// Underscore.js
// (c) 2010 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
// Underscore is freely distributable under the terms of the MIT license.
// Portions of Underscore are inspired by or borrowed from Prototype.js,
// Oliver Steele's Functional, and John Resig's Micro-Templating.
// For all details and documentation:
// http://documentcloud.github.com/underscore

(function() {
  // ------------------------- Baseline setup ---------------------------------

  // Establish the root object, "window" in the browser, or "global" on the server.
  var root = this;

  // Save the previous value of the "_" variable.
  var previousUnderscore = root._;

  // Establish the object that gets thrown to break out of a loop iteration.
  var breaker = typeof StopIteration !== 'undefined' ? StopIteration : '__break__';

  // Quick regexp-escaping function, because JS doesn't have RegExp.escape().
  var escapeRegExp = function(s) { return s.replace(/([.*+?^${}()|[\]\/\\])/g, '\\$1'); };

  // Save bytes in the minified (but not gzipped) version:
  var ArrayProto = Array.prototype, ObjProto = Object.prototype;

  // Create quick reference variables for speed access to core prototypes.
  var slice                 = ArrayProto.slice,
      unshift               = ArrayProto.unshift,
      toString              = ObjProto.toString,
      hasOwnProperty        = ObjProto.hasOwnProperty,
      propertyIsEnumerable  = ObjProto.propertyIsEnumerable;

  // All ECMA5 native implementations we hope to use are declared here.
  var
    nativeForEach      = ArrayProto.forEach,
    nativeMap          = ArrayProto.map,
    nativeReduce       = ArrayProto.reduce,
    nativeReduceRight  = ArrayProto.reduceRight,
    nativeFilter       = ArrayProto.filter,
    nativeEvery        = ArrayProto.every,
    nativeSome         = ArrayProto.some,
    nativeIndexOf      = ArrayProto.indexOf,
    nativeLastIndexOf  = ArrayProto.lastIndexOf,
    nativeIsArray      = Array.isArray,
    nativeKeys         = Object.keys;

  // Create a safe reference to the Underscore object for use below.
  var _ = function(obj) { return new wrapper(obj); };

  // Export the Underscore object for CommonJS.
  if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') exports._ = _;

  // Export underscore to global scope.
  root._ = _;

  // Current version.
  _.VERSION = '1.0.0';

  // ------------------------ Collection Functions: ---------------------------

  // The cornerstone, an each implementation.
  // Handles objects implementing forEach, arrays, and raw objects.
  // Delegates to JavaScript 1.6's native forEach if available.
  var each = _.forEach = function(obj, iterator, context) {
    try {
      if (nativeForEach && obj.forEach === nativeForEach) {
        obj.forEach(iterator, context);
      } else if (_.isNumber(obj.length)) {
        for (var i = 0, l = obj.length; i < l; i++) iterator.call(context, obj[i], i, obj);
      } else {
        for (var key in obj) {
          if (hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)) iterator.call(context, obj[key], key, obj);
        }
      }
    } catch(e) {
      if (e != breaker) throw e;
    }
    return obj;
  };

  // Return the results of applying the iterator to each element.
  // Delegates to JavaScript 1.6's native map if available.
  _.map = function(obj, iterator, context) {
    if (nativeMap && obj.map === nativeMap) return obj.map(iterator, context);
    var results = [];
    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
      results.push(iterator.call(context, value, index, list));
    });
    return results;
  };

  // Reduce builds up a single result from a list of values, aka inject, or foldl.
  // Delegates to JavaScript 1.8's native reduce if available.
  _.reduce = function(obj, memo, iterator, context) {
    if (nativeReduce && obj.reduce === nativeReduce) return obj.reduce(_.bind(iterator, context), memo);
    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
      memo = iterator.call(context, memo, value, index, list);
    });
    return memo;
  };

  // The right-associative version of reduce, also known as foldr. Uses
  // Delegates to JavaScript 1.8's native reduceRight if available.
  _.reduceRight = function(obj, memo, iterator, context) {
    if (nativeReduceRight && obj.reduceRight === nativeReduceRight) return obj.reduceRight(_.bind(iterator, context), memo);
    var reversed = _.clone(_.toArray(obj)).reverse();
    return _.reduce(reversed, memo, iterator, context);
  };

  // Return the first value which passes a truth test.
  _.detect = function(obj, iterator, context) {
    var result;
    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
      if (iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) {
        result = value;
        _.breakLoop();
      }
    });
    return result;
  };

  // Return all the elements that pass a truth test.
  // Delegates to JavaScript 1.6's native filter if available.
  _.filter = function(obj, iterator, context) {
    if (nativeFilter && obj.filter === nativeFilter) return obj.filter(iterator, context);
    var results = [];
    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
      iterator.call(context, value, index, list) && results.push(value);
    });
    return results;
  };

  // Return all the elements for which a truth test fails.
  _.reject = function(obj, iterator, context) {
    var results = [];
    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
      !iterator.call(context, value, index, list) && results.push(value);
    });
    return results;
  };

  // Determine whether all of the elements match a truth test.
  // Delegates to JavaScript 1.6's native every if available.
  _.every = function(obj, iterator, context) {
    iterator = iterator || _.identity;
    if (nativeEvery && obj.every === nativeEvery) return obj.every(iterator, context);
    var result = true;
    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
      if (!(result = result && iterator.call(context, value, index, list))) _.breakLoop();
    });
    return result;
  };

  // Determine if at least one element in the object matches a truth test.
  // Delegates to JavaScript 1.6's native some if available.
  _.some = function(obj, iterator, context) {
    iterator = iterator || _.identity;
    if (nativeSome && obj.some === nativeSome) return obj.some(iterator, context);
    var result = false;
    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
      if (result = iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) _.breakLoop();
    });
    return result;
  };

  // Determine if a given value is included in the array or object using '==='.
  _.include = function(obj, target) {
    if (nativeIndexOf && obj.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return obj.indexOf(target) != -1;
    var found = false;
    each(obj, function(value) {
      if (found = value === target) _.breakLoop();
    });
    return found;
  };

  // Invoke a method with arguments on every item in a collection.
  _.invoke = function(obj, method) {
    var args = _.rest(arguments, 2);
    return _.map(obj, function(value) {
      return (method ? value[method] : value).apply(value, args);
    });
  };

  // Convenience version of a common use case of map: fetching a property.
  _.pluck = function(obj, key) {
    return _.map(obj, function(value){ return value[key]; });
  };

  // Return the maximum item or (item-based computation).
  _.max = function(obj, iterator, context) {
    if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj)) return Math.max.apply(Math, obj);
    var result = {computed : -Infinity};
    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
      var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index, list) : value;
      computed >= result.computed && (result = {value : value, computed : computed});
    });
    return result.value;
  };

  // Return the minimum element (or element-based computation).
  _.min = function(obj, iterator, context) {
    if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj)) return Math.min.apply(Math, obj);
    var result = {computed : Infinity};
    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
      var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index, list) : value;
      computed < result.computed && (result = {value : value, computed : computed});
    });
    return result.value;
  };

  // Sort the object's values by a criterion produced by an iterator.
  _.sortBy = function(obj, iterator, context) {
    return _.pluck(_.map(obj, function(value, index, list) {
      return {
        value : value,
        criteria : iterator.call(context, value, index, list)
      };
    }).sort(function(left, right) {
      var a = left.criteria, b = right.criteria;
      return a < b ? -1 : a > b ? 1 : 0;
    }), 'value');
  };

  // Use a comparator function to figure out at what index an object should
  // be inserted so as to maintain order. Uses binary search.
  _.sortedIndex = function(array, obj, iterator) {
    iterator = iterator || _.identity;
    var low = 0, high = array.length;
    while (low < high) {
      var mid = (low + high) >> 1;
      iterator(array[mid]) < iterator(obj) ? low = mid + 1 : high = mid;
    }
    return low;
  };

  // Convert anything iterable into a real, live array.
  _.toArray = function(iterable) {
    if (!iterable)                return [];
    if (iterable.toArray)         return iterable.toArray();
    if (_.isArray(iterable))      return iterable;
    if (_.isArguments(iterable))  return slice.call(iterable);
    return _.values(iterable);
  };

  // Return the number of elements in an object.
  _.size = function(obj) {
    return _.toArray(obj).length;
  };

  // -------------------------- Array Functions: ------------------------------

  // Get the first element of an array. Passing "n" will return the first N
  // values in the array. Aliased as "head". The "guard" check allows it to work
  // with _.map.
  _.first = function(array, n, guard) {
    return n && !guard ? slice.call(array, 0, n) : array[0];
  };

  // Returns everything but the first entry of the array. Aliased as "tail".
  // Especially useful on the arguments object. Passing an "index" will return
  // the rest of the values in the array from that index onward. The "guard"
   //check allows it to work with _.map.
  _.rest = function(array, index, guard) {
    return slice.call(array, _.isUndefined(index) || guard ? 1 : index);
  };

  // Get the last element of an array.
  _.last = function(array) {
    return array[array.length - 1];
  };

  // Trim out all falsy values from an array.
  _.compact = function(array) {
    return _.filter(array, function(value){ return !!value; });
  };

  // Return a completely flattened version of an array.
  _.flatten = function(array) {
    return _.reduce(array, [], function(memo, value) {
      if (_.isArray(value)) return memo.concat(_.flatten(value));
      memo.push(value);
      return memo;
    });
  };

  // Return a version of the array that does not contain the specified value(s).
  _.without = function(array) {
    var values = _.rest(arguments);
    return _.filter(array, function(value){ return !_.include(values, value); });
  };

  // Produce a duplicate-free version of the array. If the array has already
  // been sorted, you have the option of using a faster algorithm.
  _.uniq = function(array, isSorted) {
    return _.reduce(array, [], function(memo, el, i) {
      if (0 == i || (isSorted === true ? _.last(memo) != el : !_.include(memo, el))) memo.push(el);
      return memo;
    });
  };

  // Produce an array that contains every item shared between all the
  // passed-in arrays.
  _.intersect = function(array) {
    var rest = _.rest(arguments);
    return _.filter(_.uniq(array), function(item) {
      return _.every(rest, function(other) {
        return _.indexOf(other, item) >= 0;
      });
    });
  };

  // Zip together multiple lists into a single array -- elements that share
  // an index go together.
  _.zip = function() {
    var args = _.toArray(arguments);
    var length = _.max(_.pluck(args, 'length'));
    var results = new Array(length);
    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) results[i] = _.pluck(args, String(i));
    return results;
  };

  // If the browser doesn't supply us with indexOf (I'm looking at you, MSIE),
  // we need this function. Return the position of the first occurence of an
  // item in an array, or -1 if the item is not included in the array.
  // Delegates to JavaScript 1.8's native indexOf if available.
  _.indexOf = function(array, item) {
    if (nativeIndexOf && array.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return array.indexOf(item);
    for (var i = 0, l = array.length; i < l; i++) if (array[i] === item) return i;
    return -1;
  };


  // Delegates to JavaScript 1.6's native lastIndexOf if available.
  _.lastIndexOf = function(array, item) {
    if (nativeLastIndexOf && array.lastIndexOf === nativeLastIndexOf) return array.lastIndexOf(item);
    var i = array.length;
    while (i--) if (array[i] === item) return i;
    return -1;
  };

  // Generate an integer Array containing an arithmetic progression. A port of
  // the native Python range() function. See:
  // http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#range
  _.range = function(start, stop, step) {
    var a     = _.toArray(arguments);
    var solo  = a.length <= 1;
    var start = solo ? 0 : a[0], stop = solo ? a[0] : a[1], step = a[2] || 1;
    var len   = Math.ceil((stop - start) / step);
    if (len <= 0) return [];
    var range = new Array(len);
    for (var i = start, idx = 0; true; i += step) {
      if ((step > 0 ? i - stop : stop - i) >= 0) return range;
      range[idx++] = i;
    }
  };

  // ----------------------- Function Functions: ------------------------------

  // Create a function bound to a given object (assigning 'this', and arguments,
  // optionally). Binding with arguments is also known as 'curry'.
  _.bind = function(func, obj) {
    var args = _.rest(arguments, 2);
    return function() {
      return func.apply(obj || {}, args.concat(_.toArray(arguments)));
    };
  };

  // Bind all of an object's methods to that object. Useful for ensuring that
  // all callbacks defined on an object belong to it.
  _.bindAll = function(obj) {
    var funcs = _.rest(arguments);
    if (funcs.length == 0) funcs = _.functions(obj);
    each(funcs, function(f) { obj[f] = _.bind(obj[f], obj); });
    return obj;
  };

  // Delays a function for the given number of milliseconds, and then calls
  // it with the arguments supplied.
  _.delay = function(func, wait) {
    var args = _.rest(arguments, 2);
    return setTimeout(function(){ return func.apply(func, args); }, wait);
  };

  // Defers a function, scheduling it to run after the current call stack has
  // cleared.
  _.defer = function(func) {
    return _.delay.apply(_, [func, 1].concat(_.rest(arguments)));
  };

  // Returns the first function passed as an argument to the second,
  // allowing you to adjust arguments, run code before and after, and
  // conditionally execute the original function.
  _.wrap = function(func, wrapper) {
    return function() {
      var args = [func].concat(_.toArray(arguments));
      return wrapper.apply(wrapper, args);
    };
  };

  // Returns a function that is the composition of a list of functions, each
  // consuming the return value of the function that follows.
  _.compose = function() {
    var funcs = _.toArray(arguments);
    return function() {
      var args = _.toArray(arguments);
      for (var i=funcs.length-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        args = [funcs[i].apply(this, args)];
      }
      return args[0];
    };
  };

  // ------------------------- Object Functions: ------------------------------

  // Retrieve the names of an object's properties.
  // Delegates to ECMA5's native Object.keys
  _.keys = nativeKeys || function(obj) {
    if (_.isArray(obj)) return _.range(0, obj.length);
    var keys = [];
    for (var key in obj) if (hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)) keys.push(key);
    return keys;
  };

  // Retrieve the values of an object's properties.
  _.values = function(obj) {
    return _.map(obj, _.identity);
  };

  // Return a sorted list of the function names available on the object.
  _.functions = function(obj) {
    return _.filter(_.keys(obj), function(key){ return _.isFunction(obj[key]); }).sort();
  };

  // Extend a given object with all the properties in passed-in object(s).
  _.extend = function(obj) {
    each(_.rest(arguments), function(source) {
      for (var prop in source) obj[prop] = source[prop];
    });
    return obj;
  };

  // Create a (shallow-cloned) duplicate of an object.
  _.clone = function(obj) {
    if (_.isArray(obj)) return obj.slice(0);
    return _.extend({}, obj);
  };

  // Invokes interceptor with the obj, and then returns obj.
  // The primary purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain, in order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
  _.tap = function(obj, interceptor) {
    interceptor(obj);
    return obj;
  };

  // Perform a deep comparison to check if two objects are equal.
  _.isEqual = function(a, b) {
    // Check object identity.
    if (a === b) return true;
    // Different types?
    var atype = typeof(a), btype = typeof(b);
    if (atype != btype) return false;
    // Basic equality test (watch out for coercions).
    if (a == b) return true;
    // One is falsy and the other truthy.
    if ((!a && b) || (a && !b)) return false;
    // One of them implements an isEqual()?
    if (a.isEqual) return a.isEqual(b);
    // Check dates' integer values.
    if (_.isDate(a) && _.isDate(b)) return a.getTime() === b.getTime();
    // Both are NaN?
    if (_.isNaN(a) && _.isNaN(b)) return true;
    // Compare regular expressions.
    if (_.isRegExp(a) && _.isRegExp(b))
      return a.source     === b.source &&
             a.global     === b.global &&
             a.ignoreCase === b.ignoreCase &&
             a.multiline  === b.multiline;
    // If a is not an object by this point, we can't handle it.
    if (atype !== 'object') return false;
    // Check for different array lengths before comparing contents.
    if (a.length && (a.length !== b.length)) return false;
    // Nothing else worked, deep compare the contents.
    var aKeys = _.keys(a), bKeys = _.keys(b);
    // Different object sizes?
    if (aKeys.length != bKeys.length) return false;
    // Recursive comparison of contents.
    for (var key in a) if (!_.isEqual(a[key], b[key])) return false;
    return true;
  };

  // Is a given array or object empty?
  _.isEmpty = function(obj) {
    if (_.isArray(obj)) return obj.length === 0;
    for (var key in obj) if (hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)) return false;
    return true;
  };

  // Is a given value a DOM element?
  _.isElement = function(obj) {
    return !!(obj && obj.nodeType == 1);
  };

  // Is a given value an array?
  // Delegates to ECMA5's native Array.isArray
  _.isArray = nativeIsArray || function(obj) {
    return !!(obj && obj.concat && obj.unshift);
  };

  // Is a given variable an arguments object?
  _.isArguments = function(obj) {
    return obj && _.isNumber(obj.length) && !obj.concat && !obj.substr && !obj.apply && !propertyIsEnumerable.call(obj, 'length');
  };

  // Is a given value a function?
  _.isFunction = function(obj) {
    return !!(obj && obj.constructor && obj.call && obj.apply);
  };

  // Is a given value a string?
  _.isString = function(obj) {
    return !!(obj === '' || (obj && obj.charCodeAt && obj.substr));
  };

  // Is a given value a number?
  _.isNumber = function(obj) {
    return (obj === +obj) || (toString.call(obj) === '[object Number]');
  };

  // Is a given value a boolean?
  _.isBoolean = function(obj) {
    return obj === true || obj === false;
  };

  // Is a given value a date?
  _.isDate = function(obj) {
    return !!(obj && obj.getTimezoneOffset && obj.setUTCFullYear);
  };

  // Is the given value a regular expression?
  _.isRegExp = function(obj) {
    return !!(obj && obj.test && obj.exec && (obj.ignoreCase || obj.ignoreCase === false));
  };

  // Is the given value NaN -- this one is interesting. NaN != NaN, and
  // isNaN(undefined) == true, so we make sure it's a number first.
  _.isNaN = function(obj) {
    return _.isNumber(obj) && isNaN(obj);
  };

  // Is a given value equal to null?
  _.isNull = function(obj) {
    return obj === null;
  };

  // Is a given variable undefined?
  _.isUndefined = function(obj) {
    return typeof obj == 'undefined';
  };

  // -------------------------- Utility Functions: ----------------------------

  // Run Underscore.js in noConflict mode, returning the '_' variable to its
  // previous owner. Returns a reference to the Underscore object.
  _.noConflict = function() {
    root._ = previousUnderscore;
    return this;
  };

  // Keep the identity function around for default iterators.
  _.identity = function(value) {
    return value;
  };

  // Run a function n times.
  _.times = function (n, iterator, context) {
    for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) iterator.call(context, i);
  };

  // Break out of the middle of an iteration.
  _.breakLoop = function() {
    throw breaker;
  };

  // Add your own custom functions to the Underscore object, ensuring that
  // they're correctly added to the OOP wrapper as well.
  _.mixin = function(obj) {
    each(_.functions(obj), function(name){
      addToWrapper(name, _[name] = obj[name]);
    });
  };

  // Generate a unique integer id (unique within the entire client session).
  // Useful for temporary DOM ids.
  var idCounter = 0;
  _.uniqueId = function(prefix) {
    var id = idCounter++;
    return prefix ? prefix + id : id;
  };

  // By default, Underscore uses ERB-style template delimiters, change the
  // following template settings to use alternative delimiters.
  _.templateSettings = {
    start       : '<%',
    end         : '%>',
    interpolate : /<%=(.+?)%>/g
  };

  // JavaScript templating a-la ERB, pilfered from John Resig's
  // "Secrets of the JavaScript Ninja", page 83.
  // Single-quote fix from Rick Strahl's version.
  // With alterations for arbitrary delimiters.
  _.template = function(str, data) {
    var c  = _.templateSettings;
    var endMatch = new RegExp("'(?=[^"+c.end.substr(0, 1)+"]*"+escapeRegExp(c.end)+")","g");
    var fn = new Function('obj',
      'var p=[],print=function(){p.push.apply(p,arguments);};' +
      'with(obj){p.push(\'' +
      str.replace(/[\r\t\n]/g, " ")
         .replace(endMatch,"\t")
         .split("'").join("\\'")
         .split("\t").join("'")
         .replace(c.interpolate, "',$1,'")
         .split(c.start).join("');")
         .split(c.end).join("p.push('")
         + "');}return p.join('');");
    return data ? fn(data) : fn;
  };

  // ------------------------------- Aliases ----------------------------------

  _.each     = _.forEach;
  _.foldl    = _.inject       = _.reduce;
  _.foldr    = _.reduceRight;
  _.select   = _.filter;
  _.all      = _.every;
  _.any      = _.some;
  _.head     = _.first;
  _.tail     = _.rest;
  _.methods  = _.functions;

  // ------------------------ Setup the OOP Wrapper: --------------------------

  // If Underscore is called as a function, it returns a wrapped object that
  // can be used OO-style. This wrapper holds altered versions of all the
  // underscore functions. Wrapped objects may be chained.
  var wrapper = function(obj) { this._wrapped = obj; };

  // Helper function to continue chaining intermediate results.
  var result = function(obj, chain) {
    return chain ? _(obj).chain() : obj;
  };

  // A method to easily add functions to the OOP wrapper.
  var addToWrapper = function(name, func) {
    wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
      var args = _.toArray(arguments);
      unshift.call(args, this._wrapped);
      return result(func.apply(_, args), this._chain);
    };
  };

  // Add all of the Underscore functions to the wrapper object.
  _.mixin(_);

  // Add all mutator Array functions to the wrapper.
  each(['pop', 'push', 'reverse', 'shift', 'sort', 'splice', 'unshift'], function(name) {
    var method = ArrayProto[name];
    wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
      method.apply(this._wrapped, arguments);
      return result(this._wrapped, this._chain);
    };
  });

  // Add all accessor Array functions to the wrapper.
  each(['concat', 'join', 'slice'], function(name) {
    var method = ArrayProto[name];
    wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
      return result(method.apply(this._wrapped, arguments), this._chain);
    };
  });

  // Start chaining a wrapped Underscore object.
  wrapper.prototype.chain = function() {
    this._chain = true;
    return this;
  };

  // Extracts the result from a wrapped and chained object.
  wrapper.prototype.value = function() {
    return this._wrapped;
  };

})();