Ferdinando Villa (ferdinando.villa at bc3research.org) Main author Copyright (c) 2010-2018 integratedmodelling.org. All rights reserved. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA. The ODO-IM ontology is a core product maintained by the Integrated Modelling Partnership (IMP). It specifies a view of the scientific process that can be implemented in software to support the IMP's goals of modular, distributed, semantically explicit and integrated scientific computing and modeling, according to the FAIR principles. ODO-IM provides five main core concepts: - Descriptions are activities that produce scientific artifacts that describe a concept; - Observations are the scientific artifacts themselves, resulting from describing concepts within the context of an acknowledged root observation. - The Observable hierarchy describes the different concepts that can be the object of a Description and the subject of the resulting Observation, detailing their relationships with different types of Observations. It also provides properties that constrain an Observable's role in Description activities and restrictions that act as linguistic compositional rules, so that Predicates (such as attributes, roles etc) can be independently specified and correctly composed with Observables. - Definitions are logical structures that can be used to carry out the Description of a specified Observable, specifying observations either by acknowledgement (through an extensional statement) or by computation (an intensional statement linking to a computational strategy and listing zero or more Observables as dependencies). Properties and restrictions constrain specific classes of Definitions to specific classes of Observables. - ODO-IM does not provide semantics for units of measurement, like other observation ontologies do. The applications where ODO-IM is used do not need units as stated instances and do not use reasoning to validate units. To support applications, ODO-IM simply lists the SI base unit textually in annotation properties linked to all PhysicalProperty observables, using SI conventions. Applications can use a unit parser to translate these into data structures for validation and conversion. - ODO-IM does not provide any detail on space, time and any other topologies implied in the definition of scale beyond their statement as extentual observables (Extent), as their specific interpretation is left to worldviews derived from ODO-IM. - ODO-IM remains as agnostic as possible about the phenomenology underlying Observables, in an effort to preserve compatibility with an arbitrary upper ontology stated in a derived worldview. It remains as agnostic as possible about the remaining details of the phenomenology underlying Observables, in an effort to preserve maximum orthogonality with an arbitrary upper ontology stated in a derived worldview. The characterization of Observables is intentionally shallow as observables are meant to specialize types in an externally provided upper ontology to form the basis of a worldview. Such links are made in the root domain of the worldview. See the full documentation for minimum expressive requirements and caveats. Version 0.10.0 Used to indicate a trait that can be denied. Added to "type" delegates that contextualize traits and were not directly declared by users, so that they can be recognized and translated in output and visualization. kg,N Note that kg is allowed as the SI unit, although the actual SI unit for weight (a force) is the Newton (N). It would be quite confusing for now to mandate N for a majority of users. A process affects a Quality in its context when it is able to change the state of the correspondent quality as time moves on. If this relationship exists, the State that describes the Quality is dynamic. Allows restricting the range of observables that an observable applies to, the meaning of which depends on the type of observable. TODO specialize this and use the proper one for each type. Used to express generic containment ('contains') in a mereological sense. For spatial containment the system will automatically use the spatial child. Used to express stated containment when the domain and range are spatial (includes spatial realms). The relationship that links an observation to its observable. Used to express true stated dependency ('uses'). The context of an observation is mandatorily a direct observation. Points to the roles of an observable in the current context. Used for a role that applies to a relationship, to restrict the type of destination the relationship can lead into. This property embodies the notion of "implication" of another observable, whose existence is implied by observing a particular trait. For example, the trait "warm" implies presence of a process in which energy moves particles causing heat, or more prosaically, observability of buildings in a point implies that a building is there. Used for a role that applies to a relationship, to restrict the type of source the relationship can start from. Constituency is a functional type of inherency: removing a constituent of an entity makes the entity cease to exist. The generic "participation" relationship, specified by the 'of' keyword and distinct from context (within) which is not identity-defining. Used to limit the possible value of a categorical observer to a partial union of subtypes. Most generic stated restriction used to imply an allowed dependency. Used to restrict an observable when it is observed through another - e.g. geographical direction by presence of moss on trees. 1 true The absence trait, which must specialize another, mandatorily defines at least one observable whose existence in the context it denies. true m/s^2 true An Agent is always physical and material. true mol true degree_angle true m^2 true true true C 1 true A configuration is what human observation perceives as a resultant "pattern" summing up the perceived effects of multiple qualities in a subject. It is not observable in k.LAB, but it can be used (exclusively) as the inherent subject for qualities. It must specify the subject type it pertains to (using an inherentTo restriction), and the subject type must match the subject where any observation of Q/Ts inherent to it are made. true true An entity that can be counted at the scale of observation. This includes processes when they happen fast enough to be perceived as events. true The deliberative agent can change its own state. If the relationship with other agents is 'affects', it can also modify other agents' state. A deliberative agent is not necessarily interactive. Importantly, a deliberative agent can access history, although the full meaning of this is still under definition and more specification may be added. true kg/m^3 The activity that produces a continuant (an Observation) which represents the state of an Observable across a chosen scale. true A direct observable is observed by simply acknowledging its existence. true true true s true J/C true J true J/K true true true true A functional relationship is a process happening between two subjects. true true Interactive agents have the ability to see other agents and read their state as long as their semantics relates to them through restrictions. true true m true kg true true true true An abstract trait that describes the observability of another observable or trait. Subclassed automatically in class specifications when they expose something other than a direct trait. true true true true A physical object is material, although it can be a cavity, defined by the absence of physical matter within a physical medium. true true true true Pa true true true true A quality is observed only indirectly, by comparison with a reference quality. The comparison produces different outcomes according to the nature of the quality. The observation resulting from the contextualization of a quality is called a state, and contains values in the same numerosity as the scale. true true true Reactive agents have the ability of reacting to events, reading and if necessary changing their state and scale. true Reactive subjects have the ability of reacting to events, reading their state and scale. true true Any quality that compares to a compatible other. These are allowed to have another quality as the inherent type. true Ohm true Ohm/m true m/s true 1 true A structural relationship is a continuant that joins two subjects. true true K 1 true A Type exposes one or more Traits of its context observation, with potentially different concrete values in different parts. A trait is a Predicate, but a Type is a Quality, which allows attributing the universal to a context Observable distributing its values according to its Scale. true true true The resolution of a true/false state for an observable, such as presence/absence. true 100 Pa*s Unit is Poise (P) which is not available in JScience, and corresponds to 100 mPa.s true m^3 true kg