{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# Transportation Fuels"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"This [IPython notebook](http://ipython.org/notebook.html) demonstrates a energy calculations for the analysis of an infrastructure for transportation fuels."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 2,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n"
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"text/plain": [
""
]
},
"execution_count": 2,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"#Initializations\n",
"from IPython.core.display import HTML\n",
"HTML(open(\"../styles/custom.css\", \"r\").read())"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Background"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Are electric cars 'greener' than other vehicle technologies? That's a question that appears frequently in the popular press (see [here](http://nbcnews.to/RPKxmM) and [here](http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/15/automobiles/how-green-are-electric-cars-depends-on-where-you-plug-in.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0), for example), and one that we should be able to address through basic material and energy balances. In fact, we can extend the analysis to examine alternative vehicle energy technologies."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Electric Vehicles"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"### Natural Gas"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Assume that natural gas produces heat through the combustion reaction\n",
"\n",
"$$CH_4 + 2\\,O_2 \\longrightarrow CO_2 + 2\\,H_2O$$\n",
"\n",
"for the generation of electricity in a combined cycle turbine at a net heat rate of 6,300 BTU/kwh. (that is, the net generation of 1 kwh requires 6,300 BTU of natural gas at its higher heat value). The higher heating value of natural gas is 52.225 MJ/kg."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 28,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"(0.12488215688116486, 0.6117850700232199)"
]
},
"execution_count": 28,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"HR = 6300 # BTU/kwh\n",
"HHV = 53.225 # MJ/kg\n",
"\n",
"HR = 0.001055056*HR # MJ/kwh\n",
"\n",
"mCH4 = HR/HHV # kg/kwh\n",
"nCH4 = mCH4/16.01 # kg-mol/kwh\n",
"nCO2 = nCH4\n",
"mCO2 = 44.0*nCO2\n",
"\n",
"eCO2 = mCO2/(0.935*0.60) # kg CO2/brake-kwh\n",
"mCH4,eCO2"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"### Coal"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"* Gross Heating Value of 12,000 BTU/lb\n",
"* Ash 13.5%\n",
"* Moisture 10%\n",
"\n",
"Ash-free and moisture-free\n",
"\n",
"* Carbon 81.3%\n",
"* Hydrogen 5.3%\n",
"* Oxygen 9.8%\n",
"\n",
"Per kilogram"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 12,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"(0.621945, 0.040545, 0.07497000000000001)"
]
},
"execution_count": 12,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"mC = (1 - 0.235)*0.813\n",
"mH = (1 - 0.235)*0.053\n",
"mO = (1 - 0.235)*0.098\n",
"\n",
"mC,mH,mO"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 38,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"(0.39122388438823924, 1.5903250900381922)"
]
},
"execution_count": 38,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"HR = 0.001055056*10350 # MJ/kwh\n",
"GHV = 2.20462*0.001055056*12000 # MJ/kg\n",
"\n",
"mCOAL = HR/GHV\n",
"mCO2 = (44.0/12.0)*mCOAL*((1-0.235)*0.813)\n",
"eCO2 = mCO2/(0.935*0.6)\n",
"mCOAL,eCO2"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [],
"source": []
}
],
"metadata": {
"kernelspec": {
"display_name": "Python [conda root]",
"language": "python",
"name": "conda-root-py"
},
"language_info": {
"codemirror_mode": {
"name": "ipython",
"version": 3
},
"file_extension": ".py",
"mimetype": "text/x-python",
"name": "python",
"nbconvert_exporter": "python",
"pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
"version": "3.5.2"
}
},
"nbformat": 4,
"nbformat_minor": 0
}