TOSL Risk Ontology
type: Ontology
preferred namespace prefix: tosl-risk
created: 2026-03-14
issued: 2026-03-14
modified: 2026-04-22
version info: 1.0
contributor: ISAGroup
creator: Elena Molino
creator: Jos De Roo
creator: Beatriz Esteves
creator: Jose Maria Garcia
creator: Antonio Ruiz
comment: Ontology module for representing risks, unfair contractual clauses, and mitigation measures in Terms of Service (ToS) agreements.
abstract: An ontology module for representing risks in ToS, focusing on potentially unfair terms and their mitigation, based on TOSL and DPV.
description: The ontology describes risks linked to potentially unfair terms in ToS. It models these terms as sources of risk and links them to impacts and mitigation measures, supporting their identification, assessment, and inference in ODRL policies.
source: http://www.w3.org/ns/odrl/2/
source: dpv
source: tosl
license: CC-BY-4.0

Unfair Contract Clause
type: RiskConcept
type: PotentialRiskSource
type: PotentialRisk
definition: Clause creating a significant imbalance between the rights and obligations of the provider and the consumer
subclass of: OrganisationalManagementRisk

Arbitration Clause
type: RiskConcept
type: PotentialRiskSource
type: PotentialRisk
definition: Clause requiring the consumer to resolve disputes through arbitration before initiating legal proceedings
subclass of: Unfair Contract Clause
source: Annex UCTD. 1(q)

Choice of Law Clause
type: RiskConcept
type: PotentialRiskSource
type: PotentialRisk
definition: Clause establishing that disputes are governed by the law of a jurisdiction different from the consumer's place of residence
subclass of: Unfair Contract Clause
source: Article 3(1) UCTD and Article 6 (2) UCTD

Content Removal Clause
type: RiskConcept
type: PotentialRiskSource
type: PotentialRisk
definition: Clause allowing the provider to unilaterally remove consumer's content
subclass of: Unfair Contract Clause
source: GDPR and CJEU

Contract by Using Clause
type: RiskConcept
type: PotentialRiskSource
type: PotentialRisk
definition: Clause stating that the contractual terms are accepted through the consumer's use of the service
subclass of: Unfair Contract Clause
source: Annex UCTD. 1(i)

Jurisdiction Clause
type: RiskConcept
type: PotentialRiskSource
type: PotentialRisk
definition: Clause requiring disputes to be resolved outside the consumer's country of residence
subclass of: Unfair Contract Clause
source: Article 3(1) UCTD

Limitation of Liability Clause
type: RiskConcept
type: PotentialRiskSource
type: PotentialRisk
definition: Clause limiting the provider's responsibility for damages or losses incurred by the consumer while using the service
subclass of: Unfair Contract Clause
source: Annex UCTD. 1(b)

Unilateral Change Clause
type: RiskConcept
type: PotentialRiskSource
type: PotentialRisk
definition: Clause allowing the provider to unilaterally modify the contract or the service
subclass of: Unfair Contract Clause
source: Annex UCTD. 1(j and k)

Unilateral Termination Clause
type: RiskConcept
type: PotentialRiskSource
type: PotentialRisk
definition: Clause allowing the provider to unilaterally terminate the contract or access to the service
subclass of: Unfair Contract Clause
source: Annex UCTD. 1(f and g)

Deletion Justification
type: Justification
definition: Control that requires providing justified reasons when user data is deleted
subclass of: ExerciseJustification

Change Justification
type: Justification
definition: Control that requires providing justified reasons when contractual terms are modified
subclass of: ExerciseJustification
source: Annex UCTD. 1(j), 1(k)

Termination Justification
type: Justification
definition: Control that requires providing justified reasons when a service is terminated
subclass of: ExerciseJustification
source: Annex UCTD. 1(g)

Access to Courts
type: RiskMitigationMeasure
definition: Control that ensures consumers retain the right to take legal action without being required arbitration
subclass of: OrganisationalMeasure
source: Annex UCTD. 1(q)

Consumer Residence Jurisdiction
type: RiskMitigationMeasure
definition: Control that ensures disputes can be brought before the courts of the consumer's place of residence

Consumer Country Governing Law
type: RiskMitigationMeasure
definition: Control that ensures the applicable law corresponds to the consumer's country of residence

Deletion Notice
type: RiskMitigationMeasure
definition: Control that requires notifying the consumer in advance before deleting user data
subclass of: Notice

Data Retrieval Mechanism
type: RiskMitigationMeasure
definition: Control that ensures consumers can retrieve their stored data when user data is deleted

Explicit Consent Control
type: RiskMitigationMeasure
definition: Control that requires the consumer's explicit consent before accepting the contractual terms
source: Annex UCTD. 1(i)

Right to Compensation
type: RiskMitigationMeasure
definition: Control that ensures consumers can receive compensation when damages occur due to the provider’s actions or contractual obligations
source: Annex UCTD. 1(b)

Change Notice
type: RiskMitigationMeasure
definition: Control that requires notifying consumers within a defined notice period before changes to contractual terms or service functionality
subclass of: Notice

Reaffirm Consent
type: RiskMitigationMeasure
definition: Control that requires consumers to reaffirm their consent when contractual terms or services are modified

Right to Terminate After Change
type: RiskMitigationMeasure
definition: Control that ensures consumers can terminate the contract when they do not accept new contractual terms

Termination Notice
type: RiskMitigationMeasure
definition: Control that requires notifying consumers within a defined notice period before terminating the service
subclass of: Notice
source: Annex UCTD. 1(g)