Collaborative Research: Frameworks: Internet of Samples: Toward an Interdisciplinary Cyberinfrastructure for Material Samples
amber
missing
anthropogenic organic material
Organic material manufactured by humans
basalt
bone
brass
alloy of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn)
brick clay
dried or low-fired clay-rich material used to make blocks for construction
bronze
alloy consisting primarily of copper with subordinate tin; often includes other metals
bucchero
ceramic with black fabric and glossy, black surface achieved through reduction firing
ceramic clay
Any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials made by shaping and then firing an inorganic, nonmetallic material, such as clay, at a high temperature. Common examples are earthenware, porcelain, and brick. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic)
charcoal
chert
cinder
The incombustible residue of something burnt. (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300011788)
coal
copper
copper metal, includes copper-rich alloys not identifiable as brass or bronze.
dolomite
dolostone
faience
fine white-glazed ceramic (tin oxide based glaze)
fiber material
material composed of fibers twisted or woved togther. Fibers might be plant material or Anthropogenic Organic material.
cloth, thread, rope, string are composed of fiber material.
samples composed of fiber material might also be asserted to be composed of 'Plant fiber' or Anthropogenic organic material' if the nature of the fiber is known.
flint
gabbro
glass
A non-crystalline, often transparent amorphous solid, most often formed by rapid cooling (quenching) of the molten silca rich material. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass)
gold
a chemical element with atomic number 79; a dense, soft metal that is easily malleable and ductile. It has a melting point of 1064 degrees Celsius and a boiling point of 2,807 degrees Celsius. (ChatGPT)
greywacke
graywacke
hair
Material comprising the cylindrical filaments that grow from follicles embedded in the skin of mammals. Hair is a column of overlapping, fused cells that are composed of the protein keratin; hair is composed of three parts: the innermost column is the medula, the surrounding live cells (the cortex) contain pigment, and the outermost dead transparent cells are the cuticular scales. The portion of the hair outside of the skin is called the shaft. Fine, closely spaced hair that covers most of an animal's body is called fur. Dense, soft, curled hair is called wool. Coarse, stiff hairs are called bristles, spines, or quills. Horsehair and cattle hair have been used for brushes, plaster binders, haircloth, and upholstery stuffing. Rabbit hair, often called rabbit fur, has been used to make felt hats. (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300011814)
hematite
iron
Iron or iron-rich alloy
kaolin
lead
lead or lead-rich alloy
leather
The skin or hide of an animal that has been tanned to render it resistant to putrefication and relatively soft and flexible when dry. (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300011845)
limestone
marble
mica
obsidian
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vocabulary of materials typical of archeological samples
2024-09-13 SMR remove version number from URI
OpenContext material type extension draft
organic animal material
Material that is (or was) a constituent of an animal organisms, composed primarily of one or more very large molecules of biological origin.
organic plant material
paper
thin matted or felted sheets or webs of fiber formed and dried on a fine screen from a pulpy water suspension. The fibers may be animal, such as hair, silk or wool, or mineral, such as asbestos, or synthetic. However most paper is made from cellulosic plant fiber, such as from wood pulp, grass, cotton, linen, and straw. (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300014109)
pewter
alloy consisting of mostly tin, with antimony, minor copper or bismuth, and sometimes silver.
plant fiber
cotton, linen, yucca fiber
plaster or mortar
Plaster is a pasty material that hardens on drying and is used for coating walls, ceilings, and partitions. Mortar is a similar pasty material used for cementing bricks or block together or coating walls in building construction.
plastic (material)
Synthetic or semi-synthetic material that uses organic polymers as a main ingredient.
porcelain
Kaolin rich high-fired ceramic; In China, it includes any such ware that is highly fired enough to produce a ringing sound when struck. In Europe, it is limited to hard-fired ceramic that is translucent. (https://vocab.getty.edu/aat/scopeNote/45436)
pumice
quartz
rubber
An elastomer, synthesized from petroleum byproducts or from latex harvested from the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis).
shell
Hard outer covering of invertebrate creatures, composed of calcareous or chitinous material (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300011829)
slate
terracotta
clay-based unglazed or glazed, porous ceramic
terra sigilata
Fine red Ancient Roman pottery with glossy surface slips
travertine
A limestone consisting of a massive usually layered calcium carbonate (such as aragonite or calcite) formed by deposition from spring waters, especially from hot springs. (https://www.mindat.org/min-39057.html)
wood
Specimen is dominantly composed of metal that has been produced or used by humans; subclass of anthropogenic material. Samples of naturally occuring metallic material (e.g. native copper, gold nuggets) should be considered mineral material. Metallic material is material that when polished or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. Metals are typically malleable (they can be hammered into thin sheets) or ductile (can be drawn into wires). The boundaries between metals, nonmetals, and metalloids fluctuate slightly due to a lack of universally accepted definitions of the categories involved. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal). c.f. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01001069
anthropogenic metal
Material produced by an organism but not composed of 'very large molecules of biological origin.' E.g. bone, tooth, shell, coral skeleton,
biogenic non-organic material
Material consists of a single mineral or mineraloid phase. . 'A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes.' (Nickel, Ernest H. (1995), The definition of a mineral, The Canadian Mineralogist. 33 (3): 689–90). Include mineraloids. ... A material primarily composed of some substance that is naturally occurring, solid and stable at room temperature, representable by a chemical formula, usually abiogenic, and that has an ordered atomic structure. (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000256). Comment: the identity of a mineral species is defined by a crystal structure and a chemical composition that might include various specific elemental substitutions in that structure. Mineraloid: A naturally occurring mineral-like substance that does not demonstrate crystallinity. Mineraloids possess chemical compositions that vary beyond the generally accepted ranges for specific minerals. Examples: obsidian, Opal. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraloid)
mineral
Environmental material derived from living organisms and composed primarily of one or more very large molecules of biological origin. Examples: body (animal or plant), body part, fecal matter, seeds, wood, tissue, biological fluids, biological waste, algal material, biofilm, necromass, plankton. source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000155
organic material
Non-metallic material produced by human activity. Organic products of agricultural activity are both anthropogenic and organic. Include lab preparations like XRF pellet and rock powders. Examples: ceramics, concrete, slag, (anthropogenic) glass, mine tailing, plaster, waste.
other anthropogenic material
Material consists of microscopic particulate material derived by precipitation, filtering, or settling from suspension in a fluid, e.g. filtrate from water, deposition from atmosphere, astro material particles. Might include mineral, organic, or biological material. ENVO definition (ENVO_01000060) has "composed of microscopic portions of solid or liquid material suspended in another environmental material.", refine here to define as the solid particles, distinct from a material in which they are suspended. A material that includes solid or liquid particles suspended in another material would be a dispersed_media in this scheme, not defined in ENVO. Human manufactured particulates (e.g. rock powder) should be categorized as 'anthropogenic material' as well as 'Particulate'
particulate material
Consolidated aggregate of particles (grains) of rock, mineral (including native elements), mineraloid, or solid organic material. Includes mineral aggregates such as granite, shale, marble; natural glass such as obsidian; organic material formed by geologic processes such a coal; extraterrestrial material in meteorites; and crushed rock fragments like drill cuttings from rock. (based on http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/cgi/lithology/rock, same as http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00001995)
rock