{ "metadata": { "name": "", "signature": "sha256:441fa273fba6403e4fa6ef51f4397b1a0ca9ddec43fe8fba217b854e2c7b0377" }, "nbformat": 3, "nbformat_minor": 0, "worksheets": [ { "cells": [ { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 1, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Basic Output" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "When a cell is run, it can generate *output*. In IPython, the definition of output is quite general; it can be text, images, LaTeX, HTML or JSON. All output is displayed below the code that generated it, in the *output area*.\n", "\n", "This Notebook describes the basics of output and shows how the `stdout/stderr` streams are handled." ] }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Displayhook" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "When a Python object is returned by an expression, Python's `displayhook` mechanism is triggered. In IPython, this results in an output prompt, such as `Out[2]`. These objects are then available under the variables:\n", "\n", "* `_` (last output)\n", "* `__` (second to last output)\n", "* `_N` (`Out[N]`)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "import numpy as np\n", "import sys" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "prompt_number": 1 }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "np.random.rand(10)" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", "prompt_number": 2, "text": [ "array([ 0.95903549, 0.20840774, 0.89732074, 0.72494962, 0.30424358,\n", " 0.03881097, 0.72698477, 0.92148251, 0.96582423, 0.95202918])" ] } ], "prompt_number": 2 }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "np.sin(_)" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", "prompt_number": 3, "text": [ "array([ 0.81863802, 0.20690236, 0.78165864, 0.66309773, 0.29957159,\n", " 0.03880123, 0.66461974, 0.79649888, 0.82251797, 0.81459417])" ] } ], "prompt_number": 3 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "sys.stdout and sys.stderr" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "The stdout and stderr streams are displayed as text in the output area." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "print(\"hi, stdout\")" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "hi, stdout\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 4 }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "from __future__ import print_function\n", "print('hi, stderr', file=sys.stderr)" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stderr", "text": [ "hi, stderr\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 5 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Output is asynchronous" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "All output is displayed asynchronously as it is generated in the Kernel. If you execute the next cell, you will see the output one piece at a time, not all at the end." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "import time, sys\n", "for i in range(8):\n", " print(i)\n", " time.sleep(0.5)" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "0\n", "1" ] }, { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "\n", "2" ] }, { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "\n", "3" ] }, { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "\n", "4" ] }, { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "\n", "5" ] }, { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "\n", "6" ] }, { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "\n", "7" ] }, { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 6 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Large outputs" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "To better handle large outputs, the output area can be collapsed. Run the following cell and then single- or double- click on the active area to the left of the output:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "for i in range(50):\n", " print(i)" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "0\n", "1\n", "2\n", "3\n", "4\n", "5\n", "6\n", "7\n", "8\n", "9\n", "10\n", "11\n", "12\n", "13\n", "14\n", "15\n", "16\n", "17\n", "18\n", "19\n", "20\n", "21\n", "22\n", "23\n", "24\n", "25\n", "26\n", "27\n", "28\n", "29\n", "30\n", "31\n", "32\n", "33\n", "34\n", "35\n", "36\n", "37\n", "38\n", "39\n", "40\n", "41\n", "42\n", "43\n", "44\n", "45\n", "46\n", "47\n", "48\n", "49\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 7 }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Beyond a certain point, output will scroll automatically:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "for i in range(500):\n", " print(2**i - 1)" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": 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"1636695303948070935006594848413799576108321023021532394741645684048066898202337277441635046162952078575443342063780035504608628272942696526664263794687\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 8 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Capturing output with %%capture" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "IPython has a [cell magic](Cell%20Magics.ipynb), `%%capture`, which captures the stdout/stderr of a cell. With this magic you can discard these streams or store them in a variable." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "from __future__ import print_function\n", "import sys" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "prompt_number": 9 }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "By default, `%%capture` discards these streams. This is a simple way to suppress unwanted output." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "%%capture\n", "print('hi, stdout')\n", "print('hi, stderr', file=sys.stderr)" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "prompt_number": 10 }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "If you specify a name, then stdout/stderr will be stored in an object in your namespace." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "%%capture captured\n", "print('hi, stdout')\n", "print('hi, stderr', file=sys.stderr)" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "prompt_number": 11 }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "captured" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", "prompt_number": 12, "text": [ "" ] } ], "prompt_number": 12 }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Calling the object writes the output to stdout/stderr as appropriate." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "captured()" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "hi, stdout\n" ] }, { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stderr", "text": [ "hi, stderr\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 13 }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "captured.stdout" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", "prompt_number": 14, "text": [ "'hi, stdout\\n'" ] } ], "prompt_number": 14 }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "captured.stderr" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", "prompt_number": 15, "text": [ "'hi, stderr\\n'" ] } ], "prompt_number": 15 }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "`%%capture` grabs all output types, not just stdout/stderr, so you can do plots and use IPython's display system inside `%%capture`" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "%matplotlib inline\n", "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n", "import numpy as np" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "prompt_number": 16 }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "%%capture wontshutup\n", "\n", "print(\"setting up X\")\n", "x = np.linspace(0,5,1000)\n", "print(\"step 2: constructing y-data\")\n", "y = np.sin(x)\n", "print(\"step 3: display info about y\")\n", "plt.plot(x,y)\n", "print(\"okay, I'm done now\")" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "prompt_number": 17 }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "wontshutup()" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "setting up X\n", "step 2: constructing y-data\n", "step 3: display info about y\n", "okay, I'm done now\n" ] }, { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data", "png": 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"text": [ "" ] } ], "prompt_number": 18 }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "And you can selectively disable capturing stdout, stderr or rich display, by passing `--no-stdout`, `--no-stderr` and `--no-display`" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "%%capture cap --no-stderr\n", "print('hi, stdout')\n", "print(\"hello, stderr\", file=sys.stderr)" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stderr", "text": [ "hello, stderr\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 19 }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "cap.stdout" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", "prompt_number": 20, "text": [ "'hi, stdout\\n'" ] } ], "prompt_number": 20 }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "cap.stderr" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", "prompt_number": 21, "text": [ "''" ] } ], "prompt_number": 21 }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "cap.outputs" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", "prompt_number": 22, "text": [ "[]" ] } ], "prompt_number": 22 } ], "metadata": {} } ] }