@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>.
@prefix bibo:          <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/> .
@prefix dcterms:       <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix foaf:          <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix odrl:          <http://www.w3.org/ns/odrl/2/> .
@prefix owl:           <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdf:           <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs:          <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix sh:            <http://www.w3.org/ns/shacl#>.
@prefix skos:          <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
@prefix vann:          <http://purl.org/vocab/vann/> .
@prefix xsd:           <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix dpv: <https://w3id.org/dpv#> .
@prefix risk: <https://w3id.org/dpv/risk#> .
@prefix justifications: <https://w3id.org/dpv/justifications#> .

@prefix tosl-risk:     <https://w3id.org/tosl/risk#> .

# ---------------- Ontology Metadata ------------------ #

<https://w3id.org/tosl/risk#> a owl:Ontology ;
        dcterms:title "TOSL Risk Ontology"@en ;
        rdfs:label "TOSL Risk Ontology"@en ;
        vann:preferredNamespacePrefix "tosl-risk" ;
        vann:preferredNamespaceUri "https://w3id.org/tosl/risk#";
        dcterms:created "2026-03-14"^^xsd:date ;
        dcterms:issued "2026-03-14"^^xsd:date ;
        dcterms:modified "2026-04-22"^^xsd:date ;
        owl:versionInfo "1.0" ;
        dcterms:contributor "ISAGroup" ;
        dcterms:creator "Elena Molino", "Jos De Roo", "Beatriz Esteves", "Jose Maria Garcia", "Antonio Ruiz" ;
        rdfs:comment "Ontology module for representing risks, unfair contractual clauses, and mitigation measures in Terms of Service (ToS) agreements."@en ;
        dcterms:abstract "An ontology module for representing risks in ToS, focusing on potentially unfair terms and their mitigation, based on TOSL and DPV."@en ;
        dcterms:description "The ontology describes risks linked to potentially unfair terms in ToS. It models these terms as sources of risk and links them to impacts and mitigation measures, supporting their identification, assessment, and inference in ODRL policies."@en ;        
        dcterms:source <http://www.w3.org/ns/odrl/2/>, <https://w3id.org/dpv>, <https://w3id.org/tosl> ;
        dcterms:license <https://dalicc.net/licenselibrary/CC-BY-4.0> .


# ---------------- Risk Sources ------------------ #

tosl-risk:UnfairContractClause a dpv:RiskConcept, dpv:PotentialRiskSource, dpv:PotentialRisk ;
    rdfs:label "Unfair Contract Clause"@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy tosl-risk: ;
    skos:definition "Clause creating a significant imbalance between the rights and obligations of the provider and the consumer"@en ;
    rdfs:subClassOf risk:OrganisationalManagementRisk .

tosl-risk:ArbitrationClause a dpv:RiskConcept, dpv:PotentialRiskSource, dpv:PotentialRisk ;
    rdfs:label "Arbitration Clause"@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy tosl-risk: ;
    skos:definition "Clause requiring the consumer to resolve disputes through arbitration before initiating legal proceedings"@en ;
    rdfs:subClassOf tosl-risk:UnfairContractClause ;
    dcterms:source "Annex UCTD. 1(q)" .

tosl-risk:ChoiceOfLawClause a dpv:RiskConcept, dpv:PotentialRiskSource, dpv:PotentialRisk ;
    rdfs:label "Choice of Law Clause"@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy tosl-risk: ;
    skos:definition "Clause establishing that disputes are governed by the law of a jurisdiction different from the consumer's place of residence"@en ;
    rdfs:subClassOf tosl-risk:UnfairContractClause ;
    dcterms:source "Article 3(1) UCTD and Article 6 (2) UCTD" .

tosl-risk:ContentRemovalClause a dpv:RiskConcept, dpv:PotentialRiskSource, dpv:PotentialRisk ;
    rdfs:label "Content Removal Clause"@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy tosl-risk: ;
    skos:definition "Clause allowing the provider to unilaterally remove consumer's content"@en ;
    rdfs:subClassOf tosl-risk:UnfairContractClause ;
    dcterms:source "GDPR and CJEU" .

tosl-risk:ContractByUsingClause a dpv:RiskConcept, dpv:PotentialRiskSource, dpv:PotentialRisk ;
    rdfs:label "Contract by Using Clause"@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy tosl-risk: ;
    skos:definition "Clause stating that the contractual terms are accepted through the consumer's use of the service"@en ;
    rdfs:subClassOf tosl-risk:UnfairContractClause ;
    dcterms:source "Annex UCTD. 1(i)" .

tosl-risk:JurisdictionClause a dpv:RiskConcept, dpv:PotentialRiskSource, dpv:PotentialRisk ;
    rdfs:label "Jurisdiction Clause"@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy tosl-risk: ;
    skos:definition "Clause requiring disputes to be resolved outside the consumer's country of residence"@en ;
    rdfs:subClassOf tosl-risk:UnfairContractClause ;
    dcterms:source "Article 3(1) UCTD" .

tosl-risk:LimitationOfLiabilityClause a dpv:RiskConcept, dpv:PotentialRiskSource, dpv:PotentialRisk ;
    rdfs:label "Limitation of Liability Clause"@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy tosl-risk: ;
    skos:definition "Clause limiting the provider's responsibility for damages or losses incurred by the consumer while using the service"@en ;
    rdfs:subClassOf tosl-risk:UnfairContractClause ;
    dcterms:source "Annex UCTD. 1(b)" .

tosl-risk:UnilateralChangeClause a dpv:RiskConcept, dpv:PotentialRiskSource, dpv:PotentialRisk ;
    rdfs:label "Unilateral Change Clause"@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy tosl-risk: ;
    skos:definition "Clause allowing the provider to unilaterally modify the contract or the service"@en ;
    rdfs:subClassOf tosl-risk:UnfairContractClause ;
    dcterms:source "Annex UCTD. 1(j and k)" .

tosl-risk:UnilateralTerminationClause a dpv:RiskConcept, dpv:PotentialRiskSource, dpv:PotentialRisk ;
    rdfs:label "Unilateral Termination Clause"@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy tosl-risk: ;
    skos:definition "Clause allowing the provider to unilaterally terminate the contract or access to the service"@en ;
    rdfs:subClassOf tosl-risk:UnfairContractClause ;
    dcterms:source "Annex UCTD. 1(f and g)" .

# ---------------- Justifications ------------------ #

tosl-risk:DeletionJustification a dpv:Justification ;
    rdfs:label "Deletion Justification"@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy tosl-risk: ;
    skos:definition "Control that requires providing justified reasons when user data is deleted"@en ;
    rdfs:subClassOf justifications:ExerciseJustification .

tosl-risk:ChangeJustification a dpv:Justification ;
    rdfs:label "Change Justification"@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy tosl-risk: ;
    skos:definition "Control that requires providing justified reasons when contractual terms are modified"@en ;
    rdfs:subClassOf justifications:ExerciseJustification ;
    dcterms:source "Annex UCTD. 1(j), 1(k)" .

tosl-risk:TerminationJustification a dpv:Justification ;
    rdfs:label "Termination Justification"@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy tosl-risk: ;
    skos:definition "Control that requires providing justified reasons when a service is terminated"@en ;
    rdfs:subClassOf justifications:ExerciseJustification ;
    dcterms:source "Annex UCTD. 1(g)" .

# ---------------- Mitigation Measures ------------------ #

tosl-risk:AccessToCourts a dpv:RiskMitigationMeasure ;
    rdfs:label "Access to Courts"@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy tosl-risk: ;
    skos:definition "Control that ensures consumers retain the right to take legal action without being required arbitration"@en ;
    rdfs:subClassOf dpv:OrganisationalMeasure ;
    dcterms:source "Annex UCTD. 1(q)" .

tosl-risk:ConsumerResidenceJurisdiction a dpv:RiskMitigationMeasure ;
    rdfs:label "Consumer Residence Jurisdiction"@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy tosl-risk: ;
    skos:definition "Control that ensures disputes can be brought before the courts of the consumer's place of residence"@en .

tosl-risk:ConsumerCountryGoverningLaw a dpv:RiskMitigationMeasure ;
    rdfs:label "Consumer Country Governing Law"@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy tosl-risk: ;
    skos:definition "Control that ensures the applicable law corresponds to the consumer's country of residence"@en .

tosl-risk:DeletionNotice a dpv:RiskMitigationMeasure ;
    rdfs:label "Deletion Notice"@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy tosl-risk: ;
    skos:definition "Control that requires notifying the consumer in advance before deleting user data"@en ;
    rdfs:subClassOf dpv:Notice .

tosl-risk:DataRetrievalMechanism a dpv:RiskMitigationMeasure ;
    rdfs:label "Data Retrieval Mechanism"@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy tosl-risk: ;
    skos:definition "Control that ensures consumers can retrieve their stored data when user data is deleted"@en .

tosl-risk:ExplicitConsentControl a dpv:RiskMitigationMeasure ;
    rdfs:label "Explicit Consent Control"@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy tosl-risk: ;
    skos:definition "Control that requires the consumer's explicit consent before accepting the contractual terms"@en ;
    dcterms:source "Annex UCTD. 1(i)" .

tosl-risk:RightToCompensation a dpv:RiskMitigationMeasure ;
    rdfs:label "Right to Compensation"@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy tosl-risk: ;
    skos:definition "Control that ensures consumers can receive compensation when damages occur due to the provider’s actions or contractual obligations"@en ;
    dcterms:source "Annex UCTD. 1(b)" .

tosl-risk:ChangeNotice a dpv:RiskMitigationMeasure ;
    rdfs:label "Change Notice"@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy tosl-risk: ;
    skos:definition "Control that requires notifying consumers within a defined notice period before changes to contractual terms or service functionality"@en ;
    rdfs:subClassOf dpv:Notice .

tosl-risk:ReaffirmConsent a dpv:RiskMitigationMeasure ;
    rdfs:label "Reaffirm Consent"@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy tosl-risk: ;
    skos:definition "Control that requires consumers to reaffirm their consent when contractual terms or services are modified"@en .

tosl-risk:RightToTerminateAfterChange a dpv:RiskMitigationMeasure ;
    rdfs:label "Right to Terminate After Change"@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy tosl-risk: ;
    skos:definition "Control that ensures consumers can terminate the contract when they do not accept new contractual terms"@en .

tosl-risk:TerminationNotice a dpv:RiskMitigationMeasure ;
    rdfs:label "Termination Notice"@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy tosl-risk: ;
    skos:definition "Control that requires notifying consumers within a defined notice period before terminating the service"@en ;
    rdfs:subClassOf dpv:Notice ;
    dcterms:source "Annex UCTD. 1(g)" .