]> production planning ontology Arkopaul Sarkar, National Institute of Standards and Technology Boonserm Kulvatonyu, National Institute of Standards and Technology Dusan Sormaz, Ohio University Evan Wallace, National Institute of Standards and Technology Gabriela Henning, CONICET Mandvi Malik Fuloria, Ohio University Milos Drobnjakovic, National Institute of Standards and Technology Saruda Seeharit, Ohio University Production Planning Reference ontology is a domain reference ontology for process and production planning activities within various industries. It includes general terms common for different types of manufacturing industries, such as discrete manufacturing, process manufacturing, batch manufacturing, biomanufacturing, and others. Being a reference ontology, it is expected that users of the production planning ontology will extend its classes in ways compatible with common vocabulary in manufacturing domains, such as aerospace, automotive, food industries, and others. IOF Production Planning and Scheduling Working Group http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT Industrial Ontology Foundry IOF Production Planning Reference Ontology

IOF-PPRO

This ontology is for industrial domain and manufacturing enterprises. As such, many constructs could use ‘Manufacturing’ qualifier in the name and/or label. We feel it would saturate terms and blind users, and we used qualifier 'manufacturing' where we felt appropriate based on common industrial practice.

agential capability https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/ making nice slides, cooking Indian food, changing tools on CNC machine, NC programmer

Capability(x) ∧ ∃y (Agent(y) ∧ capabilityOf(x, y)) → AgentialCapability(x)

capability that is borne by an agent

x is a capability and there exists some y such that y is an agent and x is a capability of y

Synonym: skill

changeover process https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/ replacing the die for Toyota Camry engine hood by the die for Camry trunk hood, replacing the fixture for the new part being machined, cleaning the vessel of the mixer in food production when changing the product to be mixed.

The work required to change a specific machine, resource, work center, or line from making the last good piece of item A to making the first good piece of item B

ChangeoverProcess(p) → PlannedProcess(p)

true

planned process that prepares a production resource to produce a different product or perform a different manufacturing operation

not all conditions can be specified at this point for a wide range of industrial examples

if an entity is an instance of 'changeover process', then it is an instance of 'planned process'

inspection plan https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/ incoming-material inspection procedure for steel coils; in-process dimensional inspection checklist for machined engine blocks; sampling and testing protocol for a pharmaceutical batch; final-product inspection plan for assembled pumps

ISO/ASTM 52900:2021 (3.3.13)

PlanSpecification(x) ∧ ∃y(prescribes(x,y) ∧ ProductInspectionProcess(y)) → InspectionPlan(x)

true

plan specification that prescribes how products are to be inspected, including the required resources and inspection sequence

See the rationale provided under information content entity for informational entity types.

if x is a ‘plan specification’ that ‘prescribes’ some ‘product inspection process’ then x is an ‘inspection plan’

machine https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/ computer numerical control milling center; 250-ton hydraulic press; industrial ribbon blender; plastic injection-molding unit; centrifugal pump in a chemical-processing line, ventilator, CT scanner

- ISO 12100 defines “machine” as an “assembly, fitted with or intended to be fitted with a drive system other than directly applied human or animal effort, consisting of linked parts or components, at least one of which moves” NIST. - IEC 60050‑151 defines “machine” as “a system or device that uses energy to perform a specific task, often automatically” (Electropedia). - NIST (Smart Manufacturing Ontology) treats a machine as an “equipment unit that executes physical transformations autonomously or semi‑autonomously using power and control systems.” (see https://oagi.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/IOF/pages/5952208897/Characterization+of+machines+and+tools#Trait-analysis)

- “physical artefact” emphasises that the entity is a concrete built thing. - “transforms energy or material” captures the notion of machines doing work (e.g., moving parts, powering machining, mixing, conveying). - “guided mechanical, electrical or fluid power” property points at machine having power, motion, and control (mechanical structure + power source + actuation). - “performing one or more processes” allows for generality (manufacturing, handling, processing, etc).

Machine(m) → MaterialArtifact(m)

true

material artifact that uses controlled mechanical, electrical, or fluid power to transform energy or material while performing a process

Many of the core characterizations of machine captured in the trait analysis (see https://oagi.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/IOF/pages/5952208897/Characterization+of+machines+and+tools#Trait-analysis) cannot be formally expressed, especially energy transformation, power, control, motion and mechanical structures.

if x is a machine then x is a 'material artifact'

manufacturing enterprise process https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/ process of completing a truck assembly, process for refining the crude oil into petrol, process for production of frozen food items

ManufacturingEnterpriseProcess(p) → ∃m(ManufacturingProcess(m) ∧ hasOccurrentPart(p,m))

true

business process that consists of at least one manufacturing process

This term is included as an umbrella term for every kind of process which is not typically 'business process' but also cannot be classified as types of 'manufacturing processes' either. Although they contain manufacturing process as parts, and most of the time, the primary sub-process, the sub-types of this class group or identify manufacturing processes and other ancillary processes for better organization, planning resources and raw materials, and sometimes scheduling and logistical management. Still, the question remains on the need of this class if the above criterion is hard to express formally.

if an entity is an instance of 'manufacturing enterprise process', then it 'has occurrent part' some instance of 'manufacturing process'

manufacturing operation https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/ hole making in an engine block consisting of centering, drilling, reaming, and finishing on one machining center; injection molding of a plastic housing consisting of mold closing, material injection, cooling, and part ejection

An operation may consist of a single step and in such cases may include the same information as that in the process specification. However, in many situations, multiple steps are required to be performed on a machine to produce a single feature or to achieve a specific quality, geometric shape, or dimension of the designated product or component. In such multi-step operations, the primary equipment may require reconfiguration, including the attachment or detachment of tools or accessories. Additionally, the material may need to be repositioned or handled between steps, all of which are considered integral parts of the operation.

LA1: ManufacturingOperation(o) → ManufacturingEnterpriseProcess(o) ∧ ∃m(MaterialEntity(m) ∧ hasParticipantAtSomeTime(o,m) ∧ ∃r((EquipmentRole(r) ∨ OperatorRole(r)) ∧ hasRole(m,r))) ∧ ∃s(ProcessStep(s) ∧ hasProperOccurrentPart(o,s))

LA2: ProcessStep(x1) ∧ ProcessStep(x2) ∧ ManufacturingOperation(o) ∧ occurrentPartOfAtSomeTime(x1,o) ∧ occurrentPartOfAtSomeTime(x2,o) ∧ x1 ≠ x2 → ∃e,p1,p2,r1,r2(ManufacturingProcess(p1) ∧ ManufacturingProcess(p2) ∧ occurrentPartOfAtSomeTime(p1,x1) ∧ occurrentPartOfAtSomeTime(p2,x2) ∧ hasParticipantAtSomeTimes(p1,e) ∧ hasParticipantAtSomeTimes(p2,e) ∧ hasRole(e,r1) ∧ hasRole(e,r2) ∧ EquipmentRole(r1) ∧ EquipmentRole(r2))

true

manufacturing enterprise process composed of process steps from the same product production process, with at least one manufacturing resource used in every step

The common grouping criteria cannot be formalized for this class and therefore only a necessary condition could be derived which does not check the "common resource for all steps" condition. Furthermore, the use of operation in batch and continuous manufacturing may provide some more refinement on the role of the common participant.

LA1: if an entity is an instance of 'manufacturing operation', then it is an instance of 'manufacturing enterprise process', 'has participant at some time' some instance of 'material entity' that 'has role' some instance of 'equipment role' or 'operator role', and 'has proper occurrent part' some instance of 'process step'

LA2: if two distinct instances of 'process step' are occurrent parts of a 'manufacturing operation' at some time, then there are instances of 'manufacturing process', each occurrent part of one of those process steps at some time, that have a common participant at some times; that participant 'has role' instances of 'equipment role' in both processe

material handling plan https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/ batch-transfer schedule for moving chemicals from a reactor to a storage tank; warehouse picking and delivery instructions for supplying components to an assembly line; pallet-movement schedule for transporting finished products to shipping

A specification (PlanSpecification) that prescribes one or more material handling operations—sequences of actions, resource allocations, and constraints—designed to govern the efficient, safe, and controlled movement of materials or entities within production, storage, or distribution contexts. The class is open to be further constrained by different kinds of material handling types. At this point only machine transfer process is included. The term can be overloaded by users with other general class axioms, e.g., some part of it describing the raw material sourcing process. As the natural language suggests, planning in warehouse will require a more detailed characterization, this term needs to be shared between two modules by some upper level mapping, however such proposal are yet to be made.

PlanSpecification(x) ∧ ∃y,z (prescribes(y, z) ∧ MachineTransferProcess(z)) ∧ hasContinuantPartAtAllTimes(x, y) → MaterialHandlingPlan(x)

true

plan specification containing instructions that prescribe the movement of material between production machines

See the rationale provided under information content entity for informational entity types.

if x is a 'plan specification' that 'has continuant part at all times' some 'action specification' that 'prescribes' some 'machine transfer process', then x is a 'material handling plan'

material product specification This class will be harmonized with ProductDesignSpecification in ProductServiceSystem ontology specification of a product may contain a simple description of a product to a detailed CAD design, including geometry, structure, dimension, and tolerances. It may also contain reference to PLM system entity. https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/ engineering drawing specifying the geometry and tolerances of an aluminum bracket; technical data sheet defining the composition and properties of a polymer resin; formulation and packaging requirements for an industrial coating; product specification requiring a tablet mass of 650 ± 10 milligrams

DesignSpecification(d) ∧ ∃m(MaterialProduct(m) ∧ prescribes(d,m)) → MaterialProductSpecification(d)

MaterialProductSpecification(x) → DesignSpecification(x) ∧ ∀y (prescribes(x, y) → MaterialProduct(y))

false

design specification that prescribes a material product

if an instance of 'design specification' 'prescribes' some instance of 'material product', then it is an instance of 'material product specification'

If x is an 'design specification' and there exists a 'material product' which x prescribes then x is a 'material product specification'.

operation specification https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/ machining work instruction specifying centering, drilling, reaming, and hole finishing; injection-molding instruction specifying mold closing, polymer injection, cooling, and part ejection, NC Program for machining a part on a lathe

This part of the plan specifies one or many steps, each of which is to be performed using one or more specific manufacturing resource in parallel or consecutively.

LA1: OperationSpecification(o) ∧ hasContinuantPartAtAllTimes(o,p) → ¬ProcessPlan(p) ∧ ¬ProductionPlan(p)

LA2: OperationSpecification(o) ∧ hasProperContinuantPartAtAllTimes(o,o') → ¬OperationSpecification(o')

LA3: ActionSpecification(o) ∧ ∃s(ProcessStepSpecification(s) ∧ hasContinuantPartAtAllTimes(o,s)) ∧ ∃p(ManufacturingOperation(p) ∧ prescribes(o,p)) → OperationSpecification(o)

true

action specification that prescribes a manufacturing operation and includes specifications for its process steps

see the rationale provided under information content entity for informational entity types.

LA1: if an instance of 'operation specification' 'has continuant part at all times' an entity, then that entity is neither an instance of 'process plan' nor an instance of 'production plan'

LA2: if an instance of 'operation specification' 'has proper continuant part at all times' an entity, then that entity is not an instance of 'operation specification'

LA3: if an instance of 'action specification' 'has continuant part at all times' some instance of 'process step specification' and 'prescribes' some instance of 'manufacturing operation', then it is an instance of 'operation specification'

operator https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/ machinist running a CNC milling machine; technician monitoring a chemical reactor; production worker controlling an automated packaging line; utility company operating an industrial wastewater-treatment facility

Operator(x) ↔ Agent(x) ∧ ∃y (OperatorRole(y) ∧ hasRole(x, y))

agent which has an operator role

every instance of 'operator' is defined as exactly an instance of 'agent' that 'has role' some 'operator role'

operator role https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/ person as a CNC operator has an operator role of operating, maintaining, and utilizing the assigned CNC machine before, during, and after a manufacturing process

1. Relevant skills may enable a capability of a single piece of equipment or the coordinated realization of capabilities of multiple pieces of equipment, such as those operating together in a process cell or production line 2. In this definition, enabling an equipment capability is not limited to directly operating the equipment. A skill may enable the realization of an equipment capability by allowing the agent to set up, start, stop, monitor, adjust, or otherwise use the equipment; monitor and control a process through the equipment; coordinate multiple pieces of equipment; interpret equipment states, process conditions, alarms, and outputs; respond to normal or abnormal conditions; inspect or assess equipment condition or performance; or perform operator-level cleaning, troubleshooting, or routine maintenance. Relevant skills may also include those needed to apply applicable quality, occupational safety, process safety, biosafety, hygiene, contamination-control, environmental, or other domain-specific requirements.

OperatorRole(r) → AgentRole(r) ∧ ∃g(Agent(g) ∧ roleOf(r,g) ∧ ∃c(AgentialCapability(c) ∧ hasCapability(g,c) ∧ ∃x(enables(c,x) ∧ ∃e(PieceOfEquipment(e) ∧ capabilityOf(x,e)))))

true

role held by an agent when it possesses a skill that enables a capability of one or more pieces of equipment.

The ontology does not yet include a construct for 'skill'. The current definition refers to 'capability', which is intended to serve as a supertype of 'skill', but this class is still under development. The definition employs the primitive relation enables, which has recently been introduced. Its adoption is pending discussion and approval by the IOF community. It is expected that this relation may be relocated to the IOF Core ontology upon acceptance.

For every instance of 'operator role', there exists an instance of 'agent role' that 'is role of' some instance of 'agent' that 'has capability' some instance of 'agential capability' that 'enables' some capability that 'is capability of' some instance of 'piece of equipment'

process plan https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/ IKEA instructions to assemble furniture such as tables and chairs, and a step-by-step recipe for preparing a cake.

LA1: ProcessPlan(p) ∧ hasProperContinuantPartAtAllTimes(p,p') → ¬ProcessPlan(p')

LA2: ProcessPlan(p) ∧ hasContinuantPartAtAllTimes(p,x) → ¬ProductionPlan(x)

LA3: PlanSpecification(p) ∧ ∃s((OperationSpecification(s) ∨ ProcessStepSpecification(s)) ∧ hasContinuantPartAtAllTimes(p,s)) ∧ ∃o(ProductProductionProcess(o) ∧ prescribes(p,o)) → ProcessPlan(p)

ProcessPlan(p) ↔ PlanSpecification(p) ∧ ∃o(ObjectiveSpecification(o) ∧ hasProperContinuantPartAtAllTimes(p,o) ∧ ∃m(MaterialProductSpecification(m) ∧ hasContinuantPartAtAllTimes(o,m))) ∧ ∃p'(ProductionPlan(p') ∧ properContinuantPartOfAtAllTimes(p,p'))

plan specification that prescribes a product production process and includes specifications for its operations or process steps

LA1: if p is an instance of 'process plan' and p 'has proper continuant part at all times' p', then p' is not an instance of 'process plan'

LA2: if p is an instance of 'process plan' and p 'has continuant part at all times' x, then x is not an instance of 'production plan'

LA3: if an instance of 'plan specification' 'has continuant part at all times' some instance of 'operation specification' or 'process step specification' and 'prescribes' some instance of 'product production process', then it is an instance of 'process plan'

every instance of 'process plan' is defined as exactly an instance of 'plan specification' that 'has proper continuant part at all times' some 'objective specification' that 'has continuant part at all times' some 'material product specification', and that is 'proper continuant part of at all times' some 'production plan'

process step https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/ drill hole, steps- centering, twist drilling, enlarging the hole, and finish the holes- these four steps each of them are process step

ProcessStep(x) → ManufacturingEnterpriseProcess(x) ∧ ∃p(ManufacturingProcess(p) ∧ occurrentPartOfAtSomeTime(p,x)) ∧ ∀s((ProcessStep(s) ∧ occurrentPartOfAtSomeTime(s,x)) → s = x)

true

manufacturing enterprise process within a manufacturing operation that contains one manufacturing process and no smaller process steps

The class may contain many other varieties of processes along with a manufacturing process. The clause of "no further decomposition of step using step" is avoided to keep OWL axioms negation-free. Also, we do not use cardinality in axioms.

if an entity is an instance of 'process step', then it is an instance of 'manufacturing enterprise process', has some instance of 'manufacturing process' as an occurrent part at some time, and every instance of 'process step' that is an occurrent part of it at some time is identical to it

Along with the instance of manufacturing process, process step may also include instances of setup process and inspection process as subprocesses.

process step specification https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/ drilling instruction requiring a 10-millimeter hole to be drilled to a depth of 20 millimeters; mixing instruction requiring a chemical batch to be agitated at 60 revolutions per minute for 10 minutes

A process-step specification is the atomic instruction within a process plan—the most specific, detailed, and direct component. It defines required input materials, recipes, dimensions, tolerances, attributes, and any necessary in-process handling or machine configurations. In some cases, it may be as simple as a label or brief instruction, such as “drill ten 0.45-inch holes in a 3' × 5' sheet.”

LA1: ProcessStepSpecification(s) ∧ hasContinuantPartAtAllTimes(s,x) → ¬ProcessPlan(x) ∧ ¬ProductionPlan(x) ∧ ¬OperationSpecification(x)

LA2: ProcessStepSpecification(s) ∧ hasProperContinuantPartAtAllTimes(s,s') → ¬ProcessStepSpecification(s')

LA3: ActionSpecification(s) ∧ ∃p(ProcessStep(p) ∧ prescribes(s,p)) → ProcessStepSpecification(s)

true

action specification that prescribes some process step

See the rationale provided under information content entity for informational entity types.

LA1: if an instance of 'process step specification' 'has continuant part at all times' an entity, then that entity is not an instance of 'process plan', 'production plan', or 'operation specification'

LA2: if an instance of 'process step specification' 'has proper continuant part at all times' an entity, then that entity is not an instance of 'process step specification'

LA3: if an instance of 'action specification' 'prescribes' some instance of 'process step', then it is an instance of 'process step specification'

product inspection process https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/ inspection of a bore of the engine block, final inspection of the truck at the end of assembly line, inspection of the PCB at the end of the fab line, inspection of the quality of glass bottle, visual inspection of defects on car body paint

ProductInspectionProcess(x) → BusinessProcess(x)

true

business process that evaluates a product during or after production against specified requirements

So far the only way to define inspection process is assuming the presence of a corresponding plan, which will be too demanding. That's why the condition of anything prescribed by an inspection plan is a product inspection process is sufficient. In future inspection process needs to be defined based on its exact characteristics but for the vastness of example of inspection process the task of generalization is challenging.

if an entity is an instance of 'product inspection process', then it is an instance of 'business process'

production machine https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/ CNC (Computer Numerical Control) milling machines are widely used in manufacturing to precisely cut and shape various materials, including metal, plastic, and wood.

Machine(x) ∧ ∃r (hasRole(x, r) ∧ EquipmentRole(r) ∧ ∀p (realizes(p, r) → ManufacturingProcess(p))) → EquipmentMachine(x)

true

machine used as equipment in a manufacturing process

see primitive rationale of Machine.

if x is a ‘machine’ that ‘has role’ some ‘equipment role’ and for all y, if y ‘realizes’ that role then y is a ‘manufacturing process’, then x is an ‘equipment machine’

production order https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/ order to produce 100 brackets

LA1: ProductionOrder(o) → (ObjectiveSpecification(o) ∧ ∃m(MaterialProductSpecification(m) ∧ hasContinuantPartAtAllTimes(o,m)))

LA2: ObjectiveSpecification(o) ∧ ∃p(PlannedProcess(p) ∧ isAchievedByAtSomeTime(o,p) ∧ ∃q(ProductProductionProcess(q) ∧ hasOccurrentPart(p,q))) → ProductionOrder(o)

objective specification stating the product and quantity to be produced and any applicable release, completion, or delivery requirements

LA1: if an entity is an instance of 'production order', then it is an instance of 'objective specification' and 'has continuant part at all times' some instance of 'material product specification'

LA2: if an instance of 'objective specification' 'is achieved by at some time' some instance of 'planned process' that 'has occurrent part' some instance of 'product production process', then it is an instance of 'production order'

production plan https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/ Production of a batch of 1,000 plastic containers and 100 lids in one week, production of 200 wooden chairs at the wood workshop to be completed by August 9. In the first quarter of 2025, the sewing department will produce 500 shirts.

LA1: ProductionPlan(p) ∧ hasProperContinuantPartAtSomeTime(p,p') → ¬ProductionPlan(p')

LA2: PlanSpecification(p) ∧ ∃q(PlannedProcess(q) ∧ prescribes(p,q) ∧ ∃o(ProductProductionProcess(o) ∧ hasOccurrentPart(q,o))) → ProductionPlan(p)

ProductionPlan(p) ↔ PlanSpecification(p) ∧ ∃o(ProductionOrder(o) ∧ hasProperContinuantPartAtAllTimes(p,o))

false

plan specification that contains a set of production orders and prescribes how they are to be fulfilled

LA1: if p is an instance of 'production plan' and p 'has proper continuant part at some time' p', then p' is not an instance of 'production plan'

LA2: if an instance of 'plan specification' 'prescribes' some instance of 'planned process' that 'has occurrent part' some instance of 'product production process', then it is an instance of 'production plan'

every instance of 'production plan' is defined as exactly an instance of 'plan specification' that 'has proper continuant part at all times' some instance of 'production order'

production tool https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/ carbide insert 1/2 in end mill tool; stamping die for Toyota hood panel; dough-cutting die producing 50 portions per minute

- ISO 15531‑1 (resource definitions) refers to tools as devices used in manufacturing (implicit) NIST+11Iteh Standards+11ISO+11. - IEC 60050‑851 (Electropedia) defines “tool” as “an implement, usually manually controlled, used to perform work” machinerysafety101.com. - NIST Dictionary of Metrology describes a tool as “a hand‑held or mechanically actuated item used to apply force or precision to a workpiece” (NIST work) — general metrological usage. - Other references (Shumaker et al. 2011; Jones & Kamil 1973; Hauser 2000; Britannica; Merriam‑Webster; Oxford; Dictionary.com | Meanings & Definitions of English Words ) define a tool as a physical instrument (often hand‑held), used to extend an agent’s ability to modify environment or material. (see https://oagi.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/IOF/pages/5952208897/Characterization+of+machines+and+tools#Trait-analysis)

- “designed to be held, guided or affixed” distinguishes tools from machines: often simpler, may require manual or machine guidance. - “facilitate execution of a task” covers uses ranging from hand‑tools (hammer, wrench) to machine‑tools (cutting insert, fixture) in the broader sense. - By stating “by a human, machine or mechanism,” the definition remains flexible to tools used both manually and in automated contexts.

ProductionTool(t) → ∃r(EquipmentRole(r) ∧ hasRole(t,r) ∧ ∀p(hasRealization(r,p) → ManufacturingProcess(p)))

true

tool designed to be held, guided or affixed to enable execution of a manufacturing process

Many of the core characterizations of production tool (more broadly tool) captured in the trait analysis (see https://oagi.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/IOF/pages/5952208897/Characterization+of+machines+and+tools#Trait-analysis) cannot be formally expressed, especially energy transformation, power, control, motion and mechanical structures.

if an entity is an instance of 'production tool', then it 'has role' some instance of 'equipment role' that 'has realization' only instances of 'manufacturing process'

tool https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/ adjustable wrench used to maintain a pump; multimeter used to troubleshoot an electrical cabinet; borescope used to inspect a pipeline; calibration gauge used to verify a pressure sensor; cleaning brush used to service processing equipment

ISO 15531‑1 (resource definitions) refers to tools as devices used in manufacturing (implicit) NIST+11Iteh Standards+11ISO+11. IEC 60050‑851 (Electropedia) defines “tool” as “an implement, usually manually controlled, used to perform work” machinerysafety101.com. NIST Dictionary of Metrology describes a tool as “a hand‑held or mechanically actuated item used to apply force or precision to a workpiece” (NIST work) — general metrological usage. Other references (Shumaker et al. 2011; Jones & Kamil 1973; Hauser 2000; Britannica; Merriam‑Webster; Oxford; Meanings & Definitions of English Words | Dictionary.com ) define a tool as a physical instrument (often hand‑held), used to extend an agent’s ability to modify environment or material.

Tool(t) → MaterialArtifact(t)

true

material artifact designed to be held, guided, or attached to help a person, machine, or mechanism perform a task

if an entity is an instance of 'tool', then it is an instance of 'material artifact'

work-in-progress transfer process https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/ moving a partially machined engine block from a milling center to a drilling center; conveying molded plastic housings from an injection press to a trimming station; pumping a 500-liter chemical batch from reactor R-01 to filter F-02

WorkInProgressTransferProcess(x) ↔ PlannedProcess(x) ∧ ∃y ∃t ∃t1 ∃t2 ∃s ∃s1 ∃z ∃z1 (MaterialEntity(y) ∧ TemporalInstant(t) ∧ TemporalInstant(t1) ∧ TemporalRegion(t2) ∧ ProductionMachine(s) ∧ ProductionMachine(s1) ∧ Site(z) ∧ Site(z1) ∧ hasParticipantAtSomeTime(x, y) ∧ firstInstantOf(t, t2) ∧ lastInstantOf(t1, t2) ∧ occupiesTemporalRegion(x, t2) ∧ existsAt(s, t) ∧ existsAt(s1, t1) ∧ locatedInAtAllTimes(s, z) ∧ locatedInAtAllTimes(s1, z1) ∧ locationOfAtAllTimes(s, y) ∧ locationOfAtAllTimes(s1, y))

material location change process in which work in progress moves between production machines

every instance of 'work-in-progress transfer process' is defined as exactly an instance of 'planned process' that 'has participant at some time' some 'material entity' and 'occupies temporal region' some 'temporal region' whose 'first instant' is some 'temporal instant' t and 'last instant' is some 'temporal instant' t1, and there exist two distinct 'production machines' s and s1 such that s 'exists at' t and s1 'exists at' t1, and s is 'located in at all times' some 'site' z, s1 is 'located in at all times' some 'site' z1, and both s and s1 are 'location of at all times' the same 'material entity'.

enabled by https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/ the hole-making capability of a drilling machine is enabled by the cutting capability of the drill bit installed in the machine

enbledBy(x, y) → enables(y, x)

true

relation from one capability to another capability such that associated performance of the first capability is made possible by another

see primitive rationale of 'enables'

if x is 'enabled by' y then y 'enables' x

enables https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/ the cutting capability of an installed drill bit enables the hole-making capability of a drilling machine

enables(c1, c2) → ∀p1 (realizes(p1, c1) → ∃p2 realizes(p2, c2))

true

a capability enables another capability only if realization of the first capability implies realization of the second capability

This property is included to define 'operator role' but it is part of the set of construct for modeling the combined or emergent capability of systems stemming from capabilities of its sub-systems (components). THe other constructs are not completely developed yet and it is not decided which IOF module they will be part of.

if c1 'enables' c2, then there exist processes p1 and p2 such that p1 'realizes' c1 implies p2 'realizes' c2, or p2 'realizes' c2 implies p1 'realizes' c1