{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Introducing Pandas Objects"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "At a very basic level, Pandas objects can be thought of as enhanced versions of NumPy structured arrays in which the rows and columns are identified with labels rather than simple integer indices.\n",
    "As we will see during the course of this chapter, Pandas provides a host of useful tools, methods, and functionality on top of the basic data structures, but nearly everything that follows will require an understanding of what these structures are.\n",
    "Thus, before we go any further, let's take a look at these three fundamental Pandas data structures: the `Series`, `DataFrame`, and `Index`.\n",
    "\n",
    "We will start our code sessions with the standard NumPy and Pandas imports:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import pandas as pd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## The Pandas Series Object\n",
    "\n",
    "A Pandas `Series` is a one-dimensional array of indexed data.\n",
    "It can be created from a list or array as follows:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    0.25\n",
       "1    0.50\n",
       "2    0.75\n",
       "3    1.00\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data = pd.Series([0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0])\n",
    "data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The `Series` combines a sequence of values with an explicit sequence of indices, which we can access with the `values` and `index` attributes.\n",
    "The `values` are simply a familiar NumPy array:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([0.25, 0.5 , 0.75, 1.  ])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The `index` is an array-like object of type `pd.Index`, which we'll discuss in more detail momentarily:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "RangeIndex(start=0, stop=4, step=1)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Like with a NumPy array, data can be accessed by the associated index via the familiar Python square-bracket notation:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0.5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data[1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1    0.50\n",
       "2    0.75\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data[1:3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "As we will see, though, the Pandas `Series` is much more general and flexible than the one-dimensional NumPy array that it emulates."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Series as Generalized NumPy Array"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "From what we've seen so far, the `Series` object may appear to be basically interchangeable with a one-dimensional NumPy array.\n",
    "The essential difference is that while the NumPy array has an *implicitly defined* integer index used to access the values, the Pandas `Series` has an *explicitly defined* index associated with the values.\n",
    "\n",
    "This explicit index definition gives the `Series` object additional capabilities. For example, the index need not be an integer, but can consist of values of any desired type.\n",
    "So, if we wish, we can use strings as an index:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "a    0.25\n",
       "b    0.50\n",
       "c    0.75\n",
       "d    1.00\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data = pd.Series([0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0],\n",
    "                 index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])\n",
    "data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "And the item access works as expected:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0.5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data['b']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We can even use noncontiguous or nonsequential indices:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2    0.25\n",
       "5    0.50\n",
       "3    0.75\n",
       "7    1.00\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data = pd.Series([0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0],\n",
    "                 index=[2, 5, 3, 7])\n",
    "data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0.5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data[5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Series as Specialized Dictionary\n",
    "\n",
    "In this way, you can think of a Pandas `Series` a bit like a specialization of a Python dictionary.\n",
    "A dictionary is a structure that maps arbitrary keys to a set of arbitrary values, and a `Series` is a structure that maps typed keys to a set of typed values.\n",
    "This typing is important: just as the type-specific compiled code behind a NumPy array makes it more efficient than a Python list for certain operations, the type information of a Pandas `Series` makes it more efficient than Python dictionaries for certain operations.\n",
    "\n",
    "The `Series`-as-dictionary analogy can be made even more clear by constructing a `Series` object directly from a Python dictionary, here the five most populous US states according to the 2020 census:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "California      39538223\n",
       "Texas           29145505\n",
       "Florida         21538187\n",
       "New York        20201249\n",
       "Pennsylvania    13002700\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "population_dict = {'California': 39538223, 'Texas': 29145505,\n",
    "                   'Florida': 21538187, 'New York': 20201249,\n",
    "                   'Pennsylvania': 13002700}\n",
    "population = pd.Series(population_dict)\n",
    "population"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "From here, typical dictionary-style item access can be performed:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "39538223"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "population['California']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Unlike a dictionary, though, the `Series` also supports array-style operations such as slicing:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "California    39538223\n",
       "Texas         29145505\n",
       "Florida       21538187\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "population['California':'Florida']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We'll discuss some of the quirks of Pandas indexing and slicing in [Data Indexing and Selection](03.02-Data-Indexing-and-Selection.ipynb)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Constructing Series Objects\n",
    "\n",
    "We've already seen a few ways of constructing a Pandas `Series` from scratch. All of them are some version of the following:\n",
    "\n",
    "```python\n",
    "pd.Series(data, index=index)\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "where `index` is an optional argument, and `data` can be one of many entities.\n",
    "\n",
    "For example, `data` can be a list or NumPy array, in which case `index` defaults to an integer sequence:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    2\n",
       "1    4\n",
       "2    6\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.Series([2, 4, 6])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Or `data` can be a scalar, which is repeated to fill the specified index:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "100    5\n",
       "200    5\n",
       "300    5\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.Series(5, index=[100, 200, 300])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Or it can be a dictionary, in which case `index` defaults to the dictionary keys:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2    a\n",
       "1    b\n",
       "3    c\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.Series({2:'a', 1:'b', 3:'c'})"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "In each case, the index can be explicitly set to control the order or the subset of keys used:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1    b\n",
       "2    a\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.Series({2:'a', 1:'b', 3:'c'}, index=[1, 2])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## The Pandas DataFrame Object\n",
    "\n",
    "The next fundamental structure in Pandas is the `DataFrame`.\n",
    "Like the `Series` object discussed in the previous section, the `DataFrame` can be thought of either as a generalization of a NumPy array, or as a specialization of a Python dictionary.\n",
    "We'll now take a look at each of these perspectives."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### DataFrame as Generalized NumPy Array\n",
    "If a `Series` is an analog of a one-dimensional array with explicit indices, a `DataFrame` is an analog of a two-dimensional array with explicit row and column indices.\n",
    "Just as you might think of a two-dimensional array as an ordered sequence of aligned one-dimensional columns, you can think of a `DataFrame` as a sequence of aligned `Series` objects.\n",
    "Here, by \"aligned\" we mean that they share the same index.\n",
    "\n",
    "To demonstrate this, let's first construct a new `Series` listing the area of each of the five states discussed in the previous section (in square kilometers):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "California      423967\n",
       "Texas           695662\n",
       "Florida         170312\n",
       "New York        141297\n",
       "Pennsylvania    119280\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "area_dict = {'California': 423967, 'Texas': 695662, 'Florida': 170312, \n",
    "             'New York': 141297, 'Pennsylvania': 119280}\n",
    "area = pd.Series(area_dict)\n",
    "area"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Now that we have this along with the `population` Series from before, we can use a dictionary to construct a single two-dimensional object containing this information:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>population</th>\n",
       "      <th>area</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>California</th>\n",
       "      <td>39538223</td>\n",
       "      <td>423967</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Texas</th>\n",
       "      <td>29145505</td>\n",
       "      <td>695662</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Florida</th>\n",
       "      <td>21538187</td>\n",
       "      <td>170312</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>New York</th>\n",
       "      <td>20201249</td>\n",
       "      <td>141297</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Pennsylvania</th>\n",
       "      <td>13002700</td>\n",
       "      <td>119280</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "              population    area\n",
       "California      39538223  423967\n",
       "Texas           29145505  695662\n",
       "Florida         21538187  170312\n",
       "New York        20201249  141297\n",
       "Pennsylvania    13002700  119280"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "states = pd.DataFrame({'population': population,\n",
    "                       'area': area})\n",
    "states"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Like the `Series` object, the `DataFrame` has an `index` attribute that gives access to the index labels:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Index(['California', 'Texas', 'Florida', 'New York', 'Pennsylvania'], dtype='object')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "states.index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Additionally, the `DataFrame` has a `columns` attribute, which is an `Index` object holding the column labels:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Index(['population', 'area'], dtype='object')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "states.columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Thus the `DataFrame` can be thought of as a generalization of a two-dimensional NumPy array, where both the rows and columns have a generalized index for accessing the data."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### DataFrame as Specialized Dictionary\n",
    "\n",
    "Similarly, we can also think of a `DataFrame` as a specialization of a dictionary.\n",
    "Where a dictionary maps a key to a value, a `DataFrame` maps a column name to a `Series` of column data.\n",
    "For example, asking for the `'area'` attribute returns the `Series` object containing the areas we saw earlier:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "California      423967\n",
       "Texas           695662\n",
       "Florida         170312\n",
       "New York        141297\n",
       "Pennsylvania    119280\n",
       "Name: area, dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "states['area']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Notice the potential point of confusion here: in a two-dimensional NumPy array, `data[0]` will return the first *row*. For a `DataFrame`, `data['col0']` will return the first *column*.\n",
    "Because of this, it is probably better to think about ``DataFrame``s as generalized dictionaries rather than generalized arrays, though both ways of looking at the situation can be useful.\n",
    "We'll explore more flexible means of indexing ``DataFrame``s in [Data Indexing and Selection](03.02-Data-Indexing-and-Selection.ipynb)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Constructing DataFrame Objects\n",
    "\n",
    "A Pandas `DataFrame` can be constructed in a variety of ways.\n",
    "Here we'll explore several examples."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### From a single Series object\n",
    "\n",
    "A `DataFrame` is a collection of `Series` objects, and a single-column `DataFrame` can be constructed from a single `Series`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "      <th>population</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
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       "      <th>California</th>\n",
       "      <td>39538223</td>\n",
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       "              population\n",
       "California      39538223\n",
       "Texas           29145505\n",
       "Florida         21538187\n",
       "New York        20201249\n",
       "Pennsylvania    13002700"
      ]
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   "source": [
    "pd.DataFrame(population, columns=['population'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### From a list of dicts\n",
    "\n",
    "Any list of dictionaries can be made into a `DataFrame`.\n",
    "We'll use a simple list comprehension to create some data:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
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    {
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   "source": [
    "data = [{'a': i, 'b': 2 * i}\n",
    "        for i in range(3)]\n",
    "pd.DataFrame(data)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Even if some keys in the dictionary are missing, Pandas will fill them in with `NaN` values (i.e., \"Not a Number\"; see [Handling Missing Data](03.04-Missing-Values.ipynb)):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
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    {
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   "source": [
    "pd.DataFrame([{'a': 1, 'b': 2}, {'b': 3, 'c': 4}])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### From a dictionary of Series objects\n",
    "\n",
    "As we saw before, a `DataFrame` can be constructed from a dictionary of `Series` objects as well:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "      <th>population</th>\n",
       "      <th>area</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
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       "      <th>California</th>\n",
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       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
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       "      <th>New York</th>\n",
       "      <td>20201249</td>\n",
       "      <td>141297</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
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      "text/plain": [
       "              population    area\n",
       "California      39538223  423967\n",
       "Texas           29145505  695662\n",
       "Florida         21538187  170312\n",
       "New York        20201249  141297\n",
       "Pennsylvania    13002700  119280"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.DataFrame({'population': population,\n",
    "              'area': area})"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### From a two-dimensional NumPy array\n",
    "\n",
    "Given a two-dimensional array of data, we can create a `DataFrame` with any specified column and index names.\n",
    "If omitted, an integer index will be used for each:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "        foo       bar\n",
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      ]
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     "metadata": {},
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   "source": [
    "pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(3, 2),\n",
    "             columns=['foo', 'bar'],\n",
    "             index=['a', 'b', 'c'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### From a NumPy structured array\n",
    "\n",
    "We covered structured arrays in [Structured Data: NumPy's Structured Arrays](02.09-Structured-Data-NumPy.ipynb).\n",
    "A Pandas `DataFrame` operates much like a structured array, and can be created directly from one:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([(0, 0.), (0, 0.), (0, 0.)], dtype=[('A', '<i8'), ('B', '<f8')])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "A = np.zeros(3, dtype=[('A', 'i8'), ('B', 'f8')])\n",
    "A"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "   A    B\n",
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   "source": [
    "pd.DataFrame(A)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## The Pandas Index Object\n",
    "\n",
    "As you've seen, the `Series` and `DataFrame` objects both contain an explicit *index* that lets you reference and modify data.\n",
    "This `Index` object is an interesting structure in itself, and it can be thought of either as an *immutable array* or as an *ordered set* (technically a multiset, as `Index` objects may contain repeated values).\n",
    "Those views have some interesting consequences in terms of the operations available on `Index` objects.\n",
    "As a simple example, let's construct an `Index` from a list of integers:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Int64Index([2, 3, 5, 7, 11], dtype='int64')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ind = pd.Index([2, 3, 5, 7, 11])\n",
    "ind"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Index as Immutable Array\n",
    "\n",
    "The `Index` in many ways operates like an array.\n",
    "For example, we can use standard Python indexing notation to retrieve values or slices:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ind[1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Int64Index([2, 5, 11], dtype='int64')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ind[::2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "`Index` objects also have many of the attributes familiar from NumPy arrays:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "5 (5,) 1 int64\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(ind.size, ind.shape, ind.ndim, ind.dtype)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "One difference between `Index` objects and NumPy arrays is that the indices are immutable—that is, they cannot be modified via the normal means:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "Index does not support mutable operations",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m/var/folders/xc/sptt9bk14s34rgxt7453p03r0000gp/T/ipykernel_83282/393126374.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mind\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/.local/share/virtualenvs/python-data-science-handbook-2e-u_kwqDTB/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/core/indexes/base.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m__setitem__\u001b[0;34m(self, key, value)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   4583\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;34m@\u001b[0m\u001b[0mfinal\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   4584\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0m__setitem__\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mkey\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mvalue\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m-> 4585\u001b[0;31m         \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mTypeError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"Index does not support mutable operations\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m   4586\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   4587\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0m__getitem__\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mkey\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: Index does not support mutable operations"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ind[1] = 0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "This immutability makes it safer to share indices between multiple ``DataFrame``s and arrays, without the potential for side effects from inadvertent index modification."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Index as Ordered Set\n",
    "\n",
    "Pandas objects are designed to facilitate operations such as joins across datasets, which depend on many aspects of set arithmetic.\n",
    "The `Index` object follows many of the conventions used by Python's built-in `set` data structure, so that unions, intersections, differences, and other combinations can be computed in a familiar way:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "indA = pd.Index([1, 3, 5, 7, 9])\n",
    "indB = pd.Index([2, 3, 5, 7, 11])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Int64Index([3, 5, 7], dtype='int64')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "indA.intersection(indB)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Int64Index([1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11], dtype='int64')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "indA.union(indB)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Int64Index([1, 2, 9, 11], dtype='int64')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "indA.symmetric_difference(indB)"
   ]
  }
 ],
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