive tract that that is enclosed by the mouth. The boundaries and contents vary depending on the species. In vertebrates, the boundaries are the oral opening, the cheeks, the palate and (if present) the palatoglossal arch - if this is not present then the mouth and pharynx form the oropharyngeal cavity. The buccal cavity contains the teeth, tongue and palate (when present).
A section dividing a colon along a proximal-distal axis.
The pair of anatomical structures comprised of a left lung and right lung.
Organ that functions in gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms.
A portion of organism substance that is the product of an excretion process that will be eliminated from the body. An excretion process is elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity.
A fluid that is composed of blood plasma and erythrocytes.
This class excludes blood analogues, such as the insect analog of blood. See UBERON:0000179 haemolymphatic fluid.
Circulating fluid that is part of the hemolymphoid system. Blood, lymph, interstitial fluid or its analogs.
The bone forming the forehead and roof of the eye orbit.
Dense regular connective tissue connecting two or more adjacent skeletal elements or supporting an organ.
vertebral foramen of cervical vertebra 1
The Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints. The atlanto-occipital joint is a synovial joint. The ligaments connecting the bones are: Two Articular capsules; Posterior atlantoöccipital membrane; Anterior atlantoöccipital membrane; Lateral atlantoöccipital.
A layer of membrane around a tendon. It has 2 layers: synovial sheath + fibrous tendon sheath.
Organism at the blastula stage - an early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence.
Mucosa that is part of a colon. The mucosa of the colon is lined by a simple columnar epithelium with a thin brush border and numerous goblet cells.
A mucosa that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition].
An embryo that is at the late embryonic stage; this stage covers late steps of the embryogenesis with a fully formed embryo still developing before birth or egg hatching.
The branched tubular glands found in the mucosa of the fundus and body of the stomach which contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid and zymogenic cells that produce pepsin.
Pancreatic juice is slightly alkaline and contains numerous enzymes and inactive enzyme precursors including alpha-amylase, chymotrypsinogen, lipase, procarboxypeptidase, proelastase, prophospholipase A2, ribonuclease, and trypsinogen. Its high concentration of bicarbonate ions helps to neutralize the acid from the stomach.
The wall of the digestive tract. This encompasses all parts of the digestive tract with the exception of the lumen (cavity).
We model the digestive tract as consisting of two parts: the wall and the lumen.
Bone marrow in which the fat cells predominate in the meshes of the reticular network.
A gland that is part of the intestinal mucosa. Examples include the intestinal crypts, duodenal gland[cjm].
A lining of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which is involved in absorption and secretion. They line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. It is at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the lips, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and gland is termed mucus. The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body and not every mucous membrane secretes mucus[WP].
Functional part of an organ in the body. This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs, being exactly, connective tissues.
A mucosa that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition].
The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm[GO].
The red vascular substance consisting of connective tissue and blood vessels, containing primitive blood cells, macrophages, megakaryocytes, and fat cells. Red marrow is found in the cavities of many bones. It manufactures and releases leukocytes and erythrocytes into the bloodstream.
Extraembryonic cells of trophoblastic shell surrounding embryo, outside the cytotrophoblast layer, involved with implantation of the blastocyst by eroding extracellular matrix surrounding maternal endometrial cells at site of implantation, also contribute to villi. (dark staining, multinucleated).
The sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the palate, upper teeth and gingiva, the skin between the palpebral fissure and the mouth, and from the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses.
maxillary division of fifth cranial nerve
maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (Vb; V2)
A mucosa that is part of a respiratory airway.
The subdivision of the musculoskeletal system that consists of all the muscles of the body[VSAO, modified].
The core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex.
An epithelium that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition].
A gland in which the principal secretory cells are serous secreting cells.
A gland in which the principal secretory cells are mucus secreting cells.
An anatomical wall that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition].
A small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, generally having a mechanical function, and usually but not necessarily composed of dense collagenous tissue. On histological section, a trabecula can look like a septum, but in three dimensions they are topologically distinct, with trabeculae being roughly rod or pillar-shaped and septa being sheet-like. Trabeculae are usually composed of dense fibrous tissue, i.e. mainly of collagen, and in most cases provide mechanical strengthening or stiffening to a soft solid organ, such as the spleen. They can be composed of other materials, such as bone or muscle[WP].
A vein that drains the left pampiniform plexus and empties into the left renal vein.
A vein that drains the right pampiniform plexus and empties into the inferior vena cava.
A portion of organism substance that is produced by exocrine glands.
An anatomical wall that is part of a uterus [Automatically generated definition].
Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body.
Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures.
Multicellular, connected anatomical structure that has multiple organs as parts and whose parts work together to achieve some shared function.
Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell.
Multi-tissue structure that is part of a compound organ.
this class was introduced for consistency with CARO, however, it has yet to be used in this or other ontologies. It may be retired in the future
A gonad of a male animal. A gonad produces and releases sperm.
The organs and associated structures associated with bearing offspring in a female animal.
Anatomical structure which is a subdivision of a whole organism, consisting of components of multiple anatomical systems, largely surrounded by a contiguous region of integument.
Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or a tissue.
Anatomical group whose component anatomical structures lie in close proximity to each other.
A multicellular anatomical structure that is associated with an embryo and derived from the zygote from which it develops, but which does not contribute to the embryo proper or to structures that are part of the same organism after embryogenesis.
Multicellular anatomical structure that consists of many cells of one or a few types, arranged in an extracellular matrix such that their long-range organisation is at least partly a repetition of their short-range organisation.
Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types.
Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina. Examples: simple squamous epithelium, glandular cuboidal epithelium, transitional epithelium, myoepithelium[CARO].
Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells.
Unilaminar epithelium, which consists of a single layer of columnar cells. Examples: ciliated columnar epithelium, gastric epithelium, microvillus columnar epithelium.[FMA].
Epithelium which consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells that may or may not be in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, ciliated stratified columnar epithelium.[FMA].
Unilaminar epithelium which consists of a single layer of squamous cells. Examples: pulmonary alveolar epithelium, endothelium.[FMA].
Epithelium that consists of epithelial cells not arranged in one ore more layers.
Compound organ that contains one or more macroscopic anatomical spaces.
Epithelium which consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. Examples: endothelium, mesothelium, glandular squamous epithelium.[FMA].
Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water.
Subdivision of trunk that lies between the head and the abdomen.
note that we use the slightly verbose term 'thoracic segment of trunk' to avoid confusuon with insect thorax. todo - taxonomic constraints. Also, in FMA 'thorax' is a synonym for chest
The subdivision of the vertebrate body between the thorax and pelvis. The ventral part of the abdomen contains the abdominal cavity and visceral organs. The dorsal part includes the abdominal section of the vertebral column.
Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.
A layer of cells produced during the process of gastrulation during the early development of the animal embryo, which is distinct from other such layers of cells, as an early step of cell differentiation. The three types of germ layers are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm.
Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's three germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue.
Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut.
The middle germ layer of the embryo, between the endoderm and ectoderm.
Anterior part of the embryonic digestive tract that develops into a mouth. The stomodeum includes as parts an invagination of the ectoderm and the stomodeal cavity.
Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into an ectodermal terminal part of the digestive tract.
An expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ. A stomach is lined, in whole or in part by a glandular epithelium.
The main trunk of the systemic arterial system that carries blood from the heart to all the organs and other structures of the body, bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation.
A myogenic muscular circulatory organ found in the vertebrate cardiovascular system composed of chambers of cardiac muscle. It is the primary circulatory organ.
Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity.
The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP].
The cervical nerves are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae. Although there are seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7), there are eight cervical nerves (C1-C8). All nerves except C8 emerge above their corresponding vertebrae, while the C8 nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra. (In the other portions of the spine, the nerve emerges below the vertebra with the same name. Dorsal (posterior) distribution includes the greater occipital (C2) and third occipital (C3). Ventral (anterior) distribution includes the cervical plexus (C1-C4) and brachial plexus (C5-C8) [WP,unvetted].
The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye that serves as the chief refractory structure.
A transparent and refractive lens located posterior to the iris. The lens of camera-type eye refracts light to be focused on the retina.
The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.
This class encompasses a variety of light-detecting structures from different phyla with no implication of homology, from the compound insect eye to the vertebrate camera-type eye (distinct classes are provided for each)
The smallest morphological and functional unit of the compound eye that consists of a usually limited and often constant number of rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells, cornea-secreting epithelial cells, and interommatidial pigment cells, and may additionally contain crystalline cone cells.
An organism subdivision that extends from the head to the pectoral girdle, encompassing the cervical vertebral column.
true necks are considered to be present when the pectoral girdle is separate from the skull - Tiktaalik is the earliest known fish to have a true neck.
The invaginated serous membrane that surrounds the lungs (the visceral portion) and lines the walls of the pleural cavity (parietal portion).
Anatomical structure that consists of two or more adjacent skeletal structures, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue[VSAO].
The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain, ventral to the cerebellum.
An intromittent organ in certain biologically male organisms. In placental mammals, this also serves as the organ of urination.
Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction.
Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis).
The gonad of a female organism which contains germ cells.
female organism reproductive system gonad
female organism reproductive system gonada
gonad of female organism reproductive system
gonad of reproductive system of female organism
gonada of female organism reproductive system
gonada of reproductive system of female organism
reproductive system of female organism gonad
reproductive system of female organism gonada
A tube or collection of tubes in an animal from the ovaries to the outside of the body.
sometimes oviduct is used interchangeably with follaopian tube. Here they are different - the oviduct connects the gonad to the outside in a variety of animals. The mammal-class fallopian tube is derived from the mullerian duct and connects the gonads/infubdibulum to the uterus
The female muscular organ of gestation in which the developing embryo or fetus is nourished until birth.
External genital organs of the female mammal[WP].
Either of a pair of glandular pouches that lie one on either side of the male reproductive tract posterolateral to the urinary bladder and in the human male secrete a sugar- and protein-containing fluid into the ejaculatory duct.
The Ejaculatory ducts (ductus ejaculatorii) are paired structures in male anatomy, about 2 cm in length. Each ejaculatory duct is formed by the union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle. They pass through the prostate, and empty into the urethra at the Colliculus seminalis. During ejaculation, semen passes through the ducts and exits the body via the penis[WP,unvetted].
A secretory duct that transports sperm from the testis. In mammals this is a continuation of the epididymis and ends in the prostatic urethra where it terminates to form ejaculatory duct.
A cuticular covering that is composed primarily of chitin. The main structural component of arthropod cuticle is a polysaccharide, chitin, composed of N-acetylglucosamine units, together with proteins and lipids[WP].
Tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Cuticles are non-homologous, differing in their origin, structure and chemical composition[WP].
Rieger - Evolution of the Cuticle in the Lower Eumetazoa
The outer epithelial layer of the skin that is superficial to the dermis.
Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration.
An airway through which respiratory air passes in organisms.
This class generically groups trachea and analagous structures throughout metazoa. Consider renaming, as the term could be taken to mean lumen of tracheal system (e.g. in SNOMED). As a grouping class this is quite vague, as it is not clear where the airway begins and ends
Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes.
The renal system in an anatomical system that maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products.
Organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis[WP].
the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system are parts of the circulatory system
Portion of connective tissue composed of adipocytes enmeshed in areolar tissue.
A subdivision of the muscular system corresponding to a subdisivision of an organism.
The nervous system is an organ system containing predominantly neuron and glial cells. In bilaterally symmetrical organism, it is arranged in a network of tree-like structures connected to a central body. The main functions of the nervous system are to regulate and control body functions, and to receive sensory input, process this information, and generate behavior [CUMBO].
The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the neural tube derivatives: the brain and spinal cord. In invertebrates it includes central ganglia plus nerve cord.
An enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system originating in a nerve root in the central nervous system (or a condensed nervous structure) connecting with peripheral structures.
A nerve that transmits from sensory receptors on the surface of the body to the central nervous system.
Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information.
A sac-like expansion of the ventral wall of the intestine, narrowed into a yolk stalk near the body[Hyman's]. Membranous sac attached to an embryo, providing early nourishment in the form of yolk in bony fishes, sharks, reptiles, birds, and primitive mammals. It functions as the developmental circulatory system of the human embryo, before internal circulation begins. In the mouse, the yolk sac is the first site of blood formation, generating primitive macrophages and erythrocytes[WP].
Anterior subdivision of a digestive tract.
A portion of the respiratory and digestive tracts; its distal limit is the superior part of the esophagus and it connects the nasal and oral cavities with the esophagus and larynx; it contains the valleculae and the pyriform recesses; its upper limits are the nasal cavity and cranial base.[FEED].
Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. In mammals, the oesophagus connects the buccal cavity with the stomach. The stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium lining the buccal cavity is continued through the pharynx down into the oesophagus. The lowest part of the oesophagus (ca. 2 cm) is lined with gastric mucosa and covered by peritoneum. The main body of the oesophagus is lined with small, simple mucous glands. Each gland opens into the lumen by a long duct which pierces the muscularis mucosae (Wilson and Washington, 1989). A sphincter is situated at the point where the oesophagus enters the stomach to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux, i.e. to prevent acidic gastric contents from reaching stratified epithelia of the oesophagus, where they can cause inflammation and irritation (Wilson and Washington, 1989; Brown et al., 1993).
Middle subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. In vertebrates: The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine[GO].
The caudalmost subdivision of a digestive tract.
Primordia are populations of contiguous cells that are morphologically distinct and already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue[FBbt, Hartenstein, V. (2004)].
In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. The neural groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or neural canal (which strictly speaking is the center of the neural tube), the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. [WP,unvetted].
The terminal portion of the intestinal tube, terminating with the anus.
A duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in digestion provided by the exocrine pancreas. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater, after which both ducts perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla.
A zone of skin that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition].
A terminal branch of the left or right common carotid artery which supplies oxygenated blood to to the throat, neck glands, tongue, face, mouth, ear, scalp and dura mater of the meninges[MP].
It ascends beneath the anterior margin of the trapezius, distributing branches to it, and to the neighboring muscles and lymph glands in the neck, and anastomosing with the superficial branch of the descending branch of the occipital artery.
superficial branch of transverse cervical artery
A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body into the right atrium of the heart.
A point along the course of the gastrointestinal tract where the small intestine (ileum) ends as it opens into the cecal portion of the large intestine; occurs usually within the iliac fossa, demarcated internally as the ileocecal orifice.
A potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium.
Endocardium that is part of the cardiac ventricle.
An epicardial layer that lines a cardiac ventricle.
Muscular layer of the cardiac ventricle composed of a compact myocardial layer surrounding the trabecular layer.
A zone of skin that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
Transudate contained in the pleural cavity.
Excretion that is the output of a kidney.
Joint fluid is a transudate of plasma that is actively secreted by synovial cells.
The first vertebral bone in the vertebral column.
The second vertebral bone in the vertebral column.
Any vertebral bone that is part of the caudal region of the vertebral column (tail or coccyx).
An anatomical wall that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
A thin musculomebranous barrier that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities. Often used for breathing control.
Traditional gross anatomy divided the liver into four lobes based on surface features. The falciform ligament is visible on the front (anterior side) of the liver. This divides the liver into a left anatomical lobe, and a right anatomical lobe.
The right lobe is much larger than the left; the proportion between them being as six to one. It occupies the right hypochondrium, and is separated from the left lobe on its upper surface by the falciform ligament; on its under and posterior surfaces by the left sagittal fossa; and in front by the umbilical notch. It is of a somewhat quadrilateral form, its under and posterior surfaces being marked by three fossæ: the porta and the fossæ for the gall-bladder and inferior vena cava, which separate its left part into two smaller lobes; the quadrate and caudate lobes. [WP,unvetted].
The left lobe is smaller and more flattened than the right. It is situated in the epigastric and left hypochondriac regions. Its upper surface is slightly convex and is moulded on to the diaphragm; its under surface presents the gastric impression and omental tuberosity. [WP,unvetted].
Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all the vertebra and associated skeletal elements and joints in the body[modified from VSAO].
A foramen within a vertebral element through which the spinal cord runs. It is formed by the anterior segment, and the posterior part, the vertebral arch.
Muscle tissue composed of cardiac muscle cells, forming the muscles of the heart[ZFA,modified].
Muscle tissue that consists primarily of skeletal muscle fibers.
Muscle tissue which is unstriated, composed primarily of smooth muscle fibers surrounded by a reticulum of collagen and elastic fibers. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length[GO].
Simple squamous epithelium of mesodermal origin which lines serous membranes. Examples: mesothelium of pleura, mesothelium of peritoneum[FMA]. Wikipedia: The mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracal cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac). Mesothelial tissue also surrounds the male internal reproductive organs (the tunica vaginalis testis) and covers the internal reproductive organs of women (the tunica serosa uteri).
A major subdivision of an organism that is the entire part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. In vertebrares this includes the vertebral column..
In anatomy, the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the small intestine. At its termination behind the neck of the pancreas, the SMV combines with the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein. The SMV lies to the right of the similarly named artery, the superior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta. [WP,unvetted].
A vein that drains the pelvis and lower limbs into the inferior vena cava.
Either of the pair of major vessels which arise from the renal hilus and return blood from the kidneys, suprarenal gland and the ureter to the inferior vena cava.
A renal vein that drains the right kidney.
A renal vein that drains the left kidney.
Vein that carries blood away from the liver[ZFA].
A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from a single male gonad. It is the male equivalent of the ovarian vein, and is the venous counterpart of the testicular artery. It is a paired vein, with one supplying each testis.
A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from its corresponding ovary to inferior vena cava or one of its tributaries.
gonad of female reproductive system vein
gonada of female reproductive system vein
vein of female reproductive system gonad
vein of female reproductive system gonada
vein of gonad of female reproductive system
vein of gonada of female reproductive system
The tubular structure that conducts gall bladder contents from the gall bladder to the common bile duct.
A portion of the large intestine before it becomes the rectum. In mammals, the colon is the most part of the large intestine, excluding the vermiform appendix, the rectum and the anal canal.
The part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus. It forms a loop that averages about 40 cm. in length, and normally lies within the pelvis, but on account of its freedom of movement it is liable to be displaced into the abdominal cavity.
The body of stomach is the part of the stomach that lies between the fundus above and the pyloric antrum below; its boundaries are poorly defined[GO].
The area at the bottom of the stomach on the caudal side of the pyloric canal that contains gastrin-producing G cells, which stimulate acid production, and the luminal pH-sensitive population of somatostatin-producing D cells.
The stomach tissue region surrounding and controlling the distal outlet of the stomach, which opens into the duodenum.
The layered structure that makes up the stomach, typiclly consists of a serous coat, a muscular coat, a mucous membrane, and other tissue layers in between.
An anatomical wall that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition].
An anatomical wall that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition].
The peritoneum responsible for connecting the jejunum and ileum (parts of the small intestine) to the back wall of the abdomen. Between the two sheets of peritoneum are blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. This allows these parts of the small intestine to move relatively freely within the abdominopelvic cavity. The brain, however, cannot map sensation accurately, so sensation is usually referred to the midline, an example of referred pain[WP].
The triangular region on the periphery of the liver lobules that contain a bile duct and a terminal branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and may also include a lymphatic vessel.
The functional unit of the liver, consisting of a mass of hepatocytes from adjacent liver lobules aligned around the hepatic arterioles and portal venules just as they anastomose into sinusoids.
A complex network of conduits that begins with the canals of Hering (intralobar bile duct) and progressively merges into a system of interlobular, septal, and major ducts which then coalesce to form the extrahepatic bile ducts, which finally deliver bile to the intestine, and in some species to the gallbladder.
The part of the biliary tree formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct.
Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct[GAID]. The common hepatic duct is the duct formed by the convergence of the right hepatic duct (which drains bile from the right functional lobe of the liver) and the left hepatic duct (which drains bile from the left functional lobe of the liver). The common hepatic duct then joins the cystic duct coming from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct[WP].
The duct that drains bile from the right half of the liver and joins the left hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct.
The duct that drains bile from the left half of the liver and joins the right hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct.
The inner layer of peritoneum that is wrapped around organs located inside the intraperitoneal space.
Anatomical cavity bounded by visceral and parietal peritoneum.
One of two laterally paired arteries that supplies the kidneys. These are large arteries that branch from the dorsal aorta in primitive vertebrates.
Renal artery that supplies the right kidney.
Renal artery that supplies the left kidney.
One of a pair of arteries that is a branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to a male gonad.
A testicular artery that supplies a right testicle.
A testicular artery that supplies a left testicle.
The mucosal layer that lines the stomach.
The fibrous connective tissue layer beneath the stomach mucosa.
The outermost layer of the stomach wall, consisting of layers of connective tissue continuous with the peritoneum.
anatomical wall of stomach serous membrane
anatomical wall of ventriculus serous membrane
serosa of anatomical wall of ventriculus
serous membrane of anatomical wall of stomach
serous membrane of anatomical wall of ventriculus
serous membrane of stomach anatomical wall
serous membrane of ventriculus anatomical wall
ventriculus anatomical wall serous membrane
A strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from the celiac ganglion[WP].
A mucosa that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition].
Submucosal tissue in the small intestines.
A serous membrane that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A serous membrane that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A compound tubular submucosal gland found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter (Sphincter of Oddi). The main function of these glands is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate)[WP].
The tiny hair-like projections that protrude from the inside of the small intestine that contain blood vessels that capture digested nutrients that are absorbed through the intestinal wall; the villi increase the absorptive surface area of the small intestine by approximately 30-fold.
A blood vessel that drains blood from the large intestine that usually terminates when reaching the splenic vein, which goes on to form the portal vein with the superior mesenteric vein (SMV). Anatomical variations include the IMV draining into the confluence of the SMV and splenic vein and the IMV draining in the SMV. The IMV lies to the right of the similarly name artery, the inferior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta. [WP,unvetted].
An ureter that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition].
An ureter that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition].
A funnel shaped proximal portion of the ureter that is formed by convergence of the major calices [MP].
Outer cortical portion of the kidney, between the renal capsule and the renal medulla.
An epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.
The collecting duct is a portion of the nephron through which water flows, moving passively down its concentration gradient.
Lamina propria that is part_of the small intestine.
lamina propria mucosa of small intestine
lamina propria mucosae of small intestine
lamina propria of mucosa of small intestine
A serous membrane that is part of a wall of intestine [Automatically generated definition].
anatomical wall of bowel serous membrane
anatomical wall of intestine serous membrane
intestine anatomical wall serous membrane
serous membrane of anatomical wall of bowel
serous membrane of anatomical wall of intestine
serous membrane of bowel anatomical wall
serous membrane of intestine anatomical wall
Orifice at the opposite end of an animal's digestive tract from the mouth. Its function is to expel feces, unwanted semi-solid matter produced during digestion, which, depending on the type of animal, may be one or more of: matter which the animal cannot digest, such as bones; food material after all the nutrients have been extracted, for example cellulose or lignin; ingested matter which would be toxic if it remained in the digestive tract; and dead or excess gut bacteria and other endosymbionts.
opening of terminal part of digestive tract
The canals that carry bile in the liver between the intralobular ducts and the biliary ductules; interlobular bile ducts are part of the interlobular portal triad.
A lamina propria that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition].
Distensible musculomembranous organ situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion[MP].
An anatomical wall that lines the insider of a urinary bladder.
The mucous membrane lining the urinary bladder.
A serous membrane that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition].
A lamina propria that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition].
lamina propria mucosa of urinary bladder
lamina propria mucosae of urinary bladder
An anatomical wall that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition].
The secretory units of the exocrine pancreas, where fluid containing digestive enzymes is produced; consists of a group of secretory cells surrounding a luminal space that connects to the pancreatic duct.
An endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating hormones[GO].
Transudate contained in the peritoneal cavity.
The organism subdivision that includes the pelvic girdle skeleton and associated soft tissue. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pelvic girdle regions.
this class describes the subdivision of the limb/fin, NOT the skeleton within. See also: skeleton of pectoral girdle (UBERON:0007831). See also comments on obo-anatomy mail list. Note that even though the class includes soft tissue it is more restrictive than 'pelvis' which also includes structures in cavities etc. TODO this needs to be better documented
Epithelial layer that lines the intestine.
An epithelium that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A multi-organ-part structure that consists of three vessels of the portal lobule including the bile duct, a terminal branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and may also include a lymphatic vessel.
The functional units of the liver including the lobules.
Wide thin-walled blood vessels in the liver. In mammals they have neither veinous or arterial markers.
The tubules located between the bile canaliculi and interlobular bile ducts near the outer edge of a classic liver lobule.
The basic functional unit of the kidney. its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. A nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its functions are vital to life and are regulated by the endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone.[WP].
The glandular mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the estrous/menstrual cycle and during pregnancy.
The conic expansion of the corpus spongiosum that forms the head of the penis.
The elongated structure connected to the posterior surface of the testis that transports, stores, and matures spermatozoa between testis and vas deferens.
A fallopian tube that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition].
A fallopian tube that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition].
The umbilical artery is a paired artery (with one for each half of the body) that is found in the abdominal and pelvic regions. In the fetus, it extends into the umbilical cord. [WP,unvetted].
An artery that supplies blood to the upper urinary bladder.
A vein that begins near the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen, passes upward behind and slightly medial to the hypogastric artery and, at the brim of the pelvis, joins with the external iliac to form the common iliac vein. [WP,unvetted].
Muscle (organ) which is a part of the pelvis. Examples: levator ani,.
The pampiniform plexus is a network of many small veins found in the male spermatic cord. It is formed by the union of multiple spermatic veins from the back of the testis and tributaries from the epididymis. The veins of the plexus ascend along the cord in front of the ductus deferens. Below the subcutaneous inguinal ring they unite to form three or four veins, which pass along the inguinal canal, and, entering the abdomen through the abdominal inguinal ring, coalesce to form two veins. These again unite to form a single vein, the testicular vein, which opens on the right side into the inferior vena cava, at an acute angle, and on the left side into the left renal vein, at a right angle. The pampinoform plexus forms the chief mass of the cord. In addition to its function in venous return from the testes, the pampiniform plexus also plays a role in the temperature regulation of the testes. It acts as a heat exchanger, cooling blood in adjacent arteries. An abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform plexus is a medical condition called varicocele. [WP,unvetted].
venous plexus of fascia of prostate gland
A zone of skin that is part of a penis [Automatically generated definition].
A urethra that is part of a male reproductive system.
A urethra that is part of a female reproductive system.
Any of the numerous small mucous-secreting glands located in the wall of the male or female urethra that help protect the epithelium from the corrosive urine.
The tubules in the testes where spermatogenesis occurs.
The anus and surrounding regions. Encompasses both internal and external regions, where present.
The outer layer of peritoneum that is attached to the abdominal and pelvic walls.
A zone of skin that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
An organism subdivision that includes the pectoral girdle skeleton and associated soft tissue. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pectoral girdle regions.
this class describes the organism subdivision, NOT the skeleton within. See also: skeleton of pectoral girdle (UBERON:0007831).
Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system.
A subdivision of the head that has as parts the layers deep to the surface of the anterior surface, including the mouth, eyes, and nose (when present). In vertebrates, this includes the facial skeleton and structures superficial to the facial skeleton (cheeks, mouth, eyeballs, skin of face, etc).
A zone of skin that is part of a lip [Automatically generated definition].
Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue.
An articular capsule (or joint capsule) is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. [WP,unvetted].
The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta[GO]. A portion of the aorta commencing at the upper part of the base of the left ventricle, on a level with the lower border of the third costal cartilage behind the left half of the sternum; it passes obliquely upward, forward, and to the right, in the direction of the heart's axis, as high as the upper border of the second right costal cartilage, describing a slight curve in its course, and being situated, about 6 cm behind the posterior surface of the sternum. The total length is about 5 cm in length [Wikipedia].
Any muscle organ that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition].
The convex portion of the aorta between the ascending and descending parts of the aorta; branches from it include the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery; the brachiocephalic trunk further splits to form the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery.
The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries[GO]. The descending aorta is part of the aorta, the largest artery in the body. The descending aorta is the part of the aorta beginning at the aortic arch that runs down through the chest and abdomen. The descending aorta is divided into two portions, the thoracic and abdominal, in correspondence with the two great cavities of the trunk in which it is situated. Within the abdomen, the descending aorta branches into the two common iliac arteries which serve the legs. [WP,unvetted].
The part of the aorta that extends from the origin at the heart to the diaphragm, and from which arises numerous branches that supply oxygenated blood to the chest cage and the organs within the chest.
Abdominal part of aorta: the distal part of the descending aorta, which is the continuation of the thoracic part and gives rise to the inferior phrenic, lumbar, median sacral, superior and inferior mesenteric, middle suprarenal, renal, and testicular or ovarian arteries, and celiac trunk[BTO]. The abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of descending aorta(of the thorax). [WP,unvetted].
The short first aortic arch branch and divides into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery.
A bilaterally paired branched artery that originates from the aortic arches and divides into and includes as parts the internal and external carotid arteries[cjm].
This class represents the adult and developing structures'
One of two laterally paired arteries that supplies the pectoral appendages, usually branching from the dorsal aorta.
The subclavian artery that supplies the right pectoral appendage.
A tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
Subdivision of urinary system which consists of the urinary bladder and the urethra.
The segment of the respiratory tract that starts proximally with the trachea and includes all distal structures including the lungs[WP,modified].
The subclavian artery that supplies the left pectoral appendage.
A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body into the right atrium of the heart.
One of two jugular veins that collect the blood from the brain, the superficial parts of the face, and the neck. [WP,unvetted].
The ciliary muscle is a ring of smooth muscle in the middle layer of the eye that controls the eye's accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aqueous humour through Schlemm's canal. [WP,unvetted].
A sphincter muscle that is part of the iris.
A smooth muscle of the eye, running radially in the iris that functions as a dilator. [WP,unvetted].
A branch of the external carotid artery that supplies structures of the face. [WP,unvetted].
An artery that supplies deep structures of the face. It comes just out behind the neck of the mandible. [WP,unvetted].
Organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work[GO].
An epithelial tube or tree of tibes that transports blood away from the heart[modified from AEO definition].
Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart.
A portal vein that transports nutrients from the digestive tract to the liver[Kardong].
The first major branch of the abdominal aorta.
Cranial nerve that has three branches - the ophthalmic (supplying the skin of the nose and upper jaw), the maxillary and the mandibular (supplying the lower jaw).
The pulmonary artery that supplies the right lung.
The pulmonary artery that supplies the left lung.
The anterior facial vein (facial vein) commences at the side of the root of the nose, and is a direct continuation of the angular vein where it also receives a small nasal branch. It lies behind the facial artery and follows a less tortuous course. It receives blood from the external palatine vein before it either joins the anterior branch of the retromandibular vein to form the common facial vein, or drains directly into the internal jugular vein. [WP,unvetted].
The cranial ganglion that is associated with and extends fibers into the trigeminal nerve.
The bone at the lower, posterior part of the skull.
An unpaired bone situated at the base of the skull in front of the temporal bone and basilar part of the occipital bone. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the orbit. Its shape somewhat resembles that of a butterfly or bat with its wings extended.
A bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. As such, it is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that makes up the orbit of the eye[WP].
Subdivision of skeleton that is an anterolateral part of the cranium and structurally supports the eye. Includes bones formed and located in sclerotic layer of eyeball.
Subdivision of skeletal system that surrounds and protects the brain. Includes the skull base, sensory capsules and the central part of the skull roof.
Subdivision of skeleton which includes upper and lower jaw skeletons.
Subdivision of head that consists of the upper jaw skeletal elements plus associated soft tissue (skin, lips, muscle)[cjm].
Subdivision of head that consists of the lower jaw skeletal elements plus associated soft tissue (skin, lips, muscle)[cjm].
The groups of nerve cell bodies associated with the twelve cranial nerves.
cranial ganglion part of peripheral nervous system
An anatomical space that is enclosed by a pharynx.
The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, and bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and part of the crystalline lens.
The pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye, consisting of the iris, ciliary body and choroid[WP,edited].
The adjustable membrane, composed of the stroma and pigmented epithelium, located just in front of the crystalline lens within the eye.
The smooth stratified squamous epithelium that covers the outer surface of the cornea.
Opaque fibrous outer layer of the eyeball[ZFA,Kardong,WP].
A skeletal muscle organ that is part of the trunk region.
The thickened portion of the vascular tunic, which lies between the choroid and the iris, composed of ciliary muscle and ciliary processes.
Vascular layer containing connective tissue, of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract[WP].
The lamellated connective tissue of the cornea between the Bowman and Descemet membranes.
A double layer covering the ciliary body that produces aqueous humor.
The delicate vascular connective tissue that lies between the anterior surface of the iris and the pars iridica retinae.
The any of the paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment[MP,modified].
Any of the layers that make up the retina[MP].
Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord.
A thick watery refractive medium that fills the space between the lens and the cornea[WP].
The clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons, interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells.
Any of the parts of the eye that lie in front of, or ventral to, the lens (inclusive).
Any of the parts of the eye that lie in back of, or dorsal to, the lens (but not inclusive).
A layer of epithelial cells that is part of the eye.
this class is the superclass of the anterior epithelium and equatorial epithlium, although the term 'lens epithelium' may refer specifically to the former
The elastic, clear, membrane-like structure, that is outer most layer of the lens.
Ganglion that has dendrites that form a junction between autonomic nerves originating from the central nervous system and autonomic nerves innervating their target organs in the periphery. There are two subtypes, sympathetic ganglion and parasympathetic ganglion.
A ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system. Examples: paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia, which include the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia.
ganglion of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system
sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system ganglion
One of the two fleshy folds which surround the opening of the mouth.
Lip that covers the upper portion of the mouth.[TAO].
Lip that covers the lower portion of the mouth.[TAO].
A nerve that arises from the caudal cervical nerves and is primarily the motor nerve of the diaphragm but also sends sensory fibers to the pericardium.
The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles)[GO].
A segment of the developing hindbrain[ZFA]. In the vertebrate embryo, a rhombomere is a transiently divided segment of the developing neural tube, within the hindbrain region (a neuromere) in the area that will eventually become the rhombencephalon. The rhombomeres appear as a series of slightly constricted swellings in the neural tube, caudal to the cephalic flexure.[WP].
Rostral segment of the hindbrain that has as its parts the pons (where present) and the cerebellum[WP,modified].
Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the medullary reticular formation, inferior olivary complex and cochlear nuclear complex, among other structures[FMA]. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate[GO].
An epithelium that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition].
An endothelium that is part of a capillary [Automatically generated definition].
An endothelium that is part of an arteriole [Automatically generated definition].
An endothelium that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition].
An endothelium that is part of a venule [Automatically generated definition].
An endothelium that is part of a vein [Automatically generated definition].
Ventral part of the midbrain, separated from the hindbrain by the isthmus[ISBN:0471888893]. Subdivision of the midbrain lying anterior to the tectum and posterior to the substantia nigra and cerebral peduncle[FMA] The part of the midbrain extending from the substantia nigra to the cerebral aqueduct in a horizontal section of the midbrain. It forms the floor of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct[WP].
A multi-tissue structure that is part of a spinal cord.
Organism substance that is composed of sperm cells suspended in seminal fluid.
The liquid component of blood, in which erythrocytes are suspended.
Vital aqueous secretion of the liver that is formed by hepatocytes and modified down stream by absorptive and secretory properties of the bile duct epithelium.
A submucosa that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
A lamina propria that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
A serous membrane that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
The epithelial layer that lines the luminal space of the esophagus.
One of the minute vessels that collect deoxygenated blood from the capillary plexuses returns it to the veins.
The smallest division of the artery located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries[GO].
A vessel through which blood circulates in the body.
Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules.
A monolayer of specialized, flattened, mitochondria-rich cells that lines the posterior surface of the cornea and faces the anterior chamber of the eye[WP].
A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body[MESH]. Simple squamous epithelium which lines blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart[FMA].
Organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin[GO]. The fetal portion of the placenta is known as the villous chorion. The maternal portion is known as the decidua basalis. The two portions are held together by anchoring villi that are anchored to the decidua basalis by the cytotrophoblastic shell.
Portion of semisolid bodily waste discharged through the anus[MW,modified].
An artery that carries deoxygenated blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood..
The tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney which is covered in a thick layer of perirenal adipose tissue that functions to provide some protection from trauma and damage.
Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart[GO].
A vein that conducts blood from the digestive organs, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver[BTO].
A nervous system structure composed primarily of nerve cell bodies (somas). May also include dendrites and the initial unmyelinated portion of axons.
The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain. In mammals and birds the hindbrain is divided into a rostral metencephalon and a caudal myelencephalon. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata (From: Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain)[ZFA]. Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata[FMA].
The simple columnar epithelial lining of the gall bladder.
Muscle tissue that contains fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations.
A systemic artery that supplies the lung with with oxygenated blood.
The pontine raphe nucleus is one of the raphe nuclei. It is located in the pontine tegmentum. [WP,unvetted].
Respiration organ that develops as an outpocketing of the esophagus.
An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism[ZFA]. Examples: vasculature of lung, vasculature of face.
Anatomical structure that is part of an embryo.
The truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis are divided by the aorticopulmonary septum. The truncus arteriosus gives rise to the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The bulbus cordis gives rise to the smooth parts (outflow tract) of the left and right ventricles.
The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves[GO]. Swellings of tissue present between the endocardial and myocardial cell layers that will give rise to the interstitial cells of the cardiac valves[ZFA].
The sinus venosus is a large cardiac chamber at the inflow tract that receives venous blood from systemic circulation. precedes the atrium on the venous side of the chordate heart.
The dermis is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the skin) and subcutaneous tissues, and is composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis[WP].
Lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. It is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. The hypodermis is used mainly for fat storage[WP].
An organ that is located within the body cavity (or in its extension, in the scrotum); it consists of organ parts that are embryologically derived from endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm or intermediate mesoderm; together with other organs, the viscus constitutes the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive and immune systems, or is the central organ of the cardiovascular system. Examples: heart, lung, esophagus, kidney, ovary, spleen.
A cardiac atrium that is in the right side of the heart. It receives deoxygenated blood. In mammals, this comes from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus, and pumps it into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
A cardiac atrium that is in the left side of the heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins, In mammals this is pumped into the left ventricle, via the Mitral valve.
A cardiac ventricle that is in the right side of the heart.
Cardiac chamber in which blood enters the heart.
Cardiac chamber through which blood leaves the heart.
A cardiac ventricle that is in the left side of the heart.
A cardiac septum that divides the left and right atria of the heart.
The postcranial subdivision of skeleton structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; in Danio, consisting of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins; in human consists of the bones of the vertebral column, the thoracic cage and the pelvis[ZFA+FMA].
Subdivision of skeleton which which consists of all the skeletal elements in in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes[cjm].
Cardiac septum which separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle.[FMA].
Anatomical organ component composed of a double layer of serous membrane that suspends a viscus from the body wall or connects adjacent viscera and in doing so conveys blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to and from the viscera. Examples: greater omentum, broad ligament of uterus, sigmoid mesocolon.
The organ covering the body that consists of the dermis and epidermis.
consider 'integumentary system' for invertebrates
The thin membranous structure between the two heart atria or the thick muscular structure between the two heart ventricles.
Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the cervical region (or head, when cervical region not present) and anterior to the caudal region. Includes the sacrum when present.
The sensory system subserving the sense of vision.
Sensory system responsible for the perception of spatial orientation and auditory stimuli.
The organ that functions to filter blood and to store red corpuscles and platelets.
multiple sources - true spleen appear in jawed vertebrates
An exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes[GO].
Subdivision of digestive tract that connects the stomach to the large intestine and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place (with the exception of ruminants). The mammalian small intestine is long and coiled and can be differentiated histologically into: duodenum, jejunem, ileum[WP,cjm,Kardong].
An organ that aids digestion and stores bile produced by the liver[WP].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
A paired organ of the urinary tract that produces urine and maintains bodily fluid homeostasis, blood pressure, pH levels, red blood cell production and skeleton mineralization.
The first part of the small intestine. At the junction of the stomach and the duodenum the alimentary canal is inflected. The duodenum first goes anteriorly for a short distance, turns dorsally, and eventually caudally, thus it is a U-shaped structure with two horizontal sections (a ventral and a dorsal one).
An ovary that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition].
An ovary that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition].
In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensible for larval life[GO].
A collection of brainstem nuclei that functions in multiple aspects of hearing and is an important component of the ascending and descending auditory pathways of the auditory system.
The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic[GO]. Bluish region in the superior angle of the fourth ventricle floor, corresponding to melanin-like pigmented nerve cells which lie lateral to the ponto-mesencephalic central gray (griseum centrale). It is also known as nucleus pigmentosus pontis[GAID].
Nucleus containing parasympathetic neurons giving rise to the parasympathetic division of the facial nerve, innervating the salivary glands (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg 703).
The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers[GO].
Lung which consists of the right upper lobe, middle lobe and right lower lobe.[FMA].
Lung which consists of the left upper lobe and left lower lobe.[FMA].
A portion of adipose tissue that is part of the hypodermis, beneath the dermis.
Anatomical cluster consisting of the hematopoietic system and the lymphoid system, or its analogs.
in FMA intergument = skin+superficial fascia(hypodermis), skin=dermis+epidermis+hair_nail. Note that the definition provided here excludes the more general sense of the term 'integument' used in invertebrates; consider 'integumental system'. Note that the VSAO class appears to include adnexa by its definition.
Vasculature that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition].
A vasculature that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
Vasculature that is part of the eye region.
Anatomical system that consists of the muscular and skeletal systems.
Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by cartilage. Examples: Spheno-occipital synchondrosis, first sternocostal joint, pubic symphysis.[FMA].
Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by an articular capsule which encloses a synovial membrane and a synovial cavity. Examples: Temporomandibular joint, knee joint.[FMA].
The part of the coelemic cavity lumen that is enclosed by the walls of the thorax.
Part of the central nervous system located in the vertebral canal continuous with and caudal to the brain; demarcated from brain by plane of foramen magnum. It is composed of an inner core of gray matter in which nerve cells predominate, and an outer layer of white matter in which myelinated nerve fibers predominate, and surrounds the central canal. (CUMBO).
Endoskeletal elements that encase the brain, nose, inner ear[cjm]. that part of the neurocranium formed by endochondral ossification and comprising the bones of the base of the skull[TFD].
The ventral grey column of the spinal cord[MP]. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output[GO].
A composite substructure of the brainstem that consists of the midbrain reticular formation, the pontine reticular formation and the medullary reticular formation ( Carpenter-1983 ).
this class denotes the generic structure, and not a specific one such as medullary or pontine reticular formation.
Organ system subdivision that consists of the organs and ducts that are involved in the production and transportation of bile. In most species this is the gallbladder and the bile ducts (biliary tree).
The mesentery that originates from the dorsal side of the peritoneal cavity[ZFA].
Stalk-like part of the brain that includes amongst its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,MP,generalized].
The atrial part of middle layer of the heart, comprised of involuntary muscle.
A neural nucleus that is part of the brain.
The ridge-shaped grey matter of the spinal cord that extends longitudunally through the center of each half of the spinal cord, and are largely or entirely composed of nerve cell bodies and their dendrites and some supportive tissue.
The cavity within the body of all animals higher than the coelenterates and certain primitive worms, formed by the splitting of the embryonic mesoderm into two layers. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities.
Any muscle organ that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition].
The urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. The epithelium is the tubular, planar layer of cells through which the urine passes..
A lamina propria that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition].
A flexible rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. It is composed of cells derived from the mesoderm and defines the primitive axis of the embryo. In some chordates, it persists throughout life as the main axial support of the body, while in most vertebrates it becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. The notochord is found ventral to the neural tube.
Somites are spheres of epithelial cells that form sequentially along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo through mesenchymal to epithelial transition of the presomitic mesoderm.
EDITOR_NOTE currently classified as an epithelial vesicle, consistent with EHDAA2 and https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest. Consider making 'somitic mesoderm' a separate term and correlate with regionalization processes. Consider moving ZFA term to 'trunk somite' as it is part of the trunk
Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce exocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products (hormones) into ducts (duct glands). They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrines) that affect only target cells nearby the release site. [Wikipedia].
The connecting cord from the developing embryo to the placenta.
An arterial trunk which is continuous with the heart and branches into the pulmonary arteries.
The layer of connective tissue comprised of the endometrial lining of the uterus which fluctuates in thickness throughout the menstrual cycle.
A specialized region of ectoderm found between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm and composed of highly migratory pluripotent cells that delaminate in early embryonic development from the dorsal neural tube and give rise to an astounding variety of differentiated cell types[MP].
EDITOR_NOTE consider including subclasses for pre- and post- migratory (e.g. sheets/paths/streams).
distinction between abdomen muscle and abdomen musculature
The part of the aorta that extends from the arch of the aorta to the diaphragm, and from which arises numerous branches that supply oxygenated blood to the chest cage and the organs within the chest.
Embryonic ectoderm that gives rise to nervous tissue.
A thoracic vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of a bone tissue.
A region of the serous membrane that forms the innermost layer of the pericardium and the outer surface of the heart.
The middle layer of the heart, comprised mainly of striated cardiac muscle fibers.
The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat[GO].
The part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node[GO]. Subdivision of conducting system of heart at the junction of the right atrium and the superior vena cava, around the sinoatrial nodal branch of right coronary artery and is continuous with the internodal tract[FMA].
An area of conducting tissue between the atria and the ventricles of the heart that conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles.
The cardiac Purkinje fiber is part of the cardiac conduction system that receives signals from the bundle of His and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle.
The lower segment of the trunk, inferioposterior to the abdomen proper, in the transition area between the trunk and the lower limbs.
Serous membrane which is divided into parietal and visceral serous pericardium.
A serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity[VHOG,modified].
Membrane organ which is attached to the pericardial sac proper and the central tendon of diaphragm and is continuous with the pretracheal fascia.[FMA].
A gland that secretes products (excluding hormones and other chemical messengers) into ducts (duct glands) which lead directly into the external environment[WP]. Typical exocrine glands include sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas.
Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products directly into the circulatory system rather than through a duct.[WP, modified].
The soft tissue that fills the cavities of bones.
Any skeletal muscle that is part of the head region.
Any muscle that is part of the cervical (neck) region.
Muscle (organ) which is a part of the abdomen. Examples: external oblique, rectus abdominis.
Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance.
Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers[GO].
Anatomical system that is involved in the production of hematopoietic cells.
Any of the ducts that form the biliary tree, carrying bile from the liver to the small intestine.
The triangular flat bone of the nasal septum.
The outer serous membrane of the pulmonary pleural.
The inner serous membrane of the pulmonary pleural. The visceral pleura lines the lungs.
The fluid-filled cavity that lies between the visceral and parietal pleurae.
Anatomical system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response and that includes especially the thymus, spleen, lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes including the B cells and T cells, and antibodies.
A double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels.
The combination of pericardial sac (a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels) plus fibrous pericardium.
Parietal serous membrane which is part of the pericardium and forms the outer layer of the pericardial sac.
Transudate contained in the pericardial cavity.[FMA].
The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands[GO].
autonomic division of peripheral nervous system
autonomic part of peripheral nervous system
divisio autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici
pars autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici
The small, erectile body located at the anterior end of the vulva.
The ossified form of a vertebral element, a skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column.
A vertebra that is located in the cervical region of the vertebral column.
An external caudal extension of the body. In chordates, the tail is post-anal, in other animals the anus ends in the tail.
Connected anatomical system that forms a barrier between an animal and its environment. In vertebrates, the integumental system consists of the epidermis, dermis plus associated glands and adnexa such as hair and scales. In invertebrates, the integumental system may include cuticle.
Skeletal tissue that is avascular, rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and typically includes chondrocytes within isolated lacunae. Cartilage tissue is deposited by chondroblasts.
A gland that is part of a skin of body [Automatically generated definition].
The part of the digestive system that contains the liver and the biliary system.
An epithelium that is part of the mouth and lines the oral cavity, typically stratified squamous, and may be para-, ortho- or non- keratinized. Primary barrier between oral environment and deeper tissues.
Visceral serous membrane which is continuous with the parietal serous pericardium and is attached to the myocardium[FMA].
A blood vessel that is part of a choroid [Automatically generated definition].
The maternal uterine-derived portion of the placenta.
The mucous secreting gland associated with the mucuous membrane lining the uterus.
The small branching sprouts of the dorsal aorta that grow across the medial surface of the somite, turn right angles to grow over that surface and then fuse with other sprouts and form the vertebral arteries adjacent to the neural tube; the intersomitic arteries supply the body wall and persist in the adult as the posterior intercostal, subcostal and the lumbar arteries.
A tributary of the iliac vein that drains the urinary bladder.
Clear to pale yellow watery secretions from the glands lining the small intestine walls. Secretion is stimulated by the mechanical pressure of partly digested food in the intestine.
A mucosa that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts.
An epithelium that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition].
The supporting bundles of muscular fibers lining the walls of the ventricles of the heart.
Replacement bone that forms within cartilage.
Bone tissue forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP].
The base of skull is the most inferior area of the skull, composed of the endocranium and lower parts of the skull roof.
Connective tissue composed of elastic fibers.
The middle layer of an artery or vein. [WP,unvetted].
The innermost layer of a blood vessel which is a lining of endothelial cells facing the lumen[Kardong].
An organ that functions as a secretory or excretory organ.
In amniote animal embryology, the epiblast is a tissue type derived either from the inner cell mass in mammals or the blastodisc in birds and reptiles. It lies above the hypoblast. In mammalian embryogenesis, the columnar cells of the epiblast are adjacent to the trophoblast, while the cuboidal cells of the hypoblast are closer to the blastocoele. The epiblast, whilst referred to as the primary ectoderm, differentiates to form all three layers of the trilaminar germ disc in a process called gastrulation[WP]. The outer of the two layers of the blastoderm that form during gastrulation, corresponding to primitive ectoderm during gastrulation and to the definitive ectoderm after gastrulation[ZFA].
The rapidly proliferating mass of cells at the caudal extremity of the embryo; remnant of the primitive node.
Sense organ embedded in the integument and consisting of one or a cluster of sensory neurons and associated sensory structures, support cells and glial cells forming a single organised unit with a largely bona-fide boundary.[FBbt].
A gonad with both testicular and ovarian aspects[WP].
One of a series of paired bulges that develop along the lateral walls of the foregut. The pharyngeal arches have developmental contributions from endoderm, mesoderm, and neural crest cells and are separated by anterior lateral endoderm out-pockets known as pharyngeal pouches.
Ectodermal placode that develops in the head into a part of the sensory nervous system. With a few exceptions (lens, adenohypophyseal), cranial placodes are neurogenic.
A distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle.
Anatomical space which contains portions of one or more body substances and is bounded by the internal surface of one maximally connected anatomical structure. Examples: cranial cavity, pharyngeal recess space, nasal cavity, tooth socket, cavity of serous sac, lumen of stomach, lumen of artery, fornix of vagina.
The cavity that is enclosed by the central nervous system. In vertebrates this is the cavity that includes as parts ventricular cavities and the central canal of the spinal cord that develops from the lumen of the neura tube.
cavity of ventricular system of neuraxis
Anatomical divisons of the brain according to one or more criteria, e.g. cytoarchitectural, gross anatomy. Parts may be contiguous in 3D or not, e.g., basal ganglia.
A spinal cord segment that adjacent_to a cervical region.
A nucleus of brain that is part of a trigeminal nuclear complex.
Dorsal portion of the pons, containing cranial nervee nuclei, ascending and descending tracts and reticular nuclei. It is continuous with the reticular formation of the medulla (Carpenter, A Core Text of Neuroanatomy, 3rd ed, 1985, pg 133).
A wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones[WP].
The thoracic nerves are the spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic vertebrae. [WP,unvetted].
The part of the brain that is the morphological boundary between the midbrain and hindbrain and that is the location of an organizing center which patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.
A temporary epithelium that derives from the outer layer of the ectdoerm and is shed once the inner layer differentiates to form a true epidermis.
The portion of neural plate anterior to the mid-hindbrain junction.
The portion of neural plate posterior to the mid-hindbrain junction.
Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form.
In mammals, the pronephric duct is the predecessor of the Wolffian duct[WP].
Blood islands are structures in the developing embryo which lead to many different parts of the circulatory system. They primarily derive from plexuses formed from angioblasts. Within them, vacuoles appear through liquefaction of the central part of the syncytium into plasma. The lumen of the blood vessels thus formed is probably intracellular. The flattened cells at the periphery form the endothelium. The nucleated red blood corpuscles develop either from small masses of the original angioblast left attached to the inner wall of the lumen or directly from the flat endothelial cells. In either case the syncytial mass thus formed projects from and is attached to the wall of the vessel. Such a mass is known as a blood island and hemoglobin gradually accumulates within it. Later the cells on the surface round up, giving the mass a mulberry-like appearance. Then the red blood cells break loose and are carried away in the plasma. Such free blood cells continue to divide. Blood islands have been seen in the area vasculosa in the omphalomesenteric vein and arteries, and in the dorsal aorta[WP, unvetted].
A horseshoe-shaped thickening of the endoderm at the cranial (rostral) end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells which, together with the notochord, induces the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells and contributes mesodermal type cells to the surrounding tissue.
The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads.
Lateral neurogenic placodes positioned dorsal of the epibranchial placodes.
The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord.
A neurogenic placode that arises at the level of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary and develops into a trigeminal ganglion.
Portion of tissue that is part of the anterior neural keel and will form the optic vesicle[ZFA]. A paired ectodermal placode that becomes invaginated to form the embryonic lens vesicles.
Multi-tissue structure that is comprised of neural and non-neural epithelial layers which will form the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium of the mature eye[ZFA]. double walled structured formed by expansion and invagination of the distal end of the optic vesicle that develops into the pigmented and sensory layers of the retina while the mouth of the optic cup eventually forms the pupil of the eye[MP].
A thickened portion of ectoderm which serves as the precursor to the lens. SOX2 and Pou2f1 are involved in its development[WP].
Paired organ that connects the primitive kidney Wolffian body (or mesonephros) to the cloaca and serves as the anlage for certain male reproductive organs. the Wolffian duct is what remains of the pronephric duct after the atrophy of the pronephros[WP]. In Zebrafish: Duct of the adult kidney (mesonephros), present bilaterally ventral to the somites and leading to the cloacal chamber[ZFA].
A region of embryonic ectodermal cells that lie directly above the notochord. During neurulation, they change shape and produce an infolding of the neural plate (the neural fold) that then seals to form the neural tube[XAO]. The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium[ZFA].
The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube[GO].
Focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches and that produce the neuroblasts that migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia.
Portion of the middle of the three primary germ layers of the embryo that resides on the periphery of the embryo, is continuous with the extra-embryonic mesoderm, splits into two layers enclosing the intra-embryonic coelom, and gives rise to body wall structures[MP].
A transitional population of migrating mesenchymal cells that derive from somites and that will become muscle cells.
Trunk portion of the neural crest. The trunk neural crest lies between the vagal and sacral neural crest and gives rise to two groups of cells. One group migrates dorsolateral and populates the skin, forming pigment cells and the other migrates ventrolateral through the anterior sclerotome to become the epinephrine-producing cells of the adrenal gland and the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. Some cells remain in the sclerotome to form the dorsal root ganglia [Wikipedia].
Bilateral groups of cells consisting of three rows: one row of endocardial precursors medially and two rows of myocardical precursors laterally. The two populations fuse at the midline to form the heart rudiment or cone.
Extension of the dorsal aorta in the tail.
Ventral somitic compartment that is a precursor of the axial skeleton[XAO]. Sclerotomes eventually differentiate into the vertebrae and most of the skull. The caudal (posterior) half of one sclerotome fuses with the rostral (anterior) half of the adjacent one to form each vertebra. From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially towards the notochord. These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side to form the vertebral body. From this vertebral body, sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing spinal cord, forming the vertebral arch[WP].
Neural crest cells (NCCs) originating in the anterior part of the developing embryo and residing between the mid-diencephalon and the forming hindbrain; cranial NCCs migrate dorsolaterally to form the craniofacial mesenchyme that differentiates into various craniofacial cartilages and bones, cranial neurons, glia, and connective tissues of the face; these cells enter the pharyngeal pouches and arches where they give rise to thymic cells, bones of the middle ear and jaw (mandible), and the odontoblasts of the tooth primordia; like their counterparts in the trunk, cranial NCCs also contribute to the developing peripheral nervous system, along with the pigmented cell (i.e. melanocyte) lineage.
Gonochoristic organism that can produce female gametes.
Gonochoristic organism that can produce male gametes.
Anatomical structure that overlaps the outer epithelial layer and is adjacent to the space surrounding the organism.
Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more multi-tissue structures of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona fide boundaries from other distinct anatomical structures of different types.
this class was introduced for consistency with CARO. However, in this ontology we typically classify organs directly under 'organ' rather than subdividing into compound and simple organs
Portion of tissue composed of mesenchymal cells (motile cells that develop from epthelia via an epithelial to mesenchymal transition) and surrounding extracellular material. Mesenchyme has different embryological origins in different metazoan taxa - in many invertebrates it derives in whole or part from ectoderm. In vertebrates it derives largely from mesoderm, and sometimes the terms are used interchangeably, e.g. lateral plate mesoderm/mesenchyme.
Anatomical cluster that is located in the anterior region of the cranium and provides structural support for the olfactory organ.
Subdivision of skeleton that includes all dermal bones in the cranial skeleton[ZFA,modified].
Contributes to development of the cartilage of the larynx, laryngeal, pharyngeal, and soft palate muscles, superior parathyroid gland, and C-cells of the thymus.
The 6th pharyngeal arch. contributes to the development of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
The vessels formed within the first pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis.
The vessels formed within the fourth pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis.
The vessels formed within the sixth pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis.
The outermost extraembryonic membrane of amniotes.
Upper portion of the skull that excludes the mandible (when present in the organism).
Anatomical structure that is part of the head consisting entirely of cranium and mandible[WP].
A female organ involved in reproduction.
female organism reproductive system organ
reproductive structure of female organism
reproductive system organ of female organism
reproductive system organ of male organism
Septum that divides the ovary, the basal portion of a carpel or group of fused carpels, that encloses the ovule(s)[GO].
One of the two embryological structures that give rise to the kidney (the other is the ureteric bud). The metanephric blastema mostly develops into nephrons, but can also form parts of the collecting duct system.[WP]. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros[GO].
An extraembryonic structure that develops_from a syncytiotrophoblast and is part of a chorion.
An epithelium that is part of a upper jaw [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of palatoquadrate arch
An epithelium that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of ventral mandibular arch
ventral mandibular arch epithelial tissue
The portion of the yolk sac that is derived from endoderm and lines the yolk sac.
An endoderm that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition].
An endoderm that is part of a midgut [Automatically generated definition].
An endoderm that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a eye [Automatically generated definition].
A subdivision of the skeleton that corresponds to the upper part of the mouth. The lower jaw skeleton includes the following elements, when present: upper jaw teeth, the maxilla and other lower jaw bones.
A subdivision of the skeleton that corresponds to the lower part of the mouth. The lower jaw skeleton includes the following elements, when present: lower jaw teeth, the mandible and other lower jaw bones, and Meckel's cartilage.
The portion of the primitive mesentery that encloses the stomach; from its dorsal sheet, the greater omentum develops, and from its ventral sheet, the lesser omentum.
A mesentery that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
A mesentery that is part of a midgut [Automatically generated definition].
A gland that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition].
Racemose mucous glands beneath the mucous membrane of the pharynx.
A gland that is part of a integumental system [Automatically generated definition].
A blood island that is part of a mesoderm.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing testis [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing camera-type eye.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing ovary [Automatically generated definition].
female reproductive system gonad mesenchyme
female reproductive system gonada mesenchyme
gonad of female reproductive system mesenchyme
gonada of female reproductive system mesenchyme
mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonad
mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonada
mesenchyme of gonad of female reproductive system
mesenchyme of gonada of female reproductive system
The portion of the yolk sac that is derived from mesoderm and consists of mesenchyme.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing upper jaw [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing lower jaw [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition].
anal canal viewed anatomically submucosa
submucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically
The submucous layer of the wall of the rectum.
A submucosa that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition].
A serous membrane that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition].
A serous membrane that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition].
A serous membrane that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition].
A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO).
A ganglion that is part of a central nervous system [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition].
anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of organ
anal canal viewed anatomically mucous membrane
anal canal viewed anatomically organ mucosa
mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically
mucosa of organ of anal canal viewed anatomically
mucosa of organ of anatomical anal canal
mucous membrane of anal canal viewed anatomically
mucous membrane of anatomical anal canal
organ mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically
A mucosa that is part of a oral opening [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition].
A layer of epithelial cells on the surface of the mucosa.
An epithelium that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition].
An unilaminar epithelium that surrounds a pelvic appendage bud.
An unilaminar epithelium that surrounds a pectoral appendage bud.
An extraembryonic structure that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a chorion.
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right atrium [Automatically generated definition].
cardiac muscle tissue of heart right atrium
cardiac muscle tissue of right atrium of heart
textus muscularis of myocardium of right atrium
textus muscularis of myocardium of right atrium of heart
textus muscularis of myocardium of right cardiac atrium
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left atrium [Automatically generated definition].
cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle tissue
textus muscularis of myocardium of cardiac left atrium
textus muscularis of myocardium of heart left atrium
textus muscularis of myocardium of left atrium
textus muscularis of myocardium of left atrium of heart
textus muscularis of myocardium of left cardiac atrium
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right ventricle [Automatically generated definition].
cardiac muscle tissue of right ventricle
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left ventricle [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of an interventricular septum [Automatically generated definition].
cardiac muscle of interventricular septum
cardiac muscle tissue of interventricular septum
A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition].
Any of the striated muscles that move the eye and include: superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique, retractor bulbi.
A mesothelium that is part of a pericardium [Automatically generated definition].
cavity of pericardial sac meso-epithelium
meso-epithelium of cavity of pericardial sac
mesothelium of cavity of pericardial sac
A mesothelium that is part of a diaphragm [Automatically generated definition].
A mesothelium that is part of a pleural cavity [Automatically generated definition].
A mesentery that is part of a urinary system [Automatically generated definition].
A mesentery that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition].
A mesentery that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition].
A mesentery that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition].
A mesentery that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition].
A cartilage element that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
A gland that is part of a digestive tract [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a pelvic appendage bud.
Mesenchyme that is part of a pectoral appendage bud.
A gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord, largely made up of mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate). It also contains some fibroblasts and macrophages. It is derived from Extra Embryonic Mesoderm[WP].
An adipose tissue that is part of a dermis [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of the trunk region of the body (not to be confused with a nerve trunk).
A nerve that is located in a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a trabecula carnea [Automatically generated definition].
cardiac muscle muscle tissue of trabecula carnea
cardiac muscle textus muscularis of trabecula carnea
cardiac muscle tissue of trabecula carnea
heart muscle muscle tissue of trabecula carnea
heart muscle textus muscularis of trabecula carnea
heart myocardium muscle tissue of trabecula carnea
heart myocardium textus muscularis of trabecula carnea
muscle of heart muscle tissue of trabecula carnea
muscle of heart textus muscularis of trabecula carnea
muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of trabecula carnea
muscle tissue of heart muscle of trabecula carnea
muscle tissue of heart myocardium of trabecula carnea
muscle tissue of muscle of heart of trabecula carnea
muscle tissue of myocardium of trabecula carnea
myocardium muscle tissue of trabecula carnea
myocardium textus muscularis of trabecula carnea
textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of trabecula carnea
textus muscularis of heart muscle of trabecula carnea
textus muscularis of heart myocardium of trabecula carnea
textus muscularis of muscle of heart of trabecula carnea
textus muscularis of myocardium of trabecula carnea
trabecula carnea cardiac muscle muscle tissue
trabecula carnea cardiac muscle textus muscularis
trabecula carnea heart muscle muscle tissue
trabecula carnea heart muscle textus muscularis
trabecula carnea heart myocardium muscle tissue
trabecula carnea heart myocardium textus muscularis
trabecula carnea muscle of heart muscle tissue
trabecula carnea muscle of heart textus muscularis
trabecula carnea muscle tissue of cardiac muscle
trabecula carnea muscle tissue of heart muscle
trabecula carnea muscle tissue of heart myocardium
trabecula carnea muscle tissue of muscle of heart
trabecula carnea muscle tissue of myocardium
trabecula carnea myocardium muscle tissue
trabecula carnea myocardium textus muscularis
trabecula carnea textus muscularis of cardiac muscle
trabecula carnea textus muscularis of heart muscle
trabecula carnea textus muscularis of heart myocardium
trabecula carnea textus muscularis of muscle of heart
trabecula carnea textus muscularis of myocardium
A bone that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of a facial skeleton [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
The ureteral branches of renal artery are small branches which supply the ureter.
An artery that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
The superior labial artery (superior labial branch of facial artery) is larger and more tortuous than the inferior labial artery. It follows a similar course along the edge of the upper lip, lying between the mucous membrane and the Orbicularis oris, and anastomoses with the artery of the opposite side. It supplies the upper lip, and gives off in its course two or three vessels which ascend to the nose; a septal branch ramifies on the nasal septum as far as the point of the nose, and an alar branch supplies the ala of the nose.
The inferior labial artery (inferior labial branch of facial artery) arises near the angle of the mouth; it passes upward and forward beneath the Triangularis and, penetrating the Orbicularis oris, runs in a tortuous course along the edge of the lower lip between this muscle and the mucous membrane. It supplies the labial glands, the mucous membrane, and the muscles of the lower lip; and anastomoses with the artery of the opposite side, and with the mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery.
ramus labialis inferior (arteria facialis)
An artery that is part of a thoracic cavity[cjm].
A vein that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition].
A vein that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
The inferior labial vein is the vein receiving blood from the upper lip.
The inferior labial vein is the vein receiving blood from the lower lip.
A vein that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition].
A vein that is part of a clitoris [Automatically generated definition].
A vein that is part of a tail [Automatically generated definition].
An endothelium of capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
apparatus respiratorius blood capillary endothelium
apparatus respiratorius capillary endothelium
apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel endothelium
apparatus respiratorius endothelium of blood capillary
apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary
apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary vessel
blood capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius
blood capillary endothelium of respiratory system
capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius
capillary endothelium of respiratory system
capillary vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius
capillary vessel endothelium of respiratory system
endothelium of blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius
endothelium of blood capillary of respiratory system
endothelium of capillary of apparatus respiratorius
endothelium of capillary of respiratory system
endothelium of capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius
endothelium of capillary vessel of respiratory system
respiratory system blood capillary endothelium
respiratory system capillary vessel endothelium
respiratory system endothelium of blood capillary
respiratory system endothelium of capillary
respiratory system endothelium of capillary vessel
respiratory system capillary endothelium
A venule that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
An arteriole that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a heart [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a cornea [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a retina [Automatically generated definition].
blood vessel of tunica interna of eyeball
A blood vessel that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of the arterial system. Includes artery, arteriole and aorta.
A blood vessel that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a tail [Automatically generated definition].
A capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel
blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius
capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius
A capillary that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition].
A gray matter that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a tail [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition].
portion of connective tissue of adult head
A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition].
neck (volume) portion of connective tissue
portion of connective tissue of neck (volume)
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
apparatus respiratorius connective tissue
apparatus respiratorius portion of connective tissue
apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus
connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius
portion of connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius
portion of connective tissue of respiratory system
respiratory system portion of connective tissue
textus connectivus of apparatus respiratorius
textus connectivus of respiratory system
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition].
connective tissue of lower respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract portion of connective tissue
lower respiratory tract textus connectivus
portion of connective tissue of lower respiratory tract
textus connectivus of lower respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract connective tissue
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a dermis [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition].
cavity of chest portion of connective tissue
cavity of thorax portion of connective tissue
chest cavity portion of connective tissue
pectoral cavity portion of connective tissue
portion of connective tissue of cavity of chest
portion of connective tissue of cavity of thorax
portion of connective tissue of chest cavity
portion of connective tissue of pectoral cavity
portion of connective tissue of thoracic cavity
thoracic cavity portion of connective tissue
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a tail [Automatically generated definition].
portion of connective tissue of post-vent region
post-vent region portion of connective tissue
A cartilage that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition].
A cartilage that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition].
A skin gland that is part of a camera-type eye [Automatically generated definition].
The dense connective tissue which contains predominantly elastic fibers and is found in the tunica media of the aorta wall.
adult aorta textus connectivus elasticus
dorsal aorta textus connectivus elasticus
elastic connective tissue of adult aorta
elastic connective tissue of dorsal aorta
elastic connective tissue of trunk of aortic tree
textus connectivus elasticus of adult aorta
textus connectivus elasticus of dorsal aorta
textus connectivus elasticus of trunk of aortic tree
trunk of aortic tree elastic connective tissue
trunk of aortic tree textus connectivus elasticus
The type of heart connective tissue found in the endocardial layer that consists mainly of elastic fibers.
An elastic tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
apparatus respiratorius elastic connective tissue
apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus elasticus
elastic connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius
elastic connective tissue of respiratory system
elastic tissue of apparatus respiratorius
respiratory system elastic connective tissue
respiratory system textus connectivus elasticus
textus connectivus elasticus of apparatus respiratorius
textus connectivus elasticus of respiratory system
An elastic tissue that is part of a circulatory system [Automatically generated definition].
cardiovascular system elastic connective tissue
cardiovascular system textus connectivus elasticus
circulatory system elastic connective tissue
circulatory system textus connectivus elasticus
elastic connective tissue of cardiovascular system
elastic connective tissue of circulatory system
textus connectivus elasticus of cardiovascular system
textus connectivus elasticus of circulatory system
Elastic tissue layer that lines a blood vessel layer.
blood vessel textus connectivus elasticus
elastic connective tissue of blood vessel
textus connectivus elasticus of blood vessel
Elastic tissue that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition].
The middle layer of the aorta wall, containing the smooth muscle layer and elastic fibers.
The innermost layer of the aorta, containing the endothelium and an inner elastic membrane.
An arterial blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
respiratory system arterial blood vessel
An arterial blood vessel that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition].
A muscle organ that attaches to a tail vertebra [Automatically generated definition].
The part of the ventral body cavity that is within the abdomen proper (excluding the pelvic cavity).
In anatomy, in the occipital bone, the foramen magnum is one of the several oval or circular apertures in the base of the skull, through which the medulla oblongata (an extension of the spinal cord) enters and exits the skull vault. Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the foramen magnum transmits the Spinal Accessory nerve, vertebral arteries, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, the membrana tectoria and alar ligaments. [WP,unvetted].
The Atlanto-axial joint is of a complicated nature, comprising no fewer than four distinct joints. There is a pivot articulation between the odontoid process of the axis and the ring formed by the anterior arch and the transverse ligament of the atlas.
The tissues that surround the organs that are present within the abdominal cavity. The abdominal wall tissue is composed of layers of fat, parietal peritoneum, fascia, and muscles.
Passages external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. These include the common bile duct and the common hepatic duct.
Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct.
The left and right brachiocephalic veins in the upper chest are formed by the union of each corresponding internal jugular vein and subclavian vein. This is at the level of the sternoclavicular joint. These great vessels merge to form the superior vena cava. The brachiocephalic veins are the major veins returning blood to the superior vena cava.
A vein arising from the splenic trabecular vein in the hilum of the spleen that drains into the portal vein.
Portion of tissue in the nervous system which consists of neurons and glial cells, and may also contain parts of the vasculature.
The major nerves supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdomen, including the greater, lesser, and lowest (or smallest) splanchnic nerves that are formed by preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord which pass through the paravertebral ganglia and then to the celiac ganglia and plexuses and the lumbar splanchnic nerves carry fibers which pass through the lumbar paravertebral ganglia to the mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia.
The twelve spinal nerves on each side of the thorax. They include eleven INTERCOSTAL NERVES and one subcostal nerve. Both sensory and motor, they supply the muscles and skin of the thoracic and abdominal walls.
The intercostal nerves are the anterior divisions (rami anteriores; ventral divisions) of the thoracic spinal nerves from T1 to T11. Each nerve is connected with the adjoining ganglion of the sympathetic trunk by a gray and a white ramus communicans. The intercostal nerves are distributed chiefly to the thoracic pleura and abdominal peritoneum and differ from the anterior divisions of the other spinal nerves in that each pursues an independent course without plexus formation. The first two nerves supply fibers to the upper limb in addition to their thoracic branches; the next four are limited in their distribution to the parietes of the thorax; the lower five supply the parietes of the thorax and abdomen. The 7th intercostal nerve terminates at the xyphoid process, at the lower end of the sternum. The 10th intercostal nerve terminates at the umbilicus. The twelfth thoracic is distributed to the abdominal wall and groin. [WP,unvetted].
The central part of the thoracic cavity enclosed by the left and right pleurae.
this is defined as any mucous membrane of the mouth - including palate, lips, uvula, etc. ncit split mouth/oral mucosa into lip and buccal. In future we may split into masticatory/keratinized (gingiva + hard palate) vs lining/non-keratinized (lips, cheeks, floor of mouth, soft palate). FMA distinguishes between mucosa of mouth and region of mouth (the latter including the buccal mucosa)
A nerve that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition].
bone organ of abdominal segment of trunk
Any muscle tissue that is part of the urethra.
Any muscle organ that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
Any muscle organ that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
Any muscle organ that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
A muscle organ that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition].
muscle organ of abdominal segment of trunk
A blood vessel that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition].
blood vessel of abdominal segment of trunk
A skin of body that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition].
abdominal segment of trunk connective tissue
abdominal segment of trunk portion of connective tissue
abdominal segment of trunk textus connectivus
connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk
portion of connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk
textus connectivus of abdominal segment of trunk
An anatomical space that surrounded_by a neural tube.
In medicine, gonadal vein refers to the blood vessel that carrying blood away from the gonad (testis, ovary) toward the heart. Females : ovarian vein Males : testicular vein [WP,unvetted].
A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a midbrain.
A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a hindbrain.
A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a spinal cord.
A neural plate that develops_from a future spinal cord.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing gonad [Automatically generated definition].
A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a ganglion.
A mesentery that is part of a uterus [Automatically generated definition].
An anatomical cavity that has the potential to develop into a coelemic cavity lumen.
The part of the coelom in the embryo between the somatopleuric and splanchnopleuric mesoderm; the principal body cavities of the trunk (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic) arise from this embryonic part of the coelom.
Initial section of the oviduct through which the ova pass from the ovary to the uterus.
Paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin[WP]. develops either by lengthwise splitting of the archinephric duct (in chondrichthyans and some amphibians) or by a elongated invagination of the coelomic epithelium (other vertebrates) In males, the oviducts regress. The cranial end of the oviduct maintains an opening into the coelom (which primitively may have been the anteriormost coelomic funnels connecting the nephrocoel with the coelom). This opening is the ostium tubae[USM].
Connective, non-functional supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ. Contrast with parenchyma.
A small endodermal thickening in the foregut adjacent to the transverse septum. Invaginates forming the hepatic diverticulum.
One of the skeletal muscles of the head and neck, spine, and ribs.
A portion of skeletal muscle tissue in the trunk.
The part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells[GO].
Small blood vessel similar to a capillary but with a fenestrated endothelium. Sinusoids are found in the liver, lymphoid tissue, endocrine organs, and hematopoietic organs such as the bone marrow and the spleen. Sinusoids found within terminal villi of the placenta are not comparable to these; they possess a continuous endothelium and complete basal lamina[WP].
Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.
contrast with a multi-tissue tube, which has as parts both epithelium, connective tissue, possibly muscle layers
Any endothelium that has the quality of being cylindrical [Automatically generated definition].
Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney[GO].
A blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart.
Embryonic structure that develops into pancreatic bud.
The embryonic pancreas develops from two separate anlagen in the foregut epithelium, one dorsal and two ventral pancreatic buds[PMID].
Pancreatic bud that gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct.
Pancreatic bud that gives rise to the major pancreatic duct.
A duct that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that lines the lumen of the digestive tract.
A cartilage element of chondrocranium. Example: neurocranial trabecula.
A cartilage element that is part of the cranial skeleton.
Any of the organized aggregations of cells that function as secretory or excretory organs and are associated with reproduction.
The sensory system for the sense of touch and pain.
The placental layers where embryonic blood vessels are surrounded by trophoblast cells and maternal blood.
The anterior segment of the lamellated connective tissue layer of the cornea.
The posterior segment of the lamellated connective tissue layer of the cornea.
An anastomosing network of delicate tubules located in the hilum of the testicle (mediastinum testis) that carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the vasa efferentia[WP].
The slender connective tissue fiber in the extracellular matrix of skin tissue that is composed of microfibrils and amorphous elastin and is characterized by great elasticity.
Blood vessels of the layer of the placenta where embryonic and maternal blood vessels interdigitate.
The internal feminine genital organs, including the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, uterine cervix, and vagina.
internal genitalia of female reproductive system
A conical pouch formed from the upper and left angle of the right ventricle in the chordate heart, from which the pulmonary artery arises[WP]. the anteriosuperior, smooth-walled portion of the cavity of the right ventricle, beginning at the supraventricular crest and terminates in the pulmonary trunk[MP].
The funnel-like expansion of the abdominal extremity of the uterine tube[MP].
The connection between the embryo proper and extraembryonic tissues.
A transitional population of migrating mesenchymal cells that derive from somites and that will become dermal cells.
The single layer of epithelial cells that lines the early neural tube and develops into the nervous system and into the neural crest cells.
That portion of the chorionic wall in the region of its uterine attachment, which gives rise to chorionic villi; it consists of the mesoderm that lines the chorionic vesicle and, on the maternal side, of the trophoblast that lines the intervillous spaces; in the last half of gestation, the mesodermal connective tissue is largely replaced by fibrinoid material, and the amnionic membrane is adherent to the fetal side of the plate.
The external masculine genital organs, including the penis and scrotum.
external male genitalia
The internal masculine genital organs, including the testes, epididymides, deferent ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate, ejaculatory ducts, and bulbourethral glands.
One of the fine terminal elements of the bile duct system, leaving the portal canal, and pursuing a course at the periphery of a lobule of the liver[BTO]. the excretory ducts of the liver that connect the interlobular ductules to the right or left hepatic duct[MP].
The layer of undifferentiated, proliferating cells that line the neural tube lumen that is the immediate transformation of the germinal neuroepithelium.
The layer of glia and differentiating neurons that forms as a second layer around the germinal neuroepithium; as this develops it comes to lie between the ventricular and marginal layers and includes the basal and alar plates. Develops into neurons and glia forming a gray matter layer.
The outermost layer of the neural tube that consists of axons from the developing mantle layer and will form the white matter.
The region of the mantle layer of the neural tube that lies ventral to the sulcus limitans and contains primarily motor neurons and interneurons.
The unpaired embryonic prominence that is formed by the tissues surrounding the forebrain vesicle and develops into the forehead and bridge of the nose/snout.
The central area of the two limbs of a horseshoe-shaped mesenchymal swelling that lie medial to the olfactory placode or pit in the future nasal region of the embryo; it joins with the ipsilateral maxillary prominence in the formation of half of the upper jaw, and the nasal tip and philtrum of the upper lip develop from it.
Any of the veins that carries deoxygenated blood from a part of the body into the right atrium of the heart.
The subdivision of the face that includes the eye (eyeball plus adnexa such as eyelids) and the orbit of the skull and associated parts of the face such as the eyebrows, if present.
The middle of the face including the nose and its associated bony structures[MW].
The collecting duct system of the kidney consists of a series of tubules and ducts that connect the nephrons to the ureter. It participates in electrolyte and fluid balance through reabsorption and excretion, processes regulated by the hormones aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone.
Any tube, opening or passage that connects two distinct anatomical spaces.
A vasculature that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition].
An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the endoderm.
An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the mesoderm.
An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the ectoderm.
Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction.
Any of the layers of the myocardium. Example: compact layer, trabecular layer.
The layer of the myocardium composed of projections of contractile myocytes. The trabecular layer is bounded internally by the endocardium. In zebrafish, unlike the trabeculations of higher vertebrates, both atrial and ventricular trabeculae have more strut-like character, and are more uniform without apparent regional differences[ZFA].
A myocardium trabecular layer that is part of a cardiac ventricle.
The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup[GO]. Portion of tissue that is comprised of neuroepitheium which has pinched off from the anterior neural keel and will form the optic cup[ZFA].
Missing definition for term UBERON:0004133. Please replace it using linked reference.
The first recognizable structure derived from the heart field.
A specific region of the lateral mesoderm that will form the primary beating heart tube. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle.
An epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.
The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract.
The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries.
The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles.
Vein of heart that drains the myocardium.
A cardiac chamber surrounds an enclosed cavity within the heart.
An embryonic group of progenitor cells that forms from an outpouching of the septum transversum near the venous pole of the heart and gives rise to the epicardium.
A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm[VHOG].
The internal genitalia are the internal sex organs such as the uterine tube, the uterus and the vagina in female mammals, and the testis, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and prostate in male mammals.
internal genitalia
The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals.
Organ that is part of the hematopoietic system.
The nonstriated, involuntary muscle tissue located in the wall of the aorta.
The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply.
blood vessel of labyrinthine layer of placenta
labyrinthine layer of placenta blood vessel
A portions of the gut that is derived from endoderm.
The cortical collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex.
Nephrogenic mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the nephron.
The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.
The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron.
A nerve that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a stomach [Automatically generated definition].
A muscular coat that is part of a vas deferens [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition].
smooth muscle tissue of gastrointestinal system
The smooth muscle tissue surrounding the urothelium of the kidney pelvis.
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Automatically generated definition].
anal part of perineum involuntary muscle
anal part of perineum non-striated muscle
anal part of perineum smooth muscle tissue
involuntary muscle of anal part of perineum
non-striated muscle of anal part of perineum
smooth muscle tissue of anal part of perineum
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition].
involuntary muscle of lower respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract involuntary muscle
lower respiratory tract non-striated muscle
lower respiratory tract smooth muscle tissue
non-striated muscle of lower respiratory tract
smooth muscle of lower respiratory tract
smooth muscle tissue of lower respiratory tract
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arteriole [Automatically generated definition].
Smooth muscle found within, and composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels.
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a spleen [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a fallopian tube [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of the dorsal region of an animal.
this class may be obsoleted. See: https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/93
Any muscle organ that is part of a skin of body [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition].
A myocardium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition].
A pericardium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition].
A muscle that is part of the eye region.
Anatomical cluster that consists of all the skeletal elements (eg., bone, cartilage, and teeth) of the body.
The bilaminar epithelium formed from the myotome and dermatome.
A cone-like structure that is formed when myocardial progenitor cells of the heart field fuse at the midline. The heart rudiment is the first structure of the heart tube.
Dense connective tissue that separates the atria from the ventricles and provides physical support for the heart.
A blood vessel smooth muscle that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
smooth muscle tissue of blood vessel of respiratory system
respiratory system blood vessel smooth muscle
A membranous sac that develops from the posterior part of the alimentary canal in the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles, and it is important in the formation of the umbilical cord and placenta in mammals[VHOG].
The primitive streak is a structure that forms during the early stages of avian, reptilian and mammalian embryonic development[WP]. the midline ridge of the embryonic epiblast that later develops into mesoderm and endoderm[MP].
primitive streak - blastopore - germ ring
Outermost layer of cells in the blastodermic vesicle, which will develop into the trophoblast layer and then contact the endometrium and take part in establishing the embryo's means of nutrition.
The embryonic structure that gives rise to the corneal ectoderm.
Multilayered ectodermal region at the distal tip of a limb or fin bud necessary for the proper development of the underlying mesenchyme[MP,modified]. Along with the zone of polarizing activity, it is a crucial organizing region during limb development[WP].
note that media, dorsal fins etc have AERs.
An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb or paired fin. The limb/fin bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP].
The first of the series of pharyngeal arches that develop into jaw bones or their homologs, and their associated nerves and arteries.
One of a series of paired embryological vascular structures formed within a pharyngeal arch; in the adult, some of these vessels give rise to the great vessels[MP].
Thickened trophoblast of the blastocyst in rodents that becomes the fetal portion of the placenta.
Blood vessel that is connected to the yolk sac.
A transparent homogeneous acellular layer found between the substantia propria and the endothelial layer of the cornea[MP].
A transparent homogeneous acellular layer, 6 to 9 um thick, lying between the basal lamina of the outer layer of stratified epithelium and the substantia propria of the cornea; it is considered to be a basement membrane.
Vascular network that is connected to the yolk sac.
A bone that is part of an appendage [Automatically generated definition].
bone of free segment of appendicular skeleton
A vertebra in the trunk or cervical region. Includes all cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, but excludes caudal vertebra.
Sum of all sensory systems in an organism.
Any collection of skeletal muscles that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition].
Any collection of muscles that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
Any collection of muscles that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition].
Any collection of muscles that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition].
Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition].
A subdivision of the musculature of the body in the pectoral girdle region. Includes pectoral and shoulder muscles.
Any collection of muscles that is part of a face.
Any collection of muscles that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of an atrium [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a interatrial septum [Automatically generated definition].
interatrial septum cardiac muscle tissue
cardiac muscle tissue of interatrial septum
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a cardiac septum [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a myocardium [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a diaphragm [Automatically generated definition].
A muscle that is attached to a vertebra of the vertebral column.
A vasculature that is part of a muscle organ [Automatically generated definition].
A vasculature that is part of a musculoskeletal system [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of trabecula carnea cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right ventricle [Automatically generated definition].
cardiac muscle tissue of trabecula carnea of right ventricle
A portion of trabecula carnea cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left ventricle [Automatically generated definition].
cardiac muscle tissue of trabecula carnea of left ventricle
A testis that is in the left side of the genitalia [Automatically generated definition].
A testis that is in the right side of the genitalia [Automatically generated definition].
Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels.
we treat cardiovascular as part of circulatory system, with the latter including other kinds of circulation, including lymph.
A vascular network consisting of blood vessels.
A kidney that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition].
A kidney that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition].
The layer of secretory cells which lines the epididymis.
An eye that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition].
An eye that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition].
The part of the arterial system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all arteries.
An artery of the systemic circulation, which is the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
The part of the venous system that drains the general body tissues[Kardong].
The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all venous vessels. In vertebrates with a double circulation, this can be divided into systemic and pulmonary portions.
A structure, usually a circular muscle, that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning.
An endothelium that lines the blood vasculature. Other endothelia may line lymph vessels, the heart.
The polygonal structure of the liver that consists of hepatocytes radiating outward from a hepatic vein.
should not be confused with the anatomic lobes of the liver (caudate lobe, quadrate lobe, left lobe, and right lobe), or any of the functional lobe classification systems.[WP]
An anatomical wall that is part of an aorta, enclosing the luminal space.
The outermost layer of the aorta wall, containing connective tissue and collagen and elastic fibers.
A muscular coat that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition].
The membranous portion of the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart.
membranous part of interventricular septum
membranous portion of interventricular septum
pars membranacea (septi interventricularis)
The muscular portion of the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart.
muscular part of interventricular septum
pars muscularis (septi interventricularis)
The raphe nuclei are thin plates of cells in and immediately adjacent to the sagittal plane.
The costocervical trunk arises from the upper and back part of the subclavian artery, behind the scalenus anterior on the right side, and medial to that muscle on the left side. Passing backward, it splits into the deep cervical artery and the supreme intercostal artery (or the Highest intercostal artery), which descends behind the pleura in front of the necks of the first and second ribs, and anastomoses with the first aortic intercostal (3rd posterior intercostal artery). As it crosses the neck of the first rib it lies medial to the anterior division of the first thoracic nerve, and lateral to the first thoracic ganglion of the sympathetic trunk. In the first intercostal space, it gives off a branch which is distributed in a manner similar to the distribution of the aortic intercostals. The branch for the second intercostal space usually joins with one from the highest aortic intercostal artery. This branch is not constant, but is more commonly found on the right side; when absent, its place is supplied by an intercostal branch from the aorta. Each intercostal gives off a posterior branch which goes to the posterior vertebral muscles, and sends a small spinal branch through the corresponding intervertebral foramen to the medulla spinalis and its membranes. [WP,unvetted].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arterial system [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a venous system [Automatically generated definition].
An endothelium that is part of a vena cava [Automatically generated definition].
An endothelium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition].
An endothelium that is part of an arterial system [Automatically generated definition].
An endothelium that is part of a venous system [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel endothelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
respiratory system blood vessel endothelium
A transient fetal dilation of the distal (or cranial) heart tube located where the arterial trunk joins the ventral roots of the aortic arches.
A stage that follows the blastula, gastrula and neurula stages. At the pharyngula stage, all vertebrate embryos show remarkable similarities.
An appendage that is part of an appendage girdle complex.
this class is the union of the classes limb, pectoral fin and pelvic fin.
Paired appendage that consists of the posterior appendicular skeleton and associated soft and hard tissues, but excludes the pelvic girdle and its associated soft and hard tissues.
Paired appendage that consists of the anterior appendicular skeleton and associated soft and hard tissues, but excludes the pectoral girdle and its associated soft and hard tissues.
The jugular veins are veins that bring deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava.
The embryo and its adnexa (appendages or adjunct parts) or associated membranes (i.e. the products of conception) The conceptus includes all structures that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extraembryonic. It includes the embryo as well as the embryonic part of the placenta and its associated membranes - amnion, chorion (gestational sac), and yolk sac[WP].
Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew.
A transverse unitary subdivision of the neural tube that shares a common dorsoventral structure (floor, basal, alar, and roof plates), but each having differential molecular identities and fates; they comprise the secondary prosencephalon, diencephalon (prosomeres), the midbrain (mesomeres), and the hindbrain (rhombomeres).
Any segmental subdivision of a nervous system. Includes metameric developmental segments, such as vertebrates neuromeres.
An organ subunit that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition].
A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a metanephros [Automatically generated definition].
A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular matrix is firm, providing the tissue with resilience, and/or mineralized and that functions in mechanical and structural support.[VSAO].
Dermis-derived entity that is made of skeletal tissue.
A gland that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition].
The primitive cartilagionous skeletal structure of the fetal skull that grows to envelop the rapidly growing embyonic brain. In humans, the chondrocranium begins forming at 28 days from mesenchymal condensations and is fully formed between week 7 and 9 of fetal development. While the majority of the chondrocranium is succeeded by the bony skull in most higher vertebrates, some components do persist into adulthood.[1] In Cartilagious fishes and Agnathans, the chondrocranium persist throughout life.[2] Embryologically, the chondrocranium represent the basal cranial structure, and lay the base for the formation of the endocranium in higher vertebrates[WP].
cartiligionous skeletal structure of skull
Bone tissue that forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP].
Organ consisting of skeletal tissue. Encompasses whole bones, fused bones, cartilaginious elements, teeth, dermal denticles.
Any bone that is part of the lower jaw skeleton. This includes (when present): the dentary/mandible, the articular, the splenial, the suprangular.
Anatomical system that consists of all the joints of the body.
A submucosa that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
A lamina propria that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
apparatus respiratorius lamina propria mucosa
lamina propria mucosa of apparatus respiratorius
lamina propria mucosa of respiratory system
lamina propria of apparatus respiratorius
respiratory system lamina propria mucosa
A lamina propria that is part of a gastrointestinal system.
A lamina propria that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition].
A serous membrane that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition].
serous membrane of gastrointestinal system
A serous membrane that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition].
An anatomical wall that is part of a cardiac ventricle [Automatically generated definition].
anatomical wall of lower chamber of heart
The mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract.
mucosa of organ of apparatus respiratorius
mucous membrane of apparatus respiratorius
A mucosa that is part of a gastrointestinal system.
A mucous gland that is part of the skin.
A secretion that is part of a endocrine pancreas [Automatically generated definition].
A secretion that is part of a exocrine pancreas [Automatically generated definition].
A secretion that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
A secretion that is part of a pancreas [Automatically generated definition].
Any of the tissue layers that comprise a blood vessel. Examples: tunica media, tunica adventitia.
The pseudostratified ciliated epithelium that lines much of the conducting portion of the airway, including part of the nasal cavity and larynx, the trachea, and bronchi.
An epithelium that is part of a penis [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a oviduct [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a vas deferens [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
apparatus respiratorius epithelial tissue
epithelial tissue of apparatus respiratorius
An epithelium that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of gastrointestinal system
gastrointestinal system epithelial tissue
The cellular avascular layer of the renal tubule luminar surfaces.
An epithelium that is part of an endometrium [Automatically generated definition].
epithelium of tunica mucosa of endometrium
The stratified epithelial lining of the seminiferous tubules, consisting of the developing spermatozoa and the supporting Sertoli cells, which are tall, columnar type cells that line the tubule.
epithelial tissue of seminiferous tubule
epithelial tissue of seminiferous tubule of testis
epithelium of seminiferous tubule of testis
An epithelium that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of lower respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract epithelial tissue
The cellular avascular layer of the kidney luminar surfaces.
Any epithelium that lines one of the bile ducts.
An epithelium that is part of a extrahepatic bile duct [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of extrahepatic bile duct
extrahepatic bile duct epithelial tissue
An epithelium that is part of a intrahepatic bile duct [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of intrahepatic bile duct
intrahepatic bile duct epithelial tissue
A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
respiratory system skeletal muscle tissue
skeletal muscle of apparatus respiratorius
skeletal muscle tissue of apparatus respiratorius
skeletal muscle tissue of respiratory system
A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Automatically generated definition].
anal part of perineum skeletal muscle tissue
skeletal muscle of anal part of perineum
skeletal muscle tissue of anal part of perineum
A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a lip [Automatically generated definition].
Smooth muscle tissue in all or part of a hepatic duct.
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a epididymis [Automatically generated definition].
An endothelium of artery that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
apparatus respiratorius arterial endothelium
apparatus respiratorius artery endothelium
apparatus respiratorius endothelium of artery
arterial endothelium of apparatus respiratorius
arterial endothelium of respiratory system
artery endothelium of apparatus respiratorius
artery endothelium of respiratory system
endothelium of artery of apparatus respiratorius
endothelium of artery of respiratory system
respiratory system endothelium of artery
An endothelium of vein that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
apparatus respiratorius endothelium of vein
apparatus respiratorius vein endothelium
apparatus respiratorius venous endothelium
endothelium of vein of apparatus respiratorius
endothelium of vein of respiratory system
vein endothelium of apparatus respiratorius
venous endothelium of apparatus respiratorius
venous endothelium of respiratory system
The thin layer of flat cells that line the aorta and form a barrier between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall.
endothelium of trunk of systemic arterial tree
trunk of systemic arterial tree endothelium
An endothelium that is part of the cardiovascular system.
A mesentery that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition].
A connective tissue that surrounds a skeletal muscle tissue.
connective tissue of skeletal muscle tissue
portion of connective tissue of skeletal muscle
portion of connective tissue of skeletal muscle tissue
skeletal muscle portion of connective tissue
skeletal muscle tissue connective tissue
skeletal muscle tissue portion of connective tissue
skeletal muscle tissue textus connectivus
textus connectivus of skeletal muscle tissue
A gland that is part of a eye. The eye is a compound unit which depending on the species may consist of an eyeballs plus associated ducts and integumentary structures. Eye glands therefore include the various types of lacrimal gland, the various types of apocrine and sebaceous glands associated with the eyelid.
A vasculature that is part of a retina [Automatically generated definition].
Anatomical cavity bounded by the orbital region of the cranium and forming the location of some or all of the eye.
Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the future body wall - underlies the ectoderm[WP].
Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the circulatory system and future gut wall - overlies endoderm[WP].
splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm
A structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the inner (or splanchnic) layer adheres to the endoderm, and with it forms the splanchnopleure[WP].
A structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the outer (or somatic) layer becomes applied to the inner surface of the ectoderm, and with it forms the somatopleure.[WP].
A portion of the urogenital ridge which is the source of much of the urinary system[WP].
One of of the pair of folds derived from the cloacal folds which give rise to a portion of the external genitalia; in male embryos they close over the urethral plate and fuse to form the spongy (penile) urethra and ventral aspect of the penis, not including the glans; failure of fusion of the urethral folds leads to hypospadias; in female embryos they fuse only anterior to the anus and form the labia minora[MP].
The central region of trunk mesoderm. This tissue forms the notochord.
The mass of tissue made up of mesenchymal cells in the lung.
The fetal urogenital sinus (from which the prostate derives) is a simple cylinder of stratified basal epithelium, surrounded by mesenchyme and positioned between the embryonic bladder and pelvic urethra.
A neuron projection bundle that connects the retina or its analog in the eye with the brain. This includes the vertebrate optic nerve (not truly a nerve) as well as analogous structures such as the Bolwig nerve in Drosophila.
neuron projection bundle connecting eye with brain
Anatomical structure that connects two or more adjacent skeletal elements or hardened body parts.
A portion of the gut that is derived from ectoderm.
The region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus[GO - gut definition].
The region of the digestive tract extending from the mouth cavity through pharynx esophagus stomach and duodenum.
A dilation of the duodenal papilla that is the opening of the juncture of the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct.
One of the two small elevations on the mucosa of the duodenum, the major at the entrance of the conjoined pancreatic and common bile ducts and the minor at the entrance of the accessory pancreatic duct.
Muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive juices (bile and pancreatic juice) through the ampulla of Vater into the second part of the duodenum. Relaxed by the hormone Cholecystokinin (CCK) via vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP).[WP].
A sphincter muscle that is part of a anal region.
A sphincter muscle surrounding the urethra.
A proximal-distal subdivision of the digestive tract.
intended to denote both embryonic and adult structures. Note the FMA grouping here is not quite correct.
A part of a wall of an organ that forms a layer.
The tissue underlying the tunica mucosa of the pharynx.
A submucosa that is part of a cystic duct [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a body of stomach [Automatically generated definition].
corpus gastricum (ventriculare) submucosa
submucosa of corpus gastricum (ventriculare)
A submucosa that is part of a pyloric antrum [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a pylorus [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a biliary tree [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a common bile duct [Automatically generated definition].
submucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris)
A submucosa that is part of a common hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a right hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a left hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition].
The submucous layer of the wall of the urinary bladder.
A mucosa that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a ejaculatory duct [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a vas deferens [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a cystic duct [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a body of stomach [Automatically generated definition].
corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucosa of organ
corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucous membrane
corpus gastricum (ventriculare) organ mucosa
mucosa of corpus gastricum (ventriculare)
mucosa of organ of corpus gastricum (ventriculare)
mucous membrane of corpus gastricum (ventriculare)
organ mucosa of corpus gastricum (ventriculare)
A mucosa that is part of a pyloric antrum [Automatically generated definition].
mucosa of organ of stomach pyloric antrum
mucous membrane of stomach pyloric antrum
A mucosa that is part of a pylorus [Automatically generated definition].
mucosa of organ of pyloric part of stomach
mucosa of organ of stomach pyloric region
mucous membrane of pyloric part of stomach
mucous membrane of stomach pyloric region
A mucosa that is part of a biliary tree [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a common bile duct [Automatically generated definition].
ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa of organ
ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucous membrane
ductus choledochus (biliaris) organ mucosa
mucosa of organ of ductus choledochus (biliaris)
mucous membrane of ductus choledochus (biliaris)
organ mucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris)
A mucosa that is part of a common hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a right hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a left hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a right ureter [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a left ureter [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a renal pelvis [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a right uterine tube [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a left uterine tube [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a male urethra [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a female urethra [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a upper lip [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a lower lip [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a fallopian tube [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum [Automatically generated definition].
mucosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube
mucosa of organ of uterine tube infundibulum
mucous membrane of uterine tube infundibulum
organ mucosa of uterine tube infundibulum
uterine tube infundibulum mucosa of organ
uterine tube infundibulum mucous membrane
The mediastinum testis is a network of fibrous connective tissue that extends from the upper to near the lower extremity of the testis, and is wider above than below. From its front and sides numerous imperfect septa (trabeculæ) are given off, which radiate toward the surface of the organ, and are attached to the tunica albuginea. They divide the interior of the organ into a number of incomplete spaces, called lobules. These are somewhat cone-shaped, being broad at their bases at the surface of the gland, and becoming narrower as they converge to the mediastinum. The mediastinum supports the rete testis and blood vessels of the testis in their passage to and from the substance of the gland[WP].
An external genitalia that is part of a female reproductive system [Automatically generated definition].
external genitalia of female reproductive system
An organ that is part of a immune system [Automatically generated definition].
A gland that is part of a hemolymphoid system [Automatically generated definition].
The median dorsal longitudinal groove formed in the embryo by the neural plate after the appearance of the neural folds.
One of the two elevated edges of the neural groove[GO,MP].
Missing definition for term UBERON:0005064. Please replace it using linked reference.
Missing definition for term UBERON:0005066. Please replace it using linked reference.
A solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts[GO]. An intermediate stage in the development of the central nervous system present during the segmentation period; the neural rod is roughly cylindrical in shape, forms from the neural keel, and is not yet hollowed out into the neural tube[ZFIN].
An anatomical boundary that adjacent_to a hindbrain and adjacent_to a spinal cord.
The portion of the ureteric bud tube that contributes to the morphogenesis of the metanephros[GO].
The portion of the ureteric bud that contributes to the morphogenesis of the ureter. The ureter ureteric bud is the initial structure that forms the ureter[GO].
An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm[GO].
Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms[GO].
in some organisms such as drosophila, muscles can be single cells. This class groups together all discrete muscle elements, from multicellular muscle organs in vertebrates, to individual single-cell muscles in drisophila
Missing definition for term UBERON:0005095. Please replace it using linked reference.
An epithelium that is part of a mesonephros [Automatically generated definition].
A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros[GO].
An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure[GO].
Any smooth muscle tissue that is part of a metanephros.
A metanephric nephron is the functional unit of the metanephros[GO].
The metanephric cortical collecting duct is the portion of the metanephric collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex[GO].
The metanephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the metanephros[GO].
The metanephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the metanephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage[GO].
A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros[GO].
The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the metanephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells[GO].
A bud is a protrusion that forms from an epithelial sheet by localized folding.
A cord of epithelial cells without a lumen and usually several cells thick.
Any anatomical structure that is part of the reproductive system.
An epithelial sheet bent on a linear axis.
The functional tissue of the central nervous system consisting of neurons and glial cells.
A structure consisting of multiple cell components but which is not itself a cell and does not have (complete) cells as a part.
Connective tissue between the cellular elements of a structure.
Any portion of the ducts that carry bile from the liver to the common bile duct. This may include both intrahapetic components (parts of left and right hepatic ducts) and extrahapetic components (common hepatic duct, plus hilar portion).
An organ or element that is in the abdomen. Examples: spleen, intestine, kidney, abdominal mammary gland.
An organ or element that is part of the adbominal segment of the organism. This region can be further subdivided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic region.
An organ or element that part of the dorsum of the organism. Examples: spinal cord, vertebrae, muscles of back.
An organ or element that part of the trunk region. The trunk region can be further subdividied into thoracic (including chest and thoracic cavity) and abdominal (including abdomen and pelbis) regions.
An organ or element that is in the thoracic cavity. Examples: lung, heart, longus colli.
An organ or element that is part of the pelvic region. Examples: reproductive organs (in some organisms), urinary bladder, bones of the pelvis.
An organ that part of the thoracic segment region. This region can be further subdividied chest and thoracic cavity regions.
An artery in males that provides blood to the vas deferens. The artery usually arises from the anterior trunk of the superior vesical artery. It accompanies the vas deferens into the testis, where it anastomoses with the testicular artery. In this way it also supplies blood to the testis and epididymis. A small branch supplies the ureter[WP].
A vein that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
A vein that is part of a vas deferens [Automatically generated definition].
A valve that is part of a right atrium [Automatically generated definition].
The interstitial compartment of the kidney, comprising the extravascular intertubular spaces of the renal parenchyma, with their attendant cellular elements and extracellular substances, bounded on all sides by epithelial and vascular basement membranes.
A parenchyma that is part of a right lobe of liver [Automatically generated definition].
A parenchyma that is part of a left lobe of liver [Automatically generated definition].
An ectoderm that is part of a medial nasal prominence [Automatically generated definition].
An ectoderm that is part of a optic eminence [Automatically generated definition].
An endocardium that is part of a interventricular septum [Automatically generated definition].
A myocardium that is part of a bulbus cordis [Automatically generated definition].
A renal pelvis that is part of a metanephros.
An anatomical cavity that is part of a yolk sac [Automatically generated definition].
Portion of primordial embryonic connective tissue of the developing head, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to head connective tissue, bone and musculature in conjunction with cranial neural crest cells.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing trunk.
An artery that supplies the renal cortex.
Artery that receives blood from the renal cortex[MP, modified].
A compartment of the renal cortex situated between basement membranes of epithelia and vessels that contains two contiguous cellular networks in mutual contact, one formed by interstitial fibroblasts, the other by dendritic cells.
The posterior part of the developing vertebrate hindbrain or the corresponding part of the adult brain composed of the medulla oblongata and a portion of the fourth ventricle; as well as the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).[BTO,WP].
A portion of tissue that is part of an embryo.
Portion of tissue that is contiguous with the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells that will not contribute to the embryo.
The elevation of thickened mesothelium and underlying mesenchyme found on the ventromedial border of the embryonic mesonephros in which the primordial germ cells become embedded, establishing it as the primordium of the testis or ovary.
Cordlike masses of epithelial tissue that invaginate from germinal epithelium of the gonad and give rise to seminiferous tubules and rete testes in the male, and primary ovarian follicles and rete ovarii in the female.
Structures that develop from sex cords in the female. After further development they become the ovarian follicles.
The testis cords are precursors to the rete testis. They play several different roles in the development of the male genitals[WP].
A zone of skin that is part of a clitoris [Automatically generated definition].
A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros[GO].
The pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron and connects the filtration unit (glomerulus or glomus) of the pronephros to the pronephric duct[GO].
The endothelial lining of the endocardium.
An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery[GO].
The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder[GO].
Missing definition for term UBERON:0005321. Please replace it using linked reference.
A nephron that is part of a mesonephros.
Mesonephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros[GO].
The mesonephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO].
The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the mesonephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells[GO].
A lamina propria that is part of a mucosa of oral region.
A ventricular outflow tract is a portion of either the left ventricle or right ventricle of the heart through which blood passes in order to enter the great arteries. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is an infundibular extension of the ventricular cavity which connects to the pulmonary artery. The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), which connects to the aorta, is nearly indistinguishable from the rest of the ventricle[WP].
An outflow tract that is part of a aorta.
The cord-like structure in males comprising the vas deferens and associated tissue that runs from the abdomen down to each testis[MP].
An array of photoreceptors and any supporting cells found in an eye.
A transparent structure that is part of a visual sense organ, the function of which is to direct or focus light onto a photoreceptor array.
One of: the common carotid artery, or its branches, the external and internal carotid arteries.
A sex gland that is part of a female reproductive system.
A sex gland that is part of a male reproductive system.
The part of the digestive system that excludes the hepatobiliary system.
alimentary part of gastrointestinal system
A limb bud that develops into a forelimb or pectoral fin.
A limb bud that develops into a hindlimb or pelvic fin.
An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a pectoral appendage bud.
pectoral appendage apical ectodermal ridge
An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a pelvic appendage bud.
pelvic appendage apical ectodermal ridge
Portion of tissue that is the inner layer of the optic cup and will become the neural retina.
Portion of tissue that gives rise to the lens.
Portion of tissue that is part of the eye and gives rise to the mature, fully layered cornea.
Vagal neural crest is adjacent to the first seven somites gives rise to both ganglionic and ectomesenchymal derivatives[ZFA].
The dilated structure that is lined by endothelial cells and located at the arterial pole of the heart just above (distal to) the truncus arteriosus in mammalian embryos; it is the primordial vascular channel from which the aortic arches (and eventually the dorsal aortae) arise; the aortic sac is homologous to the ventral aorta of gill-bearing vertebrates.
In anatomy, the common hepatic artery is a short blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver, pylorus (a part of the stomach), duodenum (a part of the small intestine) and pancreas. It arises from the celiac artery and has the following branches:.
The foramen rotundum is a circular hole in the sphenoid bone that connects the middle cranial fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa.
A vitelline vein that is in the left side of a multicellular organism.
A vitelline vein that is in the right side of a multicellular organism.
A longitudinal groove in the neural tube wall that divides the neural tube into dorsal (alar) and ventral (basal) halves (dorsal receives input from sensory neurons, ventral effects motor functions); stretches from the mesencephalon caudad[TMD].
neural tube lateral wall sulcus limitans
The paired veins that carry blood from the yolk sac back to the embryo.
Portion of tissue on the side of the lumen of the neural tube.
Multi-tissue structure that arises from the heart rudiment and will become the heart tube.
A neural tube lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere.
Cranial neural crest which gives rise to the trigeminal ganglion.
Portion of tissue that gives rise to the immature gonad.
Somite located in the head region, caudal to the otic vesicle.
A pair of lateral diverticula just over the liver rudiment representing the primordia of the lungs, formed by the floor of the foregut just anterior to the liver diverticulum.
The portion of mesentery attached to the greater curvature of the stomach is named the dorsal mesentery (or dorsal mesogastrium, when referring to the portion at the stomach), and the part which suspends the colon is termed the mesocolon. The dorsal mesogastrium develops into the greater omentum.
Any of the three veins including the common, external and internal iliac veins.
A layer of cuboidal epithelial cells bounded anteriorly by the capsule of the lens and posteriorly by the lens cortex.
Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines.
A vein that returns blood from the intestines.
A vascular network formed by frequent anastomoses between the blood vessels (arteries or veins) of a part.
Intrinsic membrane that arises from embryonic germ layers and grow to surround the developing embryo.
An epithelium that is part of a pylorus.
An epithelium that is part of a anterior chamber of eyeball.
An epithelium that is part of a lens vesicle.
An ectoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 4.
An endoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 4.
A mesothelium that is part of a peritoneal cavity.
An endothelium that is part of a right lung.
An endothelium that is part of a left lung.
A dorsal mesentery that is part of a midgut.
An anatomical cavity that is part of a lens vesicle.
Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 4.
Mesenchyme that is part of a optic eminence.
A mesentery of duodenum that is part of a foregut.
A mesentery of duodenum that is part of a midgut.
A venous system that is part of a hindbrain.
A mesoderm that has the potential to develop into a pronephros.
A limb/fin field that has the potential to develop into a pectoral appendage bud mesenchyme.
pectoral appendage field of lateral plate mesoderm
A limb/fin field that has the potential to develop into a pelvic appendage bud mesenchyme.
pelvic appendage field of lateral plate mesoderm
A ring of cells capable of forming a limb or paired fin[Gilbert,modified].
limb/fin field of lateral plate mesoderm
The outermost layer of a blood vessel, composed mainly of fibrous tissue.
A tunica intima that is part of a artery.
An outermost connective tissue covering of an organ, vessel, or other structure[WP].
Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone, usually for passage of blood vessels or nerves.
The metanephros develops from the most caudal part of the nephrogenic cord that is itself derived from the intermediate plate mesoderm.
The initial renal anlage that develops from the most rostral part of the nephrogenic cord is termed the pronephros.
An acellular anatomical structure that is the bounding layer of a anatomical structure.
An acellular membrane that is part of the epithelium, lies adjacent to the epithelial cells, and is the fusion of the the basal lamina and the reticular lamina.
this class represents a continuous sheet of basement membrane which can underlie multiple epithelial cells over large regions. In contrast, the GO class 'basal membrane' represents a portion of substance on the scale of a single cell.
Nephric tubules (nephrons) form embryonically along the nephric ridge. The ridge comprises three regions; anterior, middle and posterior. The functional kidney uses nephrons from only one or two regions of the ridge. A pronephric kidney uses only the nephrons from the anterior region of the ridge. A mesonephric kidney uses only the middle region, a metanephric kidney uses only the posterior region and an opisthonephric kidney uses the middle and posterior regions.
Any portion of the aorta including the ascending and descending aorta, and aortic arch or a portion of the aortic orifice of the left ventricle.
The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once.
In the circulatory system of animals, a portal venous system occurs when a capillary bed drains into another capillary bed through veins, without first going through the heart. Both capillary beds and the blood vessels that connect them are considered part of the portal venous system. They are relatively uncommon as the majority of capillary beds drain into veins which then drain into the heart, not into another capillary bed. Portal venous systems are considered venous because the blood vessels that join the two capillary beds are either veins or venules. Examples of such systems include the hepatic portal system and the hypophyseal portal system. Unqualified, 'portal venous system' often refers to the hepatic portal system. For this reason, 'portal vein' most commonly refers to the hepatic portal vein[WP].
A spinal cord segment that adjacent_to a caudal region.
A delimited region of dense mesenchyme within looser mesenchyme.
Cell condensation that is an aggregation of mesenchymal cells that are committed to differentiate into chondroblasts and chondrocytes.
A delimited region of dense mesenchyme within looser mesenchyme whose cells are committed to become chondroblasts.
The paired ventral prominences formed by bifurcation of the first pharyngeal arches in the embryo; the two prominences unite ventrally and fuse to form the mandible and lower lip.
The paired dorsal prominences formed by bifurcation of the first pharyngeal arches in the embryo that unite with the ipsilateral medial nasal process to form the upper jaw.
The embryonic anlage of the external genitalia, which emerges as paired swellings ventral to the cloacal membrane, is proposed to be derived from all three germ layers, and gives rise to the penis, clitoris, scrotum, labia, and foreskin.
The epithelial lining of the surface of the coelom.
Anatomical cluster that is located in the posterior region of the cranium and forms the margin of the foramen magnum and occipital condyles.
Each seminal vesicle consists of a single tube, coiled upon itself, and giving off several irregular cecal diverticula; the separate coils, as well as the diverticula, are connected together by fibrous tissue. When uncoiled, the tube is about the diameter of a quill, and varies in length from 10 to 15 cm.; it ends posteriorly in a cul-de-sac; its anterior extremity becomes constricted into a narrow straight duct called the excretory duct of seminal gland (or duct of the seminal vesicle), which joins with the corresponding ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct[WP].
Any of the ducts that are part of a male reproductive system.
this class groups the individual ducts in a variety of species
Organ with organ cavity, which has as parts a serous membrane and a serous cavity . Examples: pleural sac, pericardial sac, tendon sheath, bursa.[FMA].
Epithelium that derives from the endoderm. Examples: urothelium, transitional epithelium of ureter, epithelium of prostatic gland.[FMA].
Subdivision of skeleton which consists of cranial skeleton, set of all vertebrae, set of all ribs and sternum[FMA, modified].
An outflow tract that is part of a cardiac atrium.
Anteriosuperior, smooth-walled portion of the cavity of the right ventricle, beginning at the supraventricular crest and terminating in the pulmonary trunk.
Anterosuperior fibrous portion of the left ventricle that connects to the ascending aorta.
Outflow part of atrium which consists of wall and cavity of the outflow part of right atrium and the tricuspid valve.[FMA].
An outflow tract of atrium that is part of a left atrium.
A sheet of somatopleure that grows upward over the embryo and eventually meets in the midline enclosing the embryo, eventually giving rise to the amnion and chorion[Kardong].
The vertical crest of the interior wall of the right atrium that lies to the right of the sinus of the vena cava and separates this from the remainder of the right atrium.
Any of the arteries or veins that supply blood to the heart or return blood from the heart muscles to the circulation.
The supporting bundles of muscular fibers lining the walls of the atrial myocardium.
The wall of the heart that separates the right atrium and left ventricle; and is located just above the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve.
The paired arteries that carry blood to the yolk sac from the dorsal aorta.
Anatomical structure embedded in or located in the integument that is part of the integumental system. Examples: hair, follicles, skin glands, claws, nails, feathers.
A bone that is part of a post-anal tail.
Subdivision of an organism along anterior-posterior axis that is the posteriormost region, extending past the anus (or cloaca, if present), consisting of a tail in some fully formed chordates (or a tail bud in embryos). In animals that have a sacral region, this is the region immediately posterior to this.
That portion of the spine comprising the cervical vertebrae. The neck area of the spine.
That part of the spine comprising the thoracic vertebrae.
Subdivision of vertebral column that corresponds to the caudal subdivision of the body, containing the caudal vertebrae.
A collection of all skeletal elements in some subdivision of the vertebral column.
The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue.
The spiral septum that separates the truncus arteriosus into a ventral pulmonary trunk and the dorsal aorta[MP]. The aorticopulmonary septum is developmentally formed from neural crest, specifically the cardiac neural crest, and actively separates the aorta and pulmonary arteries and fuses with the interventricular septum within the heart during development. The actual mechanism of septation of the outflow tract is poorly understood, but is recognized as a dynamic process with contributions from contractile, hemodynamic, and extracellular matrix interactions.
The thin bilaminar membrane derived from the prechordal plate that is devoid of mesoderm and formed by the apposition of the stomodeal ectoderm with the foregut endoderm; after the embryonic head fold has evolved it lies at the caudal limit of the stomodeum, forming a septum between the primitive mouth and pharynx; the membrane eventually disappears, and thus a communication is established between the mouth and the future pharynx.
The membrane that covers the embryonic cloaca, formed by the union of proctodeal (anal pit) ectoderm and cloacal endoderm, with no intervening mesoderm; the urorectal septum joins the cloacal membrane and divides it into an anal membrane and a urogenital membrane; the point where the urorectal septum intersects the cloacal membrane is the future site of the perineal body; proliferation of mesoderm and ectoderm around the cloacal membrane produces primordial tissues of the external genitalia in both sexes: the genital tubercle, genital folds, and genital swellings.
A differentiated genital tubercle that is part of a female reproductive system.
An anatomical junctions that overlaps the foregut and midgut.
A tendon that has the potential to develop into a central tendon.
A sac-like cavity ventral to the liver, lying in the sub-mesodermal space and closed by a thin sheet of ectodermal cells, from which the future gall bladder develops.
A differentiated genital tubercle that is part of a male reproductive system.
An anatomical junctions that overlaps the mouth and foregut.
The notochordal plate is the dorsal part of the notochordal process when the ventral portion breaks down. It is continuous laterally with the endoderm that composes the roof of the primitive foregut and is in contact dorsally with the neural tube. The folding off of the notochordal plate gives rise to the notochord.
A midline cellular cord formed from the migration of mesenchymal cells from the primitive knot.
Either of two openings transmitting nerves and blood vessels to or from the orbit.
Each of the canals that links the peritoneal cavity and the caudal part of a pleural cavity.
Multi-tissue structure that is part of the heart tube and will become the cardiac ventricle.
presumptive cardiac ventricle heart tube
A dense syncitial-like mesenchymal thickening in the dorsal mesogastrium[ISBN]. the embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing spleen[MP].
A segment of the eyeball that is filled with refractive media.
Body substance in a liquid or semi-solid state in the eyeball which serves to refract light.
Liquid components of living organisms. includes fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as body water that normally is not.
A nucleus of brain that is part of a brainstem.
An artery that connects two larger arteries.
The unique bone located in the glans penis of most mammals except humans; it is used for copulation and varies in size and shape by species.
The ossified region of endochondral and membranous bone located in the clitoris of most mammals except humans; it is homologous to the penile bone (aka as baculum, penis bone or os penis) in male mammals.
A lobe of lung that is part of a right lung.
A substance formed from the secretion of one or more glands of the male genital tract in which sperm cells are suspended.
this ontology contains a number of subtypes of seminal fluid, defined according to glands (which are more taxonomically restricted)
we follow FMA and make this class a generic superclass of the secretions of different glands (prostate, bulbo-urethreal, seminal vesicle). MA (and ncit) follows a mixture model, where these secretions are part of the seminal fluid
A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a zone of skin.
A portion of organism substance that is secreted by a male reproductive gland.
male reproductive system fluid/secretion
A portion of organism substance that is secreted by a female reproductive gland.
female reproductive system fluid/secretion
A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a respiratory system.
A tube in the kidney that collect and transport urine.
A tube that is part of a excretory system.
The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth[GO].
currently this is an extremely generic class, encompassing both protostomes and deuterostomes.
Tunica media of artery which is continuous with the myocardium of right ventricle.[FMA].
A urethral meatus that is part of a female urethra[Automatically generated definition].
A myocardium that is part of a left ventricle of a heart.
A myocardium that is part of a right ventricle of a heart.
A trabecula carnea that is part of a heart right ventricle.
A trabecula carnea that is part of a heart left ventricle.
trabeculae carneae (ventriculus sinister)
The pectinate line (anocutaneous line, dentate line, anorectal junction) is a line which divides the upper 2/3rds and lower 1/3rd of the anal canal. Developmentally, this line represents the hindgut-proctodeum junction. It is an important anatomical landmark, and several distinctions can be made based upon the location of a structure relative to this line:.
Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into endoderm.
Portion of embryonic tissue determined by fate mapping to become a structure.
Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into ectoderm.
Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into mesoderm.
A muscle layer that is part of a fallopian tube.
An adventitia that is part of a epididymis.
A muscle layer that is part of a epididymis.
An adventitia that is part of a vas deferens.
An adventitia that is part of a seminal vesicle.
Erectile tissue at the end of the clitoris, which is continuous with the intermediate part of the vestibulovaginal bulbs[BTO]. The clitoral glans (glans clitoridis) is an external portion of the clitoris[WP].
A region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa membrane. It is responsible for gut movement such as peristalsis.
The three-lobed cloverleaf-shaped aponeurosis situated at the center of the diaphragm; the central tendon is fused with the fibrous pericardium that provides attachment for the muscle fibers.
An anatomical boundary that adjacent_to a epithelium.
A vein that is part of a vertebral column.
A conduit enclosed within the vertebral foramen of the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes.
The edge of the cornea where it joins the sclera; the limbus is a common site for the occurrence of corneal epithelial neoplasm.
An epithelium that is composed primarily of secretory cells.
Loose connective tissue located at the outer and inner layers of organs. Examples: submucosal connective tissue, tunica adventitia of artery, papillary dermis, superficial fascia of dorsum of hand.
The supporting bundles of muscular fibers lining the walls of the atria[MP].
A subdivision of a the reproductive tract in a female organism that is the site of embryo development.
Vein that is central to a lobule in the liver.
A muscular coat that is part of a ureter.
The distalmost portion of the digestive tract, derived from the hindgut, and terminating with the anus.
this class is the superclass of 'rectum', which is currently reserved for the vertebrate structure. May be merged in future.
A head mesenchyme that develops_from a mesoderm.
Mesenchyme that is part of a mandibular prominence.
An anatomical space that surrounded_by a digestive tract.
An epithelium characterised by its most superficial layer consisting of squamous epithelial cells.
Multilaminar epithelium which consists of more than one layer of squamous cells only one layer of which is in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, epithelium of wall of esophagus.[FMA].
A squamous epithelium that is part of a esophagus.
A squamous epithelium that is part of a stomach.
A glandular epithelium that lines the stomach. The stomach's glandular epithelium is characterized by the presence of gastric glands.
Any gland that is part of the digestive system.
Simple columnar epithelium that constitutes the secretory part of a gland. Examples: epithelium of stomach, luminal epithelium of lactiferous duct.[FMA].
Stomach mucosa that is lined with glandular epithelium and part of a stomach glandular region.
stomach glandular region glandular mucous membrane
Simple columnar epithelium made up of cells specialized to serve as sensory cells for the reception of external stimuli, as the sensory cells of the cochlea, vestibule, nasal mucosa, and tongue.
The efferent ducts (or efferent ductules or ductuli efferentes) connect the rete testis with the initial section of the epididymis. The ductuli are unilaminar and composed of columnar ciliated and non-ciliated (absorptive) cells. The ciliated cells serve to stir the luminal fluids, possibly to help ensure homogeneous absorption of water from the fluid produced by the testis, which results in an increase in the concentration of luminal sperm. The epithelium is surrounded by a band of smooth muscle that helps to propel the sperm toward the epididymis.
A duct or series of ducts that transports sperm from the gonad. In mammals this is from the seminiferous tubules through rete testis, vas efferentia, epididymis, vas deferens, ejeculatory duct to the urethra.
An epithelium that is part of a efferent duct.
epithelium of efferent ductule of testis
The ejaculatory duct epithelium is composed of cuboidal to columnar cells between or through which project the terminal parts of the ducts of the unicellular prostate glands.
The stroma of the ovary is a peculiar soft tissue, abundantly supplied with blood vessels, consisting for the most part of spindle-shaped cells with a small amount of ordinary connective tissue. These cells have been regarded by some anatomists as unstriped muscle cells, which, indeed, they most resemble; by others as connective-tissue cells. On the surface of the organ this tissue is much condensed, and forms a layer composed of short connective-tissue fibers, with fusiform cells between them. The stroma of the ovary may contain interstitial cells resembling those of the testis.
The vascular cord is the primordial vasculature that will develop into blood vessels by the process of tubulogenesis[GO]. The vascular cord is composed of angioblast or vascular endothelial cells in a solid linear mass called a cord. The cord then undergoes tubulogenesis to form the lumen of the vessels[ZFA].
A capillary that is part of the coronary system.
A two dimensional anatomical structure that is the boundary between an anatomical structure and an anatomical substance, an anatomical space or the organism's environment. Examples include the surface of your skin, the surface of the lining of your gut; the surface of the endothelium of you aorta that is in contact with blood.n.
The splanchnic mesoderm in the cardiogenic region where the heart develops; it gives rise to endocardial heart tubes that fuse to form the primordial cardiac tube, the heart primordium[web]. Two migratory heart primordia that move ventrally during the course of neurulation, and then fuse[XAO].
A multicellular organism that is at the juvenile stage.
A multicellular organism that existence_ends_with a post-juvenile adult stage and existence_starts_with a post-juvenile adult stage.
Cranial neural crest that migrates into the mandibular arch.
A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood or analogs[GO,modified].
One of the minute vascular projections of the fetal chorion that combines with maternal uterine tissue to form the placenta.
An intermediate stage (between the neural plate and neural rod) during the early segmentation period in the morphogenesis of the central nervous system primordium; the keel is roughly triangular shaped in cross section.
An embryonic structure that will either develop into a post-anal tail or recede into a vestigial remnant of the tail.
An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a midgut.
An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a hindgut.
An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a anal canal.
An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a colon.
A lamina propria that is part of a colonic mucosa.
lamina propria of colonic mucous membrane
A serous membrane that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum.
serosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube
A muscle layer that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum.
muscle layer of infundibulum of fallopian tube
muscularis of infundibulum of uterine tube
muscle layer of infundibulum of uterine tube
A mesothelium that is part of a serous pericardium.
The stroma of the bone marrow is all tissue not directly involved in the primary function of hematopoiesis. The yellow bone marrow belongs here, and makes the majority of the bone marrow stroma, in addition to stromal cells located in the red bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow is found in the Medullary cavity. Still, the stroma is indirectly involved in hematopoiesis, since it provides the hematopoietic microenvironment that facilitates hematopoiesis by the parenchymal cells. For instance, they generate colony stimulating factors, affecting hematopoiesis.
Multicellular organism that can produce both male and female gametes.
An anatomical structure present only in hermaphrodites.
The vasculature consisting of brachiocephalic arteries and veins.
Mesenchyme that develops_from a cranial neural crest.
head mesenchyme from cranial neural crest
mesenchyme derived from head neural crest
Mesenchyme that develops_from a trunk neural crest.
mesenchyme derived from trunk neural crest
An embryo stage that covers late steps of the embryogenesis with a fully formed embryo still developing before birth or egg hatching.
A tunica media that is part of a artery.
A tunica adventitia that is part of a artery.
A tunica adventitia that is part of a vein.
Gray matter of the central nervous system which is a collection of clustered nuclei.
Any of the nuclei that comprise the superior olivary complex (superior olive). This includes both the primary nuclei such as the lateral and medial nuclei, as well as periolivary nuclei.
this class exists largely for consistency with the FMA. It is defined trivially with respect to the SOC. The class may be removed in future.
Any collection of muscles that is part of a pectoral appendage.
Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic appendage.
Any collection of muscles that is part of an appendage.
Skeletal subdivision consisting of the anterior appendicular limb skeleton, excluding the pectoral girdle.
The collection of all skeletal elements in a pelvic appendage region.
The rhombencephalon (or hindbrain) is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. The rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. In the human embryo eight rhombomeres can be distinguished, from caudal to rostral: Rh7-Rh1 and the isthmus (the most rostral rhombomere). A rare disease of the rhombencephalon, 'rhombencephalosynapsis' is characterized by a missing vermis resulting in a fused cerebellum. Patients generally present with cerebellar ataxia. The caudal rhombencephalon has been generally considered as the initiation site for neural tube closure.
Portion of tissue that is part of the heart tube and will become the sinus venosus.
A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a endocardium.
Embryonic structure that gives rise to the midbrain hindbrain boundary.
A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a presomitic mesoderm.
A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a neural plate.
The part of the blastula that has the potential to develop into a paraxial mesoderm.
A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a pronephric mesoderm.
A blood vessel that is part of a pectoral appendage.
A blood vessel that is part of a limb/fin.
A vasculature that is part of a pectoral appendage.
A vasculature that is part of a chordate pharynx.
A vasculature that is part of a limb/fin.
A dense accumulation of exocrine glands in the pancreas often surrounding islets of Langerhans.
A duct that collects and carries secretions of the exocrine pancreas to the intestine.
this class groups together accessory (dorsal) and main (ventral) pancreatic ducts
A multi-tissue structure consisting of bone and soft tissue that forms a part of the roof of the oral cavity. In mammals this is the combination of the primary palate (premaxilla) and the secondary palate. In early tetrapods it consists of the vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine and ectopterygoid bones.
The epidermis is the entire outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species[GO].
Outermost layer of cells surrounding the embryo.
A cartilage tissue that is part of a paired limb or fin.
A cartilage tissue that is part of a pectoral appendage.
A cartilage tissue that is part of a pelvic appendage.
A nucleus of brain that spans a midbrain tegmentum.
this class groups together any nuclei in the tegmentum region, possibly including disparate structures across species
A tissue whose predominant feature is extracellular matrix which may or may not be highly hydrated or calcified.
Acellular anatomical structure whose predominant constituent is chitin.
An epithelial tube that is open at one end only.
An epithelial tube open at both ends that allows fluid flow.
A collection of connected epithelial tubes with a single portal.
A ring of smooth muscle cells whose contraction closes the opening of the ring.
A ring of striated muscle cells whose contraction closes the opening of the ring.
Mesenchyme with little extracellular matrix.
A ciliated columnar epithelium that is part of a oviduct.
A cuboidal epithelium that is part of a oviduct.
Simple columnar epithelium in which the luminal side of the cells bears cilia. Examples: epithelium of trachea, epithelium of uterine tube.[FMA].
Epithelium bearing vibratile cilia on the free surface.
A thin, loose vascular connective tissue that makes up the membranes surrounding joints and the sheaths protecting tendons (particularly flexor tendons in the hands and feet) where they pass over bony prominences. Synovial tissue contains synovial cells, which secrete a viscous liquid called synovial fluid; this liquid contains protein and hyaluronic acid and serves as a lubricant and nutrient for the joint cartilage surfaces[BTO]. Synovial tissue can be found in tendons (tissues that connect muscle to bone), bursae (fluid-filled, cushioning sacs found in spaces between tendons, ligaments, and bones), and the cavity (hollow enclosed area) that separates the bones of a freely movable joint, such as the knee or elbow[BTO].
An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a synovial joint.
cavitas articularis (junctura synovialis)
Epithelial layer of the retina, ciliary body, or iris composed of cells containing pigment granules.
A neural nucleus that is part of a medulla oblongata.
The sensory trigeminal nerve nuclei are the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei, and extend through the whole of the midbrain, pons and medulla. There is also a distinct trigeminal motor nucleus that is medial to the chief sensory nucleus[WP].
An anatomical structure that connects two structures.
A sphincter that is part of an esophagus.
Functional unit of the kidney that forms urine, consisting of two parts, the nephron and the collecting tubule.
Region of the embryo into the area in which the kidney rudiment will develop.
Anlagen are populations of contiguous cells, typically arranged in one plane, that are morphologically indistinct, but that already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue.
A bone that is part of a reproductive organ.
An endothelium that is part of a umbilical artery.
Any bodily fluid that has passed through a membrane such as the capillary wall, as a result of unbalanced hydrostatic and osmotic forces.
Anatomical system that consists of all blood and lymph vessels.
A bridge of mesoderm connecting the caudal end of the young embryo with the trophoblastic tissues; the precursor of the umbilical cord.
A vasculature that is part of a connecting stalk.
Adipose tissue that is located in the abdominal region. This includes any subcutaneous fat, visceral fat or encapsulated adipose tissue depots.
The anteriormost subdivision of the body that includes the head, jaws, pharyngeal region and the neck (if present). In vertebrates this is the subdivision that includes the cervical vertebrae.
A tail that extends from the posterior tip of the organism to the anus, contains muscle and skeleton.
An organism subdivision that encompasses the region containing the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc).
Mesentery that is located in the peritoneum.
A bone that is part of a appendage girdle region.
A bone that is part of a pectoral girdle region.
A bone element or fused bone that is part of pelvic girdle.
A subdivision of a limb or fin skeleton consisting of bones which connects the upper limb or fin to the axial skeleton on each side. It consists of the clavicle and scapula in humans and, in those species with three bones in the pectoral girdle, the coracoid. Some mammalian species (e.g. the dog and the horse) have only the scapula. In humans, the only joints between the shoulder girdle and axial skeleton are the sternoclavicular joints on each side. No joint exists between each scapula and the rib cage; instead the muscular connection between the two permits relatively great mobility of the shoulder girdle in relation to the pelvic girdle. In those species having only the scapula, no joint exists between the forelimb and the thorax, the only attachment being muscular[WP]. Examples: There are only two instances, right and left pectoral girdle skeletons.
Skeletal subdivision consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the hindlimb zeugopodium and offering anchoring areas for hindlimb and caudal musculature.
Bone element that arises as a result of intramembranous ossification.
Skeletal element that is composed of cartilage tissue and may be permanent or transient.
Connective tissue, which consists of fibroblasts, the intercellular matrix of which contains a regular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: bone (tissue), cartilage (tissue), dense regular connective tissue.
Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts).
dense regular collagenous connective tissue
typus regularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus)
A bone that is part of a craniocervical region.
The irregular bones are bones which, from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped as long bone, short bone, flat bone or sesamoid bone. Irregular bones serve various purposes in the body, such as protection of nervous tissue, affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment (as with the sacrum), and maintaining pharynx and trachea support, and tongue attachment (such as the hyoid bone). They consist of cancellous tissue enclosed within a thin layer of compact bone. The irregular bones are: the vertebrC&, sacrum, coccyx, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid.
A skeletal joint that is part of a appendage girdle region.
An anatomical surface that is part of a cartilage element.
A bone that is hollow or contains many air cells, such as the mastoid process of the temporal bone[TMD].
Any muscle organ that is part of a pectoral girdle region.
The part of the ventral body cavity that is within the pelvis.
Musculature system of the pharyngeal and head regions.
Subdivision of thorax, which in humans is the posterior part of the thorax and is demarcated from the chest by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage and the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column; together with the chest, it constitutes the thorax.
A muscle of back that is part of a dorsal thoracic segment of trunk.
An endothelium that is part of a heart [Automatically generated definition].
this class includes any endothelia that are part of the heart. This might include the endocardial epithelia, as well as endothelia of vessels that are considered strictly part of the heart (e.g. outflow tract). As a grouping class, this may lack utility, and pending review this class may be obsoleted. For annotation consider a more specific class.
With numerous vascular spaces that may become engorged with blood.
A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a clitoris.
An epithelium that is part of a duodenum.
A vertebral foramen that is part of a cervical vertebra.
A vertebral foramen that is part of a thoracic vertebra.
An embryonic structure that is derived from the inner cell mass and lies above the hypoblast and gives rise to the three primary germ layers.
An external organ of a male organism that is specialized to deliver sperm during copulation. Intromittent organs are found most often in terrestrial species, as most aquatic species fertilize their eggs externally, although there are exceptions[WP].
this is a broad grouping class connecting a number of different analagous organs by their function. We place the insect aedeagus here rather than penis, although this is somewhat arbitrary given the broadness of the current definition
A transient embryonic complex that comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming, which may include (depending on species) the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear[GO,modified].
A brain that develops_from a neural tube.
Any duct branching of of the main epididymis duct.
An out-pocket of thickened ventral foregut epithelium adjacent to the developing heart. Constitutes the first morphological sign of the embryonic liver. The anterior portion of the hepatic diverticulum gives rise to the liver and intrahepatic biliary tree, while the posterior portion forms the gall bladder and extrahepatic bile ducts.
Dense regular connective tissue connecting two or more adjacent skeletal elements[VSAO,modified].
Closed space within the ectoplacental cone, formed by the fusion of the parts of the amniotic fold that separate it from the amniotic cavity[MP]. a developmental cavity that exists in some mammals and is derived by division of the proamniotic space; it is further removed from the embryo than the amniotic cavity in some mammals.
The smooth muscle layer of the stomach wall that functions to churn and mix food and gastric secretions as well as to move food along the digestive tract to the intestines.
The short narrow part of the stomach extending from the pyloric antrum to the pyloric sphincter.
The gastric glands in the pyloric region of the stomach; the pyloric glands secrete mucin, which coats the stomach and protects it, and hormones such as gastrin and enkephalin[MP].
Any skeletal muscle organ in the hypodermis / superficial fascia.
The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all pulmonary arteries and all pulmonary veins.
The hemorrhoidal plexus (or rectal venous plexus) surrounds the rectum, and communicates in front with the vesical venous plexus in the male, and the uterovaginal plexus in the female. A free communication between the portal and systemic venous systems is established through the hemorrhoidal plexus.
Subdivision of endoskeleton derived from pharyngeal arches.
Skeletal element that forms superficially in the organism, usually in association with the ectoderm[VSAO].
Bone element that is adjacent to the notochord.
A lobe of lung that is part of a left lung.
The functional tissue of the kidney, consisting of the nephrons.
One of the racemose glands in the walls of the esophagus that in humans are small and serve principally to lubricate the food but in some birds secrete a milky fluid on which the young are fed.
System pertaining to blood vessels in the brain.
Any portion of tissue that surrounds a urethra.
A zone of skin that is part of a dorsal thoracic segment of trunk.
An artery that supplies blood to the urinary bladder.
Either the internal or external pudendal vein, running from the genital-vulvar area and abdomen and down the leg.
Vein that drains left lung and returns blood to the heart.
Vein that drains right lung and returns blood to the heart.
An organism containing a developing embryo, fetus, or unborn offspring within the body.
A gonad prior to differentiating into a definitive testis or ovary.
Cranial ganglion which develops from an epibranchial placode.
Endocardium that is part of the right atrium.
A fold of tissue which extends into the peritoneal cavity of the developing embryo and participates in the separation of the pleural and peritoneal cavities.
A vein that is part of a craniocervical region.
A sphenoid endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation.
sphenoid bone pre-cartilage condensation
A sphenoid endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue.
A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney[GO].
Mesenchyme that is part of a medial nasal prominence.
An ectoderm that is part of a buccopharyngeal membrane.
An endoderm that is part of a buccopharyngeal membrane.
Mesenchyme that is part of a foregut-midgut junction.
associated mesenchyme of foregut-midgut junction
A mesentery that is part of a foregut-midgut junction.
A portion of mesenchymal tissue associated with an individual pharyngeal arch.
An epithelium that is part of a foregut-midgut junction.
The embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the frontonasal region of the head.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hindgut.
An endoderm that is part of a anal region.
Mesenchyme that is part of a maxillary prominence.
A vascular plexus that is part of a left lung.
A vascular plexus that is part of a right lung.
A hepatic sinusoid that is part of a left lobe of liver.
hepatic sinusoid of left of lobe of liver
A hepatic sinusoid that is part of a right lobe of liver.
hepatic sinusoid of right of lobe of liver
An endoderm that is part of a foregut-midgut junction.
A submucosa that is part of a intestine.
Subdivision of vertebral column that corresponds to the trunk of the body, containing the trunk/presacral vertebrae. In organisms that have a thoracic and lumbar distinction, this corresponds to the sum of both of these regions.
thoracolumbar region of vertebral column
A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future spinal cord.
spinal cord lateral wall sulcus limitans
A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future medulla oblongata.
A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future metencephalon.
A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future myelencephalon.
Mesenchyme that is part of a 1st arch mandibular component.
mesenchymal region of mandibular component of first pharyngeal arch
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing left lung.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing right lung.
A neural plate that develops_from a presumptive midbrain.
A neural plate that develops_from a presumptive hindbrain.
midbrain-hindbrain boundary neural plate
midbrain hindbrain boundary neural plate
A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a midbrain.
Bilateral mesenchymal mesoderm parallel and immediately adjacent to the neural tube/notochord; it generates a subset of extra-ocular, and other head, muscles.
A basement membrane that is part of a nephron tubule.
An anatomical space that surrounded_by a embryonic cloaca.
An anatomical space that surrounded_by a rectum.
Any endocardium that is part of the right ventricle of the heart.
Any endocardium that is part of the left ventricle of the heart.
An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a stomodeum.
The embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing cardiac structures.
The embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing pancreas.
A ganglion that is part of a abdominal segment of trunk.
A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis.
this class groups vertebrate nephron tubules with analagous structures such as insect Malpighian tubules
A serous sac that has the pleura and the pleural cavity as parts.
The many-lobed berry cluster of cells that is the terminous of a gland where the secretion is produced is acinar in form.
An anatomical space that surrounded_by a primitive urogenital sinus.
Mesenchyme that surrounds primitive urogenital sinus.
An epithelium that is part of a embryonic cloaca.
A multicellular organism that existence_starts_and_ends_during a nematode larval stage.
Branch or outpocketing of the digestive tract.
A division of the stomach. The stomach can be divided based on mucosal histology (glandular epithelium and gastric glands) and the relative position and type of gastric gland.
Outer portion of the renal cortex. Site of formation of medullary and cortical elements.
A renal, cortical lobule, consisting of the ascending or descending limbs of the loop of Henle or of the collecting tubules; medullary rays are regions where parallel arrays of straight tubules travel perpendicular to the capsule and extend from the cortex to the medulla.
The interlobar veins are veins of the renal circulation which drain the renal lobes.
A specific region of the lateral mesoderm that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, arterial pole (outflow tract) and venous pole (inflow tract).
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing face.
A portion of an organ, such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain.
The portion of a kidney consisting of a renal medullary pyramid and the renal cortex above it[MP]. It is composed of many renal lobules[WP].
The portion of a renal lobe consisting of nephrons grouped around a single medullary ray and draining into a single collecting duct; human kidneys have multilobular, multipapillary architecture while mice and rats have unilobular, unipapillary kidneys.
An anatomical wall that is part of a ureter.
The smooth muscle tissue surrounding the epithelium of the ureter.
A multicellular organism that existence_starts_with a post-embryonic stage.
Cranial ectodermal placode with potential to develop into a component of the nervous system, such as nerves or ganglia.
Includes: trigeminal, otic, lateral line and epibranchial placodes.
An anatomical space that is enclosed by a urinary bladder.
An epithelium that is part of a pancreatic duct.
The junction between the ureter and the renal pelvis of the kidney.
The valve-like structure found at the site of entry of the ureter into the urinary bladder, normally displays an oblique angulation through the detrusor to avoid reflux of urine up the ureters and the kidney.
An anatomical structure that has more than one cell as a part.
A regional part of brain consisting of multiple brain regions that are not related through a simple volummetric part of hierarchy, e.g., basal ganglia[NIF].
Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 6.
An organ of the digestive tract that is capable of retaining and storing food.
This is a very broad functionally defined grouping class that collects disparate structures from insects to vertebrates
Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 1.
Mesenchyme that is part of a 1st arch maxillary component.
The sum total of mesenchymal tissue in the pharyngeal arch region. Pharyngeal mesenchyme is undifferentiated, loose connective tissue derived mostly from mesoderm, and also contains ectodermally derived neural crest cells.
associated mesenchyme of pharyngeal region
entire branchial arch associated mesenchyme
entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme
Gland of the epithelium lining the oral cavity. The most common are the salivary glands.
An epithelium consisting of cuboidal epithelial cells.
An extrahepatic bile duct that has the potential to develop into a common hepatic duct.
Mesenchyme that has the potential to develop into a dermis.
A structure that will develop into a diaphragm.
A developing anatomical structure that has the potential to develop into a metencephalon.
A developing anatomical structure that has the potential to develop into a myelencephalon.
A gray matter that has the potential to develop into a superior salivatory nucleus.
Any portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of the conducting system of heart or the Purkinje fibers.
An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells.
A sex cord that is part of a indifferent gonad.
note that this represents the indifferent structure.
A bodily secretion that is produced by a seminal vesicle.
A mucous secretion that is produced by glands in the epidermis.
An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a blood vessel.
Any of the numerous small mucous-secreting glands located in the wall of the penile urethra.
An urethral gland that is part of a female urethra.
The paired arterial structures of the embryo that supplies each developing somite via efferent segmental arteries; the dorsal aortae articulate with the umbilical arteries, which return mixed blood to the villi of the chorion for reoxygenation.
One of the laterally paired arteries that supply the gonads.
A portal system that begins in capillaries in the wall of the digestive tract and and runs as the hepatic portal vein to the liver.
An anatomical boundary that corresponds to some physical discontinuity.
A vasculature that is part of a post-anal tail.
Multi-tissue structure that is part of the heart tube and will become the cardiac atrium.
The core globe-shaped component of the camera-type eye.
An exocrine gland whose secretions are excreted via exocytosis from secretory cells into an epithelial-walled duct or ducts and thence onto a bodily surface or into the lumen; the gland releases its product and no part of the gland is lost or damaged.
Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme.
1st arch mandibular mesenchyme from neural crest
Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme.
1st arch maxillary mesenchyme from neural crest
Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 4th arch mesenchyme.
4th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme derived from neural crest
mesenchyme derived from neural crest of mesenchyme of 4th arch
pharyngeal arch 4 mesenchyme from neural crest
Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 6th arch mesenchyme.
pharyngeal arch 6 mesenchyme from neural crest
Mesenchyme that develops_from a rhombencephalon neural crest.
mesenchyme from rhombencephalic neural crest
Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch mesenchyme.
mesenchyme derived from neural crest of mesenchyme of 1st arch
pharyngeal arch 1 mesenchyme from neural crest
One of the three blood vessels, usually one large umbilical vein and two small umbilical arteries, buried within Wharton's jelly, that transport blood to and from the placenta, where exchange between the mother and fetus takes place; the umbilical vein carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus, and the umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood from the fetus to the placenta.
Any anatomical space that is part of a vertebral column.
Portion of tissue that is dorsolateral to the floor plate and part of the midbrain.
Portion of neural tube that gives rise to the midbrain.
An endothelium that is part of a sclera.
Mesenchyme surrounding the developing optic cup which develops into the sclera.
An epithelium that is part of a extraembryonic structure.
Stratified squamous epithelium is a stratified squamous epithelium, the cells of which synthesizes but does not accumulate keratin. Examples: epithelium of vagina, epithelium of wall of esophagus.
epithelium stratificatum squamosum noncornificatum
nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium
stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Developing anatomical structure that develops into the eyeball and associated structures.
An anatomical structure that develops from the neural crest.
An anatomical structure that has some part that develops from the neural crest.
structure with developmental contribution from neural crest
A skeletal element that is part of a orbital region.
Skeletal subdivision of the head including skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus.
that the cranial skeleton includes the pharyngeal arch skeleton. It is thus more inclusive that the cranium itself, and extends beyond the head in tetrapods. The AAO class called 'skull' belongs here, as it includes the whole splanchnocranium
Mesenchyme that is part of a limb/fin bud.
Mesenchyme that is part of a extraembryonic membrane.
Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a maxillary process mesenchyme.
maxillary process mesenchyme from neural crest
Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a maxillary process mesenchyme.
maxillary process mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a mandibular process mesenchyme.
mandibular process mesenchyme from neural crest
Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a mandibular process mesenchyme.
mandibular process mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme.
1st arch maxillary mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme.
1st arch mandibular mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch mesenchyme.
mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 1st arch
1st arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 4th arch mesenchyme.
head mesenchyme derived arch 4 mesenchyme
mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 4th arch
pharyngeal arch 4 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
4th arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 6th arch mesenchyme.
head mesenchyme derived arch 6 mesenchyme
pharyngeal arch 6 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
6th arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme.
branchial arch mesenchyme from neural crest
pharyngeal arch mesenchyme from neural crest
Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme.
branchial arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
pharyngeal arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
Skeletal subdivision that undergoes indirect development and includes elements that develop as a replacement or substitution of other elements or tissues.
A skeletal element that has the potential to participate in endochondral ossification, and may participate in intramembranous ossification.
Skeletal subdivision that undergoes direct development and includes elements that either develop in association with the basement membrane of the ectoderm or are homologous with such elements; includes dermatocranium, components of the appendicular skeleton, teeth and tooth-like elements of the oropharynx, and integumentary elements.
The smallest anatomical unit of the lung, measuring 0.50 to 2.00 cm in diameter. Each lobule is composed of 4-8 terminal bronchioles and their distal alveolar ducts and sacs. The lobules are separated by fibrous interlobular septa.
Epithelium composed of cells that develops from the ectoderm[FMA,modified].
Mesenchyme that develops_from a somatopleure.
Mesenchyme that develops_from a splanchnopleure.
An organ cavity that is part of a urethra.
One of the branches of the splenic artery[MP].
One of the veins that feed the splenic vein.
The integrated unit (of the eye) that consists of the conjunctiva, the corneal surface, and the ocular mucosal adnexa including the lid margins and the meibomian gland openings, the lacrimal glands and the lacrimal drainage system, all which are critical to maintain ocular surface integrity and provide protection from external antigens and pathogenic microorganisms.
An orifice that is part of a lower urinary tract.
The ciliary processes are formed by the inward folding of the various layers of the choroid, i.e. , the choroid proper and the lamina basalis, and are received between corresponding foldings of the suspensory ligament of the lens.
A bone that is shaped as a broad flat plate and composed of two thin layers of compact tissue enclosing between them a variable quantity of cancellous tissue, which is the location of red bone marrow.
A simple columnar epithelium that looks stratified but is not, because its cells are arranged with their nuclei at different levels.
Epithelium composed of a single layer of cells, appearing as layered because the column-shaped cells vary in height so the nuclei are at different levels. The basal portions of all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. It lines the respiratory system and the male reproductive tract. The cilia in the respiratory tract are motile, while the stereocilia in the male reproductive tract are immobile.
epithelium pseudostratificatum columnare ciliatum (trachea et bronchi)
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
An organ that is capable of detecting electrical stimulus.
Skeletal element that forms as a replacement or substitution of another element or tissue.
A vessel of the microcirculature, lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries (blood and lymphatic), metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses.
An organ cavity that surrounded_by a bone.
nephrogenic interstitium of nephrogenic zone
An epithelial tube that is fated to become a nephron.
The metanephric cortex is the outer region of the metanephros[GO].
Anatomical cluster which give rise to mature mesonephric nephrons. Zebrafish continously generate new mesonephric nephrons.
A primitive nephron that is part of a metanephros.
Cluster of cells comprising a portion of tissue which gives rise to new mesonephric nephrons. The cluster contains self-renewing stem cells.
An organism subdivision that includes both an appendage and its associated girdle region. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc).
Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pectoral appendicular skeleton and the pectoral girdle.
pectoral girdle plus anterior limb or fin
pectoral girdle plus pectoral limb or fin
Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pelvic appendicular skeleton and the pelvic girdle.
pelvic girdle plus posterior limb or fin
The subdivision of the skeleton of either the pectoral or pelvic girdle.
A bone that is part of an appendage girdle complex (i.e. any bone in a limb, fin or girdle).
A bone that is part of a pectoral complex. Examples: scapula, manus phalanx, any carpal bone, any bone of the pectoral fin.
A bone that is part of a pelvic complex. Examples: pubis, ischium, fot phalanx, any tarsal bone, any bone of the pelvic fin or girdle.
Muscles of the pelvic girdle, hindlimb or pelvic fin.
A muscle of a pectoral girdle, pectoral fin or anterior limb.
Hermaphroditic organism that produces both male and female gametes at the same time.
Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements (i.e. bone elements, cartilage elements, cartilage condensations) that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. Excludes joints.
Skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column.
we include a distinct subclass for bony vertebra
Any muscle organ that is part of either the head or the neck.
A cartilage element that is part of a splanchnocranium.
The dorsal portion of the first pharyngeal arch, comprising the upper jaw[ZFIN,VHOG].
A skeleton of pelvic girdle that is part of a right pelvic girdle region.
A skeleton of pelvic girdle that is part of a left pelvic girdle region.
A pelvic girdle region that is in the right side of a multicellular organism.
A pelvic girdle region that is in the left side of a multicellular organism.
The cartilaginous form of a vertebral element, a skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column.
The pre-cartilaginous form of a vertebral element, a skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column.
A synovial joint that is part of a pelvic girdle region.
A synovial joint that is part of a pectoral girdle region.
Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments or fibrocartilage without an intervening synovial cavity. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, costochondral joint, pubic symphysis.
Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the axial skeleton plus associated joints.
Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the postcranial axial skeleton plus associated joints.
Subdivision of urinary system which consists of the kidney and the ureters.
Gland of the lamina epithelialis mucosae which perforate the lamina muscularis, with their adenomeres located in the submucosal connective tissue.
Subdivision of skull that consists of the facial bones.
The skull can be divided into two: the neurocranium and the facial skeleton.
primary subdivision of cranial skeletal system
A bone that is part of a neurocranium [Automatically generated definition].
Synovial joint that articulates bones of upper and lower jaw.
A sphincter muscle that is part of the gastrointestinal system.
A lamina propria that is part of a large intestine.
lamina propria of mucosa of large intestine
A muscle layer that is part of a large intestine.
A muscle layer that is part of a small intestine.
A multi cell part structure that is part of a central nervous system.
central nervous system cell part cluster
Synovial sac which surrounds parts of one or more tendons. Examples: synovial tendon sheath of manual digit 2, radial bursa.
synovial membrane of synovial tendon sheath
fibrous membrane of synovial tendon sheath
The most anterior region of the braincase. Provides structural support for peripheral olfactory organ.
currently this is not restricted to skeletal elements, unlike UBERONREF:0000007
Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the appendicular skeleton plus associated joints.
The part of the trunk that is in the dorsum[cjm].
The submucous layer of the wall of the uterine tube.
A blood vasculature that is part of a head.
An anatomical cavity that is part of a esophagus.
A tube lumen that is part of a mesonephric duct.
The collection of all skeletal elements in an individual limb or fin.
Anatomical structure that is an aggregation of similar cells from which cartilages and bones form, and from which chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are initiated during repair and/or regeneration. (Hall and Miyake 1995).
A subdivision of the head that corresponds to the jaw skeleton, containing both soft tissue, skeleton and teeth (when present). The jaw region is divided into upper and lower regions.
Any bone that is part of the upper jaw skeleton. This includes (when present): the maxilla, the quadrate (in some species).
An epithelium that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a oral epithelium.
A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along its main body axis (typically anterio-posterior axis). In vertebrates, this is based on the vertebral column.
subdivision of organism along main body axis
A vertebra in the trunk region. For tetrapods, includes lumbar and thoracic vertebrae. Excludes caudal/coccygeal vertebra, which are located posteriorly. In tetrapods this includes thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae, and excludes the cervical vertebrae, which are located anteriorly.
A cardiovascular system that is part of a conceptus.
An anatomical space that is part of a bone of lower jaw.
An anatomical space that is part of a bone of upper jaw.
A neural nucleus that is part of the spinal cord.
Ectodermal placode that does not develop into a component of the nervous system.
An anatomical junction that divides and overlaps with and atrium and a ventricle in the heart.
Connective tissue, which consists of a population of connective tissue cells, the intercellular matrix of which contains an irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, mucoid tissue, connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium.
Irregular connective tissue is an irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a dense irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium.
typus irregularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus)
Dense connective tissue is mainly composed of collagen type I. Crowded between the collagen fibers are rows of fibroblasts, fiber-forming cells, that manufacture the fibers. Dense connective tissue forms strong, rope-like structures such as tendons and ligaments. Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones; ligaments connect bones to bones at joints. Ligaments are more stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than tendons. Dense connective tissue also make up the lower layers of the skin (dermis), where it is arranged in sheets.
Irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a sparse irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, neuroglial tissue, mucoid tissue.
An acinus that is part of a exocrine gland.
The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of aorta tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity.
The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of pulmonary tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity.
The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity.
The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of tendon tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity.
The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of corneal stroma that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity.
A muscle layer that is part of a wall of esophagus.
Front (ventral) portion of the vascular, pigmentary, or middle coat of the eye, including the ciliary body and the iris.
Epimysium is a layer of connective tissue which ensheaths the entire muscle. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. It is continuous with fascia and other connective tissue wrappings of muscle including the endomysium, and perimysium. It is also continuous with tendons where it becomes thicker and collagenous.
Masses of developing blood cells attached to endothelium in the yolk sac.
A region of the stomach that is lined with glandular epithelium.
A hepatic vein that is part of a left lobe of liver.
A hepatic vein that is part of a right lobe of liver.
The aggregate of the coelemic cavity lumen plus the membranes that line the lumen.
this is distinct (but not disjoint) from palatine bone
Bone that forms as a replacement of another structural tissue.
Blood that remains in the placenta and in the attached umbilical cord after childbirth[WP].
A primordium that has the potential to develop into a stomach.
A zone of skin that is part of a craniocervical region.
The veins that run parallel to the phrenic arteries which include the two superior and two inferior phrenic veins.
Network of tubes that carries blood through the distensible musculomembranous organ that serves to collect and store urine excreted by the kidneys[MP].
External opening or orifice of the urethra through which urine and seminal fluid (in males only) leave the body; in males the meatus presents as a vertical slit normally positioned at the tip of glans penis; in females the meatus is located between the clitoris and the vagina in the vulvular vestibule of the female genitalia[MP].
A urethral meatus that is part of a male urethra[Automatically generated definition].
The usually crescent-shaped opening of the urinary bladder into the urethra, placed at the anteroinferior angle (apex) of the urinary bladder trigone.
internal urethral orifice of urinary bladder
An artery that originates from the abdominal aorta.
An epithelium that consists of columnar epithelial cells. Columnar epithelia are epithelial cells whose heights are at least four times their width. Columnar epithelia are divided into simple (or unilayered), and the rarer stratified (or multi-layered).[WP, modified].
Epithelium that derives from the mesoderm. [Automatically generated definition].
One of the pair of mesenchymal swellings (folds) located on either side of the cloacal membrane during the indifferent stage of embryonic development; cranial to the cloacal membrane the folds unite to form the genital tubercle; caudally the folds are subdivided into urogenital folds anteriorly and anal folds posteriorly.
One of five swellings formed during the development of the face.
The deep cervical artery (Profunda cervicalis) is an artery of the neck.
The transverse cervical artery (transverse artery of neck, transversa colli artery) is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk, running at a higher level than the suprascapular artery.
A broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis.
A bone element that is part of a jaw region.
A muscle layer that is part of an intestine.
A layer of tissue between the muscularis and serosa.
A muscular coat that is part of a urinary bladder.
respiratory system arterial smooth muscle
A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system venous blood vessel.
A layer of microvilli, Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments[GO,modified].
A microvillus layer that is striated and found in the intestine.
Blood-forming tissue, consisting of reticular fibers and cells.
The sclera and cornea form the fibrous tunic of the bulb of the eye; the sclera is opaque, and constitutes the posterior five-sixths of the tunic; the cornea is transparent, and forms the anterior sixth.
An anatomical space that is enclosed by a cloaca.
The opening of the cloacal chamber to the outside of the organism. Birds maintain a single cloacal opening throughout their lives.
An anatomical space that is enclosed by a terminal part of digestive tract.
lumen of terminal part of digestive tract
An anatomical space with no opening to another space or to the exterior.
The collection of all skeletal elements in a pectoral complex - i.e. the combination of free limb or fin plus pectoral girdle.
The collection of all skeletal elements in a pelvic complex - i.e. the combination of free limb or fin plus pelvic girdle.
The posterior region of the neck, including the suboccipital region.
A mucosa that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition].
A serous membrane that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition].
A muscular coat that is part of a cloaca.
A muscular coat that is part of a duodenum.
A muscular coat that is part of a colon.
A muscular coat that is part of a anal canal.
A serous membrane that is part of a fallopian tube.
An adventitia that is part of a esophagus.
A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a umbilical cord.
An anatomical junction that connects a stomach and connects a duodenum.
A mucosa that is part of a gastroduodenal junction.
this class groups all veins that are in the abdomen. The term 'abdominal vein' may have specific meanings in different contexts. The lateral abdominal veins are present in fishes but usually merged or absent in tetrapods; in amphibians, the L&R abdominal veins merge into the ventral abdominal vein
The part of the venous system that drains the lungs[Kardong].
Any vein within the general circulation that transports blood back to the right atrium of the heart.
A gland that is part of a foregut-midgut junction.
The layer of the ovarian stroma lying immediately beneath the tunica albuginea, composed of connective tissue cells and fibers, among which are scattered primary and secondary (antral) follicles in various stages of development; the cortex varies in thickness according to the age of the individual, becoming thinner with advancing years; included in the follicles are the cumulus oophorus, membrana granulosa (and the granulosa cells inside it), corona radiata, zona pellucida, and primary oocyte; the zona pellucida, theca of follicle, antrum and liquor folliculi are also contained in the follicle; also in the cortex is the corpus luteum derived from the follicles.
A bodily secretion that is produced by a gland of anal sac.
The secretory unit of a serous gland. The acinar portion is composed of serous secreting cells.
A future glans that is part of a male genital tubercle.
A future glans that is part of a female genital tubercle.
An epithelial tube that develops from a Mullerian duct in a male. Later degenerates.
Anatomical cavity that is the lumen of the skull and contains the brain.
A blood vessel endothelium that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition].
A sphincter muscle that is part of a cloaca.
A caudal vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue.
coccygeal vertebral cartilage condensation group
A caudal vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation.
coccygeal vertebra pre-cartilage condensation
tail vertebral pre-cartilage condensation
caudal vertebra pre-cartilage condensation
A cervical vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue.
cervical vertebral cartilage condensation group
A cervical vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation.
cervical vertebra pre-cartilage condensation
A thoracic vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue.
thoracic vertebral cartilage condensation group
A thoracic vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation.
thoracic vertebra pre-cartilage condensation
A section through the tube or network of tubes that connects the ovaries to the outside of the body.
The anatomical space that is enclosed by a stomach.
An epithelium that is part of a intestinal villus.
Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone of the skull.
An anatomical space which is the lumen of some anatomical conduit and connects two or more spaces together[FMA,modified].
Vascular endothelium found in blood vessels of the blood-brain-barrier.
Vascular endothelium found in colon blood vessels.
Epithelium lining the exocrine pancreas.
Musculature of the head and neck, spine, and ribs.
A principle subdivision of an organism that includes all structures along the primary axis, typically the anterior-posterior axis, from head to tail, including structures of the body proper where present (for example, ribs), but excluding appendages.
The region of the organism associated with the visceral organs.
A tubular passage that extends from the primitive pit into the head process during the early stages of embryonic development in mammals. It perforates the splanchnopleure layer so that the yolk sac and the amnion are connected temporarily.
Fluid contained within the notochordal canal.
An organ component layer that is part of a integumental system.
Any of the organs or elements that are part of the digestive system. Examples: tongue, esophagus, spleen, crop, lunge feeding organ, tooth elements.
Great vessels is a term used to refer collectively to the large vessels that bring blood to and from the heart.
An organ cavity that is part of a uterus.
Mesenchyme that develops_from the neural crest[Automatically generated definition].
The simple cuboidal epithelium lining the lumen of kidney collecting ducts.
collecting duct of renal tubule epithelium
epithelium of collecting duct of renal tubule
Muscle that is part of the respiratory system.
this class may be merged with 'respiratory system muscle'; check intercostals
An anatomical space that is enclosed by a sinusoid.
A sinusoidal space that is part of a hepatic sinusoid.
Any member of the network of tubes that return blood from the renal tissues to the systemic circulation.
A part of the body present only in a specific gender.
A part of the body present only in males.
A part of the body present only in females.
Subcutaneous adipose tissue that is located in the peritoneal cavity.
Subcutaneous adipose tissue that is located in the abdominal region.
Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all skeletal elements in the thoracic region of the trunk. In most vertebrates this is the rib cage and sternum.
A ventral horn of spinal cord that is part of a thoracic spinal cord.
A gray matter of spinal cord that is part of a cervical spinal cord.
A ventral horn of spinal cord that is part of a cervical spinal cord.
A gray matter of spinal cord that is part of a thoracic spinal cord.
A venous system that overlaps a umbilical cord and is part of a entire extraembryonic component.
A vascular system that overlaps a umbilical cord and is part of a entire extraembryonic component.
An epithelium that is part of a frontonasal prominence.
A unilaminar epithelium that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a anal region.
An anatomical space that is enclosed by a pleuroperitoneal canal.
A duct that is located between lobules, within the thin connective tissue septa that separate lobules. All interlobular ducts are excretory.
The secretory unit of a mucous gland. The acinar portion is composed of mucous secreting cells.
A duct that is located within a lobule, with no more connective tissue intervening between ducts and secretory units (i.e., acini or tubules) than between adjacent secretory units. Intercalated and striated ducts are intralobular.
A duct that is located between lobes, within conspicuous, thick connective tissue septa that separate lobes. All interlobar ducts are excretory.
A neuromere that is part of the presumptive midbrain.
A neuromere that is part of the presumptive spinal cord.
Any muscle organ that is part of a cloaca.
Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic complex. The pelvic complex comprises the pelvic girdle and the associated limb or fin.
Any collection of muscles that is part of a pectoral complex. The pectoral complex comprises the pectoral girdle and the associated limb or fin.
Any muscle organ that is part of a pectoral appendage (forelimb or pectoral fin).
Any muscle organ that is part of a pelvic appendage (hindlimb or pelvic fin).
A muscle organ that consists of skeletal muscle tissue ensheathed in epimysium, that develops from myotome and that is innervated by some somatic motor neuron. Skeletal muscles are typically attached (via a tendon) to a bone but there are exceptions (e.g. intrinsic tongue muscles).
A muscle structure of invertebrates whose origin and insertion sites are in basal side of the epidermis or structures derived from it. The simplest somatic muscles consist of a single cell and associated extracellular structures.
somatic muscle
A portion of tissue that will develop into vasculature.
One of the primary blood vessel sprouts that originate from the dorsal aorta and posterior cardinal vein and align dorsoventrally at the myotomal boundaries between somites.
A vertebral endochondral element in the cervical region of the vertebral column.
A vertebral endochondral element in the thoracic region of the vertebral column.
A sphenoid bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
perimysial connective tissue of subepicardium
Visceral intrapericardial fat contiguous with the myocardial surface.
A gland that is typically found in or near the orbital region, in or around either the medial or lateral canthi, and is typically associated with secretions onto the eyeball or associated ducts. Includes the Harderian, nictitans and lacrimal glands.
An eye consisting of multiple light-sensing organs.
A blood vessel that is part of a endometrium.
A region of somite adjacent to presomitic mesoderm.
Epithelium located in the intersomitic region.
An anatomical group whose component structures share a common function.
A non-connected functional system that is composed primarily of a gland.
Any structure that is placed on one side of the left-right axis of a bilaterian.
This class is primarily to implement taxon constraints. It may be removed in the future.
A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, contributes to the circulation of lymph, blood or analogs. Examples: a chambered vertebrate heart; the tubular peristaltic heart of ascidians; the dorsal vessel of an insect; the lymoh heart of a reptile.
A pancreatic lobule that is in_the_left_side_of a exocrine pancreas.
A pancreatic lobule that is in_the_right_side_of a exocrine pancreas.
A basement membrane of epithelium that is part of a respiratory system.
The hepatic artery proper (also proper hepatic artery), arises from the common hepatic artery and runs alongside the portal vein and the common bile duct to form the portal triad. The hepatic artery proper gives off a small supraduodenal artery to the duodenal bulb. Then the right gastric artery comes off and runs to the left along the lesser curvature of the stomach to meet the left gastric artery, which is a branch of the celiac trunk. It subsequently gives off the cystic artery, which feeds the gallbladder, before bifurcating into the right and left hepatic arteries. Of note, the right and left hepatic arteries may demonstrate variant anatomy. A replaced right hepatic artery may arise from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and a replaced left hepatic artery may arise from the left gastric artery.
A hepatic artery that is part of a left lobe of liver.
A hepatic artery that is part of a right lobe of liver.
Hat part of the duodenal wall traversed by the ductus choledochus, ductus pancreaticus, and ampulla.
An epithelium that is part of a anal canal.
A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a ejaculatory duct.
smooth muscle tissue layer of ejaculatory duct
A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a hypodermis.
muscle layer in fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue
smooth muscle layer in fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue
An epithelium that is part of a camera-type eye.
An epithelium that is part of a foregut.
A lamina propria that is part of a duodenum.
A hole in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes.
Is the sensory system for the sense of hearing.
Luminal space of the right ventricle of the heart.
An epithelium that is part of a male urethra.
An anatomical space that is part of a duodenum.
Luminal space of the left atrium of the heart.
Luminal space of the left ventricle of the heart.
An epithelium that is part of a female urethra.
Luminal space of the right atrium of the heart.
The external part of the developing pharynx that is made of ectoderm. During vertebrate development, pockets form in pharyngeal ectoderm between the pharyngeal arches.
A layer of of the central nervous system that is part of gray matter.
central nervous system gray matter layer
Mucus produced in the respiratory tract.
Any mucus produced by a mucosae of the respiratory system. This includes the mucus produced in the nasal cavity (nasal mucus) and mucus produced in the respiratory tract (phlegm).
An roughly circular indentation in a surface.
The dorsal region of the optic cup that gives rise to the dorsal part of the retina.
Primordium that develops into the central nervous system.
Primordium that develops into the nervous system.
Epithelium lining the distalmost portion of the digestive tract.
epithelium of terminal part of digestive tract
Any muscle tissue of the distalmost portion of the digestive tract.
muscle tissue of terminal part of digestive tract
The part of the conceptus that may be lost before birth or will be discarded at birth, or when the embryo becomes an independent organism.
An embryonic anatomical entity that will turn into one or more other anatomical entities, perhaps with other anatomical entities, later in development.
A mesenchyme-derived anatomical entity undergoing a transtion to become another structure.
A muscle layer that is part of the rectum.
Any portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of the rectum.
A kidney interstitium that is part of a left kidney.
A kidney interstitium that is part of a right kidney.
A renal pelvis that is part of a left ureter.
A renal pelvis that is part of a right ureter.
A renal cortex interstitium that is part of a left kidney.
cortical interstitial tissue of left kidney
A renal cortex interstitium that is part of a right kidney.
cortical interstitial tissue of right kidney
Any vertebra endochondral element that is part of the caudal region of the vertebral column (tail or coccyx).
A zone of skin that is part of a lower lip.
A zone of skin that is part of a upper lip.
Accompanying vein of internal pudendal artery.
Any portion of submucosa that lines the digestive tract.
Any organ component layer that consists of muscle tissue.
A muscular coat that is part of a digestive tract.
The anatomical space within the intestine.
Muscle innervated by the trigeminal nerve (Cranial Nerve V).
muscle innervated by the trigeminal nerve
An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the heart.
A membranous sac in animals that serves as the receptacle of a liquid or contains gas.
Adipose tissue which is located throughout skeletal muscle and is responsible for the marbling seen in certain cuts of beef. In humans, excess accumulation of intramuscular fat is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Any region of epithelium that is part of a skin region.
The part of the eye that consists of both the retina and the optic choroid.
An exocrine gland that is part of a integumental system.
A portion of organism substance that is secreted by a reproductive gland.
Single layer of a laminar structure, identified by different density, arrangement or size of cells and processes arranged in flattened layers or lamina[CUMBO].
Serous membrane layer that is adjacent to and lines an organ.
Serous membrane layer that lines to a body cavity.
The layer of endometrial epithelium adjacent to the uterine cavity.
A specific region of the foregut into the area in which the lung will develop.
An embryonic or larval epithelium that is committed to form part of the nervous system.
An epithelium that is undergoing proliferation to provide large numbers of neuronal cells.
A neuroepithelium some of whose cells are undergoing terminal differentiation to become neuronal cells.
spinal cord lateral wall ventricular layer
Any of the cranial nerves, or their central nervous system analogs (the optic tract, the epiphyseal tract). These analogs are not true nerves, and are instead evaginated sensory afferents emanating from the brain.
The autonomic nerve is a small nerve which carries postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons from the zygomaticotemporal nerve; a branch of the maxillary nerve, to the lacrimal nerve; a branch of the ophthalmic nerve. These neurons derive from the superior cervical ganglion and the pterygopalatine ganglion respectively. They will travel to the lacrimal gland via the lacrimal nerve. Parasympathetic will induce lacrimation and vice versa.
Any substance in the body or expelled from the body that is in a gaseous state.
Any portion of gas located in a part of the respiratory system that is composed primarily of air.
The area of axial mesoderm that develops into the prechordal plate.
Endocardium that is part of the left atrium.
An multicellular anatomical structure that has subparts of multiple organs as a part.
A cluster of cells, largely surrounded by a morphological boundary.
Material anatomical entity consisting of multiple anatomical structures that are not connected to each other.
A collection of anatomical structures that are alike in terms of their morphology or developmental origin.
An anatomical collection that is arranged in a line.
A region or zone on the surface of an organism that encompasses skin and any adnexa, down through muscles and bounded by underlying skeletal support structures.
The epithelial layer covering the biliary system. This includes the epithelium of the gallbladder (when present) as well as the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts.
Any organ component layer that consists of smooth muscle tissue.
Any gaseous product of an excretory process.
Any excreted gas that is produced by the digestive tract.
Any portion of gas located in a part of the respiratory system.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing jaw [Automatically generated definition].
A post-anal tail that attaches outside the tail.
Any material entity that is located in the digestive tract. This includes undigested food and liquid as well as unexcreted waste products. It also includes other entities such as ingested stones used to aid digestion. Any microbial cells or cell populations are also included.
Anatomical surface, which is the external surface of the whole body. Examples: There is only one body surface.
The parietal pleura that lines the mediastinum.
Any of several arteries that arise from the aorta and supply blood to the esophagus.
The part of the circulatory system that lies within the subcutaneous tissue layers close to the surface of the skin.
Any of the veins carrying deoxygenated blood from the subcutaneous tissue layers.
The part of the circulatory system that lies deep beneath the subcutaneous tissue layers away from the surface of the skin.
A blood vessel carrying deoxygenated blood far beneath the skin usually accompanying an artery.
Any chamber of the left side of the heart.
Any chamber of the right side of the heart.
The parts of the orbital region that are outside of the the eyeball, including the lacrimal apparatus, the extraocular muscles and the eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows and the conjunctiva.
The primordial mouth region of the developing head.
A muscle layer that is part of the sigmoid colon.
The sum of epicardial and paracardial fat deposits.
Fat deposits in the mediastinum outside the parietal pericardium .
Any fat deposit surrounding a visceral organ.
The part of the ventral body cavity that is within the abdominal segment of the trunk, which encompasses the abdomen proper plus pelvic cavity.
A serous sac that is the aggregate of the peritoneum and the peritoneal cavity, located in the abdominal cavity.
respiratory primordium associated mesenchyme
An region of the mesoderm that includes anterior lateral mesoderm of the first heart field plus contiguous pharyngeal mesoderm that gives rise to second-heart-field-derived regions of the heart and branchiomeric muscles.
An anatomical junction that is between the sigmoid colon and rectum.
Material anatomical entity that forms the outermost boundary of an anatomical structure.
A bodily fluid that is located in the coelom.
Any gland that is part os the respiratory system.
A notochord that has persisted beyond the embryonic stage.
The zygomaticotemporal nerve or zygomaticotemporal branch (temporal branch) is derived from the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (Cranial nerve V). It runs along the lateral wall of the orbit in a groove in the zygomatic bone, receives a branch of communication from the lacrimal, and passes through zygomaticotemporal foramen in the zygomatic bone to enter the temporal fossa. It ascends between the bone, and substance of the Temporalis muscle, pierces the temporal fascia about 2.5 cm. above the zygomatic arch, and is distributed to the skin of the side of the forehead, and communicates with the facial nerve and with the auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular nerve. As it pierces the temporal fascia, it gives off a slender twig, which runs between the two layers of the fascia to the lateral angle of the orbit.
ramus zygomaticotemporalis (Nervus zygomaticus)
zygomaticotemporal branch of zygomatic nerve
Wall of ventricle which is continuous with the wall of aorta.
Wall of ventricle which is continuous with the wall of pulmonary trunk.
Region of wall of right ventricle which is continuous with the lateral and septal walls of right ventricle.
myocardium of anterior wall of left ventricle
myocardium of anterior wall of right ventricle
A mucosa that is part of a lip region [Automatically generated definition].
The upper tract of the renal system. The renal pelvis is the large cavity in the middle of each kidney. Urine drains from each kidney through a long tube called the ureter, into the bladder, where it is stored until it is passed from the body through the urethra.
vasculature of central nervous system plus retina
Wall of organ which has as its parts the endocardium, myocardium , epicardium, and the cardiac septum, surrounded by the pericardial sac proper and is continuous with the walls of the systemic and pulmonary arterial and venous trees.
An artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the cystic duct.
Ovarian vein, each instance of which is a tributary of some inferior vena cava that drains the right pampiniform plexus of some broad ligament.
Ovarian vein, each instance of which is a tributary of some left renal vein that drains the left pampiniform plexus of some broad ligament.
A zone of skin that is part of the face.
An anatomical junction between two parts of the digestive tract.
Cartilage which is part of the axial skeleton.
Capillary that has pores in the endothelial cells (60-80 nm in diameter) that are spanned by a diaphragm of radially oriented fibrils and allow small molecules and limited amounts of protein to diffuse.
Non neural ectoderm that surrounds the presumptive neural plate and gives rise to neurogenic placodes.
Structures of the dermis, epidermis, glands and pigment cells recognizable on the external surfaces of the integument.
Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the external head integument.
Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the body integument.
Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the tail integument.
An anatomical surface that is part of a bone.
One of the main divisions of the whole organism of arthropods formed from groups of segments.
Any tagma (UBERON:6000002) that is part of some embryo (UBERON:6000052).
Any tagma (UBERON:6000002) that is part of some larva (UBERON:6001727).
Any sense organ that is part of some larva.
Any tagma (UBERON:6000002) that is part of some adult (UBERON:6003004).
Any sensillum (UBERON:6007152) that is part of some larva (UBERON:6001727).
Any sensillum (UBERON:6007152) that is part of some larval head (UBERON:6001730).
Any sense organ (UBERON:6005155) that is part of some larval head (UBERON:6001730).
insect embryonic/larval head sense organ
A region of cuticle and its underlying epidermis.
Region of integument of a tagma. http://flybase.org/cgi-bin/fbcvq.html?query=FBbt:00007289
insect tagmatic subdivision of integument
Left part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane.
Right part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane.
A collection of Purkinje fibers that receives signals from the right and left bundle branches and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle. The Purkinje fiber network creates synchronized contractions of the heart ventricles.
Hepatic serous coat; peritoneal covering of the liver, enclosing almost all except for a triangular area on its posterior surface (the 'bare area of the liver') and a smaller area where the liver and gallbladder are in direct contact.
Subserosal tissue of liver. A zone of areolar connective tissue lying beneath the serous coat of the liver and distinguished with difficulty from the fibrous capsule of Glisson.
A venule that is located in the anorectum.
An arteriole that is located in the anorectum.
An anatomical junction between two parts of the intestine.
A subdivision of the digestive tract in humans that includes the rectum, the anal canal and the anus.
A capillary that is part of the anorectum.
A capillary that is part of a small intestine.
blood vessel capillary of small intestine
A submucosal gland found in a respiratory tract.
Any of the smallest blood vessels where blood circulates within organ tissues. Microvessels include terminal arterioles, metarterioles, capillaries, and venules (but exclude lymphatic capillaries). Arterioles carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries, and blood flows out of the capillaries through venules into veins.
Collections of neurons in the central nervous system that have been demonstrated by histochemical fluorescence to contain the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (noradrenalin).
An anatomical system that eliminates waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity.
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an iliac vein.
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of the thoracic aorta.
An endothelium that is part of an iliac vein.
An endothelium that is part of the placental artery.
A zone of skin that is above the clavicle zone in the pectoral girdle region.
A zone of skin that is above the iliac crest in the pelvic girdle bone/zone.
A zone of skin that is part of the external genitalia.
Subserosa that is part of the uterine tube. It contains loose connective tissue, blood vessels and lymphatic tissue.
A muscle tissue that is associated with soft internal organs (viscera).
A striated muscle tissue that is associated with soft internal organs (viscera).
A spherical or tubular structure in a submucosal gland that produces and secretes mucus and other substances into the ducts leading to the surface epithelium.
A discrete anatomical unit of the lung that is composed of a segmental bronchus and the lung tissue supplied by that bronchus. A bronchopulmonary segment exhibits a pyramidal shape, with its apex pointing towards the center of the lung and its base toward the pleural surface.
A blood vessel that is part of the chorionic plate.
A stroma that is part of a chorionic villus (placental villus). A placental villous stroma supports the fetal capillaries and villous trophoblast.
A venule that is part of a lung and drains oxygenated blood from pulmonary capillaries. A pulmonary venule merges into a pulmonary vein branch that runs in the pulmonary interlobular septa.
A disc-shaped structure that is part of the placenta. A placental disc supports fetal development through the exchange of nutrients between maternal and fetal bloodstreams. The placental disc is structured to keep the blood streams separate, while maximizing surface area for the transport of nutrients between them, to maintain an immunological barrier.
A mesenchyme that is part of a chorionic villus.
Western Australian Mulga Shrublands Ecoregion
Australasia Ecoregion
Simpson Desert Region
Pilbara Shrublands Ecoregion
Carnarvon Xeric Shrublands Ecoregion
Central Ranges Xeric Shrub Ecoregion
Gibson Desert Ecoregion
The Great Sandy-Tanami Desert Ecoregion
Great Victoria Desert Ecoregion
Nullarbor Plains Xeric Shrubland Ecoregion
Afrotropical Ecoregion
Succulent Karoo Ecoregion
Arabian Peninsula: Yemen and Saudi Arabia
Yemen and Saudi Arabia Ecoregion
Arabian Peninsula: Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Oman
Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Oman Ecoregion
Somali montane xeric woodlands ecoregion
Somali Montane Xeric Woodland Ecoregion
Socotran Archipelago Ecoregion
Red Sea Coastal Desert Ecoregion
Namibian Savanna Woodland Ecoregion
Namib Desert Ecoregion
Nama Karoo Ecoregion
Masai Xeric Grasslands and Shrublands Ecoregion
Madagascar Succulent Woodlands Ecoregion
Madagascar Spiny Thickets Ecoregion
Africa: Coastal Namibia and Angola Ecoregion
Kaokoveld Desert Ecoregion
Kalahari Xeric Savanna Ecoregion
Southern Africa: Islands about half-way between southern Madagascar and southern Mozambique Ecoregion
Ile Europa and Bassas da India Ecoregion
Hobyo Grassland and Shrubland Ecoregion
Arabian Peninsula: Oman and United Arab Emirates Ecoregion
Oman and United Arab Emirates Ecoregion
Ethiopian Xeric Grasslands and Shrublands Ecoregion
Eritrean Coastal Desert Ecoregion
North central Africa: Eastern Chad and small area of western Sudan
East Saharan Montane Xeric Woodland Ecoregion
Western Asia: Oman, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia Ecoregion
Oman, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia Ecoregion
Aldabra Island Xeric Scrub Ecoregion
Indo-Malay Ecoregion
Thar Desert
Northwestern Thorn Scrub Forests
Solar radiation
example to be eventually removed
The term was used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology but in retrospect failed to do a good job
failed exploratory term
Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete.
metadata complete
Term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release
The term was created to ease viewing/sorting terms for development purposes, but will not be included in a release.
organizational term
Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release."
ready for release
Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors.
metadata incomplete
Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term.
uncurated
All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor.
pending final vetting
placeholder removed
terms merged
term imported
term split
universal
A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal
defined class
A named class expression is a logical expression that is given a name. The name can be used in place of the expression.
named class expression
Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology.
to be replaced with external ontology term
A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues.
requires discussion
The term was added to the ontology on the assumption it was in scope, but it turned out later that it was not.
inferring direct neg reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction
inferring direct positive reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction
effector input is compound function input
Input of effector is input of its parent MF
if effector directly negatively regulates X, its parent MF directly negatively regulates X
'causally downstream of' and 'overlaps' should be disjoint properties (a SWRL rule is required because these are non-simple properties).
'causally upstream of' and 'overlaps' should be disjoint properties (a SWRL rule is required because these are non-simple properties).