Aaron Smith (asmith) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-950X
Giulio Montanaro (gmontanaro) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0836-1364
Jennifer C. Girón (jgiron) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
Ryan Lumen (rlumen) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3958-7596
Sergei Tarasov (starasov) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330
The Coleoptera Anatomy Ontology contains terms used for describing the anatomy and phenotype of beetles in biodiversity research.
This annotation property defines a "sensu", which is the combination of a bibliographic reference, a label and a class (represented by verbatim and logical definitions). Given this model, independent observations can be inferred across to compute synonymy (multiple labels attached to one), homonymy (one label attached to multiple classes). Yoder MJ, Mikó I, Seltmann KC, Bertone MA, Deans AR (2010) A Gross Anatomy Ontology for Hymenoptera. PLOS ONE 5: e15991. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015991.g004 This annotation property is on the label of a class in owl.
sensu
The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
definition
An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user
curator note
An alternative name for a class or property which is unique across the OBO Foundry.
OBO foundry unique label
Ontology annotation property. Relates an ontology to a term that is a designated root term of the ontology. Display tools like OLS can use terms annotated with this property as the starting point for rendering the ontology class hierarchy. There can be more than one root.
has ontology root term
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
isReferencedBy
Date on which the resource was changed.
date_modified
An alternative label for a class or property which has the exact same meaning than the preferred name/primary label.
has exact synonym
X lateral to y if x is further from the midsagittal plane than y.
lateral_to
X medial to y if x is closer to the midsagittal plane than y.
medial_to
x encircles y if both x and y are regions of the 2D structure z, or 2D cross-sections of a 3D object z, and the boundary of y on z is exclusively continuous with x.
encircles
y is encircled by x if both x and y are regions of the 2D structure z, or 2D cross-sections of a 3D object z, and the boundary of y on z is exclusively continuous with y.
encircled by
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
part of
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
has part
x anterior to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the head. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail.
x distal to y iff x is further along the proximo-distal axis than y, towards the appendage tip. A proximo-distal axis extends from tip of an appendage (distal) to where it joins the body (proximal).
x dorsal to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the back. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that extends through an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly).
x posterior to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the body/tail. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail.
x proximal to y iff x is closer to the point of attachment with the body than y.
The elbow is proximal to the hand, but distal to the shoulder.
x ventral to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the front. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that extends through an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly).
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence.
Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing.
characteristic of
Inverse of characteristic_of
has characteristic
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
has quality
a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location
location of
contained in
contains
a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location
located in
A relation that holds between two linear structures that are approximately parallel to each other for their entire length and where either the two structures are adjacent to each other or one is part of the other.
Example: if we define region of chromosome as any subdivision of a chromosome along its long axis, then we can define a region of chromosome that contains only gene x as 'chromosome region' that coincident_with some 'gene x', where the term gene X corresponds to a genomic sequence.
X continuous_with Y if and only if X and Y share a fiat boundary.
The label for this relation was previously connected to. I relabeled this to "continuous with". The standard notion of connectedness does not imply shared boundaries - e.g. Glasgow connected_to Edinburgh via M8; my patella connected_to my femur (via patellar-femoral joint)
continuous with
U only_in_taxon T: U is a feature found in only in organisms of species of taxon T. The feature cannot be found in an organism of any species outside of (not subsumed by) that taxon. Down-propagates in U hierarchy, up-propagates in T hierarchy (species taxonomy). Implies applicable_to_taxon.
x only in taxon y if and only if x is in taxon y, and there is no other organism z such that y!=z a and x is in taxon z.
Down-propagates. The original name for this in the paper is 'specific_to'. Applicable to genes because some genes are lost in sub-species (strains) of a species.
x is in taxon y if an only if y is an organism, and the relationship between x and y is one of: part of (reflexive), developmentally preceded by, derives from, secreted by, expressed.
Connects a biological entity to its taxon of origin.
c connects a if and only if there exist some b such that a and b are similar parts of the same system, and c connects b, specifically, c connects a with b. When one structure connects two others it unites some aspect of the function or role they play within the system.
x adjacent to y if and only if x and y share a boundary.
adjacent to
a is attached to b if and only if a and b are discrete objects or object parts, and there are physical connections between a and b such that a force pulling a will move b, or a force pulling b will move a
attached to
OBSOLETE. q1 decreased_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) < magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale.
Refer to https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/454 for obsoletion reason. This relation is used to determine the 'directionality' of relative qualities such as 'decreased strength', relative to the parent type, 'strength'.
obsolete decreased_in_magnitude_relative_to
OBSOLETE. q1 increased_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) > magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale.
Refer to https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/454. This relation is used to determine the 'directionality' of relative qualities such as 'increased strength', relative to the parent type, 'strength'.
obsolete increased_in_magnitude_relative_to
x anteriorly_connected_to y iff the anterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x posterior_to y.
x posteriorly_connected_to y iff the posterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x anterior_to y.
The projection of the inner surface of the cuticle.
cuticular internal depression
The region of cuticle that is composed two articular surfaces that are adjacent to each other.
Articulations are 'anatomical clusters', collections of not direclty connected (continuous) sclerite surfaces that are adjacent to another sclerite. The cranio-mandibular articulation is the articular surface of the cranium and the adjacent articular surface of the mandible. The articular surfaces are sometimes located on the same sclerite.
The region of the insect cuticle that is less flexible than the neighboring conjunctiva(e) (conjunctiva(e) that the sclerite is continuous with.
insect sclerite
sclerite
The area of the cuticle that is less flexible than adjacent conjunctivae.
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sclerite: distinctly sclerotized region of the integument, with thick layer of exocuticle."
Modified 2023-01-09: specifying insect sclerite. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The region of the insect cuticle that is more flexible than the neighboring sclerite(s) [sclerite(s) that the conjunctiva is continuous with].
Conjunctivae are more flexible and usually less thick than sclerties of the cuticle allowing the sclerites to move relative to each other. Micro-CT based methods cannot be used to accurately differentiate slcerites from conjunctiuvae. CLSM (the excitation wavelengths of sclerites and conjunctivae are different in response of 488 nm emission vawelength), histological sections or simple dissections need to be applied to define relative flexibility of the insect cuticle. If a conjunctiva entirelly encircles a sclerite, then the 'encircles' and 'encircled by' object properties are used to link the sclerite and the conjunctiva even in cases in which the encircled sclerites or conjunctivae are part of an evagination allowing to model spatial relationship between appendage segments: the pedicel is encircled by the scapal-pedicellar conjunctiva, which is encircled by the scape or the the coxa encircles the coxo-femoral conjunctiuva that encircels the femur.
conjunctiva
The area of the cuticle that is more flexible than adjacent sclerites.
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Membrane: very flexible, unsclerotized area of the integument."
The region of the cuticle that corresponds to a concave surface.
External cuticular depression. The surface of the cuticle in insects is the entire surface of an organism, and it is composed of flat, concave and convex regions. Concavities sometimes correspons with invaginations of the cuticle and the underlaying sinlge layer epidermis, somtimes correspond to a decreased cuticular thickness.
cuticular depression
The region of cuticle that corresponds with an invagination of the single layer epidermis (epidermal fold). The cuticular invagination sometimes corresponds to a cuticular depression (concavity on the surface of the cuticle).
cuticular invagination
The region of cuticle with higher content of resilin.
elastic cuticle
The region of the cuticle that corresponds to a convex surface.
The surface of the cuticle in insects is the entire surface of an organism, and it is composed of flat, concave and convex regions. Convexities sometimes correspons with evaginations of the cuticle and the underlaying sinlge layer epidermis and sometimes correspond to an increased cuticular thickness."
cuticular protrusion
A part or structure that is produced by evagination.
evaginated
The articulation between the mandible and the cranium.
insect cranio-mandibular articulation
Modified 2023-02-05: specified insect. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The articulation between the cardo and the cranium.
cranio-cardinal articulation
The articulation between the scapus and the cranium.
cranio-antennal articulation
The articulation between the head and the neck.
insect head-cervical articulation
The sclerite of the insect maxilla that is attached to the head capsule by the oral foraminal conjunctiva and to the cuticle of stipes by the stipito-cardinal conjunctiva.
cardo
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Cardo: basal element of maxilla, articulating with head capsule; usually moved by one cranial muscle and one tentorial muscle."
The sclerite of the insect head that is attached to the neck membrane and the oral foraminal conjunctiva, bears the eye cuticle and surrounds the brain
cephalic capsule
head capsule
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "The head capsule is almost always a rigid, well sclerotized structural unit, equipped with a defined set of appendages. It is reinforced by strengthening ridges and the endoskeletal tentorium"
The axillary sclerite that is on the dorsal region of the basal wing conjunctiva and lateral to the first axillary sclerite.
dorsal second axillary sclerite
Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the tergum by the metanoto-abdominal tergite I conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite II by the abdominal tergite I-abdominal tergite II conjunctiva.
abdominal tergite I
The axillary sclerite that is part of the dorsal region of the basal wing conjunctiva and is anterior to the third axillary sclerite.
first axillary sclerite
The cuticle of the appendage of the insect maxilla that is attached to the stipes by the stipito-galeal conjunctiva.
galea
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Galea: outer endite lobe of maxilla, usually semimembranous and equipped with sensilla (mainly chemoreceptors)."
The cuticle of the paired appendage of the labium that is attached to the palpiger by the palpigero-palpal conjunctiva.
labial palpus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Labial palp: tactile appendage of the labium."
The cuticle of the appendage of the insect maxilla that is attached to the cuticle of stipes by the stipito-lacinial conjunctiva.
lacinia
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Lacinia: inner endite lobe of maxilla, usually firmly connected or fused with stipes; usually sclerotized, with mesally curved apex and articulated spines arranged along mesal edge."
The region of cuticle that corresponds with an evagination of the cuticle and the single layer epidermis (epidermal fold). The cuticular evagination usually corresponds to a cuticular protrusion (convexity on the surface of the cuticle).
cuticular evagination
The cuticular protrusion that does not correspond to an evagination.
solid cuticular protrusion
The evagination of the cuticle that is musculated (connected to the body via muscles).
insect appendage
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "any part, piece, or organ attached by a joint to the body or to any other main structure"
The cuticle of the paired appendage of the insect thorax that is composed of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, and pretarsus.
insect leg
The cuticle of the appendage of the head capsule that is connected by the antenniferal-scapal conjunctiva to the cuticle of the scapus, which is connected by the scapal-pedicellar conjunctiva to the cuticle of the pedicellus; the cuticle of the pedicellus is connected by the pedicellar-first flagellomeral conjunctiva to the cuticle of the first flagellomere; the cuticle of the first flagellomere is connected by interflagellomeral conjunctiva to the next cuticle of flagellomere. Further cuticle of flagellomeres are connected to each other by interflagellomeral conjunctiva.
antenna
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Antenna: head appendage of segment 2, innervated by deutocerebrum; in Insecta composed of scapus, pedicellus and flagellum; primarily multisegmented and filiform."
The cuticle of the flat, paired appendage on the dorso-lateral region of the pterothorax.
insect wing
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "in adult insects or subimago of Ephemeroptera, paired mambranous appendages, supported by veins, located on the mesothorax or metathorax, functioning in flight"
The cuticle of the paired appendage of the prothorax that is anterior to the cuticle of a mid leg and composed of cuticle of procoxa, cuticle of protrochanter, cuticle of profemur, cuticle of protibia, cuticle of protarsus, and cuticle of propretarsus.
fore leg
The cuticle of the paired appendage of the mesothorax that is posterior to the cuticle of a fore leg, anterior to the cuticle of a hind leg, and composed of cuticle of mesocoxa, cuticle of mesotrochanter, cuticle of mesofemur, cuticle of mesotibia, cuticle of mesotarsus, and cuticle of mesopretarsus.
mid leg
The cuticle of the paired appendage of the metathorax that is posterior to the cuticle of a mid leg and composed of cuticle of metacoxa, cuticle of metatrochanter, cuticle of metafemur, cuticle of metatibia, cuticle of metatarsus, and cuticle of metapretarsus.
hind leg
The cuticle of the paired insect wing that is continuous with the mesonotum.
fore wing
The cuticle of the paired insect wing that is continuous with the metanotum.
hind wing
The unicellular cuticular evagination that constitutes a sclerite with its base surrounded by socket membrane.
cuticular seta
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Seta (=macrotrichium): articulated hair with socket, formed by trichogen cell."
The multicellular evagination of the cuticle that corresponds to an epithelial fold, composed of some sclerite that is encricled by a conjunctiva (moveable).
The difference between an appendage and a spur is the lack of muscles attached to the spur, otherwise, the mandible would be also a spur. Spines are multicellular evaginations that are not encircled by conjunctivae. Moveable beetle horns are spurs while not moveable beetle horns are spines.
cuticular spur
Richards AG, Richards PA (1979) The cuticular protuberances of insects. International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 8: 143–157. "Multicellular protuberances without differentiation of specialized cells"
cuticular scale
squama
Oberprieler, R. G., & Zimmerman, E. C. (2020). Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Volume IV. Curculionidae: Entiminae Part I. CSIRO Publishing. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/202 "squamae (scales)" p. 49
The cuticle of the mouthpart and appendage that is attached to the clypeus by the clypeo-labral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the epipharynx.
labrum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Labrum: unpaired upper lip, connected with distal edge of clypeus."
The cuticle of the mouthpart and sclerite between the cuticle of the labrum and the cuticle of the insect maxilla that is attached to the head capsule by the oral foraminal conjunctiva and the cranio-mandibular muscle.
insect mandible
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "The mandibles are the paired appendages of the 4th head segment and receive their innervation from the anterior part of the suboesophageal ganglion [...] They are primarily a compact, undivided and strongly sclerotized element without appendages."
The cuticle of the mouthpart appendage of the head capsule, between the cuticle of the insect mandible and the cuticle of the labium, composed of cuticle of cardo, which is attached to the cuticle of stipes by the cardo-stipital conjunctiva; the cuticle of stipes, which is attached to the cuticle of galea by the stipito-galeal conjunctiva, to the cuticle of lacinia by the stipito-lacinial conjunctiva, and to the cuticle of palpifer by the stipito-palpiferal conjunctiva; the cuticle of palpifer is attached to the cuticle of maxillary palpus by the palpifero-palpal conjunctiva.
insect maxilla
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Maxilla: head appendage of segment 5, innervated by maxillary nerve originating from intermediate part of suboesophageal complex; primarily composed of cardo, stipes, endite lobes (lacinia, galea) and maxillary palp."
The conjunctiva of the insect thorax that connects the mesothorax and the metathorax.
mesothoracic-metathoracic conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect thorax joining the prothorax and the mesothorax.
prothoracic-mesothoracic conjunctiva
The cuticle of the appendage of the insect leg that is attached to the cuticle of tarsus by the tarso-pretarsal conjunctiva.
ungues
pretarsus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Ungues: pretarsal claws; unpaired in Collembola and Protura, usually paired in Diplura and Insecta."
The cuticle of the appendage of the cuticle of labium composed of the cuticle of glossa and cuticle of paraglossa jointly.
ligula
Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "Ligula - The terminal lobes of the labium collectively, or a terminal part of the labium formed by the union of the lobes."
The cuticle of the appendage of the labium, and part of the ligula, that is attached to the prementum by the premental-glossal conjunctiva.
glossa
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Glossa: paired inner endite lobes of the prementum."
The cuticle of the paired appendage of the labium, and part of the ligula, that is attached to the cuticle of prementum by the premental-paraglossal conjunctiva.
paraglossa
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Paraglossa: paired outer endite lobes of the prementum (labium)."
The cuticle of the appendage of the insect maxilla that is attached to the cuticle of palpifer by the palpifero-palpal conjunctiva.
maxillary palpus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Palp: tactile appendage of maxilla"
The notum or sclerite on the dorsal region of the mesothorax that is posterior to the pronotum, connected via the mesonoto-mesopleural conjuntiva to the dorsal margin of the mesopleuron, that is not adjacent to the mesocoxa, but attached to it by the mesocoxal muscle.
mesonotum
The sclerite that is continuous with the basal mesocoxal conjunctiva and the basal wing conjunctiva and contains the mesofurca.
mesopectus
The trochantin that is located on the ventro-lateral region of the mesothorax and is attached to a mesocoxa and surrounded by the basal mesocoxal conjunctiva.
mesotrochantin
The trochantin that is located on the ventro-lateral region of the prothorax and is attached to a procoxa and surrounded by the basal procoxal conjunctiva.
protrochantin
The trochantin that is located on the ventro-lateral region of the metathorax and is attached to a metacoxa and surrounded by the basal metacoxal conjunctiva.
metatrochantin
The sclerite of the labium that is connected to the mentum by the mental-premental conjunctiva, to the palpiger by the premental-palpigeral conjunctiva, to the paraglossa by the premental-paraglossal conjunctiva, and to the glossa by the premental-glossal conjunctiva.
prementum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Prementum: distal main element of labium, bearing the endite lobes (glossa and paraglossa) and the labial palp."
The sclerite that is posterior to the pronotum and receives the site of attachment of the dilutor muscle of the first thoracic spiracle.
prepectus
The notum or sclerite on the dorsal region of the prothorax that is attached to cranial muscles, procoxal muscles, contiuous posterioirly with the neck membrane and with pronoto-propleural conjunctiva and not adjacent (not touching) to the procoxa.
pronotum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pronotum: prothoracic tergum."
The cuticle of the mere that is part of the labial palpus.
labial palpomere
The sclerite on the ventral region of the prothorax that bears the profurca and is attached to the propleuro-prosternal conjunctiva.
prosternum
The sclerite that is cylindrical and encircles and is encircled by conjunctiva.
ring sclerite
The ring sclerite that is part of an appendage and is attached to muscle.
appendage segment
The cuticle of the segment of the mid leg that is attached to the latero-ventral region of the mesothorax by the basal mesocoxal conjunctiva and to the mesotrochanter by the mesocoxal-mesotrochanteral conjunctiva.
mesocoxa
The cuticle of the segment of the hind leg that is attached to the latero-ventral region of the metathorax by the basal metacoxal conjunctiva and to the metatrochanter by the metacoxal-metatrochanteral conjunctiva.
metacoxa
The cuticle of the segment of the fore leg that is attached to the latero-ventral region of the prothorax by the basal procoxal conjunctiva and to the protrochanter by the procoxal-protrochanteral conjunctiva.
procoxa
The cuticle of the segment of a fore leg attached to the distal margin of the profemur by the profemoro-protibial conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the protarsus by the protibio-protarsal conjunctiva.
protibia
The cuticle of the segment of a mid leg attached to the distal margin of the mesofemur by the mesofemoro-mesotibial conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the mesotarsus by the mesotibio-mesotarsal conjunctiva.
mesotibia
The cuticle of the segment of a hind leg attached to the distal margin of the metafemur by the metafemoro-metatibial conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the metatarsus by the metatibio-metatarsal conjunctiva.
metatibia
The cuticle of the segment of a fore leg attached to the distal margin of the protrochanter by the protrochantero-profemoral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the protibia by the profemoro-protibial conjunctiva.
profemur
The cuticle of the segment of a mid leg attached to the distal margin of the mesotrochanter by the mesotrochantero-mesofemoral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the mesotibia by the mesofemoro-mesotibial conjunctiva.
mesofemur
The cuticle of the segment of a hind leg attached to the distal margin of the metatrochanter by the metatrochantero-metafemoral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the metatibia by the metafemoro-metatibial conjunctiva.
metafemur
The ring sclerite that is part of an appendage and is not attached to somatic muscle.
mere
The cuticle of the mere that is part of the tarsus.
tarsomere
"Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tarsomere: subelement of tarsus in Insecta; number often taxon-specific, sometimes differing on legs of different segments (diagnostic value: tarsal formula)."
The cuticle of the segment of a leg attached to the distal margin of the femur by the femoro-tibial conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the tarsus by the tibio-tarsal conjunctiva.
tibia
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tibia: 4th element of leg; usually cylindrical and equipped with paired terminal spurs, often with rows of spines."
The cuticle of the segment of a leg attached to the distal margin of the trochanter by the trochantero-femoral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the tibia by the femoro-tibial conjunctiva.
femur
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Femur: 3rd element of leg, often largest part."
The cuticle of the segment of the leg that is attached to the latero-ventral region of the insect thorax by the basal coxal conjunctiva and to the trochanter by the coxal-trochanteral conjunctiva.
coxa
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Coxa: basal element of leg; articulated with pleural, sternal and usually also trochantinal elements of thoracic segment."
The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule.
insect cranial muscle
lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932
The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the antenna.
cranio-antennal muscle
The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the insect mandible.
cranio-mandibular muscle
The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the labium.
cranio-labial muscle
The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the labrum.
cranio-labral muscle
The coxal muscle of the mesocoxa.
mesocoxal muscle
The somatic muscle that inserts in the coxa.
All of the coxal muscles, except the second sternal-metacoxal muscle, are attached to the thorax.
coxal muscle
The cuticle of the mouthpart appendage composed of the cuticle of submentum, which is attached by the submental-mental conjunctiva to the cuticle of mentum, which is attached by the mental-premental conjunctiva to the cuticle of prementum, which is attached to the cuticle of palpiger by the premental-palpigeral conjunctiva, the cuticle of paraglossa by the premental-paraglossal conjunctiva, and the cuticle of glossa by the premental-glossal conjunctiva; the cuticle of palpiger is attached by the palpigero-palpal conjunctiva to the cuticle of labial palpus.
labium
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "The labium or lower lip forms the posterior (orthognathous head) or ventral (prognathous head) closure of the preoral space and of the salivarium. It is homologous to the maxilla (2nd maxilla) of crustaceans, but its proximal parts form a structural unit without a recognizable median line or suture."
The elastic cuticle of the head capsule that is transparent and covers the eye.
eye cuticle
The resilin rich region that connects two sclerites.
insect ligament
Modified 2023-01-09 to specify insect ligament. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The apodeme of elastic cuticle that is continuous with somatic muscle.
The usually cylindircal evagination of the cuticle that is resilin rich and is continuous with somatic muscles.
cuticular tendon
Klass K-D (2001) The female abdomen of the viviparous earwig Hemimerus vosseleri (Insecta: Dermaptera: Hemimeridae), with a discussion of the postgenital abdomen of Insecta. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 251–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb02239.x "tendon is used herein to designate membranous internal cuticular projections"
The branching invagination of elastic cuticle that is cylindrical and contains taenidia.
insect trachea
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Trachea: tube-shaped elements of the tracheal system."
Modified 2023-01-09 to specify insect trachea. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The conjunctiva of the insect head that is attached to the salivarium and to the oral foraminal conjunctiva.
hypopharynx
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Hypopharynx: median unpaired lobe between mouthparts and epipharynx; anterior (dorsal) surface continuous with anterior pharynx."
The conjunctiva of the insect thorax that joins the mesopleuron and the metapleuron.
mesopleuro-metapleural conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the mesothorax that joins the metasternum and the metacoxa.
metasterno-metacoxal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the prothorax that joins the prosternum and the procoxa.
prosternal-procoxal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the metathorax that joins the metapleuron and the metacoxa.
metapleuro-metacoxal conjunctiva
The conjuctiva that is continuous with the posterior margin of the head capsule and with the anterior margin of the prothorax, and bears cervical sclerites.
neck membrane
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Cervical membrane: membrane connecting the head and prothorax."
The conjunctiva of the insect head that connects the head capsule and the mouthparts.
oral foraminal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect thorax that joins the pronotum and the mesonotum.
pronoto-mesonotal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that is attached to the pronotum and the mesopectus.
pronoto-mesopectal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles a ring sclerite.
ring conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the mesocoxa and connects it to the ventral and lateral regions of the mesothorax.
basal mesocoxal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the metacoxa and connects it to the ventral and lateral regions of the metathorax.
basal metacoxal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect head that is connected to the oral foraminal conjunctiva and to the distal margin of the labrum.
epipharynx
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Epipharynx: semimembranous or membranous posterior wall of labrum and roof of cibarium."
The conjunctiva that encircles the procoxa and connects it to the ventral and lateral regions of the prothorax.
basal procoxal conjunctiva
The cuticular region that is anterior (distal) to the neck membrane (encircled by the neck membrane) and contains the head capsule, the antenna, the eyes, mouthparts and surrounds the brain.
insect head
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "The head is a compact and complex tagma with a concentration of a broad array of structures und functions. It is equipped with sense organs such as the highly complex compound eyes and the antennae, an elaborate set of mouthparts, and a complex muscle apparatus. It also contains central elements of the nervous system, the anterior part of the digestive tract including the cibarium (preoral cavity) and the salivarium, and also neurohaemal organs."
The region of cuticle that is connected to some muscles of the fore and hind legs and is posterior to the neck membrane and aterior to the first abdominal spiracle.
The hind leg muscles sometimes attach to the second abdominal sternite. The abdominal sopiracles are different in their structure from tghe thoracic spiracles as they are opened and closed by two articulating sclerites that are moved by two sets of muscles whereas the thoracic spiracles are closed by only one occlusor muscle and opened by the flexibility of the distal tracheal region. The border between the thorax and the abdomen is sometimes marked by the anterior first abdmonial tergal conjunctiva. In Hymenoptera, the border between the abdomen and the thorax cannot be defined as the anterior first abdmonial tergal conjunctiva is absent, the sclerite that receives muscles from the metacoxa also contains the first abdominal spiracle.
insect thorax
The region of the cuticle that is posterior to the thorax.
The thorax is defined based on local properties (e.g. attachment sites of coxal muscles) and therefore we can reference this class for the definition of the abdomen.
insect abdomen
The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the cardo and the stipes.
cardo-stipital conjunctiva
The cuticle of the sclerite of the insect maxilla that is attached to the cuticle of cardo by the cardo-stipital conjunctiva, attached to the cuticle of lacinia by the stipito-lacinial conjunctiva, attached to the cuticle of palpifer by the stipito-palpiferal conjunctiva, and attached to the cuticle of galea by the stipito-galeal conjunctiva.
stipes
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Stipes: second element of maxilla, connected with cardo by a hinge; bearing endite lobes (galea and lacinia) and maxillary palp."
The conjunctiva that encircles the base of the antenna (scape) and is encircled by the head capsule as the antennal foramen.
cranio-antennal conjunctiva
The cuticle of the segment of the antenna that is connected to the head capsule and the antennifer by the basal antennal conjunctiva and to the pedicellus by the scapal-pedicellar conjunctiva.
scapus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 Scapus: basal element of antenna, with two muscles attached to the pedicellus.
The conjunctiva of the antenna that connects the scapus and the pedicellus.
scapal-pedicellar conjunctiva
The cuticle of the segment of the antenna that is attached to the scapus by the scapal-pedicellar conjunctiva and to the first flagellomere by the pedicel-first flagellomere conjunctiva.
pedicellus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pedicellus: second antennal segment in Insecta; contains Johnston’s organ and lacks intrinsic muscles."
The cuticle of the mere that is part of the antenna.
flagellomere
The cuticle of the first flagellomere of the antenna, attached to the pedicel by the pedicel-first flagellomere conjunctiva.
first flagellomere
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Flagellomere: segment of the flagellum."
The conjunctiva of the antenna that connects the pedicellus and the first flagellomere.
pedicellar-first flagellomeral conjunctiva
The region of the cuticle on the lateral region of the metathorax that is attached to the metanotum and the metasternum, and is attached to the metacoxa by the metacoxal muscle and the basal metacoxal conjunctiva.
metapleuron
The conjunctiva of the prothorax that joins the propleuron and the procoxa.
propleuro-procoxal conjunctiva
The sclerite on the ventral region of the mesothorax that bears the mesofurca and is attached to the mesopleuro-mesosternal conjunctiva.
mesosternum
The conjunctiva of the fore leg joining the distal margin of a procoxa and the proximal margin of a protrochanter.
procoxal-protrochanteral conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the mid leg joining the distal margin of a mesocoxa and the proximal margin of a mesotrochanter.
mesocoxal-mesotrochanteral conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the hind leg joining the distal margin of a metacoxa and the proximal margin of a metatrochanter.
metacoxal-metatrochanteral conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that corresponds to one epithelial cell and surrounds a sclerotized unicellular cuticular evagination.
Should coincide with 'exactly one' epithelial cell, but that violates OWL specs.
socket membrane
The cuticular evagination that corresponds to the evagination on the membrane of a single cell and not to the evagination of a cell layer.
unicellular cuticular evagination
The region of cuticle that corresponds to the evagination of the single layer epithelium.
multicellular cuticular evagination
The seta that has one opening distally.
Should coincide with 'exactly one' pore canal, but that violates OWL specs.
uniporous sensillum
Modified 2023-01-11: added has part cuticular seta. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
Modified 2023-01-11: moved under cuticular sensilla; added has part cuticular seta. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The seta that has multiple cuticular pores (openings of class III exocrine glands).
multiporous sensillum
Ando, T., Sekine, S., Inagaki, S., Misaki, K., Badel, L., Moriya, H., Sami, M.M., Itakura, Y., Chihara, T., Kazama, H. and Yonemura, S., 2019. Nanopore formation in the cuticle of an insect olfactory sensillum. Current Biology, 29(9), pp.1512-1520. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982219303410#fig4
The multiporous plate that is elongated.
placoid sensillum
The multiporous sensillum that is flat.
multiporous plate
The branching cuticular invagination that corresponds to the invagination of the membrane of a single cell and does not contain taenidia.
cuticular exocrine gland duct
The region of the cuticle that is continuous to the proximal region of a trachea and can be closed by muscles.
insect spiracle
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Spiracle: external opening of the tracheal system."
Modified 2023-01-09: specifying insect spiracle. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The cuticular ivagination that is branched into umerous branches.
Branching cuticular invaginations porvide important models for branchig morphogenesis.
branching cuticular invagination
The branching cuticular invagination that is located between the mid and hindgut.
malphigian tube
The cuticular invagination that is hollow.
The apophysis in HAO refers to an ivagination of the cuticle that is cylindrical as opposed to a ridge that is elongate. Beutel et al. 2014 differentiate apodemes from apophyses in that apodemes are solid and apophyses are hollow.
cuticular apophysis
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Apophysis: hollow cuticular invagination."
The coiled ridge in the wall of the trachea.
taenidium
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Taenidium: spiral-shaped strengthening ridge of the tracheae."
The furca of the mesothorax that is attached to the mesocoxa via muscle.
mesendosternite
mesofurca
Lawrence JF, Beutel RG, Leschen RA, Ślipiński A (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4: 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "A pair of internal apodemes formed by invaginations within the mesocoxal cavities and representing the original furca."
The furca of the metathorax that is attached to the metacoxa via muscle.
metafurca
metendosternite
Lawrence JF, Beutel RG, Leschen RA, Ślipiński A (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4: 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "Complex internal apodeme equivalent to the metafurca. Arises at or near the posterior edge of the metaventrite usually at the junction of the discrimen and the metakatepisternal suture and projecting anterodorsally. It usually consists of a median stalk, two short to long lateral arms and an anterior process from which a pair of tendons arise; however a lamina may be associated with each of the lateral arms and a pair of anteroventral processes may arise from the point where the lateral arms meet the stalk. In some taxa the stalk may be short or absent and the anterior tendons often arise on the arms [Crowson 1938, 1944, 1955]."
The furca of the prothorax that is attached to the procoxa via muscle.
profurca
The apophysis that is located ventromedially on the thorax and is connected to the coxa via muscles.
endosternite
furca
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Furca (=sternal apophysis, endosternite): endoskeletal element (entapophysis) of furcasternum; paired furcal arms often connected with pleural ridge by short muscle."
The coxal muscle of the procoxa.
procoxal muscle
The coxal muscle of the metacoxa.
metacoxal muscle
The somatic muscle that inserts in the femur.
femoral muscle
The somatic muscle that inserts in the tibia.
tibial muscle
The somatic muscle that inserts in the pretarsus.
There are usually two muscle bands of the pretarsal muscle, one is arising from the femur, the other from the tibia. The muscle usually inserts on a resilin rich basal sclerite of the pretarsus, the unguitractor plate.
pretarsal muscle
The somatic muscle that inserts in the profemur.
profemoral muscle
The somatic muscle that inserts in the mesofemur.
mesofemoral muscle
The somatic muscle that inserts in the metafemur.
metafemoral muscle
The somatic muscle that inserts in the protibia.
protibial muscle
The somatic muscle that inserts in the mesotibia.
mesotibial muscle
The somatic muscle that inserts in the metatibia.
metatibial muscle
The cuticular depression that is circular.
cuticular fovea
The cuticular depression that does not correspond to an epithelial fold.
The cuticular depression (concavity on the surface of the cuticle) that does not correspond to a cuticular invagination (epithelial fold). The cuticule is less thick at the site of a cuticular impression.
cuticular groove
former 'impression' imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075
The invagination on a sclerite that is elongated.
cuticular ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Ridge: cuticular strengthening ridge." "They are not lines of fusion or molting lines."(p. 12)
The conjunctiva in the head capsule that forms a pouch between the hypopharynx and the labium and bears the exocrine gland duct.
salivarium
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Salivarium: posterior part of preoral space between hypopharynx and labium, with opening of salivary ducts."
The invagination of the cuticle that is largely membranous.
cuticular pouch
The ridge that is in the sagittal line of the ventral part thorax.
discrimenal lamella
The cuticular depression (concavity on cuticle surface) that corresponds with a cuticular ridge (an elongate cuticular invagination).
cuticular sulcus
The longitudinal (parallel to antero-posterior axis) sulcus that corresponds to the discrimenal lamella.
discrimen
jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Discrimen: longitudinal ridge medially dividing the sternum"
The cuticle of the appendage of the insect head that is encircled by the oral foraminal conjunctiva.
mouthpart
The insect articulation between the propleuron and the procoxa.
propleuro-procoxal articulation
The region of cuticle where two sclerites meet.
articular surface
The sclerite of the salivarium.
salivary sclerite
The notum or sclerite on the dorsal region of the metathorax that is posterior to the mesonotum, connected via the metanoto-metapleural conjuntiva to the dorsal margin of the metapleuron, that is not adjacent to the metacoxa, but attached to it by the metacoxal muscle.
metanotum
The sclerite that is continuous with the basal metacoxal conjunctiva and the basal wing conjunctiva and contains the metafurca.
metapectus
The conjunctiva is encircled by a tarsomere that encircles another tarsomere.
intertarsomeral conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the coxa and connects them to the ventral and lateral thoracic regions.
These conjunctivae can be used as stable reference points in insects that poseess legs, and can be used to define sclerites on the lateral side of the thorax.
basal coxal conjunctiva
The insect region of integument that is part of the chitin-based cuticle.
The AISM focuses on anatomical structures that are part of the insect (chitinous) cuticle. These structures are acellular regions of the integument. Regions of the insect cuticle with different mechanical properties (i.e. increased and descresed flexinility, thickness, and elasticity) are continuous with each other (e.g. sclerites are continuous with conjunctivae or resilin rich regions are continuous with regions with less resilin content).
region of cuticle
The orifice that is contained by the cuticle and connects the inside of the insect with the outside, is tubular, and whose diameter is smaller than 100 nm.
pore canal
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pore canals: thin perforations of the cuticle."
The solid cuticular protrusion that coincides with only one epidermal cell (smaller than the diameter of the epidermal cell).
acantha
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Acanthae: hairs without sockets, one per hypodermal cell."
The hairlike seta that is short and thick walled.
sensillum chaeticum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sensillum chaeticum: shorter than sensillum trichodeum, thick-walled."
The cuticular seta that is elongated and acuminate.
Hairlike seta that is long.
sensillum trichodeum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sensillum trichodeum: hair-like sensilla, seta associated with sensory cell."
Seta that is located in the middle of a depression with narrowed external opening.
sensillum coeloconicum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sensillum coeloconicum: sensillum with modified seta in a cavity, with narrowed external opening of surrounding cuticle."
The solid cuticular invagination of a sclerite.
apodeme
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Apodeme: solid cuticular invagination serving as muscle insertion area."
Klass K-D (2001) The female abdomen of the viviparous earwig Hemimerus vosseleri (Insecta: Dermaptera: Hemimeridae), with a discussion of the postgenital abdomen of Insecta. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 251–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb02239.x "tendon is used herein to designate sclerotized internal cuticular projections"
The seta that is conical.
sensillum basiconicum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sensillum basiconicum: sensillum with rounded, conical seta."
The cuticular protrusion of the head capsule thag is continuous with the antenniferal-scapal conjunctiva and adjacent to the cuticle of the scapus
The cuticular protrusion (process, protuberace) that bears the cranial articular surface of the cranio-antennal articulation.
antennifer
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Antennifer: small cephalic process articulating with the antenna."
The solid, paired, branching cuticular invagination of the head capsule that is attached to the antenna and the mouthparts via muscles.
The paired apophysis that connects the posterior (ventral in prognathous head) and anterior (dorsal in prognathous head) walls of the head capsule and serves as site of isertion of atennal and mouthpart muscles.
tentorium
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tentorium: cephalic endoskeleton, usually composed of paired anterior, posterior and dorsal tentorial arms and a transverse tentorial bridge (corpotentorium)."
The insect cranial muscle that is attached to the tentorium and to the antenna.
tentorio-antennal muscle
The cuticular depression that corresponds to an apophysis.
cuticular pit
The tentorial pit that correspods to the anterior (dorsal in prognathous head) end of the tentorium.
anterior tentorial pit
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anterior tentorial pit (or groove): externally visible invagination area and origin of anterior tentorial arm; adjacent with dorsolateral clypeal margin."
The tentorial pit that correspods to the posterior (ventral in prognathous head) end of the tentorium.
posterior tentorial pit
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Posterior tentorial pit (or groove): externally visible invagination of posterior part of head capsule and origin of posterior tentorial arm; adjacent with foramen occipitale or gula."
The cuticular pit that correspods to the tentorium.
tentorial pit
The foramen encircled by a sclerite.
arthropod foramen
The arthropod foramen of the head capsule that contains the antennifer and surrounds the scapus via the antenniferal-scapal conjunctiva.
antennal socket
torulus
antennal foramen
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "antennal socket = torulus = basal socket of antenna"
The paired sclerite of the postabdomen that is attached to the abdominal tergite IX by the abdominal tergite IX-gonocoxa IX conjunctiva and is articulated with abdominal tergite IX.
second coxopodite
second gonocoxite
second valvifer
distal gonocoxite
gonocoxa IX
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Coxopodite (=valvifer, gonocoxa, gonocoxite): short basal piece of ovipositor elements of female genital segments VIII and IX."
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ [adjusted] distal subdivision of the gonocoxites.
The conjunctiva of the postabdomen that connects the abdominal tergite IX and the gonocoxa IX.
abdominal tergite IX-gonocoxa IX conjunctiva
The protrusion on a sclerite that is elongated.
keel
cuticular carina
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "an elevated ridge or keel, not necessarily high or acute"
dorsal postabdomen
The cuticular fovea that is small.
cuticular puncture
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "a small impression on the cuticle"
The cuticular protrusion of a sclerite that is small.
cuticular granule
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "a little grain or a minute grainlike elevation".
The cuticular protrusion of a sclerite that is rounded (circular).
cuticular tubercle
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "a small knoblike or rounded protuberance"
The cuticular protrusion of a sclerite that is sharp.
cuticular spine
Richards AG, Richards PA (1979) The cuticular protuberances of insects. International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 8: 143–157. "Multicellular protuberances without differentiation of specialized cells [...] evaginations, non-movable"
The region of cuticle that bears an anatomical collection that is composed of granules.
granulated cuticle
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "covered with or made up of very small grains or granules"
The region of cuticle that bears an anatomical collection that is composed of punctures.
punctate cuticle
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "set with fine, impressed points or punctures appearing as pin-pricks"
The region of the cuticle that bears an anatomical collection that is composed of setae.
setose cuticle
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "furnished or covered with setae or stiff hairs"
The cuticular evagination constituted by conjunctiva that is elongated.
conjunctival keel
The cuticular evagination constituted by conjunctiva that is circular.
conjunctival tubercle
The cuticular depression constituted by conjunctiva that is elongated.
conjunctival fold
The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the dorsal tentorial arm and the proximal margin of the scapus.
anterior tentorio-scapal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior or dorsal tentorial arms" "Insertion: Anterior (ventral) basal margin of the scape"
The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the dorsal or anterior tentorial arm and the proximo-dorsal margin of the scapus.
posterior tentorio-scapal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior or dorsal tentorial arms" "Insertion: Posterior (dorsal) basal margin of the scape"
The cranio-antennal muscle that extends between the dorsal or anterior tentorial arm and the proximo-lateral margin of the scapus.
lateral tentorio-scapal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior or dorsal tentorial arms" "Insertion: Lateral basal margin of the scape"
The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the dorsal or anterior tentorial arm and the proximal margin of the scapus.
medial tentorio-scapal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior or dorsal tentorial arms" "Insertion: Mesal basal margin of the scape"
The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the frons and the pedicellus.
fronto-pedicellar muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Frons" "Insertion: Lateral edge of the pedicel"
The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the dorsal or dorsolateral regions of the scapus and the lateral or dorsolateral regions of the pedicellus.
lateral scapo-pedicellar muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Dorsal or dorsolateral wall of the scape" "Insertion: Lateral or dorsolateral wall of the pedicel"
The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the scapus and the pedicellus.
medial scapo-pedicellar muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mesal or dorsomesal wall of the scape" "Insertion: Mesal, anteriomesal or anterior edge of the pedicel"
The cranio-labral muscle that is attached to the frons and the labrum.
frontolabral muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mesally on the frons or on the antennal base" "Insertion: Mesally on the outer basal wall of the labrum"
The cranio-labral muscle that is attached to the frontoclypeal ridge and the labrum.
epistoepipharyngeal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Epistomal sulcus" "Insertion: Basal labral wall"
The cranio-labral muscle that is attached to the frons and the tormae.
frontoepypharyngeal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mesally on the frons or on the antennal base, usually on the same level as musculus frontolabralis" "Insertion: Basal labral wall or tormae"
The apodeme at either side of the proximal margin of the labrum.
torma
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tormae: lateral apodemes of labral base"
The cranio-labral muscle that extends betwen the sides of the labrum.
transversal labral muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Ventral labral wall" "Insertion: Ventral labral wall of the other side"
The cranio-mandibular muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the insect mandible.
internal cranio-mandibular muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Ventral, posterior, lateral and/or dorsal parts of the head capsule and/or posterior and anterior tentorial arms" "Insertion: Tendon that inserts at the median edge of the mandible"
The cranio-mandibular muscle that extends between the gena and the lateral margin of the insect mandible.
posteroexternal cranio-mandibular muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Gena and postgena" "Insertion: Tendon that inserts at the lateral edge of the mandible"
The cranio-mandibular muscle that is attached to the gena and the insect mandible.
anteroexternal cranio-mandibular muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Gena, below the compound eye" "Insertion: With a tendon on the mandible, posterior to the anterior articulation complex"
The hypopharyngeal sclerite on the proximal region of the hypopharynx.
fulturae
hypopharyngeal arms
hypopharyngeal bridge
oral arms
hypopharyngeal suspensorium
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043
Doyen, J.T. (1966) The skeletal anatomy of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America 5, 103–150.
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Suspensorium (=fulturae, hypopharyngeal arms, oral arms): sclerotized strengthening elements of proximal hypopharynx."
The cranio-mandibular muscle that is attached to the suspensorium and the insect mandible.
hypopharyngeomandibular muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Small sclerite close to the loral arm (Thermobia), scleroticed arm that elongates the loral arm (Neoptera)" "Insertion: Inner side of the lateral wall of the mandible"
The cranio-mandibular muscle that is attached to the dorsal tentorial arm and the proximal margin of the insect mandible.
superolateral tentorio-mandibular muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior and dorsal tentorial arm" "Insertion: Outer basal edge of the mandibular body, between processus paratentorialis and posterior articulation"
The cranio-mandibular muscle that extends between the anterior tentorial arm and the proximal-ventral margin of the insect mandible.
inferolateral tentorio-mandibular muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior tentorial arm" "Insertion: Ventral basal margin of the mandible"
The cranio-mandibular muscle that is attached to the anterior tentorial arm and the insect mandible.
superomedial tentorio-mandibular muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior and dorsal tentorial arm below musculus tentoriomandibularis externus dorsalis" "Insertion: Upper inner end of the mandible, just below the posterior mandibular condyle"
The cranio-mandibular muscle that extends between the anterior tentorial arm and the dorso-medial region of the insect mandible.
inferomedial tentorio-mandibular muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior tentorial arm, below musculus tentoriomandibularis lateralis superior" "Insertion: Mediodorsal wall of the mandibular cavity"
The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the insect maxilla.
insect cranio-maxillar muscle
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the gena and the cardo.
cranio-cardinal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Postgena and gena" "Insertion: Basal cardinal process"
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the gena and the lacinia.
cranio-lacinial muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Posterior part of the gena" "Insertion: Basal edge of lacinia"
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the tentorium and the cardo.
tentorio-cardinal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Tentorium" "Insertion: Distal part of the cardo, close to the carostipital sulcus"
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the tentorium and the stipital ridge.
anterior tentorio-stipital muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Tentorium" "Insertion: Stipital ridge"
The ridge that is part of the stipes.
stipital ridge
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the tentorium and the stipes.
posterior tentorio-stipital muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Tentorium" "Insertion: Basally on the stipes, close to the stipitocardinal suture"
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the stipes and the lacinia.
stipito-lacinial muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Lateral wall of the stipes, basal to the maxillary palpus" "Insertion: Basal edge of lacinia, in some cases common tendon with 0mx4"
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the stipes and the galea.
stipito-galeal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Lateral wall of the stipes, basal to the maxillary palpus" "Insertion: Basal edge of galea"
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the stipes and the maxillary palpus.
stipito-palpal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x
The cuticle of the mere that is part of the maxillary palpus.
maxillary palpomere
The cuticle of the maxillary palpomere that is attached to the distal margin of the palpiger and to the proximal margin of the maxillary palpomere II.
maxillary palpomere I
The cuticle of the maxillary palpomere that is attached to the distal margin of the maxillary palpomere I and to the proximal margin of the maxillary palpomere III.
maxillary palpomere II
The cuticle of the maxillary palpomere that is attached to the distal margin of the maxillary palpomere II and to the proximal margin of the maxillary palpomere IV.
maxillary palpomere III
The cuticle of the maxillary palpomere that is attached to the distal margin of the maxillary palpomere III and to the proximal margin of the maxillary palpomere V.
maxillary palpomere IV
The cuticle of the maxillary palpomere that is attached to the distal margin of the maxillary palpomere IV.
maxillary palpomere V
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the first maxillar palpomere and the second maxillar palpomere.
first maxillar palpopalpal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Basal edge of palpomere 1" "Insertion: Basal edge of palpomere 2"
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the second maxillar palpomere and the third maxillar palpomere.
second maxillar palpopalpal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mesal edge of palpomere 2" "Insertion: Mesal edge of palpomere 3"
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the third maxillar palpomere and the fourth maxillar palpomere.
third maxillar palpopalpal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Basal edge of palpomere 3" "Insertion: Basal edge of palpomere 4"
The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the fourth maxillar palpomere and the fifth maxillar palpomere.
fourth maxillar palpopalpal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mesal edge of palpomere 4" "Insertion: Mesal edge of palpomere 5"
The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the postoccipital phragma and the glossa.
postoccipitoglossal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Postoccipital phragma" "Insertion: glossa"
The internal apodeme that is continuous with the cuticle of the notum and is attached to a dorsal longitudinal muscle.
phragma
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Phragma: large, ridge-shaped internal apodeme." "Phragma (=antecosta): dorsal thoracic transverse ridge, attachment site of dorsal longitudinal indirect flight muscles." (p. 121)
The phragma that is continuous with the postocciput.
postoccipital phragma
The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the postoccipital phragma and the prementum.
postoccipitopremental muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Postoccipital phragma, laterad to musculus postoccipitoparaglossalis" "Insertion: Posteriolateral angle of the prementum"
The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the posterior tentorial arm and the prementum.
tentorio-premental muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Posterior tentorial arms, cranium" "Insertion: Laterobasal edge of prementum"
The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the posterior tentorial arm and the paraglossa.
tentorio-paraglossal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Posterior tentorial arms, postoccipital ridge or cranium" "Insertion: Paraglossa, close to the labial palp"
The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the submentum and the prementum.
submentopremental muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mediobasal part of submentum or gula" "Insertion: Mediobasal edge of prementum, close to the gales"
The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the submentum and the mentum.
submentomental muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: submentum" "Insertion: mentum"
The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the prementum and the paraglossa.
premento-paraglossal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mesal on the basal edge of the prementum" "Insertion: Dorsobasal edge of paraglossa"
The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the prementum and the glossa.
premento-glossal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mesally on the prementum" "Insertion: Mediobasal edge of glossa"
The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the prementum and the labial palpus.
premento-palpal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: prementum" "Insertion: labial palpus"
The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the hypopharynx.
cranio-hypopharyngeal muscle
The cranio-hypopharyngeal muscle that is attached to the frons and the suspensorium.
fronto-oral muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Frons" "Insertion: Oral arms of the suspensorial sclerites"
The cranio-hypopharyngeal muscle that is attached to the anterior tentorial arm and the suspensorium.
tentorio-oral muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior tentorial arm, epistomal sulcus or frons close to epistomal sulcus" "Insertion: Oral arms of the suspensorial sclerites, well seperated from above"
The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the tentorium.
insect cranio-tentorial muscle
The insect cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the tentorial bridge and the frons.
tentorio-frontal muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Laterad on the anterior corpotentorium" "Insertion: Frons"
The insect cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the tentorial bridge and the tentorium.
tentorio-tentorial muscle
Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Ventrolaterad on the anterior corpotentorium" "Insertion: Mesad on the posterior tentorium"
The somatic muscle that is part of the insect leg.
insect leg muscle
The somatic muscle that is part of the insect thorax.
insect thoracic muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that is not fan-shaped and runs along the dorsal region, parallel to the anterior-posterior axis.
dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle
Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003
The insect thoracic muscle that runs parallel to the dorsal-ventral axis.
dorso-ventral thoracic muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the notum (or tergum) and the pleura.
tergo-pleural muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the sternum and the pleura.
sterno-pleural muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that is not fan-shaped and runs along the ventral region, parallel to the anterior-posterior axis.
ventral-longitudinal muscle
The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that is attached to the prophragma and the postocciput.
prophragma-occipital muscle
Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "origin: prophragma" "insertion: postocciput"
The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that is attached to the pronotum and the postocciput.
pronoto-occipital muscle
Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "origin: pronotum" "insertion: postocciput"
The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that is attached to the prophragma and the cervical sclerite.
prophragma-cervical muscle
Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "origin: prophragma" "insertion: cervical sclerite"
The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that is attached to the cervical sclerite and the postocciput.
dorsal cervico-occipital muscle
Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "origin: cervical sclerite" "insertion: postocciput"
The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that is attached to the pronotum and the prophragma.
pronoto-phragmal muscle
Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "origin: pronotum" "insertion: prophragma"
The phragma of the mesonotum that attaches to muscles attached to the pronotum.
prophragma
The dorsoventral thoracic muscle of the prothorax that is attached to the anterior margin of a cervical sclerite and the dorso-lateral region of the postocciput.
anterior cervico-occipital muscle
Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "The dorsoventral muscle that arises from dorsolateral postocciput and inserts on anterior tip of first lateral cervical sclerite."
The dorsoventral thoracic muscle that extends between the antero-lateral region of the pronotum and the medial region of the propleuron.
anterior pronoto-cervical muscle
Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "The dorsoventral muscle that arises from anterolateral pronotum and inserts on atypically on middle region of anterior propleural sclerite."
The dorsoventral thoracic muscle that extends between the tentorium and the prophragma.
prophragma-tentorial muscle
The dorsoventral thoracic muscle that extends between the profurca and the lateral region of the prophragma.
profurca-prophragmal muscle
Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "The dorsoventral muscle that arises from posterior face of proximal profurcal arm and inserts on lateral prophragma."
The dorsoventral thoracic muscle that extends between the posterior region (occipital region) of the head capsule and the profurca.
profurca-occipital muscle
The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that extends between the medial region of the prophragma and the medial region of the mesophragma.
prophragma-mesophragmal muscle
Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "The dorsal longitudinal muscle that arises from median prophragma and inserts on median mesophragma."
The dorsoventral thoracic muscle that extends between the profurca and the mesonotum.
profurca-mesonotal muscle
The somatic muscle that is part of the insect abdomen.
insect abdominal muscle
The insect abdominal muscle that runs along the lateral region, parallel to the dorsal-ventral axis.
lateral abdominal muscle
Klug, R., & Bradler, S. (2006). The pregenital abdominal musculature in phasmids and its implications for the basal phylogeny of Phasmatodea (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 6(3), 171-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ode.2005.08.004
The insect abdominal muscle that runs along the ventral region, parallel to the anterior-posterior axis.
ventral longitudinal abdominal muscle
The insect abdominal muscle that runs along the dorsal region, parallel to the anterior-posterior axis.
dorsal longitudinal abdominal muscle
The sclerite of the insect maxilla that is attached to the cuticle of stipes by the stipito-palpiferal conjunctiva and to the cuticle of maxillary palpus by the palpifero-palpal conjunctiva.
palpifer
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Palpifer: small separate element of stipes, bears the maxillary palp."
The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the mentum and the prementum.
mental-premental conjunctiva
The sclerite of the cuticle of labium that is cmposed of the submentum and the mentum, which are connected by the submental-mental conjunctiva
postmentum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postmentum: posterior main element of labium, posteriorly adjacent with foramen occipitale in hexapods without gula or hypostomal bridge; often separated into two sclerites, the anterior mentum and the posterior submentum."
The sclerite of the labium that is anterior to the submentum and posterior to the prementum, and attached to the prementum by the mental-premental conjunctiva.
insect mentum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Mentum: intermediate part of labium, anterior part of postmentum; bears the prementum at its distal edge."
Modified 2023-01-20: to specify insect mentum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The sclerite of the labium that is anteriorly attached to the mentum by the submental-mental conjunctiva.
submentum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Submentum: posterior part of a divided postmentum."
The sclerite of the cuticle of labium that is attached to the prementum by the premental-palpigeral conjunctiva and to the cuticle of labial palpus by the palpigero-palpal conjunctiva.
palpiger
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Palpiger: small separate element of prementum, bears the labial palp."
The conjunctiva of the head capsule that connects the antennifer and the scapus.
antenniferal-scapal conjunctiva
Is the conjunctiva of the antenna that connects a flagellomere and other flagellomere.
interflagellomeral conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the stipes and the lacinia.
stipito-lacinial conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the stipes and the palpifer.
stipito-palpiferal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the stipes and the galea.
stipito-galeal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the palpifer and the maxillary palpus.
palpifero-palpal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the submentum and the mentum.
submental-mental conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the prementum and the palpiger.
premental-palpigeral conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the prementum and the paraglossa.
premental-paraglossal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the prementum and the glossa.
premental-glossal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the palpiger and the labial palpus.
palpigero-palpal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the clypeus and the labrum.
clypeo-labral conjunctiva
The region of the head capsule that is anterior to the frons and is attached to the labrum by the clypeo-labral conjunctiva
clypeus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Clypeus: anteroventral part of head capsule; primarily separated from frons by transverse frontoclypeal strengthening ridge between anterior tentorial pits; usually bearing the labrum at its distal margin."
The region of cuticle of the head capsule that is located posterior to the clypeus and delimited by the frontal suture.
frons
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Frons: frontal part of head capsule, delimited by ecdysial lines (frontal sutures); often triangular and bearing unpaired (median) ocellus."
The ridge along the dorsal and lateral regions of the head capsule that is adjacent to the foramen occipitale.
postoccipital ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postoccipital ridge: strengthening ridge enclosing the foramen occipitale dorsally and laterally; also serving as muscle attachment area."
The ridge of the head capsule surrounding the eye cuticle.
circumocular ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Circumocular ridge: internal ridge enclosing compound eye."
The foramen of the head capsule that connects with the neck membrane and is divided by the tentorial bridge into alaforamen and neuroforamen.
occipital foramen
foramen occipitale
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Foramen occipitale (=foramen magnum): posterior opening of head capsule; divided by tentorial bridge into alaforamen and neuroforamen."
The apophysis of the tentorium originating from each posterior tentorial arm.
corpotentorium
tentorial bridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tentorial bridge (=corpotentorium): transverse element connecting posterior tentorial arms, often plate-like."
The dorsal region of the head capsule that surrounds the coronal suture, and is connected laterally to the genae.
vertex
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Vertex: posterodorsal part of head capsule, usually medially divided by ecdysial line (coronal suture)."
The lateral region of the head capsule, connected dorsally to the sides of the vertex.
gena
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Gena: lateral region of head capsule; not separated from vertex by a ridge or suture."
The lateral region of the head capsule that connects dorsally to the ventral side of the gena and ventrally to the mandible.
subgena
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Subgena: narrow lateral region of head capsule, above external side of mandibular base, usually separated from gena by subgenal ridge."
The region of the cuticle of the head capsule that coincides with an ecdysial line.
cuticular suture
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Suture: ecdysial suture, zone of weakness."
The cuticular suture that surrounds the frons and is connected to the coronal suture.
epicranial arms
frontal suture
Stickney FS (1923) The head-capsule of Coleoptera. Urbana, Illinois, USA, 172 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49937 "The epicranial stem extends to a transverse line drawn through the middle of the compound eyes. Branching here the epicranial arms continue to the margin of the head cephalad of the compound eyes."
Doyen JT (1966) The skeletal anatomy of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America 5: 103–150.
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Frontal suture: paired ecdysial sutures enclosing frons; anterior parts of epicranial suture."
The longitudinal cuticular suture that is on the vertex and is connected to the frontal suture.
midcranial suture
coronal suture
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "longitudinal suture occasionally attached to frontoclypeal suture"
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Coronal suture: unpaired median ecdysial sutures dividing vertex; anteriorly continuous with frontal sutures."
The ridge of the head capsule comprising the posterior region of the subgenal ridge.
pleurostomal ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 [Pleurostomal ridge: anterior section of the subgenal ridge above the mandibular base. (p. 14)]
The ridge of the head capsule that separates the gena and the subgena.
subgenal ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Subgenal ridge: strengthening ridge separating gena from subgena."
The lateral region of the head capsule that is adjacent to the foramen occipitale
hypostomal bridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Hypostomal bridge: partial closure of foramen occipitale, formed by ventromedially adjacent extensions of lateral head capsule." [posterior section of the subgenal ridge; p. 14]
The ridge of the head capsule that separates the clypeus and the frons.
frontoclypeal ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Frontoclypeal (strengthening) ridge (=frontoclypeal “suture”, epistomal “suture”): internal ridge separating clypeus from frons, between anterior tentorial pits."
The sclerite on the ventral region of the head capsule that is limited laterally by the gular ridges, posteriorly by the foramen occipitale and anteriorly by the submentum.
gula
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Gula: sclerite partially closing foramen occipitale, formed by sclerotized region of ventral cervical membrane."
Each ridge on the ventral region of the head capsule marking the sides of the gula.
gular ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Gular ridges: lateral internal ridges enclosing the gula."
The apophysis of the tentorium that originates from each posterior tentorial pit.
posterior tentorial arm
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Posterior tentorial arm: paired posterior element of tentorium; originates at posterior tentorial pit."
The apophysis of the tentorium that is connected to an anterior tentorial pit.
anterior tentorial arm
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anterior tentorial arm: paired tentorial element anterior to tentorial bridge; originates at anterior tentorial pit."
The apophysis of the tentorium that is connected to an anterior tentorial arm.
dorsal tentorial arm
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Dorsal tentorial arm: paired dorsal element of tentorium, originating at anterior arm or connecting area of anterior and posterior arm; often connected with head capsule by fibrillae."
The arthropod foramen that is part of the foramen occipitale and is located above the tentorial bridge.
alaforamen
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Alaforamen: part of foramen occipitale above tentorial bridge; passage of oesophagus and tracheal stems."
The arthropod foramen that is part of the foramen occipitale and located below the tentorial bridge.
neuroforamen
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Neuroforamen: part of foramen occipitale below tentorial bridge; passage of cervical connectives between suboesophageal complex and prothoracic ganglion."
The posterior region of the head capsule that is continuous with the posterior region of the gena and is anterior to the postoccipital ridge.
postgena
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postgena: posterior genal region anterior to postoccipital ridge."
The region of the head capsule that is continuous with the postgena and adjacent to the foramen occipitale.
postgenal bridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postgenal bridge: partial closure of foramen occipital formed by postgenal extensions."
The ridge of the head capsule that encircles the antennal foramen.
circumantennal ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "The antennal foramen is enclosed by a circumantennal ridge, which often bears a small articulatory process, the antennifer."
The dorsolateral region of the head capsule that is posterior to the postoccipital ridge
postocciput
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postocciput: posteriormost head region."
The region of the head capsule that comprises the posterior region of the subgena.
hypostoma
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Hypostoma: posterior part of subgena."
The ridge composing the posterior region of the subgenal ridge.
hypostomal ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Hypostomal ridge: posterior part of subgenal ridge."
The ridge that runs along the posterior region of the head capsule.
occipital suture
occipital ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Occipital ridge (=“occipital suture”): ridge on posterior head region; present in some groups, oblique and short or more or less parallel to postocciptal rigde (Orthoptera). No true segmental border."
The region of cuticle comprising the posterior region of the clypeus.
postclypeus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postclypeus: sclerotized and pigmented proximal part of clypeus."
The region of the cuticle comprising the anterior region of the clypeus.
anteclypeus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anteclypeus: transparent distal part of clypeus."
The region of the cuticle that is composed of the clypeus and the labrum.
clypeolabrum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Clypeolabrum: area comprising the fused clypeus and labrum."
The sense organ of the insect head that is covered by the eye cuticle.
insect compound eye
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Compound eye: paired main light sense organs; almost always composed of numerous ommatidia."
Modified 2023-01-09: specifying insect compound eye. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The sense organ of the insect head that is covered by eye cuticle.
insect ocellus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Ocellus: relatively simple median eye with single cornea lens and always lacking a crystalline cone: three are probably present in the groundplan of Insecta, but reductions occur in many groups."
Modified 2023-01-09: specifying insect ocellus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
Are apophyses of the tentorium originating at each anterior tentorial arm.
laminatentoria
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "In some groups an accessory bridge is formed by medially fused internally directed processes, the laminatentoria. This feature is sometimes erroneously referred to as “perforated corpotentorium”."
The region of cuticle of the insect abdomen that is posteriorly connected to the postabdomen.
preabdomen
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Preabdomen (=pregenital segments): anterior abdominal segments (I–VII)."
The region of cuticle of the insect abdomen that is anteriorly connected to the preabdomen.
postabdomen
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postabdomen: posterior segments (VIII–XI) bearing genital appendages."
The sclerite of the insect abdomen that is dorsal and medial.
abdominal tergum
abdominal tergite
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tergum: plate-like dorsal sclerite of abdominal segment."
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) 1 Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 520 pp. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "major plate of the abdominal tergum"
The sclerite of the insect abdomen that is ventral and medial.
sternum
abdominal sternite
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sternum: plate-like ventral sclerite of abdominal segment."
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that surrounds the spiracles.
pleural membrane
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pleural membrane: lateral unsclerotized part of abdominal segments, connecting tergum and sternum; usually bearing spiracles I–VIII."
The sclerite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite X by the abdominal tergite X-epiproct conjunctiva.
proctiger
epiproct
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) 1 Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 520 pp. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ [not defined]
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Epiproct: unpaired dorsal element (tergum) of segment XI."
The paired sclerite of the insect abdomen that is attached to the lateral margin of the abdominal tergite X by the abdominal tergite X-paraproct conjunctiva.
paraproct
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Paraproct: paired lateral element of segment XI."
The cuticular evagination of the postabdomen that is distal and attached to the cuticle of parameres by the paramero-aedeagal conjunctiva and is connected to the endophallus.
insect penis
sipho
aedeagus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Penis: main element of the male copulatory apparatus."
Gordon RD (1985) The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America North of Mexico. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 93: i–912. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25009452 "sclerotized, curved rod which is inserted through the basal lobe and into the female bursa copulatrix during copulation, corresponds to aedeagus or penis."
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Aedeagus (penis is often used as a synonym): male copulatory organ."
The cuticular invagination of the postabdomen that is attached distally to the gonopore and basally to the aedeagus.
endophallus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Endophallus: membranous extrusible internal part of aedeagus."
The cuticle of the paired cuticular evagination of the postabdomen that is attached to the cuticle of phallobase by the phallobasal-parameral conjunctiva and to the cuticle of aedeagus by the paramero-aedeagal conjunctiva.
paramere
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Parameres: paired lateral parts of aedeagus."
The region of cuticle of the postabdomen that is attached to the abdominal sternite IX by the abdominal sternite IX-phallobase conjunctiva and to the paramere by the phallobasal-parameral conjunctiva.
basal piece
phallobase
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Phallobase (=basal piece): part of segment IX bearing copulatory organ."
The region of cuticle of the endophallus that is thicker.
endophallite
Génier F (2019) Endophallites: a proposed neologism for naming the sclerotized elements of the insect endophallus (Arthropoda: Insecta). Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.) 55: 482–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2019.1685907 "endophallite(s) refer to the sclerotized structures of the endophallus whether the structure be circular, flat, folded or spiniform."
The region of the cuticle in the postabdomen that is attached to the genital chamber.
bursa copulatrix
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Bursa copulatrix: evagination of the vagina, receives the copulatory organ."
The paired sclerite of the postabdomen that is attached to the abdominal sternite VII by the abdominal sternite VII-gonocoxa conjunctiva and is articulated with abdominal tergite IX. It is attached at the base of gonostylus VIII and adjacent to the gonopore.
first coxopodite
first gonocoxite
first valvifer
gonocoxa VIII
proximal gonocoxite
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ [adjusted] proximal division of the gonocoxites
The region of cuticle that is connected to the oviduct, the bursa copulatrix and the gonocoxa VIII, and is adjacent to the gonopore.
genital chamber
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Genital chamber: cavity formed by an inflection of the body wall, receiving the common oviduct."
The cuticle of the appendage of the abdominal sternite VIII that is part of the ovipositor.
gonapophysis
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Gonapophysis (=valves or valvulae 1–3): distal piece of ovipositor elements of female genital segments VIII and IX, inserted on coxopodites, usually elongated."
The seta that is flattened.
sensillum placodeum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sensillum placodeum: flat sensillum with strongly modified plate-like seta."
The seta that is elongated.
trichobothrium
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Trichobothrium: very long and fine sensillum, vibroreceptor."
The proximal apodemes of the aedeagus.
titillators
paraphyses
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Paraphyses (=titillators): paired appendages of aedeagus."
The region of the cuticle thar is proximally attached to the gonopore.
ductus ejaculatorius
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Ductus ejaculatorius: unpaired ectodermal duct connecting vasa deferentia (i.e. vesiculae seminales) and aedeagus."
The orifice in the postabdomen that marks the opening of the reproductive system.
gonopore
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Gonopore: external opening of the common oviduct."
The region of the cuticle of the postabdomen that is paired and connected to the anterior region of the gonocoxa VIII.
gonostylus VIII
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Gonostyli: appendages of gonocoxae (usually only on coxopodite IX)"
The region of cuticle of the postabdomen that is distal to the genital chamber.
ovipositor
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Ovipositor: paired postabdominal apparatus (segments VIII and IX) primarily used for depositing eggs."
The region of the cuticle that is part of the oviduct and connected to the bursa copulatrix.
spermatheca
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Spermatheca (=receptaculum seminis): unpaired or paired evagination of female genital tract; storage of sperm; connected by spermathecal duct (=ductus receptaculi) with vagina or bursa copulatrix."
The region of the cuticle that is part of the oviduct and attached to the spermatheca.
spermathecal gland
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Spermathecal gland: provides nourishment for spermatozoa stored in spermatheca."
The sulcus that coincides with the precoxal ridge.
precoxal suture
precoxal sulcus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Precoxal suture: suture separating katepisternum and preepisternum."
The cuticular protrusion of the pleuron that is connected lateraly to the notum.
fulcrum
pleural wing process
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Fulcrum (=pleural wing process): anterodorsal apex of the pleural ridge."
The conjunctiva between the insect thorax and the insect abdomen that connects the posterior margin of the metanotum to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite I.
metanoto-abdominal tergite I conjunctiva
The region of cuticle that is continuous with the genital chamber.
insect oviduct
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Oviduct: female genital duct; originating as paired structures from ovarioles, uniting as common (median) oviduct."
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that joins the abdominal sternite VIII and the gonocoxa VIII.
abdominal sternite VIII-gonocoxa VIII conjunctiva
Modified 2023-01-09: correct sternite VII to VIII. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite I by the abdominal tergite I-abdominal tergite II conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite III by the abdominal tergite II-abdominal tergite III conjunctiva.
abdominal tergite II
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite I and the abdominal tergite II.
abdominal tergite I-abdominal tergite II conjunctiva
Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite II by the abdominal tergite II-abdominal tergite III conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite IV by the abdominal tergite III-abdominal tergite IV conjunctiva.
abdominal tergite III
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite II and the abdominal tergite III.
abdominal tergite II-abdominal tergite III conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite III and the abdominal tergite IV.
abdominal tergite III-abdominal tergite IV conjunctiva
Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite III by the abdominal tergite III-abdominal tergite IV conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite V by the abdominal tergite IV-abdominal tergite V conjunctiva.
abdominal tergite IV
Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite IV by the abdominal tergite IV-abdominal tergite V conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite VI by the abdominal tergite V-abdominal tergite VI conjunctiva.
abdominal tergite V
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite IV and the abdominal tergite V.
abdominal tergite IV-abdominal tergite V conjunctiva
Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite V by the abdominal tergite V-abdominal tergite VI conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite VII by the abdominal tergite VI-abdominal tergite VII conjunctiva.
abdominal tergite VI
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite V and the abdominal tergite VI.
abdominal tergite V-abdominal tergite VI conjunctiva
Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite VI by the abdominal tergite VI-abdominal tergite VII conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite VIII by the abdominal tergite VII-abdominal tergite VIII conjunctiva.
abdominal tergite VII
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite VI and the abdominal tergite VII.
abdominal tergite VI-abdominal tergite VII conjunctiva
Is the abdominal tergite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite VII by the abdominal tergite VII-abdominal tergite VIII conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite IX by the abdominal tergite VIII-abdominal tergite IX conjunctiva.
abdominal tergite VIII
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite VII and the abdominal tergite VIII.
abdominal tergite VII-abdominal tergite VIII conjunctiva
The sclerite of the insect thorax or the insect abdomen that is on the lateral region of the notum.
paranota
laterotergite
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Paranota (=laterotergites): dorsolateral tergal duplicatures."
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Laterotergite: separate lateral portion of abdominal tergum (only few groups)."
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) 1 Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 520 pp. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ additional pair of sclerites flanking each tergite
The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the metasternum by the metasterno-abdominal sternite I conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite II by the abdominal sternite I-abdominal sternite II conjunctiva.
abdominal sternite I
The conjunctiva of the metathorax that joins the metapleura and the metasternum.
metapleuro-metasternal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva between the insect thorax and the insect abdomen that connects the posterior margin of the metasterum to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite I.
metasterno-abdominal sternite I conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite I and the abdominal sternite II.
abdominal sternite I-abdominal sternite II conjunctiva
The abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite I by the abdominal sternite I-abdominal sternite II conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite III by the abdominal sternite II-abdominal sternite III conjunctiva.
abdominal sternite II
The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite II by the abdominal sternite II-abdominal sternite III conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite IV by the abdominal sternite III-abdominal sternite IV conjunctiva.
abdominal sternite III
The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite III by the abdominal sternite III-abdominal sternite IV conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite V by the abdominal sternite IV-abdominal sternite V conjunctiva.
abdominal sternite IV
The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite IV by the abdominal sternite IV-abdominal sternite V conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite VI by the abdominal sternite V-abdominal sternite VI conjunctiva.
abdominal sternite V
The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite V by the abdominal sternite V-abdominal sternite VI conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite VII by the abdominal sternite VI-abdominal sternite VII conjunctiva.
abdominal sternite VI
The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite VI by the abdominal sternite VI-abdominal sternite VII conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite VIII by the abdominal sternite VII-abdominal sternite VIII conjunctiva.
abdominal sternite VII
The abdominal sternite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite VII by the abdominal sternite VII-abdominal sternite VIII conjunctiva. In males it is attached to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite IX by the abdominal sternite VIII-abdominal sternite IX conjunctiva. In females it is attached to the anterior margin of the gonocoxa.
abdominal sternite VIII
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite II and the abdominal sternite III.
abdominal sternite II-abdominal sternite III conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite III and the abdominal sternite IV.
abdominal sternite III-abdominal sternite IV conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite IV and the abdominal sternite V.
abdominal sternite IV-abdominal sternite V conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite V and the abdominal sternite VI.
abdominal sternite V-abdominal sternite VI conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite VI and the abdominal sternite VII.
abdominal sternite VI-abdominal sternite VII conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite VII and the abdominal sternite VIII.
abdominal sternite VII-abdominal sternite VIII conjunctiva
Is the abdominal tergite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite VIII by the abdominal tergite VIII-abdominal tergite IX conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite X by the abdominal tergite IX-abdominal tergite X conjunctiva.
abdominal tergite IX
Is the abdominal tergite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite IX by the abdominal tergite IX-abdominal tergite X conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the epiproct and paraproct.
abdominal tergite X
The abdominal sternite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite VIII by the abdominal sternite VIII-abdominal sternite IX conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite X by the abdominal sternite IX-abdominal sternite X conjunctiva.
abdominal sternite IX
The conjunctiva of the postabdomen that joins the abdominal tergite X and the epiproct.
abdominal tergite X-epiproct conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite VIII and the abdominal tergite IX.
abdominal tergite VIII-abdominal tergite IX conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite IX and the abdominal tergite X.
abdominal tergite IX-abdominal tergite X conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite VIII and the abdominal sternite IX.
abdominal sternite VIII-abdominal sternite IX conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite IX and the abdominal sternite X.
abdominal sternite IX-phallobase conjunctiva
The region of the cuticle of the insect thorax that is anteriorly connected to the head by the neck membrane, posteriorly connected to the mesothorax by the prothorax-mesothorax conjunctiva, and contains the pronotum, the propeluron, the prosternum and one pair of legs.
prothorax
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Prothorax: 1st thoracic segment, always completely wingless in extant hexapods."
The region of the cuticle of the pterothorax that bears mid legs and fore wings.
mesothorax
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Mesothorax: 2nd thoracic segment, anterior segment of pterothorax; bearing forewings (groundplan of Pterygota)."
The region of the cuticle of the pterothorax that bears the hind legs and the hind wings.
metathorax
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Metathorax: 3rd thoracic segment, posterior segment of pterothorax; bearing hindwings (groundplan of Pterygota)."
The dorsal region of the cuticle of the insect thorax that is attached to the dorsal margin of the pleuron.
tergum
notum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tergum: dorsal wall of a thoracic (or abdominal) segment."
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Notum: larger anterior part of tergum, composed of presutum, scutum and scutellum."
The region of cuticle on the lateral region of the insect thorax that is attached to the notum and the sternum and is attached to the coxae by skeletal muscle tissue and the basal coxal conjunctiva.
pleuron
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pleuron: lateral wall of thoracic segments, almost always divided by pleural ridge into anterior episternum and posterior epimeron."
The ventral region of the cuticle of the insect thorax that is attached to the ventral margin of the pleuron.
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sternum: ventral wall of thoracic (or abdominal) segment, usually divided into presternum, basisternum, furcasternum and spinasternum in unspecialized hexapods; largely or completely invaginated in Holometabola (cryptosterny)."
The sclerite that is part of the pleuron.
pleurite
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pleurite: sclerotized element of pleuron."
The ridge between the epimeron and the episternum in either the mesothorax or the metathorax.
pleural ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pleural ridge: internal ridge, corresponding to externally visible pleural “suture”; separates episternum and epimeron; anterodorsally forming the pleural wing process and posteroventrally the pleuro-coxal joint."
The sclerite of the insect thorax that is part of the pleuron and anterior to the pleural ridge and attached to the anterior margin of the epimeron.
episternum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Episternum: part of pleuron anterior to pleural ridge."
The sclerite of the insect thorax that is part of the pleuron and posterior to the pleural ridge and attached to the posterior margin of the episternum.
epimeron
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Epimeron: part of pleuron posterior to pleural ridge."
The sclerite that is located on the ventro-lateral region of the insect thorax and is attached to a coxa.
trochantin
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Trochantin: small triangular or sickle-shaped ventral pleural sclerite; anteriorly articulating with coxa (trochantino-coxal joint)."
The part of the sternum that is attached to the anterior margin of the basisternum.
presternum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Presternum: anteriormost part of sternum."
The part of the sternum that is attached to the posterior margin of the presternum and to the anterior margin of the furcasternum.
basisternum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Basisternum: main part of sternum, between presternum and furcasternum."
The part of the sternum that is attached to the posterior margin of the basisternum and to the anterior margin of the spinasternum.
sternellum
furcasternum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Furcasternum (=sternellum): sternal element posterior to basisternum, area of origin of furca."
The part of the sternum that is attached to the posterior margin of the furcasternum and to the anterior margin of the poststernite.
spinasternum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Spinasternum: small posterior sternal element, determining the posterior segmental border; area of origin of spina."
The part of the sternum that is attached to the posterior margin of the spinasternum.
poststernite
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Poststernite: posteriormost sternal element."
The sclerite that is surrounded by the neck membrane.
cervical sclerite
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Cervical sclerite: articulatory sclerite embedded in the cervical membrane."
The region of the cuticle on the lateral region of the prothorax that is attached to the pronotum and the prosternum, and is attached to the procoxa by the procoxal muscle and the basal procoxal conjunctiva.
The sclerite of the notum that is attached to the posterior margin of the scutellum.
postnotum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postnotum: smaller posterior part of tergum, forming internal intersegmental phragma; attachment area for dorsal indirect flight muscles."
The sclerite of the notum that is attached to the anterior margin of the scutum.
prescutum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Prescutum: anteriormost part of notum."
The sclerite of the notum that is attached to the posterior margin of the prescutum and to the anterior margin of the scutellum.
In Coleoptera the scutum is divided into two lateral scuta.
scutum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Scutum: large anterior part of notum."
The sclerite of the notum that is attached to the posterior margin of the scutum.
scutellum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Scutellum: smaller posterior part of notum."
The sclerite that is on the lateral region of the notum and is adjacent to the wing.
alinotum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Alinotum: part of the notum connected with the wing base."
The sclerite of the pterothorax that is attached to some muscle.
prealare
prealar sclerite
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Prealare (=prealar sclerite): small attachment area of short direct flight muscles."
The region of cuticle of the dorso-lateral region of the pterothorax that is surrounded by the noto-pleural conjunctiva and articulated with the episternum.
prealar bridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Prealar bridge: prescutal process, bent downwards and linked with episternum."
The region of cuticle of the dorso-lateral region of the pterothorax that is surrounded by the noto-pleural conjunctiva and articulated with the epimeron.
postalar bridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postalar bridge: lateral postnotal margin bent downwards and connected with the epimeron."
The sclerite of the insect thorax that is surrounded by the noto-pleural conjunctiva and is adjacent to the wing.
epipleurite
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Epipleurites: basalare and subalare."
The epipleurite that is adjacent to the anepisternum, is attached to the pleuron via muscle, is surrounded by the noto-pleural conjunctiva, and is anterior to the first axillary sclerite.
basalare
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Basalare: sclerite associated with wing base, more or less distinctly separated from anepisternum; usually with internal muscle disc; attachment site of direct flight muscles."
The epipleurite that is adjacent to the notum, is attached to the coxa via muscle, is surrounded by the noto-pleural conjunctiva, and is posterior to the first axillary sclerite.
subalare
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Subalare: sclerite associated with wing base, usually embedded in membrane between tergum and pleuron; attachment site of direct flight muscles."
The dorsal region of the episternum that is dorsal to the anapleural sulcus.
anepisternum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anepisternum: dorsal part of episternum, ventrally delimited by anapleural suture."
The region of cuticle on the antero-ventral region of the episternum that is anterior to the anapleural sulcus.
preepisternum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Preepisternum: anterior part of ventral episternal region; delimited from katepisternum by precoxal suture; largest part of ventrite in Holometabola."
The sulcus of the pleuron delimiting the dorsal region of the preepisternum and the ventral region of the anepisternum.
anapleural cleft
paracoxal suture
anapleural sulcus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anapleural suture (=paracoxal suture): suture horizontally delimiting dorsal and ventral parts of episternum and (partially) epimeron; sometimes anteriorly widened and membranous (=anapleural cleft)."
The anatomical line of weakness of the cuticle that allows molting and coincides with a suture.
molting line
ecdysial line
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Molting lines (frontal and coronal sutures [=epicranial lines or sutures])"
The region of cuticle on the postero-ventral region of the episternum that is posterior to the anapleural sulcus.
katepisternum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Katepisternum: posterior part of ventral episternal region; separated from preepisternum by precoxal suture."
The region of the cuticle on the dorsal region of the epimeron.
anepimeron
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anepimeron: dorsal part of epimeron (present as separate element in some groups)."
The region of cuticle on the ventral region of the epimeron.
katepimeron
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Katepimeron: ventral part of epimeron (present as separate element in some groups)."
The sclerite that is surrounded by the basal wing conjunctiva.
pteralia
axillary sclerite
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pteralia: small sclerites of wing base (axillary sclerites + plates)."
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Axillary sclerites (=axillaria, pteralia): small sclerites of wing base (usually 3); articulating with notal wing processes."
The ridge that is anterior to a coxa, demarcated by the anapleural sulcus.
precoxal ridge
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Precoxal ridge: mediolaterally directed ridge in front of coxa, corresponding with externally visible precoxal suture."
The sclerite attached to the spinasternum.
spina
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Spina: smaller posterior endoskeletal element of thoracic segments, unpaired, arising on spinasternum."
The bilaterally paired region of the cuticle of the postabdomen located between the epiproct and the paraproct
cercus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Cerci: tactile appendages of segment XI, primarily multisegmented and tactile bearing setae."
The region of cuticle of the insect thorax that contains the mesothorax and the metathorax and bears the mid legs, the hind legs and the wings.
pterothorax
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pterothorax: 2nd and 3nd thoracic segments; bearing wings (groundplan of Pterygota), meso- and metathorax."
The conjunctiva of the postabdomen that joins the abdominal tergite X and each paraproct.
abdominal tergite X-paraproct conjunctiva
The cuticle of the segment of a leg attached to the distal margin of the coxa by the coxal-trochanteral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the femur by the trochantero-femoral conjunctiva.
trochanter
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Trochanter: 2nd element of leg, usually small and triangular."
The cuticle of the segment of the leg that is composed of tarsomeres connected to each other by intertarsomeral conjunctiva. The first tarsomere is connected to the distal margin of the tibia by the tibio-tarsal conjunctiva and last tarsomere is connected to the proximal margin of the pretarsus by the tarso-pretarsal conjunctiva.
tarsus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tarsus: 5th part of leg; undivided in entognathous orders, composed of 3–5 tarsomeres in most groups of Insecta."
The conjunctiva of the leg joining the distal margin of a coxa and the proximal margin of a femur.
coxal-trochanteral conjunctiva
The cuticle of the segment of a fore leg attached to the distal margin of the procoxa by the procoxal-protrochanteral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the profemur by the protrochantero-profemoral conjunctiva.
protrochanter
The cuticle of the segment of a mid leg attached to the distal margin of the mesocoxa by the mesocoxal-mesotrochanteral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the mesofemur by the mesotrochantero-mesofemoral conjunctiva.
mesotrochanter
The cuticle of the segment of a hind leg attached to the distal margin of the metacoxa by the metacoxal-metatrochanteral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the metafemur by the metatrochantero-metafemoral conjunctiva.
metatrochanter
The conjunctiva that encircles the femur by joining the distal margin of the trochanter and the proximal margin of the femur.
trochantero-femoral conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the profemur by joining the distal margin of the protrochanter and the proximal margin of the profemur.
protrochantero-profemoral conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the mesofemur by joining the distal margin of the mesotrochanter and the proximal margin of the mesofemur.
mesotrochantero-mesofemoral conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the metafemur by joining the distal margin of the metatrochanter and the proximal margin of the metafemur.
metatrochantero-metafemoral conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the tibia by joining the distal margin of the femur and the proximal margin of the tibia.
femoro-tibial conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the protibia by joining the distal margin of the profemur and the proximal margin of the protibia.
profemoro-protibial conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the mesotibia by joining the distal margin of the mesofemur and the proximal margin of the mesotibia.
mesofemoro-mesotibial conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the metatibia by joining the distal margin of the metafemur and the proximal margin of the metatibia.
metafemoro-metatibial conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the tarsus by joining the distal margin of the tibia and the proximal margin of the tarsus.
tibio-tarsal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the protarsus by joining the distal margin of the protibia and the proximal margin of the protarsus.
protibio-protarsal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the mesotarsus by joining the distal margin of the mesotibia and the proximal margin of the mesotarsus.
mesotibio-mesotarsal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the metatarsus by joining the distal margin of the metatibia and the proximal margin of the metatarsus.
metatibio-metatarsal conjunctiva
The region of the cuticle on the lateral region of the mesothorax that is attached to the mesonotum and the mesosternum, and is attached to the mesocoxa by the mesocoxal muscle and the basal mesocoxal conjunctiva.
The conjunctiva that encircles the pretarsus by joining the distal margin of the distalmost tarsomere and the proximal margin of the pretarsus.
tarso-pretarsal conjunctiva
The cuticle of the segment of the leg that is composed of metatarsomeres connected to each other by intertarsomeral conjunctiva. The first metatarsomere is connected to the distal margin of the metatibia by the metatibio-metatarsal conjunctiva and the last metatarsomere is connected to the proximal margin of the metapretarsus by the metatarso-metapretarsal conjunctiva.
metatarsus
The cuticle of the segment of the mid leg that is composed of mesotarsomeres connected to each other by intertarsomeral conjunctiva. The first mesotarsomere is connected to the distal margin of the mesotibia by the mesotibio-mesotarsal conjunctiva and the last mesotarsomere is connected to the proximal margin of the mesopretarsus by the mesotarso-mesopretarsal conjunctiva.
mesotarsus
The cuticle of the segment of the leg that is composed of protarsomeres connected to each other by intertarsomeral conjunctiva. The first protarsomere is connected to the distal margin of the protibia by the protibio-protarsal conjunctiva and the last protarsomere is connected to the proximal margin of the propretarsus by the protarso-propretarsal conjunctiva.
protarsus
The conjunctiva that encircles the propretarsus by joining the distal margin of the distalmost protarsomere and the proximal margin of the propretarsus.
protarso-propretarsal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the mesopretarsus by joining the distal margin of the distalmost mesotarsomere and the proximal margin of the mesopretarsus.
mesotarso-mesopretarsal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva that encircles the metapretarsus by joining the distal margin of the distalmost metatarsomere and the proximal margin of the metapretarsus.
metatarso-metapretarsal conjunctiva
The cuticle of the appendage of the fore leg that is attached to the protarsus by the protarso-propretarsal conjunctiva.
propretarsus
The cuticle of the appendage of the mid leg that is attached to the mesotarsus by the mesotarso-mesopretarsal conjunctiva.
mesopretarsus
The cuticle of the appendage of the hind leg that is attached to the metatarsus by the metatarso-metapretarsal conjunctiva.
metapretarsus
The orifice on the postabdomen at the posterior margin of the digestive tract, connected to the epiproct and paraprocti.
insect anus
The region of the cuticle of the postabdomen that is paired and connected to the anterior region of the gonocoxa IX.
gonostylus IX
stylus
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ [adjusted] articulated to the distal gonocoxites.
The cuticle of the mere that is part of the cercus.
cercomere
The conjunctiva of the postabdomen that joins the parameres and the aedeagus.
paramero-aedeagal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the postabdomen that joins the phallobase and the parameres.
phallobasal-parameral conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the prothorax that joins the propleura and the prosternum.
propleuro-prosternal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the pterothorax that surrounds the wing.
The insect thoracic muscle that attaches to the notum and to the trochantin.
For muscular terminology, tergum has been traditionally used instead of notum, even though "notum" is the prererred term to refer to the dorsal region of the cuticle of the insect thorax that is attached to the dorsal margin of the pleuron.
tergo-trochantinal muscle
The tergo-trochantinal muscle that is attached to the pronotum and the protrochantin.
pronoto-protrochantinal muscle
The tergo-trochantinal muscle that is attached to the mesonotum and the mesotrochantin.
mesonoto-mesotrochantinal muscle
The tergo-trochantinal muscle that is attached to the metanotum and the metatrochantin.
metanoto-metatrochantinal muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between two nota (or terga).
tergo-tergal muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the pronotum and the mesonotum.
pronoto-mesonotal muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the mesonotum and the metanotum.
mesonoto-metanotal muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the notum (or tergum) and the coxa.
tergo-coxal muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the notum (or tergum) and the trochanter.
tergo-trochanteral muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that attaches to the pleuron and to a coxa.
pleuro-coxal muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that is attached to a furca and to a coxa.
furco-coxal muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that is attached to a furca and to a trochanter.
furco-trochanteral muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between two furcae.
interfurcal muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the profurca and the mesofurca.
profurco-mesofurcal muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the mesofurca and the metafurca.
mesofurco-metafurcal muscle
The noto-pleural conjunctiva that joins the mesonotum and the mesopleuron.
mesonoto-mesopleural conjuntiva
The noto-pleural conjunctiva that joins the pronotum and the propleuron.
pronoto-propleural conjunctiva
The noto-pleural conjunctiva that joins the metanotum and the metapleuron.
metanoto-metapleural conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the insect thorax that joins the notum and the pleuron.
noto-pleural conjunctiva
The axillary sclerite that is connected via muscle to the mesopleuron and is posterior to the first axillary sclerite.
third axillary sclerite
The axillary sclerite that is on the ventral region of the basal wing conjunctiva.
ventral second axillary sclerite
The phragma of the metanotum that attaches to muscles attached to the mesonotum.
mesophragma
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the mesophragma and the abdominal tergite I.
mesophragmo-abdominal tergite I muscle
The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the metafurca and an abdominal sternite.
metafurco-abdominal sternite muscle
The phragma of the abdominal tergite I that attaches to muscles attached to the metanotum.
metaphragma
The conjunctiva of the insect thorax that joins the mesonotum and the metanotum.
mesonoto-metanotal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the mesothorax that joins the mesopleuron and the mesocoxa.
mesopleuro-mesocoxal conjunctiva
The conjunctiva of the mesothorax that joins the mesopleura and the mesosternum.
mesopleuro-mesosternal conjunctiva
The sclerite on the ventral region of the metathorax that bears the metafurca and is attached to the metapleuro-metasternal conjunctiva.
metasternum
The conjunctiva of the mesothorax that joins the mesosternum and the mesocoxa.
mesosterno-mesocoxal conjunctiva
The pouch that is circular.
circular pouch
The region of cuticle that is continuous with glandular epithelial cells.
ectodermal gland
Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "cells or groups of cells with highly specialized secretory functions, producing a great variety of substances which are discharged at the exterior or into invaginations of the body wall"
The ectodermal gland that is composed of one cell
unicellular ectodermal gland
Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "one-celled gland usually larger than the cells surrounding it; discharges its products directly through the covering cuticula. [...] In many glands a minute cuticular ductule extends from the exterior into the body of each cell, allowing the secretion to pass out through an extremely thin layer of cuticula."
The cuticular evagination that is largely membranous.
cuticular lobe
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "a rounded projection or protuberance"
The ectodermal gland that is composed of multiple cells.
multicellular ectodermal gland
Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "many-celled glands may be a group of cells situated at the surface of the body, but most of them are invaginations of the body wall."
The region of cuticle on the posterodorsal region of the head capsule that is posterior to the occipital ridge and anterior to the postoccipital ridge.
occiput
Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "dorsal part of the posterior surface of the head between the occipital and the postoccipital sutures"
The cuticular suture composed of both the coronal suture and paired frontal sutures.
epicranial suture
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Y-shaped ecdysial sutures dividing vertex and frons, composed of coronal suture and paired frontal sutures."
The region of cuticle that is behind the compound eye.
temple
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "the part of the head above and behind the compound eyes"
The region of cuticle of the insect wing that contains wing veins, folds, and conjunctiva.
insect wing region
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "the principal areas of the wings differentiated in the wing-flexing insects (Neoptera), and often separated by distinct lines of folding, including the wing base, remigium, clavus, and jugum."
The region of cuticle of the insect wing that is less flexible than the wing conjunctiva.
insect wing vein
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "sclerotized, tubular structure supporting the membrane of the wings"
The region of cuticle of the insect wing that is more flexible than the wing conjunctiva.
insect wing fold
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "line along which wings fold at rest"
The posterior region of the insect wing.
anal field of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anal field (=vannus): posterior part of wings, usually enlarged in Polyneoptera."
Modified 2023-01-21: specifying insect wing field. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The insect wing vein of the anal field that is posterior to the anal fold or the postcubitus and anterior to the jugal fold or the jugal veins.
anal vein of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anal veins: longitudinal veins of the anal field proximally articulated with 3rd axillary sclerite; usually unbranched and arranged like a fan."
Modified 2023-01-09: specifying insect wing vein. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The insect wing vein of the costal field that is anterior to the subcosta.
costal vein of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Costa: main longitudinal vein along anterior wing margin, articulated with humeral plate."
The anterior region of the insect wing.
costal field of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Costal field (=remigium): anterior part of wing; usually largest region."
The insect wing vein that is posterior to the media and anterior to the postcubitus.
cubital vein of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Cubitus: 5th main longitudinal vein."
The insect wing region that is posterior to the jugal fold.
jugal field of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Jugal field: small wing region posteriorly adjacent with anal field."
The insect wing vein in the jugal field, posterior to the jugal fold or to the anal veins.
jugal vein of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Jugal veins: veins of the jugal field."
The insect wing vein that is posterior to some radius and anterior to some cubitus.
medial vein of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Media: 4th main longitudinal vein."
The insect wing fold that separates the anal field and the jugal field.
jugal fold of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Plica jugalis: separates the anal and jugal fields."
Modified 2023-01-21: specifying insect wing fold. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The insect wing fold that is posterior to the postcubitus and separates the costal field and the anal field.
claval furrow
anal fold of the insect wing
Chapman RF (2012) The Insects: Structure and Function. Fifth Edition. Cambridge University Press. 959 pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139035460 "longitudinal flexion line which runs close to the CuP. This furrow allows the posterior part of the wing to flap up and down with respect to the rest of the wing."
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Plica vannalis: separates the costal and anal fields."
The insect wing vein that is posterior to the cubitus and anterior to the anal fold or the anal vein.
postcubital vein of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postcubitus: posteriormost longitudinal vein of the remigium."
The insect wing vein that is posterior to the subcosta and anterior to the media.
radial vein of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Radius: 3rd main longitudinal vein."
The insect wing vein that is posterior to the costa and anterior to the radius.
subcostal vein of the insect wing
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Subcosta: 2nd main longitudinal vein, following costal vein."
The proximal region of the insect wing.
axillary region of the insect wing
Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "The region of the wing base containing the axillary sclerites"
Modified 2023-01-21: specifying insect wing region. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The insect wing fold that is distal to the axillary region.
basal fold of the insect wing
Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "Plica basalis (bf).The basal fold of the wing, or line of flection between the base of the mediocubital fold and the axillary region, forming a prominent convex fold in the flexed wing extending between the median plates from the articulation of radius with the second axillary to the articulation of the vannal veins with the third axillary."
The sclerite that is part of the pretarsus.
pretarsal claw
The cuticular protrusion that is part of the pretarsus, ventral to the tarsal claws and medial to the pulvilli (if present).
empodium
Modified 2023-01-11: added medial to pulvilli. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Empodium: a median process between the claws and pulvilli (if present). It arises from the distal end of the unguitractor plate, is spine-shaped or lobe-like and is sometimes similar in form to the pulvilli (“empodial pulvillus”)." p. 43.
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "a spine- or lobelike process of the unguitractor"
The sulcus that coincides with the frontoclypeal ridge and separates the frons from the clypeus.
epistomal sulcus
epistomal suture
frontoclypeal suture
frontoclypeal sulcus
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ [adjusted] the 'suture' separating the clypeus from the frons, representing the internal invagination of the epistomal ridge.
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "the suture between the frons and the clypeus"
The conjunctiva that is part of the head capsule and is continuous with the epipharynx and the hypopharynx.
cibarium
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anterior part of preoral space between epipharynx and hypopharynx."
The region of cuticle that is posterior to the cuticle of the labrum.
epistoma
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "the oral margin or sclerite directly behind the labrum"
The cuticular sulcus that is adjacent to the subgena and coincides with the subgenal ridge.
subgenal suture
subgenal sulcus
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "the lateral submarginal groove of the cranium just above the bases of the gnathal appendages, extending between the anterior tentorial pit and the posterior tentorial pit"
The cuticle of a mere that is part of the cuticle of the antenna.
antennomere
The cuticular sulcus that coincides with the postoccipital ridge and is posterior to the occiput and anterior to the postocciput
postoccipital sulcus
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "posterior submarginal groove having the posterior tentorial pits in its lower end, separatig the postocciput from the rest of the cranium"
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf [as postoccipital suture] "posterior submarginal groove having the posterior tentorial pits in its lower end, separatig the postocciput from the rest of the cranium"
The cuticular sulcus that coincides with the gular ridge, separating the gula fron the gena
gular suture
gular sulcus
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "the line or division between the gula and the genae"
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf [as gular suture] "the line or division between the gula and the genae"
The region of the cuticle that is distal and medial on the cuticle of the insect mandible.
mandibular incisor lobe
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "toothed distal lobe of mandible"
The region of the cuticle that is proximal and medial on the cuticle of the insect mandible.
mola
mandibular molar lobe
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf mola = molar lobe = "the ridged or roughened grinding surface of the mandible"
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "the ridged or roughened grinding surface of the mandible"
The cuticular lobe of the cuticle of the insect mandible between the mandibular molar lobe and the mandibular incisor lobe.
lacinia mobilis
prostheca
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "An articulated mesal appendage, the lacinia mobilis or prostheca, occurs in several groups. It can be sclerotized or largely membranous and is often equipped with microtrichia."
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "mandibular region set with hair"
The region of cuticle on the lateral region of the cuticle of stipes, adjacent to the distal margin of the cuticle of the cardo, to the proximal margin of the cuticle of the palpifer, and adjacent to the proximal margin of the mediostipes.
basistipes
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Basistipes: basolateral part of stipes."
The region of cuticle on the medial region of the cuticle of stipes, adjacent to the distal margin of the cuticle of the basistipes, and to the proximal margin of the cuticle of the galea and the lacinia.
mediostipes
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Mediostipes: mesal part of stipes."
The ectodermal gland continuous with the proximal region of the cuticle of the cardo.
maxillary gland
Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "Glands present in some insects opening mesally at the bases of the maxillae"
The sclerite that is continuous with the hypopharynx.
hypopharyngeal sclerite
The arthropod foramen that is part of the cuticle of the insect thorax.
thoracic foramen
The thoracic foramen that is at the anterior margin of the cuticle of the prothorax.
anterior prothoracic foramen
The thoracic foramen that is at the posterior margin of the cuticle of the prothorax.
posterior prothoracic foramen
The thoracic foramen that is at the anterior margin of the cuticle of the mesothorax.
anterior mesothoracic foramen
The thoracic foramen that is at the posterior margin of the cuticle of the mesothorax.
posterior mesothoracic foramen
The thoracic foramen that is at the posterior margin of the cuticle of the metathorax.
posterior metathoracic foramen
The thoracic foramen that is at the anterior margin of the cuticle of the metathorax.
anterior metathoracic foramen
The insect region of integument that is continuous with conjunctiva and attached to somatic muscle.
insect body segment
One of the repeated divisions of the whole organism.
segment
An anatomical structure that is metameric and is connected to other metameric subdivisions by muscles and is delimited by its sclerites.
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "segment, subdivision of the body between areas of flexibility associated with muscle attachments"
The insect region of integument that has a ring sclerirte, continuous with ring conjunctiva, and attached to somatic muscle.
insect appendage segment
Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "segment, subdivision of an appendage between areas of flexibility associated with muscle attachments"
The insect body segment that is part of the insect head.
insect cephalic segment
Any segment (FBbt:00000003) that is part of some head (FBbt:00000004).
head segment
The insect body segment that is part of the insect thorax.
insect thoracic segment
Any segment (FBbt:00000003) that is part of some thorax (FBbt:00000015).
thoracic segment
The insect body segment that is part of the insect abdomen.
insect abdominal segment
Metameric subdivision of the abdomen.
abdominal segment
The insect body segment that is part of the insect abdomen and is posterior to the insect metathoracic segment.
insect abdominal segment I
Most anterior segment of the abdomen.
abdominal segment 1
The insect abdominal segment that is posterior to the insect abdominal segment I and composed of abdominal tergite II and abdominal sternite II.
insect abdominal segment II
Second most anterior segment of the abdomen.
abdominal segment 2
The insect abdominal segment that is posterior to the insect abdominal segment II and composed of abdominal tergite III and abdominal sternite III.
insect abdominal segment III
Third most anterior segment of the abdomen.
abdominal segment 3
The insect abdominal segment that is posterior to the insect abdominal segment III and composed of abdominal tergite IV and abdominal sternite IV.
insect abdominal segment IV
Fourth most anterior segment of the abdomen.
abdominal segment 4
The insect abdominal segment that is posterior to the insect abdominal segment IV and composed of abdominal tergite V and abdominal sternite V.
insect abdominal segment V
Fifth most anterior segment of the abdomen.
abdominal segment 5
The insect abdominal segment that is posterior to the insect abdominal segment V and composed of abdominal tergite VI and abdominal sternite VI.
insect abdominal segment VI
Sixth most anterior segment of the abdomen.
abdominal segment 6
The insect abdominal segment that is posterior to the insect abdominal segment VI and composed of abdominal tergite VII and abdominal sternite VII.
insect abdominal segment VII
Seventh most anterior segment of the abdomen.
abdominal segment 7
The insect abdominal segment that is posterior to the insect abdominal segment VII and composed of abdominal tergite VIII and abdominal sternite VIII.
insect abdominal segment VIII
Eigth most anterior segment of the abdomen.
abdominal segment 8
The insect abdominal segment that is posterior to the insect abdominal segment VIII and composed of abdominal tergite IX and abdominal sternite IX.
insect abdominal segment IX
Ninth most anterior segment of the abdomen.
abdominal segment 9
The insect abdominal segment that is posterior to the insect abdominal segment IX and composed of abdominal tergite X and abdominal sternite X.
insect abdominal segment X
Tenth most anterior segment of the abdomen.
abdominal segment 10
The insect body segment that corresponds to the prothorax and is posterior to the insect cephalic segment.
insect prothoracic segment
The insect body segment that corresponds to the mesothorax and is posterior to the insect prothoracic segment.
insect mesothoracic segment
insect metathoracic segment
The paired sclerite of the postabdomen, attached to either the abdominal tergite VIII or IX.
coxopodite
gonocoxite
preoral cavity
insect mouth
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "The preoral cavity is the space enclosed between the labrum and labium and the paired mandibles and maxillae"
Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "Mouth. The external opening of the stomodaeum, situated in the ventral wall of the head between the labrum and the hypopharynx."
insect gland opening
The region of cuticle that is attached to arthropod sensillum.
cuticular sensilla
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sensilla are the basal functional and structural units of cuticular mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors. They include the cuticular component (e.g., the cuticle of a seta), the sensory neuron (or neurons), the associated sheath cells with the cavities they enclose and the structures they produce" p. 5.
sensilla ampullacea
Mushroom-shaped sensory structure on the flagellum, particularly the clava; sometimes called the sensilla ampullacea.
basiconic capitate peg sensillum
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Modified type of cuticular sensilla sunk below the external cuticular surface"
The region of the cuticle that bears an anatomical collection composed of cuticular carinae.
stridulatory file
The cuticular seta that is adjacent to the cuticle of the pretarsus.
pretarsal seta
The cuticular protrusion that is part of the pretarsus, ventral to the tarsal claws.
pulvillus
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pulvilli: smooth or hairy paired lateral membranous lobes below the claws". p. 44.
The medial cuticular protrusion of the pretarsus.
arolium
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Arolium: the median hollow lobe of the pretarsus. It can be completely membranous or partly sclerotized." p. 42. "unpaired, between the claws" p. 40.
The region of the insect wing that is posterior to the costal field of the insect wing.
radial field of the insect wing
The region of the insect wing that is posterior to the medial field of the insect wing.
cubital field of the insect wing
The region of the insect wing that is posterior to the radial field of the insect wing.
medial field of the insect wing
The bilaterally paired cuticular protrusion that contains insect tracheae.
tracheal gill
http://insecta.bio.spbu.ru/z/antidictionary/tergalii&gills.htm "Paraspiracular tracheal gill. Paired abdominal appendage, whose trachea arises either directly from the spiracular trachea of the same abdominal segment, or from the nearest point of tracheae branching"
The insect spiracle that is part of the insect thorax.
insect thoracic spiracle
The insect spiracle that is part of the insect abdomen.
insect abdominal insect spiracle
two-dimensional spatial region
The side of an organism that is left of the sagittal plane.
anatomical margin
The side of an organism that is right of the sagittal plane.
anatomical axis
An axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail.
In sponges, AP is used to indicate the direction of movement [in larval stage] (as it is in other metazoans that move, e.g., the basal bilaterians). [PM]
An axis that is approximately perpendicular to the anterior-posterior axis and that extends through the horizontal plane of the body.
left-right axis
Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and dorsal regions of a body or body part. [ BSPO : wd ]
antero-dorsal region
Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and ventral regions of a body or body part.
postero-lateral region
Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and lateral regions of a body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and ventral regions of a body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-lateral region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-lateral region of the body or body part.
Anatomical side that is distally located on an organism or structure.
postero-medial region
Anatomical region that overlaps the dorsal and medial regions of the body or body part.
A 3D region in space without well-defined compartmental boundaries; for example, the dorsal region of an ectoderm.
Anatomical region anteriorly located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region posteriorly located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region located on the apical end on the body or body part. [ BSPO : wd ]
apical region
Anatomical region proximally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region distally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region dorsally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the dorsal and lateral regions of a body or body part.
Anatomical region laterally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region medially located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region ventrally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the ventral and lateral regions of a body or body part.
This is an example of a composition of two axis positions.
The region corresponding to the ventral region of the entity, towards the midline.
Anatomical surface that is located on the proximal side of the body or body part.
internal side
Anatomical surface that is located on the distal side of the body or body part.
external side
Anatomical plane that divides a bilateral body into left and right parts, not necessarily of even size.
Anatomical margin that is located on the anterior side of a body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the posterior side of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the proximal region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the distal side of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the dorsal side of body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the lateral side of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the medial side of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the ventral side of the body or body part.
A one dimensional, immaterial anatomical entity.
A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane.
The definition of cell is intended to represent all cells, and thus a cell is defined as a material entity and not an anatomical structure, which implies that it is part of an organism (or the entirety of one).
cell
A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. The cell has a cytoskeleton that allows for tight cell to cell contact and for cell polarity where apical part is directed towards the lumen and the basal part to the basal lamina.
A specialized epithelial cell that is capable of synthesizing and secreting certain biomolecules.
An epithelial cell of the integument (the outer layer of an organism).
The sclerotized fore wing of beetles.
elytron
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "modified fore- or mesothoracic wings, which are characteristically rigid, fitting over the abdomen when at rest with their inner, posterior edges in contact"
The carina of the pronotum that separates the pronotal disc from the hypomeron.
lateral pronotal carina
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "the pronotal disc is usually separated on each side by the lateral pronotal carina from the hypomeron"
Lawrence JF, Beutel RG, Leschen RA, Ślipiński A (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4: 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "distinct edge separating the pronotal disc from the pronotal hypomeron on each side; the lateral carina (not always) may be raised to form a margin or bead"
The medial region of the pronotum.
pronotal disc
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "the main, dorsal portion of the pronotum"
The lateral region of the pronotum that is deflexed and laterally limited by the lateral pronotal carina.
hypomeron
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "deflexed portion of the pronotum limited by the lateral pronotal carina and adjacent to the pleuron or sternum"
deflexed
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/deflexed "turned abruptly downward"
The sulcus that separates the dorsal region of the pleuron from the lateral region of the notum.
notopleural suture
notopleural sulcus
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "separates the pleuron from the notum"
The sulcus that separates the ventral region of the pleuron from the lateral region of the sternum.
pleurosternal suture
pleurosternal sulcus
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "separates the pleuron from the prosternum (or proventrite)"
The sulcus separating the lateral region of the notum and the lateral region of the sternum.
notosternal suture
tergosternal suture
notosternal sulcus
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "separates notum from sternum in groups where the propleuron ends at least slightly before the anterior edge of the prothorax"
The part of the prosternum that is medial to the procoxae.
prosternal process
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "part of the prosternum lying between the procoxae"
The concave part of the prosternum that receives the procoxa.
procoxal cavity
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "countersunk cuticular housing for the procoxa"
The scutellum of the mesothorax.
mesoscutellum
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "subdivision of the dorsal surface of the mesothorax"
The region of the cuticle on the posterior region of the mesoscutellum.
scutellar shield
Lawrence JF, Beutel RG, Leschen RA, Ślipiński A (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4: 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "Exposed portion of the mesoscutellum which lies between the bases of elytra"
The medial margin of the elytron.
elytral suture
sutural edge
elytral sutural margin
Hansen M (1991) The hydrophiloid beetles. Phylogeny, classification and a revision of the genera (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Biologiske Skrifter 40: 1–367. [Fig. 150]
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "mesal edge of an elytron, which meets the corresponding edge of the opposite elytron"
Modified 2023-03-27: added 'elytral'to be specific. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The region of the cuticle on the dorsal region of an elytron.
elytral disc
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "general dorsal surface of an elytron"
The region of cuticle on the lateral region of the elytron.
elytral epipleuron
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "incurved lateral portion of the elytron which may be separated from the disc by a sharp ridge or carina"
The region of cuticle on the antero-lateral region of the elytron.
elytral humerus
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "the anterolateral portion of the [elytral] disc; usually somewhat elevated and angulate; embraces the mesopleuron"
A puncture on an elytron.
elytral puncture
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "puncture marked on the elytral disc, usually as part of a longitudinal series that may be contained in elytral striae; correspond to sclerotised pillars connecting the upper and lower surfaces of the elytron"
The groove on an elytron that is longitidinal (parallel to the anterior-posterior axis).
elytral stria
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "impressed longitudinal groove along elytral disc"
The region of the cuticle of the elytral disc that is adjacent to an elytral stria.
elytral interstice
elytral interval
elytral interstria
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "the surface of the elytral disc between elytral striae"
The sclerite on the ventral region of the mesothorax, limited by the pleurosternal sulci and medial to the mesanepisternum and mesepimeron.
mesoventrite
Lawrence JF, Beutel RG, Leschen RA, Ślipiński A (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4: 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "Applies to the ventral plate lying in front of and between the mesocoxal cavities; delimited laterally by the mesothoracic pleurosternal sutures. Although called the mesosternum in most earlier works on Coleoptera, this sclerite is equivalent to the paired mesothoracic preepisterna and paired mesokatepisterna, the true mesosternum having been largely invaginated and represented only by the area in the immediate vicinity of the bases of the mesendosternites). The transverse suture separating the katepisterna from the preepisterna is never complete in the mesothorax of beetles (indicated by an internal transverse ridge in a few Archostemata) and the discrimen, representing the invagination of the original mesosternum, is present in most Archostemata, Gyrinidae, most Scirtoidea, most Buprestidae, a number of byrrhoid families and the elateroid family Artematopodidae."
The sclerite on the ventral region of the metathorax, limited by the pleurosternal sulci and medial to the metanepisternum and metepimeron.
metaventrite
Lawrence JF, Beutel RG, Leschen RA, Ślipiński A (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4: 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "Ventral plate lying behind and between the mesocoxal cavities and delimited laterally by the metanepisterna. Although called the metasternum in most earlier works on Coleoptera, this sclerite is equivalent to the paired metapreepisterna and paired metakatepisterna, the true metasternum having been invaginated along the midline. The transverse suture separating the katepisterna from the preepisterna is often complete, but may be shortened (extending for a short distance on either side of the discrimen) or absent, and the discrimen, representing the invagination of the original metasternum, is often very long, sometimes completely dividing the metaventrite into halves, but may be shortened or absent in various taxa."
The anepisternum on the anterior region of the mesopleuron and lateral to the mesoventrite.
mesanepisternum
Lawrence JF, Beutel RG, Leschen RA, Ślipiński A (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4: 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "Anterior pleural sclerite of the mesothorax."
The anepisternum on the anterior region of the metapleuron and lateral to the metaventrite.
metanepisternum
Lawrence JF, Beutel RG, Leschen RA, Ślipiński A (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4: 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "Anterior pleural sclerite of the metathorax, which in Coleoptera is laterad of the metaventrite and mesoventrad of the metepimeron. Because the lateral (dorsal) portion of the metanepisternum is often concealed beneath the elytral epipleura, its shape in descriptions is based on the visible portion only."
The epimeron on the posterior region of the mesopleuron.
mesepimeron
Lawrence JF, Beutel RG, Leschen RA, Ślipiński A (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4: 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "Posterior pleural sclerite of the mesothorax"
The epimeron on the posterior region of the metapleuron and lateral to the metaventrite.
metepimeron
Lawrence JF, Beutel RG, Leschen RA, Ślipiński A (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4: 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "Posterior pleural sclerite of the metathorax, which in Coleoptera is located laterad of and above the metanepisternum and mostly concealed by the elytral epipleuron. In most beetle groups a small portion of this sclerite is visible near the lateral edge of the metacoxa."
The discrimen of the mesoventrite.
mesothoracic discrimen
Lawrence JF, Beutel RG, Leschen RA, Ślipiński A (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4: 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "Median line on the mesoventrite representing the invagination of the true mesosternum. This line is rarely complete and often absent in the mesothorax, where the single invagination or furca is replaced by well separated endosternal apodemes."
The discrimen of the metaventrite.
metathoracic discrimen
Lawrence JF, Beutel RG, Leschen RA, Ślipiński A (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4: 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "Median line extending forward from the posterior edge of the metaventrite, internally corresponding with a more or less high median ridge representing the invagination of the true metasternum. The ridge is usually connected with the metendosternite. The discrimen is often relatively long and may extend anteriorly to or beyond the base of the metaventral process, but it is reduced or absent in a number of groups."
Modified 2023-01-20: corrected typo on label to 'metathoracic'. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The concave part of the ventral region of the pterothorax that receives the mesocoxa.
mesocoxal cavity
Lawrence JF, Beutel RG, Leschen RA, Ślipiński A (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4: 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "Countersunk pterothoracic housing into which the mesocoxa fits. Formed by portions of the mesoventrite and metaventrite, often with the addition of mesopleural sclerites and less commonly the metanepisternum. This autapomorphy of the order Coleoptera is secondarily reduced in a number of soft-bodied beetles."
The postero-medial region of the mesoventrite in contact with the metaventral process.
mesoventral process
Lawrence JF, Beutel RG, Leschen RA, Ślipiński A (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4: 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "Mesal lobe at the posterior edge of the mesoventrite which usually extends between the mesocoxal cavities and meets the metaventral process"
The antero-medial region of the metaventrite in contact with the mesoventral process.
metaventral process
Lawrence JF, Beutel RG, Leschen RA, Ślipiński A (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4: 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "Mesal lobe at the anterior end of the metaventrite which often extends forward between the mesocoxae and meets the mesoventral process."
The concave region of abdominal sternites II and III that receive the metacoxa.
metacoxal cavity
Lawrence JF, Beutel RG, Leschen RA, Ślipiński A (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4: 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "Countersunk abdominal housing into which the metacoxa fits. Usually formed by abdominal sternites II and III combined with the posterior wall of the metaventrite. This autapomorphy of the order Coleoptera is secondarily reduced in a number of soft-bodied beetles."
The sulcus of the metaventrite that is transverse (parallel to the left-right axis).
metakatepisternal suture
metakatepisternal sulcus
Lawrence JF, Beutel RG, Leschen RA, Ślipiński A (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4: 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "Transverse suture on the metaventrite which separates the paired metathoracic preepisterna from the paired metakatepisterna. Although a complete suture, extending from the discrimen to the lateral edges of the mesoventrite on each side, is part of the groundplan of Coleoptera, it is often shortened so that it extends for only a short distance on either side of the discrimen."
The region of cuticle that is anterior to the compound eye
canthus
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "lobe anteriorly emarginating the eyes, or partly or completely dividing them"
The carina on the frons that is dorsal to the antennal foramen.
frontal ridge
frontal carina
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "conceal antennal insertions from above; may extend mesally and unite at midline or extend posteriorly as supraorbital ridges"
The concave region of the cuticle on the lateral or ventral region of the head capsule that is adjacent to the antennal foramen.
subantennal groove
Lawrence JF, Beutel RG, Leschen RA, Ślipiński A (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4: 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "Groove or concavity lying below the antennal insertion and housing the base of the antenna. Placed between the eye (if present) and the mandibular articulation, and sometimes extends below or behind the eye."
The region of cuticle of the insect head that is proximal to the mouthparts and composed of frons and clypeus.
rostrum
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "forward, long and slender projection of the frontoclypeal region of some Curculionoidea"
The subantennal groove on the rostrum that is posterior to the antennal foramen.
scrobe
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "subantennal grooves on the rostrum, lying posterior to the antennal socket"
The spur on the distal margin of the tibia.
tibial spur
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "enlarged articulated spine at the apex of the tibia"
The spine on the distal margin of the tibia.
uncus
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "outwardly directed tooth or spinose lobe, and curved tibial processes"
The apodeme on the anterior margin of abdominal sternite VIII.
spiculum
The endophallite that is elongated.
flagellum
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "long and sclerotised structure of the endophallus"
The phallobase that is fused to the parameres.
tegmen
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "the phallobase forms a tubular structure enveloping the penis and the parameres are usually reduced and often fused to the phallobase"
The apodeme on the anterior margin of the tegmen.
tegminal strut
trabes
manubrium
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "the anterior edge of the tegmen or phallobase often bears an anterior strut or apodeme"
Gordon RD (1985) The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America North of Mexico. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 93: i–912. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25009452 "strut posterior to basal piece of male genitalia, connected by muscular attachment to basal piece"
The sclerite of the paraproct that is elongated.
baculum
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ [adjusted] long, paired sclerotized rods that strengthen the proctiger and the paraprocts.
The dorsal region of the eye cuticle.
dorsal lobe of eye
The ventral region of the eye cuticle.
ventral lobe of eye
The cuticular sulcus that is the lateral region of the frontoclypeal sulcus.
genoclypeal sutures
genoclypeal sulcus
Doyen, J. T. (1966). The skeletal anatomy of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America, 5, 103–150. "The epistoma includes the clypeus medially and the genae laterally, separated by the oblique genoclypeal sutures"
The cranio-mandibular articulation of the head capsule on the ventral region of the clypealia
precoila
dorsal cranio-mandibular articulation
Stickney, F.S. (1923) The head-capsule of Coleoptera. Contributions from the Entomological Labratories of the University of Illinois. Urbana, Illinois, USA, 172 pp. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/49937 "The rounded condyle on the ventral surface of each clypealia, against which the preartis of the mandible articulates"
The region of the cuticle corresponding to the postero-lateral region of the postclypeus
clypealia
Stickney, F.S. (1923) The head-capsule of Coleoptera. Contributions from the Entomological Labratories of the University of Illinois. Urbana, Illinois, USA, 172 pp. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/49937 "The caudo-lateral projection or lobe of the postclypeus"
The cranio-mandibular articulation of the head capsule at the anterior region of the postgena
postcoila
ventral cranio-mandibular articulation
Stickney, F.S. (1923) The head-capsule of Coleoptera. Contributions from the Entomological Labratories of the University of Illinois. Urbana, Illinois, USA, 172 pp. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/49937 "At the cephalic end of a postgena is always found a distinct crescent-shaped acetabulum, against which the postartis of the mandible articulates"
The insect articulation of the head capsule at the postero-medial region of the postgena
maxillary fossa
paracoila
cranio-maxillar articulation
Stickney, F.S. (1923) The head-capsule of Coleoptera. Contributions from the Entomological Labratories of the University of Illinois. Urbana, Illinois, USA, 172 pp. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/49937 "The small rather concave projection at the caudo-mesal margin of the postgena against which the maxilla articulate"
The cuticular carina that is parallel to the medial margin of the eye
supraorbital crest
The cuticular groove of the head capsule that runs parallel to the left-right axis, adjacent to the vertex and the occiput
posterior cranial transverse groove
Doyen, J.T. (1966) The skeletal anatomy of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America 5, 103–150. [as posterior transverse groove]
The cuticular sulcus between the submentum and the postgena
submental sutures
submental sulcus
Doyen, J.T. (1966) The skeletal anatomy of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America 5, 103–150. [as submental sutures]
The cuticular seta on the dorsal region of the cuticle of the labrum.
labral bristle
labral seta
The region of the cuticle of the torma that is elongated and parallel to the left-right axis.
medial tormal process
Doyen, J.T. (1966) The skeletal anatomy of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America 5, 103–150. "long transverse bar, separated from the labrum by a narrow cleft and nearly reaching the midline. The mesal end is enlarged and bent posteriorly as a narrow pointed arm, which has no muscle attchments but is embedded in the epipharynx"
The region of the cuticle on the postero-lateral region of the torma.
posterior tormal process
Doyen, J.T. (1966) The skeletal anatomy of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America 5, 103–150. "a short arm to which the long labral retractor tendon is attached"
The sclerite of the epipharynx.
epipharyngeal sclerite
The epipharyngeal sclerite on the anterior region of the epipharynx.
anterior epipharyngeal sclerite
The epipharyngeal sclerite on the posterior region of the epipharynx.
posterior epipharyngeal sclerite
The setose cuticle of the epipharynx that is posterior to the anterior epipharyngeal sclerite.
epipharyngeal process
The insect articulation on the dorso-lateral region of the cuticle of the insect mandible.
articulatory fossa
mandibular dorsolateral socket
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "The mandible is usually in the form of a tetrahedron,with dorsal, ventral and external faces, a triangular base, and articulations with the head capsule consisting of a dorsolateral socket and ventrolateral condyle."
The insect articulation on the ventro-lateral region of the cuticle of the insect mandible.
articulatory condyle
mandibular ventrolateral condyle
The apodeme adjacent to the proximo-lateral region of the cuticle of the insect mandible.
mandibular abductor apodeme
The apodeme adjacent to the proximo-medial region of the cuticle of the insect mandible.
mandibular adductor apodeme
The apodeme that is adjacent to the proximo-dorsal region of the cuticle of the cardo.
cardo process
The cardo process of the medial region.
mesal cardo process
The cardo process of the lateral region.
lateral cardo process
The cuticular seta on the dorsal region of the cuticle of the galea.
galeal seta
The cuticular seta on the dorsal region of the cuticle of the lacinia.
lacinial seta
The sclerite on the lateral margin the cuticle of the lacinia.
lacinial digitus
The cuticular seta on the ventral region of the cuticle of the paraglossa.
paraglossal seta
The bilaterally paired cuticular sulcus on the posterior region of the pronotum.
pronotal sulcus
The setose cuticle on the medial region of the hypopharynx.
hypopharyngeal brush
The bilaterally paired sclerites composing the ventral region of the hypopharyngeal suspensorium.
struts of hypopharyngeal suspensorium
Each of the bilaterally paired hypopharyngeal sclerites on the antero-lateral region of the hypopharynx.
anterolateral hypopharyngeal sclerite
The hypopharyngeal sclerite on the antero-medial region of the hypopharynx.
anteromedial hypopharyngeal sclerite
The bilaterally paired sclerites on the antero-dorsal region of the hypopharyngeal suspensorium.
arms of hypopharyngeal suspensorium
The proximal region of the cuticle of the galea that is adjacent to the distal margin of the mediostipes.
basigalea
The distal region of the cuticle of the galea that is adjacent to the distal margin of the basigalea.
distigalea
Each of the bilaterally paired hypopharyngeal sclerites on the medial region of the hypopharynx.
medial hypopharyngeal sclerite
The region of cuticle that is part of the head capsule, posterior to the labrum and composed of clypeus and frons.
frontoclypeus
Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.F. & Marvaldi, A.E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. Annales Zoologici 61, 1–217. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725
Not quite defined, but used in Lawrence et al. 2011 in characters 2 and 31 for adults, character 369 for larvae.
The cuticular ridge on the cuticle of the prothorax that coincides with the notosternal sulcus.
notosternal ridge
Each of the bilaterally paired regions of cuticle on the postero-medial region of the hypomeron.
postcoxal bridge
posterior tergal extensions
postcoxal process of hypomeron
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/
The cuticular groove on the distal side of the cuticle of an antennomere that bears cuticular sensillae.
periarticular gutter
periarticular groove
Antunes-Carvalho, C., Ribera, I., Beutel, R.G. & Gnaspini, P. (2019) Morphology-based phylogenetic reconstruction of Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae): a new view on higher-level relationships. Cladistics 35, 1–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12230 "A periarticular gutter bearing sensilla is usually present on antennomeres 7, 9 and 10, but it is lacking on the reduced antennomere 8"
Antunes-Carvalho, C., Yavorskaya, M., Gnaspini, P., Ribera, I., Hammel, J.U. & Beutel, R.G. (2017) Cephalic anatomy and three-dimensional reconstruction of the head of Catops ventricosus (Weise, 1877) (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae). Organisms Diversity & Evolution 17, 199–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-016-0305-3 "A distal periarticular gutter bearing sensilla is present on antennomeres 7, 9, and 10, visible through a narrow slit-like opening on the apical surface of these segments"
The antennomere that is cup-shaped.
cuticle of cupule
cupule
Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.F. & Marvaldi, A.E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. Annales Zoologici 61, 1–217. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725 "The cupule, as used here, includes but is not restricted to the functional cupule playing a role in the respiration of aquatic hydrophilids and hydraenids. Any cup-like antennomere immediately preceding the club (e.g. that in Silphidae) is also considered to be a cupule."
Modified 2023-04-15: removed ‘cuticle of’ from label. starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330
The cuticle of the mouthpart composed at least by the cuticle of the galea.
cuticle of mala
mala
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "The major evolutionary trends exhibited by the maxillary apex include: (1) loss of the basal segment of the galea and its basal articulation resulting in two fixed lobes; (2) loss of one lobe, usually the lacinia, resulting in a single process, often referred to as a mala; (3) basal fusion and then complete fusion of galea and lacinia, resulting in a combined structure, also called a mala; and (4) loss of both apical lobes, so that only the palp arises from the palpifer or apex of the stipes."
The insect sclerite that includes the gula and the submentum.
gulamentum
Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.F. & Marvaldi, A.E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. Annales Zoologici 61, 1–217. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725 Character 87: "The gulamentum is defined as the gula combined with the submentum"
The cuticular internal depression that is medial to the gular sulci.
median gular endocarina
Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.F. & Marvaldi, A.E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. Annales Zoologici 61, 1–217. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725 "This endocarina lies between the gular sutures and is NOT homologous to the single gular invagination or fusion of the posterior tentorial arms when the gular sutures are fused together. It may also be very short and has been called a gular apodeme. This endocarina occurs mainly in Adephaga, but is also found in the hydraenid genera Hydraena and Ochthebius."
The protrochantin that is fused with the propleuron.
propleurotrochantin
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "In both Myxophaga and Polyphaga, the trochantin has apparently fused completely with the pleuron forming a pleurotrochantin."
The region of cuticle on the postero-lateral region of the propleuron.
postcoxal projections of propleuron
Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.F. & Marvaldi, A.E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. Annales Zoologici 61, 1–217. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725 See character 141.
The elytral puncture that is relatively large, square, and transparent.
elytral window puncture
Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.F. & Marvaldi, A.E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. Annales Zoologici 61, 1–217. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725 "Window punctures are large, somewhat quadrate and deep with a translucent floor."
The sulcus of the mesoventrite that is transverse (parallel to the left-right axis).
mesokatepisternal suture
mesokatepisternal sulcus
Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.F. & Marvaldi, A.E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. Annales Zoologici 61, 1–217. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725 "This structure, which is serially homologous to the metakatepisternal suture, is apparently present in a few Archostemata and Adephaga, but it is not easy to see. There is rarely any external indication but there may be an internal ridge which does not appear to cross the discrimen like its counterpart in the metathorax."
The apodeme of the mesendosternite.
mesendosternal arm
Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.F. & Marvaldi, A.E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. Annales Zoologici 61, 1–217. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725 See character 182.
The region of cuticle that constitutes the ventro-medial region of the metendosternite.
metendosternal stalk
The bilaterally paired dorso-lateral apodeme of the metendosternite that is distal to the metendosternal lamina.
metendosternal arm
Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.F. & Marvaldi, A.E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. Annales Zoologici 61, 1–217. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725 "The lateral arms of the metendosternite are usually moderately long and often extend anterolaterally."
The bilaterally paired region of cuticle on the dorso-lateral region of the metendosternite that is proximal to the metendosternal arm.
metendosternal lamina
Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.F. & Marvaldi, A.E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. Annales Zoologici 61, 1–217. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725 "Laminae are flattened projections arising near the bases of the lateral arms; they are usually somewhat disc-like but may be slender in some taxa."
The cuticular carina on the anterior region of the metendosternite (metafurca) that is parallel to the anterior-posterior axis.
ventral longitudinal flange
anterior longitudinal flange of the metendosternite
Velázquez de Castro, A.J. (1998) Morphology and taxonomy of the genus Sitona Germar, 1817.(I): the metendosternite (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino XX I.C.E., 109–123. See page 111.
The cuticular carina on the anterior region of the metendosternite (metafurca) that is parallel to the left-right axis.
anterior transverse flange of the metendosternite
The cuticular protrusion on the ventro-lateral region of the metendosternite that is distal to the metendosternal lamina and proximal to the metendosternal arm.
ventro-lateral metendosternal process
Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.F. & Marvaldi, A.E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. Annales Zoologici 61, 1–217. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725 "Ventrolateral processes arise from the junction of the stalk and lateral arms and project more or less posteriorly."
The cuticular tendon on the antero-dorsal regionof the metendosternal lamina.
anterior tendon of the metendosternite
Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.F. & Marvaldi, A.E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. Annales Zoologici 61, 1–217. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725 See character 207.
The region of the beetle wing that is distal to the central region of the beetle wing.
apical field of the beetle wing
Kukalová-Peck, J. & Lawrence, J.F. (1993) Evolution of the hind wing in Coleoptera. The Canadian Entomologist 125, 181–258. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent125181-2 "apical, the wing apex (often referred to as the "wing membrane'') distal to the radial cell, r4, and the oblong cell or medial hook"
Lawrence, J.F., Beutel, R.G., Leschen, R.A. & Ślipiński, A. (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4, 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "Apical Field. Portion of the wing membrane lying apicad of the radial cell (Polyphaga), cross-vein r4, the R-M loop (Polyphaga), the oblongum cell (most Archostemata, Myxophaga and Adephaga) and medial spur, and often containing terminal branches of RA and RP or the elateroid sclerites possibly derived from them."
Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.F. & Marvaldi, A.E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. Annales Zoologici 61, 1–217. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725 "The apical field lies between the ends of the two wing struts and the wing apex; it almost always contains various folds and often contains apical extensions of RP and sometimes RA, but in some wings it may be entirely membranous or contain one or more non-homologizable sclerites only."
The insect wing vein that is anterior to the central field of the beetle wing, distal to the radial bar of the beetle wing, and proximal to the apical field of the beetle wing.
radial cell of the beetle wing
Lawrence, J.F., Beutel, R.G., Leschen, R.A. & Ślipiński, A. (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4, 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "Radial Cell. Forking of RA into RA1+2 and RA3+4 and a subsequent rejoining of these two branches near the anterior wing margin in Polyphaga. Not homologous with cells formed by cross-veins between RA1+2 and RA3 or RA3+4 in Archostemata, Myxophaga and Adephaga."
The region of the beetle wing that is distal to the radial field of the insect wing, anterior to the medial field of the insect wing, and proximal to the apical field of the beetle wing.
central field of the beetle wing
Kukalová-Peck, J. & Lawrence, J.F. (1993) Evolution of the hind wing in Coleoptera. The Canadian Entomologist 125, 181–258. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent125181-2 "central, area just proximal to the radial cell and cross-vein r4 and containing or delimited by transverse or oblique folds (forming a triangle in more primitive wing types)"
Lawrence, J.F., Zhou, Y.-L., Lemann, C., Sinclair, B. & Ślipiński, A. (2021) The hind wing of Coleoptera (Insecta): morphology, nomenclature and phylogenetic significance. Part 1. General discussion and Archostemata–Elateroidea. Annales Zoologici 71, 421–606. https://doi.org/10.3161/00034541ANZ2021.71.3.001 "Central Field. This is a complex folding region containing various cells, cross-veins and folding areas in all suborders and the Radiomedial Loop in Polyphaga."
The insect wing vein composed of the radial anterior branch 1+2 (RA1+2) of the beetle wing and the subcosta posterior (ScP) of the beetle wing.
anterior wing strut
radial bar of the beetle wing
Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.F. & Marvaldi, A.E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. Annales Zoologici 61, 1–217. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725 "The anterior wing strut or radial bar (ScP plus RA-RA1+2)"
The medial vein that is posterior to the radial posterior (RP) vein of the beetle wing.
MP 1+2
posterior wing strut
medial bar of the beetle wing
Kukalová-Peck, J. & Lawrence, J.F. (1993) Evolution of the hind wing in Coleoptera. The Canadian Entomologist 125, 181–258. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent125181-2 "MP1+2 primitively is strong and mildly, concavely arched, ends in a spike, and does not reach the posterior margin of the wing. This branch functions as the medial bar and combines with rp-mp cross-veins to form part of the medial loop, which is engaged in apical folding."
Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.F. & Marvaldi, A.E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. Annales Zoologici 61, 1–217. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725 "posterior wing strut or medial bar (MP1+2)"
The insect wing fold that is proximal to the radial cross-vein r4 and anterior to the oblongum cell of the beetle wing.
triangular folding area of the beetle wing
Kukalová-Peck, J. & Lawrence, J.F. (1993) Evolution of the hind wing in Coleoptera. The Canadian Entomologist 125, 181–258. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent125181-2 "Central Folding. Central folding occurs in a variably large area proximal to the limits of the radial cell, r4, and the medial hook or oblong cell (Fig. 12), which has been designated as the central field."
The region of the beetle wing that is distal to the axillary region of the insect wing and proximal to the costal vein of the insect wing.
humeral field of the beetle wing
Kukalová-Peck, J. & Lawrence, J.F. (1993) Evolution of the hind wing in Coleoptera. The Canadian Entomologist 125, 181–258. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent125181-2 "humeral, the anterior part of the wing base in the vicinity of the humeral fold"
Lawrence, J.F., Zhou, Y.-L., Lemann, C., Sinclair, B. & Ślipiński, A. (2021) The hind wing of Coleoptera (Insecta): morphology, nomenclature and phylogenetic significance. Part 1. General discussion and Archostemata–Elateroidea. Annales Zoologici 71, 421–606. https://doi.org/10.3161/00034541ANZ2021.71.3.001 "Humeral Field. This is a small area at the anterior part of the wing base."
The anterior region of the subcostal vein of the insect wing.
subcosta anterior (ScA) of the beetle wing
Lawrence, J.F., Zhou, Y.-L., Lemann, C., Sinclair, B. & Ślipiński, A. (2021) The hind wing of Coleoptera (Insecta): morphology, nomenclature and phylogenetic significance. Part 1. General discussion and Archostemata–Elateroidea. Annales Zoologici 71, 421–606. https://doi.org/10.3161/00034541ANZ2021.71.3.001 "The Subcosta Anterior (ScA) is restricted to the wing base"
The posterior region of the subcostal vein of the insect wing.
subcosta posterior (ScP) of the beetle wing
Lawrence, J.F., Zhou, Y.-L., Lemann, C., Sinclair, B. & Ślipiński, A. (2021) The hind wing of Coleoptera (Insecta): morphology, nomenclature and phylogenetic significance. Part 1. General discussion and Archostemata–Elateroidea. Annales Zoologici 71, 421–606. https://doi.org/10.3161/00034541ANZ2021.71.3.001 "Subcosta Posterior (ScP) extends apically just in front of the Radius Anterior and ends at about the same point as RA1+2, so that the two together form the anterior wing strut or the Radial Bar of Kukalová-Peck & Lawrence (1993, 2004)."
The anterior region of the radial vein of the insect wing.
radial anterior (RA) vein of the beetle wing
Kukalová-Peck, J. & Lawrence, J.F. (1993) Evolution of the hind wing in Coleoptera. The Canadian Entomologist 125, 181–258. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent125181-2 "Radius Anterior (RA+). The coleopteran RA+ forks into RA1+2, and RA3+4, and a pigmented pterostigma occurs between the branches of the fork"
Lawrence, J.F., Zhou, Y.-L., Lemann, C., Sinclair, B. & Ślipiński, A. (2021) The hind wing of Coleoptera (Insecta): morphology, nomenclature and phylogenetic significance. Part 1. General discussion and Archostemata–Elateroidea. Annales Zoologici 71, 421–606. https://doi.org/10.3161/00034541ANZ2021.71.3.001 "The Radius Anterior (RA) divides into RA1+2 and RA3+4 at about mid-wing in G01 to G03 but well beyond this in most other G groups."
The posterior region of the radial vein of the insect wing.
radial posterior (RP) vein of the beetle wing
Lawrence, J.F., Zhou, Y.-L., Lemann, C., Sinclair, B. & Ślipiński, A. (2021) The hind wing of Coleoptera (Insecta): morphology, nomenclature and phylogenetic significance. Part 1. General discussion and Archostemata–Elateroidea. Annales Zoologici 71, 421–606. https://doi.org/10.3161/00034541ANZ2021.71.3.001 "The Radius Posterior (RP) separates from RA near the wing base close to the point of attachment of RA with MP1+2 and the formation of the Medial Bridge (MBR). RP is usually complete to the base in G01–G03, although sometimes interrupted by the triangular folding area, and apically it forms the anterior part of the Oblongum cell and subdivides into as many as three terminal branches, RP1, RP2 and RP3+4."
The anterior branch of the beetle wing vein that is part of the radial anterior (RA) vein of the beetle wing.
radial anterior branch 1+2 (RA1+2) of the beetle wing
The insect wing vein of the costal field that is anterior to the costal vein of the insect wing.
precostal vein of the beetle wing
Kukalová-Peck, J. & Lawrence, J.F. (1993) Evolution of the hind wing in Coleoptera. The Canadian Entomologist 125, 181–258. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent125181-2 "Precosta (PC). The coleopteran precosta primitively is not fully fused with the costa near the base, but forms a membranous strip or flap adjacent to C (Figs. 17, 22, 47, 80). In most Coleoptera, PC and C are completely fused beginning at HP."
The insect wing vein thet is anterior to the posterior branch of the beetle wing vein.
anterior branch of the beetle wing vein
The insect wing vein thet is posterior to the anterior branch of the beetle wing vein.
posterior branch of the beetle wing vein
The posterior branch of the beetle wing vein that is part of the radial anterior (RA) vein of the beetle wing.
radial anterior branch 3+4 (RA3+4) of the beetle wing
The posterior branch of the beetle wing vein that is part of the radial posterior (RP) vein of the beetle wing.
radial posterior branch 1 (RP1) of the beetle wing
The posterior branch of the beetle wing vein that is part of the radial posterior (RP) vein of the beetle wing and posterior to the radial posterior branch 1 (RP1) of the beetle wing.
radial posterior branch 2 (RP2) of the beetle wing
The posterior branch of the beetle wing vein that is part of the radial posterior (RP) vein of the beetle wing and posterior to radial posterior branch 2 (RP2) of the beetle wing.
radial posterior branch 3+4 (RP3+4) of the beetle wing
Modified 2024-02-13: added posterior to RP2 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883
The insect wing vein that is adjacent to another insect wing vein.
cross-vein of the beetle wing
The cross-vein of the beetle wing that is proximal to the radial cell of the beetle wing.
radial cross-vein r3
Lawrence, J.F., Beutel, R.G., Leschen, R.A. & Ślipiński, A. (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4, 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "Cross-vein r3. Subapical cross-vein between RA3+4 and RP; transverse (perpendicular to long axis of wing) or strongly oblique in Archostemata, Myxophaga and Adephaga and often slightly oblique to longitudinal (parallel to long axis of wing) in Polyphaga; rarely complete and often absent. Termed the “radial recurrent vein” in some older systems of nomenclature."
The cross-vein of the beetle wing that is adjacent to the postero-medial region of the radial cell of the beetle wing.
radial cross-vein r4
Lawrence, J.F., Beutel, R.G., Leschen, R.A. & Ślipiński, A. (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4, 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "Cross-vein r4. Apical cross-vein between RA3+4 and RP; always more or less transverse and usually complete."
The posterior branch of the beetle wing vein that is posterior to the medial bar of the beetle wing.
medial posterior branch 3+4 (MP3+4) of the beetle wing
The medial vein that is distal to the medial bar of the beetle wing.
medial spur of the beetle wing
Lawrence, J.F., Beutel, R.G., Leschen, R.A. & Ślipiński, A. (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4, 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "Medial Spur. Apical extension of MP1+2 beyond the R-M loop or oblongum cell. Very short and straight or absent in Archostemata, Myxophaga and Adephaga and usually longer and posteriorly curved in Polyphaga."
The cross-vein thet is adjacent to the medial bar and to the medial posterior branch 3+4 of the beetle wing.
medial corss-vein
Lawrence, J.F., Beutel, R.G., Leschen, R.A. & Ślipiński, A. (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4, 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "Sub-basal cross-vein joining MP3+4 to MP1+2"
The first anterior branch of the cubital vein, which is posterior to the medial posterior branch 3+4 (MP3+4) of the beetle wing.
cubital anterior branch 1 (CuA1) of the beetle wing
The second anterior branch of the cubital vein that is posterior to the first cubital anterior branch of the beetle wing (CuA1).
cubital anterior branch 2 (CuA2) of the beetle wing
The anterior branch of the cubital vein that is composed of the first and second cubital anterior branches of the beetle wing.
cubital anterior branch 1+2 (CuA1+2) of the beetle wing
The anterior branch of the cubital vein that is posterior to the cubital anterior branch 1+2 (CuA1+2) of the beetle wing.
cubital anterior branch 3+4 (CuA3+4) of the beetle wing
The anterior branch of the anal vein that is composed of the first and second anal anterior branches of the beetle wing.
anal anterior branch 1+2 (AA1+2) of the beetle wing
The anterior branch of the anal vein that is composed of the anal anterior branch 1+2 and the cubital anterior branch 3+4 of the beetle wing.
anal anterior branch 1+2 and cubital anterior branch 3+4 (AA1+2+CuA3+4) of the beetle wing
The anterior branch of the anal wing vein that is posterior to the anal anterior branch 1+2 and cubital anterior branch 3+4 (AA1+2+CuA3+4) of the beetle wing.
anal anterior branch 3 (AA3) of the beetle wing
The anterior branch of the anal wing vein that is posterior to the anal anterior branch 3 (AA3) of the beetle wing.
anal anterior branch 4 (AA4) of the beetle wing
The anterior branch of the cubital vein that is composed of the third and fourth anal anterior branches of the beetle wing.
anal anterior branch 3+4 (AA3+4) of the beetle wing
The cross-vein of the beetle wing that is adjacent to the radial posterior vein and to the medial spur of the beetle wing.
radial-medial cross vein
The insect wing vein composed of the medial bar, the radial posterior branch 3+4, and the radial-medial cross vein.
oblongum cell of the beetle wing
Lawrence, J.F., Beutel, R.G., Leschen, R.A. & Ślipiński, A. (2010) Glossary of morphological terms. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4, 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.9 "Oblongum Cell. Cell in most Archostemata, Adephaga and Myxophaga formed between two R-M cross-veins."
The posterior branch of the anal vein that is composed of the first and second anal posterior branches of the beetle wing.
anal posterior branch 1+2 (AP1+2) of the beetle wing
The posterior branch of the anal wing vein that is posterior to the anal anterior branch 3+4 (AA3+4) of the beetle wing.
anal posterior branch 3 (AP3) of the beetle wing
The posterior branch of the anal wing vein that is posterior to the anal posterior branch 3 (AP3) of the beetle wing.
anal posterior branch 4 (AP4) of the beetle wing
The posterior branch of the anal wing vein that is composed of the anal posterior branch 3 (AP3) and the anal posterior branch 4 (AP4) of the beetle wing.
anal posterior branch 3+4 (AP3+4) of the beetle wing
The insect sclerite on the apical field of the beetle wing that is distal to the radial cell.
post-radial sclerite of the beetle wing
Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.F. & Marvaldi, A.E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. Annales Zoologici 61, 1–217. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725 "The post-radial sclerite refers to a relatively small heavily pigmented sclerite located just beyond the radial cell in some Polyphaga. It occurs widely and almost exclusively in Cucujiformia, and its presence in Tropisternus and Heterocerus is probably homoplasious."
The sclerite that is part of the insect abdomen, part of the medial region and the ventral region and is exposed.
abdominal ventrite
The cuticular sensilla that is adjacent to the cuticle of an antennomere.
antennal sensorium
Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.F. & Marvaldi, A.E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. Annales Zoologici 61, 1–217. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725 "The antennal sensorium is a large sensillum or complex of sensilla normally located on the preapical antennomere of beetle larvae; it has also been called sensory appendage or sensory appendix. The sensorium may be located on the apical antennomere (S2) in those antennae which have lost the true apical antennomere and are thus 2-segmented or which have lost the apical and basal antennomeres and are 1-segmented."
The cuticle of the mouthpart that is composed of the maxilla and the labium.
cuticle of maxillolabial complex
maxillolabial complex
Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.F. & Marvaldi, A.E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. Annales Zoologici 61, 1–217. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725 "The consolidation of the maxillolabial complex by the partial or complete fusion of various elements has occurred several times in Coleoptera."
The cuticular sulcus on the cuticle of the maxillolabial complex.
maxillolabial sulcus
Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.F. & Marvaldi, A.E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. Annales Zoologici 61, 1–217. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725 See character 399.
The cuticular ridge on the ventral region of the head capsule that is lateral to the cranio-mandibular articulation.
ventral epicranial ridge
Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.F. & Marvaldi, A.E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. Annales Zoologici 61, 1–217. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725 "Ventral epicranial ridges originate just laterad of the ventral mandibular articulations and extend posteriorly flanking the hypostomal rods or lateral edges of the hypostomal cavity; they are not sclerotized rods but rather the edges of a countersunk housing for the ventral mouthparts or maxillolabial complex."
The cuticular protrusion that is lateral to an abdominal tergite.
lateral abdominal tergal process
Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.F. & Marvaldi, A.E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. Annales Zoologici 61, 1–217. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725 See character 466, Fig. 65D.
The bilaterally paired cuticular protrusion of the abdominal tergite IX.
cuticle of urogomphus
urogomphus
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "The most obvious and consistent feature of tergum IX is the presence of paired urogomphi (sing. urogomphus), whic hmay be articulated or fixed at the base andmay consist of one to several segments. The termurogomphi has been used for almost any paired prominences on tergum IX, with the exception of setae or articulated spines. The structures so designated are not necessarily homologous. The term cerci (sing. cercus) has also been applied to them, but this term should be restricted to appendages on segment X in some other orders, which are unknown in Coleoptera. Other terms that have been applied to urogomphi are pseudocerci and cornuculi."
The bilaterally paired cuticular protrusion that is anterior to the urogomphus.
cuticle of pregomphus
pregomphus
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "Sometimes urogomphi may be accompanied by tubercles or teeth extending onto the surface of the tergum or smaller, paired processes called pregomphi"
The insect sclerite that is distal to the abdominal sternite IX.
ventrally-hinged operculum
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "In various larvae belonging to the families Dryopidae, Limnichidae (Hyphalinae), Lutrochidae, Elmidae, Ptilodactylidae (Araeopidiinae, Cladotominae), Chelonariidae, Psephenidae (Eubriinae, Psephenoidinae), a ventrally-hinged operculum (Figs 52Z, 65H, J) is formed from sternum X, which articulated with the ventral part of the ninth segment."
The insect spiracle composed of a sieve plate of the cribriform spiracle and a spiracular scar.
cribriform spiracle
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "The cribriformspiracle has themain opening blocked, not by a single division, but by a sieve plate bearing numerous fine perforations. The cuticular area immediately adjoining the sieve plate and usually partly surrounded by it is called the bulla, and it is here that the spiracular scar is located."
The perforated region of the cuticle that is part of the cribriform spiracle.
sieve plate of the cribriform spiracle
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "The cribriformspiracle has themain opening blocked, not by a single division, but by a sieve plate bearing numerous fine perforations"
The insect sclerite that is part of the insect spiracle.
spiracular scar
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "The cuticular area immediately adjoining the sieve plate and usually partly surrounded by it is called the bulla, and it is here that the spiracular scar is located."
The elytral stria with elevated surface.
costate elytral interstria
The cuticular seta on the external side of the cuticle of the gena that is posterior or ventral to the compound eye.
genal seta
The lateral margin of the pronotum
lateral pronotal margin
The apodeme that is bilaterally paired and adjacent to the internal side of the anterior region of the pronotum and adjacent to the internal side of the antero-lateral region of the pronotum.
In Scarabaeinae, an apodeme attached to the anterolateral and to the anterior margins of pronotum.
basisternal furca
anterolateral pronotal apodeme
Tarasov S, Génier F (2015) Innovative Bayesian and Parsimony Phylogeny of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) Enhanced by Ontology-Based Partitioning of Morphological Characters. PLOS ONE 10: e0116671. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116671 See character 164: Prothorax, basisternal furca: (0) absent; (1) present (Fig. 45j).
The elytral interstria that is lateral to the sutural margin.
elytral interstria 1
The elytral stria that is lateral to the elytral interstria 1.
elytral stria 1
The elytral interstria that is lateral to the elytral stria 1.
elytral interstria 2
The elytral stria that is lateral to the elytral interstria 2.
elytral stria 2
The elytral interstria that is lateral to the elytral stria 2.
elytral interstria 3
The elytral stria that is lateral to the elytral interstria 3.
elytral stria 3
The elytral interstria that is lateral to the elytral stria 3.
elytral interstria 4
The elytral stria that is lateral to the elytral interstria 4.
elytral stria 4
The elytral interstria that is lateral to the elytral stria 4.
elytral interstria 5
The elytral stria that is lateral to the elytral interstria 5.
elytral stria 5
The elytral interstria that is lateral to the elytral stria 5.
elytral interstria 6
The elytral stria that is lateral to the elytral interstria 6.
elytral stria 6
The elytral interstria that is lateral to the elytral stria 6.
elytral interstria 7
The elytral stria that is lateral to the elytral interstria 7.
elytral stria 7
The elytral interstria that is lateral to the elytral stria 7.
elytral interstria 8
The elytral stria that is lateral to the elytral interstria 8.
elytral stria 8
The elytral interstria that is lateral to the elytral stria 8.
elytral interstria 9
The elytral stria that is lateral to the elytral interstria 9.
elytral stria 9
The elytral interstria that is lateral to the elytral stria 9.
elytral interstria 10
The elytral stria that is lateral to the elytral interstria 10.
elytral stria 10
The elytral interstria that is lateral to the elytral stria 10.
elytral interstria 11
The elytral stria that is lateral to the elytral interstria 11.
elytral stria 11
The elytral interstria that is lateral to the elytral stria 11.
elytral interstria 12
The anatomical margin that is formed by the anterior region of the anterolateral pronotal margin and by the lateral region of the anterior pronotal margin.
anterolateral pronotal angle
The anatomical margin that is formed by the posterior region of the posterolateral pronotal margin and by the lateral region of the posterior pronotal margin.
posterolateral pronotal angle
The elytron that has parts elytral striae 1-9.
elytron with 9 striae
The endophallite that is located in the distal region of the endophallus.
An endophallite that is located in the distal region of the endophallus when the endophallus is everted.
accessory endophallite
Tarasov, S. I., & Solodovnikov, A. Y. (2011). Phylogenetic analyses reveal reliable morphological markers to classify mega‐diversity in Onthophagini dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Cladistics, 27(5), 490-528. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00351.x Page 502, figure 3
The endophallite that is located in the medial region of the endophallus.
An endophallite that is located in the medial region of the endophallus when the endophallus is everted.
lamella copulatrix
Tarasov, S. I., & Solodovnikov, A. Y. (2011). Phylogenetic analyses reveal reliable morphological markers to classify mega‐diversity in Onthophagini dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Cladistics, 27(5), 490-528. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00351.x Pages 502-504; figures 3, 8-9
The accessory endophallite that is elongated and lateral to the subaxial and frontolateral peripheral endophallites.
axial endophallite
Tarasov, S. I., & Solodovnikov, A. Y. (2011). Phylogenetic analyses reveal reliable morphological markers to classify mega‐diversity in Onthophagini dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Cladistics, 27(5), 490-528. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00351.x Page 502; figures 4-7, 17-18
The accessory endophallite that is elongated and lateral to the axial and frontolateral peripheral endophallites.
subaxial endophallite
The accessory endophallite that is distal to the axial, subaxial, and frontolateral peripheral endophallites.
superior right peripheral endophallite
Tarasov, S. I., & Solodovnikov, A. Y. (2011). Phylogenetic analyses reveal reliable morphological markers to classify mega‐diversity in Onthophagini dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Cladistics, 27(5), 490-528. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00351.x Page 502; figures 4-7, 17
The accessory endophallite that is elongated and lateral to the axial and subaxial endophallites.
frontolateral peripheral endophallite
Tarasov, S. I., & Solodovnikov, A. Y. (2011). Phylogenetic analyses reveal reliable morphological markers to classify mega‐diversity in Onthophagini dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Cladistics, 27(5), 490-528. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00351.x Page 502; figures 4-7, 17, 19
The cuticular carina that is located on the posterior region of the hypomeron and is parallel to the lateral pronotal carina.
posterior ridge of propleuron
posterior longitudinal hypomeral carina
Tarasov S, Génier F (2015) Innovative Bayesian and Parsimony Phylogeny of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) Enhanced by Ontology-Based Partitioning of Morphological Characters. PLOS ONE 10: e0116671. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116671. Page 77, figure 45k
The thickened region of the cuticle of the endophallus that has cuticular spines.
raspula
Medina, C. A., Molano, F., & Scholtz, C. H. (2013). Morphology and terminology of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) male genitalia. Zootaxa, 3626(4), 455-476. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3626.4.3 "The submedial area can be covered by small or large spines or setae that can be arranged in structures that have the appearance of brushes with thick and long spikes, or are formed by large scales or bristles. These structures are known as raspules (Zunino 1972), or brushes of the internal sac (Medina et al. 2003)." Plate 1, Fig. 3.
The cuticular sulcus at the posterior margin of the mesoventrite and the anterior margin of the metaventrite.
mesometaventral suture
mesometaventral sulcus
The cuticular lobe that is part of the proximolateral region of the cuticle of the paramere.
basolateral lobe of paramere
Krikken, J., & Huijbregts, J. (2009). Onthophagus pilularius and its close relatives in Sundaland: a taxonomic reappraisal (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 56(1), 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.200900004 Figures 1-2
The cuticular carina that is located in the hypomeron and that is anteriorly connected to the anterior margin of pronotum and posteriorly connected to the lateral margin of procoxal cavity.
anterior ridge of propleuron
anterior hypomeral carina
Tarasov, S., & Genier, F. (2015). Innovative Bayesian and parsimony phylogeny of dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) enhanced by ontology-based partitioning of morphological characters. Plos one, 10(3), e0116671. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116671 Table 2, figures 45g, 45h, 45l
Génier, F., & Moretto, P. (2017). Digitonthophagus Balthasar, 1959: taxonomy, systematics, and morphological phylogeny of the genus revealing an African species complex (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa, 4248 1, 1-110 . https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4248.1.1 Page 5
The cuticular depression in the anterior region of the hypomeron that is anterior to the anterior hypomeral carina.
anterior hypomeral depression
Genier, F., & Moretto, P. (2017). Digitonthophagus Balthasar, 1959: taxonomy, systematics, and morphological phylogeny of the genus revealing an African species complex (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa, 4248(1), 1-110. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4248.1.1 Page 5, figure 1
The accessory endophallite formed by the fusion of ancestral axial and subaxial endophallites.
fused axial and subaxial endophallites
The cuticular groove that is located in the medial region of pronotum and is parallel to the antero-posterior body axis.
longitudinal pronotal groove
Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ page 38
The distal region of the antenna that is composed by flagellomeres with increased size.
antennal club
A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities [database_cross_reference: PATOC:GVG]
quality
A quality that is the extent of space between two entities. [database_cross_reference: PATOC:GVG]
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ratios of distances between its features (points, edges, surfaces and also holes etc).
Shapes are invariant on size transformations. Shapes can be subdivided into 2D and 3D shapes, We can also make a distinction between shapes of complete self-connected objects, and shapes of parts of objects.
A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical magnitude.
A branchiness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having branches.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curled or wound (especially in concentric rings or spirals).
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a horizontal surface without a slope, tilt, or curvature.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being such that every part of the surface or the circumference is equidistant from the center.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an equal-sided rectangular form. [database_cross_reference: answers.com:answers.com]
square
A size quality which is relatively high.
A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width.
Thickness often refers to the smallest 1-D extent compared to the other two orthogonal dimensions, however, this is not always true. See https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/337 for full discussion.
A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking opacity.
A porosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable of admitting the passage of gas or liquid through pores or interstices.
porous
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's length being notably higher than its width.
An elasticity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way.
A shape quality that obtains by virtue of the bearer having inward facing edges; having a surface or boundary that curves or bulges outward, as the exterior of a sphere.
A shape quality inhering in a colony by virtue of the bearer's appearing above the medium surface with terraced edges.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's terminating in a point or edge.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking.
A size quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being made wider or larger in all dimensions.
A size quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being made wider or larger in all dimensions. [database_cross_reference: WordNet:WordNet]
dilated
A symmetry quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having equal dimensions or measurements.
A shape quality in which a portion of the outermost boundary of an entity folds in space such that a portion that was originally convex is now concave.
A shape quality in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward.
A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a consistently-sized round cross section.
A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resembling a cone (a 3-D shape with a round cross section that tapers).
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an empty space or cavity within.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a hole or holes, especially a row or array of small holes. [database_cross_reference: answers.com:answers.com]
perforate
A quality inhering in a bearer that is shaped in the form of a fan.
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's shape form resembling the shape of a cup. [database_cross_reference: url:http://www.thefreedictionary.com/cup-shaped]
cup-shaped
A tapered shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's tapering gradually to a sharp point.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's surface becoming more extended in a plane.
Becoming flat but not necessarily completely flat.
Open to view or not covered by another entity. [database_cross_reference: PATOC:WD]
exposed
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a shape like a ring (a circular shape enclosing a space).
The bearer of this quality has_part n=2 of the indicated entity type, where n is unpaired for a comparable organism.
bilaterally paired
A protein that is a translation product of the resilin gene in fruit fly.
A light sensing organ composed of ommatidia.
An organ that is capable of transducing sensory stimulus to the nervous system.
Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Stemmata are specific lateral eyes (the term “lateral ocelli” is inappropriate) of larvae of most groups of Holometabola. They are replaced by the adult compound eyes during the metamorphosis. The number ranges between seven and one and they are absent in different groups. Structurally, they resemble ommatidia and are suitable to perceive movements, directions and distances."
Eye-spots which may be set into a pit to reduce the angles of light that enters and affects the eyespot, to allow the organism to deduce the angle of incoming light.
stemma
Eye-spots which may be set into a pit to reduce the angles of light that enters and affects the eyespot, to allow the organism to deduce the angle of incoming light. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemma http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye#Pit_eyes]
An eye with one concave chamber. Note that 'simple' does not imply a reduced level of complexity or acuity.
Anatomical conduit that connects two adjacent body spaces (or a body space with the space surrounding the organism)[FMA,modified].
The proximal portion of the digestive tract, containing the oral cavity and bounded by the oral opening. In vertebrates, this extends to the pharynx and includes gums, lips, tongue and parts of the palate. Typically also includes the teeth, except where these occur elsewhere (e.g. pharyngeal jaws) or protrude from the mouth (tusks).
The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP].
A tube or collection of tubes in an animal from the ovaries to the outside of the body.
sometimes oviduct is used interchangeably with follaopian tube. Here they are different - the oviduct connects the gonad to the outside in a variety of animals. The mammal-class fallopian tube is derived from the mullerian duct and connects the gonads/infubdibulum to the uterus
A cuticular covering that is composed primarily of chitin. The main structural component of arthropod cuticle is a polysaccharide, chitin, composed of N-acetylglucosamine units, together with proteins and lipids[WP].
Tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Cuticles are non-homologous, differing in their origin, structure and chemical composition[WP].
Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species. [ FMA : 62955 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 ]
anatomical entity
Muscle tissue that consists primarily of skeletal muscle fibers.
A tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
Sense organ embedded in the integument and consisting of one or a cluster of sensory neurons and associated sensory structures, support cells and glial cells forming a single organised unit with a largely bona-fide boundary.[FBbt].
The internal genitalia are the internal sex organs such as the uterine tube, the uterus and the vagina in female mammals, and the testis, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and prostate in male mammals.
TODO: make a subdivision of reproductive system. Relabel. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/547
internal genitalia
An epithelial sheet bent on a linear axis.
A muscle structure of invertebrates whose origin and insertion sites are in basal side of the epidermis or structures derived from it. The simplest somatic muscles consist of a single cell and associated extracellular structures.
somatic muscle
A collection of anatomical structures that are alike in terms of their morphology or developmental origin.
A region of cuticle and its underlying epidermis.
Region of integument of a tagma. http://flybase.org/cgi-bin/fbcvq.html?query=FBbt:00007289
insect tagmatic subdivision of integument